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Paris Law Theory

Paris postulated that the range of stress intensity factor characterizes sub-critical crack growth under fatigue loading, similar to how the stress intensity factor characterizes critical fracture. He found crack growth rate is linearly related to the range of stress intensity factor on log-log scales. This allows quantitative prediction of residual life for a crack by integrating crack size over cycles until fast fracture. The Paris law applies to crack growth rates from 10-3 to 10-6 mm/cycle, with threshold and higher growth rate regimes following a sigmoidal curve. It remains a useful relationship for predicting remaining life in engineering structures.

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132 views3 pages

Paris Law Theory

Paris postulated that the range of stress intensity factor characterizes sub-critical crack growth under fatigue loading, similar to how the stress intensity factor characterizes critical fracture. He found crack growth rate is linearly related to the range of stress intensity factor on log-log scales. This allows quantitative prediction of residual life for a crack by integrating crack size over cycles until fast fracture. The Paris law applies to crack growth rates from 10-3 to 10-6 mm/cycle, with threshold and higher growth rate regimes following a sigmoidal curve. It remains a useful relationship for predicting remaining life in engineering structures.

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9/8/2016

ParisLawTheory

Theory
Lifepredictionforfatiguecrackswasmadeverymucheasierandfarmorequantitative,inthe1960'swhenParis[1]postulatedthat
therangeofstressintensityfactormightcharacterisesubcriticalcrackgrowthunderfatigueloadinginthesamewaythatK
characterisedcritical,orfastfracture.Heexaminedanumberofalloysandrealisedthatplotsofcrackgrowthrateagainstrangeof
stressintensityfactorgavestraightlinesonloglogscales.Thisimpliesthat:

Forthefirsttime,itbecamepossibletomakeaquantitativepredictionofresiduallifeforacrackofacertainsize.Thissimply
requiredfindinglimitsontheintegrationintermsofcracksize,whichcouldbedonebyfindingthefinalsizewhichcausedfast
fracturefromtherelationshipbetweenfracturetoughnessandcracksize:

SeparationofthevariablesaandNandsubstitutionfortherangeofstressintensitybytheequivalentequationintermsofstress
andcracksizegives:

Itwaslaterrealisedthatthissocalled'law'appliedtogrowthratesintherangeofperhaps103 mm/cycleto106 mm/cycle,andthat


thefatiguecrackgrowthratecurvewassigmoidalinshapewhengrowthlowerandhigherthanthisrangewereincluded.Typical
dataforaustemperedductileironinair,asafunctionofstressratio(minimumstressincycledividedbymaximumstressincyclea
measureofmeanstressinthefatiguecycle)isshowninthefigurebelow.

https://www.fose1.plymouth.ac.uk/fatiguefracture/tutorials/FractureMechanics/Fatigue/FatTheory1.htm

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ParisLawTheory

Thelowergrowthrateregionistermedthethresholdregime,becausegrowthratesdropoffsteeplyandthecrackbecomes
essentiallynonpropagating.Thisrepresentsachangeinmechanismfromdoubleshearcontinuumgrowthtosingleshearnon
continuumgrowth.Thehighergrowthrateregimeiswherevaluesofmaximumstressintensityinthefatiguecyclearetending
towardsthefracturetoughnessandstaticmodesoffracture(cleavage,intergranular)areaddingtothefatigueinducedgrowth
rates.
TheParislawremainsaveryusefulrelationship,however,becauseitcoverstherangeofgrowthratesmostusefultoengineering
structures,andbecauseanextrapolationintothethresholdregimegivesaconservativeestimatefortheremaininglife.This
developmentwascrucialtotheadoptionofdefecttoleranceconceptsandtheimplementationofaretirementforcausephilosophy.
Furtherinformationfromsomeearlypapersdealingwithcharacterisationoffatiguecrackgrowthratesinfracturemechanicsterms
canbefoundinreferences2to6.Thereareanumberofmoderntextswhichdealwithfatigue,andausefulstartingpointis
reference7.
References:
1.PParisandFErdogan(1963),Acriticalanalysisofcrackpropagationlaws,JournalofBasicEngineering,Transactionsof
theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,December1963,pp.528534.
2.TCLindley,CERichardsandRORitchie(1976),Mechanicsandmechanismsoffatiguecrackgrowthinmetals:areview,
MetallurgiaandMetalForming,September1976,pp.268280.
3.JSchijve(1978),Fourlecturesonfatiguecrackgrowth,EngineeringFractureMechanics,Vol.11No.1pp.169206.
4.RPWei(1978),Fracturemechanicsapproachtofatigueanalysisindesign,JournalofEngineeringMaterialsand
Technology,April1978,Vol.100,pp.113120.
https://www.fose1.plymouth.ac.uk/fatiguefracture/tutorials/FractureMechanics/Fatigue/FatTheory1.htm

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5.RORitchie(1980),Applicationoffracturemechanicstofatigue,corrosionfatigueandhydrogenembrittlement,Analytical
andExperimentalFractureMechanics,ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceheldinRome,June1980,GCShih
(editor),SijthoffandNordhoff.
6.RJAllen,GSBoothandTJutla(1988),Areviewoffatiguecrackgrowthcharacterisationbylinearelasticfracture
mechanics(LEFM)Parts1and2,FatigueandFractureofEngineeringMaterialsandStructures,Vol.11No.1pp.4569and
No.2p.71108.
7.SSuresh(1998),FatigueofMaterials2ndedition,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,England.
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