SKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Tiruvannamalai – 606 611

DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRICAL
& ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
FOR IV –
SEMESTER
(ECE)

EE6461

ELECTRICAL ENGG. & CONTROL SYSTEM LAB

NAME : ___________________________________
ROLL NO. : ___________________________________
YEAR & SEM : ___________________________________

1
INSTRUCTIONS

The students are requested to

 Use this lab manual as observation note book
 Bring the lab manual for all lab classes
 Get the verified signature from the lab instructors, once the experiment
is completed, and output seal should be endorsed
 Get the correction for the experiment in manual and record, before
entering the next lab class otherwise entry will be denied
 Get completed" signature from the staff in-charge” after the completion
of all experiments
 Before entering the university practical examinations, the students must
get completed signature in the observation and record note book.

2
EXPT. DATE PAGE DATE
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT MARK SIGN
NO OF NO OF
EXPT SUB

3
EXPT. PAGE DATE
DATE OF TITLE OF EXPERIMENT MARK SIGN
NO NO OF
EXPT
SUB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

4
1. Study of DC & AC motor starters.
2. Study of three phase circuits.
3. Speed Control of DC shunt motor.
4. Load Test on DC shunt motor.
5. OCC & Load Characteristics of DC shunt generator.
6. Regulation of three phase alternator.
7. Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on single phase transformer to draw its
equivalent circuit.

8. Load test on single-phase transformer.

9. Load test on single phase and three-phase Induction motor.
10. Measurement of passive elements using Bridge Networks.
11. Transfer Function of separately excited D.C. Generator.
12. Study of transducers and characterization.
13. Digital simulation of linear systems.
14. Stability Analysis of Linear system using MATLAB or equivalent Software.
15. Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB or equivalent Software.
16. Design of Lead and Lag compensator.

1. OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:

5
To obtain the O.C.C & load test of the given DC shunt generator using separately excited.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FUSE RATING:

NAME PLATTE DETAILS: EXCITATION:

FOR MOTOR:
Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Rated Speed =

6
FOR GENERATOR:
Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
3. Load is kept open during starting and stopping.

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram in the shown figure.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position; and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched ON to
the circuit.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from its OFF to ON position,
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the help
of a tachometer.
5. Now the Potential divider is varied in steps and at each step the field current (I f) and the
corresponding induced EMF (Eg) are recorded in the tabular column. This procedure is
continued until the generator voltage reaches of its rated voltage the speed of the machine
is maintained constant.
6. For Load Test the load is Switched ON and the load of the generator is gradually
increased in steps. And noted down Reading in the tabular column.
7. This procedure is continued until the generator is loaded of its rated Current.
Model graph:

7
E, VL
E (V)
(V)
E vs Ia

VL vs IL

If (amps) Ia, IL (amps)

TABULAR COLUMNS:
OCC:
S. No. Field current Generator voltage
If (amps) Eg (volts)

MODEL CALCULATION:
To calculate critical resistance Rc and Critical speed NC
N Critical / N Rated = E critical / E Rated
TABULAR COLUMN:

Load Test:

S.NO. VL (V) IL (A) If(A) Ia(A) IaRa (V) Eg=VL+ Ia Ra (V)

RESULT:

The magnetization characteristics curve is drawn and the value of build up voltage is
obtained from graph. Critical Resistance and Critical speed are determined from the graph &
internal & External characteristic curve are plotted.
2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

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AIM:
To conduct a direct load test on the given dc shunt motor to plot the performance
characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

THEORY:
Load test on motor are performed to know about the efficiency, torque and speed
characteristics, which enable us to select an appropriate motor for on application.
The torque equation of a DC Motor is given by
Ta = 0.159 (PZ / A) * Ia N-m
P,Z,A being constant the equation reduces to Ta = K Ia
In a DC Shunt motor as is also a constant, then the torque is directly properties armature
current. The speed of a DC motor is given by N = K (V-IaRa) / 
Since  is constant, the speed is directly proportional to (V I a R a) As the load on motor
increases, the drop Ia Ra through increases is negligible as Ra is very small and the speed is
nearly constant. Hence a Dc shunt motor is considered as a constant speed motor. If a DC shunt
motor is started on load, it draws a heavy armature current, which in turn will damage the
machine itself. Hence DC shunt motors are always started on no-load.

FORMULA USED:

1. Torque (T) = T1 ~ T2 x re x 9.81 N-M

2. Output Power of Motor Po = 2NT / 60 Watts.
3. Input Power of Motor Pi = VL IL Watts.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9
NAME PLATTE DETAILS: EXCITATION:
Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =
FUSE RATING:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram .

2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position and the starter in its OFF
position the main supply is switched ON to the circuit.

3. The motor is started using the three point starter by slowly and carefully moving the
starter handle from its OFF to ON position.

4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by gradually adjusting the field rheostat and
checked with the help of a tachometer.

5. Under this no load condition one set of are noted down in the tabular columns.

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6. The load on the motor is increased in steps gradually and at each step, all the meter
readings and the motor speed are recorded in the tabular column. The above procedure is
repeated until the motor is loaded to 120% of its rated current.
MODEL GRAPH:

Speed N (rpm)
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

y3 y2 y1


N

x
T Torque T (Nm)

TABULAR COLUMN:
VL IL IF S1 S2 S1-S2 T= (S1- N Ia=IL- I/p = O/p = =
(A) (KG) (KG) (KG) S2)*R*9.81 (rpm) IF VL * IL 2Πnt (o/p /
(V) (A) (N-m) (A) 60 i/p)*100
Output Power (watt) (watt) (%)
(Watts)

RESULT:
The direct load test has been conducted the given DC shunt motor and the various
performance characteristics are plotted.

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3. SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM :
To determine the variation of speed with
(i) Armature voltage (Below Rated Speed method)
(ii) Field excitation (Above Rated Speed method).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SNO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATTE DETAILS: EXCITATION:

Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =
FUSE RATING:

Model Graph

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THEORY:
A dc motor is an electrical machine that takes electrical energy and converts it into
mechanical energy.
The speed of the dc motor is given by the relation
V- Ia Ra
N= ------------ rpm.
K
From the above relation, the speed of the dc shunt motor can be varied by varying,
1. The voltage V applied to armature.
2. The armature circuit resistance Ra and
3. The flux 
The speed is nearly proportional to armature voltage if the armature drop is small, while
it is inversely proportional to the flux .

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Armature rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position

A. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTORL METHOD :

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1. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. The motor is started by closing DPST switch, the motor starts running slowly.
3. As the armature rheostat resistance is reduced gradually the motor picks up speed.
4. The field current is kept at one constant value by adjusting the filed rheostat.
5. The armature voltage is a varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat and corresponding
speed is noted down in each step. The readings are taken for speeds below the rated value.
6. The experiment is repeated for different constant values of field current.
7. A set of graphs between armature voltage and speed are drawn for different constant values
of field current.
B. FLUX CONTROL METHOD :
1. In flux control method the armature voltage is kept at one constant value by adjusting the
armature rheostat.
2. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field circuit rheostat and the corresponding
speed is noted down in each case. The readings are tabulated.
3. A set of graphs between field current and speed are drawn for different values of armature
voltage.
TABULAR COLUMN:
1. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL:

If = If=
Va Speed Va Speed

2. FLUX CONTROL:
Va = Va =
If Speed If Speed

RESULT :
The speed control experiment is conducted on dc shunt machine by (i)Armature
voltage control method and (ii) Field control method.

4. LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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AIM:

To conduct a direct load test on the given single phase transformer to determine the
efficiency and regulation at different load conditions

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

NAME PLATTE DETAILS: Fuse Rating:

H.V Voltage =
L.V Current =
KVA Rating =
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

15
2. Before Switch ON the supply the transformer load should be OFF.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Keeping the autotransformer in its; minimum position and the DPST switch in open
position; the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully operating the Auto transformer the rated voltage (115V) is
applied to the L.V side of the transformer.
4. Under this no-load condition one set of readings namely VH.V, IH.V,, W.V,, Vi. .V,,
Wi . .V, are recorded in the tabular column.
5. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load is increased in gradual
steps and at each step all meter readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. The procedure is continued is completed, the load is decreased to its minimum the
auto transformer is brought, back to its original position and then the main supply is
switched OFF.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. V1 I1 W1 (W) V2 I2 W2 (W)
(%)Efficiency %Regulation
No. (V) (A) (V) (A)

FORMULA USED:
INPUT POWER =W1
OUTPUT POWER =V2 * I2
EFFICIENCY =OUTPUT/INPUT
%REGULATION = V2 – V2’ / V2’ *100

RESULT:

The direct load test has been conducted on the given 1-phase transformer and the
percentage efficiency and regulation are determined at different load condition and hence the
efficiency and regulation graphs are drawn.
5. O.C. AND S.C. TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

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To conduct the open circuit test and short circuit test on a single-phase transformer to draw
the equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

OC Test:

Name Plate Details Fuse Rating

Voltage =
Current =
Power =
SC Test:

17
Name Plate Details Fuse Rating
Voltage =
Current =
Power =
THEORY:
The actual performance characteristics of transformers can be obtained by conducting a
direct load test on them. When this has to be performed on large rating transformers, the loads of
the required size may not be available, and the power consumed during this test will be very
large as the transformers are loaded up to 120% of their capacity. The time required to perform
such a test is also more. The same performance characteristics can be obtained by comparatively
easier methods, which are known as indirect methods or predetermination techniques.
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformers, the open circuit test {(to
determine the core loss (iron loss or constant loss)} and short circuit test [to determine the full
load copper loss (variable loss)] are carried out. Assuming the output and load power factor, the
efficiency at different loads are computed. The regulating on full load for different assumed load
power factors can also be computed. The data obtained from these tests are also useful to find
the equivalent circuit parameters. The results obtained from these tests are almost closer to the
actual values obtained by direct load test.
PRECAUTIONS:

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1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the
time of closing & opening DPST Switch.

PROCEDURE:

O.C. TEST:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the Secondary winding open and the autotransformer in its minimum position
the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied to
Primary winding of the transformer.
4. Under this condition the ammeter (Io), Voltmeter (Vo) and Wattmeter (Wo) readings a
noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF

S.C. TEST:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Short circuiting the Primary winding and keeping the autotransformer in its minimum
position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer up to the Secondary current value.
4. Under this condition, the ammeter (ISC), the voltmeter (VSC) and the Wattmeter (WSC)
readings are noted down.
5. After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is brought back to its minimum
position and main supply is switched OFF.

TABULATION :

19
OC Test:
Primary Secondary Wattmeter
Current
Voltage Voltage Observed Actual

SC Test:
Primary Primary Secondary Wattmeter
Voltage Current Current Observed Actual

FORMULAE:
Core loss: Wo = VoIo cos o
Wo Wo
cos o = ------- o = cos-1 -------
Vo Io Vo Io

I = Io cos o (Amps) I = Io sin o (Amps)

V0 V0 Wsc
Xo = ------- 
Ro = -------  Ro2 = ------- 
I Isc2
I
Vsc
Zo2 = ------- 
Isc Xo2 = ( Zo2 - Ro22)1/2

R02 X02 V2
Ro1 = -------  Xo1 = -------  K= ------- = 1
NowKa2 graph is plotted between
K2 the percentage regulation
V1 and P.F as shown in figure which is
known as the regulation graph.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

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RESULT:

The O.C and S.C tests are conducted on the single phase transformer the equivalent circuit
drawn.

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6. Regulation of 3 ф alternator by MMF & EMF method.

Aim:
To predetermine the regulation of the given alternator by EMF method & MMF Method.

APPARATES REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATES RANGES TYPES QTY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATTE DETAILS: EXCITATION:

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FOR MOTOR:
Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =
FOR ALTERNATOR:
Rated Voltage = Voltage =
Rated Current = Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =

MODEL GRAPH:

THEROY:

23
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in voltage when full load is
removed divided by the rated terminal voltage, when field excitation & speed remains constant.
%R = [(Eo - V) / V] * 100
In EMF method the armature reaction is treated along with leakage reactance. But in the
MMF method leakage resistance is treated as an additional armature reaction.
PRECAUTIONS:

i) The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.

ii) The alternator field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position.
iii) Initially all switches are in open position.
PROCEDURE:
OCC TEST:
1. Circuit connections are made by as per circuit diagram.
2. The motor is started by 3 point starter & set the rated speed by adjusting Motor field
rheostat.
3. Alternator field is excited by external supply, Field excitation is varied by varying the
Potential divider the corresponding reading is noted.
4. The above procedure is repeated up to its rated voltage.
SC TEST:
1. Short circuit the terminals of alternator through an ammeter by closed TPSTS.
2. By adjusting the potential divider the full load short circuit current is obtained in the
ammeter & the corresponding field current is noted.
3. The above procedure is repeated up to its rated Current.
OCC TEST:
S.No If VL Vph
(Amp) (Volt) (Volt)

SC TEST:
S.No If Isc
(Amp (Amp)

EMF METHOD:

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P.F E(PH) % REGULATION
COS SIN LAG LED LAG LED
S.NO
1 0.2
2 0.4
3 0.6
4 0.8

FORMULA USED:-
EMF METHOD:
EPH (LAG) = √VPH Cos + IARA)2 +( VPH Sin + IAX )2
S

EPH (LED) = √VPH Cos + IARA)2 +( VPH Sin - IAX )2

S

I =I
A L

3KVA=√3 *VL* IL

XS = VOPH / ISC2
VOPH = FROM GRAPH
%REG=VPH – EPH / EPH *100
MMF METHOD:
P.F V1 IF1 IF2 LAG LED %REG.
COS SIN (V) (A) (A) Ifr1 Eph Ifr2 Eph Lag Led
S.NO
1 0.2
2 0.4
3 0.6
4 0.8

FORMULA USED:
MME METHOD:
V1 = VPH + IA*RA*Cos
IF1 = FROM GRAPH

25
IF2 = IF (FROM TABULATION)
IFR1 (lag) = √ IF1 +IF2 – 2 IF1*IF2 (Cos 90 -)

IFR1 (led) = √ IF1 +IF2 – 2 IF1*IF2 (Cos 90 -)

EPH = FROM GRAPH ( LAG & LED )
%REG=VPH – EPH / EPH *100

RESULT:
Thus the regulation of the given alternator by EMF method & MMF Method.
Regulation for EMF Method =
Regulation for MMF Method =

7. Load test on 3ф Induction Motor

Aim:
To load test on the 3ф Squirrel Cage induction motor & determine its performance
characteristics.

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Apparatus Required:

Apparatus Range Type Qty

S.No

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATTE DETAILS: FUSE RATING:

Rated Voltage =
Rated Current =
Power Rating =
Rated Speed =
Theory:
When 3ф supply is given to the stator of a 3ф IN a rotating magnetic field is produced
which rotates at synchronous speed. This revolving flux sweeps over the rotor by conductors, an
emf is produced in the rotor by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. In order to reduced

27
the relative speed between the rotor & the rotating in the same direction as that of a stator flux
with a speed is loss than the synchronous speed. This difference is called as slip speed

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor should be started without any load.

2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring water.

Procedure:
1.Circuit connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2.Motor is started using Automatic or Manual Star delta starter at no load.
3.No load reading are noted and the speed is measured using tachometer.
4.Then the motor is loaded by tightening the belt over the brake drum such that in each
step the load current is increased. Take readings up to the full load Current.

TABULATION:
Inp
output
S. VL IL S1 S2 S N ut T
W1 W2 power  p.f Slip
no Pow
er
(V) (A) (kg) (kg) (kg) (rpm) Obs Act Obs Act W (N-M) (Watt) % %

FORMULA USED:
S = S1 – S2 (kg)
INPUT POWER (W) = W1 + W2
TORQUE = S*R*9.81- N-M
R (RADIUS) =D/2
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D – DIAMETER
OUTPUT POWER = 2Πnt/60
EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT / INPUT *100
POWER FACTOR = W / (√3*VL*IL)
Slip = (Ns – N)/Ns *100

RESULT:

Thus load test on the 3ф Squirrel Cage induction motor was conducted and
its performance characteristics obtained.

8. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on single phase induction motor and
to draw the performance characteristics.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 300V,10 A UPF 1
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
H.P.:
RPM:

FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)

FORMULA USED:
1. Torque T =(S1~S2) (R+t/2)*9.81 N-M
Where S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg
R = Radius of the brake drum in m, t = Thickness of the belt in m
2. Input power = (W) watts
3. Output Power = 2ЛNT / 60 watts
N = Rotor speed in RPM

30
T = Torque in N-M
4. Percentage efficiency = ( Output power/Input power ) *100
5. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns *100
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
N = speed of the motor in rpm
6. Power factor = (W)/√3VLIL

THEORY:
Single phase motors are manufactured in fractional kilowatt range to be operated an single
phase supply and for use in numerous applications like ceiling fans, refrigerators, food mixers,
hair driers, portable drills, vaccum cleaners, washing machines etc.
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor. A single
phase supply is connected to the stator winding. This produces an alternating current to the stator
winding. This current produces an alternating flux in the air gap between the stator and the rotor.
The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf into it due to
transformer action. Due to this induced voltage, current starts flowing through the rotor
conductor. This current will then produces its own flux called the rotor flux. The main flux
produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux to produce the torque. The rotor flux
gets produced due to the principle of induction hence the name of the motor is induction motor.
Single phase induction motors are not self starting like the dc motors.
Depending upon the method of starting, they are classified into,
i) Split phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor start induction motor
iii) Capacitor run induction motor
iv) Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
v) Shaded pole induction motor

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using on line starter to run at rated speed.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
1. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement, the speed, current, power and spring balance readings are noted for
various loads up to the rated current.
2. The load is released late and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.

GRAPH:

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. W1 O/P
IL VL N S1 S2 S1~S2 T η S PF
No Obs Act Power

RESULT:
Thus the Load test was conducted on single phase induction motor and the performance
characteristics are drawn.

9.a. STUDY OF D.C MOTOR STARTERS

AIM:
To study the different kinds of D.C motor starters

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APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S. No. Name of the apparatus Quantity

1 Two Point starter 1
2 Three Point starter 1
3 Four Point starter 1

THEORY :-
The value of the armature current in a D.C shunt motor is given by
Ia = (V – Eb) / Ra
Where V = applied voltage .
Ra= armature resistance.
Eb = Back .e.m.f.

In practice the value of the armature resistance for 2 to 3 h.p. motor is the order of 1 ohms and at
the instant of starting the value of the back e.m.f. is zero volts. There fore under starting
conditions the value of the armature current is very high. This high inrush current at the time of
starting may damage the motor. To protect the motor from such dangerous current the D.C
motors are always started using starters.

The types of D.C motor starters are

i. Two point starters
ii. Three Point Starters
iii. Four Point starters

The functions of the starters are

i. It protects the from dangerous high speed
ii. It protects the motor from overloads.

 TWO POINT STARTERS :- It is used for starting a d.c. series motors which has the
problem of over speeding due to the loss of load from its shaft. Here for starting the
motor the control arm is moved in clock – wise direction from its OFF position to the ON
position against the spring tension. The control arm is held in the ON position by the

33
electromagnet E. The exciting coil o the hold-on electromagnet E is connected in series
with the armature circuit. If the motor loses its load, current decreases and hence the
strength of the electromagnet also decreases. The control arm returns to the OFF position
due to the spring tension, Thus preventing the motor from over speeding. The starter also
returns to the OFF position when the supply voltage decreases appreciably. L and F are
the two points of the starter which are connected with the motor terminals.

 THREE POINT STARTER :- It is used for starting the shunt or compound motor.
The coil on the hold on electromagnet E is connected in series with the shunt field coil.
In the case of disconnection in the field circuit the control arm will return to its OFF
position due to spring tension. This is necessary because the shunt motor will over speed
if it loses excitation. The starter also returns to the OFF position in case of low voltage
supply or complete failure of the supply. The protection is therefore is called No Volt
Release (NVR).
Over load protection :- when the motor is over loaded it draws a heavy current. This heavy
current also flows through the exciting coil of the over load electromagnet (OLR). The
electromagnet then pulls an iron piece upwards which short circuits the coils of the NVR coil.
The hold on ;magnet gets de-energized and therefore the starter arm returns to the OFF position,

34
thus protecting the motor against overload. L, A and F are the three terminals of the three point
starter.


FOUR POINT STARTER :- The connection diagram of the four point starter is shown in
fig 3. In a four point starter arm touches the starting resistance, the current from the
supply is divided into three paths. One through the starting resistance and the armature,
one through the field circuit, and one through the NVR coil. A protective resistance is
connected in series with the NVR coil. Since in a four point starter the NVR coil is
independent of the of the field ckt connection, the dc motor may over speed if there is a
break in the field circuit. A D.C motor can be stopped by opening the main switch. The
steps of the starting resistance are so designed that the armature current will remain
within the current limits and will not change the torque developed by the motor to a great
extent.

35
9. b. A.C. STARTERS

1. AUTO – TRANSFORMER STARTING:

An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer and a switch as shown in the fig.
When the switch S is put on START position, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals.
When the motor picks up speed, say to 80 per cent of its normal speed, the switch is put to RUN position.
Then the auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full rated voltage gets applied across the motor
terminals.
The circuit diagram in the fig is for a manual auto-transformer starter. This can be made push
button operated automatic controlled starter so that the contacts switch over from start to run position as
the motor speed picks up to 80% of its speed. Over-load protection relay has not been shown in the figure.
The switch S is air-break type for small motors and oil break type for large motors. Auto transformer may
have more than one tapping to enable the user select any suitable starting voltage depending upon the
conditions.
Series resistors or reactors can be used to cause voltage drop in them and thereby allow low
voltage to be applied across the motor terminals at starting. These are cut out of the circuit as the motor
picks up speed.

36
2. STAR- DELTA METHOD OF STARTING:

The starter phase windings are first connected in star and full voltage is connected across its free
terminals. As the motor picks up speed, the windings are disconnected through a switch and they are
reconnected in delta across the supply terminals. The current drawn by the motor from the lines is reduced
to as compared to the current it would have drawn if connected in delta. The motor windings, first in star
and then in delta the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to one third as compared to
starting current with the windings delta-connected.
In making connections for star-delta starting, care should be taken such that sequence of supply
connections to the winding terminals does not change while changing from star connection to delta
connection. Otherwise the motor will start rotating in the opposite direction, when connections are
changed from star to delta. Star-delta starters are available for manual operation using push button
control. An automatic star – delta starter used time delay relays (T.D.R) through which star to delta
connections take place automatically with some pre-fixed time delay. The delay time of the T.D.R is fixed
keeping in view the starting time of the motor.

37
3. FULL VOLTAGE OR DIRECT –ON-LINE STARTING:

When full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large current is
drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting the induction motor behaves as a short circuited
transformer with its secondary, i.e. the rotor separated from the primary, i.e. the stator by a small air-gap.
At starting when the rotor is at standstill, emf is induced in the rotor circuit exactly similar to the
emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced emf of the rotor will circulate a very
large current through its windings. The primary will draw very large current from the supply mains to
balance the rotor ampere-turns. To limit the stator and rotor currents at starting to a safe value, it may be
necessary to reduce the stator supply voltage to a low value. If induction motors are started direct-on-line
such a heavy starting current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor since the construction of
induction motors are rugged. Other motors and equipment connected to the supply lines will receive
reduced voltage. In industrial installations, however, if a number of large motors are started by this
method, the voltage drop will be very high and may be really objectionable for the other types of loads
connected to the system. The amount of voltage drop will not only be dependent on the size of the motor
but also on factors

38
4. ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER:
In a slip-ring (wound rotor) induction motor, resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit via slip rings
,so as to increase the starting torque.

39
10.a.DESIGN OF LAG COMPENSATOR

AIM:

To design a lag compensator using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
 Double click on the MATLAB icon from the desktop.

 In the MATLAB window, Click file – new – m-file.

 Then type the program the editor window.

 Save the file.

 Then click Debug – Run to get the Bode plot of compensated and Uncompensated
system.

MATLAB PROGRAM:

% BODE PLOT OF COMPENSATED AND UNCOMPENSATED SYSTEM %

NUM=[0 0 0 1];
DEN=[1 84 320 0];
SYS=TF(NUM,DEN);
W=LOGSPACE(-2,4,100);
NUM
MC=[21331.2 9600];
DENC=[9.833 826.972 3230.56 320 0];
SYSC=TF(NUMC,DENC);
WC=LOGSPACE(-2,4,100);
BODE(SYS,W)
HOLD ON
BODE(SYSC,WC)
GRID
TITLE('LEAD COMPENSATOR')
[GM,PM,WCP,WCG]=MARGIN(SYS)
[GMC,PMC,WCPC,WCGC]=MARGIN(SYSC)
HOLD OFF

40
Gm = 2.6880e+004

Pm = 89.9530

Wcp = 17.8885

Wcg = 0.0031

Gmc = 11.2550

Pmc = 33.9281

RESULT:

Thus the design of lag compensator was using MATLAB.

41
10.b. DESIGN OF LEAD COMPENSATOR
AIM:
To design a lead compensator using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORITICAL CALCULATION:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
 Double click on the MATLAB icon from the desktop.

 In the MATLAB window, Click file – new – m-file.

 Then type the program the editor window.

 Save the file.

 Then click Debug – Run to get the Bode plot of compensated and Uncompensated
system.

MATLAB PROGRAM:

% BODE PLOT OF COMPENSATED AND UNCOMPENSATED SYSTEM %

num=[0 0 1];
den=[1 8 0];
sys=tf(num,den);
w=logspace(-2,4,100);
numc=[0 0 5.1 100];
denc=[0.0015 0.137 1 0];
sysc=tf(numc,denc);
wc=logspace(-2,4,100);
bode(sys,w)
hold on
bode(sysc,wc)
grid
title('lead compensator')
[Gm,Pm,Wcp,Wcg]=margin(sys)
[Gmc,Pmc,Wcpc,Wcgc]=margin(sysc)
hold off

42
Gm = Inf

Pm = 89.1049

Wcp = Inf

Wcg = 0.1250

Gmc = Inf

Pmc = 49.5214

RESULT:

Thus the design of lead compensator was using MATLAB.

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11.DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM

AIM:
To obtain the time response characteristics of a linear system with unit step and unit ramp
input.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEORY:

UNIT STEP SIGNAL:

The Unit Step Function, u(t) is like an off-on switch that turns a function on or off over a
specified interval. By definition,

RAMP SIGNAL:
The ramp is a signal which starts at a value of zero and increase linearly
with time.

r(t) = 1 for t>0

r(t) = 0 for t<0

44
SIMULINK MODEL:

FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT STEP INPUT:

FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT RAMP INPUT:

SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT STEP INPUT:

SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT RAMP INPUT:

45
OUTPUT:

FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT STEP INPUT:

FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT RAMP INPUT:

46
SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT STEP INPUT:

SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH UNIT RAMP INPUT:

47
PROCEDURE:

 Open MATLAB window.

 Go to File – new – model.
 Open the simulink browser.
 Drag the needed blocks from the simulink browser and put it in the untitled window.
 Connect the blocks as per the block diagram.
 Save the model.
 Run the simulink model and get the output waveform from the scope.

RESULT:
Thus the digital simulation of linear system was done.

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12.STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS USING MAT LAB

AIM:

To study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

 Double click on the MATLAB icon from the desktop.

 In the MATLAB window, Click file – new – m-file.

 Then type the program the editor window.

 Save the file.

 Then click Debug – Run to get the response of P, PI and PID controller.

MATLAB PROGRAM:

P – CONTROLLER:

%Effect of P controller%
kp=30;
num=[kp];
den=[1 10 2+kp];
sys=tf(num,den)
t=0:.01:2;
step(num,den,t)

PI-CONTROLLER:

%Effect of PI controller%
kp=30;
ki=90;
num=[kp ki];
den=[1 10 20+kp ki];
sys=tf(num,den)
t=0:.01:2;

49
step(num,den,t)
PID-CONTROLLER:

%Effect of PID controller%

kp=300;
ki=450;
kd=600;
num=[kp ki kd];
den=[1 10 20+kp+kd ki];
sys=tf(num,den)
t=0:.01:2;
step(num,den,t)

OUTPUT:

RESPONSE OF P-CONTROLLER:

RESPONSE OF PI-CONTROLLER:

50
RESPONSE OF PID-CONTROLLER:

51
RESULT: Thus the effect of P, PI and PID controller has been studied.

13.STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

AIM:

To analyze the stability analysis of linear system by using root locus and bode plot.

PROCEDURE:

5. Open MATLAB Software.

6. Select the MATLAB command Window.
7. Select the M-file.
8. Type the program after calculated the co-efficient of numerator and
denominator function.
9. Save the program as .m file.
10. Verify and run the program.

MATLAB Program for Root Locus:

clear all;
n=[ ];
d=[ ];
syst=tf(n,d);
rlocus(sys);
grid;

MATLAB Program for Bode Plot:

clear all;
n=[ ];
d=[ ];
syst=tf(n,d);

52
bode(sys);
margin(sys);

Result:

Thus the given system is G(s) = was determined by bode plot

and root locus.

14.TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:
 To study the separately exciter DC generator.
 To study the transfer function of separately excited DC generator.

Apparatus Required:-
1. LABTECH Transfer function of separately Excited DC Generator
Trainer Kit - 1
2. D.C Generator setup – 1
3. Patch cord – 5 nos

To find Kg – generator EMF gain constant

Circuit Diagram:

53
PROCEDURE:
 Give the connections as per the connection procedure.
 Set the voltage pot control at minimum position.
 Switch ON the trainer.
 Increase the variac and verify the excitation voltage is varying and
also the armature voltage, induced in the DC generator.
 Take the rating of field current values with respect to armature
voltage.
 Switch off the trainer.
 Find the field constant (Kg) using below values.

TABULATION:-

Sl.No Armature voltage Field current in

in volts amps
(Eg) (If)

54
MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

FROM Graph

Kg = ∆Eg / ∆If

To find the field resistance (Rf )

Apparatus Required:
1. LABTECH Transfer function of separately Excited DC Generator
Trainer Kit - 1
2. D.C Generator setup – 1
3. Patch cords - 3
Circuit Diagram:

55
PROCEDURE:
 Give the connections as per the Connection procedure.
 Keep the armature winding is open.
 Switch ON the trainer.
 Now rotate the variac and note down corresponding voltmeterV f and
ammeter (If) readings.
 Switch OFF the trainer .

TABULATION:

SI.NO Field voltage in Field current in Field

Volt (Vf) Amp. (If) resistance(Rf)
Rf =Vf /If (Ω)

Rf =
K = Kg / R f

To find field Inductance (Lf)

Apparatus Required:
1. LABTECH Transfer function of separately Excited DC Generator
Trainer Kit - 1
56
2. D.C Generator setup – 1
3. Patch cords – 5 nos.
Circuit Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
 Give the connections as per the connection procedure.
 Keep the variac at minimum potential position.
 Keep the circuit armature as open.
 Switch ON the trainer.
 Rotate the variac in steps and note down the ammeter and voltmeter
readings.
 Tabulate the readings.
 Switch OFF the trainer.

TABULATION:
Field Field Field Inductive Field
voltage in current in inductance in reactance Inductance
volt (Vf) Amp. (If) ohms (Zf) XL= Zf2-Rf2 Lf=XL/2πf
Zf = Vf / If

57
Lf in H
Model calculation:

Field circuit time Constant

Tf = L f / R f

Transfer function of DC generator:

Eg (s) K
vf (s) 1+s Tf
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of DC generator was determined and studied.
Transfer function of DC generator:
Eg (s) K
vf (s) 1+s Tf
15.a. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM:
To measure the given unknown resistance using Wheatstone bridge.

OBJECTIVE:
To find the bridge under balanced and unbalanced condition and to study the sensitivity
of bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Wheat stone Bridge kit
2 Unknown resistance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

58
THEORY:
FORMULAE USED:
Unknown Resistance, Rx = (P/Q) S ()
Where P, Q = Ratio Arms.
S = Variable resistance,
Rx = Unknown resistance.

PROCEDURE:
1. The resistance to be measured is connected between XX points in the bridge kit.
2. The P/Q ratio (multiplier) is initially kept at position ‘1’ and the deflection of the
galvanometer is observed by pressing both the battery and the galvanometer keys.
3. The S arm (X 1000) is adjusted and two positions are identified for which the deflection of
the galvanometer is on either side of the null point and kept at the lowest value of S. Then the
x100, x10, x1 knobs of S are adjusted to get null deflection.
If necessary the sensitivity knob may be adjusted to get appreciable deflection. [If not possible
P/Q ratio is kept at any other suitable value ie, any one of ratios provided.]
4. The value of unknown resistance is read. (S value)
5. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated for some other P/Q ratio. The mean value is taken.
6. The experiment is repeated with other samples provided.

NOTE: The above experiment may be used for measuring resistance of the samples less than 1
to greater than 10k with lesser sensitivity.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO

CALCULATION:

59
RESULT:

15.b.MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING MAXWELLS BRIDGE

AIM:
To find the unknown inductance and Q factor of a given coil.

OBJECTIVE:
To find the unknown inductance of the given coil using bridge circuit and to study that
Maxwell inductance- capacitance bridge is suitable for the measurement of low Q coils.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QTY

SL.NO APPRATUS
1 Maxwell’s inductance
Capacitance Bridge kit
2 Unknown Inductance
3 Multimeter
4 Connecting Wires
5 CRO
6 Bridge oscillator 1 kHZ

60
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

L1
R3
R1
D
C4

R2
R4

THEORY:

FORMULAE USED:

1. Unknown resistance, R1=R2R3 / R4 (Ω)

2. Unknown Inductance, L1=R2R3C4 Henry
Thus we have two variables R4 and C4 which appears in one of the two balance
equation and hence the two equations are independent, and balance is obtained by
varying R4 and C4 alternately.
3. Quality factor, Q = ωL1 / R1 = ωC4R4

PROCEDURE:
1. The inductance to be measured is connected between L1 terminal of the kit.
2. The bridge oscillator is set for 10Vpp, 1 kHz and connected to the OSC terminal of the
kit.
3. The detector CRO or headphone is connected to the headphone terminal of the kit.
4. The R4 and C4 are adjusted from the highest range (among the 3 range knobs) to obtain
the null point in the detector. [ Null point – For increase in R4 and C4 values the point at
which the amplitude reduces to a minimum and then increases is null point).
5. At the null point the values of R4 and C4 are noted.

61
6. The value of unknown resistance, inductance and quality factor are calculated.
7. The experiment is repeated with other samples provided.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO SAMPLE R4(Ω) C4 (F) UNKNOWN

INDUCTANCE
(H)

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

16.a.STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER - LVDT

AIM
To study the operation of LVDT- Linear Variable Differential Transformer

OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the basic principle of LVDT.

2. Study of signal conditioning circuit.

3. Study of LVDT as transducer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE APPRATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

62
1 LVDT kit
2 Multimeter
3 Connecting Wires
4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. The trainer is switched and power supply is checked for +12V and -12Vwith the help of
multi meter.
2. The trainer is switched off and connections are made as per the patching diagram.
3. The LVDT is connected in the kit through connector provided in the circuit.
4. The displacement of LVDT is kept at one end by using screw guage.
5. The trainer is switched on and the output DC voltage is measured using multimeter by
connecting it across DC output + and – respectively.
6. The displacement is varied with the help of screw gauge and the corresponding output
voltages are noted down.
7. The screw gauge is adjusted for maximum displacement and then stopped.
8. A graph between displacement and output voltage is drawn.

63
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

16.b. STUDY OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

AIM
To study the operation of a pressure transducer – Strain gauge.

OBJECTIVES
1. To study the basic principle of Strain gauge.

2. Study of Strain gauge as transducer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Pressure measurement module
2 Multimeter
64
FORMULAE USED:

% Error = [(Gauge pressure – displayed pressure) / displayed pressure] * 100

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with the pressure
measurement module. Switch ON the module.
2. Calibrate the pressure measurement module by the following procedure. Open the air
release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the output voltage by using zero
adjustment pot, then close the air release valve and apply 20 Psi pressure to the cylinder
and adjust the display to 20 Psi by using gain adjustment POT.
3. After calibration open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air.
4. Close the air release valve and press the pump piston and note down the bridge voltage in
mV across T2 and T3, output voltage in V across T5 and GND and the displayed
pressure in Psi in the indicator. Repeat the procedure for increasing values of pressure
and tabulate the readings.(Pressure should not exceed 20 Psi)
5. Plot the error calibration curve.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S. No. Gauge Displayed Bridge Output %Error

Pressure (Psi) Pressure (Psi) Voltage (mV) Voltage
(V)

CICUIT DIAGRAM

65
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

66