to

N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

,d e;;qxhu uxj dh ;k=kk ij vk;k dksbZ ;k=kh] ml uxj osQ ckjs esa
oSQlh vkdka{kk, j[krk gksxk\ ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og uxj
fdl izdkj dk FkkD;k og ,d eafnj uxj Fkk ;k ,d iz'kklfud osQa nz]
,d okf.kfT;d 'kgj] ,d iku uxj vFkok fdlh vU; izdkj dk 'kgj
FkkA oLrqr% dbZ uxj rks ,d lkFk vusd izdkj osQ Fksos iz'kklfud uxj
rFkk eafnj uxj gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk okf.kfT;d dk;Zdykiksa vkSj f'kYi
mRiknu osQ osQa nz Hkh FksA

ed

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj

f'kYihtu

no
t

ekufp=k 1
e; vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr
esa O;kikj vkSj f'kYidkjh
mRiknu osQ oqQN ize[q k
osaQnz

75

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

iz'kklfud osQa nz
v;k; 2 esa vkius pksy oa'k osQ ckjs esa i<+kA vkb,] ge viuh dYiuk
osQ ?kksMs+ ij lokj gksdj pksy jktkvksa dh jktkkuh ratkowj] tSlkfd og
,d gkkj o"kZ igys Fkk] dh ;k=kk ij pysAa

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

o"kZ esa ckjgksa eghus cgus okyh dkosjh unh bl lqna j uxj osQ ikl cgrh
gSA jktk jktjkt pksy }kjk fufeZr jktjkts'oj eafnj dh ?kafV;k ctrh gqbZ
lqukbZ nsrh gSAa yksx uxj osQ okLrqdkj oqQa tjeYyu jktjkt is:FkPpu dh
okLrqdyk dh iz'kalk djrs gq, ugha FkdrsA gesa okLrqdkj dk uke blfy,
irk gS D;ksfa d mlus xoZ ls vius uke dks eafnj dh nhokj ij mRdh.kZ
fd;kA eafnj osQ Hkhrj ,d fo'kky f'koyx LFkkfir gSA
bl eafnj osQ vykok uxj esa vusd jktegy gS]a ftuesa dbZ eaMi cus
gq, gSAa jktk yksx bu eaMiksa esa viuk njckj yxkrs gSAa ;gha ls os vius
vkhuLFkksa osQ fy, vkns'k tkjh djrs gSAa uxj esa lSU; f'kfoj Hkh cus gSAa

vkiosQ er esa yksx

ratkowj dks ,d egku
uxj D;ksa ekurs Fks\

uxj mu ckkkjksa dh gypy ls Hkjk gqvk gS_ tgk vukt] elkyks]a

diM+kas vkSj vkHkw"k.kksa dh fch gks jgh gSA uxj osQ fy, ty dh vkiwfrZ
oQq vksa vkSj rkykcksa ls gksrh gSA ratkowj vkSj mlosQ fudVorhZ uxj mjS;jw osQ
lkyh; cqudj eafnj osQ mRlo osQ fy, >aM&s >afM;k cukus dk diM+k] jktk
vkSj vfHktkr oxZ osQ fy, cf<+;k lwrh oL=k vkSj tulkkkj.k osQ fy,
eksVk lwrh oL=k rS;kj dj jgs gSAa ;gk ls oqQN nwjh ij LokeheykbZ esa LFkifr
vFkok ewfrZdkj mke dkL; ewfrZ;k rFkk yac]s lqna j ?kaVk&kkrq osQ nhi cuk
jgs gSAa

eafnj uxj vkSj rhFkZ osQa nz

no
t

ratkowj ,d eafnj uxj dk Hkh mnkgj.k gSA eafnj uxj uxjhdj.k dk ,d

vR;ar egoiw.kZ izfr:i izLrqr djrs gSAa uxjhdj.k uxjksa osQ fodkl dh
izf;k gSA eafnj vdlj lekt vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk nksuksa osQ fy, gh vR;ar
egoiw.kZ gksrs FksA 'kkld] fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ izfr viuk HkfDr Hkko
n'kkZus osQ fy, eafnj cukrs FksA os eafnjksa dks Hkwfe ,oa ku vuqnku esa nsrs
Fks ftudh vk; ls kkfeZd vuq"Bku] fofk&fokku ls laiUu fd, tkrs Fks]
rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa rFkk iqjksfgr&iafMrksa dks Hkkstu djk;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ioksRZ lo
euk, tkrs FksA eafnj osQ n'kZukFkhZ Hkh nku&nf{k.kk fn;k djrs FksA

gekjs vrhr

76

dklk] ?kaVk&kkrq vkSj ^yqIrekse* rduhd

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

dklk ,d feJkkrq gksrh gS] tks rkcs vkSj jkxs (fVu) osQ esy
ls curh gSA ?kaVk&kkrq esa jkxs dk vuqikr fdlh Hkh vU;
fdLe osQ dkls ls vfkd gksrk gSA ;g ?kaVs tSlh ofu
mRiUu djrh gSA
pksydkyhu dkaL; ewfrZ;k (v;k;&2 ns[ksa) ^yqIrekse*
rduhd ls cukbZ tkrh FkhaA bl izfofk osQ varxZr loZiFz ke
ekse dh ,d izfrek cukbZ tkrh FkhA bls fpduh fe^h ls iwjh
rjg yhi dj lw[kus osQ fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA tc og
iwjh rjg lw[k tkrh Fkh rks mls xeZ fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj
mlosQ fe^h osQ vkoj.k esa ,d NksVk&lk Nsn cuk dj ml
Nsn osQ jkLrs lkjk fi?kyk gqvk ekse ckgj fudky fy;k tkrk
FkkA fiQj fpduh fe^h osQ [kkyh lkps esa mlh Nsn osQ jkLrs
fi?kyh gqbZ kkrq Hkj nh tkrh FkhA tc og kkrq BaMh gksdj
Bksl gks tkrh Fkh] rks fpduh fe^h osQ vkoj.k dks lkokkuhiwod
Z
gVk fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mlesa ls fudyh izfrek dks lkI+kQ
djosQ pedk fn;k tkrk FkkA
vkiosQ fopkj ls bl izfofk osQ iz;ksx osQ D;k&D;k
YkkHk Fks\

eafnj osQ drkZ&krkZZ eafnj osQ ku dks O;kikj ,oa lkgwdkjh esa yxkrs
FksA 'kuS% 'kuS%] le; osQ lkFk] cM+h la[;k esa iqjksfgr&iqtkjh] dkexkj]
f'kYih] O;kikjh vkfn eafnj rFkk mlosQ n'kZukfFkZ;ksa ,oa rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa dh
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, eafnj osQ vkl&ikl clrs x,A bl
izdkj eafnj uxjksa dk fodkl gqvkA blh jhfr ls eafnjksa ds pkjksa vksj
vusd uxjksa dk vkfoZHkko gqvk] tSlse; izns'k esa fHkYyLokfeu
(Hkhylk ;k fofn'kk) vkSj xqtjkr esa lkseukFkA oqQN vU; egoiw.kZ
eafnj uxjrfeyukMq esa dkaphiqje rFkk enqjS vkSj vkakz izns'k esa
fr#ifr gSaA

fp=k 1
dkaL; ewr] ftlesa o`Q".k
dks ukx&jk{kl dkfy;k
dks dkcw djrs fn[kk;k
x;k gSA

no
t

rhFkZLFky Hkh khjs&khjs uxjksa osQ :i esa fodflr gks x,A o`ankou
(mkj izns'k) vkSj fr#oUueykbZ (rfeyukMq) ,sls uxjksa osQ nks mnkgj.k
gSaA vtesj (jktLFkku)] ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa pkSgku jktkvksa dh jktkkuh
Fkk vkSj vkxs pydj eqX+kyksa osQ 'kklu esa og ^lwck* eq[;ky; cu x;kA
;g uxj kkfeZd lg&vfLrRo dk ,d mR"V mnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gSA
lqizfl lwI+kQh lar [okkk eqbuqhu fp'rh (v;k; 8 Hkh ns[ksa) ;gk
ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa cl x, Fks vkSj muosQ n'kZukFkhZ ,oa Jkyq lHkh
77

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

iaFkksa&erksa osQ gqvk djrs FksA vtesj osQ ikl gh iq"dj ljksoj gS] tgk
izkphudky ls gh rhFkZ;k=kh vkrs jgs gSaA

NksVs uxjksa dk latky

vkBoha 'krkCnh ls gh migk}hi esa vusd NksV&s NksVs uxjksa dk latky&lk
fcNus yxk FkkA laHkor% mudk izknqHkkZo cM+&s cM+s xkoksa ls gqvk FkkA muesa
vkerkSj ij ,d eaMfidk (ckn esa ftls ^eaMh* dgk tkus yxk) gksrh Fkh]
tgk vkl&ikl osQ xko okys viuh mit cspus osQ fy, ykrs FksA muesa
,slh xfy;k Fkah] tgk nqdkusa ,oa ckkkj Fks ftUgsa ^g^* (ckn esa ^gkV* dgk
tkus yxk) dgk tkrk FkkA blosQ vykok fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ dkjhxjksa
rFkk f'kfYi;ks]a tSl
s oqQEgkjks]a rsfy;ks]a 'kDdj cukus okyks]a rkM+h cukus
okyks]a lqukjks]a yksgkjks]a iRFkj rksMu+ s okyksa vkfn osQ vyx&vyx ckkkj gksrs
FksA oqQN O;kikjh rks uxj esa LFkk;h :i ls cldj viuk dkjksckj djrs Fks]
tcfd oqQN vU; O;kikjh uxj&uxj ?kwedj ;&fo; fd;k djrs FksA
vkl&ikl vkSj nwjnjkk osQ O;kikjh bu uxjksa esas LFkkuh; mit [kjhnus vkSj
nwjorhZ LFkkuksa osQ mRikn] tSl
s ?kksM]s+ ued] diwj] osQlj] iku&lqikjh vkSj
dkyh fepZ tSls elkys cspus osQ fy, vkrs FksA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

vius fkys osQ uxjksa dh

lwph cuk, vkSj mudk
iz'kklfud osQa ks]a eafnj
uxjks@a rhFkZ osQa nzkas osQ :i
esa oxhZdj.k djsAa

no
t

fp=k 2
uxj dk ,d ckkkj

gekjs vrhr

78

ckkkjksa ij dj

fp=k 3
ydM+h ij uDdk'kh
djrk gqvk ,d dkjhxj

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

;g jktLFkku ls izkIr ,d nloha 'krkCnh osQ vfHkys[k dk lkjka'k gSA ftlesa

os 'kqYd fn, x, gSa tks eafnj izkfkdkfj;ksa }kjk oLrqvksa osQ :i esa olwy fd,
tk ldrs gSaA

ed

vkerkSj ij dksbZ lkear ;kuh ijorhZ dky dk kehankj bu uxjksa esa ;k

buosQ vkl&ikl fdyscna h dj egy cuk ysrk FkkA ,sls lkear O;kikfj;ks]a
f'kYidkjksa rFkk muosQ O;kikj dh oLrqvksa ij dj yxkrs Fks vkSj dHkh&dHkh
bu djksa osQ laxgz .k dk ^vfkdkj* mu LFkkuh; eafnjksa dks ^iznku* dj nsrs Fks]
ftudk fuekZ.k Lo;a muosQ }kjk ;k kuk<~; O;kikfj;ksa }kjk djk;k x;k gksrk
FkkA ,sls ^vfkdkjks*a dk mYys[k vfHkys[kksa esa fd;k x;k gS tks vkt Hkh
ik, tkrs gSAa

'kDdj vkSj xqM]+ jax] kkxk] #bZ] ukfj;y] ued] lqikjh] eD[ku] fry osQ
rsy ij vkSj diM+s ij dj yxk, tkrs FksA
blosQ vykok] O;kifj;ksa ij] kkrq dh phtsa cspus okyksa] vklodksa] rsy]
i'kqpkjs vkSj vukt osQ cksjksa ij Hkh dj yxk, tkrs FksA
buesa ls oqQN dj rks oLrq :i esa vkSj oqQN vU; udn :i esa olwys
tkrs FksA

vkt ckkkj ij yxus okys djksa osQ ckjs esa oqQN vkSj tkudkjh izkIr
djs
a bUgsa dkSu bd_k djrk gS] os fdl izdkj olwy fd, tkrs gSa
vkSj mudk iz;ksx fdl dke osQ fy, gksrk gSA

cM+s vkSj NksVs O;kikjh

no
t

O;kikjh dbZ izdkj osQ gqvk djrs FksA muesa catkjs yksx (nsf[k, v;k; 7)
Hkh 'kkfey FksA dbZ O;kikjh] fo'ks"k :i ls ?kksM+ksa osQ O;kikjh vius la?k
cukrs Fks] ftudk ,d eqf[k;k gksrk Fkk vkSj og eqf[k;k mudh vksj ls
?kksM+s [kjhnus osQ bPNqd ;kskvksa ls ckrphr djrk FkkA
pwfd O;kikfj;ksa dks vusd jkT;ksa rFkk taxyksa ls gksdj xqkjuk iM+rk
FkkA blfy, os vkerkSj ij dkf-iQys cukdj ,d lkFk ;k=kk djrs Fks vkSj
vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, O;kikj&la?k (fxYM) cukrs FksA nf{k.k Hkkjr
79

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

esa vkBoha 'krkCnh vkSj ijorhZ dky esa vusd ,sls la?k FksA muesa lcls
izfl ^ef.kxzkee~* vkSj ^ukukns'kh* FksA ;s O;kikj la?k izk;}hi osQ Hkhrj
vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkk phu osQ lkFk Hkh nwj&nwj rd O;kikj
djrs FksA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

tSlk fd vki le>

ldrs gS]a bl dky osQ
nkSjku yksxksa rFkk eky
dk vkuk&tkuk yxk gh
jgrk FkkA vkiosQ fopkj
ls bl vkoktkgh dk
uxjksa rFkk xkoksa osQ
tu&thou ij D;k
izHkko iM+k gksxk\ uxjksa
esa jgus okys dkjhxjksa
dh lwph cuk,A

ed

buosQ vykok psf^;kj vkSj ekjokM+h vksloky tSls leqnk; Hkh Fks] tks
vkxs pydj ns'k osQ izkku O;kikjh lewg cu x,A xqtjkrh O;kikfj;ksa esa
gnw cfu;k vkSj eqfLye cksgjk nksuksa leqnk; 'kfey FksA os nwj&nwj rd
yky lkxj osQ canjxkgksa o I+kQkjl dh [kkM+h] iwohZ vi+ Qz hdk] nf{k.k&iwoZ
,f'k;k rFkk phu ls O;kikj djrs FksA os bu ikuksa esa diM+s vkSj elkys
csprs Fks vkSj cnys esa vi+ Qz hdk ls lksuk vkSj gkFkh nkr ,oa nf{k.k&iwoZ
,f'k;k vkSj phu ls elkys] fVu] fe^h osQ uhys crZu vkSj pknh ykrs FksA

if'peh rV osQ uxjksa esa vjch] i- Qkjlh] phuh] ;gwnh vkSj lhfj;kbZ
bZlkbZ cl x, FksA yky lkxj osQ canjxkgksa esa csps tkus okys Hkkjrh;
elkys vkSj diM+s brkyoh O;kikfj;ksa }kjk [kjhns tkrs Fks vkSj ogk ls os
mUgsa vkxs ;wjksih; ckkkjksa esa igqpkrs FksA muls O;kikj esa cgqr ykHk gksrk
FkkA m".kdfVcakh; tyok;q esa mxk, tkus okys elkys (dkyhfepZ]
nkyphuh] tk;iQy] lksaB vkfn) ;wjksih; O;atuksa osQ egoiw.kZ vax cu
x, Fks vkSj Hkkjrh; lwrh diM+k cgqr yqHkkouk gksrk FkkA ;s phksa gh
;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa dks Hkkjr rd [khap ykbA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kikj
vkSj uxjksa dk :i fdl izdkj cnyk] blosQ ckjs esa ge 'kh?kz vkxs i<+saxsA

no
t

dkcqy

gekjs vrhr

dkcqy vius igkM+h vkSj fo"ke Hkw&n`'; osQ lkFk lksygoha 'krkCnh ls
jktuhfrd vkSj okf.kfT;d n`f"V ls egoiw.kZ cu x;kA dkcqy vkSj
dkakkj lqifz l js'ke ekxZ ls tqMs+ gq, FksA lkFk gh ?kksMk+ as dk O;kikj Hkh
eq[; :i ls blh ekxZ ls gksrk FkkA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa ghjksa osQ ,d
lkSnkxj tkSa csifVLVs VSofuZ;j us vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd dkcqy esa ?kksM+ksa
dk O;kikj izfro"kZ 30] 000 :i;ksa dk gksrk Fkk] tks mu fnuksa esa ,d
cM+h Hkkjh jde le>h tkrh FkhA dkcqy ls eso]s [ktwj] xyhps] js'keh
diM+s vkSj rkks iQy Vksa ij ykn dj yk, tkrs Fks vkSj miegk}hi
rFkk vU; Hkkxksa esa csps tkrs FksA buosQ vykok xqyke Hkh fch osQ fy,
yk, tkrs FksA

80

uxjksa esa f'kYi

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

chnj osQ f'kYidkj rkcs rFkk pknh esa tM+kbZ osQ dke osQ fy, brus
vfkd izfl Fks fd bl f'kYi dk uke gh ^chnjh* iM+ x;kA iakpky
vFkkZr~ fo'odekZ leqnk; ftlesa lqukj] dlsj]s yksgkj] jktfeL=kh vkSj
c<+bZ 'kkfey Fks_ eafnjksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vko';d FksA blosQ
vykok os jktegyks]a cM+&s cM+s Hkouks]a rkykcksa vkSj tyk'k;ksa osQ fuekZ.k
esa Hkh viuh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs FksA blh izdkj lkfy;kj ;k
oSQDdksykj tSls cqudj Hkh le`f'kkyh leqnk; cu x, Fks vkSj os
eafnjksa dks Hkkjh nku&nf{k.kk fn;k djrs FksA oL=k&fuekZ.k ls lacfa kr
oqQN vU; dk;Z] tSl
s dikl dks lkI+kQ djuk] dkruk vkSj jaxuk Hkh
Lora=k O;olk; cu x, Fks] ftuosQ fy, fo'ks"kKrk dh vko';drk
gksrh FkhA
fp=k 4
ihry osQ bl ekseckhnku
ij dkyk vkoj.k gSA

no
t

fp=k 5
'kkWy dk ckWMjZ

81

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

'kgjksa osQ cnyrs gq, HkkX;

ed

dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa osQ yacs le; esa vgenkckn (xqtjkr) tSls oqQN uxj cM+s
O;kikfjd osQa ksa osQ :i esa fodflr gks x,] ysfdu ratkowj tSls oqQN vU;
uxj igys dh vis{kk foLrkj rFkk ego dh n`f"V ls floqQM+ x,A blh dky
esa if'pe caxky esa HkkxhjFkh unh osQ rV ij fLFkr eqf'kZnkckn js'keh oL=kksa
osQ izeq[k osaQ osQ :i esa mHkjk FkkA og 1704 bZ- esa caxky dh jktkkuh cu
x;k ysfdu blh 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku mldk flrkjk Mwc x;k_ D;ksafd ogk osQ
cqudj baXySMa dh feyksa ls cudj vk, lLrs diM+s osQ lkFk izfr;ksfxrk esa
fVd u losQA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

gEih] elwyhi^ue vkSj lwjr uknhd ls ,d ukj

gEih dh okLrqdyk dk lkSna ;Z

no
t

fp=k 6
gEih osQ vgkrs dh VwVh
gqbZ nhokj ls cqtZ dk
n`';

gEih uxj] ".kk vkSj rqaxHknzk ufn;ksa dh ?kkVh esa fLFkr gSA ;g uxj
1336 esa LFkkfir fot;uxj lkezkT; dk osaQnz LFky FkkA gEih osQ
'kkunkj [kaMgjksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ml 'kgj dh fdyscna h mPp dksfV
dh FkhA fdys dh nhokjksa osQ fuekZ.k esa dgha Hkh xkjs&pwus tSls fdlh Hkh
tksM+us okys elkys dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj f'kyk[kaMksa dks
vkil esa iQlkdj xwFkk x;k FkkA

gekjs vrhr

82

,d iqrxZ kyh ;k=kh Mksfeaxksa isk us lksygoha 'krkCnh esa gEih uxj dk o.kZu
bl izdkj fd;k%
---xksok ls vkus okys yksx ftl izos'k }kj ls xqkjrs gSa ml }kj osQ Hkhrj
jktk us ,d vR;ar lqn`<+ izkphjc uxj clk j[kk gS_ tks nhokjksa vkSj
cqtks ls lqjf{kr gSA ;s nhokjsa vU; uxjksa dh nhokjksa tSlh ugha gSa] cfYd
cgqr ekcwr jktxhjh dk ,slk uewuk gS_a tks vU; Hkkxksa esa cgqr de ns[kus
dks feysxkA mlosQ Hkhrj mlh jhfr ls cuk, x, Hkouksa dh vR;ar lqna j
drkjsa gS]a ftudh Nrsa likV piVh gaAS
vkiosQ fopkj ls ;gh uxj fdyscan D;ksa Fkk\

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

,d fdykcan uxj

gEih dh okLrqdyk fof'k"V izdkj dh FkhA ogk osQ 'kkgh Hkouksa esa
HkO; esgjkc vkSj xaqcn FksA ogk LraHkksa okys dbZ fo'kky d{k Fks] ftuesa
ewfkZ;ksa dks j[kus osQ fy, vkys cus gq, FksA ogk lqfu;ksftr ckx&cxhps Hkh
Fks] ftuesa dey vkSj VksMksa dh vko`Qfr okys ewfrZdyk osQ uewus FksA
ianzgoha&lksygoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ vius le`fdky esa gEih dbZ okf.kfT;d
vkSj lkaLfrd xfrfofk;ksa ls xqatk;eku jgrk FkkA mu fnuksa gEih osQ
ckkkjksa esa ewjksa (eqfLye lkSnkxjksa osQ fy, lkewfgd :i ls iz;qDr uke)]
psf^;ksa vkSj iqrxZ kfy;ksa tSls ;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa osQ
,tsVa ksa dk te?kV yxk jgrk FkkA

fp=k 7
gEih osQ fony eafnj dk
iRFkj dk cuk jFk

no
t

eafnj lkaLfrd xfrfofk;ksa osQ osQa nz gksrs

Fks vkSj nsonkfl;k fo:ik{k (f'ko) eafnj
osQ vusd LraHk okys fo'kky d{kksa esa nso
izfrek] jktk rFkk iztktuksa osQ le{k
u`R; fd;k djrh FkhaA egkuoeh ioZ]
tks vkt nf{k.k esa uojkf=k ioZ dgykrk
gS] mu fnuksa gEih esa ,d vR;ar
egoiw . kZ ioZ ekuk tkrk FkkA
iqjkrofonksa us ml egkuoeh eap dks
[kkst fudkyk gS] tgk jktk vius

83

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

vfrfFk;ksa dk LOkkxr&lRdkj djrk Fkk vkSj vkhuLFk O;fDr;ksa ls

ukjkus&migkj fy;k djrk FkkA ogha fojkteku gksdj jktk] u`R; ,oa
laxhr rFkk eYy;q osQ dk;Ze Hkh ns[kk djrk FkkA

lwjr if'pe dk izo's k }kj

lwjr] eqX+kydky esa oSQa cs (vkt osQ [kackr) vkSj oqQN le; ckn osQ
vgenkckn osQ lkFk&lkFk] xqtjkr esa if'peh O;kikj dk okf.kT; osQa nz cu
x;kA lwjr vksjeqk dh [kkM+h ls gksdj if'peh ,f'k;k osQ lkFk O;kikj
djus osQ fy, eq[; }kj FkkA lwjr dks eDdk dk izLFkku }kj Hkh dgk tkrk
Fkk] D;ksfa d cgqr&ls gk;k=kh] tgkk ls ;gha ls jokuk gksrs FksA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

okf.kT; osaQ
,d ,slk LFkku tgk
fofHk mRiknu osQa nzkas ls
vkus okyk eky [kjhnk
vkSj cspk tkrk gSA

ed

1565 esa nDduh lqYrkuksaxksyoqQaMk] chtkiqj] vgenuxj] cjkj vkSj

chnj osQ 'kkldksaosQ gkFkksa fot;uxj dh ijkt; osQ ckn gEih dk
fouk'k gks x;kA

lwjr ,d loZns'kh; uxj Fkk] tgk lHkh tkfr;ksa vkSj keks osQ yksx
jgrs FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa ogk iqrZxkfy;ksa] Mpksa vkSj vxzskksa osQ
dkj[kkus ,oa ekyxksnke FksA vxszk bfrgkldkj vksfoaxVu us 1689 esa
lwjr canjxkg dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd fdlh Hkh ,d oDr ij
fHk&fHk ns'kkas osQ vkSlru ,d lkS tgkk bl canjxkg ij yaxj Mkys
[kM+s ns[ks tk ldrs FksA

no
t

gqaMh
,d ,slk nLrkosk]
ftlesa ,d O;fDr }kjk
tek djkbZ xbZ jde
ntZ jgrh gSA gqMa h dks
dgha vU;=k izLrqr djosQ
tek dh
xbZ jkf'k izkIr dh tk
ldrh gSA

lwjr esa ,slh vusd nqdkusa Fkha tks lwrh diM+k] Fkksd vkSj iqQVdj
dherksa ij csprh FkhaA lwjr osQ oL=k vius lqugjs xksVk&fdukfj;ksa (kjh)
osQ fy, izfl Fks vkSj muosQ fy, if'pe ,f'k;k] vi+ Qz hdk vkSj ;wjksi esa
ckkkj miyCk FksA jkT; us fo'o osQ lHkh Hkkxksa ls uxj esa vkus okys yksxksa
dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vusd foJkex`g cuk j[ks FksA
ogk HkO; Hkou vkSj vla[; euksjt
a d&LFky FksA lwjr esa dkfB;kokM+h lsBksa
rFkk egktuksa dh cM+h&cM+h lkgwdkjh daifu;k FkhaA mYys[kuh; gS fd lwjr
ls tkjh dh xbZ gqfa M;ksa dks nwj&nwj rd felz esa dkfgjk] bjkd esa cljk vkSj
csfYt;e esa ,aVoiZ osQ ckkkjksa esa ekU;rk izkIr FkhA
foaQrq] l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ vafre o"kks esa lwjr dk Hkh v/%iru izkjaHk
gks x;kA blosQ dbZ dkj.k FkseqX+ky lkezkT; osQ iru osQ dkj.k ckkkjksa

gekjs vrhr

84

rFkk mRikndrk dh gkfu] iqrxZ kfy;ksa }kjk leqh ekxks ij fu;a=k.k vkSj
cacbZ (orZeku eqca bZ) ls izfrLikkZ tgk 1668 esa vxsz kh bZLV bafM;k daiuh
us viuk eq[;ky; LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA vkt lwjr ,d egoiw.kZ
okf.kfT;d osQna z gSA

elwyhi^ue ;k eNyhi^ue uxj ".kk unh osQ MsYVk ij fLFkr gSA l=kgoha
'krkCnh esa ;g fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/;ksa dk uxj FkkA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

gkWyMaS vkSj baXyaMS nksuksa ns'kksa dh bZLV bafM;k oaQifu;ksa us elwyhi^ue

ij fu;a=k.k izkIr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k] D;ksfa d rc rd og vkakz rV dk
lcls egoiw.kZ iku cu x;k FkkA elwyhi^ue dk fdyk] gkWyMaS okfl;ksa
us cuk;k FkkA

ed

tksf[ke&Hkjk nkSj elwyhi^ue osQ fy, pqukSrh

eNqvkjksa dk ,d xjhc uxj

vxsz kh bZLV bafM;k daiuh osQ ,d xqek'rs fofy;e esFkoYM us 1620 bZ esa bu
'kCnksa esa elwyhi^ue dk o.kZu fd;k Fkk %
;g xksyoqQaMk dk eq[; iku gS] tgk ijeiwT; bZLV bafM;k daiuh viuk
,tsaV j[krh gSA ;g ,d NksVk uxj gS] ij ?kuk clk gqvk] fcuk fdlh
pkjnhokjh osQ] vkSj [kjkc rjhosQ ls cuk gqvkA u gh ;g vPNh txg
fLFkr gSA blosQ lHkh tyksr [kkjs ikuh osQ gSaA igys ;g ,d xjhc
eNqvkjk&uxj Fkk--- vkxs pydj ;gk tgkkksa osQ fy, yaxj Mkyus dh
lqfokk gks xbZ] ftlls O;kikjh yksx ;gk jgus yxs vkSj pwfd gekjs rFkk
gkWyaMS osQ fuoklh ;gk bl rV ij vkrs&tkrs jgrs gSa] ;g muosQ fy,
fuokl dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
vxsz kksa vkSj gkWyaMS okfl;ksa us elwyhi^ue esa viuh cfLr;k clkus
dk fu.kZ; D;ksa fy;k\

no
t

xqek'rk
bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh }kjk
fu;qDr O;kikjh

xksyoqQMa k osQ O+kQq Rc'kkgh 'kkldksa us diM+k]as elkyksa vkSj vU; phkksa dh
fch ij 'kkgh ,dkfkdkj ykxw fd;k_ ftlls fd ogk dk O;kikj iwjh
rjg bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh osQ gkFkksa esa u pyk tk,A fofHk O;kikjh
85

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

lewgks
a xksyoqQMa k osQ oqQyhu oxks] i- Qkjlh lkSnkxjks]a rsyxq q dkseVh psf^;kj
vkSj ;wjksih; O;kikfj;ksa us uxj dks ?kuh vkcknh okyk vkSj le`f'kkyh
cuk fn;kA tc eqX+kyksa us xksyoqQMa k rd viuh 'kfDr c<+k yh] rks muosQ
izfrfufk lwcns kj ehj kqeyk us] tks fd Lo;a ,d lkSnkxj Fkk] gkySMa okfl;ksa
vkSj vxsz kksa dks vkil esa fHkM+kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 1686&87 esa eqX+ky
ckn'kkg vkSjxa ksc us xksyoqQMa k dks eqX+ky lkezkT; esa feyk fy;kA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

vc ;wjksih; daifu;ksa osQ lkeus vU; fodYi <w< us dh leL;k vk

[kM+h gqbAZ daiuh dh ubZ uhfr osQ varxZr osQoy bruk gh i;kZIr ugha Fkk
fd iku] Hkhrjh izn's k osQ mRiknu osQna kz as osQ lkFk laca k cuk, j[ka_s cfYd
bl ckr dh Hkh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ fd diauh osQ u, osQna z ,d
lkFk jktuhfrd] iz'kklfud rFkk okf.kfT;d Hkwfedk, Hkh vnk djsAa tc
daiuh osQ O;kikjh] cacbZ (orZeku eacq bZ) dydkk (orZeku dksydkrk)
vkSj enzkl (orZeku psbZ) pys x,] rc elwyhi^ue viuss O;kikj vkSj
le`f nksuksa gh [kks cSBk vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku mldk v/%iru
gks x;k vkSj vkt og ,d NksV&s ls th.kZ&'kh.kZ uxj ls vfkd oqQN ugha gSA

u, uxj vkSj O;kikjh

no
t

lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa ;wjksi osQ ns'k] O;kikfjd ms';ksa ls
elkykas vkSj diM+kas dh ryk'k esa yxs gq, Fks_ tks ;wjksi vkSj if'peh
,f'k;k] nksuksa txg yksdfiz; gks x, FksA vxsz kks]a gkWyMaS okfl;ksa vkSj izQkalhfl;ksa
us iwoZ esa viuh okf.kfT;d xfrfof/;ksa dk foLrkj djus osQ fy,
viuh&viuh bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh cukbA izkjaHk esa rks eqYyk vCnqy x-iQw j vkSj
ohjth oksjk tSls oqQN cM+s Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa us ftuosQ ikl cM+h la[;k esa
tgkk Fks] mudk eqdkcyk fd;kA fdarq ;wjksih; oaQifu;ksa us leqnhz O;kikj
ij viuk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djus osQ fy, viuh ukS&'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k
vkSj Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa dks vius ,tsVa osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy,
ekcwj dj fn;kA varr% vxzs k] miegk}hi esa lokZfkd liQy okf.kfT;d
,oa jktuhfrd 'kfDr osQ :i esa mHkjdj LFkkfir gks x,A
oL=kksa tSlh oLrqvksa dh ekx esa rskh vk tkus ls vfkdkfkd yksxksa us
drkbZ] cqukbZ] kqykbZ] jaxkbZ vkfn dk kakk viuk fy;kA blls bu f'kYiksa dk
cgqr foLrkj gqvkA Hkkjrh; oL=kksa osQ :i&jax vkSj fMkkbu vfkdkfkd

gekjs vrhr

86

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa cacbZ] dydkk vkSj enzkl uxjksa dk mn; gqvk]
tks vkt ize[q k egkuxj gSAa f'kYi vkSj okf.kT; esa cM+&s cM+s ifjorZu vk,]
tc cqudj tSls dkjhxj rFkk lkSnkxj ;wjksih; oaQifu;ksa }kjk bu u, uxjksa
esa LFkkfir ^CySd VkmUl*a esa LFkkukarfjr gks x,A ^CySd* ;kuh nslh
O;kikfj;ksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa dks bu ^CySd VkmUl* esa lhfer dj fn;k x;k]
tcfd xksjs 'kkldksa us enzkl esa I+kQksVZ lsVa tkWtZ vkSj dydkk esa I+kQksVZ lsVa
fofy;e dh 'kkunkj dksfB;ksa esas vius vkokl cuk,A vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa
f'kYidykvksa rFkk okf.kT; dh dgkuh ge vxys o"kZ i<axs+ As

ed

ifj"d`r gksrs x,] foaQrq bl dky esa f'kYidkjksa dh Lora=krk ?kVus yxhA
f'kYihtu is'kxh dh iz.kkyh ij dke djus yxs] ftldk vFkZ ;g Fkk fd
mUgksua s ftu ;wjksih; ,tsVa ksa ls igys gh is'kxh ys yh Fkh] mUgha osQ fy, mUgsa
diM+k cquuk gksrk FkkA vc cqudjksa dks viuk diM+k ;k cqukbZ osQ uewus
cspus dh Lora=krk ugha FkhA mUgsa rks oaQiuh osQ ,tsVa ksa }kjk fukkZfjr fMkkbu
osQ diMs+ mUgha dh ekx osQ vuqlkj cukus iM+rs FksA

no
t

fp=k 8
izkjafHkd mUuhloha 'krkCnh
esa cacbZ dh ,d lM+d

87

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

iangz oha 'krkCnh esa ;wjksih; ukfodksa }kjk leqnhz ekxZ [kkstus osQ vHkwriwoZ dk;Z fd, x,A muesa
ls vusd ukfod Hkkjrh; miegk}hi rd igqp
us dk ekxZ [kkstus vkSj elkys izkIr djus dh
bPNk ls isfz jr FksA
iqrxZ kyh ukfod okLdks&fM&xkek vVykafVd egklkxj osQ lkFk&lkFk ;k=kk djrs gq, osQi
vkWiQ xqM gksi ls fudydj vkSj fgan egklkxj dks ikj djosQ Hkkjr igqp
kA mls viuh
igyh ;k=kk dks iwjk djus esa ,d o"kZ ls Hkh vfkd le; yxkA og 1498 esa dkyhdV
igqpk vkSj vxys o"kZ iqrxZ ky dh jktkkuh fyLcu ykSV x;kA bl leqnhz ;k=kk osQ nkSjku
mlosQ pkj esa ls nks tgkk u"V gks x, vkSj 170 ;kf=k;ksa
esa ls osQoy 54 gh thfor cpsA bu izR;{k [krjksa osQ
fp=k 9
ckokwn tks ekxZ [kksys ;k [kksts x,] os vR;ar ykHkdkjh
okLdks&fM&xkek
fl gq, vkSj mlosQ ckn rks vxsz k] gkWyaMS oklh vkSj
izQkalhlh ukfodksa us Hkh mldk vuqdj.k djuk izkjaHk
dj fn;kA
Hkkjr igqp
us osQ fy, leqnhz ekxks dh
[kkst dk ,d vU; lqifj.kke fudyk] ftldh
fdlh dks vk'kk ugha FkhA ,d bVyhoklh
fozQLVks-iQj dksyacl us Hkkjr igqpus dk ekxZ
[kkstus osQ fy, vVykafVd egklkxj dks ikj
djosQ if'pe dh vksj ;k=kk djus dk fu'p;
fd;kA mldk lkspuk Fkk fd pwfd i`Foh xksy
gS] blfy, og if'pe dh vksj ls Hkh Hkkjr
igqp ldrk gSA og 1492 esa osLVbaMht osQ
rV ij igqpk (osLVbaMht dk uke blh Hkzkafr
osQ dkj.k iM+k)A mlosQ ihNs Lisu vkSj iqrxZ ky osQ
ukfod vkSj fotsrk Hkh ogk vkrs jgs vkSj mUgksaus e;
vkSj nf{k.kh vesfjdk osQ cM+&s cM+s Hkkxksa dks vius
dCks esa dj fy;k vkSj vdlj mu izns'kksa dh igys
okyh cfLr;ksa dks u"V dj fn;kA

no
t

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

ed

vU;=k

okLdks&fM&xkek vkSj fozQLVks-iQj dksyc

a l

gekjs vrhr

88

dYiuk djsa
vki l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa lwjr ls if'peh ,f'k;k dh
;k=kk djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgs gSaA bl lacak esa vki
oSQlh rS;kfj;k djsaxs\

fiQj ls ;kn djsa

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa %
(d) jktjkts'oj eafnj
([k) vtesj lwI+kQh lar
(x) gEih

______________

______________

______________

esa cuk;k x;k FkkA

ls lacaf/r gSA

cht 'kCn

ed

1-

lkezkT; dh jktkkuh FkhA

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

eafnj uxj

(?k) gkWyaMS okfl;ksa us vkakz izns'k esa

clkbZA

______________

ij viuh cLrh

uxjhdj.k
fo'odekZ

2-

crk, D;k lgh gS vkSj D;k xyr %

okf.kT; osQa nz

^CySd Vkmu*

(d) ge jktjkts'oj eafnj osQ ewfrZdkj (LFkifr) dk uke ,d f'kykys[k

ls tkurs gSaA

([k) lkSnkxj yksx dkfI+kQyksa esa ;k=kk djus dh ctk; vosQys ;k=kk djuk
vfkd ilan djrs FksA
(x) dkcqy gkfFk;ksa osQ O;kikj dk eq[; osQanz FkkA

(?k) lwjr caxky dh [kkM+h ij fLFkr ,d egoiw.kZ O;kikfjd iku FkkA

ratkowj uxj dks ty dh vkiwfrZ oSQls dh tkrh Fkh\

no
t

34-

enzkl tSls cM+s uxjksa esa fLFkr ^CySd VkmUl* esa dkSu jgrk Fkk\

89

uxj] O;kikjh vkSj f'kYihtu

vkb, le>sa
5- vkiosQ fopkj ls eafnjksa osQ vkl&ikl uxj D;ksa fodflr gq,\
6- eafnjksa osQ fuekZ.k rFkk muosQ j[k&j[kko osQ fy, f'kYihtu fdrus
egRoiw.kZ Fks\

ed

7- yksx nwj&nwj osQ ns'kksa&izns'kksa ls lwjr D;ksa vkrs Fks\

to
N
be C
re ER
pu T
bl
is
h

8- dydkk tSls uxjksa esa f'kYi mRiknu ratkowj tSls uxjksa osQ f'kYi mRiknu
ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fkk\

vkb, fopkj djsa

9- bl v;k; esa of.kZr fdlh ,d uxj dh rqyuk vki] vius ifjfpr fdlh
dLcs ;k xko ls djsa\ D;k nksuksa osQ chp dksbZ lekurk ;k varj ga\S
10- lkSnkxjksa dks fdu&fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk Fkk\ vkiosQ
fopkj ls D;k oSlh oqQN leL;k, vkt Hkh cuh gqbZ gSa\

vkb, oQjosQ ns[ksa

no
t

11- ratkowj ;k gEih osQ okLrqf'kYi osQ ckjs esa oqQN vkSj tkudkjh izkIr djsa vkSj
bu uxjksa osQ eafnjksa rFkk vU; Hkouksa osQ fp=kksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d LozQS icqd
rS;kj djsaA

gekjs vrhr

12- fdlh orZeku rhFkZLFkku dk irk yxk,A crk, fd yksx ogk D;ksa tkrs gSa]
ogk D;k djrs gSa] D;k ml osQanz osQ vkl&ikl nqdkusa gSa vkSj ogk D;k
[kjhnk vkSj cspk tkrk gS\

90