Operants

A Newsletter from the

B. F. Skinner Foundation
Fourth Quarter 2013

Editorial Staff

Editor-in Chief: Joyce Tu, Ed.D., BCBA-D

Managing Editor: Amy Kucharik, MFA
Associate Editors: Erin Bremer, RN - USA
Alexandre Federov, Ph.D. - Russia
Sheila Habarad, MA, BCBA - USA



Amanda Kelly, Ph.D., BCBA-D - USA
Anna Luzi, Ph.D. - Italy
Steven Rodriguez, BS - USA
Monica Vandbakk, MA - Norway
Kae Yabuki, MS, BCBA - USA

Features & Articles

Skinner’s Corner Mark L. Sundberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Historical Corner Brian D. Kangas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
International Interviews: Dr. Luis Valero (Spain) and Dr. Carlo Ricci (Italy) . . . . . . . . 4
Skinner's Aircrib Sheila Habarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Snippets: Photos Skinner and Keller, courtesy of Jeff Kupfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The Behavior Analyst Matt Normand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
International Masters Program Bill Potter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter & Event Updates Amanda Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
President’s Column Julie S. Vargas (Japanese Translation by Kae Yabuki) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 1
Skinner’s Corner: to external events” (p. 420 in the erational science cannot
A summary of “The Cumulative Record version). consider the processes
operational analysis of through which a vocabu-
Revised and expanded versions of lary descriptive of a tooth-
psychological terms” this content can be found in Science ache is acquired and main-
(Skinner, 1945) and Human Behavior (pp. 257-282) tained. (p. 429)
Mark L. Sundberg, Ph.D., and Verbal Behavior (pp. 130-146).
BCBA-D, Author, VB-MAPP This paper is significant for a A second unique aspect of this
Skinner’s number of other reasons as well. I paper is that it represents one of
paper, “The will briefly mention three. the first times that Skinner pro-
operational vides a detailed “exercise in in-
analysis of First, Skinner presents, for the terpretation rather than a quanti-
psychological first time, the defining features of tative extrapolation of rigorous
terms” (1945) radical behaviorism and its dis- experimental results” (Skinner,
was part of a tinctions from methodological Verbal Behavior, 1957, p. 11).
written sym- behaviorism: Keeping in mind the fact that this
posium on paper was published only seven
Mark Sundberg The distinction between
operationism years after The Behavior of Or-
public and private is by no
organized by E. G. Boring and ganisms, much of Skinner’s later
means the same as that be-
published in the September, 1945 writing (e.g., Verbal Behavior,
tween physical and mental.
issue of the Psychological Review. Contingencies of Reinforcement,
That is why methodological About Behaviorism) would fol-
All the contributors to the sympo- behaviorism (which adopts low a similar “exercise in inter-
sium were asked to respond to the first) is very different pretation.”
the same eleven questions about from radical behaviorism
operationism. The participants in (which lops off the latter A third aspect of this paper is that
the symposium included E. G. term in the second). The Skinner presents several basic
Boring, P. W. Bridgman, H. Feigl, result is that while the radical elements of his analysis of verbal
H. Israel, and B. F. Skinner. behaviorist may in some behavior for the first time. While
cases consider private events parts of the analysis can be found
Skinner’s contribution is espe- (inferentially, perhaps, but in some earlier writings, this paper
cially important for students of none the less meaningful), presents several cornerstones of
behavior analysis to read because the methodologist has his more detailed analysis to fol-
it contains his first comprehensive maneuvered himself into a low twelve years later in Verbal
analysis of the role of private position where he cannot. Behavior. For example:
events in a science of behavior. “Science does not consider
For example, Skinner writes, private data,” says Boring… The question “What is
“...the simple fact is that each But I contend that my tooth- length?” would appear to be
speaker possesses a small but im- ache is just as physical as satisfactorily answered by
portant private world of stimuli. my typewriter, though not listing the circumstances un-
So far as we know, his reaction to public, and I see no reason der which the response
these are quite like his reactions why an objective and op- “length” is emitted… If two

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 2
quite separate sets of cir- Psychology, R. S. Woodworth of- ior. Our constrained linguistic
cumstances are revealed, fers this helpful reminder: structure presents limitations in
then there are two responses talking about process and activ-
having the form “length” Instead of "memory" we ity. The structure of Western lan-
since a single verbal should say "remembering"; guages, including English, neces-
response-class is not defined instead of "thought" we sitates segmenting the world
by its phonetic form alone should say "thinking"; in- around us into categories of
but by its functional rela- stead of "sensation" we verbs that are required to be or-
tions. (p. 419) should say "seeing, hear- ganized around nouns.
ing," etc. But, like other
Others would undoubtedly identify learned branches, psychol- Importantly, the science of behav-
several other significant aspects of ogy is prone to transform its ior is not alone. These arbitrary
this paper, as there are many. One verbs into nouns. Then what segmentations that emphasize
final point is the tone of the paper happens? We forget that our discrete, unidirectional actions
and its context in a written sympo- nouns are merely substitutes across time, instead of ongoing,
sium. One might imagine Skinner for verbs, and go hunting multiply determined processes,
orally presenting this paper much for the things denoted by likely obfuscate (or perhaps cre-
in the same way that he presented the nouns; but there are no ate) the counterintuitive nature of
his last invited address at APA in such things, there are only the dynamics of the universe at
1990. Once again, “striking a blow the activities that we started the subatomic level in physics
for the cause.” with, seeing, remembering, (probably the “other learned
and so on. Intelligence, con- branches” Woodworth was refer-
sciousness, the unconscious, ring to).
are by rights not nouns, nor
Historical Corner: even adjectives or verbs; As noted in Language, Thought,
A fastidious focus on activity they are adverbs. The real and Reality by the linguist Ben-
Brian D. Kangas, Ph.D., In- facts are that the individual jamin Whorf (1956), “Modern
structor of Psychiatry, Harvard acts intelligently—more or thinkers have long since pointed
Medical School less so—acts consciously or out that the so-called mechanistic
unconsciously, as he may way of thinking has come to an
One of the
also act skillfully, persis- impasse before the great frontier
first intro-
tently, excitedly. It is a safe problems of science” (p. 238). To
ductory psy-
rule, then, on encountering be sure, as the science of behavior
chology
any menacing psychological continues to progress, we will
texts, Psy-
noun, to strip off its linguis- need words. And some of those
chology, pub-
tic mask, and see what man- words will necessarily have to be
lished in
ner of activity lies behind. nouns. As this early comment by
1921, in-
Brian D. Kangas (Woodworth, 1921, pp. 5-6) Woodworth emphasizes, however,
structed the a fastidious focus on activity will
first several generations, includ- Here, reification is presented as help avoid confusing our subject
ing Skinner’s (as Skinner reveals both tempting and dangerous, matter with the words we must
in The Shaping of a Behaviorist, thus we encounter yet another use to describe it.
1979). In the opening pages of thorny issue of studying behav-

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 3
analysts Bijou, Julia, Iwata, Koh- Interfaces (BCI), trying to deal
lenberg, and Hayes, as well the with best forms for control and
International: English literature and handbooks learning BCI for people with dis-
An Interview with Dr. on behavior analysis, confirmed abilities.
Luis Valero my interest and dedication to the
field. What do you see as the biggest
Steven Rodriguez, BS, Associate
challenge faced by the science of
Editor
Please describe your current behavior in the future?
Dr. Luis Va- research areas and behavioral I think the biggest challenge is
lero studied interests. convincing other psychologists of
at the Uni- My first research was about learn- the need of a scientific method for
versity of ing with equivalence relationships studying human behavior. The
Granada in children, and relational learn- field has to learn techniques to
(Spain), ing with adults. communicate with the general
where he audience on the utility of behavior
earned his Now I have research topics on as- analysis. There is a necessity of
Steven Rodriguez
Ph.D. in 1990 sessment instruments and program describing the fundamental appli-
conducting studies on equivalence evaluation: construction and trans- cation of behavior analytic princi-
relationships. He works now as lation of questionnaires, evaluation ples to clinical problems, without
professor at the University of of mental health programs, evalua- mentalism or spiritualism.
Malaga (UMA) in Spain. He tion of treatment and educative
teaches courses regarding clinical programs, and more recently about Through your experience in the
topics and clinical assessment, us- anti-drugs and alimentary problem field, what recommendations do
ing a behavioral analytic point of programs. you provide for new behavior
view. He also works with clinical analysts entering the field?
cases in the “Psychological Attend Other topics include applications I think the best process to learn
Service” of the UMA and holds the of third wave psychotherapies; behavior analysis is through ani-
title of “Clinical Specialist.” especially Functional Analytic mal experimentation in the lab.
Psychotherapy (FAP) and Accep- Second, applying the principles
What event or person helped you tance and Commitment Therapy learned in the lab with children.
to develop an interest in the field (ACT) in clinical cases, on which Third, applying the behavior ana-
of behavior analysis? we have published some interna- lytic principles in clinical cases
I learned with professors Carmen tional articles. with adults in institutions or pri-
Luciano and Jesus Gil-Roales, vate centers. It is always neces-
some of the first behaviorists in Finally, another of my favorite sary to continue staying up-to-
Spain. They influenced my re- topics is the relationship between date with recent books, articles
search in animal lab and later with psychology and technology and research. The most important
treatment of mentally challenged (computer use for assessment, thing is to maintain a critical point
children. Also all the first Spanish software for research, therapy on- of view, to be skeptical always, to
translations of books from Skin- line, learning online, virtual real- look at methodology in articles
ner, Sidman, Bijou, and others ity). Especially now, I collaborate closely, and not to accept the
were fundamental in the 70s and with a multi-professional group authority of persons but the
80s. Later some visits by behavior working with Brain Computer authority of data.

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 4
Historically, the field has had chotherapy, Dialectical Therapy, other groups (e.g., Spanish-
difficulty marketing itself. What and Functional Couple Therapy. speaking)?
suggestions do you offer for the In the Spanish context, there is a
field to better market itself and to great deficit of books and articles
overcome misconceptions? translated to the Spanish lan-
The dualistic and mentalist think- guage. After the classics in the
ing is in the social mainstream '70s and '80s, there are only a few
and it is difficult to eradicate. The texts that psychologists can read
best thing is to show the results. directly. There are thousands of
In Spain, people have rejected psychologists that could use more
behaviorism in education because behavior analysis if they could
of misconception. Many people in access the texts in Spanish.
Spain describe behaviorism, for
example, as animal analysis, Nowadays the Spanish psycho-
mechanistic, manipulative, or logical journals try to publish eve-
searching for external reward. rything in English, to expand
There are many misconceptions. Spanish research to the world.
Dr. Luis Valero However, they forget they are los-
The Token Economies are used
broadly in commerce, banks, gas- ing the Spanish readers that only
Private events are part of our rep-
patrols, and reducing traffic acci- get information through profes-
ertories and they have introduced
dents, but people do not realize sional bulletins or newspapers.
the problem behavior itself as a
that a behavioral technique is controlling variable in schemes of Can you expand explaining your
used. The important thing is not to functional analysis. A behavior website (conducta.org) and the
fight against misconceptions, but therapist uses those events as with goals of the website?
to show results and efficiency in any clients’ overt behaviors. The website Conducta.org was
people’s real lives.
created in 2000 by a group of
Covert events may be, for exam-
What is your point of view re- Spanish and South American be-
ple, negative thinking in depres-
garding private events, emotions, havior analysts. We have contin-
sion, obsessive thoughts, stressful
and feelings in the science of be- ued until now offering information
memories, self-management, self-
havior (behavior analysis)? and texts about Behavior Analysis
esteem, emotional reactions to
I think is very important to deal in Spanish. Our interest is to dif-
aversive situation, or verbal self-
with private events as any other fuse behavior analysis through all
statement. The behavioral thera-
behavior, especially in clinical the Spanish-speaking world, from
pist tries to modify them directly
context with adults where the fo- Spain to South America. The visits
in therapy through interactions
cus is verbal behavior and interac- to the site are in order of use: Mex-
and experiential exercises.
tions between client and therapist. ico, Spain, Colombia, Venezuela,
Some of the theory was present in What challenges did you face Peru, Argentina, China, and 110
Skinner’s writing, but only re- when trying to expand behavior other countries.
cently has their use begun to be- analysis to the Spanish-speaking
We show in the website the news
come frequent in therapy with population? What suggestions
about courses, congresses, semi-
Acceptance and Commitment can you provide for helping to
nars, meetings, associations, and
Therapy, Functional Analytic Psy- expand behavior analysis to

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 5
all about behavior analysis. We Nevertheless, the principles of
provide many articles (in HTML BA are profound in some aca-
and PDF formats) about different demic practices (e.g., learning International:
topics such as research, applica- skills, basic reading and writing, An Interview with Dr.
tions, treatment and therapies, token economy), and ABA is in- Carlo Ricci
theory, criticism, behaviorism phi- creasing for use with retarded and Dr. Anna Luzi, Associate Editor
losophy, and methodology. autistic children, and also with
Professor
some popular TV programs for
Also we have a section about new Carlo Ricci is
parenting.
books and review of those books, President of
and texts in PDF that some people For many years, behavior modifi- Walden Insti-
have donated for the site. Other cation techniques have been tute in Rome
sections cover biographies of common in clinical psychology, and was a
great characters of behaviorism, a but nowadays psychologists do a founding
bibliography recommended to “cognitive interpretation” of the member of
read for more information, and work they made. Progressively, Anna Luzi the Italian
finally a section with visual hu- the BA techniques had been in- Society of
mor and jokes about behavior troduced in publicity, work safety, Psychology of Health. In this in-
analysts and psychologists. We design of city environment, traffic terview, he discusses the legacy of
are now preparing a new design accidents, drug treatment, etc. It is B. F. Skinner's Walden Two and the
of the site. common that other educational or current state of behavioral sciences
health professionals may be using in Italy and throughout the world.
Is behavior analysis widely used BA techniques though they aren't
in Spain? Do people accept the The choice of the Institute’s
aware of it.
principle of Skinnerian science name, I assume, is a tribute to
in Spain? Overall, how is behav- Any final thoughts that you will the work of B.F. Skinner’s Wal-
ior analysis seen in Spain? like to share with Operants den Two. What is the legacy to-
Behavior analysis was more popu- readers? day of that work and is what
lar in academic context in the '70s A possible suggestion: Perhaps remains still valid?
and '80s. Now it is in the minority; translating the newsletter could be Exactly! These are the words that
in the national survey about psy- a good way of spreading behavior in the founding document explain
chologists, only about 5-10% said analysis over the world, and with the choice of the name of our In-
they are “behavioral” or use “be- more information about con- stitute:
havior modification.” The majority gresses, courses, seminars, jour-
(about 70%) are with cognitive- nals, etc., from others countries It goes back to an essay by
behavioral orientation, and the could to enrich the news and ex- Skinner, who called Walden
rest are eclectically, systemic, tend the amount of readers. Lan- Two a community conceived
psychoanalytic and others. In guage is a border between coun- by him that was different
Spain, the general population has tries but perhaps behavior analy- from that imagined by Tho-
similar misunderstandings about sis and a common scientific point reau for a much more con-
behaviorism as in other countries. of view about behavior could scious and systematic use of
break those borders. principles and laws of learn-
ing developed with experi-

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 6
mental research. It is, there- The psychological culture of my intervention, ABA): Studies sup-
fore, the more widespread country has always been very re- port its effectiveness in improving
application of the scientific luctant to accept fully behavior- the intellectual ability (IQ), lan-
method to the prevention ism in its various expressions. guage and adaptive behavior in
and solution of social and Certainly, in recent years in our children with autism spectrum
psychological problems universities, the number of teach- disorders. The available evidence,
which may affect the indi- ers who more or less explicitly though not definitive, allows us to
vidual, the group, and the propose Skinner’s thinking has recommend the use of the model
community. Science, then, as grown. But we are (I include my- ABA in the treatment of children
a tool for problem solving; self among them) really still very with autism spectrum disorders"
as perhaps is said with a few, although today some precon- (p.55).
pinch of rhetoric. Therefore, ceptions once dominant have
it is a progressive conception given way to the empirical evi- The climate is thus changed. Even
and application of scientific dence supporting his position, at in the past there are, as always,
psychology that distin- least in some fields of psycho- exceptions that prove the rule.
guishes our Institute. logical research and application.
In 2014, a center of excellence for
I believe that today Walden Two rehabilitation of people with mul-
fully retains its explanatory tiple disabilities, the “Lega del Filo
power of how one can imagine a d'Oro” will celebrate fifty years
fairer society, of genuine solidar- since its founding. For more than
ity and fully respectful of the thirty years I have been its con-
dignity of every member. Every sultant, practically since its incep-
politician or other persons with tion. This organization has suc-
positions of responsibility should cessfully applied methodologies
read the essay and turn it into a derived from behaviorism. Also,
laboratory of ideas. the Research Center directed by
Professor Julius Lancioni has an
Only twenty years ago the name excellent scientific productivity in
of Skinner, in the Italian acad- the international arena, with par-
emy, represented an extremist ticular reference to applications in
approach, and one according to Assistive Technology, all due to
some people even simplistic and Dr. Carlo Ricci the behaviorist orientation.
contrary to the concept of com-
plexity of human psychological In October 2011, the National In- Cognitivism has claimed to itself
reality. What has changed over stitute of Health published the the "rediscovery" of the mind.
time, and what is, according to Guidelines for "The treatment of Do you believe that the contem-
your studies and your experi- autism spectrum disorders in chil- porary cognitivists are still con-
ence, the degree of diffusion of dren and adolescents.” It recom- vinced of the validity of their
academic teachings inspired by mended ABA: "The model most approach?
the radical behaviorism of studied among intensive behav- I think so! Their explanation of
Skinner? ioral programs is the applied be- how the mind works and the rea-
havior analysis (Applied behavior sons for our behavior are so close

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 7
to the psychology of common benefits will this approach take? tives who have been successful in
sense that it immediately appears Will this be the future of psy- establishing themselves in the
plausible and therefore welcomed. chology? international arena. Montessori,
The non-intuitive nature of Skin- No doubt about it! At least for me. for example, can be considered as
ner's science of behavior makes it I am convinced that the final ex- a rare exception.
more difficult for immediate un- planations of our behavior and
derstanding and is therefore less how it works reside in the com- Yet we are the bearers of a classi-
attractive to the common person. plex web of our extraordinary cal tradition that speculated much
neurological system. I am follow- on the complexity of human be-
However, there are encouraging ing with interest a major Euro- havior; just think of authors like
signs from the two most promis- pean project called "Human Brain Machiavelli, Pirandello, and Italo
ing directions of scientific Project" funded by the European Svevo. Why has this happened, in
research--neuroscience and the Community. The ambition of this your opinion?
sciences of artificial intelligence-- research project is the creation of Ours is a country that invests very
that are re-evaluating behavior- an artificial brain having the same little in research and develop-
ism, especially in the sense of the structural characteristics of a hu- ment. We are just above 1% of
methodology of behaviorism. I man brain. The extraordinary na- GDP. Compared with other Euro-
am currently collaborating on a ture of the project is to proceed pean countries, Italy is among the
development action-research pro- with the construction of a physi- last: Only Greece, Hungary and
ject coordinated by the Natural cal system and then study its ef- Poland are behind us. Investment
and Artificial Cognition Lab of fects. It is the triumph of a truly does not grow and public funding
the Department of Humanities inductive approach. I think Skin- decreases. But despite the scarcity
Studies, University of Naples, ner would be fascinated. of resources, Italian research con-
"Federico II,” and by the Institute tinues to be talked about: For ex-
of Cognitive Sciences and Tech- Of course, we are only at the be- ample, the speed of neutrinos to
nologies, National Research ginning of the research program, the Higgs boson, just as a re-
Council, Rome. but expectations are many, with minder of the latest achievements
working groups of high scientific in the international arena.
The project on the development profile engaged in Europe. Every-
of "Smart Objects Technology" is thing suggests interesting future As president and psychotherapist
led by Professor Orazio Miglino. developments. The fact that we at Walden Institute, you had the
My contribution is to steer its im- will explain our final act with the opportunity to test personally the
plementation to integrate with underlying mechanisms of our effectiveness of Skinner's teach-
techniques of Applied Behavior central nervous system will not ings applied to the field of disabil-
Analysis in the field of training tarnish at all the need to develop ity. These lessons could be applied
and early childhood education. and refine the analysis of the be- with advantage also to address
havior that will be essential to issues of global interest (such as
We are seeing a growing increase hunger, drug addiction, and the
plan and implement the processes
in research in neuroscience, and management of social reinforce-
of behavior modification.
according to some people, it is ment) that regulate political be-
even encouraged by the interests Throughout the history of Italian havior and economic justice, and
of pharmaceutical companies. psychology, it has not been able to education.
From your point of view, what demonstrate original representa-

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 8
Is the Institute doing something What others might benefit in out over the box he built for his
in this direction? If not enough, the future? baby.” The article reviews the in-
why we are not able to take The Clinical Analysis of Applied ventive crib, highlighting special
proper benefit from the research Behavior offers a great contribu- features that made it superior to
and indications of Skinner? tion to the alleviation of human the standard crib, while identify-
We are living across the planet in suffering, and there are programs ing the aspects that made the idea
a crisis without precedent in our of prevention, and treatment of of using an Aircrib odd to the
recent history. It is a crisis of the gambling. I could name many general public. The article con-
system. In the past, we came out more. trasts the truth of Skinner's inven-
of these moments with conflicts tion versus shameless rumors that
which in the tragedy of their ac- For the future, behavior analysis surround the Aircrib's impact on
tions have fostered significant could better express its potential in the Skinner family.
change processes. the field of education. It can help
society imagine enriched environ- The Aircrib was a practical idea
The hope is that today we could ments supported by technology- designed by B. F. Skinner for his
do without resorting to these dra- based "Smart Objects" in which wife with the physical and psy-
matic solutions, show a sense of children take the lead on what they chological health of their baby in
maturity in humanity as a whole, want to learn, determining their mind. Decreasing the amount of
but we will have to review many own learning processes and expe- labor involved in raising a new-
of our current beliefs about the riencing the pleasure of learning. born as well as improving the
constructs of well-being, sustain- By so doing, students are helped to layout of the nursery also played
able development, and quality of develop a truly authentic auton- major roles in the planning.
life. In Walden Two, in answer to omy of judgment and as well as an
The article notes advantages the
a question on work organization, understanding of the rules.
Aircrib holds over standard cribs,
Frazier says that those doing the
which resulted in many benefits
unpleasant work in their commu-
that were intended by Skinner or
nity such as cleaning the sewers
later became evident with use.
are highly paid and have a low B. F. Skinner's Aircrib
number of working hours (two Sheila Habarad, M.A., Associate Instead of having a mattress with
hours per day) while more attrac- Editor sheets and blankets, Skinner's
tive work is paid much less and B. F. Skin- younger daughter Deborah, wear-
has a higher number (five hours a ner’s Aircrib, ing only a diaper, slept in the Air-
day). There is much reasonable- which looks crib on a tightly stretched canvas
ness in this motion for the organi- like an ele- covered with a sheet. The mainte-
zation of work and yet there is no vated box nance of the crib was easy; since
trace of this logic in our most ad- with a trans- the sheets were on a revolving
vanced societies. parent front canvas they could be “changed”
panel, was daily by pulling a specified length
In addition to disability, what
recently in- of the sheet. This revolving sys-
other areas of social life are Sheila Habarad
vestigated by tem provided clean bedding for
instead now benefiting from
Maggie Koerth-Baker in her arti- an entire week paired with mini-
the behaviorist approach and
cle, “B. F. Skinner totally geeks mal clothing, therefore, the
the techniques related to it?

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 9
amount of time-spent doing the mechanical means.” (Ladies' Home their infants to “cry it out.” The
laundry decreased significantly. Journal, 1945) article does not specifically state
the Skinner’s utilized this method
The air in the crib was maintained of parenting; the interpretation
at a comfortable temperature, hu- was left to the reader. The article
midified, and free of airborne dis- mentioned that the Skinners only
eases. The walls were insulated to kept their daughter in the Aircrib
shield the infant from loud for about the same amount of time
sounds. Even though the walls that a family would keep a baby
were insulated, Deborah was still in a standard crib. Yet, Koerth-
able to hear family and friends Baker states:
outside of the crib. The ample
space along with the lack of bed- One of the key features of
ding and minimal clothing al- the Aircrib was also the
lowed Deborah to play more thing that makes it look a
freely than she would have been little sketchy… the crib had
able to in a standard crib. The to also be a sealed environ-
Skinners enjoyed many benefits Skinner's daughter, Julie, tends to her own ment, where the baby inter-
of the Aircrib provided to the daughter in the Aircrib. acted with the outside world
mother as well as to their baby’s through windows on the
While the article adequately laid
development. side... Skinner is probably
out some of the facts about the
right in pointing out there is,
Aircrib, it overlooked the fact that
The bonus, according to Koerth- technically, nothing particu-
the Skinner family was living in
Baker, was a significant reduction larly different about leaving
Minnesota when they designed
in crying, since the baby’s body your baby for long periods
and used the Aircrib. The
temperature was kept comfort- in a crib compared to leav-
temperature-controlled environ-
able. Koerth-Baker also proposes ing them for long periods in
ment provided an increase in the
that families in the 21st century an Aircrib. But it does come
amount of time for baby Deborah
would be much more attracted to across as a bit more prob-
to play due to needing fewer
the cleaner environment of the lematic (2013).
blankets and less bedding. This
Aircrib due to a decrease in risk
self-regulation potentially guided
of suffocation and SIDS than The author does not explain her
the development of a stronger and
families of the mid 20th century. use of the term "problematic." It
healthier baby. Further, the article simply hangs there, an implied
For the most part, the article pre- left the readers to form potential criticism without support.
sents Skinner’s Aircrib in a positive misconceived inferences about the
light, in keeping with his original Skinner family. Koerth-Baker B. F. Skinner’s persistent efforts
statement from his article in the La- does emphasize the benefits of the to share his findings to those out-
dies' Home Journal: “It is quite in insulated walls to provide a qual- side his science might explain the
the spirit of the ‘world of the future’ ity napping environment, allow- amount of criticism that he faced
to make favorable conditions avail- ing the baby to easily develop a throughout his career. B. F. Skin-
able everywhere through simple sleeping schedule as well as mak- ner’s article in The Ladies' Home
ing it easier for parents to allow Journal in 1945 is just one of

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 10
many examples of how he In the 2004 European Journal of Skinner as a legend. B. F. Skin-
reached out to the greater com- Behavior Analysis, A. Rutherford ner’s brave attempts at putting
munity in attempt to share his pays tribute to B. F. Skinner’s his findings out there to the gen-
findings. While Skinner and his writings outside his immediate eral public should inspire all
family did encounter more rumors behavioral science as one of the emerging professionals in behav-
regarding the Aircrib than imag- many reasons Skinner became ioral fields to continue to re-
ined, they also connected with such a renowned scientist. Based search, experiment, and share the
impressed families who sought on Skinner’s continued efforts to results with not only one another
out to design their own versions share his findings with those on but also with other fields.
of the Aircrib. the outside, Rutherford describes

B. F. Skinner and F. S. Keller at the 12th annual meeting of ABA in Milwaukee, Wisconsin holding 7-month-old
Jonathan Kupfer during the annual banquet dinner honoring Skinner and Keller (Photos by Jeff Kupfer)

Flagship Journal: Analyst (tBA), if you haven’t done been an avid reader of the journal
The Behavior Analyst so already. (The journal even has a and am very honored to serve as
Matthew Normand, PhD, BCBA- Facebook page to help the cause: the current Editor-in-Chief. As an
D, University https://www.facebook.com/TheBe academic journal, tBA is some-
of the Pacific haviorAnalyst.) tBA is the flagship what akin to the American Psy-
journal of the Association for Be- chological Association’s (APA)
I write this havior Analysis, International flagship publication, American
short piece (ABAi) which, in turn, is the flag- Psychologist, which serves as an
with the hope ship organization for the field of outlet for conceptual, review, and
of inspiring behavior analysis. This, in my discussion papers applicable to all
you to make (admittedly biased) opinion, areas of psychology (basic, ap-
friends with makes tBA a journal of some con- plied, and practice), as well as ar-
The Behavior siderable importance. I’ve long ticles pertaining to the business of
Matthew Normand

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 11
the APA. Similarly, tBA is an out- Foundation’s own Dr. Julie Vargas reason for writing this piece is that
let for conceptual, review, and dis- served as the first Editor-in-Chief. I am a bit concerned about the
cussion papers applicable to all It has been published by ABAi health of the journal and, in turn,
areas of behavior analysis (basic, since 1995. An exciting new de- the health of the field. I worry that
applied, and practice), as well as velopment is that as of the Spring too few people are contributing to
articles pertaining to the business 2014 issue, tBA (and all ABAi the journal and that too few people
of ABAi. More specifically, the journals) will be published by are interested in what the journal
mission of tBA is as follows: Springer. This means a number of ultimately publishes. As the
things, including much wider dis- demographics of the field continue
The Behavior Analyst con- semination of the journal, as it will to skew towards practitioners, I
tains general interest articles now be packaged with other think tBA continues to serve a
on theoretical, experimental, Springer journals and available in very important purpose.
and applied topics in behav- most every college and university
ior analysis. Articles on the library in the United States, if not
past, present, and future of the world. Scholars and students
behavior analysis, as well as will have unprecedented access to
its relation to other fields, the journal’s contents. Moreover,
are particularly appropriate the journal will have a greatly en-
for the journal. The Behav- hanced web presence through
ior Analyst also publishes Springer (see
literature reviews, discus- http://www.springer.com/psycholo
sions of previously pub- gy/journal/40614) and all accepted
lished work, reinterpreta- articles will be published online
tions of published data, and immediately through the “Early
articles on behaviorism as a View” feature. Even better, all ar-
philosophy that are suitable ticles will be indexed in the Sprin-
to the general readership of ger system so that relevant tBA
The Behavior Analyst
the journal. articles will appear as suggested
reading when someone searchers All members of ABAi receive the
The journal, then, stands as the for a paper anywhere on the journal as part of their member-
primary outlet for any and all non- Springer site, no matter the spe- ship, hence, the journal serves as
empirical work relevant to the cific journal being searched. The the official scholarly voice of the
field of behavior analysis. submission and peer-review proc- organization. The contents of the
ess also has been modernized, journal include diverse topics such
Its current flagship status notwith-
with the entire process now being as position statements on the right
standing, tBA got a modest start. It
handled electronically via Sprin- to effective behavioral treatment,
began in 1978 as a kind of news-
ger’s “Editorial Manager” website. the role of private events in a natu-
letter for the Midwestern Associa-
These are major improvements ral science of behavior, the vari-
tion for Behavior Analysis. Soon
that promise to greatly enhance ables influencing post-
after, it was established as a full-
the visibility of the journal. reinforcement pausing under
fledged journal of the Society for
the Advancement of Behavior fixed-ratio schedules of rein-
Despite the storied history and
Analysis and the B. F. Skinner forcement, and comments on the
bright future of the journal, one

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 12
future of our field. It is hard to tunity to study Behavior Analysis minimum two master-level de-
imagine that someone enamored abroad. Students from California grees: An MSc in Applied Behav-
enough with behavior analysis to State University, Stanislaus, study ior Analysis from BU and an MA
be a member of ABAi won’t find for five months in Warsaw (Uni- or MS in Behavior Analysis from
at least a few articles of interest in versity of Social Sciences and CSU Stanislaus. The European
each issue. Having a common core Humanities – SWPS), and another students earn a general MA in
for all of us to read and contribute five months in Bangor, Wales, UK psychology with an emphasis in
to is one way to ensure that we (Bangor University – BU). Stu- Behavior Analysis from CSU
remain connected and united as dents from each of those European Stanislaus. The Polish students
our field grows and diversifies. universities also study for a year at will be awarded a third Master’s
Behavior analysts—researchers, CSU Stanislaus. While abroad, the degree from SWPS.
educators, and practitioners—have students from both sides of the At-
much in common, and tBA should lantic receive a healthy $12,000 or
be one of those things! The journal €12,000 stipend to offset costs. In
is your scholarly sourcebook for addition, no international tuition
behavior analysis and your voice. I charges occur; the students simply
want to encourage everyone to enroll in their home institution and
read the journal, to talk about the pay tuition there.
journal, and, better yet, to contrib-
ute to the journal. Have a look— The program is in the midst of its European and US students spell “Atlantis”
you won’t be disappointed. second exchange. Students from while on an outing in the US.
CSU Stanislaus are currently
studying under Dr. Monika One of the attractions for the
Suchowierska and Dr. Lukasz European faculty and students is
that CSU Stanislaus has an Op-
International Dual Mas- Tanas at SWPS in Warsaw, then
shortly after the New Year will erant Lab that the students utilize
ter's Program in Behav- in a graduate level research course
head over to study under Dr. Carl
ior Analysis Hughes, Dr. Maggie Hoerger, Dr. directed by Dr. Hesse. In that
Bill Potter, Ph.D., BCBA-D, course, the students experience
Corinna Grindle, Dr. Steve Noone,
Professor and Chair, CSU hand-shaping a pigeon to perform
Dr. Sandy Toogood, Dr. Elin
Stanislaus a conditional discrimination and
Walker-Jones and Dr. Michael
Beverley at Bangor University. then run experimental sessions in
Skinner set in motion a natural
three-key operant chambers.
science approach to human behav-
ior that has rippled across time and SWPS and BU students are cur-
rently in Turlock, CA – home of It’s an unusual and invaluable ex-
geography. One of the latest mani-
CSU Stanislaus – studying with perience for the students to work
festations of the pebble (boulder?)
Dr. Bill Potter, Dr. Jane Howard, with an organism that has an ex-
he dropped is an international dual
Dr. Bruce Hesse and Dr. Carrie tremely limited verbal repertoire.
program in behavior analysis. This
Dempsey. They engineer and witness first-
federally funded program (a Fund hand the elementary principles of
For the Improvement of Postsec-
Once the students finish the behavior combining together to
ondary Education – FIPSE grant),
coursework and thesis require- produce more complex behaviors.
provides students with the oppor-
ments, they will be awarded at

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 13
The international students also The grant also provides funding Dr. Suchowierska:
have the opportunity to explore ap- for faculty exchanges. These in- [email protected]
plications of behavioral principles volve, at minimum, week-long Dr. Hughes:
at applied sites. Some of the stu- visits to each of the three institu- [email protected].
dents have interned with Dr. How- tions by international faculty. To
ard at the Modesto-based Kendall date, CSU Stanislaus has been
School, others with the Stanislaus visited by three different SWPS
County Office of Education under scholars and one BU scholar, with
Update on Behavior
the guidance of Dr. Dempsey and another three visits slated for Organizations and
Stacey Parks (BCBA) and Paul early 2014. CSU Stanislaus has Events
Stephany (BCBA and MFT) and at sent five scholars to visit SWPS Amanda Kelly, PhD, BCBA-D,
a few other sites. and BU. The university also has Associate Editor
two slated for March 2014 to The Hawaii
The U.S. students will also have SWPS. The faculty make presen- Association
the opportunity to explore how ap- tations, visit with students and for Behavior
plied behavior analysis has been faculty, and engage in initial col- Analysis
implemented in Poland, where Dr. laborations for future research (HABA) re-
Suchowierska has an autism treat- and applied projects. cently con-
ment program in Warsaw called
cluded its 9th
Step by Step, and in Bangor under The grant was applied for during
Annual Con-
the guidance of Dr. Hoerger, who the spring of 2010 by Dr. Suchow- Amanda Kelly ference, Chil-
oversees a practicum working with ierska, Dr. Gary Novak, Dr. Bill
dren and Fami-
special needs populations in Wales. Potter and Dr. Carl Hughes. D.
lies: Effective Treatments Across
Suchowierska was on a Fulbright
As noted, the students take the Lifespan (October 2013).
visit to CSU Stanislaus at the time,
courses at each university, which HABA’s single-track 9th annual
and pitched the idea to Drs. Novak
will count toward their degrees at conference was held in Honolulu,
and Potter. The grant spans five
each university. They take such HI on the campus of the Univer-
years and is for $416,000 for the
courses as: sity of Hawaii.
U.S. side and 408,000 euros split
• Fundamentals of Behavior between SWPS and BU. The conference featured three
Analysis Laboratory in the Ex-
keynote speakers, Drs. Patricia
perimental Analysis of Behavior For additional information about
Wright, Karen Tyson, and Pat
• Conceptual Issues in Behavior the universities you can visit each
Ghezzi. Dr. Wright began the con-
Analysis of the respective websites:
ference with her talk, "Cultural
• Advanced Applied Behavior
CSU Stanislaus: www.csustan.edu Humility and Practice." She dis-
Analysis
SWPS: cussed culture as it pertains to the
• Behavioral Assessment
http://www.swps.pl/english-version field of applied behavior analysis.
• Research Methods in Behavior
BU: Dr. Karen Tyson presented "Un-
Analysis
http://www.bangor.ac.uk/psychology derstanding Neuropsychological
These classes provide a comprehen-
Evaluations," and Dr. Ghezzi pre-
sive overview of Behavior Analysis
Or contact: sented on "Early Intensive Behav-
as a field of scientific inquiry, and as
Dr. Potter: [email protected] ioral Intervention (EIBI) for
one with application in many fields.

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 14
Young Children with Autism: The tion), David Wilder (Organizational Amanda Kelly:
Gold Standard of Treatment." This Behavior Management), Christo- [email protected]
workshop presented by Dr. Ghezzi pher Newland (Experimental),
and his senior staff from the Uni- Scott Gaynor (Clinical and Medi-
versity of Nevada, Reno, Early cal), Alice Shilingsburg (Verbal President’s Column
Childhood Autism Program pro- Behavior), and Andy Bondy
Dr. Julie S. Vargas, Ph.D.,
vided insight on components of a (Autism). Other special event in-
President, B. F. Skinner
successful EIBI program. vited speakers include William
Foundation
Baum, the recipient of the 2014
New traditions began with the 2013 CalABA Award for Outstanding The Founda-
HABA conference. This was the Contributions to Behavior Analy- tion has seen
first time poster submissions were sis, and Thomas Higbee who will interest in
accepted and the conference offered present the Glenda Vittimberga Skinner’s work
exhibitor space to local organiza- Memorial Lecture. broaden over-
tions. Additionally, HABA plans to seas: In Octo-
include several webinars throughout In addition to the exceptional ses- ber of 2013,
the year. Their “free for members” sions, CalABA will provide other Dale Hallatt,
Julie S. Vargas
webinar series will also launch soon. social networking and profes- one of the two
sional development opportunities founders of newfuturemedia.net,
Also coming soon is the 32nd An- by hosting a dance party, display- came from England to film inter-
nual Western Regional CalABA ing exhibitors, and providing views for an online video their
Conference, to be held February workshops. At a luncheon, they organization is producing. The
28-March 2, 2014 at the Hyatt Re- will honor recipients of CalABA’s video discusses how critical be-
gency San Francisco Airport in Gerald. L. Shook Leadership in havioral science is for the social
Burlingame, California. Last year, Advocacy Award, the B. F. Skin- good of both local and world so-
the conference attracted more than ner CalABA Student Award, and cieties, especially for sustainable
1,400 attendees who represented a the Julie Vargas Student Award. practices. Dale interviewed me in
wide spectrum of professionals and During the luncheon, enthusiasts the Foundation office, a suitable
consumers from all over the world. will have a chance to bid on B. F. backdrop for an interview about
The number of certified behavior Skinner’s personal memorabilia behavioral science.
analysts has been increasing expo- at the Annual Skinner Foundation
nentially in California, outgrowing Auction. Auction proceeds bene- B. F. Skinner’s study, where he
the conference hotel. fit CalABA and the student worked from 1950 to his death, has
awards that Dr. Julie Vargas and been kept pretty much as he left it.
2014 CalABA keynote presenters It is located in the basement of the
the B. F. Skinner Foundation
are Wayne Fuqua and David house where my husband Ernie and
sponsor every year.
Palmer. Other invited speakers in- I live. Through the Foundation, we
clude James Carr (Professional, For questions about the conference, continue to receive requests to visit
Ethical, and Legal practice), Linda you may e-mail “Skinner’s study.” In October, Joe
Hayes (Theoretical, Conceptual, [email protected]. Wyatt, Ron Van Houten, Henry
and Philosophical), Martha Pelaez Slucki, Josh Prichard, and Paul
(Human Development and Geron- We would like to hear from your Sullivan visited. Many people have
tology), Timothy Slocum (Educa- organization. Please contact suggested preserving the study and

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 15
relocating it to a museum. The ２０１３年の１０月には、ニュー 現在、スキャンや試し刷りや変換
Curator of the Akron museum in フューチャーメディアの創設者の のほとんどが行われているインド
Ohio visited to discuss a possible 一人であるデール・ハラット氏 にあります。年末には、電子書籍
site, but a location closer to Harvard が、彼らの作っているオンライン 版の”Verbal Behavior” が財団の
would be better. Harvard already ビデオのインタビューの為にイギ 方から入手できるはずです。２０
houses 82 boxes of correspondence, リスから撮影に訪れました。イン １４年の始めには、デーブ・パル
research records, and notes, and will タビューの中では、行動科学が地 マー氏による序文を含む “Contin-
eventually be receiving the rest of 域社会と世界社会、特に継続的な gency of Reinforcement”、そして
the archival material. 実践にとってどれだけ重要かが議 “The Behavior of Organism” に着
論されています。行動科学のイン 手する予定です。
The eBook project progresses
タビューの場所としては最適な財
well. Copies for scanning and 財団の新しいウェブページが完成
団のオフィスでそのインタビュー
converting Verbal Behavior are
は行われました。 しました。コメントや訂正、ご意
now in India, where most eBook 見がありましたら 
scanning, proofing, and converting
B.F.スキナーが1950年から死ぬ間 [email protected]のほうに
occurs. The Foundation should
際まで取り組んだ研究は、その当 お寄せください。皆様方のホリ
have the e-Verbal Behavior avail-
時のまま手を付けられずにいまし デーが素敵なものでありますよう
able by the end of this year. Con-
た。それは、私とアーニーが住ん に。
tingencies of Reinforcement with
Dave Palmer’s foreword, and The でいる家の地下室に保存されてい
Behavior of Organisms should fol- ます。財団を通じて「スキナーの
研究室」を訪れる要請が引き続き As always, the editors welcome
low in 2014.
数多く寄せられています。１０月 your feedback. Suggestions and
The new Foundation website is には、ジョー・ワイアット氏、ロ news items are very welcome. Feel
online: Please send comments, ン・バン・ホーティン氏、ヘン free to contact any of us by email-
corrections, or suggestions to me ing [email protected].
リー・スラッキー氏、ジョッ
at [email protected]. シュ・プリチャード氏やポールサ
Have a great new year. リバン氏が訪問しました。多くの
人が、スキナーの研究を展示館に Call for Volunteers
保存するべきだと提案していま If you would like to volunteer, we
す。オハイオ州のアクロン美術館 would be interested in your con-
会長のコラム２０１３年 tribution. You would be working
の学芸員が候補地の一つとして訪
第４号 問しましたが、ハーバード大学に with Dr. Ernest A. Vargas. The
Dr. Julie S. Vargas, Ph.D. 近いほうがふさわしいと思われま effort would initially concern it-
(President, B. F. Skinner す。ハーバード大学は、書状や研 self with Operants and its sub-
Foundation) 究業績や記録などが入った８２箱 scription base, but any other or-
Japanese translation by Kae ganizational problem that occurs
をすでに収容しており、残りの資
Yabuki, MS, BCBA would be addressed.
料も譲渡される予定になっていま
財団の目的の一つは、スキナーの す。 You should have a personal com-
研究を世界的に広めることです。 puter. It would be preferable if you
電子書籍プロジェクトは順調に進
are in the Cambridge area and
行しています。”Verbal Behavior”は
could come to the Foundation of-

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 16
fice for at least two or three hours información: bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html
a week. Clearly, however, with a bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html 感谢 支持基金会。
Muchas gracias por apoyar la BF斯金纳基金会是一个501-
computer, the required endeavor Fundación.
could be done at home whether The fundacion B.F. Skinner Foundation es una C3免税的组织
organización exentos de impuestos 501-C3.
around the corner or a few thou-
sand miles away. Age is irrelevant. (Japanese)
(Norwegian) ご寄付のお願い
Any package of skills would be Bli en venn 皆様からのご寄付は、財団が
useful. Best: a tolerance for ambi- Ditt bidrag vil bli brukt til å
støtte Stiftelsens aktiviteter. Vi 取り組んでいる様々な活動に
guity and a predilection to enjoy
setter stor pris på din hjelp for å 用いられます。お寄せ頂いた
problem solving. etablere nye program og for å お金は、新たなプログラムの
utvide pågående virksomhet.
You may email Dr. E. A. Vargas 創設や、現在行っている活動
directly: [email protected]. Se vår web-side for mer informasjon: を拡大させていくのに活用さ
bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html せて頂きます。
Takk for din støtte til Stiftelsen.
詳細については下記のウェブ
(Italian)
B. F. Skinner Foundation Diventa nostro amico サイトをご覧ください。
sostenitore bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html
Support Ti saremo grati del tuo aiuto 皆様のご理解、ご協力をお願
Your charitable donation supports the economico per supportare le attività い致します。
Foundation’s activities, such as the della Fondazione. La tua donazione
Research Awards for Students. We B. F. Skinner Foundation (B. F.
sarà utilizzata per intraprendere nuovi スキナー財団)
appreciate your help in establishing programmi di studio e
new programs and expanding our cur- B. F. スキナー財団は、501-
implementare quelli già in corso. C3の非課税法人です。
rent work.
Per maggiori informazioni visita il
See our website for more information: nostro website: (Russian)
bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html Стань другом
Grazie per il sostegno che darai Ваше благотворительное
Thank you for supporting the alla Fondazione. пожертвование будет использовано
Foundation. для поддержки деятельности
The B. F. Skinner Foundation is a 501-C3 tax- Фонда. Мы ценим вашу помощь в
exempt organization. (Chinese)
成为朋友 создании новых программ и
расширении нашей текущей
(Spanish) 你的慈善捐款将用于支持该基 активности.
Conviertase en un Amigo
Sus generosas donaciones se 金会的活动。我们非常感谢
Посетите наш сайт для получения
utilizarán para apoyar las actividades 帮助, 建立新的计 和扩大我们目 дополнительной информации:
de la Fundación. Nosotros apreciare- 前的工作. bfskinner.org/bfskinner/Friend_of.html
mos su ayuda para poder establecer Благодарим вас за поддержку
nuevos programas y expander los ya Фонда.
presentes. 请参阅我们的网站了解更多信
Фонд Б. Ф. Скиннера является
息： освобожденной от налогов
Visite nuestra página para más организацией.

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 17
You are welcome to visit our office in Harvard Square at 18 Brattle Street, Suite 451, Cambridge, MA 02138.

Operants: A Quarterly Newsletter of the B.F. Skinner Foundation Fourth Quarter 2013

Page 18