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Hofstede' Model - The Dimensions of National Cultures

Hofstede's model identifies 6 dimensions for differentiating national cultures: power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance index, long-term orientation versus short-term orientation, and indulgence versus restraint. The dimensions measure how values in society and the workplace are influenced by national culture, such as levels of equality, individualism, gender differentiation, tolerance of ambiguity, and long-term orientation. Geert Hofstede developed the model from a large IBM study analyzing data on employee values from over 70 countries.

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256 views

Hofstede' Model - The Dimensions of National Cultures

Hofstede's model identifies 6 dimensions for differentiating national cultures: power distance, individualism versus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, uncertainty avoidance index, long-term orientation versus short-term orientation, and indulgence versus restraint. The dimensions measure how values in society and the workplace are influenced by national culture, such as levels of equality, individualism, gender differentiation, tolerance of ambiguity, and long-term orientation. Geert Hofstede developed the model from a large IBM study analyzing data on employee values from over 70 countries.

Uploaded by

aviaqual
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hofstede’s Model:

The Dimensions of National Cultures

Presented by Luís Alves


Geneva, December 02, 2015
Learning Objective

Be able to identify and describe the 6 dimensions of


the Hofstede's Model National Cultures and how they
relate to the basic values of societies

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Who was Geert Hofstede

Dr. Geert Hofstede (Gerhard Hendrik


Hofstede), is a Dutch social psychologist
conducted a study of how values in the
workplace are influenced by culture. From
1967 to 1973, while working at IBM as a
psychologist, he collected and analysed data from
116,000 IBM employees in 70 countries.
From those results he developed a model identifying four
primary dimensions to differentiate national cultures. From
more recent studies, he later added two other dimensions.
!3
Hofstede’s model

• Power Distance – PDI


• Individualism versus Collectivism – IDV
• Masculinity versus Femininity – MAS
• Uncertainty Avoidance Index – UAI
• Long-Term Orientation versus Short Term
Orientation – LTO (1991)
• Indulgence versus Restraint – IND (2010)

!4
Hofstede’s model: PDI

1. Power Distance – PDI

• Degree of equality, or inequality, between people in


the country's society
• A High Power Distance ranking indicates that
inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed
to grow within the society.
• A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society
de-emphasizes the differences between citizen's
power and wealth.

!5
Hofstede’s model: IDV

2. Individualism vs Collectivism – IDV

• Degree to which the society reinforces individual


or collective
• A High Individualism ranking indicates that
individuality and individual rights are paramount
within the society
• A Low Individualism ranking typifies collectivist
societies with close ties between individuals. These
cultures reinforce extended families and collectives
where everyone takes responsibility for fellow
members of their group
!6
Hofstede’s model: MAS

3. Masculinity vs Femininity – MAS

• Degree to which the society reinforces or not the


traditional masculine work role model of male
achievement, control, and power
• A High Masculinity ranking indicates cultures where
males dominate a significant portion of the society
and power structure
• A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country
has a low level of differentiation and discrimination
between genders.

!7
Hofstede’s model: UAI

4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index – UAI

• Level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity


within the society
• A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates
the country has a rule-oriented society that institutes
laws, rules, regulations, and controls to reduce the
amount of uncertainty.
• A Low Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the
country has a society that is less rule-oriented, more
readily accepts change, and takes more and greater
risks.
!8
Hofstede’s model: LTO

5. Long vs Short Term Orientation – LTO (1991)

• Degree to which the society embraces or not long-


term devotion to traditional, forward thinking
values
• A High Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates
the country prescribes to the values of long-term
commitments and respect for tradition. This is
thought to support a strong work ethic where long-
term rewards are expected as a result of today's
hard work. However, business may take longer to
develop in this society, particularly for an "outsider"

!9
Hofstede’s model: LTO

5. Long vs Short Term Orientation – LTO (1991)

• A Low Long-Term Orientation ranking indicates the


country does not reinforce the concept of long-term,
traditional orientation. In this culture, change can
occur more rapidly as long-term traditions and
commitments do not become impediments to
change.

!10
Hofstede’s model: IND

6. Indulgence vs Restraint – IND (2010)

• Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively


free gratification of basic and natural human drives
related to enjoying life and having fun.

• Restraint stands for a society that suppresses


gratification of needs and regulates it by means of
strict social norms.

!11
Hofstede’s model: PDI vs IDV

!12
Hofstede’s model: PDI vs UAI

!13
Hofstede’s model: MAS vs UAI

!14
Bibliography and further reading

Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov:


Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
Revised and Expanded 3rd Edition
New York: McGraw-Hill USA, 2010

Geert Hofstede:
Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors,
Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. 2nd
Edition
Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 2001

!15
Summary

• The Dimensions of Hofstede’s Model:


• Power Distance
• Individualism versus Collectivism
• Masculinity versus Femininity
• Uncertainty Avoidance Index
• Long-Term Orientation versus Short Term
Orientation
• Indulgence versus Restraint
• The dimensions in Hofstede’s Model measure how
values in the society and in the workplace are
influenced by National Culture.
!16
Hofstede’s Model

Questions?

!17

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