A Guide To Riverfront Development

A Guide to

Riverfront
Development
Connecting communities to the water

A Guide to Riverfront Development 1

Funding for this document was made possible by
the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation
2 Riverlife
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Natural
River Edges 6
Connections
To the River 10
Along the River 15
Landings 20
Districts 21
Built
Buildings 24
Stormwater 28
Character
Landscape 32
Public Art 37
Lighting 40

2 Riverlife
Be home before
dark and stay away
from the rivers.
S
o went the common advice given to Pittsburgh
children by their parents for nearly a century
as they ventured out to play on warm summer
afternoons. The warning is telling in a number of
ways, offering a glimpse into the hostile conditions
along Pittsburghs urban riverfronts prior to 1990 and
the public attitudes surrounding them.
People living in the Pittsburgh region prior to the
citys modern renaissance had good reason for
concern. For generations the downtown riverfronts
were largely invisible, cut off from neighborhoods by
industrial yards, rail tracks and highways that took
advantage of the riverfronts miles of flatness but
created a tangle of barriers. If one was lucky enough
to forge a path through scrap yards and private
property to get to the waters edge, what awaited was
less than appealing: Pittsburghs three rivers had
been polluted and eroded after years of industrial
use with invasive weeds choking out the natural
landscape. Very few opportunities for riverfront
recreation and relaxation existed.
A
nd yet, people were drawn to the rivers. They
never gave up their dreams for the riverfronts, for
swimming and cycling and picnicking along the
waters of the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio. And so, use
and interaction with the rivers of Southwestern Pennsylvania
has been changing over the years as Pittsburgh recovered
from the collapse of the steel industry in the 1980s and
sought to reinvent itself through its natural assets. Formerly
viewed as the backdoor to the city, Pittsburghs riverfronts
are now embraced as the shining face of a new city, dotted
with parks, residences, businesses, and industries that have
brought over $4 billion of adjacent development to the city
since 1999.

W
hat inspired such a dramatic shift? As riverfront land
became available for development and recreation, a
priority was given to considering the wants and needs
of the community. As the new front yard for the community,
riverfronts must now accommodate the routines of runners, strollers,
anglers, boaters, and working barges, among other users.
Successful riverfront development doesnt have to start on a grand
scale. Sometimes the smallest projects are the most potent. A small
park, boat launch, stormwater landscape or fishing pier, created at the
right time and embraced by the community, can have a catalytic effect
and lead to bigger things down the road. A building with windows,
pathways and terraces that connect to and celebrate the riverfront is a
source of pleasure and pride, indoors and out.
Each new investment along the rivers encourages activity,

unleashes vitality and increases land value, while providing
places for people to enjoy.
S
ince 1999, Riverlife has worked Southwestern Pennsylvania to launch
to reclaim, restore and promote conversations about the opportunities
Pittsburghs urban riverfronts. for improvements in the many river
Formerly known as Riverlife Task communities throughout the region.
Force, Riverlife was formed to conduct We hope this document will serve as
hundreds of public meetings, convene a useful resource for property owners,
property owners, public officials and planners, developers, public agencies,
civic stakeholders and facilitate the and nonprofit organizations who
creation of a master plan for developing want to seize moments of opportunity
Pittsburghs downtown riverfronts. and maximize the potential of their
Ever since then, Riverlife has been riverfront assets.
thinking about strategies to reconnect This document is not intended to
people to the rivers. Pittsburgh can replace a communitys existing zoning
now point to dozens of projects of code, district plans, or ordinances,
varying scale to demonstrate that but rather establish optimal planning
reclaiming the riverfront advances goals and to aid in enhancing and
economic development, transforms the coordinating riverfront projects, large
environment and opens up recreational and small.
opportunities. Weve learned valuable
More detailed information can be
lessons and have created guidelines
found in the original documents, and
based on best practices for designing
the best results are often reached
and developing riverfronts of all sizes.
through consultation with professional
Here we have collected these resources designers.
for easy access and application across
4 Riverlife
Riverlife Resource Documents Principles for Riverfront Development
This information was compiled
from seven resources that
When planning a riverfront development, let these
Riverlife has produced in the past. core principles lead the thinking:
These resources, listed below,
offer additional details on each Feature the riverfront as the front door.
aspect of riverfront development.
An online version of this
information also provides
Showcase the rivers history.
useful links and information:
riverlifepgh.org/resources Activate the riverfront.
A Vision Plan for Limit obstacles and connect to the river.

Pittsburghs Riverfronts
Three Rivers Park Engage with the water.

Design Guidelines
Connect seamlessly along the riverfront and into neighborhoods.
Connecting the Loop Plan
Three Rivers Park Repair and enhance the environment.

Lighting Strategy
Employ high-quality architectural materials and sustainable
Landscape Management
engineering practices.
Guidelines
Three Rivers Park Public Read on to learn essential aspects of riverfront

Art Strategy development.
Stormwater Is the Communicator

Riverbanks, shorelines, riparian
buffers, and river habitat are
critically important when planning
any riverfront project.
6 Riverlife
Natural
River Edges
Definitions
Intent
Riparian buffer Riverbanks, shorelines, riparian buffers, and river habitats are
A permanent naturally vegetated critically important when planning any riverfront project. Other
area located adjacent to a stream, important components of ecosystem function that should be
river, lake, pond or wetland. considered include geology, morphology, hydrology, and land
Morphology
cover. Along the river, there are many opportunities for integrated
regenerative design, stormwater management, habitat restoration,
Deals with the form of living
organisms, and with relationships
public access, stewardship, and redevelopment.
between their structures.
Key Concepts
Hydrology
Encompasses the occurrence,
Buffer Typology 1
distribution, movement, and
properties of the waters of the earth
Dense Urban Development Buffer Zone
and their relationship with the
environment within each phase of
the hydrologic or water cycle.
In a dense urban development, a buffer zone should include design
and development techniques that will provide and enhance the
Permaculture
following: integrated green infrastructure, stormwater management
A system of cultivation intended to practices, improved trail access, improved habitat corridor with
maintain permanent agriculture or increased vegetative types such as meadows and transitional
horticulture by relying on renewable
woodlands, as well as increased tree canopy, open space amenity,
resources and a self-sustaining
ecosystem.
integrated design of waterfront access and hardscape elements,
marina access, and provision of ecosystem services.
Buffer Typology 2
Mixed Industrial and Residential Buffer Zone

In a residential or mixed light industrial development, a buffer
zone should include design and development techniques that will
provide and enhance the following: provision of ecosystem services;
integrated green infrastructure; ecological restoration; stormwater
management practices; improved public trail access; improved and
widened habitat corridors; open-space and recreational amenities,
including low-impact water (kayak) access; environmental education
opportunities integrated with neighborhoods and schools and
permaculture and regenerative landscapes.

Buffer Typology 3
Ecological Conservation
and Open-Space Buffer Zone
For open spaces along the river, a buffer zone should include design
and development techniques that will provide and enhance the
following: provision of ecosystem services, ecological restoration,
conservation and improvement of biodiversity, increased habitat
corridor potential, improved public trail access, open-space amenities,
and environmental education.
Typical river section showing steep bank sabilization underneath fairly continuous layer of canopy trees. Andropogon 2006
Typical shallow bank stabilization with invasive management. Andropogon 2006
8 Riverlife
Guidelines
Recommended for Open-Space

Buffer Typologies
Taken from: The Montgomery County, Pa., Guide for Riparian Corridor Conservation
1.1 The wider the riparian buffer, the more benefits it provides in terms of
Definitions:
wildlife habitat, water temperature modulation, protection from nonpoint
Riparian buffer sources of pollution, flood mitigation, sediment removal, and bank
A permanent naturally vegetated stabilization.
area located adjacent to a stream, 1.2 The riparian buffer should be no less than 75 feet at its narrowest, with three
river, lake, pond or wetland. zones of buffer from the stream edge inland.
1.2a The first zone should be undistributed forest to provide food, shade for
the water body, and slope stability.
1.2b The second zone should consist of managed woodland that allows for
infiltration, filtration of sediment and nutrients and nutrient uptake by
plants.
1.2c The buffer area on the upland side should include a sheet flow of
rainwater runoff to maximize vegetative and soil contact with the runoff.
1.3 The riparian corridor should be uninterrupted, helping to reduce the
concentrated flows to the water body and providing continuous habitat for
birds and other wildlife species that require undisturbed access to food,
shelter and water.
1.4 Trees are the most important element in a riparian corridor for removing
nutrients, stabilizing the soil, modifying water temperature and providing
food for aquatic organisms.
1.5 Recreation in the buffer should be balanced with the effects this will have on
existing features, especially in terms of excess nutrients, contaminants and
Further Information chemicals, including pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides.
Riparian Buffer Width, Vegetative

Cover, and Nitrogen Removal In an urban setting, such as Buffer Typology 1, there are likely to be
Effectiveness: A Review of Current
great variations on river edge condition that may prohibit developing
Science and Regulations
deep buffers due to the topography and the slope of the site. A true
Riparian Buffers: What Are They riparian buffer in an urban environment will be costly and difficult to
and How Do They Work? achieve. In these cases, it is recommended that natural systems are
Riparian Buffer Issue restored to the best possible state while incorporating recreational
Paper No. 2: Buffer Width amenities along the rivers.
riverlifepgh.org/resources

Public activities and events, such as
sidewalk cafs, street fairs and vendors
enliven connections.
10 Riverlife
Connections
To the Rivers
Intent
Perpendicular connections bring people to the riverfront. Sidewalks,
public streets, pathways, and promenades provide safe and engaging
passages and reinforce the riverfronts as the public realm. The
following guidelines will help to ensure that all connections relate
effectively to the surrounding context.
Key Concepts
Perpendicular connections, every 400600 feet, will extend the grid
of the community into the park and natural systems, linking the
urban grid to the natural forms of the waterscape and landscape.
Connections from buildings and districts to the rivers should
be publicly accessible, even where they run along private
development.
Public activities and events, such as sidewalk cafs, street fairs
and vendors will enliven the connections, both as temporary and
permanent installations.
Major perpendicular connections should be designed as a
continuous place, with the building wall and landscaping defining
the character of the street.
Guidelines
Major Perpendicular Connections
Major perpendicular connections are those that provide connections
between a community and a riverfront destination. These
connections, ideally located every 400600 feet, are most often public
Definitions
streets that provide both pedestrian and vehicular access to the river.
Multimodal These roads often provide connections to major attractions and other
Characterized by several different publicly oriented uses.
modes of activity or occurrence 1.1 Major perpendicular connections should be wider than those on secondary
Complete streets streets, in order to fully accommodate the needs of pedestrians, bicyclists
and green stormwater infrastructure, with the intent to elevate the public
Designed and operated to enable
realm and create special spaces.
safe access for all users, including
pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and 1.2 Streets should be designed with all transportation modes fully
transit riders of all ages and abilities accommodated instead of being designed primarily for automobiles. In
addition to being multi-modal, complete street design considers urban

design, environmental goals, quality materials, the beauty of the landscaping,
and stormwater management.
1.3 Locate publicly oriented uses in ground floors along major perpendicular
connections, including retail shops and restaurants.
1.4 Maintain established build-to lines along major perpendicular connections.
Where retail and restaurant uses will be located, provide for sidewalk caf
seating and arcaded ground floors where appropriate.
1.5 Program ground floors to accommodate retail, restaurant, and other public
uses.
1.6 Minimize curb-cuts, and do not locate service entrances along major
perpendicular connections.
1.7 Street trees, lighting, sidewalks, and curbs should comply with all municipal
standards and guidelines.
Perpendicular Connections along Private Uses

In many cases, connections to a riverfront will be provided along
the edges of or pass through private development that is not
generally open to the public, such as residential and private office
developments. In these cases, it is important to clearly define the
connection as a public space.
2.1 Provide a minimum walkway width of 12 feet for perpendicular connections
to be maintained as an easement or public right-of-way. Provide a minimum
setback for all structures, including fences, of 10 feet on either side of the Setback
connection.
In land use, the distance a building
2.2 Fences along private spaces that border connections should have a or other structure is set back from
maximum opacity of 50 percent and a maximum height of 48 inches. a street or road, river, shore or flood
Additional screening and enclosure should be achieved through the use of plain or any other place deemed to
landscaping materials and changes in elevation. need protection.
2.3 In general, for private uses located along connections, elevate the first level
of the building 18 to 30 inches above grade through the use of terraces and Terrace
porches. This will provide some visual privacy between the private use and A level paved area or platform next
the public realm, as well as create new opportunities for semi-public spaces to a building
where the occupants of the building may enjoy living or working adjacent to
the riverfront.
2.4 Provide a finished edge along the connection.
2.5 Design the surface of the connection to be consistent with the materials of
the trail or promenade to which it connects. At minimum, provide a crushed
limestone surface.
2.6 Provide pedestrian-scaled lights.
2.7 Provide pedestrian crosswalks where perpendicular connections meet a
street.
2.8 If possible, locate public amenities, such as seating, maps, etc., at the ends of
the connection to serve as a focal point, drawing attention to the riverfront
and encouraging movement along the trail connection.
12 Riverlife
Perpendicular Connections along Public Uses
In places where perpendicular connections cross development that
includes public uses, such as retail, restaurant and entertainment
occupancies, the connections provide opportunities to enhance the
development, create additional public open space and engage those
adjacent uses. Perpendicular connections along public uses can be
designed to serve as public plazas and gateways to the riverfront.
They are encouraged to be inhabited spaces, providing amenities to
both users and business owners.
3.1 Orient ground-floor uses to the connection and seek to engage the public.
3.2 Provide storefront glazing, extending from the ground to a minimum height
of 12 feet. Wrap the storefront glazing around the corners of the buildings, to
provide visual connections to the publicly oriented uses from all approaches.
3.3 Locate public entrances to ground floor uses along the perpendicular
connection.
3.4 Sidewalk cafs are encouraged as uses along the perpendicular connection.
3.5 Where the perpendicular connection intersects a street, maintain wide
pedestrian crossings that are on axis with the connection.
3.6 Provide curb-cuts at these crossings to accommodate people of all levels of
Bollard mobility, but install removable bollards to control vehicular access.
Structures used to control pedestrian 3.7 Design the pattern of street lights and trees along the road that is
and vehicular traffic, protect critical intersected by a perpendicular connection to relate to the connection.
infrastructure, provide perimeter Maintain views down the connection toward the rivers from the opposite
highlights or define a pathway. side of the road and keep them uninterrupted by street trees and lights.

Perpendicular Connections across
and Down to the River
Easily navigable pedestrian connections from the ends of the bridges
to the riverfront trails, promenades and roadways are critical to the
success of a riverfront. Bridges can provide unique experiences
for a riverfront and may also provide many of the key views of a
community and the riverfront. Access can be provided through a
variety of vertical connections, including stairs, ramps, and paths.
4.1 Ensure vertical ramp connections are in place in key locations.
4.2 Preserve the architectural character and details of bridges, while seeking to
provide universal accessibility at a minimum five percent grade.
4.3 Respect river views and site lines when designing new bridges. Railings and
barriers should be designed with consideration of good views to the river.
4.4 Light bridges and vertical connections. Further Information
4.5 Accommodate users of different mobility levels on vertical connections in For more information on connecting
accordance with ADA requirements. riverfronts along the riverbank
4.6 Clearly mark access points to vertical connections from trails and and to and from a community,
promenades using thoughtfully designed wayfinding signage consistent refer to the Three Rivers Park
Design Guidelines.
with park and trail standards.
14 Riverlife
Connections
Along the River
Intent
Definitions Parallel connections along the rivers edge serve many different users
Public realm and connect neighborhoods and development sites to the water,
providing public access, opening up views, and re-engaging the
Consists of the roadways,
sidewalks, parks, plazas and rivers as part of the public realm. This section is intended to provide
other open spaces that comprise guidance for designing riverfront trails, promenades, roads, and
the arteries and focal points of a scenic drives, each of which addresses a key issue of access along the
communitys framework. It a space rivers.
where civic interaction occurs.
Key Concepts
Connections should be accessible to the public even when they are
adjacent to private development.
Connections should vary in character, providing both quiet,
reflective threads and lively, inhabited promenades.
Promenades provide opportunities to experience the river from
a different vantage point.
Public activities and events, such as sidewalk cafs, street fairs
and vendors, will enliven the connections, both as temporary and
permanent installations.
Connections should be usable year-round on a variety of scales,
encouraging activity. In the summer, they will provide tranquil
shade along the riverfronts, while in the winter the sun will
penetrate to warm the surface of the trails and promenades for
recreational users and pedestrians alike.
Parallel connections between landings, including trails and
river roads, will provide a soft, green foil to the urban density
and activity.
Riverfront trails should be simple and integrated with the
landscape and defined by the vegetation of the park.
Each stretch of trail provides unique conditions, needs, and
opportunities. Solutions should be appropriate for each segment
in order to plan for step-by-step implementation, one project
at a time.

Guidelines
Riverfront Trails
Definitions
Trails are riverfront connections that place emphasis on moving
along the river for longer distances as a pedestrian, runner, cyclist Deciduous trees
or rollerblader. Trails place emphasis on providing riverfront Trees that shed their leaves
connections for recreational uses, and as such should be designed seasonally
with those users in mind.
Tree canopy
When considering a development that includes riverfront trails, the The layer of leaves, branches, and
following guidelines should be considered: stems of trees that cover the ground
1.1 In general, contain the trail within a canopy of deciduous trees, providing when viewed from above.
shade in the summers and allowing sunlight to penetrate in cooler months.
The trail should move in and out of the tree canopy, opening to provide
views to the river and closing again to provide a sense of intimacy and
enclosure.
1.2 Avoid planting trees in even rhythms such as those typically used in street
tree plantings, unless it is desired to emphasize a specific architectural
character. Instead, plant them in groups with varying densities.
1.3 On open sites, plant masses of dense canopy trees and understory trees and
shrubs along the trail opposite the river to create a background of green
along the riverfront setting. Provide filtered or framed views through the
planting masses to significant elements along the trail to ensure visual
connections for safety and transparency. Where dense canopy tree plantings
are not possible or desired, provide a palette of native grasses and perennials
to create naturalized meadows, as well as shrubs and small understory trees
to provide a sense of enclosure along the riverfront.
1.4 On the river side of the trail, design the tree canopy to open and close,
creating new views both to and from the trail. This will create views of the
surrounding riverfront.
1.5 Avoid railings along trails wherever possible. Where they are provided for
safety, railings should be designed that fit the materials identified for the
riverfront and should be considered as opportunities to integrate public art.
16 Riverlife
1.6 Locate light fixtures, trashcans, signage, and other necessities discretely
in the landscape of the trails. Provide drinking fountains, mileage markers,
maps, and informational signage, integrating them with the landscape.
Where appropriate, locate emergency call-boxes at frequent intervals to
provide additional safety and security.
1.7 Wherever possible, provide a dual-surface trail with a crushed limestone
surface for pedestrians and runners and a hard surface for bikers and
rollerbladers.
Low-impact 1.8 Creative trail design, such as the development of low-impact techniques,
like suspended boardwalks and permeable walkways, are encouraged in
Constructed to have minimal impact
on the surrounding environment appropriate locations. Recommended applications include locations where
such designs will minimize the disturbance of habitats.
1.9 Consider alternatives to asphalt as a surfacing material for connections
in and to the riverfront park. Where the use of asphalt is dictated by the
construction of temporary connections or budgetary constraints, use an
asphalt material that will provide a light-colored surface, such as through the
addition of limestone to the aggregate. Black asphalt is highly discouraged
as a trail surface material.
1.10 Provide a durable, finished, clean edge along the connection such as stone or
concrete.
Riverfront Promenades
Promenades are generally more pedestrian in character, rather than
recreational. They provide opportunities to experience the river from a
different vantage point. Promenades are places to see and to be seen.
They can open up the views of the river and integrate the character
of the community with the pastoral nature of a park. Promenades can
occur where landings intersect connections along the riverfront park
and where urban districts are adjacent to the riverfront.
2.1 Use higher-quality materials, such as stone paving, for promenades.
2.2 Consider alternative routes for cyclists along a promenade that may
interrupt the established path of riverfront trails. Alternatives include the
provision of a high promenade paved with stone, where pedestrians and
shoppers might stroll, in conjunction with a low trail along the river,
surfaced with concrete or crushed stone. Other recommendations include
providing clear routing along adjacent streets using separated bicycle lanes
if possible, marking access points that will rejoin the riverfront trail.
2.3 Promenades along a riverfront park should be considered part of the park.
2.4 Plant trees within 15 feet of the river edge of the promenade.
2.5 Plant dense landscaping below the front edge of promenades in order to
frame views and give the user the sense of vantage point that comes from
sitting above the trees.
2.6 Consider the issue of color for promenade surfaces. Warm-colored paving
will seem warmer in the gray winters, while cool colors will seem cooler in

the summers. Use natural-colored, non-glare walking surfaces at landings or
other points of interest where more focus is intended.
2.7 For buildings located along promenades, provide ground floor uses that are
public in nature, including civic, cultural, retail, entertainment, restaurants,
and public lobbies.
Riverfront Streets
Streets along a riverfront have the potential to be an exciting and
different way to experience riverfront parks, and to create new
opportunities for development adjacent to them. They can make the
riverfront more public and open up all areas of the park for improved
public safety and for persons with limited mobility. At the same time,
care must be taken in designing and locating riverfront streets to
ensure that access to the riverfront is not restricted by the presence
of vehicular streets, and with pedestrians as a primary consideration.
Riverfront streets should be perceived as an extension of the riverfront
park.
3.1 Encourage residential uses along riverfront streets.
3.2 Locate primary addresses and entrances to buildings on the riverfront street.
3.3 Limit riverfront street width to no more than two lanes of traffic and one lane
of on-street parking. The maximum width for riverfront streets should be 34
feet, including two lanes of traffic and one lane of on-street parking on the
land side of the street. The preferred width is 30 feet.
3.4 For new streets along the riverfront, provide an appropriate setback that
allows a natural slope and enough space for different desired activities along
the river.
3.5 Provide a 7- to 8-foot sidewalk and 4- to 5-foot tree range. Where space is
limited, the trail may substitute for the riverside sidewalk.
3.7 Orient riverfront streets to pedestrians and light traffic. Truck and delivery
traffic are not appropriate on riverfront streets.
3.8 Post maximum speeds of 25 miles per hour on riverfront streets, with traffic-
calming measures integrated in pedestrian districts at intervals of no more
than 400 to 600 feet.
3.9 Provide pedestrian crossings not less than 600 feet apart. Provide a
change of street paving that incorporates variations in texture and color at
pedestrian crossings.
3.10 Plant riverfront streets with dense tree canopies, allowing views to the river
below the canopies.
3.11 Streets should be designed with all transportation modes fully
accommodated instead of being designed primarily for automobiles. In
addition to being multimodal, complete street design considersalong
with the urban design and environmental goalsthoughtful design and
integration of materials, landscaping and stormwater management.
18 Riverlife
Scenic Drives
Scenic drives are riverfront streets, roads and parkways located
along the riverfronts, which are primarily in a landscape setting,
with views to the river and the surrounding landscape. These should
be considered primary connections that preserve views of the river
and scenic quality of the landscape and enhance the experience of
driving, biking and walking along the riverfronts. Scenic drives have
a special design quality that includes appropriately detailed cartways
and features design elements such as signage, guardrails, lighting,
plantings, bridges, elevated roads and other road features. Scenic
drives can respond to the landscape vocabulary or setting where they
are designed, and can be either formal or natural in character.
4.1 Views should be maintained from scenic drives into the river valleys through
Further Information the careful selection of structural elements, including barriers.
For more information on connecting 4.2 Provide landscaping and street trees for scenic drives in order to enhance
riverfronts along the riverbank and the roads as green boulevards through the community.
to and from a community, refer
4.3 Utilize high-quality materials for the reconstruction of scenic drives,
to the Three Rivers Park Design
including concrete sidewalks.
Guidelines.
4.4 Consider the impact of reconstruction on views to and from the scenic
riverlifepgh.org/resources drives. Considerations include the use of appropriately designed barriers,
the selection of streetlights, and the design of retaining walls and other
structural elements.
4.5 Streets should be designed with all transportation modes fully
accommodated instead of being designed primarily for automobiles. In
addition to being multimodal, complete street design considersalong
with the urban design and environmental goalsthoughtful design and
integration of materials, landscaping and stormwater management.

Connections
Landings
Intent
Landings occur where two or more park connections come together
and provide focal points for activity and connection at the waters
edge. Landings are intended to be the public places that people are
drawn to for special events or activities and serve as destinations
and landmarks. They can bring together transit systems and activity
centers. They are places where people find distinctive experiences
along the rivers edge. Landings are intended to provide opportunities
for design and physical intervention. Landings on the water are an
opportunity for unique places where people, land and water meet.
Guidelines
1.1 Landings should be transitional and connective points between the rivers
edge, the riverfront park and the community, with access to the trails,
esplanades, promenades and transit connections.
1.2 Landings should comprise a series of spaces that vary in size and purpose,
and serve those who use the riverfront park daily or for an occasional or one-
time visit.
1.3 Landings should be engaging and lively public places, with with uniqueness
Further Information
and character.
More detailed information and
1.4 Landings should be well designed, with higher-quality materials, to serve as
building design guidelines can be
places of activity and offer contrast to the natural elements of the riverfront
found within the Three Rivers Park
park.
Design Guidelines.
1.5 Landings should provide opportunities for gathering and meeting spaces for
daily use or special events. riverlifepgh.org/resources
20 Riverlife
Connections
Districts
Intent
This section will provide guidance for larger-scale planning and
development efforts at riverfront sites. Planning and development
at the district scale can be transformational for communities and
regions. Developers and planners should take the utmost care to make
the most of these opportunities to improve both the built and natural
environments.
Key Concepts
Riverfront districts will offer the greatest opportunity to renew and
reinforce the quality of places to live, work, and play because of the
added value of being adjacent to a riverfront park.
Districts provide opportunities to support and enhance the
activities of a park as well as create destinations for visitors.
The riverfront should serve as a front yard, with architecture-facing
green space, pedestrian walkways, parks and water landings.
Each riverfront district should be physically and functionally
unique in character and sense of place.
Guidelines
Street and Grid Patterns
Today, it is rare to find streets that extend fully to the rivers edge.
As industrial uses have shifted away from our riverfronts and
new patterns of development emerge in communities, there are
opportunities not only to re-establish abandoned street grids, but to
create new ones that connect landlocked neighborhoods to the rivers.
1.1 Seek to re-establish historic street grid patterns that once extended to the
river.
1.2 In districts where streets did not extend to the river, establish new
perpendicular connections to provide such access, with the scale of the grid
pattern responding to adjacent neighborhood patterns. In general, extend
perpendiculars to the river at regular intervals of 400600 feet apart.
1.3 Establish street grids that respond to topography. For instance, grids should
shift where necessary to open up views and change vantage points.

Views to and from Districts Definitions
2.1 Building configurations should maximize view corridors. View corridors
2.2 Where possible, maintain or maximize views to the river from individual Three-dimensional viewpoints
buildings. that start from a fixed position,
encompass a given visual range, and
Transportation Planning terminate at a particular object. They

can be narrow or wide depending
Developers and building owners are encouraged to provide amenities on the visual range. Identifying
accommodating occupants who wish to use alternative transportation, view corridors helps to protect
including bicycles and public transit. views to iconic natural features or
architectural landmarks.
3.1 Consider future plans for water transportation as opportunities to make
connections to water landings.
3.2 Provide secure bicycle storage, personal lockers, changing rooms, and
showers to accommodate a minimum of 5 percent of the buildings
occupants.
3.3 Maximize on-street parking throughout districts.
3.4 Locate parking below-grade or in a structured garage where possible.
When that is not possible, minimize visible parking, shield parking from
view, or locate in the interior of the block.
3.5 Develop shared parking facilities with nearby development, located away
from the riverfront. Explore carpool options and locate parking pools
on-site to minimize the impact of parking along the rivers.
3.6 Ensure any new infrastructure is in compliance with regional and municipal
comprehensive and transportation plans.
Site Planning
4.1 Locate public entrances to retail and commercial uses along the riverfront
facade of the building. Create riverfront addresses, particularly with regard
to publicly oriented uses.
4.2 In order to activate open-space connections, locate pedestrian-oriented uses
on the ground floor of buildings and provide pedestrian amenities.
4.3 Utilize landscaping, rather than walls and fences, to create semipublic/
private buffers.
Landscape buffers
4.4 Do not build surface parking lots adjacent to the riverfront.
Landscaping located along the
4.5 Locate buildings using traditional urban build-to lines, occupying the perimeter of an area intended to
majority of street frontages, and activating sidewalks and other connections. screen or separate land uses either
from one another or from a public
4.6 Whenever possible, do not locate vehicular entrances to parking garages
street.
and building services along primary perpendicular connections. Minimize
curb-cuts for vehicular access to development sites along primary Green infrastructure
perpendicular connections. Do not locate curb-cuts within 100 feet of a street Uses vegetation, soils and natural
corner. processes to manage water and
create healthier urban environments.
4.7 Maximize the use of pervious materials and green infrastructure.
It refers to stormwater management
4.8 Reduce on-site heat gains by minimizing dark-colored surface areas, such as systems that mimic nature by
black asphalt. Acceptable alternatives include concrete paving, unit paving soaking up and storing water.
22 Riverlife
Brownfield systems, light-colored asphalt products using limestone aggregates or
Property where the expansion, colored sealants, and increasing areas of landscape and groundcovers.
redevelopment or reuse of may be 4.9 Apply sustainable site planning practices, such as:
complicated by the presence or
Erosion and sedimentation control,
potential presence of a hazardous
substance, pollutant or contaminant.
Development densities that activate the environment,
Redevelopment of brownfields,
Stormwater best management
practices Stormwater best management practices,
Use of native plantings,
Best practices to design, implement,
and evaluate stormwater Use of locally sourced materials,
management efforts Minimization of light pollution.
Light pollution 4.10 Bury all utilities in development sites.

Brightening of the night sky that 4.11 Do not locate transformers and other above-grade utility structures along
inhibits the observation of stars and the park or perpendicular connections to the park.
planets, caused by street lights and
other man-made sources
Open-Space Planning and Design
Landscape swales 5.1 When designing new open spaces, check plans for the surrounding
Refers to a wide and somewhat community. Public open-space requirements should be met through the
shallow depression on the ground creation of riverfront promenades, additional perpendicular connections to
that is commonly used as drainage the park and other spaces that complement the river park.
for carrying water in landscaping.
5.2 Design new open spaces to occur mid-block, not at corners, and in locations
that are adjacent to the riverfront or perpendicular connections to the park.
5.3 Sidewalk cafs and similar uses are encouraged. Make open space accessible
to the public 24 hours a day.
5.4 Activate open spaces by locating publicly oriented uses in the ground floors
of adjacent buildings. Provide pedestrian amenities, including seating.
Further Information
More detailed information and

building design guidelines can be
Design Guidelines.

24 Riverlife
Built
Buildings
Intent
Buildings located along the riverfront establish the edge of the public
realm, becoming a face to the individual districts in which they
are located. Viewed from the waterscape and other vantage points,
they become landmarks that orient visitors and inhabitants. Added
together, buildings compose a district with distinctive forms and
landmarks.
This section is intended to give guidance when designing buildings
and creating master plans for new districts, to create a built edge to
the riverfront that complements the natural setting and that in turn,
activates and distinguishes the district.
Key Concepts
All building and site development should incorporate elements of
green-building design. Developers and owners are encouraged to
utilize the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
standards as established by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).
Guidelines
Contextual Scale and Massing
1.1 In new districts, a master plan should outline the minimum and maximum
requirements for building height and massing.
1.2 In dense urban areas, such as the City of Pittsburgh, construct buildings to a
minimum of four stories and 60 feet high in districts adjacent to a river, with
six to eight stories preferred.
1.3 Design building massing with consideration of maintaining views of rivers,
key landmarks and architecture, and the vistas and spaces around them.
Maximize light and air to open spaces and minimize shadows on adjacent
properties and open spaces.
1.4 For individual building projects, identify the height patterns that are
present in the district in which they are located. Relate the height of the new
development to the height of the surrounding district, and reduce negative
Definitions
impacts on adjacent properties, such as blocking views, casting open spaces
Massing into shadow for a significant period of the day, etc. Schematic illustrations
The volume and shape of a building of the massing of the surrounding district will be required in order to review

the proposals compatibility with the established district and the overall Schematic illustrations
design goals for the riverfront.
Help to determine a concept and to
1.5 Due to the Pittsburgh areas varied topography and changing landscape, present it in a form that achieves
roofs of buildings in and adjacent to the riverfront are visible from multiple understanding and acceptance.
vantage points. Building tops become important landmarks within Although the design is not entirely
individual districts, such as the Golden Triangle. Pay careful attention to represented, the schematic drawings
the design of building tops and roofs, giving a vertical emphasis to those can demonstrate basic spaces, scale,
building tops that are viewable from surrounding areas. and relationship of components.
Mixed-use districts
Setbacks and Build-to Lines Blend a combination of residential,
2.1 In general, build to the property line or an established build-to line of commercial, cultural, institutional,
an existing district for all properties located along both perpendicular or industrial uses, where those
and parallel connections, with the intention to develop a consistent and functions are physically and
functionally integrated, and that
continuous urban fabric within districts.
provide pedestrian connections.
2.2 Hold the corner of buildings at intersections, except where open spaces are
strategically located.
2.3 In new districts, an individual district master plan should outline the
minimum and maximum requirements for building setbacks and build-to
lines.
2.4 For individual building projects, identify the setback and build-to patterns
that are present in the district in which they are located. The location
of structures should work within the established pattern of the district
unless this pattern has otherwise been deemed undesirable. Schematic
illustrations of the massing of the surrounding district will be required in
order to review the proposals compatibility with an established district and
overall design goals for the riverfront.
2.5 Development is encouraged to provide outdoor terraces and porches within
setbacks as a means for providing semiprivate spaces for building occupants
and encouraging use of the riverfront.
Ground-Floor Design
Buildings located in riverfront districts will accommodate a variety of
different uses, ranging from public to private.
3.1 Activate the ground floor with different uses and make them adaptable over
time.
3.2 Maximize glazing at least 60 percent.
3.3 While publicly oriented uses are generally encouraged along all district
edges, there are also many opportunities to create residential communities
adjacent to the park.
3.4 Where appropriate, promote mixed-use districts by providing a minimum
first-floor height of 18 feet to accommodate a wide range of ground-floor
uses.
3.5 Where buildings are located adjacent to riverfront roads, locate primary
entrances and addresses on the riverfront road.
26 Riverlife
Roof terraces and balconies 3.6 Locate service entrances away from the riverfront and primary connections
to the park.
Outside spaces of a building used for
the enjoyment of the occupants that 3.7 Where residential uses are located on the ground floor of a building, use
offer views of the surrounding area. terraces and elevation changes to provide semiprivate entrances and outdoor
spaces for residents, without impinging on the public nature of the park.
Green roofs
3.8 Where privacy is required, create screening through changes in floor height,
Partially or completely covered with
landscaped setbacks, or other devices, rather than dark or reflective glazing.
vegetation and a growing medium,
planted over a waterproofing
membrane. They may also include Building Materials
additional layers, such as a root
4.1 Compose buildings of materials with a Pittsburgh palette to enhance the
barrier, and drainage and irrigation
quality of the riverfront. These materials can include stone, metal, brick, terra
systems.
cotta, aluminum, glass, and steel, and can be locally sourced in order to meet
green building targets. Other materials may be used for trim and detail, but
are not encouraged as a primary building material.
4.2 Avoid the use of stucco, EIFS systems, wood and simulated wood products,
one-way or mirror glass and spandrel glazing as primary building materials,
except when used sparingly or as accent features.
4.3 Encourage the creative uses of materials in order to reflect the overall
character of the park and the district.
4.4 Use transparent glazing with minimal tinting in order to provide views from
and into buildings. Make ground-floor glazing 100 percent transparent,
Further Information
allowing clear views into and out of buildings.
More detailed information and 4.5 Use green building products, as defined by the standards of the USGBC and
building design guidelines can be similar rating systems, whenever possible.
Design Guidelines.
Rooftop Design
riverlifepgh.org/resources 5.1 Incorporate roof terraces and balconies overlooking the riverfront, for both
public and private uses, in buildings located along the riverfront. Where
appropriate, provide publicly oriented uses, such as restaurants and cafs, in
these locations.
5.2 Create rooftop gardens to extend the landscape quality across new and
unexpected places in the urban fabric.
5.3 Whenever possible, construct green roofs to reduce stormwater run-off,
reduce heat island effects and add to the landscape quality of the riverfront.
5.4 Incorporate rooftop mechanical equipment into the building design, and
shield it from view.

Built
Stormwater
Intent
Simply put, stormwater management is the act of managing the
quantity and quality of stormwater. When designed as part of
landscapes, roadways, utilities, and rooftops, stormwater management
systems can connect the urban environment to the natural
environment. Proper stormwater management can aid in preventing
myriad problems such as flooding, pollution and groundwater
depletion, but in many urban regions only two out of every ten drops
of water reach the soil and recharge the aquifer. Before stormwater
reaches the ground, it is nearly unpolluted. After landing, it flows and
takes in materials, in both dissolved and undissolved forms, from the
surfaces on its flow path to the river or groundwater. To reduce these
problems, stormwater should be allowed to be retained, cleansed and
infiltrated before excess amounts overflow into streams and rivers.
The following guidelines are intended to diminish the negative
impacts of stormwater on the environment, while restoring the water
quality and health of river ecosystems.
28 Riverlife
Key Concepts
Open Canal: These are
used for surface stormwater
drainage for roads and
parking lots. They can be
located on the side, in the
center or halfway between
surfaces. Advantages include the visibility of the stormwater system,
easy maintenance and aesthetic design options for the streetscape.
Open canals need to be as shallow as possible to allow for convenient
crossing by pedestrians or cyclists.
Sedimentation Basin:
These are used to improve
stormwater quality and
reduce sediment loads. They
remove (by settling) coarse to
medium-sized sediment from
water. Sedimentation basins can take various forms, as permanent
systems or as temporary measures to control sediment discharge.
Definitions Bioretention Swale: These are retention or detention basins with a

Retention vegetated (i.e., landscaped) surface. Runoff is cleansed as it percolates
Water is retained permanently
downward. Different
(in a cistern, basin, or wetland) construction elements can be
either for later use or until it is used to direct the inflow of
dissipated through plant absorption, stormwater for cleansing and
evaporation, or percolation into the drainage to reduce the outlet
ground.
and for emergency overflow.
Detention
The temporary storing of rainwater
Vegetated Swale: These are
in an on-site facility to release it
intermittently later. The flow of water used to remove soil particles
can also be slowed down through a and move stormwater
variety of methods, such as draining through buffer strips and
it through vegetation, increasing the bioretention systems. Swales
roughness and area, or decreasing utilize land flow and mild
the gradient of the runoff surface,
slopes to convey water slowly downstream. They protect waterways
etc.
from damage by erosive flows from frequent storm events.

Green Roof: These can Stormwater runoff
be planted partially or Water from rain or melting snow that
completely with vegetation runs off across the land instead of
and soil over a waterproofing seeping into the ground.
membrane. Green roofs Vegetative and soil-based systems
reduce stormwater
Vegetative areas that have soils
runoff, keep temperatures down and reduce heat loss and energy
engineered in order to retain larger
consumption in winter. volumes of water for containment.
These are sometimes referred to
as mini reservoirs, which contain
Underground Substrate 4- to 8-feet deep swales and use
Filter: These are box soils to trap pollutants as water is
structures, built underground, filtered through the system. They
containing compression-free use materials, such as lava rock, that
have a high porosity to store water.
material that helps to treat
These swales or Bio-Swales can be
organic pollution.
used in parking lots and other areas
with low permeability as a green
infrastructure alternative.
Cistern: These function
mainly as rainwater storage Infiltration
and secondly for stormwater The process by which water
detention. The basic storage seeps into the ground, recharging
volume depends on the groundwater and aquifers. An added
benefit is purification, because
demand of rainwater use for
water is progressively cleansed as
toilet flushing, irrigation, climatization, or water features.
it percolates through layers of sand
and soils.
Bioengineering: Purification
Bioengineering seeks The process of purifying water
to harness the inherent pollutants requires a different set of
qualities and capabilities of treatments, screening, sedimentation,
organic matter to replicate adhesion, and filtration, biological
uptake, and chemical treatment.
natural systems as closely as
possible, not only in the use of materials, but also in the methods of Conveyance
construction. This refers to the measure by which
runoff water is transported and
Guidelines directed from the point of initial
rainfall to final discharge. This is
1.1 Stormwater collected from street surfaces and parking lots must be treated necessary to ensure that water is
prior to its release in order to remove contaminants (heavy metals, fuel, dust, brought along the right channels to
toxic elements, etc.) collected during rainfall. This can be accomplished with ensure minimum contamination and
integrated stormwater and green infrastructure techniques. maximize effective runoff.
1.2 The flow from combined sewers can be reduced over time if people apply
strategies to reduce runoff along the waterfront, and carry that approach
upstream throughout the watershed.
1.3 Rainfall runoff from project sites should be captured and held by vegetative
and soil-based systems, especially for small, frequent rainfalls.
30 Riverlife
1.4 Water should never be conveyed to the river in a pipe or concrete system
without the opportunity for capture and treatment, ideally through the use
of soil and sunlight.
1.5 When there is a need to convey water, it should happen in open soil and in
vegetation systems that slow, absorb, infiltrate and clean the water. Water
should not be piped through the project unless it is buried too deep to
reach.
1.6 Open water may not be possible everywhere, but systems that allow water to
seep into soils or planting areas can be used even in very structured areas.
1.7 Every opportunity, no matter how small, should be taken to manage
stormwater visibly. If possible, people should be able to see and remember
the rainfall runoff in a positive way. Even water that comes off roofs can be
seen and heard for a moment. Many small things add up to a bigger change.
1.8 Changes away from solid materials and surfacesgreen roofs and walls,
porous pavements, the removal of pavementshould be encouraged.
Further Information
1.9 Projects should look beyond their footprint to take the water from uphill
For more information on stormwater roads, other buildings and paved areasand reconnect it to the soil
management, please refer to and vegetation.
Stormwater Is the Communicator.
1.10 The path of the combined sewer system should be identified to remind
riverlifepgh.org/resources people of where streams are buried and where they reach the river.

32 Riverlife
Character
Landscape
Intent
Landscape encompasses the natural and built forms that help to
define riverfronts. From riparian zones to landscaped trails and streets
to gardens and parks, the landscape element has a critical role in
stabilizing riverbanks, providing habitat, and creating enhanced open
space. Landscape also forms special places by linking the rivers to
the network of streets and buildings, often providing the defining
characteristics of a place. Landscape provides the contrast between
the strong forms of the built environment and the natural forms of
its setting that are most memorable and inspiring. The following
guidelines are intended for developments seeking to manage the
delicate balance between the built and natural environment.
Key Concepts
Riverbanks are a crucial interface for river hydrology, riparian
support systems and waterfront activities. A range of riverbank
conditions are represented in Southwestern Pennsylvania, from
hard-edged conditions (seawalls, slag piles, bridge abutments,
riprap) to soft edges (shallow banks with floodplain vegetation,
steep banks with planted vegetation, mown and trampled earth
banks with invasive vegetation).
Hard river edges can be a significant concern because they disrupt
the natural fluctuations of water that support a riparian plant
environment. Commercial barge and recreational boat traffic
contribute wave action against the shoreline, making it more
difficult for young vegetation to establish at the immediate river
edge.
Invasive vegetation is a relatively recent problem for rivers.
Japanese knotweed, Tree of Heaven, and other opportunistic plant
Definitions
species are multiplying on the river edges at a significantly greater
Native species rate than native species. This is resulting in decreased species
Its presence in a region or richness, decreased biodiversity and less resilient ecosystems.
ecosystem is the result of only
natural processes, with no human
Plant native or non-invasive species throughout the river corridors.
Native species are preferred for the river-edge landscapes because
intervention
of their adaptation to the local environment, response to flood
conditions, and biodiversity enhancement.

With people living, working and playing closer to the rivers, there
is a natural tendency toward removal of trees and vegetation
in order to give better views of the river. The unintended
consequences of this removal are the degrading of the riverfront
ecology, a decrease in the effectiveness of stormwater management,
and bank instability.
Guidelines
Landscape Goals
1.1 The landscape should be shaped by the topography that historically defined
the natural and urban form.
1.2 The landscape should contribute to a biologically diverse network of Biological diversity
open-space corridors to support and enhance the wildlife habitat and plant The diversity, or variety, of plants
communities of Western Pennsylvania. and animals and other living things
1.3 The landscape should consist of a primarily native species palette. in a particular area or region.
1.4 The landscape should build on the identity and visibility of the regions
rivers and establish a coherent, recognizable system of places along the
rivers throughout the region.
1.5 The landscape should provide a special and comfortable sense of place at
the rivers edge, providing character and identity to the adjoining districts
and neighborhoods.
1.6 The landscape should be composed of the natural elements and built
environment, each made more interesting because of their contrasting
features.
1.7 The landscape should provide erosion control, riverbank stabilization, storm
water management, and relief from urban heat islands.
1.8 River environments should remain dynamic by nature, evolving and
reshaping to new forms.
34 Riverlife
Project Guidelines
Stormwater runoff 2.1 Hire a landscape architect to help in determining how the river edge should
be landscaped and designed.
Water from rain or melting snow that
runs off across the land instead of 2.2 Train landscapers to work with living systems. It is important that training
seeping into the ground. rely on accurate field observation and data collecting. Training should also
be comprehensive, incorporating horticulture and ecology.
Green reinforced surface
treatments 2.3 On riverfronts, plantings should be directly related to the slope of the land; a
Planted treatments placed along slope of 2:1 needs to be 100 percent planted, a slope of 3:1 can handle a mix
hard surfaces. They may not have the of plantings and open areas and a 4:1 slope is desired for establishment of
complexity of a soil-based system native species plantings.
to retain large volumes of water
2.4 Replace paved surfaces and lawns with plants and porous materialsplants
but, if extended over long distances
can play a significant role in decreasing stormwater runoff and improving
adjacent to roadways and trails, will
provide an accumulated stormwater water quality. Replacing lawns with native meadow, shrub, and tree plantings
capture and filtration benefit. will decrease the amount of both runoff and pesticides. Plants along a
riverbank not only reduce the velocity of surface runoff but also purify the
Turf reinforcement mats
groundwater before it reaches the river by absorbing nutrients.
Non-biodegradable materials
2.5 If possible, address the condition of land adjacent to the riverfront, such as
that provide erosion protection
industrial sites, combined sewers overflows (CSOs), or impervious paving
and accelerate vegetative growth.
before committing to a full-scale planting effort along the banks.
Their open-weave construction
allows for maximum root and stem 2.6 Address structural conditions, such as collapsing banks, before planting.
entanglement, thereby increasing Where possible, use green reinforced surface treatments, rather than non-
the vegetations ability to withstand living materials.
higher flow velocities and shear
2.7 Use lightweight, root-breathable bioengineered walls planted with seed,
stresses.
live stakes, and turf reinforcement mats to increase erosion resistance and
Canopy trees encourage sediment deposition on banks
Trees that are specifically grown 2.8 Accept the possibility of occasional damage by ice and flooding. Incorporate
for their canopy. A common term break-away and tie-in points to manage potential losses.
for canopy trees is shade trees. A
canopy is the outer layer of the trees 2.9 Maintain canopy trees along the entire riverbank to the fullest extent
leaves, and shade trees have a dense possible. Develop a diverse hierarchy of landscape cover typesforests are
canopy that blocks out the light. the preferred restoration target because they have the most biomass and
therefore the greatest capacity to restore the environment.
2.10 Implement or strengthen landscape requirements in local zoning
ordinances.
2.11 Ensure that river-edge management is adequately budgeted. Maintenance
budgets need to incorporate all new and existing projects. Riverfront
projects are susceptible to damage from flooding and commercial activities,
as well as more typical wear and tear from public use.

Invasive Species Management
Avoid use of invasive species in landscapes. Although many states Disturbance
list ornamental species as invasive plants, local nurseries might A temporary change in average
still sell them to the public. environmental conditions that
Minimize disturbance and revegetate disturbed areas. First and causes a pronounced change in an
ecosystem.
foremost, protect intact native plant communities.
Plant canopy trees. By planting disturbed areas with native species
quickly after a disturbance occurs, invasives can be kept in check
Further Information
more easily.
Monitor the property regularly for invasive species, and when For more useful information about
the creation and management of
they do appear, remove them quickly before they have a chance to river landscapes, please read through
become established. the Landscape Management
Fertilize minimallyor not at all. Overfertilization increases weed Guidelines.
numbers and increases nutrient loads in runoff. riverlifepgh.org/resources
Types of Landscape
Forest (>50 percent canopy cover) Meadow

Continuous canopy with layersplant wherever Warm season grasses and wildflowersplant as
possible; provides shade, recreation, riparian a means of managing large open areas; provides
habitat, stormwater and erosion control, flood riparian buffers and habitat for small mammals,
mitigation and water quality treatment insects and birds
Woodland (<50 percent canopy cover) Lawn

Open canopy with tall grassesplant wherever Plant on relatively flat slopes and active
views are desired through trees; provides most recreation zones only; separate lawns from river
benefits of forest and may be more acceptable in edges with riparian buffer
developed areas
Shrub Land
Mixed species of varying heightsplant to
protect steep slopes and as natural fences for
pedestrian/bicycle traffic control
36 Riverlife
Character
Public Art
Intent
Definitions and Useful Terms
Expert review panel

Public art has the power to connect people to the riverfront. Great
public art enhances, energizes and defines its surroundings,
Generally composed of no fewer
generating civic pride and cultural identity. For public art to
than three and no more than five
professionals selected on the basis of make a meaningful contribution, there must be a commitment to
their expertise relative to the specific uncompromising standards of quality. The artwork must embody the
goals and objectives of the project vital identity and values of the riverfront, elevate the experience of the
visitor, and bolster a distinctive sense of place.
Using a variety of media and textures, artists can create landmarks
and visual experiences, distinguishing the viewpoints and drawing
people to them. Public artwork should provide cohesiveness to the
trails and pathways and expand opportunities for pedestrians to
recognize, appreciate and celebrate the importance of the river.
This section will provide guidance in developing strategies for artist
selection, appropriate implementation of artwork into riverfront parks,
and maintenance of public artwork.
The Pittsburgh Urban Redevelopment Authority published a
document in 2010 that provides information about providing public
art in developments. This resource should be consulted when adding
public art to a riverfront project.
Key Concepts
Temporary Art
Programming temporary art provides a unique platform for the public
to experience contemporary art. It allows for the realization of a
diversity of experimental projects by both established and emerging
artists that serve to advance the understanding and appreciation of
the river. Temporary art invites a range of media, including digital,
mechanical, musical, literary and performance art. Participatory
community events such as, a floating parade and the Riverlife Festival
are among the limitless possibilities.

Maintenance Considerations
Long-term survival of outdoor artworks along the river is affected not Open competition
only by proximity to the water, but by climate, use of the site, adjacent Initiated by circulating an
buildings, trees, roads and sidewalks. It is important to determine who announcement with information
will use the areapedestrians and pets, cyclists, skateboarders, etc. about the project budget, site and
other parameters for the desired
and how it will be used.
artwork, and calling for artists to
The survival of outdoor artwork depends on the nature of its submit proposals. Any artist may
construction, the environment it is exposed to and the maintenance apply.
it receives. To anticipate and limit future maintenance needs, consult Invitational competition
with professional curators whose technical understanding of materials
Frequently used as an alternative
and fabrication processes are invaluable during the artwork review to an open competition.
process.
Nomination process
Guidelines Nominations of appropriate and

qualified artists are solicited from
Project Management a select number of expert and
well-informed arts and design
Professional project management is critical to the successful professionals.
implementation of public art projects. A project manager should:
Request for qualifications
1.1 Coordinate the interests and needs of a multitude of participants, including
Asks artists to send in qualifications
peer professionals, community members, and other stakeholders to ensure
to be reviewed by the selection
that the full potential of the public art project can be realized.
panel but does not ask for a specific
1.2 Facilitate the artist and artwork selection and approval processes, including proposal to be submitted. The
the approvals of local regulatory and review bodies. selection of an artist on the basis of a
request for qualifications takes place
1.3 Manage the design, fabrication, and installation of public artwork.
when a project is in its earliest stage
1.4 Anticipate, plan for and implement the complex layers of competing of design.
schedules, information requirements, budgets and programmatic needs.
Request for Proposals
1.5 Negotiate agreements and develop consensus around highly complex issues
Asks artists to submit qualifications
and situations. as well as a proposal for a specific
1.6 Oversee gifts of artwork and memorials for placement in parks. site. The selection of artwork on
the basis of a site-specific proposal
1.7 Provide guidance on the incorporation of public art into development
is appropriate for existing sites, or
projects.
when the design of a construction
project has evolved to a point where
Expert Review there is adequate information to
develop a responsible proposal.
Expert review of public art projects should benefit the implementation
Various artists may respond to the
of public art projects in the following ways:
stated project goals and specific
2.1 Advocate for the inclusion of public art in all infrastructure projects. conditions of the site. The selection
panel weighs the artistic merits
2.2 Recommend a pool of potential artist selection panel members.
of several concepts, thoroughly
2.3 Act as a liaison to the individual artist selection panels. exploring the questions of feasibility
2.4 Review and take action on the artist selection panel recommendations. and budget.
2.5 Review design milestones for any given project.
38 Riverlife
Maintenance Considerations
Further Information The maintenance needs of the artwork should be kept reasonable and
More detailed information and should be adequately managed following these guidelines:
building design guidelines can 3.1 Prepare for ongoing maintenance requirements and cost.
be found within the Three Rivers
3.2 If possible, make sure that there is provision for maintenance funds
Park Public Art Strategy, and
or a maintenance agreement by the donor.
Add Value Add Art by the Urban
Redevelopment Authority and the 3.3 Establish artwork installation and removal specifications.
Office of Public Art.
3.4 Get written permission from the artist or artists estate for a qualified
riverlifepgh.org/resources conservator to conserve the artwork when necessary.

Character
Lighting
Intent
Lighting has the power to ensure that the public realm remains
safe, comfortable and engaging after dark. Night lighting can help
transform a foreboding space or a dark building into effective
markers, ensuring that people feel comfortable moving through
the park. Effective lighting will clearly identify a destination as well
as exit and entry points from the river. This section is intended to
provide guidance and concepts to create a successful lighting strategy
for a district or for an individual project application.
40 Riverlife
Key Concepts
Definitions and Useful Terms Brightness and Contrast: Too much light is frequently projected
onto buildings, destroying any appreciation of the architecture
Direct Energy Use
by washing out the details. Lower light levels can often be more
The use of optically efficient lighting
revealing and sympathetic.
Environmental Effects: There are a number of environmental
that directs light onto the required
area with minimal light spill is a part
of good lighting practice. factors that can be positively impacted by exterior lighting with
Embodied energy of the regard to direct energy use, visual impact, light spill and light
installation pollution, and effects on flora and fauna.
A life cycle assessment examines
the total environmental impact of a
Visual Impact: The appearance of lighting equipment during the
daytime can be an unsightly obstacle and can have a significant
material or product through every
impact on local views. Lighting equipment mounted on building
step of its lifefrom obtaining raw
materials (for example, through
facades without due consideration of the architecture can be
mining or logging) all the way unsightly.
through manufacture, transport to a
store, use in the home, and disposal
Reducing Crime and Fear of Crime: Carefully applied exterior
lighting can have a positive actual and perceived effect on safety.
or recycling.
Expenditure on good lighting in a public realm is a more effective
Light spill and light pollution means of increasing safety than an equal expenditure on electronic
The use of exterior artificial lighting surveillance equipment.
can cause light pollution. Light
pollution principally occurs as sky
Guidelines
glow, light trespass, and glare. Direct
upward light from exterior lighting
Lighting Bridges
installations causes sky glow. Glare
is caused by the uncomfortable 1.1 A detailed lighting design for a bridge should illuminate and enhance the
brightness of a light source viewed essential character of the structure. To do this, all light sources must be
against a darker background. Light concealed from view as much as is possible.
trespass is defined as light spilling
1.2 Avoid glare for pedestrians on the bridge and for those viewing the structure
beyond the boundary of a property or
from a distance.
area to be illuminated.
1.3 Dark painted bridges can be difficult to illuminate with projected light. In
these instances, consider delineating the essential structural elements with
lines of light.
Lighting Structures
2.1 Lighting should be considered at a very early stage in the project planning
to ensure that exterior lighting schemes are designed as part and parcel of
the new development, rather than as an afterthought.
2.2 Light only buildings and structures of sufficient merit or where lighting
enhances the ambience of the immediate surroundings. Take into account
the existing lighting of adjacent buildings and be considerate of the total
lighting effect on an area. Do not illuminate buildings or structures where
residential spaces will be compromised by intrusive lighting.
2.3 Ensure that exterior lighting installations avoid visual clutter without glare, are
discreet, and do not compromise the architectural integrity of the structure.

2.4 Existing structures and buildings will require particular care in product Scale
selection to make sure that the illumination and fixtures are respectful of the
Relates to perceived size of
buildings architectural character while lit and during daylight. structures, buildings, and spaces
relative to other forms and to people
Lighting Landscapes when viewed at night. The more
diffuse and general the lighting
3.1 Not all elements of the landscape need to be directly illuminated.
is, the easier it will be to assess
3.2 The lighting design should seek to strike a balance between light and the relative scale of objects and
shadow, creating a balanced overall composition and avoiding too much structures.
lighting (glare) and too little lighting (for safety considerations).
Rhythm
3.3 Lighting has the opportunity to enhance views and vistas and to reveal
The spacing of individual
different perspectives for those experiencing the park as pedestrians, by car,
illuminated elements, lighting
or from the water. columns, and pools of light are
perceived as rhythms. Wider
Lighting Fountains and Water Features spacings between fixtures and
lit surfaces will elicit a subdued
4.1 Lighting design for water features and fountains is a specialized task, often
response from the viewer. An
undertaken by manufacturers or suppliers, who have practical experience
awareness of the rhythms created
creating lighting effects that are most compatible with different types of
by artificial lighting should
water displays. be considered during design
4.2 All equipment must be watertight and fully submersible. development.
4.3 The location of the light fixtures in relation to water jets and cascades Emphasis
is critical. Light from underwater fixtures will be refracted or reflected Selective lighting can enhance
depending on the angle of incidence of the light beam. Bubbles and particles attractive features and conceal
in the water may also affect the light. unattractive ones.
Color
Lighting Art Installations
The color appearance of a light
5.1 Art installations provide an opportunity to integrate lighting in a stand- source or illuminated surface
alone project, on both large and small scales. will be seen as either warm or
5.2 The lighting scheme for artwork should be approved by the artist and project cool. Lamps with a low correlated
color temperature are warm and
managers to ensure that the lighting is appropriate and sensitive within the
those with a high correlated color
context of the park.
temperature are cool.
5.3 Operational costs should be considered as part of the artwork project scope.
Design
6.1 Provide adequate light, with even distribution and a suitable color, in order
to enhance the form and character of the outdoor environment.
6.2 Utilize indirect lighting wherever possible.
6.3 Reveal hazards such as stairs and changes in level. Illuminate dark and
potentially dangerous areas.
6.4 Accommodate opportunities for entertainment and leisure after dark. Often
a small amount of light can fulfill these needs.
6.5 Effect lighting on a large scale, highlighting individual buildings and
features. The best results may be achieved when individual schemes within a
district are coordinated together by the same team of professionals.
42 Riverlife
Sustainability
7.1 All fixtures should utilize energy-efficient technologies.
7.2 The environmental impact of exterior lighting needs to be considered at the
very beginning of the design process to balance energy conservation with
proper lighting for the highest possible efficiency.
7.3 Lighting efficiency maximizes sustainability and minimizes long-term costs,
particularly for a large-scale project.
Build Quality
8.1 All exterior light fixtures need to be robust, particularly in the marine
environment.
8.2 Working samples of proposed lighting types should always be tested and
approved before equipment is finally chosen. Ideally, an on-site lighting trial
should take place before any final decisions are made.
8.3 The number of light sources and types of fixtures available to lighting
designers are constantly changing. Care should be taken to ensure that the
most current and most efficient options on the market are considered.

Light Spill and Light Pollution
9.1 Ensure that all exterior lights are designed and installed so that light is
emitted in a downward direction, rather than horizontally or upward.
9.2 Ensure that the correct amount of light is provided in order to avoid light
pollution.
9.3 Make sure that exterior lighting is timed to shut off consistently when it is
no longer needed.
Installation, Operation and Maintenance

10.1 The cost of most urban exterior lighting projects represents a low level of
capital expenditure that results in a large return in terms of added value to
property development, improved public realm spaces, and increased safety. Further Information
10.2 Factor in capital costs to include design fees, installation, fixtures, control More detailed information and
equipment, meters and housing. building design guidelines can be
10.3 Factor in operating costs to include electricity, replacement lamps, routine
Lighting Strategy.
maintenance and inspection, and installation and removal of temporary and
seasonal lighting displays. riverlifepgh.org/resources
Five Factors to Consider When Selecting Light Sources:
Efficacy: The output of the lamp in relation to Color Rendering: The ability of the light
its energy usage, measured in lumens per watt. source to render colors accurately. Although
This is often the principal consideration for less important in exterior lighting, poor color
reasons of economy. rendering can have a deadening effect on an
area. Good color rendering light sources have
Lamp Life: The average life of a lamp in a
Ra >80 or below to Group 1A, 1B or 2A.
large installation. The figures quoted by lamp
manufacturers are to 50 percent failure. Lamp Lamp Shape and Coating: The shape of
life has a significant impact on maintenance a light source will dictate much of the light
costs. design. A phosphor coating will change the
quality of the light.
Color Appearance: An assessment of what
the color of the light source appears to be. This
is important in considering the overall effect of
the lighting.
44 Riverlife
Acknowledgements
Riverlifes Riverfront Design Committee
Consultants on previous Riverlife resource documents

include the following:
A Vision Plan for Pittsburghs Riverfronts (2001)

Chan Krieger & Associates, with
Hargreaves Associates
Bohlin Cywinski Jackson
Urban Instruments
Economic Research Associates
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas
Three Rivers Park Design Guidelines (2002)

Sallyann Kluz, RA
Perkins Eastman
Department of City Planning
Connecting the Loop Plan (2003)
Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates
Three Rivers Park Lighting Strategy (2004)
Art2Architecture
Landscape Management Guidelines (2006)

Andropogon Associates Ltd. with
Civil and Environmental Consultants, Inc.
Images and renderings:

Three Rivers Park Public Art Strategy (2006)
Chuck Alcorn
Sallyann Kluz, RA Gail M. Goldman Associates
Atelier Dreiseitl
Andropogon Associates Stormwater Is the Communicator (2009)
Art2Architecture
Atelier Dreiseitl
Design by Little Kelpie Along with countless others.

707 Grant Street, Suite 3500
Pittsburgh, PA 15219

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A Guide to

A Guide to Riverfront Development 1

the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation

A Guide to Riverfront Development 1

A Guide to Riverfront Development 3

Each new investment along the rivers encourages activity,

A Vision Plan for Limit obstacles and connect to the river.

Three Rivers Park Engage with the water.

Three Rivers Park Repair and enhance the environment.

Three Rivers Park Public Read on to learn essential aspects of riverfront

A Guide to Riverfront Development 5

Mixed Industrial and Residential Buffer Zone

A Guide to Riverfront Development 7

Typical shallow bank stabilization with invasive management. Andropogon 2006

Recommended for Open-Space

Riparian Buffer Width, Vegetative

A Guide to Riverfront Development 9

A Guide to Riverfront Development 11

Perpendicular Connections along Private Uses

A Guide to Riverfront Development 13

A Guide to Riverfront Development 15

A Guide to Riverfront Development 17

A Guide to Riverfront Development 19

A Guide to Riverfront Development 21

2.1 Building configurations should maximize view corridors. View corridors

Transportation Planning terminate at a particular object. They

Light pollution 4.10 Bury all utilities in development sites.

More detailed information and

A Guide to Riverfront Development 23

A Guide to Riverfront Development 25

A Guide to Riverfront Development 27

Definitions Bioretention Swale: These are retention or detention basins with a

A Guide to Riverfront Development 29

A Guide to Riverfront Development 31

A Guide to Riverfront Development 33

A Guide to Riverfront Development 35

Fertilize minimallyor not at all. Overfertilization increases weed Guidelines.

numbers and increases nutrient loads in runoff. riverlifepgh.org/resources

Forest (>50 percent canopy cover) Meadow

Woodland (<50 percent canopy cover) Lawn

Expert review panel

A Guide to Riverfront Development 37

Guidelines Nominations of appropriate and

2.5 Review design milestones for any given project.

A Guide to Riverfront Development 39

A Guide to Riverfront Development 41

A Guide to Riverfront Development 43

Installation, Operation and Maintenance

Five Factors to Consider When Selecting Light Sources:

Riverlifes Riverfront Design Committee

Consultants on previous Riverlife resource documents

A Vision Plan for Pittsburghs Riverfronts (2001)

Three Rivers Park Design Guidelines (2002)

Connecting the Loop Plan (2003)

Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates

Three Rivers Park Lighting Strategy (2004)

Landscape Management Guidelines (2006)

Images and renderings: