CELL STRUCTURES Crenation – cell shrinking
AND FUNCTIONS Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanisms
Carrier-mediated transport – movement of a substance
Cell Structure
Cell – basic unit of life across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule
Organelles – specialized structures Facilitated diffusion – moves substances from a higher
to lower concentration; does not require ATP
1. Nucleus – contains genetic material
Active transport – moves substances from a lower to
2. Cytoplasm – living material higher concentration; requires ATP
Ø Cystic fibrosis – genetic disorder that affects the
3. Plasma membrane – encloses the cytoplasm and active transport of Cl- into cells
nucleus
Secondary active transport – moving concentration
Functions of the Cell (CSCR) gradient to move another substance
1. Cell metabolism and energy use. Ø Cotransport – same direction
2. Synthesis of molecules. Ø Countertransport – opposite direction
3. Communication.
4. Reproduction and inheritance. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis – movement of materials into cells by
Cell Membrane formation of vesicles
§ Outer boundary of the cell Ø Phagocytosis – cell eating; solid particles are
§ Determines what enters and leaves the cell ingested
Ø Pinocytosis – cell drinking; smaller vesicles are
Extracellular – substances outside the cell formed and contains liquid
Intracellular – substances inside the cell Exocytosis – secretion of materials from cells
Fluid-Mosaic Model – arrangement of molecules in the Organelles
cell membrane Nucleus
Nuclear envelope – two-layered membrane that bounds
Selectively permeable – allows some substances to pass the nucleus
into or out of the cells
Nuclear pores – where materials can can pass into or out
Movement Through the Cell Membrane the nucleus
Diffusion
§ Movement of a solute from an area of higher to Chromatin – loosely coiled chromosomes
lower concentration gradient
Nucleoli – consists of ribosomal RNA and proteins
Concentration gradient – difference in the concentration
of a solute in a solvent minus the concentration of the Ribosomes
solute at another point § Site of protein synthesis
Leak channels – allow ions to pass through Endoplasmic Reticulum
§ Forms tubules/sacs throughout the cell
Gated channels – limit the movement of ions across the
membrane Rough E.R. – protein synthesis and modification;
contains ribosomes
Osmosis
§ Diffusion of water across a selectively Smooth E.R. – lipid synthesis, detoxification, and Ca
permeable membrane storage
Osmotic pressure – force required to prevent movement Golgi Apparatus
of water across a selectively permeable membrane § Modifies, packages, and distributes lipids and
proteins
Hypotonic – lower concentration
Secretory vesicles
Isotonic – same concentration § Transports and stores materials within cells
Hypertonic – higher concentration Lysosomes
§ Membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic
Lysis – when cells swell, then ruptures enzymes
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Peroxisomes Two Phases of the Cell Life Cycle
§ Enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids 1. Interphase – non-dividing phase
§ Enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of 2. Cell Division – formation of daughter cells from
hydrogen peroxide a single parent cell
Proteasomes 46 Chromosomes – diploid no. of chromosomes
§ Not bound by membranes
§ Digest selected proteins 2 X Chromosome = Female
X + Y Chromosome = Male
Mitochondria
§ Major site of ATP production Autosomes – 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes
Cytoskeleton Mitosis
§ Holds organelles in place; enables the cell to 1. Prophase – chromatin condenses
change shape
2. Metaphase – chromosomes align at the center
§ Microtubules – support the cytoplasm; assist in
3. Anaphase – chromatids separate at the
cell division
centromere and migrate to opposite poles
Microfilaments – involved in cell movement
4. Telophase – chromosomes unravel to become
chromatin
Intermediate filaments – provide mechanical support
Differentiation
Centrioles
Centrosome – where microtubule formation occurs § Cells develop specialized structures and
functions
Centrioles – specialized zone of the cytoplasm
Apoptosis
Spindle fibers – involved in separation of chromosome § Programmed cell death
during mitosis
Cellular Aspects of Aging
Cillia, Flagella, and Microvilli 1. Cellular clock.
Cilia – moves substances over the surface 2. Death genes.
3. DNA damage.
Flagella – propel sperm cells 4. Free radicals.
5. Mitochondrial damage.
Microvilli – increase the surface area of cells; aids in
absorption
Whole-Cell Activity
Gene Expression
Gene – sequence of nucleotides
Transcription – making a copy of a gene
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – the copy itself
Codons – groups of three nucleotides
Translation – converting that copied information into a
protein
Translation RNA (tRNA) – carry the amino acids
Anti-codon – series of three nucleotides of tRNA
Nucleotide Pairs
Cytosine Guanine
Thymine Adenine
Uracil Adenine
UAA – stop codon
Cell Life Cycle
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