Sustainable Solar Electricity Solutions

through
Horizontal and Vertical Expansions
in Rural Areas

Chetan S. Solanki
Dept. of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

www.millionsoul.iitb.ac.in
INDIA’S POPULATION AND ENERGY NEEDS

2
India is Young
 July 2011-Population =1189 million of which
– 0-14 years: 29.7%
– 15-64 years: 64.9%
– 65 years and over: 5.5%

 Dependency ratio of 0.6; 2030-0.4

 2020 Average Age: India-29; China-37; Japan-48:

 India will have youngest working age population in world

With this young population India ‘can’ grow fast, provide the young
population is well-educated and well-trained
Human
Development Index
 HDI is indication of Health,
Education and Income,
adopted by UN

 Health, Education and

Income of nation is
directly related to Energy
consumption per capita

© Education Park, 2012 4

Indian Power Sector
MW %
 Current installed
Total Thermal
generation capacity is (coal- 60%, gas -9%, oil – 68.85
2,79,013 MW 0.5% 1,92,724
Hydro
 It generates about 1000 16.36
45,799
billion units per year Nuclear
1.67
4,700
Renewable Energy
India's power generation 13.1
36,692
capacity will need to scale Total Current Capacity
up 100
2,79,915

5 National Center for Photovoltaic Research and Education

Per capita electricity needs
 Annual electricity
requirement per capita
in India
~ 4000 kWh
Current supply only
-1000 kWh

There should be
800,000 MW capacity
for providing 3000 unit
Source: Forbes.com per person per year

1000
KEROSENE FOR LIGHTING

7
Kerosene as the major source of lighting

 There are 78 Million households using kerosene as main source of

lighting. (Census of India, 2011)

Can solar lamp replace

kerosene Lamp?

<20% HH 10-25% HH
5-10% HH
20-40% HH 2-5% HH
40-60% HH 1-2% HH
>60% HH <1% HH
Kerosene as the main source of lighting Solar lamps as the main source of lighting

8
Students in Schools
 Time for India to reap the population dividend
120

100

80 Rural

60 Urban

40

20

-
Primary(I -V) Upper Primary Secondary(IX-X) Senior
(VI-VIII) Secondary(XI-XII)

258 million students Significant drop outs in rural

189 million in rural areas schools compared to urban area

* Source: NUEPA, 2013-14

9
Electrification in India
Overview of 5 Indian States
 Village is considered electrified if 10% HH gets connection

Un-electrified villages Un-electrified

(%) households (%)
Assam 7.69 67.66

Bihar 2.54 93.05

Jharkhand 6.02 63.33

Odisha
4.64 52.53

Uttar Pradesh 0.23 72.98

Source: State wise reports, Garv App, 2016
10
In places with 24 hour electricity

 Light level required for study purpose is 150 Lux

1100 1001

900

Number of HH
732
700

500

300 223
126 119
100 65 49
24 6 2 4 0

-100

Light Intensity in Lux

Light for studying purpose is

inadequate even in electrified A survey of 2,351 households in six states
rural households

11
Can students wait for us to supply electricity?
 Relying only on fossil fuel resources for bringing light to
student’s life for study is not wise

As it would require
- Huge fossil resources
- Large Investment, &
- Very long time
258 million students, 189 in rural areas

A School going child Can-NOT and Should-NOT wait for

supply of conventional electricity
12
DESIGN OF MILLION SOLAR URJA LAMP (SOUL)
PROGRAM

13
SoUL (Solar Urja Lamp): A Study Light Solution
How much electricity is only 0.73 unit of
required to study 4 electricity in a year!
hours a day for 365
days ?
 Light required for study is 150 Lux
(kerosene lamp gives 15 Lux)

Appropriate Technical Solution

• Panel: 1.0 Wp
• LED Wattage: 0.5 Watt
• Battery: 1.2x2V 1200 mA
• SoUL delivers 150 Lux at over 12”
( 8 hours and 5 hours back up)
14
Issues with solar lamp programs

 Buy and supply Expensive products

(Cost)

 No technical Product fails prematurely

support (Reparability)

 Continuation is More products not available

not possible (Availability)

15
Principles of the Million SoUL Program

The Program is designed on the principles of:

• Localization
• Saturation
• Affordability

The Million SoUL Program can

provide clean light to school
going children in rural India in
the fastest possible way & in a
cost-effective manner

16
Concepts of SoUL program

Saturation Localization Affordable

All students in an area Assembly of lamp, its Make lamp

get an opportunity to distribution, use, appropriate to use
own solar lamp repair and Light for study
 Better logistics maintenance  1W panel is
ALL by local people
management, lower enough, partly
cost of  Low cost, subsidized
maintenance, better availability
sustainable job and better
creation reparability
17
Objectives of the Million SoUL Program

Objective 1 Million
Speed, Scale, and Local Skills Students

 Involve local people in lamp assembly, distribution and repair

activities

 Create a sustainable, large scale SoUL program model

 Seed rural solar markets for accessibility and availability of

solar products

18
Price of SoUL: Affordable to all

• The total cost of a lamp includes the cost of

components, assembly, manpower, logistics,
campaigning, along with repair & maintenance

• Rs. 120 students contribution, makes it affordable

19
Operational Flow of the Program

20
EXECUTION AND SPREAD OF THE
PROGRAM

21
SoUL project execution

 Every day actions and events are recoded

 Real time data made available

Jan’15

Jan’16
June’14

22
OUTREACH of Million SoUL

65,000
10,900
1,000,000
1400
350 SoUL
trained
Sq.
villages
Repair
Students
kmmanpower
area
centres

24
State wise coverage of Tribal blocks

140
120
100
No of Blocks

80
60
40
20
0
MH RJ MP OD India
% of Tribal Blocks 88% 50% 81% 83% 76%
Tribal Blocks 7 7 26 15 55
Total Blocks 8 14 32 18 72

25
OUTCOME AND IMPACT

26
Saturated Kosagumda Block

 In Kosagumda block of
Nabrangpur district I Odisha,
nearly every eligible student has
taken the SoUL

 No of eligible students :
 10,666

 No. of students purchased the

lamp: 10,629

27
Domestic
activities
mainly cooking,
having dinner
Increasing
Illuminating mobility, used as a
the room torch outside the
home (for toilet,
errands)

Other
Carrying livelihood
Uses of
activities (irrigating
farms, grocery shops,
SoUL
selling items at weekly Emergencies like
markets) taking patients to the
doctor, snake bite

Social gathering such as

meetings, during festivals,
in ceremonies (wedding),
funerals
Research Methodology: Quantitative

Survey at the household level in 2 rounds (immediately and after

six month)
Treatment sample was 1.2% of the total beneficiaries, & control
sample was 10% of the treatment sample.
Sample criteria: The stratified purposive random sampling based
on the percentage of STs, SCs & electrification status as per
Census 2011.

12,000  Total Sample Surveyed: 13,200

 8 Field Investigators working for

1,200
11 months generating more than
Treatment Control
2,500 person-days of work
29
Research Outcomes: Quantitative
Education
•It will provide 220,000,000 extra study hours per year*
Energy
•It will save nearly 2,160,000 liters of kerosene per year
Pollution
• It will save 5,400,000 kg of CO2 emission
(Assuming 1 liter of kerosene burning emits about 2.5 kg of CO2)

Employment

•It has created short term direct employment for at least 1,000
people, Nurturing enterprising
Health
• Safety from fire, health benefits

* Based on qualitative studies

30
Failure rate of SoUL

 Overall failure rate is about 18%

 This could be due to poor workmanship, quality of component,

poor assembly environment, mishandling by users, rural climate,
etc.
81.65 80.49 82.95 83.3 79.71

18.35 19.51 17.05 16.7 20.29

India Madhya Maharashtra Rajasthan Odisha

Pradesh

Functional Non Functional

31
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EXPANSION

SoUL to SoULS
32
School Enrollment (I-XII) and
Households in India
 India still lives in villages, 68% of households are in rural areas

Total Households: 247 Million Total Student Enrolled: 258 Million

Urban
Urban
27%
32%
(79 Million) (70 Million)
Rural
68% Rural
(168 Million) 73%
(188
Source: NUEPA, 2013-14 Million)

 Does all the students in rural areas get light for study purpose
regularly, when they need, particularly evening 6 to 9 pm hours?
33
Rural and Urban School Enrollment
120
Student Enrolment

100
(in Million)

Source: NUEPA, 2013-14

80

60
Rural
40 Urban

20

-
Primary(I -V) Upper Primary (VI- Secondary(IX-X) Senior
VIII) Secondary(XI-XII)

 Significant drop outs in rural schools compared to urban

schools
 Increase in study hours may help in reducing drop out rates?
34
Right to Clean Light - The Way Forward

 IIT Bombay is proposing

National Students Solar Lighting Mission (NaSSoLiM)

There are
Targeted beneficiary
total 6,612
 Blocks with >50% household using
kerosene as main source of lighting
 1,436 Blocks 2,900
blocks
with both
 Blocks with > 25% tribal population criteria
878 Blocks

 No. of blocks considering both criteria

 2900 Blocks

A total of 76 million students should be targeted, in 2,900 Blocks.

35
Diode Analogy
Sustainability of Solar Solution
(Level of outcome)
Current

Market
driven

Assemble + local
& supply & manufacturing
repair

Local Applied Voltage

Buy & Assemble
& Supply Threshold
Supply
level
(Level of efforts)
36
Proposed off-grid solar roadmap for sustainability

Solar Urja through Localisation for Sustainability

(SoULS Progam)
Vertical Expansion

Local Local
Manufacturing Manufacturing

Solar Solar
Enterprise Enterprise

SoUL Program
1 Million SoUL Program Reaching 100 Million Students

Horizontal Expansion
37
Open Source Hardware: Disruptive Idea!
• Complete design of the solar lamp, with required specification,
released under Creative Commons licensing
• Anyone can use design and manufacture

• We can expect Localized

– More OEM manufacturers to benefit Manufacturing?
– Quality assurance will be possible
– Interoperability of the components
– Scaling up (in time) possible since production need not be
limited to a single vendor!
– Production costs and Transportation costs can be standardized
and controlled
38
Million SoUL The Right to Light
Training (Assemblers and Distributors)
Assembly of Solar Lamps
46
Contact: https://www.facebook.com/chetan.s.solanki
Prof. Chetan S. Solanki
[email protected]

www.millionsoul.ac.in
THANK YOU ALL OF YOU

Acknowledgement
• MNRE and all funding agencies
• IITB administration
• NGO partners
• Vendors
• SoUL Staff members
Books on PV
Solar Solar Photovoltaic
Photovoltaics Technology and
Fundamentals, Systems
Technologies A manual for
and Applications Techicians, Trainers and
Second Edition Engineers
Chetan Singh
Solanki
Chetan Singh Solanki

SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAICS
Renewable Energy
A LAB TRAINING Technologies
MANUAL A practical guide for
beginners
Chetan S Solanki
Brij M Arora
Juzer Vasi Chetan Singh Solanki
Mahesh B Patil