SRI BHARATHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

Pudukkottai to Aranthangi road, Kaikkurichi, Pudukkottai - 622003

Department of Information Technology

Lab Manual

EC2209 Data Structures and Object Oriented Programming

Lab
(III Semester ECE)

1
DEFAULT ARGUMENTS
Aim:

To implement function with default arguments.

Algorithm:
1. Declare the default function.
2. Invoke the default function.
3. Display the result

Program:
#include<iostream.h>
void printLine(char =’_’,int =70);
void main()
{
printLine();
printLine(‘/’);
printLine(‘*’,40);
printLine(‘R’,55);
}
void printLine(char ch, int Repeatcount)
{
int i;
cout<<endl;
for(i=0;i<Repeatcount;i++)
cout<<ch;
}

Output:

-------- ---------------------------
///////////////////////////////////////
****************************
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

2
CLASS WITH STATIC DATA MEMBER
Aim:

To implement static data member in class.

Algorithm:
1. Create class ITEM with static data member as count.
2. Create a member function to increment the count.
3. Declare the static datamember using scope resolution operator.
4. Display the count value.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class item
{
static int count;
int num;
public:
void getdata(int a)
{
num=a;
count++;
cout<<”Number”<<num;
}
void showcount()
{
cout<<”count”;
cout<<count<<”\n”;
}
};
int item::count;
int main()
{
item a,b,c;
a.showcount();
b.showcount();
c.showcount();
a.getdata(20);
b.getdata(30);
c.getdata(40);
a.showcount();
b.showcount();
c.showcount();
}

3
Output:
count 0
count 0
count 0
Number 20
Number 30
Number 40
count 3
count 3
count 3

4
CLASS WITH STATIC MEMBER FUNCTION
Aim:
To implement static member function in class.
Algorithm:
1. Create class ITEM with static data member as count.
2. Create a member function to increment the count.
3. Declare the static data member using scope resolution operator.
4. Display the count value.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
int code;
static int count;
public:
void setcode(void)
{
code= ++count;
}
void showcode(void)
{
cout<<”Object Number:”<<code<<”\n”;
}
static void showcount(void)
{
cout<<”Count = “<<count<<”\n”;
}
};
int test::count;
int main()
{
test t1,t2;
t1.setcount();
t2.setcount();
test::showcount();
test t3;
t1.showcode();
t2.showcode();
t3.showcode();
return(0);
}

5
Output:

count 2
count 3
Object Number 1
Object Number 2
Object Number 3

6
OBJECT AS ARGUMENT AND RETURNING AN
OBJECT
Aim:
To write a program for object as argument and returning an object using
complex number addition.

Algorithm:
1. The class complex contains two member variables real and imaginary.
2. Assign the value for real and imaginary part.
3. Declare a temporary variable temp.
4. Add real part with real of other object and store it in temp’s real.
5. Add imaginary part with imaginary of other object and store it in temp’s
imaginary.
6. Display temp.
7.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
template<class T>
class complex
{
private:
T real;
T imag;
Public:
complex()
{
real=imag=0;
}
void getdata()
{
cout<<”real part?”;
cin>>real;
cout<<”imag part?”;
cin>>imag;
}
complex operator +(complex c2);
void outdata(char *msg)
{
cout<<msg<<”(“<<real;
cout<<”,”<<img<<”)”<<endl;
}
};
Template<class T>
complex<T> complex<T>::operator +(complex<T>c2)
{

7
Complex<T>temp;
temp.real=real+c2.real;
temp.img=imag+c2.imag;
return(temp);
}
void main()
{
complex<int>c1,c2,c3;
cout<<”Addition of integercomplexobjects….”<<endl;
cout<<”Enter complex number c1..”<<endl;
c1.getdata();
cout<<”Enterthecomplexnumberc2”<<endl;
c2.getdata();
c3=c1+c2;
c3.outdata(“c3=c1+c2:”);

complex<float>c4,c5,c6;
cout<<”Additionof float complexobjects….”<<endl;
cout<<”Enter complex number c4..”<<endl;
c4.getdata();
cout<<”Enterthecomplexnumberc5”<<endl;
c5.getdata();
c6=c4+c5;
c6.outdata(“c6=c4+c5:”);

Output:
Addition of integer complexobjects…
Enter complex number c1..
Real part?1
Imag part?2
Enter complex number c2..
Real part?3
Imag part?4
C3=c1+c2:(4,6)

Addition of float complexobjects…

Enter complex number c4..
Real part?1.5
Imag part?2.5
Enter complex number c5..
Real part?2.4
Imag part?3.7
C6=c4+c5:(3.9,6.2)

8
FRIEND FUNCTION

Aim:
To write a c++ program for friend function.

Algorithm:
1. Create the class and declare the data member as private.
2. Declare the friend function using the keyword friend.
3. Perform the operation of adding two private variables in the
friend function.
4. Display the result.
Program:

#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
friend int sum(myclass x);
void set_ab(int i, int j);
};
void myclass::set_ab(int i, int j)
{
a = i;
b = j;
}
// Note: sum() is not a member function of any class.
int sum(myclass x)
{
/* Because sum() is a friend of myclass, it can
directly access a and b. */
return x.a + x.b;
}
int main()
{
myclass n;
n.set_ab(3, 4);
cout << sum(n);
return 0;
}

Output:
7

9
CLASS AND OBJECTS
Aim:
To write a c++ program for employee wages calculation using class and objects.

Algorithm:

1. Employee class contains name and wage variable and member function a
putname(), putwage(),getwage() and getname().
2. Putname: Assign the valve for the character array name.
3. Getname: Retrieves the value of Variable name.
4. Putwage: Assign the valve for wage variable.
5. Getwage: Retrieves the value of wage variable.
6. Im main() Put and display both name and wages.

Program:
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
class employee {
char name[80]; // private by default
public:
void putname(char *n); // these are public
void getname(char *n);
private:
double wage; // now, private again
public:
void putwage(double w); // back to public
double getwage();
};
void employee::putname(char *n)
{
strcpy(name, n);
}
void employee::getname(char *n)
{
strcpy(n, name);
}
void employee::putwage(double w)
{
wage = w;
}
double employee::getwage()
{
return wage;
}

10
int main()
{
employee ted;
char name[80];
ted.putname("Ted Jones");
ted.putwage(75000);
ted.getname(name);
cout << name << " makes $";
cout << ted.getwage() << " per year.";
return 0;
}

Output:

Ted Jones makes $75000 per year.

11
COPY CONSTRUCTOR
Aim:
To write a c++ program for demonstrating the copy constructor.

Algorithm:
1. Define the class
2. Declare the variables.
3. Define the function as constructor.
4. Define the main function and declare the variables.
5. Call the copy constructor.
Program:

#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
int x;
public:
//default constructor
test();
//parameterized constructor
test(int val)
{
x=val;
}
//copy constructor
test(test &obj)
{
x.obj.x;// entered is in value in obj.x
}
void show()
{
cout<<x;
}
};
void main()
{
int val;
cout<<”enter some number”<<endl;
cin>>val;
test old(val);
//call for copy constructor
test new(old);
cout<<”\n the original value is”;
old.show();
cout<<”\n the new copied value is:”;
new.show();

12
cout<<endl;
getch();
}

Output:
enter value is 500
the original value is 500
the new copied value is 500

Result:
Thus the given program copy constructor was executed successfully.

13
INHERITANCE
Aim:
To Write a C++ program for implementing the inheritance.

Algorithm:
1. Define the base class with variables and functions.
2. Define the derived class with variables and functions.
3. Define main function
4. Declare the variables.
5. Inherits base class.
6. Access member of derived class.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class base
{
public:
int x;
void set_x(int n)
{x=n;
}
void show_x()
{
cout<<”\n\t Base class….”;
cout<<”\n\tx=”<<x;
}
};
class derived:public base
{
int y;
public:
void set_y(int n)
{
y=n;
}
void show_xy()
{
cout<<”\n\n\t derived class…”;
cout<<”\n\tx=”<<x;
cout<<”\n\ty=”<<y;
}
};
void main()
{
derived obj;
int x,y;
cout<<”\n enter the value of x”;

14
cin>>x;
cout<<”\n enter the value of y”;
cin>>y;
obj.set_x(x);//inherits base class
obj.set_y(y);//acess member of derived class
obj.show_x();//inherits base class
obj.show_xy();//acess member of derived class
}

Output:
enter the value of x 10
enter the value of y 20
base class….
x=10

derived class…..
x=10
y=20

Result:
Thus the given Program inheritance was implemented successfully.

15
FUNCTION OVERLOADING
Aim:
To Write a C++ program for implementing the function overloading.

Algorithm:
1. Define class.
2. Define the functions with different arguments.
3. Define main function
4. Declare the variables.
5. Call the Different task of function.
6. Print the output.
Program:
#include<iostream.h>
class test
{
public:
int sum(int,int);
float sum(float,float);
double sum(double,double);
};
int test::sum(int a.int b)
{
return(a+b);
}
float test::sum(float a ,float b)
{
return(a+b);
}
double test::sum(double a,double b)
{
return(a+b);
}
void main()
{
test obj;
int choice;
int a,b;
float x,y;
double m,n;
double result=0;
cout<<”\n\t\t main menu”;
cout<<”\n\t1. Addition of two integer numbers”;
cout<<”\n\t2. Addition of two float numbers”;
cout<<”\n\t3. Addition of two double numbers”<<endl;

16
cout<<\n enter your choice:”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1: cout<<”\n enter 2 numbers”;
cin>>a>>b;
result=obj.sum(a,b);
break;
case 2:
cout<<”\n enter 2 number”;
cin>>x>>y;
result=obj.sum(x,y);
break;
case 3:
cout<<”\n enter 2 number”;
cin>>m>>n;
result=obj.sum(m,n);
break;
default:
cout<<”wrong choice”;
break;
}
cout<<”\n\n result”<<result<<endl;
getch();
}

Output:
Main menu
1.Addition of two integer numbers
2.Addition of two float numbers
3.Addition of two double numbers
enter your choice 2

enter 2 number 1.13 5.6

result 6.73

Result:
Thus the Given program function overloading was executed successfully.

17
IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS LIST OPERATIONS USING
ARRAYS

Aim:
To Implement various List operations using arrays
Algorithm:
1. Create a structure called Node
2. Create an array of size 10.
3. Create functions for list & create , insert & delete.
4. Write the function definition
5. Run the program.
Program
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
class arr_list
{
/*data structure for list using array*/
private:
struct node
{
int data;
int next;
}a[10];
public:
int head;
arr_list();
int create();
void display(int);
void insert();
void delete();
void search();
};
arr_list::arr_list()
{
for(int i-0;i<10;i++)
{
a[i].data=-1;
}}
int arr_list::create()
{
int head,I;
cout<<”\n enter the index for first node”;
cin>>I;

18
head=i;
while(i!=-1)
{
cout<<”\n enter the data and index of the first element”;
cin>>a[i].data;
cout<<””;
cin>>a[i].next;
i=a[i].next;
}
return head;
}
void arr_list::display(int i)
{
while(i!=-1)
{
if(a[i].data==-1)
cout<<””;
else
{
cout<<a[i].data<<”->”;
}
i=a[i].next;
}
cout<<”NULL”;
}
void arr_list::insert()
{
int I,new_data,temp;
cout<<”\n enter the new data which is to be inserted”;
cin>>new_data;
cout<<”\nenter the data after which you want to insert”;
cin>>temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(a[i].data==temp)
break;
}
if(a[i+1].data==-1) /* next location is empty*/
{
a[i+1].next=a[i].next;
a[i].next=i+1;
a[i+1].data=new_data;
}}
void arr_list::delete()
{
int I,temp,current,new_next;

19
cout<<”\n enter the node to be dleted”;
cin>>temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(a[i].data==temp)
{
if(a[i].next==-1)
{
a[i].data=-1; /* writing -1 means deleting the element*/
}
current=I;/* marking the index of an array at which record is placed*/
new_next=a[i].next; /*storing the next pointer at that index*/
}
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(a[i].next==current)
{
a[i].next=new_next;
a[current].data=-1;
}
}
}
void arr_list::search
()
{
int i ,temp ,flag=0;
cout<<”\n enter the node to be searched”;
cin>>temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(a[1].data==temp)
{
flag=1; /* flag 1 means the element is present*/
break;
}
}
if (flag==1)
cout<<”\n the “<<temp<<” node is present is the list”;
else
cout<<”\n the node is not present”;
}
void main()
{
char ans;
int choice;

20
arr_list obj;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<”\t\t program for implementing list using array”;
cout<<”\n main menu”;
cout<<”\n 1. creation”;
cout<<”\n 2. display”;
cout<<”\n 3.insertion of element in the list”;
cout<<”\n 4. deletion of element from the list”;
cout<<”\n5. Searching of element from the list”;
cout<<”\n 6.exit”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice”;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
obj.head=obj.create();
break;
case 2:
obj.display(obj.head);
break;
case 3:
obj.insert();
break;
case 4:
obj.delete();
break;
case 5:
obj.search();
break;
case 6:
exit(0);
}
cout<<”\n do you wish to go to main menu?”;
ans=getch();
}
while(ans==’Y’||ans==’y’);
getch();
}

Output
program for implementing list using array
main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list

21
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 1

enter the index for first node 4
enter the data and index of the first element 10 1
enter the data and index of the first element 20 6
enter the data and index of the first element 30 7
enter the data and index of the first element 40 -1

do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 2

10->20->30->40->null

do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 3

enter the new data which is to be inserted 21
enter the data after which you want to insert 20
do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 2

22
10->20->21->30->40->Null
do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 4

enter the node to be deleted 30

do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 2

10->20->21->40->null

do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 5

enter the node to be searched 20
the 20 node is present in the list
do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list

23
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 5

enter the node to be searched 30
the node is not present
do you wish to go to main menu?

program for implementing list using array

main menu
1. creation
2. display
3. insertion of element in the list
4. deletion of element from the list
5. Searching of element from the list
6. exit

enter your choice 6

Result:
Thus the Array implantation of List ADT program was executed successfully.

24
LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION USING LISTADT
Aim

To implement a linked list and do all operations on it.

Algorithm:

Step 1 : Start the process.

Step 2: Initialize and declare variables.

Step 3: Enter the choice.

Step 4: If choice is INSERT then

a. Enter the element to be inserted.

b. Get a new node and set DATA[NEWNODE] = ITEM.

c. Find the node after which the new node is to be inserted.

d. Adjust the link fields.

e. Print the linked list after insertion.

Step 5: If choice is DELETE then

a. Enter the element to be deleted.

b. Find the node containing the element (LOC) and its preceding node (PAR).

c. Set ITEM = DATA[LOC] and delete the node LOC.

d. Adjust the link fields so that PAR points to the next element. ie
LINK[PAR] = LINK [ LOC].

e. Print the linked list after deletion.

Step 6: Stop the process.

25
program:

/**************************************************************
Demonstration program to perform various operations on singly link list.
*************************************************************/
// List of include files
# include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
//class definition
{
class sll
{
private:
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
}*head;
public:
sll();
void create();
void display();
void search(int key);
void insert _head();
void insert_after();
void insert_last();
void dele();
~sll();
};
/*………………………………..
the constructor defined
………………………………….*/

sll::sll()
{
head=NULL;//initialize head to NULL
}
/*…………………………………
destructor defined
…………………………………..*/

sll::~sll()
{
node *temp,*temp1;

26
temp=head->next;
delete head;
while(temp!=NULL)//freethe memory allocated
{
temp1=temp->next;
delete temp;
temp=temp1;
}
}
/*……………………………………..
the create function
………………………………………
*/
void sll::create()
{
node *temp,*new;
int val,flag;
char ans=’y’;
flag=TRUE;
do
{
cout<<”\n enter the data:”;
cin>>val;
??allocate memory to new node
new=new node;
if(new==NULL)
cout<<”unable to allocate memory\n”;
new->data=val;
new->next=NULL;
if(flag==true)//executed only for the first time
{
head=new;
temp=new;
flag=FALSE;
}
else
{
/*temp last keeps track of the most recently created node*/
temp->next=new;
temp=new;
}
cout<<”\n do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)”;
ans=getche();
}
while(ans==’y’||ans==’Y’);
cout<<”\n the singly linked list is created\n”;

27
getch();
clrscr();
}
/*…………………………………………..
the display function
………………………………………………
*/
void sll::display()
{
node *temp;
temp=head;
if(temp==NULL)
{
cout<<”\n the list is empty\n”;
getch();
clrscr();
return;
}
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->data<<””;
temp=temp->next;
}
getch();
}
void sll::search(int key)
{
node *temp;
int found;
temp=head;
if(temp==NULL)
{
cout<<”linked list is empty\n”;
getch();
clrscr();
}
found=FALse;
while(temp!=NULL&&found==FALSE)
{
if(temp->data!=key)
temp=temp->next;
else
found=TRUE;
}
if(found==TRUE)
{

28
cout<<”\n the element is present in the list\n”;
getch();
}
else
{
cout<<”the element is not present in the list\n”;
getch();
}
}

/*
……………………………………………
the dele function
……………………………………………
*/
void sll::dele()
{
node *temp,*prev;
int key;
temp=head;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n enter the data of the node you want to delete:”;
cin>>key;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
if (temp->data==key)//traverse till required node to delete
break; //is found
prev=temp;
temp=temp->next;
}
if(temp==NULL)
cout<<”\n node not found”;
else
{
if(temp==head)//first node
head=temp->next;
else
prev->next=temp->next; //intermediate or end node
delete temp;
cout<<”\n the element is deleted\n”;
}
getch();
}
/*

29
…………………………………….
function to insert at end
………………………………………
void sll::insert_last()
{
node *new,*temp;
cout<<”\n enter the element which you want to insert”;
cin>>new->data;
if(head==NULL)
head=new;
else
{
temp=head;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
temp=temp->next;
temp->next=new;
new->next=NULL;
}
}
/*
………………………………………..
function to insert after a node
………………………………………….
*/
void sll::insert_after()
{
int key;
node *temp,*new;
node=new node;
cout<<”\n enter the element which you want to insert”;
cin>>new->data;
if(head==NULL)
{
head=New;
}
else
{
cout<<”\n enter the element after which you want to insert the node”;
cin>>key;
temp=head;
do
{
if(temp->data==key)
{
New->next=temp->next;
temp->next=New;

30
break;
}
else
temp=temp->next;
}
while(temp!=NULL);
}
}
/*……………………………………..
function to insert at the beginning
……………………………………….*/
void sll::insert_head()
{
node *New,*temp;
New=new node;
cout<<”\n enter the element which you want to insert”;
cin>>New->data;
if(head==NULL)
head=New;
else
{
temp=head;
New->next=temp;
head=New;
}
}
/*
……………………………………………
the main function
Input:None
Output:None
parameter passing method:None
…………………………………………………...
*/
void main()
{
sll s;
int choice,val ch1;
char ans=’y’;
do {
clrscr();
cout<<”\n program to perform various operations on linked list”;
cout<<”\n 1.create”;
cout<<”\n2. display”;
cout<<”\n3.search”;
cout<<”\n4.insert an element in a list”;

31
cout<<”\n5.delete an element from list”;
cout<<”\n6.quit”;
cout<<\n enter your choice(1-6)”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case1: s.create();
break;
case 2:s.display();
break;
case 3:cout<<”enter the element you want to search”;
cin>>val;
s.search(val);
break;
case4:
clrscr();
cout<<”\n the list is:\n”;
s.display();
cout<<”\n menu”;
cout<<”\n1.insert at beginning \n2. insert after”;
cout<<”\n3.insert at end”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice”;
cin>>ch1;
switch(ch1)
{
case 1:s.insert_head();
break;
case 2: s.insert_after();
break;
case 3:s.insert_last();
break;
default:cout<<”\n invalid choice”;
}
break;
case 5:
s.dele();
break;
default:cout<<”\n invalid choice”;
}
cout<<”\n continue?”;
cin>>ans;
}
while(ans==’y’||ans==’Y’)
getch();
return;
}

32
output

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 1

enter the data: 10

do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)y

enter the data 20

do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)y

enter the data 30

do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)y

enter the data 40

do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)y

enter the data 50

do you want to enter more elements?(y/n)n

the singly linked list is created

continue?

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 2
10 20 30 40 50
continue?

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create

33
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 3
enter the element you want to search 30

the element is present in the list

continue?
program to perform various operations on linked list
1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 4

the list is:

10 20 30 40 50
menu
1.inset at beginning
2.insert after
3.insert at end
enter your choice 1

enter the element which you want to insert 9

continue?
program to perform various operations on linked list
1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 4

the list is:

9 10 20 30 40 50
menu
1.inset at beginning
2.insert after
3.insert at end
enter your choice 2

34
enter the element which you want to insert 31
enter the element after which you want to insert the node 30

continue?
program to perform various operations on linked list
1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 4

the list is:

9 10 20 30 31 40 50
menu
1.inset at beginning
2.insert after
3.insert at end
enter your choice 3

enter the element which you want to insert 60

continue?

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 2
9 10 20 30 31 40 50 60

continue?

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 5
enter the data of the node you want to delete :10

35
the element is deleted

continue?

program to perform various operations on linked list

1.create
2. display
3.search
4.insert an element in a list
5.delete an element from list
6.quit
enter your choice(1-6) 2
9 20 30 31 40 50 60

Result

Thus the given program Linked List implementation of the list ADT was executed
successfully.

36
CURSOR IMPLEMENTATION – LIST ADT

Aim:
To write a C++ program for cursor implementation of list ADT.

Algorithm:

1. Start the program.

2. Create a node with two fields data and link field.
o Allocate space for the node dynamically.
o Create link between the created nodes and let the last node be with NULL
Link
o Insert the input data in the data field and press –1 to stop the same.
3. Get the choice of operations either insertion or deletion.
4. For insertion get the position in which insertion is to be done and the element to
be inserted. Check for the start, middle or end position of insertion. Insert the
node and change its link accordingly.
5. For deletion get the position in which deletion is to be done. Delete the node and
then link it to the next node. Before deletion check whether there is data in the list
to be deleted.
6. Using display option list the elements of the list.
7. Stop the program.

Program:

/* ***************************************
Program To implement cursor of List ADT
*****************************************/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define MAX 20
class LIST
{
private:
int list[MAX];
public:
int create();
void display(int);
void reverse(int);
int search(int);
void delet(int);
};

/*

37
*************************************
Function: create
Input: None
Output: creates the list
Calls: None
**************************************
*/
int LIST::create()
{int n,I;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n how many elements you want in the list:”;
cin>>n;
if(n>MAX)
cout<<”\n Error:Number of elements exceeds the limit”;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cout<<”\nEnter the element number”<<i+1<<”:”;
cin>>List[i];
}
cout<<”\n The List is successfully created\n”;
getch();
return(n);
}
/*
*************************************
Function: Display
Input: Length of the list
Output: prints the list
Calls: None
**************************************
*/
void LIST::display(int n)
{
int I;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n the list is…\n”;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cout<<”\n”<<List[i];
cout<<|n press any key to continue…\n”;
getch();
}
/*
*************************************
Function: reverse
Input: Length of the list
Output: prints the list in reverse manner

38
Calls: None
**************************************
*/
void LIST::reverse(int n)
{
int I;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n the reversed list is….\n”;
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
cout<<”\n”<<List[i];
cout<<”\n press ant key to continue…\n”;
getch();
}
/*
*************************************************
Function: Search
Input: Length of the list
Output: Reads a number & searches the list for a number
Calls: None
**************************************************
*/
int LIST::search(int n)
{
int I,key;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n enter the number you want to search?”;
cin>>key;
/* Now search in the list*/
for (i-0;i<n;i++)
{
if(List[i]==key)
{
cout<<”\n the given number is at postion:”<<i<<”\n”;
getch();
return I;
}
}
cout<<”\n the given number is at postion:”<<i<<|n”;
getch();
return I;
}
}
cout<<”\n the given number is not in the list\n”;
getch();
return -1;}
/*

39
*************************************
Function: delet
Input: Length of the list
Output: deletes the number from the list
Calls: search
called by:main
**************************************
*/
void LIST::delet(int n)
{
int I;
i=search(n);
List[i]=-1;
cout<<”\n the element is now deleted!”;
cout<<”\n we put -1 to indicate empty location”;
getch();
}
void main()
{
LIST obj;
int choice,len,position;
char ans;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<”\n\t program to perform operations on ordered list”;
cout<<”\n 1.create;
cout<<”\n 2.display;
cout<<”\n 3.search for a number”;
cout<<”\n 4.reverse”;
cout<<”\n 5.delete”;
cout<<”\n 6.Quit”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice(1-6)”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
len=obj.create();
break;
case 2:
obj.display(len)
break;
case 3:
position=obj.serch(len);
break;
case 4:

40
obj.reverse(len)
break;
case 5:
obj.delet(len)
break;
case 6:
cout<<”\n do you want to exit(y/n)?”;
ans=getche();
if(ans==’y’)
exit(0);
else
break;
default;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n invalid choice,try again”;
getch\();
}
}while(choice!=6)
}

Output

program to perform operations on ordered list

1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 1

how many elements you want in the list:5
Enter the element number 1 :10
Enter the element number 2 :20
Enter the element number 3 :30
Enter the element number 4 :40
Enter the element number 5 :50
The List is successfully created
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

41
enter your choice(1-6)2
the lis is…
10
20
30
40
50
press the key to continue…
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 3

enter the number you want to search? 20
the given number is at position 1
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 4

the reversed list is …..
50
40
30
20
10
press the key to continue…
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 5

enter the number you want to search? 20

42
the given number is at position 1

the element is now deleted!

we put -1 to indicate empty location
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 2

the list is…
10
-1
30
40
50
press the key to continue…
program to perform operations on ordered list
1.create
2.display
3.search for a number
4.reverse
5.delete
6.Quit

enter your choice(1-6) 6

do you want to exit(y/n)?n

Result:

Thus the Given Program Cursor implementation of list was executed successfully.

43
STACK ADT USING ARRAY IMPLEMENTATION

Aim:
To write a program for stack using array implementation.

Algorithm:

Step1:Define a array which stores stack elements..

Step 2: The operations on the stack are

a)PUSH data into the stack
b)POP data out of stack

Step 3: PUSH DATA INTO STACK

3a.Enter the data to be inserted into stack.
3b.If TOP is NULL
the input data is the first node in stack.
the link of the node is NULL.
TOP points to that node.
3c.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP points to the new node.
TOP points to that node.

Step 4: POP DATA FROM STACK

4a.If TOP is NULL
the stack is empty
4b.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP is the current TOP.
the pervious TOP is popped from stack.

Step 5. The stack represented by linked list is traversed to display its content.

Program:

/*
************************************************************************
Program for implementing a stack using arrays. it involves various operations such as
push ,pop, stack empty, stack full and display.
************************************************************************
**/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define size 5
/* stack structure*/

44
class stack_class
{
private:
struct stack
{
int s[size];
int top;
}st;
public:
stack_class();
int stfull();
void push(int item);
int stempty();
int pop();
void display();
};
//constructor is used to intialise stack
stack_class::stack_class()
{
st.top=-1;
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
st.s[i]=0;
}
/*
the stfull function
input:none
output:returns 1 or 0 for stack full or not
called by :main
calls:none
*/
int stack_class::stfull()
{
if(st.top>=size-1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
push function
input:item which is to be pushed
output:none –simply pushes the item onto the stack
called by: main
calls:none
*/
void stack_class::push(int item)
{

45
st.top++;
st.s[st.top]=item;
}
/*
the stempty function
input:none
output: returns 1 or 0 for stack empty or not
called by :main
calls :none
*/
int stack_class::stempty()
{
if(st.top==-1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
pop function
input:none
output:returns the item which is poped from the stack
calledby:main
calls:none
*/
int stack_class::pop()
{
in item;
item=st.s[st.top];
st.top--;
return(item);
}
/*
display function
input:none
output:none –displays the contents of the stack
calledby:main
calls:none
*/
void stack_class::display()
{
int i;
if(stempty())
cout<<”\n stack is empty!”;
else
{
for(i=st.top;i>=0;i--)

46
cout<<”\n”<<st.s[i];
}
}
/*
the main function
input:none
output:none
calledby:o.s
calls:push,pop,stempty,stfull,display
*/
void main(void)
{
int item,choice;
char ans;
stack_class obj;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n\t\t implementation of stack”;
do
{
cout<<”\n main menu”;
cout<<”\n1.push\n2.pop\n3.display\n 4.exit”;
cout<<”\nenter your choice”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
cout<<”\n enter the item to be pushed”;
cin>>item;
if(obj.stfull())
cout<<”\n stack is full”;
else
obj.push(item);
break;
case 2:if(obj.stempty())
cout<<”\n empty stack!underflow !!”;
else
{
item=obj.pop();
cout<<”\n the poped element is”<<item;
}
break;
case 3:
obj.display();
break;
case 4:exit(0);
}

47
cout<<”\n do you want to continue?”;
ans=getche();
}
while(ans==’Y’||ans’y’)
getch();
}

Output:

implementation of stack
main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 1

enter the item to be pushed 10
do you want to continue? y

main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 1

enter the item to be pushed 20
do you want to continue? y
main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 2

the popped element is 30
do you want to continue? y

main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 3

48
20
10
do you want to continue? y
main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 2

the popped element is 20

do you want to continue? y

main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 2

the popped element is 10
do you want to continue? y
main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit

enter your choice 2

empty stack! Underflow !!
do you want to continue

Result:
Thus the given program stack ADT using array implemented successfully.

49
STACK ADT USING LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION

Aim:
To write a program for stack ADT using linked list implementation.

Algorithm:

Step1:Define a struct for each node in the stack. Each node in the stack
contains data and link to the next node. TOP pointer points to last
node inserted in the stack.

Step 2: The operations on the stack are

a)PUSH data into the stack
b)POP data out of stack

Step 3: PUSH DATA INTO STACK

3a.Enter the data to be inserted into stack.
3b.If TOP is NULL
the input data is the first node in stack.
the link of the node is NULL.
TOP points to that node.
3c.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP points to the new node.
TOP points to that node.

Step 4: POP DATA FROM STACK

4a.If TOP is NULL
the stack is empty
4b.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP is the current TOP.
the pervious TOP is popped from stack.

Step 5. The stack represented by linked list is traversed to display its content.

Program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// Declaration for data structure of linked stack
class lstack
{
private:
typedef struct stack
{

50
int data;
struct stack *next;
}node;
node *top;
public:
lstack();
~lstack();
void creat(),remove(),show();
void push(int,node**);
void display(node **);
int pop(node **);
int sempty(node **);
};
/*
…………………………………..
the constructor defined
……………………………………….
*/
lstack::lstack()
{
top=NULL;
}
/*
……………………………………
the destructor defined
…………………………………….
*/
lstack::~lstack()
{
node *temp;
temp=top;
if(temp==NULL)
delete temp;
else
{
while(temp!=NULL)
{
temp=temp->next;
top=NULL;
top=temp;
}
delete temp;//de allocating memory
}
}
/*
……………………………………

51
the create function
………………………………………
*/
void lstack::create()
{
int data;
cout<<”\n enter the data”;
cin>>data;
push(data,&top);
}
/*
………………………………………….
remove function
………………………………………….
*/
void lstack::remove()
{
int item;
if(sempty(top))
cout<<”\n stack underflow!”;
else
{
item=pop(&top);
cout<<”\n the popped node is”<<item;
}
}
/*
…………………………………..
the show function
……………………………………*/
void lstack::show()
{
display(&top);
}
/*………………………………………
the push function
………………………………………….*/
void lstack::push(int item,node **top)
{
node * New;
New=new node;
New->next=NULL;
New->data=item;
New->next=*top;
*top=New;
}

52
/*
……………………………………..
the sempty function
………………………………………
*/
int lstack::sempty(node *temp)
{
if(temp==NULL)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
………………………………………..
the pop function
…………………………………………*/
int lstack::pop(node **top)
{
int item;
node *temp;
item=(*top)->data;
temp=*top;
*top=(*top)->next;
delete temp;
return(item);
}
/*
………………………………….
the display function
………………………………….
*/
void lstack::display(node **head)
{
node *temp;
temp=*head;
if(sempty(temp))
cout<<”\n the stack is empty!”;
else
{
while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<””<<temp->data;
temp=temp->next;
}

53
}
getch();
}
/*
………………………………..
the main function
…………………………………….
*/
void main()
{
int choice;
char ans,ch;
lstack st;
clrscr();
cout<,”\n\t\t stack using linked list”;
do
{
cout<<”\n\n the main menu”;
cout<<”\n 1.push\n2.pop\n3.display\n4.exit”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:st.create();
break;
case 2:
st.remove();
case 3:
st.show()’
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
}
cout<<”\n do you want to continue>”;
ans=getche();
getch();
clrscr();
}
while(ans==’y’||ans==’Y’);
getch();
}

54
Output:

stack using linked list

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 1
enter the data 10

do you want to continue?

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 1
enter the data 20
do you want to continue? y

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 1
enter the data 30
do you want to continue? y

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 1
enter the data 40

do you want to continue? y

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display

55
4.exit
enter your choice 1
enter the data 50

do you want to continue? y

the main menu

1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 3
50 40 30 20 10
do you want to continue? y
the main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 2
the poped node is 50

do you want to continue? y

the main menu
1.push
2.pop
3.display
4.exit
enter your choice 4

Result:

Thus the Given Program for stack ADT using linked list implementation was
executed successfully.

56
PROGRAM SOURCE FILES FOR STACK APPLICATION1

Aim: To implement the application of stack

Application 1: checking well formedness of parenthesis.

A) STACK IMPLEMENTED AS ARRAYS(USING THE HEADER FILE OF

STACK OPERATIONS)

Step 1: Crate a header file named stack.h . in this frile we will declare the class and all
the stack operations. the implementation of stack is using arrays.

stack.h
#define size 10
class stk_class
{
private:
/*stack structure*/
struct stack{
char s[size];
int top;
}st;
public:
stk_class();
void push(char item);
int stempty();
char pop();
};
stk_class::stk_class()
{
st.top=-1;
}
/* the push function
input:item which is to be pished
output:none –simply pushes the item onto the stack
called by: main
calls: one
*/
void stk_class::push(char item)
{
st.top++;
st.s[st.top]=item;
57
}
/*
the stempty function
input:none
output:returns 1 or 0 for stack empty or not
called by:none
*/
int stk_class::stempty()
{
inr(st.top==-1)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
the stfull function
input:none
coutput:returns 1 or 0 for stack full or not
called by :main
calls:none
*/
int stk_class::stfull()
{
if(st.top==size)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
the pop function
input:none
output:returns the item which is poped from the stack
called by: main
calls:none
*/
char stk_class::pop()
{
char item;
item=st.s[st.top];
st.top--;
return(item);
}

Step 2: Now we will create a stack application program. We have chosen an application
as “checking well formedness of parenthesis” for this application we will use stack

58
operations. These operations are used from the external file stack.h. Hence we will
include this file in the include file section. Here is an application program.

/
************************************************************************
program for checking the well formedness of the parenthesis using stack as arrays.
************************************************************************
/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include “d:\stack.h”
#define size 10
/*
the main function
input:none
ouput:none
called by:O.S
calls:push,pop,stempty
*/
void main(void)
{
char item;
char ans,bracket[10];
stk_class obj;
int I;
clrscr();
cout<,”\n\t\t program for stack application using separate header file”;
cout<<”\n enter the expression and put $at end “;
cin>>bracket;
i=0;
if(bracket[i]==’)’)
cout<<”\n the expressin is invalid”;
else
{
do
{
while(brackt[i]==’(‘)
{
obj.push(bracket[i]);
i++;
}
while(bracket[i]==’)’)
{
item=obj.pop();
i++;

59
}
}
while(brackt[i]!=’$’)
if(!obj.stempty())
cout<<”\n the expression is invalid”;
else
cout<<”\n the expression has well formed parenthesis”;
}
getch();
}

Step 3: Execute above program and following output can be obtained.

Output(run 1)
program for stack application using separate header file
enter the expression and put $ at the end (()(()))$
the expression has well formed parenthesis
Output(run 2)

program for stack application using separate header file

enter the expression and put $ at the end (()()$

the expression in invalid.

Result:

Thus the given program checking well formedness of parenthesis stack implemented as
arrays was executed successfully.

60
B) STACK IMPLEMENTED AS LINKED LIST(USING THE HEADER FILE OF STACK
OPERATION)

step 1:
create a header file named stack. In this file we declare the class and all the stack
operations. The implementation of stack using linked list.

/**********************************
the stack.h file
***********************************/
class stk_class
{
private:
/*data structure for the linked stack*/
typedef struct stack
{
char data;
struct stack * next;
}node;
node *top;
public:
stk_class();
void push(char item);
int sempty();
void pop();
};
stk_class ::stk_class()
{
top=NULL;
}
/* functionality performed on linked stack*/
void stk_class::push(char item)
{
node * New;
New=new node;
if(New==NULL)
cout<<”\n memory cannot be allocated \n”;
else
{
New->data=item;
new->next=top;
top=New;
}
}
/* the sempty function
input: any node for checking the empty condition

61
output:1 or 0 for empty or not condition
called by: main
calls: none
*/
int stk_class::sempty()
{
if(top==NULL)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
/*
………………………………………
the pop function
input: the top of the stack
called by: main
calls:none
……………………………………………*/
void stk_class::pop()
{
node *temp;
temp=top;
top=top->next;
delete temp;}

Step 2:
Now we will create a stack application program. We have chosen an application as
“checking well formedness of parenthesis” for this application we will use stack
operations. These operations are used from the external file stack.h. Hence we will
include this file in the include file section. Here is an application program.

/*…………………………………………………………………………………………
Program for checking the well – formedness of the parenthesis using linked stack.
……………………….…………………………………………………………………..*/

/*include file section*/

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
/* Included linked stack as a header file*/
#include<”d:\stack.h”
/*
the main function
input:none
output:none

62
called by:O.S
calls:push ,pop,sempty
*/
void main(void)
{
char ans,bracket[10];
Char data ,item;
stk_class obj;
int choice;
int I;
clrscr();
cout<<”\n\t\t enter the expression and put $ at the end “;
cin>>bracket;
i=0;
if(bracket[i]==’)’)
cout<<”\n the expression is invalid”;
else
{
do
{
if(bracket[i]==’(‘)
{
obj.push(bracket[i]);
}
else if(bracket[i]==’)’)
{
if(obj.sempty())
{
cout<<”\n the expression is invalid”;
getch();
exit(0);
}
obj.pop();
}
i++;
}
while(bracket[i]!=’$’);
if(obj.sempty())
cout<<”\n the expression is invalid”;
else
cout<<”\n the expression has well formed parenthesis”;
}
getch();
}
Step 3:

63
The above program will be executed to get output as follows

output(run1)
enter the expression and put $ at the end ()()$
the expression has well formed parenthesis

output(run 2)
enter the expression and put $ at the end (()()$
the expression is invalid.

Result:

Thus the given program checking well formedness of parenthesis stack implemented as
Linked List was executed successfully.

64
PROGRAM SOURCE FILES FOR STACK APPLICATION2

Aim: To implement the Postfix expression evaluation of stack application

application 2: Evaluation of postfix expression.

A.USING STACK(IMPLEMENTATION AS ARRAYS)

STEP 1:

/********************************************
stack.h
*********************************************/
#define Max 10
class stk_class
{
/*declaration of stack data structure*/
struct stack
{
double s[MAX];
int top;
}st;
public:
stk_class();
void push(double val);
double pop();
};
stk_class::stk_class()
{
st.top=0;
}
void stk_class::push(double val)
{
if(st.top+1>=MAX)
cout<<”\n stack is full”;
st.top++;
st.s[st.top]=val;
}

double stk_class::pop()
{
double val;
if(st.top==-1)
cout<<”\n stack is empty\n”;
st.top--;
return(val);l
}

65
STEP 2:

/
************************************************************************
program to evaluate a given postfix expression .her the stack using arrays is implemented
in separate file named stack.h
************************************************************************
/

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
/*included the header file as stack using array*/
#define size 80
void main()
{
char exp[size];
int len;
double result;
double post(char exp[]);
clrscr();
cout<<”enter the postfix expression\n”;
cin>>exp;
len=strlen(exp);
exp[len]=’$’;/*append $ at the end a end marker*/
result=post(exp);
cout<<”the value of the expression is”<<result;
getch();
exit(0);
}

double post(char exp[])

{
stk_class obj;
char ch,*type;
double result ,val,op1,op2;
int i;
i=0;
ch=exp[i];
while(ch!=’$’)
{
if(ch>=’0’&&ch<=’9’)
type=””operand”:

66
else if(ch==’+’||ch==’-‘||ch==’^’)
type=”operator”;
if(strcmp(type,”operand”)==0)/* if the character is operator*/
{
val=ch-48;
obj.push(val);
}
else
if(strcmp(type,”operator”)==0)/* if it is operator*/
{
op2=obj.pop();
op1=obj.pop();
switch(ch)
{
case ‘+’:result=op1+op2;
break;
case ‘-‘:result=op1-op2;
break;
case ‘*;:result=op1*op2;
break;
case ‘/’: result=op1/op2;
break;
case ‘^’:result=pow(op1,op2)
break;
}
/*switch*/
obj.push(result);
}
i++;
ch=exp[i];
}/*while*/
result-obj.pop();/*pop the result*/
return(result);
}

Output:

Enter the postfix expression

12+3*
The value of the expression is 9

Result:

Thus the given program Evaluation of postfix expression stack implemented as arrays
was executed successfully.

67
B. STACK IMPLANTED AS LINKED LIST(USE OF SEPARATE HEADER FILE FOR STACK
OPERATIONS)

STEP 1:
/********************************************************************
the stack.h file
**********************************************************************/
class stk_class
{
/* data structure for the linked stack*/
typedef struct stack
{
char data;
struct stack *next;
}node;
public:
node *top;
stk_class();
void push(char item);
char pop();
};
stk_class::stk_class()
{
top=NULL:
}
/* functionality performed on linked linked stack*/
void stk_class::push(char item)
{
node *New;
New=new node;
New->data =Item;
New->next=top;
top=New;
}
char stk_class::pop()
{
char item;
node *temp;
item=top->data;
temp=top;
top=top->next;
delete temp;
return item;
}

68
STEP 2:

/*********************************************************************
program to evaluate a given postfix expression using linked stack.
here stack.h is a user defined header file created for linked stack
**********************************************************************/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
/* included the stack.h file (given below) for linked stack*/
#include”d:\stack.h”
#define size 80
void main()
{
char exp[size];
int len;
double result;
double post(char exp[])
clrscr();
cout<<”enter the postfix expression\n”;
cin>>exp;
len=strlen(exp);
cin>>exp;
len=strlen(exp);
exp[len]=’$’;/*append $at the end as a endmarker*/
result=post(exp);
cout<<”the value of the expression is”<<result;
getch();
exit(0);
}

double post(char exp[])

{
char ch,*type;
double result ,val,oip1,op2;
int I;
stk_class obj;
i=0;
ch=exp[i];
while(ch!=’$’)
{
if(ch>=’0’&&ch<=’9’)

69
type=”operand”;
else if(ch==’+’||ch==’-‘||ch==’*’||ch==’/’||ch==’^’)
type=”operator”;
if(strcmp(type,”operator”)==0) /* if the character is operand*/
{
val=ch-48;
obj.push(val);
}
else
if(strcmp(type,”operator”)==0)/*if it is operator*/
{
op2=obj.pop();
op1=obj.pop();
switch(ch)
{
case ‘+’:result=op1+op2;
break;
case ‘-‘:result=op1-op2;
break;
case ‘*;:result=op1*op2;
break;
case ‘/’: result=op1/op2;
break;
case ‘^’:result=pow(op1,op2)
break;
}
/*switch*/
obj.push(result);
}
i++;
ch=exp[i];
}/*while*/
result-obj.pop();/*pop the result*/
return(result);
}

Output:

enter the expression

12+3*
the value of the expression is 9

Result:

Thus the given program Evaluation of postfix expression stack implemented as Linked
List was executed successfully.

70
QUEUE ADT USING ARRAY IMPLEMENTATION

Aim:
To write a program for Queue using array implementation.

Algorithm:

Step1:Define a array which stores queue elements..

Step 2: The operations on the queue are

a)INSERT data into the queue
b)DELETE data out of queue

Step 3: INSERT DATA INTO queue

3a.Enter the data to be inserted into queue.
3b.If TOP is NULL
the input data is the first node in queue.
the link of the node is NULL.
TOP points to that node.
3c.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP points to the new node.
TOP points to that node.

Step 4: DELETE DATA FROM queue

4a.If TOP is NULL
the queue is empty
4b.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP is the current TOP.
the pervious TOP is popped from queue.

Step 5. The queue represented by linked list is traversed to display its content.

Program:
/******************************************************
Program for implementing the queue using arrays
*******************************************************/

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define size 5
class myq
{
private:
struct queue
{

71
int que[size];
int front ,rear;
}q;
public:
myq();
int qfull();
int insert(int);
int qempty();
int delet();
void display();
};
myq::myq()
{
q.front=-1;
q.rear=-1;
}
/*
the qfull function
input:none
output:1 or 0 for q full or not
called by:main
*/
int myq::qfull()
{
if(q.rear>=size-1)
return 1;
else return 0;
}
/*
the insert function
input: item which is to be insered in the q
output:rear value
called by :main
calls :none
*/
int myq::insert(int item)
{
if(q.front==-1)
q.front++;
q.que[++q.rear]=item;
return q.rear;
}
int myq::qempty()
{
if(q.front==-1||(q.front>q.rear))
return 1;

72
else
return 0;
}
/*
the delete function
input:none
output:front value
called by:main
calls:none
*/
int myq::delet()
{
int item;
item=q.que[q.front];
q.front++;
cout<<”\n the deleted item is”<<item;
return q.front;
}
/*
the display function
input: none
output:none
called by:main
calls:none
*/
void myq::display()
{
int I;
for(i=q.front;i<=q.rear;i++)// printing the queue from front to rear
cout<<””<<q.que[i];
}
void main(void)
{
int choice,item;
char ans;
myq obj;
clrscr();
do
{
cout<<”\n main menu”;
cout<<”\n 1.insert\n 2.delete\n 3.display”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice:”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:

73
if(obj.qfull()) //checking for queue overflow
cout<<?\n cannot insert the element”;
else
{
cout<,”\n enter the number to be insered”;l
cin>.item;
obj.insert(item);
}
break;
case 2:
if(obj.qempty())
cout<<”\n queue underflow!”;
else
obj.delet();
break;
case 3:
if(obj.qempty())
cout<<”\n queue is empty!”;
else
obj.display();
break;
default:cout<<|\n do you want to continue?”;
ans=getche();
}while(ans==’Y’||ans==\y\);
}
Output:

main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display

enter your choice 1

enter the number to be inserted 10
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display

enter your choice 1

enter the number to be inserted 20
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete

74
3.display
enter your choice 1
enter the number to be inserted 30
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display
enter your choice 1
enter the number to be inserted 40
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display

enter your choice 3

10 20 30 40
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display

enter your choice 2

the deleted item is 10
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display
enter your choice 2
the deleted item is 20
do you want to continue?y
main menu
1.insert
2.delete
3.display
enter your choice 3
30 40
do you want to continue?

Result:
Thus the Given Program for Queue using array implementation was executed
successfully.

75
QUEUE ADT OPERATIONS USING LINKED LIST

Aim:
To write a C++ program for Queue using Linked implementation.

Algorithm:

Step1: Define a struct for each node in the queue. Each node in the queue
contains data and link to the next node. Front and rear pointer points to first
and last
node inserted in the queue.

Step 2: The operations on the queue are

a)INSERT data into the queue
b)DELETE data out of queue

Step 3: INSERT DATA INTO queue

3a.Enter the data to be inserted into queue.
3b.If TOP is NULL
the input data is the first node in queue.
the link of the node is NULL.
TOP points to that node.
3c.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP points to the new node.
TOP points to that node.

Step 4: DELETE DATA FROM queue

4a.If TOP is NULL
the queue is empty
4b.If TOP is NOT NULL
the link of TOP is the current TOP.
the pervious TOP is popped from queue.

Step 5. The queue represented by linked list is traversed to display its content.

Program:
/*
**********************************************
Program for implementing the queue using the linked list.
the queue full condition will never occur in this program.
**********************************************
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
//declaration of linked queue data structure

76
class lqueue
{
private:
typedef struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
}Q;
Q *front,*rear;
public:
lqueue();
~ lqueue();
void create(),remove(),show();
void insert();
Q *delet();
void display(Q *);
};
/*
………………………………………
the constructor defined
………………………………………
*/
lqueue::lqueue()
{
front=NULL;
rear=NULL;
}
/*
………………………………………
the create function
………………………………………..
*/
void lqueue::create()
{
insert();
}
/*
………………………………………
the remove function
………………………………………..
*/
void lqueue::remove()
{
front=delet();
}
/*

77
………………………………………
the show function
………………………………………..
*/
void lqueue::show()
{
display(front);
}
/*
………………………………………
the insert function
………………………………………..
*/
void lqueue::insert()
{
char ch;
Q *temp;
clrscr();
temp=new Q;//allocate memory for temp node
temp->next=NULL;
cout<<”\n\n\n insert the element in the queue\n”;
cin>>temp->data;

if(front==NULL)//create first node

{
front=temp;
rear=temp;
}
else
{
rear->next=temp;
rear=rear->next;
}
}

/*
………………………………………
the Qempty function
………………………………………..
*/
int qempty(Q *front)
{
if(front==NULL)
return 1;
else
return 0;

78
}
/*
…………………………………………..
the delete function
…………………………………………..
*/
Q *lqueue::delet()
{
Q *temp;
temp=front;
if(Qempty(front))
{
cout<<”\n\n\t\t sorry ! the queue is empty\n”;
cout<<”\n can not delte the element”;
}
else
{
cout<<”\n\t the deletd element is”<<temp->data;
fron=-front->next;
temp->next=NULL;
delete temp;
}
return front;
}
/*
……………………………………….
the display function
………………………………………..
*/
void lqueue::display(Q *front)
{
if(Qempty(front))
cout<<”\n the queue is empty\n”;
else
{
cout<<”\n\t the display of queue is \n”;
for(;front!=rear->next;front =front ->next)
cout<<”’<<front->data;
}
getch();
}
/*
………………………………………
the destructor defined
………………………………………
*/

79
lqueue::lqueue()
{
if((front!NULL)&&(rear!=NULL))
{
front=NULL;
rear=NULL;
dlete front;
delete rear;
}
}
/*
…………………………………………
the main function
calls: create,remove,show
called by:O.S
…………………………………………
*/
void main(void)
{
char ans;
int choice;
lqueue que;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<”\n \t program for queue using linked list\n”;
cout<<”\n main menu”;
cout<<”\n 1.insert\n2. delete\n3.display”;
cout<<”\n enter your choice”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
que.create();
break;
case 2:
que.remove();
break;
case 3:
que.show();
break;
default:cout<<”\n you have entered wrong choice”<<endl;
break;
}
cout<<”\n do you want main menu?(y/n)”<<endl;
ans=getch();

80
}
while(ans==’y’||ans=’Y’);
getch();
}

Output

program for queue using linked list

main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 1

insert the element in the queue
10
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 1

insert the element in the queue
20
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 1

insert the element in the queue
30
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete

81
3.display

enter your choice 1

insert the element in the queue

40
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 3

the display of queue is

10 20 30 40
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 2

the deleted element is 10

do you want main menu?(y/n)

y
program for queue using linked list
main menu
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 2

the deleted element is 20
do you want main menu?(y/n)
y
program for queue using linked list
main menu

82
1.insert
2. delete
3.display

enter your choice 3

the display of queue is
30 40
do you want to see main menu?(y/n)n

Result:
Thus the given program Queue ADT operations using Linked List was executed
successfully.

83
BINARY SEARCH TREE

Aim:
To write a c program for binary search tree.

Algorithm:

1. Declare function create(),search(),delete(),Display().

2. Create a structure for a tree contains left pointer and right pointer.
3. Insert an element is by checking the top node and the leaf node and the operation
will be performed.
4. Deleting an element contains searching the tree and deleting the item.
5. display the Tree elements.
Program:

/*
******************************************************************
Program for implementation of binary search tree and perform insertion
,deletion,searching,display of tree.
******************************************************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class bintree
{
typedef struct bst
{
int data;
struct bst,*left,*right;
}
node;
node *root,*new,*temp,*parent;
public:
bintree()
{
root=NULL;
}
void create();
void display();
void delet();
void find();
void insert(node *,node*);
void inorder)node *);
void search(node**,int,node **);
void del(node *,int);

84
};
void bintree::create()
{
New=new node;
New->left=NULL;
New->right=NULL;
cout<<”\n enter the element”;
cin>>New->data;
if(root==NULL)
root=New;
else
insert(root,New);
}
void bintree::insert(node *root,node *New)
{
if(New->data<root->data)
{
if(root->left==NULL)
root->left=New;
else
insert(root->left,New);
}
if(New->data>root->data)
{
if(root->right==NULL)root->right=New;
else
insert(root->right,New);
}
}
voi bintree::display()
{
if(root==NULL)
cout<<”tree is not created”;
else
{
cout<<”\n the tree is:”;
inorder(root);
}
}
void bintree::inorder(node *temp)
{
if(temp!NULL)
{
inorder(temp->left);
cout<<””<<temp->data;
inorder(temp->righ);

85
}
}
void bintree::find()
{
int key;
cout <<”\n enter the element which you want to search”;
cin>>key;
temp=root;
search(&temp,key,&parent);
if(temp==NULL)
cout<<”\n element is not present”;
else
cout<<”\n parent of node “<<temp->data<<”is”<<parent->data;
}
void bintreee::search(node **temp,int key,node ** parent)
{
if(*temp==NULL)
cout<<endL<<”tree is not created”<<endl;
else
{
while(*temp!=NULL)
{
if(*temp)->data==key)
{
cout<<”\n the”<<(*temp)->data<<”element is present”;
break;
}
*parent=*temp;//stores the parent value
if(*temp)->data>key)
*temp=(*temp)->left;
else
*temp=(*temp)->right;
}
}
return;
}
void bintree::delet()
{
int key;
cout<<”\n emter the element you want to delente”;
cin>>key;
if(key==root->data)
{
bintree();// assigning a value NULL to root
}
else

86
del(root,key);}
/*
************************************************************************
This function is for deleting a node from binary search tree . there exits three possible
cases for deleting of a node
************************************************************************
**/
void bintree::del(node *root,int key)
{
node *temp_succ;
if(root==NULL)
cout<<”tree is not created”;
else
{
temp=root;
search(&temp,key,&parent);
//temp node is to be deleted
/*deleting a node with two children*/
if(temp->left!=NULL&&temp->right!=NULL)
{
parent=temp;
temp_succ=temp_succ->left;
while(temp_succ->left!=NULL)
{
parent=temp_succ;
temp_succ=temp_succ->left;
}
temp->data=temp_succ->data; //copyng the immediate successor
temp->right-NULL:
cout<<””now deleted it!”;
return;
}
/* deleting a node having only one child*?
/*the node to be deleted has left child*/
if(temp->left!=NULL&&temp->right==NULL)
{
if(parent->left==temp)
parent->left=temp->left;
else
parent->right=temp->left;
temp=NULL;
delte temp;
cout<<”now deleted it!”;
return;
}
/*the node to be deleted has right child*/

87
if(temp->left==NULL&&temp->right!=NULL)
{
if(parent->left==temp)
parent->left=temp->right;
else
parent->right=temp->right;
temp=NULL;
delete temp;
cout<<”now deleted it!”;
return;
}
/*deleting a node which is having no child*/
if(temp->left==NULL&&temp->right==NULL)
{
if(parent->left==temp)
parent->left=NULL;
else
parent->right=NULL;
cout<<”now deleted it!”;
return;
}
}
}
void main()
{
int choice;
char ans=’N’;
bintree tr;
cout<<”\n\t program for binary search tree”;
do
{
cout<<”\n1.create\n2.search\n3.delete\n4.display”;
cout<<”\n\n wnter your choice:”;
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1:do
{
tr.create();
cout<<”do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)”<<endl;
ans=getche();
}
while(ans==’y’);
break;
case 2:tr.find();
break;

88
case 3:
tr.delet();
break;
case 4:
tr.display();
break;
}}
while(choice!=5);
}

Output:
program for binary search tree
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 1

enter the element 10

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)
y
enter the element 8
do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)
y
enter the element 7

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)

y
enter the element 9

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)

y
enter the element 12

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)

y
enter the element 11

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)

y
enter the element 13

do you want to enter more elements”(y/n)

n

89
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 4

the tree is: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 2

enter the element which you want to search 13

the 13 element is present
parent of node 13 is 12
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 3

enter the element you wish to delete 12

the 12 element is present now deleted it!
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 4

the tree is : 7 8 9 10 11 13
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 3

enter the element you wish to delete 11

the 11 element is present now deleted it!
1.create
2.search

90
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 4

the tree is : 7 8 9 10 13
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 3

enter the element you wish to delete 7

the 7 element is present now deleted it!
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 4

the tree is : 8 9 10 13
1.create
2.search
3.delete
4.display

enter your choice 5

Result:

Thus the Given Program Binary Search Tree was executed successfully.

91
HEAP SORT

Aim:
To write a c program to perform heap sort.

Algorithm:
1. Get the size of the array from the user.
2. Get the elements to be sorted.
3. Sorting is performed when we call the heap sort function.
4. Now the array is contained with sorted elements.
5. Display the sorted elements.

Program:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 10
class heap
{
private:
int arr[MAX];
int n;
public:
Heap();
void insert(int num);
void makespace();
void heapsort();
void display();
};
heap::heap()
{
n=0;
for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
arr[i]=0;
}
void heap::insert(int num)
{
if(n<Max)
{
arr[n]=num;
n++;
}
else
cout<<”\n array is full”;
}
void heap::makeheap()

92
{
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
{
int val =arr[i];
int j=I;
int f=(j-1)/2;
while(j>0&&arr[f]<val)//creating a MAX heap
{
arr[j]=arr[f];
j=f;
f=(j-1)/2;
}arr[j]=val;
}}
void heap::heapsprt()
{
for(int i=n-1;i>0;i--)
{
int temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[0];
int k=0;
int j;
if(i==1)
j=-1;
else
j=1;
if(i>2&&arr[2]>arr[1])
j=2;
while(j>=0&&temp<arr[j])
{
arr[k]=arr[j];
k=j;
j=2*k+1;
if(j+1<=i-1&&arr[j]<arr[j+1])
j++;
if(j>i-1)
j=-1;
}
arr[k]=temp;
}
}
void heap::display()
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
cout<<”\n”<<arr[i];
cout<<”\n”;
}

93
void main()
{
heap obj;
obj.insert(14);
obj.insert(12);
obj.insert(9);
obj.insert(8);
obj.insert(7);
obj.insert(10);
obj.insert(18);
cout<<”\n the elements are …..”<<endl;
obj.display();
odj.makeheap();
cout<<”\n heapified”<<endl;
obj.display();
obj.heapsort();
cout<<”\n elements sorted by heap sort…”<<endl;
obj.display();
getch();
}
Output:
the elements are….
14
12
9
8
7
10
heapified
12
14
8
7
9
10
Elements sorted by heap sort
7
8
9
10
12
14

Result: Thus the Given Program Heap Sort was executed successfully.

94
QUICK SORT

Aim:
To write a c program to perform quick sort.

Algorithm:
1. Get the value of how many no. to be sorted.

2. Get the elements from the user.

3. Two function quicksort() and swap(). Quick sort to perform sorting.

4. Swap() is just to rearrange the values.

5. Quick sort algorithm works by partitioning the array to be sorted, then recursively

sorting each partition.

6. Display the sorted value.

Program:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define SIZE 10
class quick
{
int arr[SIZE];
public:
int get_data(int);
void quicksort(int ,int);
int partition(int,int);
void swap)int ,int);
void display(int);
};
/*
this function is to input the elements
*/
int quick::get_data(int n)
{
int i
cout<<”\n enter total numbers to sort:”;
cin>>n;
for(i-0;i<n;i++)

95
{
cout<<”\n enter element”;
cin>>arr[i];
}
return n;
}
/*
this function is to sort the elements in a sublist
*/
void quick::quicksort(int p,int q)
{
int j;
if(p<q)
{
j=partition(p,q+1);// setting pivot element
quicksort(p,j-1);//splitting of list
quicksort(j_1,q);//splitting of list
}}
/*
this function is to partition a list and decide the pivot element
*/
int quick::partition(int m,int p)
{
int pivot=arr[m];
int i=m.j=p;
do
{
do
{
i++;
}
while(arr[i]<pivot);
do
{
j--;
}while(arr[j]>pivot);
if(i<j)
swap(I,j);
}while(i<j);
arr[m]=arr[j];
arr[j]=pivot;
return j;
}
void quick::swap(int I,int j)
{
int p;

96
p=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=p;
}
void quick::display(int n)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
cout<<”’<<arr[i]’
}
void main()
{
quick obj;// for integer elements
int n,I;
clrscr();
cout<,”\n \t\t\quick sort method\n”;
n=obj.get_data(n);
obj.quicksort(0,n-1);
cout<<”\n\\t sorted array is:\n”;
obj.display(n);
getch();
}

Output
enter total numbers to sort: 5
enter element 30
enter element 50
enter element 10
enter element 20
enter element 40
sorted array is
10 20 30 40 50

Result:

Thus the Given Program quick sort was implemented successfully.

97