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The Diar of a Young Girl Teacher’s Guide

BY ANNE FRANK
Category: European World History |
Nonction Classics |
Historical Figure Biographies & Memoirs
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TEACHING GUIDE

NOTE TO TEACHERS

This guide is organized to help readers understand and reect on Anne Frank’s diary.
Background information and a glossary provide historical context for the years of
Anne’s life and are designed to place her diary within the framework of the events
taking place during World War II and the Holocaust. Special details have been
included to highlight the twenty-ve month period during which Anne and her family
hid in the Secret Annex, as well as the aftermath.
The study questions for students are arranged in three parts. The rst set of questions
relates to facets contributing to Anne’s personal identity. The second set of questions
examines the relationship of Anne to the world outside the Annex. The nal set of
questions considers the ongoing issues that Anne raised in her diary over fty years
ago. For additional educational materials, including teacher’s notes and activities,
please contact the Anne Frank Center USA, 584 Broadway, Suite 408, New York, NY,
10012.
ABOUT THIS BOOK

The Legacy of Anne Frank

Anne Frank’s story succeeds because it is a personal story that enables individuals to
understand one of the watershed events of our time, and because it communicates
what can happen when hate and intolerance prevail. The essence of Anne
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message has become a universal symbol of tolerance, strength, and hope in the face
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of adversity—a symbol transcending all cultures and ages and conveying the idea that
discrimination and intolerance are wrong and dangerous.
Anne Frank’s diary has enduring signicance. Her perspective resonates with the
feelings and attitudes of teenagers in the post-Holocaust generation. Like so many of
today’s youth, Anne aspired to be independent and respected for who she was, not
what others wanted her to be. Anne’s reections on personal, social, and political
themes have as much relevance today as they did in the era of the Third Reich and the
Holocaust.
The Diary
On June 12, 1942, Anne Frank’s parents gave her a small red-and-white-plaid diary for
her thirteenth birthday. More than fty years later, this diary has become one of the
best-known memoirs of the Holocaust.
When Anne received her diary, she and her family were living in Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, which was occupied by the German Army. By Anne’s thirteenth birthday
she, like every other European Jew, was living in fear of the Nazis and their anti-Jewish
decrees. On July 6, 1942, her family was forced to go into hiding. Although they could
take very few things with them, Anne brought her diary to her new home, which she
called the "Secret Annex." For the two years that Anne lived in the Annex, she wrote
down her thoughts and feelings. She wrote about her life with the seven other people
in hiding–her parents, her sister, the van Pels family (called van Daan by Anne), and
Fritz Pfeffer (called Alfred Dussel by Anne), as well as the war going on around her and
her hopes for the future.
As a result of a radio broadcast made by the Dutch government in exile asking people
to save their wartime diaries for publication after the war, Anne decided to rewrite her
diary entries.
On August 4, 1944, the Nazis raided the Secret Annex and arrested the residents.
Anne’s entire diary–including the plaid book, notebooks, and loose sheets of paper–
remained behind in the Annex. Tragically, Anne Frank did not survive the Holocaust.
Her father, Otto Frank, returned to Amsterdam after the war ended, the sole survivor
among those who had hid in the Secret Annex. When he found out that Anne had died
in one of the concentration camps, Miep Gies, a woman who had risked her life to hide
the Franks, gave him Anne’s diary, which she had hidden for almost a year. As he read
the entries, he was deeply moved by his daughter’s descriptions of life in the Annex
and her feelings about her family and the other residents. He decided to publish the
diary so that readers would learn about the effects of the Nazi dictatorship and its
process of dehumanization.
In the immediateSEARCH
aftermath of the war it was not easy for Otto to nd apublisher for 0
Anne’s work. He was told that no one wanted to read about the Holocaust. Finally a 
newspaper called Het Parool printed a story about Anne’s diary that captured the
interest of Contact Publishers, a Dutch rm. In June 1947 Contact published 1,500
copies of the rst Dutch edition of the diary. Within years the Contact edition was
translated into German, French, and English. Today this version is available in fty-
ve languages, and over 24 million copies have been sold.
The rst edition omitted almost 30 percent of Anne’s original diary. Otto Frank quite
deliberately excluded sections where Anne expressed negative feelings about her
mother and others in the Annex, believing that Anne would not have wanted such
views made public. In addition, Contact was a conservative publishing house and was
uncomfortable printing Anne’s entries concerning her burgeoning sexuality.
Otto Frank bequeathed the diary to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation
(Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie [RIOD]), which received it after his death in
1980. Scholars associated with RIOD were particularly interested in refuting the
accusations by neo-Nazi Holocaust deniers that the diary was a hoax. To establish its
validity, RIOD performed tests on the paper, ink, and glue used in the diary, proving
that it was written during the 1940s. Also, tests were performed on Anne’s handwriting,
comparing samples from the diary with her other writings, which included letters with
dated stamp cancellations.
In 1986 RIOD published The Critical Edition of Anne’s diary. This edition is often used
as the scholarly, research-oriented version of the diary and contains all of the entries
that Otto Frank and the Contact Publishers had removed from the original 1947
edition. Entries that Anne rewrote after March 1944 are placed next to the original
entries to show her development as a writer. The 1986 edition also includes transcripts
of the tests verifying the authenticity of the diary, as well as some of the short stories
and sketches written in the annex.
In 1995 Doubleday published The Denitive Edition, on the ftieth anniversary of Anne
Frank’s death. This edition, based on a new English translation of the original Dutch
text, contains entries that both Otto Frank and Contact Publishers omitted from the
1947 edition. By restoring sections from the original diary, the 1995 edition makes
readers aware of the complexity and sensitivity of Anne Frank, an adolescent
struggling to nd her own identity amid turbulent and uncertain times.
ABOUT THIS AUTHOR

Anne Frank, born on June 12, 1929, was the second daughter of Otto and Edith Frank,
both from respected German Jewish families engaged in commerce for many
generations. Otto Frank could trace his heritage in Frankfurt back to the seventeenth
century, and Edith Holländer Frank came from a prominent Aachen family. Anne and
her older sister,SEARCH
Margot, were raised in Germany in an atmosphere of tolerance; the 0
Franks had friends of many faiths and nationalities. Otto Frank served honorably as
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an ofcer in the German Army during World War I.
However, the circumstances of the early 1930s dramatically altered the situation for
the Frank family. The National Socialist German Workers’ Party, the Nazis, ascended to
power in 1933 and launched a campaign to rid Germany of its Jewish citizens. The
Nazis blamed the Jews for the economic, political, and social hardships that had
befallen Germany, though less than 1 percent of the German population was Jewish.
Many German Jews felt this to be a passing phenomenon, while others, including the
Frank family, decided to leave Germany altogether. The Franks decided to move to
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which had been known for centuries as a safe haven for
religious minorities.
In the summer of 1933 Otto Frank left Frankfurt for Amsterdam to set up a branch of
his brother’s company called the Dutch Opekta Company, which produced pectin, an
ingredient used in making jam. Edith, with her daughters Margot and Anne, went to
Aachen to stay with her family, the Holländers, until Otto Frank established the
business and found a new home for his family.
By the mid-1930s the Franks were settling into a normal routine in their apartment at
37 Merwedeplein: the girls were attending school; the family took vacations at the
beach; and their circle of Jewish and non-Jewish friends grew. In 1938 Otto expanded
his business, going into partnership with the spice merchant Hermann van Pels, also
a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany.
Unfortunately, the Frank’s belief that Amsterdam offered them a safe haven from
Nazism was shattered when, in May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands and the
Franks were once again forced to live under Nazi rule. In the rst years of the
occupation, Anne and Margot continued to socialize with their friends and attend
school. But the Nazi administration, in conjunction with the Dutch Nazi Party and civil
service, began issuing anti-Jewish decrees. As Anne wrote on June 20, 1942:
Our freedom was severely restricted by a series of anti-Jewish decrees: Jews were
required to wear a yellow star; Jews were required to turn in their bicycles; Jews were
forbidden to use streetcars; Jews were forbidden to ride in cars, even their own; Jews
were required to do their shopping between 3 and 5 p.m.; Jews were required to
frequent only Jewish-owned barbershops and beauty parlors; Jews were forbidden to
be out on the streets between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.;…Jews were forbidden to visit
Christians in their homes; Jews were required to attend Jewish schools, etc.
All Jews had to register their businesses and, later, surrender them to non-Jews.
Fortunately, Otto Frank, in anticipation of this decree, had already turned his business
over to his non-Jewish colleagues Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman.
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By 1942 mass arrests of Jews and mandatory service in German work camps were
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becoming routine. Fearful for their lives, the Frank family began to prepare to go into
hiding. They already had a place in mind–an annex of rooms above Otto Frank’s ofce
at 263 Prinsengracht in Amsterdam. In addition, people on the ofce staff at the Dutch
Opekta Company had agreed to help them. Besides Kugler and Kleiman, there were
Miep and Jan Gies, Bep Voskuijl, and Bep’s father–all considered to be trustworthy.
These friends and employees not only agreed to keep the business operating in their
employer’s absence; they agreed to risk their lives to help the Frank family survive. Mr.
Frank also made arrangements for his business partner, Hermann van Pels, along
with his wife, Auguste, and their son, Peter, to share the Prinsengracht hideaway.
While these preparations were secretly under way, Anne celebrated her thirteenth
birthday on June 12, 1942. On July 5, 1942, her sister, Margot, received a call-up notice
to be deported to a "work camp." Three days later Anne remembered:
Margot told me that the call-up was not for Father, but for her. At this second shock, I
began to cry. Margot is sixteen–apparently they want to send girls her age away on
their own. But thank goodness she won’t be going; Mother had said so herself, which
must be what Father had meant when he talked to me about our going into hiding.
Hiding…where would we hide? In the city? In the country? In a house? In a shack?
When, where, how…? These were questions I wasn’t allowed to ask…
Even though the hiding place was not yet ready, the Frank family realized that they
had to move right away. They hurriedly packed their belongings and left notes
implying that they had left the country. On the evening of July 6, they moved into their
hiding place. A week later, on July 13, the van Pels family joined the Franks. On
November 16, 1942, the seven residents of the Secret Annex were joined by its eighth
and nal resident, Fritz Pfeffer. For two years the Franks were part of an extended
family in the Annex, sharing a conned space and living under constant dread of
detection and arrest by the Nazis and their Dutch sympathizers.
Since the Annex was above a business, and buildings on either side were occupied,
the eight residents had to be extremely quiet so they wouldn’t be discovered. They also
lived in fear of break-ins, which became common during the occupation. Their only
link to the outside world was through their helpers and radio broadcasts from the
BBC. For Anne, the normal stresses of changing from a child to a teenager to a young
woman were heightened by the conned space. She recorded all of this in her diary.
Part of her entry for Friday, December 24, 1943, reads:
Whenever someone comes in from outside, with the wind in their clothes and the cold
on their cheeks, I feel like burying my head under the blankets to keep from thinking,
"When will we be allowed to breathe fresh air again?"… I long to ride a bike, dance,
whistle, look at the world, feel young and know that I’m free, and yet I can’t let it show.
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At approximately 10 a.m., August 4, 1944, the Frank family’s greatest fear was realized.
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A Nazi policeman and several Dutch collaborators appeared at 263 Prinsengracht,
having received an anonymous phone call about Jews hiding there, and charged
straight for the bookcase leading to the Secret Annex. Karl Josef Silberbauer, an
Austrian Nazi, forced the residents to turn over all valuables. When he found out that
Otto Frank had been a lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, he treated
the family with a little more respect. The residents were taken from the house, forced
onto a covered truck, taken to the Central Ofce for Jewish Emigration, and then to
Weteringschans Prison. Two of the helpers, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman, were
also imprisoned, for their role in hiding the prisoners. Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were
not arrested, although Miep was brought in for questioning by the police.
The Nazi and Dutch police left the Secret Annex a mess. They had emptied Otto
Frank’s briefcase, which held Anne’s diary, onto the oor to ll it with valuables. The
oor was strewn with clothing, paperwork, and other belongings of those who had
been hiding there. Miep and Bep returned to the Annex and found Anne’s diary and
family photo album in the clutter. Miep brought the diary downstairs, where she kept it
hidden in her desk. About a week later the Nazis emptied out the entire Annex.
On August 8, 1944, after a brief stay in Weteringschans Prison, the residents of the
Secret Annex were moved to Westerbork transit camp. They remained there for nearly
a month, until September 3, when they were transported to the Auschwitz death camp
in Poland. Ironically, it was the last Auschwitz-bound transport ever to leave
Westerbork.
Upon arrival at Auschwitz, the men were separated from the women. Hermann van
Pels was the rst to die. He was soon murdered in the gas chambers. Fritz Pfeffer was
moved to Neuengamme concentration camp in Germany (probably via
Sachsenhausen or Buchenwald), where he died on December 20, 1944.
In October 1944 Anne, Margot, and Mrs. van Pels were transported to the Bergen-
Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Edith Frank remained in the women’s
subcamp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she died on January 6, 1945. Thousands died
from planned starvation and epidemics at Bergen-Belsen, which was without food,
heat, medicine, or elementary sanitary conditions. Anne and Margot, already
debilitated, contracted typhus and grew ever sicker. Both Anne, fteen years old, and
Margot, nineteen years old, died in March, 1945.
Mrs. van Pels was transported to Buchenwald and nally to the Theresienstadt camp
in Czechoslovakia, where she died in the Spring of 1945. Her son Peter was sent from
Auschwitz on a death march. He survived the march but died in Mauthausen in
Austria, on May 5, 1945, a few days before the camp was liberated.
Otto Frank, the SEARCH
only resident of the annex to survive the Holocaust, returned to 0
Amsterdam after the war. He was totally unaware of the deaths of his daughters. He
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searched all possible leads to locate them before learning from a woman who had
been with the sisters in the barracks at Bergen-Belsen that they had died. Otto also
discovered that his wife, the van Pels family, and Fritz Pfeffer had all died in the
Holocaust.
Fortunately, all of the helpers managed to survive the war. Johannes Kleiman and
Victor Kugler had been sent to the Amersfoort police transit camp, and sentenced,
without trial, to forced labor. Kleiman fell ill during this time and was sent home; he
lived in Amsterdam until his death in 1959. Kugler escaped during an air raid and
made his way back to Amsterdam; he emigrated to Canada in 1955 and died there in
1989. Bep Voskuijl died in Amsterdam on May 6, 1983. Miep and Jan Gies remained in
Amsterdam, raising a son. Jan died on January 26, 1993. Miep continues to live in
Amsterdam, where she is active in educating people about the Holocaust and its
lessons for today’s society.
Otto Frank found it difcult to settle permanently in Amsterdam with its constant
reminders of his lost family. He and his second wife, Elfriede Geiringer, also an
Auschwitz survivor, moved to Basel, Switzerland, in 1953. Otto Frank died on August 19,
1980, at the age of ninety-one.
DISCUSSION AND WRITING

1. Who Was Anne Frank?

a) About one week after Anne received her diary she wrote in it the saying, "Paper has
more patience than people." (June 20, 1942.) Why did Anne think she could conde
more in her diary than in people?
Almost two years later Anne wrote: "Will I ever be able to write something great, will I
ever become a journalist or a writer? I hope so, oh, I hope so very much, because
writing allows me to record everything, all my thoughts, ideals and fantasies." (April 5,
1944.) Did Anne’s diary mean something different to her after she had been in hiding?
b) On March 7, 1944, Anne wrote a long entry about how she had changed during her
life in the Annex: "When I think back to my life in 1942, it all seems so unreal. The Anne
Frank who enjoyed that heavenly existence was completely different from the one who
has grown wise within these walls . . . I look back at that Anne Frank as a pleasant,
amusing, but supercial girl, who has nothing to do with me."
In what ways did Anne show that she was becoming a young woman by the age of
fourteen? How did Anne envision herself as a grown woman? How was this different
from her image of her mother? What did Anne read that inuenced her perspective on
becoming a woman? Whom did Anne talk to about her new feelings, and why?
c) Anne lived inSEARCH
the Annex with her family and four other people for over two years. At 0
times the connement overwhelmed her: "All the bickering, tears, and nervous tension
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have become such a stress and strain that I fall into my bed at night crying and
thanking my lucky stars that I have half an hour to myself." (October 29, 1943.)
How did Anne cope with all of the "stress and strain" of living in the Annex? One of
Anne’s struggles focused on a writing table in the room she shared with Mr. Pfeffer.
Why was this table so important to Anne? Do you agree with how Anne handled the
disagreement? What would you have done? What do you consider private space?
2. Anne Frank in the World
a) What were the ways the residents of the annex got information about the outside
world? How did their sources of information reect their view of events? Compare
Anne’s description of an event during World War II with an "outside" (newspaper,
history book) description.
b) Anne often worried about her Jewish friends. On November 27, 1943, Anne described
her dream about her friend Hanneli Goslar. What do you think this dream was about?
Why was the dream so disturbing for Anne? Compare this dream to Anne’s original
description of Hanneli (June 15, 1942).
Hanneli Goslar was sent to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with her family.
During the winter of 1944-45 Hanneli and Anne met at the camp, on either side of a
fence, three times. The last time Hanneli managed to get a small Red Cross package
over the fence to Anne. Hanneli survived the Holocaust and moved to Israel, where she
still lives in 1995, often speaking about Anne Frank and the Holocaust.
Imagine you are writing a magazine article about Anne Frank’s childhood friends.
Construct an interview of Hanneli Goslar. Base the rst set of questions on Anne’s
diary, and the second set on Hanneli’s life during the Holocaust. What other
information would you include in your article?
c) The Frank family relied on the support of a number of non-Jewish helpers. These
helpers were always in danger of being found out and severely punished. "This
morning Mr. van Hoeven was arrested. He was hiding two Jews in his house. It’s a
heavy blow for us, not only because those poor Jews are once again balancing on the
edge of an abyss, but also because it’s terrible for Mr. van Hoeven . . . Mr. van Hoeven
is a great loss for us too. Bep can’t possibly lug such huge amounts of potatoes all the
way here." (May 25, 1944.)
What did Anne think about the helpers? Did she think that they were heroes? Find
Anne’s descriptions of each of the helpers to back up your view. What is your denition
of a hero?
d) On June 20, 1942, Anne listed many of the restrictions the Nazis placed on Jews
during the Third Reich. Make a list, based on the diary, of what Anne could no longer
do. How would your day be different if you had to follow these laws? Describe a typical
day for you under these restrictions.
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3. Beyond the Diary
a) When Anne wrote about the growing anti-Semitism in the Netherlands, she said:
"Oh, it’s sad, very sad that the old adage has been conrmed for the umpteenth time:
`What one Christian does is his own responsibility, what one Jew does reects on all
Jews.’" (May 22, 1944.)
What is a stereotype? Create your own denition. How did stereotypes contribute to
the dehumanization process that happened in Anne’s world? Do any of the
stereotypes that Anne wrote about still exist? What other stereotypes exist today?
b) Anne was very concerned about the world around her. After her fteenth birthday
she wrote: "One of the many questions that have often bothered me is why women
have been, and still are thought to be, so inferior to men. It’s easy to say it’s unfair, but
that’s not enough for me; I’d really like to know the reason for this great injustice!"
(June 13, 1944.)
Study the attitudes of the early 1940s and today. Why did Anne believe that women
were considered inferior? Was Anne a feminist ahead of her time?
c) Anne wrote: "I don’t believe the war is simply the work of politicians and capitalists.
Oh no, the common man is every bit as guilty; otherwise, people and nations would
have rebelled long ago!" (May 3, 1944.)
Otto Frank was the only survivor of the Secret Annex. Anne Frank and the other
inhabitants died. Who was responsible? Was it the leaders? Was it those who enforced
the legislation? Was it those who transported them on cattle cars? Was it those who
administered the concentration and death camps? Was it the townspeople near the
camps?

Questions for Group Discussion (Adult Readers)

a) After the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch people were
immediately faced with the question of choice: how to respond to the Nazi occupation.
Tens of thousands of Dutch people followed Hitler, and millions more looked the other
way. Eventually, a resistance movement began to grow.
The Nazis needed Dutch collaborators to carry out their fascist decrees. What would
have inuenced someone to become a collaborator? What factors would have
encouraged someone to join the resistance? Do you think these factors were based on
personal characteristics or political beliefs? What was the price of resistance during
the war? What was the price of collaboration?
b) Anne Frank and her family were German refugees who resettled and tried to build
their lives in the Netherlands. Although the Franks were proud of their German
heritage, their feelings
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Anne wrote: "Fine specimens of humanity, those Germans, and to think I’m actually
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one of them! No. that’s not true, Hitler took away our nationality long ago. And besides,
there are no greater enemies on earth than the Germans and Jews." (October 9, 1942.)
Although Anne had lived in the Netherlands since 1934, she did not become a Dutch
citizen. Did Anne have a nationality? If not, were Anne’s civil rights protected by any
nation? By 1939 some 250,000 Jews, half of Germany’s Jewish population, had ed
their homeland. Did these refugees have any guaranteed rights?
After the war Otto Frank responded to references to "the Germans" by asking "which
German?" He believed strongly that blaming all Germans was another form of
stereotyping.
What constitutes a stereotype? How is a stereotype different from discrimination?
c) In The New York Times the writer Anna Quindlen asked, "Would our understanding
of the Holocaust be quite the same if Anne Frank had not taken a small plaid diary
into hiding with her?"
What has most shaped your understanding of World War II: personal experience,
Anne’s diary, popular lms such as Schindler’s List, newsreel footage, academic or
historical texts?
d) Otto Frank chose to edit out some of the negative comments Anne made about her
mother and a number of the other residents of the Secret Annex–comments that have
been restored in the new translation by Susan Massotty. He believed that Anne would
have wanted him to do so. Do you think he was correct?
e) In her diary Anne opined: "…if you’re wondering if it’s harder for the adults here than
for the children, the answer is no…Older people have an opinion about everything and
are sure of themselves and their actions. It’s twice as hard for us young people to hold
on to our opinions at a time when ideals are being shattered…" (July 15, 1944.) When
was the last time as an adult that you experienced the "shattering" of an ideal? Is the
media a neutral force, or do you think it plays a role in supporting or destroying
idealism?
f) Are there certain characteristics common among those few individuals who risked
their own lives to rescue Jews during World War II? Why do so many of them deny their
own heroism?
g) A disturbing number of neo-Nazi groups have taken hold in all parts of the world.
What social conditions would be necessary for them to grow? What do you believe
would be the most likely basis of another world war: pride, nationalism, fear, racism,
economic interests, or religious intolerance?
h) Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was asked how he could explain the killing of 6 million
Jews. He answered, "One hundred dead are a catastrophe, a million dead are a
statistic." Have SEARCH
we become more or less tolerant of murder since he made this 0
observation?  

i) Anne Frank wrote: "I don’t believe the war is simply the work of politicians and
capitalists. Oh no, the common man is every bit as guilty; otherwise, people and
nations would have rebelled long ago!" (May 3, 1944.) How should accountability be
assigned? So many say they never understood what was happening. How likely could
that have been?
j) Hitler published Mein Kampf in 1925, describing his plan for the elimination of Jews.
At that time, what steps might have been taken to stop Hitler’s rise to power?
VOCABULARY

Allies: Twenty-six Nations led by Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union,
opponents of Nazi Germany and its allies known as the Axis powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan)–in World War II.
Anti-Semitism: Irrational prejudice, discrimination against Jews, dislike, fear, and
persecution of Jews.
Aryan: The Nazi term for what they considered the German race. It is not a racial term
and has no biological validity. Aryan was made up by the Nazis to refer to a racial ideal
that they claimed was "superior"–that is, the "master race." Originally the name of a
family of languages of peoples of Europe and India.
Auschwitz-Birkenau: Largest of the Nazi concentration camps, located in
Southwestern Poland, with a killing center at Birkenau. Included gas chambers. More
than one million Jews were murdered there. Also Auschwitz III, or Monowitz, was a
huge slave labor camp complex which serviced I.G. Farben company and
manufactured Buna, synthetic rubber. All the inhabitants of the Secret Annex were
sent from Westerbork to Auschwitz in September, 1944.
Bergen-Belsen: A concentration camp in northern Germany, plagued by epidemics,
overcrowding, and planned starvation. These conditions led to the deaths of more
than 34,168 people, including Anne and Margot Frank.
Concentration camps: Prison camps that held Jews, Gypsies, political and religious
opponents of the Nazis, resistance ghters, homosexual men and women, and others
considered enemies of the state. People died of starvation, slave labor, and disease.
Death camps: Six major death camps whose primary purpose was killing in an
assembly-line fashion by gassing. Chelmo, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek, and
Auschwitz-Birkenau were located in Poland.
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Deportation: Forced removal of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries fromtheir homes 
under the pretense of resettlement in the East. Most were shipped to death camps.
Dutch Opekta Company: Otto Frank’s business, which made pectin, a powdered fruit
extract used to make jams and jellies.
Einsatzgruppen: SS mobile killing squads responsible for massacres in Eastern
Europe of Jews, communist leaders, and Gypsies.
Final Solution: A phrase used by the Nazis for their plan for the physical destruction of
all of Europe’s Jewish population.
Forced-labor camps: Camps where prisoners were used as slave labor. On July 5, 1942,
Margot Frank received a notice to report for forced labor in Germany.
Genocide: Deliberate, systematic murder of an entire political, cultural, racial, or
religious group.
Gestapo: The Secret State Police of the Third Reich, which used terror, arrest, and
torture to eliminate political opposition and round up Jews and others.
Ghettos: Areas of cities and towns in Eastern Europe in which Jews were forced to live
in extreme, overcrowded conditions that included starvation, cold, and disease.
Beginning in 1941, ghetto inhabitants were sent to concentration and death camps or
massacred.
Gypsies: A term for Roma and Sinti groups persecuted by the Nazis.
Judenrein: "Jew-free."
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass): The state-sponsored pogrom unleashed on
the Jewish communities of Germany and Austria on November 9 and 10, 1938.
Mein Kampf (My Struggle): Adolf Hitler’s autobiography, written during his
imprisonment (1924). Mein Kampf details his plan to make Europe judenrein.
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei [NSDAP]: The Nazi radical, right-wing, anti-Semitic political party
headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921 to 1945.
Nuremberg Laws: Laws passed in the fall of 1935, stripping Jews of their political
rights by making them stateless.
Occupation: Control
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occupied by the Nazi government of Germany.  

Pogrom: Organized violence against Jews, often with the support of the government.
Razzia: A forced round-up of Jews in the Netherlands.
SS: Schutzstaffel, black-shirted elite guard of Hitler, later the political police in charge
of the concentration and death camps.
Swastika: An ancient religious symbol (hooked cross), that became the ofcial symbol
of the Nazi Party. Now banned in Germany, the swastika is still used by neo-Nazis
around the world.
Third Reich: The Nazi term for Germany and the occupied territories from January
1933 to April 1945.
Underground: A group acting in secrecy to oppose the government and resist the
occupying enemy forces.
Weimar Republic: German republic from 1919 to 1933, a parliamentary democracy
established after World War I, with Weimar as its capital city.
Westerbork: Jewish transit camp in northeastern Holland where almost 100,000 Jews
were deported between 1942 and 1944 to the Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor,
Theresienstadt, and Bergen-Belsen concentration and death camps.
Yellow star: This six-pointed Star of David was a Jewish symbol that the Nazis forced
Jews above the age of six to wear as a mark of shame and to make Jews visible. In the
Netherlands the star carried the Dutch word Jood, meaning "Jew," in the middle. From
May 1942 until she went into hiding, Anne Frank wore the yellow star, separating her
from the rest of the Dutch population.
BEYOND THE BOOK

Historical Context of the Diary of Anne Frank

Anne Frank’s life (1929-45) spanned the most critical years in the history of the Third
Reich and the Holocaust. Born in the waning years of the democratic Weimar
Republic, Anne Frank was only four years old when Hitler and the Nazi Party ascended
to power. The Weimar Republic, established after Germany’s defeat in World War I, had
failed to garner widespread support. Unemployment, ination, labor unrest, and rising
violence in the streets were all associated in the popular mind with the inablility and
inefciency of the Weimar politicians. Extremist parties, which put forth promises of a
better future, gained
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 
The National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party, founded in 1919, was among
those beneting from the unsettled political and economic times. Its programs
promised to restore honor and greatness to Germany. To accomplish these goals, the
Nazis advocated a Germany free of Jews and other groups who endangered the
destiny of the Third Reich. In 1933 Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party, was
appointed Chancellor of Germany. As soon as the Nazis were in power, Jews, a very
small minority in Germany, were subjected to arbitrary arrests and attacks in the
streets. Humiliation of Jews in their synagogues, an economic boycott of Jewish
businesses in April 1933, and the ring of Jewish civil servants further demonstrated
the hostile environment.
Jews who stayed in Germany witnessed a gradual progression of anti-Semitic
measures. While there was sporadic terror against Jews in 1933, by 1935 the
Nuremberg Laws determined who the Jews were, legalizing their inferiority and their
stateless status. Hundreds of pieces of anti-Semitic legislation became law in the
middle and late 1930s, segregating Jews from all aspects of German life.
In 1938, as the Third Reich expanded to incorporate Austria and parts of
Czechoslovakia, the Nazis escalated their campaign against the Jews. A world
conference at Evian, France, with representatives from thirty-two nations, failed to
offer any help or haven for the Jews of Germany and Austria. On November 9 and 10,
1938, a nationwide pogrom, later known as Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)
resulted in massive destruction of Jewish property and synagogues. Thirty thousand
Jewish men and boys were arrested and deported to concentration camps.
On the eve of the war Hitler ordered the killing of institutionalized handicapped
patients, calling them "useless eaters." The program, named T-4, transferred the
victims to six institutions in Germany and Austria, some equipped with special gas
chambers.
World War II
The German surprise invasion of Poland in September 1939 began World War II and
greatly expanded the Third Reich. Countries in Eastern and Western Europe were
rapidly invaded. By 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France were
controlled by the Nazis, who established ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor
camps, in addition to the concentration camps. The Nazis rounded up and deported
massive numbers of prisoners, putting them into hundreds of new camps lled with
political opponents, resistance ghters, Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, and other victims of the Nazi policies.
The German invasion and conquest of the Netherlands began on May 10, 1940, and
ended on May 14,SEARCH
after the destruction of Rotterdam. Throughout most of Nazi- 0
occupied Europe the Nazis now expanded their program to make Europe judenrein, or 
"Jew-free," an idea that had been introduced in the 1930s. However, during the war
years anti-Semitic legislation and physical violence against Jews intensied. In the
Netherlands, they were registered, isolated, and removed from public life; their
businesses were Aryanized within eighteen months.
The year 1941 marked a turning point in the course of the war. The German Army
invaded the Soviet Union, thereby increasing by 3 million the number of Jews under
their domination. Mobile killing squads called Einsatzgruppen followed the German
army throughout the conquered territories, where they rounded up people, forced
them to undress in front of mass graves, and shot them en masse.
In the summer and fall of 1941, the Nazi hierarchy decided to move to the next stage of
their policy regarding Jews. This led to the period of systematic mass murder in death
camps, beginning in late 1941, which the Nazis referred to in their code words "The
Final Solution of the Jewish Question." The six killing sites, close to rail lines in various
areas of Poland, were at Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmo, Majdanek, and Auschwitz-
Birkenau.
The purpose of the death camps was mainly to kill Jews, but there were many other
victims as well. Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau were special cases, having both
labor facilities and killing centers. Other camps such as Bergen-Belsen became
places of death for thousands of victims through starvation and disease. In addition
to these camps, the Nazis continued to expand the slave-labor-camp system to
thousands throughout the Third Reich. Here prisoners were literally worked until they
were no long useful to the Nazis, then put to death.
There were, however, people throughout the Third Reich who found the courage to
help others. Like the Franks’ helpers, many risked their lives to hide Jews and others
from the Nazis. Organized resistance to the Nazis was punishable by death, but
despite this, there were armed revolts by Jews in the death camps of Treblinka,
Sobibor, and Auschwitz. The uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto held off German soldiers
from April to May 1943.
The Holocaust in the Netherlands
In the Netherlands the rst mass arrests of Jews began in February 1941. The Nazis
began Razzen, or roundups: Jewish men and boys were grabbed from their homes,
beaten, and deported. In June 1941 the Dutch people of Amsterdam protested in a two-
day strike which Nazi troops quickly put down.
In the rst months that the Frank family lived in the Secret Annex, the death camps in
Poland were operating at full capacity. Anne sensed the danger for Jews, although she
was not aware of the full magnitude of mass murder occurring hundreds of miles to
the east. As sheSEARCH
remarked in her diary on November 19, 1942: 0
 
In the evenings when it’s dark, I often see long lines of good, innocent people
accompanied by crying children, walking on and on, ordered about by a handful of
men who bully and beat them until they nearly drop. No one is spared. The sick, the
elderly, children, babies, and pregnant women–all are marched to their death.
Listening to the news of the war on the radio was extremely important to the
inhabitants of the Annex. Only Germany’s defeat would end the mass killing of Jews
and other innocent victims. During 1943 and 1944, reports of Germany’s military
reversals provided the Annex residents with hope for the future. News of events such
as the halting of German troops in the Soviet Union in February 1943, as well as the
Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy beginning the following July, prompted Anne to write
optimistically about the approaching end of the war. Nevertheless, she was saddened
to realize that the declining military situation for Germany did not mitigate the war
against the Jews. She especially despaired over the massive arrests and deportation
of Hungarian Jews in May and June 1944. Although D Day operations elated Anne and
the others in the Annex, the war still dragged on, leaving them wondering when it
would ever end.
On July 15, 1944, Anne expressed her sense of foreboding:
It’s utterly impossible for me to build my life on a foundation of chaos, suffering and
death. I see the world being slowly transformed into a wilderness, I hear the
approaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I feel the suffering of millions.
And yet, when I look up at the sky, I somehow feel that everything will change for the
better, that this cruelty too shall end, that peace and tranquility will return once more.
In the meantime, I must hold on to my ideals. Perhaps the day will come when I’ll be
able to realize them!
The End of the War
The arrests of the residents of the Secret Annex on August 4, 1944, and their
subsequent deportation from Westerbork to Auschwitz took place during the months
that the Germans were facing defeat. Soviet troops had already entered the Majdanek
death camp in Lublin and publicized the horrors they found.
As the Allies reached the occupied countries, the Nazis began to cover up the evidence
of genocide and forced prisoners to march on foot toward central Germany to prevent
their liberation. Many inmates died or were killed if they could not walk. During the
nal days, in the spring of 1945, conditions at the remaining camps were so inhumane
that many more died. Concentration camps such as Bergen-Belsen became a death
trap for thousands, including Anne and Margot Frank. On November 24, 1944, SS
leader Heinrich Himmler ordered the destruction of Auschwitz’s crematoria and the
removal of as many prisoners as possible as the Russians approachedthe camp.
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
The loss of Jewish lives in the Netherlands alone illustrates the magnitude of mass
murder that occurred during the Holocaust. By July 1944 the country was virtually
judenrein. In 1940 approximately 140,000 Jews had lived in the Netherlands during the
Nazi occupation; 106,000 Jews there, three out of every four, perished.
By May 1945 Nazi Germany collapsed and the war was over in Europe. The SS guards
ed the concentration, forced-labor, and death camps. The camps were liberated and
the world saw the evidence of the Holocaust.
The Aftermath
After the war the world tried to grapple with what had happened and to work to
prevent its recurrence. As Otto Frank prepared Anne’s diary for publication, the
International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg sought to prosecute some of the Nazi
leaders and to document their crimes as a warning for the future. Judges from the
Allied Powers, including Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union,
heard evidence against twenty-two Nazi criminals for "crimes against peace" and "war
crimes," which violated the laws and customs of warfare, and "crimes against
humanity." Fourteen high-ranking Nazis were sentenced to death; others were sent to
prison. Most of those prosecuted admitted that they were guilty of the crimes of which
they were accused. Their defense? That they were simply following orders of a higher
established power. The Nazis’ leader, Adolf Hitler, was not present at the Nuremberg
Trials. He and several of his top aides had committed suicide in the nal days of the
war.
Subsequent trials have continued to this day. In the United States, where many war
criminals escaped, the government deports those who participated in the persecution
during the Nazi regime and came to this country illegally. The Nuremberg trials
revealed fully what can happen when a state decides to dehumanize its citizens. The
hope was to seek justice against those who participated in the murder of millions,
including Anne Frank, simply because they were Jewish.
Timeline of Events in Germany and Europe
November 11, 1918: End of World War I.
January 1923: The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische
Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), known as the Nazi Party, holds its rst rally in Munich.
Autumn 1925: Mein Kampf, Hitler’s autobiography and anti-Semitic plan, is published.
July 31, 1932: The Nazis receive 37.4 percent of the vote and are asked to form a
coalition government.
January 30, 1933: Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
February 1933: Freedom of speech and assembly is suspended by the Nazi
government.
Spring 1933: TheSEARCH
Gestapo, or Secret State Police, is established. Dachau, the main 0
concentration camp for political prisoners, is built.  
April 1933: The Nazis declare a boycott of Jewish businesses and medical and legal
practices. A law excluding non-Aryans removes Jews from government and teaching
positions.
May 10 1933: Books by Jews, political enemies of the Nazi state, and other
"undesirables" are burned in huge rallies throughout Germany.
July 1933: Hitler bans all political parties except for the Nazi Party.
January 1934: Forced sterilization of the racially "inferior," primarily Gypsies and
African-Germans, and the "unt," the mentally and physically disabled, begins.
Fall 1935: The Nuremberg Laws are passed dening Jews as noncitizens and making
mixed Aryan and Jewish marriage illegal.
March 7, 1936: Germans march into the Rhineland, violating the Versailles Treaty.
Summer 1936: Olympic games are held in Berlin, Germany. The United States
participates.
March 12, 1938: Germany annexes Austria.
November 9-10, 1938: Kristallnacht. State-sponsored pogrom in Germany and Austria,
looting and destroying synagogues and Jewish owned-businesses.
March 15, 1939: Germany occupies Czechoslovakia.
September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland; World War II begins.
September, 1939: "Tiergarten 4." Hitler implements the T-4 Program, killing the
institutionalized, physically disabled, and mentally handicapped.
April and May 1940: Germany invades Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, France,
Belgium, and Luxembourg.
September 29-30, 1941: More than 33,000 Jews are executed at Babi Yar, near Kiev in
the Ukraine, by the Einsatzgruppen special forces.
December 11, 1941: Germany declares war on the United States.
March 1942: Sobibor, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau all become fully operational
death camps, followed by Treblinka in July.
June 1943: SS leader Himmler orders the "liquidation" of all the ghettos in Poland and
the Soviet Union to death camps.
June 6, 1944: D Day. Allies invade Western Europe.
November 26, 1944: Himmler orders troops to destroy the crematoria at Auschwitz to
hide the Nazi war crimes.
May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders, and the war ends in Europe.
November 1945: The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals begin.
OTHER TITLES OF INTEREST

Background Reading on the Holocaust for Adults

Bauer, Yehudah, and Niki Keren. A History of the Holocaust: New York: Fanklin Watts,
1982.
Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know: A History of the Holocaust as Told in the
United States Holocaust
SEARCH Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993. 0
Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wippermann. The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945.
 
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Dawidowicz, Lucy. War Against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Bantam, 1968.
Dwork, Deborah. Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Nazi Europe. New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 1991.
Fogelman, Eva. Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust.
New York: Anchor Books, 1994.
Hilberg, Raoul. Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933-1945.
New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
Leitner, Isabella. Isabella: From Auschwitz to Freedom. New York: Anchor Books, 1994.
Lifton, Robert. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killings and the Psychology of Genocide.
New York: Basic Books, 1988.
Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1991.
Memoirs and Diaries for Young Readers by Contemporaries of Anne Frank
Auerbacher, Inge. I Am a Star: Child of the Holocaust. New York: Prentice Hall, 1987.
Isaacman, Clara, and Joan A. Grossman. Clara’s Story. Philadelphia: Jewish
Publication Society, 1984.
Sender, Ruth M. The Cage. New York: Macmillan, 1986.
Weitz, Sonia. I Promised I Would Tell. Brookline, Mass.: Facing History and Ourselves,
1993.
Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: Bantam, 1982.
Historical Background for Young Readers
Bachrach, Susan. Tell Them We Remember: The Story of the Holocaust. Boston: Little,
Brown: 1994.
Chaiken, Miriam. A Nightmare in History: The Holocaust 1933-1945. Boston: Houghton
Mifin, 1987.
Meltzer, Milton. Rescue: The Story of How Gentiles Saved Jews in the Holocaust. New
York: HarperCollins Children’s Books, 1991.
Rossell, Seymour. The Holocaust: The Fire That Raged. New York: Franklin Watts, 1990.
Rittner, Carol, and Sondra Meyers. The Courage to Care: Rescuers of Jews During the
Holocaust. New York: New York University Press, 1986.
Rogasky, Barbara. Smoke and Ashes: The Story of the Holocaust. New York: Holiday
House, 1988.
Other Readings About Anne Frank
Barnouw, David, Ed. The Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition. New York:
Doubleday, 1989.
Frank, Anne. Tales from the Secret Annex. New York: Pocket Books, 1983.
Gies, Miep, and Alison Leslie Gold. Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman
Who Hid the Frank Family. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Hurwitz, Johanna. Anne Frank: Life in Hiding. New York: Jewish Publication
SEARCH Society, 0
1988.  
Lindwer, Willy. The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank. New York: Anchor Books, 1992.
Mooyaart, B. M. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. New York: Bantam, 1993.
Steenmeijer, Anne G. A Tribute to Anne Frank. New York: Doubleday, 1971.
van der Rol, Ruud, and Rian Verhoeven. Anne Frank: Beyond the Diary. New York:
Viking, 1993.
Videos
Camera of My Family: Four Generations in Germany, 1845-1945. Anti-Defamation
League.
Courage to Care. Anti-Defamation League.
Daniel’s Story. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Dear Kitty and Just a Diary. Anne Frank Center USA.
They Risked Their Lives: Rescuers in the Holocaust. Ergo Media.