Welcome!
Natatorium Design:
better building and
mechanical system
performance.
February 15, 2004 Moscow
1
2
Design Issues
• Moisture Load • Air Distribution
calculation • Duct Design
• Condensation Control • Cooling
• Pool Water • Heating
Chemistry • Energy recovery
• Exhaust Air • Mechanical
• Outdoor Air dehumidification
3
Design Criteria #1:
Establish the
Space Dew Point
Everything vital to the pool
is based on this value.
Dew Point
100%
82ºF 50%RH
62° .
50% = 62 ºF DP
70ºF 50%RH
= 50 ºF DP
82°
Any
surface
below
62°F will
condense
moisture
4
Why does water evaporate?
Space dew point has a Vapor pressure
Water surface has a Vapor pressure
Why does water evaporate?
At 50% RH: Pw ~ 2 Pdp
(Pdp) Vapor pressure of dew point
(Pw) Vapor pressure at water surface
Evaporation Rate Calculation
5
Evaporation Rate
Lb/h = 0.1 x A x ΔP x AF
• A: Water Area; ft²
•ΔP: Δ Vapor pressure; inches Hg
•AF: Activity Factor (0.5 = Baseline)
Evaporation Rate
Lb/h = 0.1 x A x ΔP x AF
Typical calculation has 2 scenarios:
• AF = 0.5 and space @ 50% (night)
• AF = 1.0 and space @ 60% (active)
Typical Design Conditions
Air
Pool Type
Temperature
Competition 78 to 85 °F
Diving 80 to 85 °F
Elderly
84 to 90 °F
Swimmers
Hotel 82 to 85 °F
Physical
80 to 85 °F
Therapy
Recreational 82 to 85 °F
Whirlpool/spa 80 to 85 °F
6
Typical Design Conditions
Water Activity
Pool Type
Temperature Factor
Competition 76 to 82 °F 0.65
Diving 84 to 88 °F 0.65
Elderly
85 to 90 °F 0.8
Swimmers
Hotel 82 to 86 °F 0.8 – 1.0
Physical
90 to 95 °F 0.65
Therapy
Recreational 80 to 85 °F 1.0
Whirlpool/spa 102 to 104 °F 1.0
Knowing the activity level in
advance is important
7
Similar to a pool ?
Heat
Olympic Pool Example
Water Area : 165 ft x 70 ft, 11550 ft²
Water Temperature 77º F
Air Temp and RH 79º F - 50%
Dew Point 58º F
Activity Factor 1.0
Evaporation Rate 490 lb/h
Heat Loss due to
evaporation
510,000 btu/h
8
Olympic Pool Example
Water Area : 165 ft x 70 ft, 11550 ft²
Water Temperature 77º F 77º F
Air Temp and RH 79º F - 50% 82º F – 50%
Dew Point 58º F 62º F
Activity Factor 1.0 1.0
Evaporation Rate 490 lb/h 425 lb/h
Heat Loss due to
510,000 btu/h 450,000 btu/h
evaporation
Energy Consideration:
Higher Air Temperatures
Reduce evaporation
Rule of Thumb:
Air 2ºF warmer than water
Condensation Control
1) Indoor surface temperature control
Remember: 62 ºF DP
9
Expensive Windows…….
aren’t the answer.
• 85°F Space
• -10°F Outdoors
• A TRIPLE pane
window has a 57 °F
inner surface
temperature.
• A double pane
window has a 45 °F
inner surface Room dew point = 62 ºF
temperature.
10
Condensation Control
1) Inside surface temperature control
2) Moisture migration prevention
11
High Temperature – High Vapor Pressure
Heat Vapor
Migration Migration
Low Temperature – Low Vapor Pressure
High Low
Pressure Pressure
ΔP > 10” WC!!
Low High
Pressure Pressure
12
13
14
Areas of Condensation Control
• Room dew point • ?
temperature control
• Inside surface • ?
temperature control
• Prevention of
• ?
moisture migration
through building
materials
Areas of Condensation Control
• Room dew point • Mechanical
temperature control Dehumidifier
• Inside surface
temperature control
• Prevention of
moisture migration
through building
materials
Areas of Condensation Control
• Room dew point • Mechanical
temperature control Dehumidifier
• Inside surface • Duct layout
temperature control
• Prevention of
moisture migration
through building
materials
15
Areas of Condensation Control
• Room dew point • Mechanical
temperature control Dehumidifier
• Inside surface • Duct layout
temperature control
• Prevention of • Building Design
moisture migration
through building
materials
“If There is a Pile of
Manure in a Space. Do
Not Try to Remove the
Odor by Ventilation.
Remove the Pile of
Manure”
Pettenkofer (1858)
Pool water quality is
the single biggest
IAQ problem and it
impacts the
mechanical systems
16
Cause Effect
• Under Chlorination • Combined Chlorines
(foul odor)
• High pH level or • Scale forming
high total alkalinity
• Low pH level or • Corrosion
low total alkalinity
Corrosion & the IAQ problem:
Off-gassed
chloramines have a
strong attraction to the
airborne humidity.
Corrosion & the IAQ problem:
Chloramines =
Corrosive Condensate
17
Addressing the IAQ problem:
Ultraviolet Light
Reduces chloramines!
Addressing the IAQ problem:
Trichloramines
4x heavier than air
Source capture?
18
The heavier & denser
Trichloramines will allow
themselves to be pulled off the water
surface
Addressing the IAQ problem:
Get Air to the
breathing zone!
Addressing the IAQ problem:
Outdoor Air
Exhaust Air
19
Outdoor Air
Per Standard 62-2004:
- 0.48 CFM per ft2 of pool and
(wet) deck area or
-7.5 CFM per spectator
Add Spectator OA CFM to
baseline.
Water parks: Double the OA!
Exhaust Air
Per Chapter
4 Applications:
0.05 to 0.15” WC
negative pressure.
Heat recovery
ΔT = ~ 100 ºF
20
The Art of Air Distribution
Air changes per ASHRAE
• 4 – 6 per hour in a natatorium
• 6 – 8 per hour in a spectator area
• 8 per hour (occupied) in a water park
Specify CFM needed to satisfy this
requirement.
The Art of Air Distribution
• Supply air to breathing zone!
• Supply air to where condensation
is predictable
• Exterior windows & Doors.
• Return location must complement
supply duct layout.
21
The Art of Duct Design
Duct Materials
• Galvanized – Aluminum – Fabric
• Avoid Stainless Steel!
Ensure proper throw and direction
from all diffusers
The rules don’t change
22
#1 HVAC Design issue
Get Air to the
breathing zone!
Air delivered to the breathing zone?
Air delivered to the breathing zone?
23
Design Issues
• Moisture Load • Air Distribution
calculation • Duct Design
• Condensation Control • Cooling
• Pool Water • Heating
Chemistry • Energy recovery
• Exhaust Air • Mechanical
• Outdoor Air dehumidification
Heating and Cooling
The space is generally
10-15ºF warmer
than a traditional room.
Heating and Cooling
More btu/ft² heating
Less btu/ft² cooling
Don’t forget Outdoor air in your load
calculation. (~50% of heating load!)
24
DX Coil & Energy Recovery
LH:
Pool
50% Evaporation
.
.
Moisture
Removed
Air off
Evaporator
Vapor Compression Cycle
PSIA
Condensation
Compression
Evaporation
BTU/lb
25
Vapor Compression Cycle
PSIA
TH = LH + SH
Condensation
Evaporation
TH HC
BTU/lb
Vapor Compression Cycle
PSIA
Condensation
Evaporation
TH = LH + SH
BTU/lb
Vapor Compression Cycle
PSIA
Latent
Condensation
Evaporation
TH HC
BTU/lb
26
Vapor Compression Cycle
PSIA
Sensible + HC Latent
Condensation
Evaporation
TH HC
BTU/lb
ARI Standard 910:
Efficient energy recycling
means returning heat to
where it came from by
expending as little energy
as possible.
Lb/h per system kW
27
28
Mechanical Room as Return Air
Plenum
Locker Room as Return Air
Plenum
29
Perhaps a
good idea not
to have things
above the
pool that need
service….
….. stick with approved electrical
devices…..
Thank You!
30
