Lab 22.

Problem:
How do the number and types of air particulates differ in areas around the school?

Materials:
Masking tape
5 microscope slides
Petroleum jelly
5 Petri dishes with lids
Binocular microscope or hand lens

Hypothesis:
I think that the area with the most air particulates accumulated and the highest air pollution will
be the the buses, where there is human and exhaust traffic.
Procedure:
Make separate particulate collectors by writing group name on masking tape
labels, and sticking the labels to an end of each slide
Smear the center of each slide with a thin layer of petroleum jelly
Leave them exposed to the air at a few different locations where particulate
levels may differ.
Write the locations on the labels
Retrieve the particulate collectors anywhere between 25 mins and 5 days later
Examine the slides with a microscope set at a lower power or a hand lens. Move
the slides around and count the number of particulates that fell on each one.

Analysis:
1. The purpose of the control was to be able to compare the amount of particulates
that were accumulated from the different locations and how they vary.
2. I found a couple particulates in 2 of the samples. I said the the ones that look like
small black dots are the pollutants because the other particulates I found just looked dirt.
3. I chose an area that had low traffic (shipping containers in back of school), high
exhaust and human traffic (buses in front of school), and high exhaust traffic (hill by
Niwot road). The greatest number of air particulates was the low traffic and the high
exhaust traffic area. Surprisingly the sample with the least amount of air particulates was
the one that was around high exhaust traffic and human traffic.
Conclusion
The results of the experiment did not support my hypothesis because I thought it was
probable that the highest amount of air particulates/pollution would be where there is both high
human and exhaust traffic although during the experiment it snowed over the span of some of
the days. The petroleum jelly may not have been very exposed to the air.

Lab 3.2
Glacier Movement Lab (3.2)
Hypothesis:
Erratics are large boulders whose sediment doesn't originate from the surrounding rocks or
sediment. It would be hypothesized that these large boulders are formed from the combination
of most (or many) of the small rocks and or sediment that are pushed by glaciers. If these
boulders are formed out of eroded rocks from glaciers then it would be estimated a significant
higher quantity of erratics would be present around glaciers, because more foreign sediment
would be present surrounding these glaciers. This would be an accurate representation of how
erratics are formed because, based on the experiments, much of the sediment near - or around,
glaciers would be displaced to its sides and would be able to gather together and form erratics.

Materials:
Rocks, sand, gravel
Metal pie tin
Flat piece of wood(at least 20cm by 40cm)

Procedure:
1. Put rocks, sand, and gravel in the pie tin, slightly higher than the top of the sides
of the tin.
2. Pour water into the pie tin almost to the top.
3. Freeze the pie tin for 24 hours.
4. Scatter small rocks and sand over the surface of the wood.
5. Remove the pie tin from the freezer. Invert the pie tin on one end of the wood.
6. Push the pie in a straight line along the surface of the wood. Apply moderate
downward pressure to imitate the weight of a glacier. Observe what happens to the
rocks on the woods surface.
7. Re-scatter the rocks and repeat step 6 two more times.
8. Remove all objects from the wood, and note the appearance of the woods
surface. Record your observations and compare the wood to its original condition.
Conclusions
Glaciers affect the Earths surface by moving and displacing materials in their path. The
experiment showed this with small rocks and a frozen glacier. Glaciers affect the surface of the
earth by pushing rocks and boulders, or other sediment, into each other and creating other
obstructions for ice or [Link] the glacier moves over the Earth's crust, it also scars the
bedrock or the ground beneath it, by ripping it away as it slides.

Lab 15.2
Hypothesis
I predict, (based on my background knowledge) that the coal will dissolve through the paper
towel and the water and will affect the water quality of the experiment and make the water
slightly more basic. I also predict the pyrite will seep through and will acidify the water. Based
on this I believe it will be evident that dissolving coal or other minerals in water is quite
dangerous to animal or human populations.
Materials
1. Three 250 ml beakers
2. Masking tape
3. Grease pencil
4. Paper towels
5. Rock hammer
6. Pyrite
7. Sulfur coal
8. Water
9. Litmus paper

Procedure
1. Make a data table on a separate piece of paper to record your observations.
2. Label the 3 jars Pyrite, Coal, and Water. Also label the jars with your group name
or your own name.
3. Wrap some pyrite in a cloth. Crush the pyrite with a hammer. Place the crushed
pyrite in its jar.
4. Repeat step 3, using coal instead of pyrite.
5. Drip tap water over the pyrite and coal until they are submerged in the jars. Pour
tap water into the last jar.
6. Set the jars in the sun or a warm place for 3 days.
7. After 3 days, test the water in each jar with blue litmus paper. Record any
changes in color of the paper.

Results
Water: 7.0
Pyrite: 6.5
Coal: 6.8
Conclusion
After studying the results, my hypothesis was only half correct. I predicted that coal
would create a more alkaline water, and that pyrite would create a more acidic environment.
Based on the results, the prediction for coal was incorrect. The evidence showed when coal was
created a more acidic environment developed. The prediction for pyrite however, was correct.
The hypothesis stated that pyrite would acidify the water and I was correct. Based on this
evidence, it is to be concluded that coal mining and other underground mining may be
dangerous to plant and animal life if not kept under strict control with purposeful restrictions on
their safety levels.

Lab 17.2
Problem:
Which materials store energy best?

Materials:
5 thermometers
5 250-mL beakers
3 sheets of newspaper
large black cardboard box with lid
Stopwatch or clock
Glass-marking pencil
Salt
Sand
Water at room temperature

Hypothesis:
I hypothesize that the water will retain heat the best.

Sand Salt Water Paper Air

Room 70 F 72 F 70 F 73 F 71 F
Temperature

After 30 min 74 F 72 F 70 F 76 F 78 F
in sun

5 min after 74 F 74 F 70 F 76 F 78 F
removal from
sun

10 min after 74 F 74 F 70 F 76 F 78 F
removal from
sun

30 min after 72 F 74 F 70 F 74 F 76 F
removal from
sun

Conclusion
My hypothesis was incorrect, I believed that the water would retained the most heat , but never
increased in temperature so it never retained any heat and was the least effective of the bunch.
The beaker with the air increased the most in temperature for the longest period of time. Even
though the air gained the most heat after the 30 minute time period, the salt retained its
maximum heat even after 30 minutes away from the sun.