Psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots to its establishment as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century. Early thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Locke pondered the relationship between mind and body. Scientific psychology began with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental laboratory in 1879, focusing on introspection. Functionalism arose in response, studying conscious processes and their evolutionary purpose. Behaviorism, promoted by Watson, rejected mental processes in favor of stimulus-response explanations of behavior. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized the unconscious mind and psychosexual development. Gestalt psychology studied perceptual organization and the whole being greater than the sum of parts.
Psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots to its establishment as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century. Early thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Locke pondered the relationship between mind and body. Scientific psychology began with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental laboratory in 1879, focusing on introspection. Functionalism arose in response, studying conscious processes and their evolutionary purpose. Behaviorism, promoted by Watson, rejected mental processes in favor of stimulus-response explanations of behavior. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized the unconscious mind and psychosexual development. Gestalt psychology studied perceptual organization and the whole being greater than the sum of parts.
Psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots to its establishment as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century. Early thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Locke pondered the relationship between mind and body. Scientific psychology began with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental laboratory in 1879, focusing on introspection. Functionalism arose in response, studying conscious processes and their evolutionary purpose. Behaviorism, promoted by Watson, rejected mental processes in favor of stimulus-response explanations of behavior. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized the unconscious mind and psychosexual development. Gestalt psychology studied perceptual organization and the whole being greater than the sum of parts.
Psychology has evolved from its philosophical roots to its establishment as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century. Early thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Locke pondered the relationship between mind and body. Scientific psychology began with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first experimental laboratory in 1879, focusing on introspection. Functionalism arose in response, studying conscious processes and their evolutionary purpose. Behaviorism, promoted by Watson, rejected mental processes in favor of stimulus-response explanations of behavior. Psychoanalysis, developed by Freud, emphasized the unconscious mind and psychosexual development. Gestalt psychology studied perceptual organization and the whole being greater than the sum of parts.
Prepared by: Dr. Vijay Kumar Lecturer Department of Psychology PGGCG-11, Chandigarh. What is Psychology? Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes
Mental processes: what the brain does when we think,
remember, feel, etc.
Behavior: outwardly observable acts of an individual, alone, or in
a group. Goals Describe Explain predict control mental processes and behavior. Brief History of Psychology
„Psychology has a long past, but its real history is
short.‟ Ebbinghaus (1908)
Psychology’s Roots:
Prescientific Psychology
Scientific Psychology Prescientific Psychology Prescientific Psychology In India, the Buddha pondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas. Socrates (469-399 BCE) & Plato (428-348 BCE): Socrates and his student Plato believed that the mind was separate from the body, that it continued to exist after death, and that ideas were innate. Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650):
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind) body separation but speculated on how the immaterial mind and the physical body communicated. Francis Bacon (1561-1626): Bacon was one of the founders of modern science, especially the experimental method.
John Locke (1632-1704):
Locke held that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank sheet at birth and experience writes on it. Scientific Psychology: Structuralism (1870‟s-1900) Wilhelm Wundt–the father of psychology Set up the first psychology lab in 1879. Created the approach of structuralism Wanted to know what the structure of the mind was Used introspection Edward Titchener–student of Wundt, introduced experimental psychology to the USA. Functionalism (1880‟s–current)
Arose in protest to the private mental events studied by
structuralists
Focused on the process of conscious activity
Had its roots with evolution. How is a particular behavior
adaptive?
William James: Not what mind does, but why it does it
Became incorporated into all of psychology
Behaviorism (1915–current) By 1920, Structuralism and Functionalism were replaced by Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology & Psychoanalysis.
J.B Watson-Founder replaced the mind and restricted to the study of
behaviour Watson‟s argument- All behavior is a result of conditioning and the environment shapes behavior by reinforcing specific habits. Denied the existence of inborn or innate behavioural tendencies. Held that no specific differences between human and animal behaviour Behaviorists discussed psychological phenomenon in terms of stimulus and responses, giving rise to the term stimulus-response (S-R) psychology. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt- German word meaning “form” or “configuration” Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler- Gestalt Psychologist‟s primary interest was perception they believed that perceptual experiences depend on the patterns formed by stimulus and on the organization of experience. Whole pattern of sensory activity, the relationships and organizations within this pattern. The whole is different from the sum of its parts because of the relationships between the parts.
School of thought that emphasized the total
experience of the individual and not just parts of the mind or behavior Psychoanalysis
A theory of personality and method of psychotherapy originated by
Sigmund Freud.
Concept of unconsciousness, thoughts, attitudes, impulses etc
that we are unaware of.
Repressed Unconscious wishes and desires expressed in
Dreams, slips of tongue & physical mannerism.
Method of Free Association
Key features: Mind has 3 parts: conscious, unconscious and preconscious
conscious: thoughts and perceptions
preconscious: available to consciousness, e.g. memories and stored
knowledge
unconscious: wishes and desires formed in childhood, biological urges.
Determines most of behaviour Personality has 3 components - id, ego & superego
ego: develops in childhood, rational. Chooses between id and external
demands
superego: conscience, places restrictions on behaviour
Key features: • Freud‟s „mental iceberg‟ view of the mind Key features: Psychosexual stages of development Develop through stages in childhood Oral (0–18 months) Anal (18 months–3 years) Phallic (3–6 years) Latent (6 yrs–puberty) Genital (puberty onwards) At each stage, libido is focused on different part of body Failure to progress (fixating) causes neuroses Key features: Ego mediates conflict between id, ego, superego
defence mechanisms include repression, displacement, denial,
reaction formation
repression pushes stuff into unconscious, but it exerts influence
from there, may cause problems Cure neuroses by bringing material from unconscious to conscious
free association
dream analysis Evaluation: Significant impact: • theories of personality, motivation, development • therapeutic techniques in clinical and counselling psychology • captured the popular imagination, providing an accessible framework for everyday understanding Unscientific? methodologically poor untestable (e.g. concept of denial) Limited impact on scientific psychology
Measuring "Hypnotic-Like" Suggestibility With and Without "Hypnotic Induction" Psychometric Properties, Norms, and Variables Influencing Response To The Barber Suggestibility Scale
Measuring "Hypnotic-Like" Suggestibility With and Without "Hypnotic Induction" Psychometric Properties, Norms, and Variables Influencing Response To The Barber Suggestibility Scale
