“DG Impact and

Improvement ”

Dist ribut ion Syst em Research Sect ion

Research Division
Provincial Elect ricit y Aut horit y
CONTENTS

1 Thailand Energy Policy

2 Thailand Electric Utility Structure
3 Impact of DG on distribution network
4 A simulation case PV rooftop install in LV

Power Syst em Improvement

CONTENTS

1 Thailand Energy Policy

2 Thailand Electric Utility Structure
3 Impact of DG on distribution network
4 A simulation case PV rooftop install in LV

Power Syst em Improvement

Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015
Committed to the development
of low-carbon society
ELECTRICITY SERVICE : as of 14 MAR 2016
Government
Funding Encouraging
On R & D Alternative Energy Development Plan Private-Led
Activities (AEDP 2015) Investment

Target 30 % of RE in Total Energy Consumption By 2036

Solar Wind Big,Small + Bio Energy Biofuels Others

Mini Hydro • Ethanol • Geothermal
6,000 3,002 Biomass Biogas MSW
11.3 Million l/d
MW MW 3,282.4 MW 10 ktoe
5,570 MW 3,602 MW 550 MW • Biodiesel • Bio-oil &
1,200 22,100 1,283
14 Million l/d
495 ktoe •Pyrolysis Oil Hydrogen
ktoe ktoe ktoe (Heat) 10 ktoe
0.53 Million l/d
(Heat) (Heat) (Heat) • CBG
4,800 Million l/d
Power Syst em Improvement
Thailand’s Renewable Energy Generation Status
Status of Renewable Project on 2015 compared with
the target in Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP)
of 30% by Total Energy Consumption by 2036

COD
Target AEDP
Type of Fuels
Installed Capacity (MW)
(MW)
Solar 1298.5 6,000

Wind 224.5 3,002

Hydro 3,048.4 3,2082.4

Biomass 2,541.8 5,570

MSW 65.7 550

Biogas 311.5 1,280

COD : connected operation date
Total 7,490.4 19,634

Source : PDP 2015 (Ministry of Energy) on 30 June 2016 Power Syst em Improvement
Thailand’s Renewable Energy Generation Status

Renewable Energy generation (GWh)

Proportion of Renewable Energy generation (%)

The proportion of Renewable Energy generation including off-grid

power generation in Thailand has continuously increased by 4.3%
to 9.9% from 2007 to 2014. Power Syst em Improvement
CONTENTS

1 Thailand Energy Policy

2 Thailand Electric Utility Structure
3 Impact of DG on distribution network
4 A simulation case PV rooftop install in LV

Power Syst em Improvement

Thailand Electric Utility Structure

SPPs EGAT IPPs Import VSPPs

Generation (10%) (43%) (42%) (3%) (2%)

Government
NEPC
Transmission EGAT (100%) SO
(EPPO)

PEA MEA Customer

Distribution (66%) (32%) (2%)
ERC
Customer Customer

ERC : Energy Regulatory Commission

NEPC : National Energy Policy Council
EPPO : Energy Policy and Planning Office
Power Syst em Improvement
Private Power Producer
The power purchase from Private Power Producer

IPP : Independent SPP : Small Power VSPP : Very Small Power

Power Producer, Producer, Capacity Producer, Capacity
• Capacity > 90 MW <= 90 MW <= 10 MW
• (Power Purchased • Cogeneration, Firm • Cogeneration
by Notice) (Power Purchased • Renewable Energy
by Notice)
• Renewable Energy,
Firm , Non-firm

Power Syst em Improvement

CONTENTS

1 Thailand Energy Policy

2 Thailand Electric Utility Structure
3 Impact of DG on distribution network
4 A simulation case PV rooftop install in LV

Power Syst em Improvement

Traditional VS Modern Grid

Coal-Fired Power
Plants
Natural Gas Transmission
Generators Lines

Distribution
Hydro power
Substations
plants Customers

Power Syst em Improvement

Traditional VS Modern Grid

Coal-Fired Power Distributed

Plants storage
Natural Gas Transmission
Generators Lines

Smart Grid functionality restores the

balance Rooftop
Solar

Distribution
Hydro power
Substations
plants Customers Plug-in
Electric
Vehicles
Wind Farms Large-scale Renewable and Distributed
Solar Farms Resources Impact Supply and Demand
Unpredictably…

Power Syst em Improvement

Type of DG

•Synchronous Machine

•Asynchronous Machine

•Electronic Power Inverters

Power Syst em Improvement
Connection of DG

115 kV Tr #1 22 kV
F1
EGAT Substation
F2 Similar to F6
230 kV 115 kV F3
EGAT Generating and
Transmission System PEA subtransmission line Tr #2
F4
Transformer F5

F6

Distribution line
R R
Fuse cutout
Recloser Disconnecting
AVR switch

PCC Similar to F6
DG G

Capacitor bank

System load

Power Syst em Improvement

Pros and Cons of DG
Pros :
• Offer efficient use of resources
• Reduce utility investment and system losses
• Provide peak shaving
• Improve system reliability
• Reduce environmental impact
Cons :
• Deteriorate system operation and dispatching, system security, system
dynamic performance
• Maybe increase system losses
• Cause of improper protection coordination
• Cause of safety issue to utility’s personnel to maintenance the system
Power Syst em Improvement
Impact of DG on distribution network

• Impact on Voltage Regulation

• Impact on Short Circuit Current
• Impact on System Losses
• Impact on Reliability
• Impact on Power Quality
• etc.

Power Syst em Improvement

Volt age limit f or PEA st andard

Normal Emergency
Voltage level
Max. Min. Max. Min.
115 kV 120.7 109.2 126.5 103.5
69 kV 72.4 65.5 75.9 62.1
33 kV 34.7 31.3 36.3 29.7
22 kV 23.1 20.9 24.2 19.8
380 kV 342 418 342 418
220 kV 200 240 200 240

Power System Improvement

Devices f or volt age regulation in PEA

• Tap-changing transformer
• Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)
• Capacitors bank
Devices Installation Ability
Tap-changing in substation Adjust voltage level of the Beginning of
transformer Feeder
AVR in substation / Adjust voltage level of the Beginning and
feeder Middle of Feeder
Capacitors bank in substation / Reactive compensation and increase
feeder voltage level
Power System Improvement
Impact of DG on distribution network

Voltage Regulation:
 Consideration : DG should not rise the voltage over the standard
 Problem : Intermittent sources of DG as solar and wind farm / large
DG locate in the light load area

Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation

Voltage level in normal condition : ±5

Power Syst em Improvement
Impact of DG on distribution network

Voltage Regulation :
Typical DG operates in PF control mode

Voltage 10%
5%
(kV)

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Voltage Regulation :
Change DG control mode to PV control or absorb more reactive power
to maintain power and voltage

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Voltage Regulation :
Install reactor at DG plant to reduce voltage level

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Problem Solution

• Change the DG control to Voltage Control mode

(PV mode)
• Reduce the size of DG capacity
• Install reactor at DG plant
• Adjust the transformer tap to decrease voltage
• Disconnect the capacitor bank in the system

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Short Circuit Current : DG must not generate the total short circuit current
exceed 85% of system protection device’s interrupting current
 Consideration : DG connected to distribution network must not generate the
fault level over the IC of protection devices
 Problem : DG connected at the high fault level area will cause the fault level
over the IC of protection device

Total Short Circuit Current ≤ 85% IC Of the device in the system

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Problem Solution

Reduce the DG short circuit current by :

• Install Neutral Grounding Resistor (NGR)
• Decrease the DG installed capacity

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

System Losses : Some case, DG creates losses in the system due to

- DG is typically located near the fuel sources that is far away from
the center of loads and communities
- A large DG in the low load circuit
0.23 MVA 0.45 MVA

115 kV 22 kV
50 MVA
5.8 km 0.45 km 4.3 km Example
S

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5

22 kV N6

Load of system : 2 MW 1x10.5 MVA

DG supply : 8 MW 6.6 kV N7

G 8 MW

1x11.22 MVA
Syn Gen Power Syst em Improvement
Impact of DG on distribution network

Problem Solution

- Considering the optimal size and location of DG

connected to the network will decrease the system
losses by the policy support from related agencies
as ERC, EPPO etc.

ERC : Energy Regulatory Commission

EPPO : Energy Policy and Planning Office
Power Syst em Improvement
Impact of DG on distribution network

Reliability Impacts :
- A huge number of DG in the distribution network may cause the high
fault level
- Miscoordination of protection system may cause a wide area outage
- More protection coordination complexity

false tripping
(breaker-breaker
miscoordination)

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Reliability Impacts :
 Fuse operates ahead of recloser
 Solved by adjust protection coordination in overview

DG
IF,Sub
Substation
Breaker Recloser

Fuse
IF,DG
- fuse blowing
(recloser-fuse miscoordination)
Fault

Power Syst em Improvement

Impact of DG on distribution network

Power Quality Impacts :

Problem : High harmonic level interferes the system due to a number
of electronic converter or inverter
Solution : adjust the operating point of Inverter to control harmonic
within the PEA’s standard before connecting to the system
or install harmonic filter at the DG plant

Source : http://www.energyadvice.lt
Power Syst em Improvement
PEA Regulation Codes

Power Syst em Improvement

CONTENTS

1 Thailand Energy Policy

2 Thailand Electric Utility Structure
3 Impact of DG on distribution network
4 A simulation case PV rooftop install in LV

Power Syst em Improvement

Single line diagram Network modeling
22/0.38 kV
100 kVA
Grid

22 kV 0.38 kV

Model of study case by DIgSILENT

• Transformer Size 100 kVA
• 67 households light load 15%
• PV install 5 kW/household

Power Syst em Improvement

Net work modeling

Network component Parameter

Distribution S=100kVA, Dyn11, 22/0.38kV, % Shortcircuit voltage (uk) = 4% ,
Transformer Set voltage MV side 1.0 p.u.
Line Impedance= 0.57+j0.27Ω/km, Rated=225 A
Load 67 household, light load 15%, power factor 0.85 lagging,
Solar PV Rooftop The level of penetration varied from 0% to 45% of tr.,
power factor 1

Power System Improvement

The resident ial demand and PV generat ion prof ile

Power System Improvement

Simulat ion Result

Considerate Relation Technical solutions to reduce voltage rise

To study the relation of voltage Simulation by Installing an On-Load
Changing at installation point with Tap Changer for
The capacity of PV rooftop distribution transformer
1 2 3 4
Technical solutions to reduce voltage rise Technical solutions to reduce voltage rise
Increasing the Cable sizes by Controlling reactive power by PV
50 sq.mm. to 70 and 95 sq.mm. inverters

Power System Improvement

PV Locat ion VS Volt age prof ile

Source: Sandla National Laboratories

Power System Improvement
Impact of roof t op PV on volt age prof ile
To study relation of voltage changing at installation point and capacity of PV Rooftop
added to distribution system
Case Study
 PV inverter operates in unity power factor mode
 Increasing capacity of PV Rooftop connected to LV system 0%, 20% and 45%
Simulation Result
 Voltage profile of node in LV system will increasing of PV Rooftop yield.
 End of network, voltage will higher than voltage level near distribution transformer .

Power System Improvement

Power Syst em Improvement
Increasing t he Cable sizes
To study the relation of cable sizes and voltage profile based on the 20% PV
penetration level
Case Study
Upgrading Cable size from
50 mm2 to 70 mm2 and 95 mm2

Simulation Result
Bigger cable size will reduce
the voltage rise up to 0.96%
and 1.6%

Power System Improvement

Inst alling an On-Load Tap Changer for
distribution transformer
To study impact of changing the OLTC tap position on voltage profile with the
20% PV penetration level
Case Study
Adjusting the OLTC tap positions
in decrement of 2.5% from 0% to -5%

Simulation Result
OLTC can keep the voltage level
in the network within limits
effectively

Power System Improvement

Voltage profile with various tap position
Cont rolling react ive power by PV invert ers
The implementation of a voltage control loop within PV inverters maintains the
voltage within acceptable bounds by absorbing of supplying reactive power

Case Study
Power factor of inverter
was set to 0.95, 0.9 and 0.85 lagging

Simulation Result
Reducing the power factor is able to
mitigate voltage at the end of
the branch circuit or feeder and to keep
the capacity of PV rooftop at the house
near the end of the line

Power System Improvement

Technical solut ions f or volt age mit igat ion
In conclusion, there are three technical solutions to reduce voltage rise
caused by rooftop PV such as increasing cable sizes, installing an On-Load Tap
Changer for distribution transformer and optimizing reactive power through PV
inverter control.

Technical solutions to reduce voltage rise

Power System Improvement
Conclusion
• In a radial distribution system without DG, voltage
decreases towards the end of the feeder, as load cause the
voltage drop. The voltage control is normally achieved by
using capacitor banks or Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
or on-load tap changer (OLTC).
• For large scale power system, DG might have the ability
help reduce voltage drops at high-load situation and/or
long distance of transmission line

Power System Improvement

Conclusion
• During the noon, the large scale-Solar PV which is located
in light load areas will produce a lot of active power that
might lead to voltage increasing.
• When the DG is producing active power, the voltage at its
connection point will increase which might lead to an
overvoltage. On the other hand, when the DG is inactive
and with heavy local load, the voltage might drop, giving
low voltage. Therefore we have to avoid all abnormal
voltage conditions, both undervoltage and also
overvoltage.

Power System Improvement

Let ’s
Discuss