23/09/2018 WIKIPEDIA Irish phonology lish phonology - Wikipedia The phonology of the Irish language varies from dialect to dialect; there is no standard pronunciation of Irish. Therefore, this article focuses on phenomena that pertain generally to most or all dialects, and on the ‘major differences among the dialects. Detailed discussion of the dialects can be found in the specific articles: Ulster Irish, Connacht Irish, and Munster Irish. Irish phonology has been studied as a discipline since the late 19th oi ULSTER CONNACHT .* century, with numerous researchers publishing descriptive accounts of dialects from all regions where the language is spoken. More recently, Irish phonology has been the focus of theoretical linguists, who have produced a number of books, articles, and doctoral theses on the topic. "fie MUNSTER re, One of the most important aspects of Irish phonology is that almost all, consonants come in pairs, with one having a "broad" pronunciation and y-yr fs the other a "slender" one. Broad consonants are either velarized (that is, the back of the tongue is pulled back and slightly up in the direction of the - soft palate while the consonant is being articulated) or simply velar (eg, Mia? of the Irish-speaking areas of Ireland, Places mentioned in this article //k, g/). Slender consonants are palatalized, which means the tongue #5 ra named on the map. pushed up toward the hard palate during the articulation. The contrast, between broad and slender consonants is crucial in Irish, because the ‘meaning of a word can change if a broad consonant is substituted for a slender consonant or vice versa. For example, the only difference in pronunciation between the words bé (‘cow’) and beo (‘alive’) is that b6 is pronounced with a broad b sound, while beo is pronounced with a slender b sound. The contrast between broad and slender consonants plays a critical role not only in distinguishing the individual consonants themselves, but also in the pronunciation of the surrounding vowels, in the determination of which consonants ean stand next to which other consonants, and in the behavior of words that begin with a vowel. This broad/slender distinction is similar to the hard/soft one of several Slavie languages, like Russian. ‘The Irish language shares a number of phonological characteristics with its nearest linguistic relatives, Scottish Gaelic and Manx, as well as with Hiberno-English, with which it is in the closest language contact. Contents History of the discipline Consonants (On- and offglides ‘Allophones. Fortis and lenis sonorants Vowels Vowel backness Close vowels [Link]/sh_phonclogy 92ai09i2018 lish phonology - Wikipedia Mid vowels Open vowels Diphthongs Nasalized vowels Phonotactics Word-initial consonant clusters Post-vocalic consonant clusters and epenthesis Phonological processes Vowel-initial words Lengthening before fortis sonorants Devoicing Sandhi Stress General facts of stress placement The nature of unstressed vowels Processes relating to /x/ Behavior of fax! Interaction of /x/ and /g! with /hi Samples Comparison with other languages Scottish Gaelic and Manx Hiberno-English Notes Footnotes References External links History of the discipline Until the end of the nineteenth century, linguistic discussions of Irish focused either on the traditional grammar of the language (issues like the inflection of nouns, verbs and adjectives) or on the historical development of sounds from Proto- Indo-European through Proto-Celtie to Old Irish. The first descriptive analysis of the phonology of an Irish dialect was Finck (1899), which was based on the author's fieldwork in the Aran Islands. This was followed by Quiggin (1906), a phonetic description of the dialect of Meenawannia near Glenties, County Donegal. Pedersen (1909) is predominantly a historical account, but has some description of modern dialects as well. Alf Sommerfelt published early deseriptions of, both Ulster and Munster varieties (Sommerfelt 1922 and Sommerfelt 1965 for the village of Torr in Gweedore, Sommerfelt 1927 for Munster, and Sommerfelt 1929 for the now extinet dialect of South Armagh). The dialect of Dunguin on the Dingle Peninsula was described by Sjoestedt (1931). From 1944 to 1968 the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies published a series of monographs, each describing the phonology of one local dialect: © Cufv (1944) for West Muskerry in County Cork (Ballyourney, Coolea and vicinity), de Bhaldraithe (1966) (first published 1945) for Cois Fhairrge in County Galway (Barna, Spiddal, Inverin and vicinity), Breatnach (1947) for An Rinn, County Waterford, de Barca (1958) for ‘Tourmakeady in County Mayo, Wagner (1959) for Teelin, County Donegal, Mhac an Fhailigh (1968) for Erris in County Mayo. More recent descriptive phonology has been published by Lucas (1979) for Rosguill in northern Donegal, Hughes (986) for Tangaveane and Commeen (also near Glenties), © Curndin (1996) for Iorras Aithneach in Connemara (Kilkieran and vicinity), and 6 Sé (2000) for the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry. [Link]/sh_phonclogy ane23/09/2018 lish phonology - Wikipedia Research into the theoretical phonology of Irish began with © Siadhail & ‘Wigger (1975), which follows the principles and practices of The Sound Pattern of English and which formed the basis of the phonology sections of 6 Siadhail (1989). Dissertations examining Irish phonology from a theoretical point of view include Ni Chiosdin (1991), Green (1997) in optimality theory, and Cyran (4997) and Bloch-Rozmej (1998) in government phonology. Consonants Most dialects of Irish contain at a minimum the consonant phonemes shown in the following chart (see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). The consonant /h is neither broad nor slender. Stop voiced Fricative/ | voiceless Approximant | \ciceg Nasal Tap Lateral On- and offglides Consonant phonemes Die araner mundart Ea bt farses dis wins Title page of Die araner Mundart Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung des Westirischen (The Aran Dialect: A Contribution to the Study of West Irish) (Finck 1899), Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal broad | slender | broad | slender broad | slender oop D k ¢ ee 9 1: fi s 5 x ¢ h wow Y j moomoo . n a “ Broad (velar or velarized) consonants have a noticeable velar offglide (a very short vowel-like sound) before front vowels, which sounds like the English w but made without rounding the lips. The IPA symbol for this sound is [w]. Thus naoi Jay Caine’) and caoi /ki:/ (way, manner’) are pronounced [qnwi:] and [kui], respectively.I2] This velar offglide is labialized (pronounced with lip-rounding, like w) after labial consonants, so buf /bvi:/ (‘yellow’) is pronounced [brwi:] 14] Similarly, slender (palatal or palatalized) consonants have a palatal offgide (like English y) before back vowels, e.. tiubha /tu:/ (thiek’) is pronounced [tju:] 91 [Link]/sh_phonclogy ane