WELDING

HARDOX

Welding Hardox 1
WELD
WITH
EASE
Welding Hardox wear plate
Hardox wear plate combines unique performance with exceptional
weldability. Any conventional welding methods can be used for
welding these steels to any type of weldable steel.

This brochure contains useful tips and information for anyone

who wants to simplify and boost the efficiency of their welding
processes. It offers advice on preheat and interpass temperatures,
heat input, welding consumables and more. With this practical
information, every user can gain the full benefit of the unique
properties of Hardox steels.

CONTENTS
Getting the best welding results 5

Welding consumables 5

Requirements on hydrogen content of unalloyed and low-alloyed welding consumables 6

Stainless steel welding consumables 7

Shielding gas 8

Heat input 9

Cooling time t8/5 10

Welding sequence and root opening size 11

Hydrogen cracking 11

Preheat and interpass temperatures 12

Attaining and measuring the preheat temperature 14

Hard facing 15

Recommendations for minimizing distortion 16

Welding on Hardox primer 19

Post-weld heat treatment 19

Welding Hardox 3
Hardox
Users all over the world place their trust in
the Hardox wear plate family from SSAB
when fighting wear. Hardox boosts perfor-
mance and maximizes uptime in applications
like excavators, front wheel loaders, tipper
bodies, mining trucks, conveyors, chutes,
containers, crushers, fragmentizers, mixers,
sieves, demolition tools and barges. Hardox
wear plates can withstand the challenges of
any harsh climate, terrain or environment.
During manufacturing and in the workshop,
Hardox cuts lead times and production costs.

Hardox has come a long way from its early

years. It comes in a much wider range, and
the traditional Hardox wear plate is also
available as wear-resistant tubes, round
bars and even strip steel. For comprehensive
information about the Hardox product
program, including steel grades and qualities,
delivery conditions, technical data, and
application cases, visit ssab.com.

The information contained in

this brochure is provided only as
general information. SSAB AB
accepts no responsibility for the
suitability or appropriateness
for any specific application.
As such, the user is responsible for
any and all necessary adaptations
and/or modifications required for
specific applications.

4 Welding Hardox
Getting the best welding results
Clean the weld area to remove moisture, oil, corrosion or any impurities prior to welding. In
addition to good welding hygiene, make sure you consider the following aspects:
4 Choice of welding consumables
4 Preheat and interpass temperatures
4 Heat input
4 Weld sequence and size of root gap in the joint

Welding consumables
Strength of unalloyed and low-alloyed welding consumables
Unalloyed and low-alloyed consumables with a maximum tensile strength of 500 MPa
(72 ksi) are generally recommended for Hardox. Consumables of higher strength (Re max.
900 MPa/130 ksi) may be used for Hardox 400 and 450 in the thickness range 0.7 6.0 mm
(0.028 0.236). Low-alloyed consumables result in higher hardness of the weld metal
which can reduce the wear rate of the weld metal. If the wear properties of the weld metal
are essential, the top cap of the joint could be welded with consumables used for hardfacing;
see the chapter Hard facing on page 15. In addition, recommended consumables for
Hardox steels and their designations according to AWS and EN classifications can be found
in Table 1 on page 6.

Welding Hardox 5
Table 1: Recommended consumables for Hardox wear plate

Welding method AWS classification EN classification

MAG/ GMAW, solid wire AWS A5.28 ER70X-X EN ISO 14341-A- G 38x

AWS A5.28 ER80X-X EN ISO 14341-A- G 42x

MAG/ MCAW, metal cored wire AWS A5.28 E7XC-X EN ISO 17632-A- T 42xH5

AWS A5.28 E8XC-X EN ISO 17632-A- T 46xH5

MAG/ FCAW, flux cored wire AWS A5.29 E7XT-X EN ISO 17632 -A- T 42xH5

AWS A5.29 E8XT-X EN ISO 17632 -A- T 46xH5

MMA (SMAW, stick) AWS A5.5 E70X EN ISO 2560-A- E 42xH5

AWS A5.5 E80X EN ISO 2560-A- E 46xH5

SAW AWS A5.23 F49X EN ISO 14171-A- S 42x

AWS A5.23 F55X EN ISO 14171-A- S 46x

TIG/ GTAW AWS A5.18 ER70X EN ISO 636-A- W 42x

AWS A5.28 ER80X EN ISO 636-A- W 46x

Note: X stands for one or more characters

Requirements on hydrogen content

of unalloyed and low-alloyed welding
consumables
The hydrogen content should be lower than or equal to 5 ml of hydrogen per 100 g of weld
metal when welding with unalloyed or low-alloyed welding consumables.
Solid wire used in MAG/ GMA and TIG/ GTA welding can produce these low hydrogen contents
in weld metal. Hydrogen content for other types of welding consumables should be obtained
from the respective manufacturers.
If consumables are stored in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations, the
hydrogen content will be maintained to meet the requirement stated above. This also applies
to all coated consumables and fluxes.

6 Welding Hardox
Stainless steel welding consumables
Consumables of austenitic stainless steels can be used for welding all Hardox products,
as shown in Table 2. They allow welding at room temperature 520C (41 68 F) without
preheating, except for Hardox 600 and Hardox Extreme.
SSAB recommends giving first preference to consumables in accordance with AWS 307
and second preference to those in accordance with AWS 309. These types of consumables
have a yield strength of up to approximately 500 MPa (72 ksi) in all weld metal.
The AWS 307 type can withstand hot cracking better than AWS 309. It should be noted that
manufacturers seldom specify the hydrogen content of stainless steel consumables, since
hydrogen does not affect the performance as much as it does in unalloyed and low-alloyed
consumables. SSAB does not impose any restrictions on the maximum hydrogen content
for these types of consumables.

Table 2: Recommended stainless steel consumables for Hardox wear plate

Welding method AWS classification EN classification

MAG/ GMAW, solid wire AWS 5.9 ER307 Recommended:

EN ISO 14343-A: B 18 8 Mn/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS307
Suitable:
EN ISO 14343-A: B 23 12 X/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS309X
MAG/ MCAW, metal cored wire AWS 5.9 EC307 Recommended:
EN ISO 17633-A: T 18 8 Mn/
EN ISO 17633-B: TS307
Suitable:
EN ISO 17633-A: T 23 12 X/
EN ISO 17633-B: TS309X
MAG/ FCAW, flux cored wire AWS 5.22 E307T-X Recommended:
EN ISO 17633-A: T 18 8 Mn/
EN ISO 17633-B: TS307
Suitable:
EN ISO 17633-A: T 23 12 X/
EN ISO 17633-B: TS309X
MMA/ SMAW, stick AWS 5.4 E307-X Recommended:
EN ISO 3581-A: 18 18 Mn/
EN ISO 3581-B: 307
Suitable:
EN ISO 3581-A: 22 12 X/
EN ISO 3581-B: 309X
SAW AWS 5.9 ER307 Recommended:
EN ISO 14343-A: B 18 8 Mn/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS307
Suitable:
EN ISO 14343-A: S 23 12 X/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS309X
TIG/ GTAW AWS 5.9 ER307 Recommended:
EN ISO 14343-A: W 18 8 Mn/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS307
Suitable:
EN ISO 14343-A: W 23 12 X/
EN ISO 14343-B: SS309X

Note: X stands for one or more characters

Welding Hardox 7
Shielding gas
Shielding gases for Hardox wear plate are generally the same as usually selected for
unalloyed and low-alloyed steels.
Shielding gases used for MAG/ GMA-welding of Hardox steels usually contain a mixture
of argon (Ar) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A small amount of oxygen (O2) is sometimes used
together with Ar and CO2 in order to stabilize the arc and reduce the amount of spatter. A
shielding gas mixture of about 1820% CO2 in argon is recommended for manual welding,
which facilitates good penetration in the material with a reasonable amount of spatter. If
automatic or robot welding is used, a shielding gas containing 810% CO2 in argon could be
used in order to optimize the weld result with regards to the productivity and spatter le-
vel. Effects of various shielding gas mixtures can be seen in Figure 1. Recommendations for
shielding gas in different welding methods can be found in Table 3. Shielding gas mixtures
mentioned in Table 3 are general mixtures that can be used for both short-arc and spray-arc
welding.

Figure 1: Shielding gas mixtures and their effect on the welding operation

- Stable arc - Good side wall

- Reduced amount of spatter penetration
- Reduced amount of slag Ar/CO2 CO2 - Reduced amount of
- Increased productivity porosity
- Less risk for lack of
fusion

Table 3: Examples of shielding gas mixtures and recommendations

Welding method Arc type Position Shielding gas

MAG/ GMAW, solid wire Short Arc All positions 18 25% CO2 in Ar
MAG/ MCAW, metal cored wire Short Arc All positions 18 25% CO2 in Ar
MAG/ GMAW, solid wire Spray Arc Horizontal 15 20% CO2 in Ar
MAG/ GMAW, FCAW Spray Arc All positions 15 20% CO2 in Ar
MAG/GMAW, MCAW Spray Arc Horizontal 15 20% CO2 in Ar
Robotic and automated
Spray Arc Horizontal 8 18 % CO2 in Ar
MAG/GMAW
TIG/ GTAW All positions 100% Ar

Note: Gas mixtures including three components, i.e. O2, CO2, in Ar are sometimes used in order to
optimize the weld properties.

In all welding methods based on shielding gas, the flow of shielding gas depends on the
welding situation. As a general guideline, the shielding gas flow in l/min should be set to the
same value as the inside diameter of the gas nozzle measured in mm.

8 Welding Hardox
Heat input
Heat input (Q) is the amount of energy applied to the base material per length unit. Heat
input is calculated according to the formula below:

Q = Heat input kJ/mm (kJ/inch)

k = Arc efficiency (dimensionless)
k U I 60
Q = kJ/mm U = Voltage
v 1000 I = Current
v = Travel speed mm/min (inch/min)

Various welding processes have different thermal efficiency. Table 4 describes approximate
values for different welding methods.

Table 4: Thermal efficiency of different welding methods

Weld method Thermal efficiency (k)

MAG/ GMAW 0.8

MMA/ SMAW 0.8
SAW 1.0
TIG/ GTAW 0.6

Excessive heat input increases the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ), which in turn
impairs the mechanical properties as well as the wear resistance of the HAZ. Welding with
low heat input provides benefits like these:
4 Increased wear resistance of the HAZ
4 Decreased distortion (single-pass welded joints)
4 Increased toughness of the joint
4 Increased strength of the joint
A very low heat input might, however, negatively affect the impact toughness (t8/5 values below
3 seconds). Figure 2 indicates the recommended maximum heat input (Q) for Hardox.

Welding Hardox 9
Figure 2: Recommended maximum heat input for Hardox wear plate

Cooling time t8/5

The cooling time (t8/5) is the time that it takes for the weld to cool from 800 500C
(1472 932F), and it represents the key element of the final microstructure in the weld.
Recommended cooling times are often provided for structural steels in order to optimize
the weld process for a certain requirement, such as meeting the minimum impact toughness.
Recommended maximum cooling times for different Hardox grades are available in SSABs
WeldCalc software. Contact your local SSAB sales representative to find out more about
WeldCalc.

10 Welding Hardox
Welding sequence and root opening size
Before tack welding, it is important to maintain a root opening between base plates
not exceeding 3 mm (1/8); see Figure 3. Aim for as uniform a gap size along the joint
as possible. Also, avoid weld start and weld stops in highly stressed areas. If possible, the
start and stop procedures should be at least 50 100 mm (2 4) from a corner; see
Figure 3. When welding to the edge of plates, a runoff weld tab would be beneficial.

Figure 3: Avoid start and stops in highly stressed areas like corners. Gap size should not
exceed 3 mm (1/8).

Max. gap of 3 mm (1/8)

Hydrogen cracking
Due to a relatively low carbon equivalent, Hardox resists hydrogen cracking better
than other wear-resistant steels.

Minimize the risk of hydrogen cracking by following these

recommendations:
4 Preheat the weld area to the recommended minimum temperature.
4 Measure the preheat temperature according to SSAB recommendations.
4 Use processes and consumables that provide a maximum hydrogen content of
5ml/100g weld metal.
4 Keep the joint clear from impurities like rust, grease, oil or frost.
4 Use only classifications for weld consumables recommended by SSAB.
4 Apply a proper welding sequence in order to minimize residual stresses.
4 Avoid a root opening size exceeding 3 mm (1/8); see Figure 3.

Welding Hardox 11
Preheat and interpass temperatures
It is essential to follow the recommended minimum preheat temperature as well as the
procedure for obtaining and measuring the temperature in and around the joint in order to
avoid hydrogen cracking.

Influence of alloying elements on the selections of preheat and

interpass temperatures
A unique combination of alloying elements optimizes the mechanical properties of Hardox.
This combination governs preheat and interpass temperatures of Hardox steel during
welding, and can be used to calculate the carbon equivalent. Carbon equivalent is usually
expressed as CEV or CET according to the formulas below.

CEV= C+ Mn + (Mo+Cr+V) + (Ni+Cu) (%)

6 5 15

CET= C+ (Mn + Mo) + (Cr+Cu) + Ni (%)

10 20 40

The alloying elements are specified in the mill certificate of the plate and are stated in
weight percentages in these two formulas. A higher carbon equivalent usually requires a
higher preheat and interpass temperature. The typical carbon equivalent for Hardox is
stated in in SSABs product data sheets at www.ssab.com under Products>Brands>Hardox.

Preheat and interpass temperatures for Hardox

Minimum recommended preheat and maximum interpass temperatures during welding are
given in Tables 5a, 5b and 6. Unless otherwise stated, these values are applicable for welding
with unalloyed and low-alloyed welding consumables.
4 When plates of different thicknesses but of the same steel grade are welded together, the
thicker plate determines the required preheat and interpass temperatures; see Figure 4.
4 When different steel types are welded together, the plate requiring the highest preheat
temperature determines the required preheat and interpass temperatures.
4 Table 5 is applicable for heat inputs of 1.7 kJ/mm (43.2 kJ/inch) or higher. If heat inputs
of 1.0 1.69 kJ/mm (25.4 42.9 kJ/inch) are used, we recommend that you increase the
temperature by 25C (77F) above the recommended preheat temperature.
4 If a lower heat input than 1.0 kJ/mm (25.4 kJ/inch) is applied, we recommend that you
use SSABs WeldCalc software to calculate the recommended minimum preheating
temperature.
4 If the ambient humidity is high or the temperature is below 5C (41F), the lowest
r ecommended preheat temperatures given in Table 5a and 5b should be increased by
25C (77F).
4 For double V-butt welds in thicknesses above 30 mm (1.181), we recommend that the root
pass is shifted approximately 5 mm (0.197) away from the centerline of the plate.

12 Welding Hardox
Table 5a: Recommended preheating temperatures. The single plate thickness in millimeters is shown on the x-axis.

Minimum recommended preheat and interpass temperatures for different single plate thicknesses (mm)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 120 130 160

Hardox HiTemp 75C 100C 125C 150C 175C 200C

Hardox HiTuf 100C 125C

Hardox 400 75C 100C 175C 200C

Hardox 450 125C 150C

Hardox 500 175C 200C 103 mm

Hardox 550 125C 175C 200C

Hardox 600 150C 175C

Hardox 600 100C
Stainless steel consumables
Hardox Extreme 100C
Stainless steel consumables

Room temperature (approx. 20C) Outside the size range Only stainless steel consumables
Preheat and interpass temperature at least 100C

Table 5b: Recommended preheating temperatures. The single plate thickness in inches is shown on the x-axis.

Minimum recommended preheat and interpass temperatures for different single plate thicknesses (inch)
0 0.39 0.79 1.18 1.58 1.97 2.36 2.76 3.15 3.54 4.72 5.12 6.30

Hardox HiTemp 167F 212F 257F 302F 347F 392F

Hardox HiTuf 212F 257F

Hardox 400 167F 212F 347F 392F

Hardox 450 257F 302F

Hardox 500 347F 392F 4.05

Hardox 550 257F 347F 392F

Hardox 600 302F 347F

Hardox 600 212F
Stainless steel consumables
Hardox Extreme 212F
Stainless steel consumables

Room temperature (approx. 68F) Outside the size range Only stainless steel consumables
Preheat and interpass temperature at least 212F

Figure 4: Schematic drawing showing single plate thickness -

t1=t2 The single plate thickness is t1=t2 The single plate thickness is t1<t2 In this case, the single plate
t1 or t2, provided that the same t1 or t2, provided that the same thickness is t2, provided that the
steel type is used. steel type is used. same steel type is used.

Welding Hardox 13
The interpass temperature shown in Table 6 is the maximum recommended temperature
in the joint (on top of the weld metal) or immediately adjacent to the joint (start position),
just before start of next weld pass.

Table 6: Maximum recommended interpass temperature/preheating temperature.

Hardox HiTemp 300C (572F)

Hardox HiTuf** 300C (572F)

Hardox 400 225C (437F)

Hardox 450 225C (437F)

Hardox 500 225C (437F)

Hardox 550 225C (437F)

** Interpass temperatures of up to
Hardox 600 225C (437F)
approx. 400C (752F) can be used
Hardox Extreme 100C (212F) in certain cases for Hardox HiTuf.
In such cases, use WeldCalc.

The minimum recommended preheat and maximum interpass temperatures shown in Tables
5 and 6 are not affected at heat inputs higher than 1.7 kJ/mm (43.2 kJ/inch). The information
is based on the assumption that the welded joint is allowed to air cool to ambient tempera-
ture. Note that these recommendations also apply to tack welds and root runs. In general,
each of the tack welds should be at least 50 mm (2) long. For joints with plate thicknesses
of up to 8 mm (0.31), shorter tack lengths may be used. The distance between tack welds
can be varied as required.

Attaining and measuring the preheat

temperature
The required preheat temperature can be Figure 5: Example of electrical heating mats
achieved in several ways. Electric prehea-
ter elements (Figure 5) around the pre-
pared joint are often best, since uniform
heating of the area can be obtained. The
temperature should be monitored by using,
for example, a contact thermometer.
We suggest that you measure the recom-
mended preheating temperature on the
opposite side of the heating operation;
see Figure 6.

14 Welding Hardox
Figure 6: Recommended preheating operation

Measure the preheat

temperature here

75 mm (3)

Intended
weld joint

Area which should obtain the

minimum required preheating
temperature

75 mm (3) 75 mm (3)

Measure the preheat temperature here

A minimum waiting time of 2 min/25 mm (2 min/ 1 inch) thickness should be conducted

before measuring the preheating temperature. The minimum preheating temperature should
be obtained in an area of 75 + 75 mm (3+ 3) around the intended weld joint; see Figure 6.

Hard facing
If the weld joint is located in an area with the expectation of high wear, you can employ
hardfacing with special consumables to increase the wear resistance of the weld metal.
Both the instructions for joining and hardfacing for Hardox should be followed. Some
consumables for hardfacing require a very high preheat temperature that may exceed the
maximum recommended interpass temperature for Hardox steel. It is worth noting that
using a preheat temperature above the maximum recommended interpass temperature
for Hardox steel may reduce the hardness of the base plate and result in deterioration of
wear resistance of the preheated area.
Minimum and maximum preheat temperatures are the same as for conventional types
of welding; see Tables 5a and 5b. See Figure 7 for the definition of single plate thickness
for hard facing situations.

Welding Hardox 15
Figure 7: Definition of single plate thickness
It is beneficial to weld a
buffer layer with extra
high toughness between
the ordinary welded
joint or plate and the
A
hard facing. The choice
of consumables for the
Steel substrate A = Single plate thickness buffer layer should follow
the welding recommen-
dations for Hardox wear
plate. Stainless steel
consumables in accor-
Figure 8: Example of welding sequence using consumables for
buffer layer and hard facing dance with AWS 307 and
AWS 309 should prefera-
bly be used for the buffer
layer; see Figure 8.
Hard facing Buffer layer

Steel substrate

Recommendations for minimizing

distortion
The amount of distortion during and after welding is related to the base plate thickness and
welding procedure. Distortion becomes more obvious in thinner gauges, while heavy defor-
mation or even burn-through can cause problems and can compromise the whole structure.

Minimize the amount of distortion during welding by following

these recommendations:
4 Weld with a heat input as low as possible (single pass welded joints).
4 Minimize the cross sectional area; see Figure 9.
4 Prebend, clamp or angle the parts before welding in order to compensate
for the deformation; see Figure 10.
4 Avoid an irregular root opening.
4 Use symmetrical welds; see Figure 9.
4 Minimize reinforcements and optimize the throat thickness of the fillet welds.
4 Weld from rigid areas to loose ends.
4 Decrease spacing between the tack welds.
4 Use a back-step welding technique; see Figures 11-12.

16 Welding Hardox
Figure 9: Cross section of the weld and how it influences the angle deviation

a1

b1

a2

b2

5
2
1
3
4

Figure 10: Presetting of a fillet joint and a single-V butt joint.

Before welding After welding

Tack weld plates in

this position for fillet
welding here

Welding Hardox 17
Figure 11: Use a symmetrical weld sequence

8 6 4 2 1 3 5 7

8 6 4 2 1 3 5 7

Figure 12: Example of back step welding technique

1 2

Weld sequence Weld sequence

4 3

5 6

8 7

18 Welding Hardox
Welding on Hardox primer
You can weld directly on Hardox primer thanks to its low zinc content. The primer can be
easily brushed or ground away in the area around the joint; see Figure 13. Removing primer
prior to welding can be beneficial, since it can minimize the porosity in the weld and can
facilitate out-of-position welding. If primer remains on the weld surface, then the sub-
surface and surface porosity of the weld may be slightly higher. FCAW with basic flux offers
the lowest porosity. It is important to maintain good ventilation in all welding processes to
avoid the harmful effect the primer could have on the welder and surroundings.

Figure 13: The primer is easy to brush away if necessary

Post-weld heat treatment

Hardox HiTuf can be stress relieved by post-weld heat treatment, although this is seldom
necessary. Other Hardox steels should not use this method for stress relieving, since this may
impair the mechanical properties. For more information, consult the Welding Handbook from
SSAB. You can order it at www.ssab.com.

Welding Hardox 19
SSAB is a Nordic and US-based steel company. SSAB offers value added

103-en- Welding Hardox new- V1-2016-Solodesign AB

products and services developed in close cooperation with its customers
to create a stronger, lighter and more sustainable world. SSAB has
employees in over 50 countries. SSAB has production facilities in Sweden,
Finland and the US. SSAB is listed on the Nasdaq OMX Nordic Exchange
in Stockholm and has a secondary listing on the Nasdaq OMX in Helsinki.

SSAB
SE-613 80 Oxelsund
Sweden

T +46 155 25 40 00
F +46 155 25 40 73
[email protected]

www.ssab.com