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Dow Polyurethanes - Foam References

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Answer ID 5716 |

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Updated 12/03/2014 03:56 PM

This is a list of references used in other answers on Polyurethane Foam technology.

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2.1 Pinner, S. H. Chemistry and Technology of the Organic Isocyanates; Plastics (London) 1947, 11, Apr./May, 206211, 215.

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2.2 Cooper, W.; Pearson, R. W.; Darke, S. Isocyanate Reactions and the Structure of Polyurethanes; The Industrial

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Chemist 1960, 3, 121-126.

2.3 Saunders, J. H.; Frisch, K. C. Polyurethanes, Chemistry and Technology, Part I, Chemistry; Interscience: New York,
1962.
2.4 Sayigh, A. A. R.; Ulrich, H.; Farrissey, W. J. Diisocyanates; In Condensation Monomers; Wiley-Interscience: New

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York, 1972, 369-476.

2.5 Satchell, D. P. N.; Satchell, R. S. Acylation by Ketens and Isocyanates. A Mechanistic Comparison; Chem. Soc.
Rev.1975, 4/2, 231-250.
2.6 Richter, R.; Ulrich, H. Synthesis and preparative applications of isocyanates; In The chemistry of cyanates and their
thio derivatives, Part 2; Patai, S., Ed., John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1977.
2.7 Lovering, E. G.; Laidler, K. J. Thermochemical Studies of Some Alcohol-Isocyanate Reactions; Can. J. Chem. 1962,
40, 26-30.
2.8 Smith, H. A. Catalysis of the Formation of Urethanes; J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1963, 7, 85-95.
2.9 Smith, H. A. Effect of Urethane Groups on the Reaction of Alcohols with Isocyanates; J. Polym. Sci. :Part A-1 1968,
6, 1299-1306.
2.10 Hartley, F. D.; Cross, M. M.; Lord, F. W. The Mechanism of Polyurethane Foam Formation; In Advances in
Polyurethane Technology; Buist, J. M.; Gudgeon, H. Eds., Maclaren and Sons: London, 1968, 127-140.
2.11 Cole, K. C.; Van Gheluwe, P.; Dueck, C. L.; Martineau, P.; LeRoux, J. Thermaland FT-IR Analysis of the
Polyurethane Foaming Reaction: The Effect of the Isocyanate Index; Proceedings of the SPI-31st Annual
Technical/MarketingConference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1988; 2-10.
2.12 Spirkova, M.; Kubin, M.; Dusek, K. Side Reactions In The Formation Of Polyurethanes: Stability Of Reaction
Products Of Phenyl Isocyanate; J. Macromol, Sci.-Chem.1990, A27(4), 509-522.
2.13 Dusek, K.; Spirkova, M. Crosslinking and Network Formation in Polyurethane Systems with Excess Isocyanate;
Cell.Polym. 1990, 9/2, 69-83.
2.14 Kurzer F. Biuret and Related Compounds; Chem.Rev. 1955, 56,95-197.
2.15 Saunders, J. H.; Hansen, R. H. The Mechanism of Foam Formation; In Plastic Foams, Part I; Marcel Dekker: New
York, 1972, 23-108.
2.16 Abbate, F.W. Guide to formulating and compounding polyurethanes; Plast. Cmpd. 1986, 9/4, 20, 23-24, 26-27.
2.17 Hill, B. G. Polyols for urethanes; Chemtech 1973, Oct., 613-616.
2.18 Sparrow, D. J.; Thorpe, D. Polyols for Polyurethane Production; In Telechelic Polymers, Vol. 2, Synthesis and
Application; Goethals, E. J., Ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1989, 203.
2.19 Friedli, H. R.; In Reaction Polymers; Gum, W. F.; Riese, W.; Ulrich, H., Eds., Hanser: Munich, 1992, 68.
2.20 Dege, G. J.; Harris, R. L.; MacKenzie, J. S. Terminal Unsaturation in Polypropylene Glycol; J. Amer. Chem. Soc
1959, 81, 3374-3379.

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2.21 Simons, D. M.; Verbanc, J. J. The Polymerization of Propylene Oxide; J. Polym. Sci. 1960, 44, 303-311.
2.22 Steiner, E. C.; Pelletier, R. R.; Trucks, R. O. A Study of the Polymerization of Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by
Anhydrous Potassium Hydroxide; J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 4678-4686.
2.23 Fogiel, A. W. Effective Functionality and Intramolecular Reactions of Polyisocyanates and Polyols; Macromol.1969,
2/6, 581-587.
2.24 Livigni, R. A.; Herold, R. J.; Elmer, O. C.; Aggarwal, S. L. Poly (Propylene Ether) Polyols Prepared With a Zinc
Hexacyanocobaltate Complex Catalyst; In Polyethers, ACS Symposium Series No. 6; Vandenberg, E. J., Ed., American
Chemical Society: Washington, 1975, 29-31.
2.25 Stanford, J. L.; Stepto, R. F. T. A Study of Intramolecular Reaction and Geletion during Non-Linear Polyurethane
Formation; Brit. Polym. J. 1977, 6, 124-132.
2.26 Miller, D. R.; Valles, E. M.; Macosko, C. W. Calculation of Molecular Parameters for Stepwise Polyfuncional
Polymerization; Polym. Eng. Sci. 1979, 19/4, 272-283.
2.27 Barksby, N.; Allen, G. L. Low Monol Polyols and Their Effects in Urethane Systems; Proceedings of the
Polyurethane World Congress 1993; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1993, 445-450.
2.28 Carr, R. H.; Hernalsteen, J.; Devos, J. Determination of Functionality and Functionality Distribution of Polyether
Polyols by Quantitative 13C NMR Spectroscopy; J. Appl. Polym. Sci.1994, 52/8, 1015-1022.
2.29 David, D. J.; Staley, H. B. Analytical Chemistry Of The Polyurethanes, Vol 16, Part III; Wiley-Interscience: New York,
1969, 291-292.
2.30 Patent U.S. 3,271,462, M. H. Earing to Wyandotte Chemical Company, September 6, 1966.
2.31 Patent U.S. 3,278,457, to General Tire Corporation, October 11, 1966.
2.32 Patent U.S. 3,393,243, M. Cuscurida to Jefferson Chemical Corporation, July 16,1968.
2.33 Patent U.S. 3,485,861, R. L. McKellar and M. C. Musolf to Dow Corning Corporation, December 23, 1969.
2.34 Herold, R. J.; Linigim, R. A. Polymerization Kinetics and Technology, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 128;
American Chemical Society: Washington, 1973.
2.35 Bleijenberg, K. C. Novel polyols via new manufacturing routes; Conference Papers, UTECH 88; Crain
Communications: London, 1988; 185-187.
2.36 Schuchardt, J. L.; Harper, S. D. Preparation of High Molecular Weight Polyols Using Double Metal Cyanide
Catalysts; Proceedings of the SPI-32nd AnnualTechnical/Marketing Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1989, 360364.
2.37 Patent U.S. 5,010,187, A. J. Heuvelsland to Dow Chemical Company, April 23, 1991.
2.38 Hinz, W. A New Synthetic Approach to High Molecular Weight Polyetherpolyols; Proceedings of the SPI/ISOPA
Polyurethanes World Congress 1991; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1991, 519-523.
2.39 Penati, A.; Maffezzoni, C.; Moretti, E. Practical and Theoretical Molecular Weights in Polyaddition Reactions of
Ethylene and Propylene Oxide; J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1981, 26, 1059-1071.
2.40 Baize, T. H. Polymerization of Ethylene Oxide; Ind. Eng. Chem. 1961, 53/11, 903-906.
2.41 Powell, D. G.; Puig, J. E.; van Leuwen, B. G. Polyols and Requirements forAmbient Cure Foams; J. Cell Plast.
1972, 8/2, 90-99.
2.42 Gaylord, N. G., Ed.; Polyethers. Vol. I. Polyalkylene Oxides and Other Polyethers; Interscience: New York, 1963.
2.43 Furukawa, J.; Saegusa, T. Polymerization of Aldehydes And Oxides: Interscience:New York, 1963, 125-208.
2.44 Newton, R. A. Propylene Oxide Polymers and Higher 1,2-Epoxide Polymers; In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology, Third Edition; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1982; Vol. 18, 633-645.
2.45 Schauerte, K.; Dahm, M.; Ditler, W.; Uhlig, K. Raw Materials; In Polyurethane Handbook; Oertel, G., Ed., Hanser:
New York, 1985, 42-50.
2.46 Hampton, H. A.; Hurd, R.; Shearing, H. J. Recent Developments in Polyurethanes; J. Oil Col. Chem. Ass.1960, 43,
96-123.
2.47 Yost, C. W.; Plank, C. A.; Gerhand, E. R. Oxypropylation Of Glycerol, A Studyof Variables; Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod.
Res. Dev.1967, 6/2, 113-115.
2.48 Yen, Y. C. Polyols from Ethylene Oxide and Propylene Oxide; Process Economics Program Report No. 45;
Stanford Research Institute: Menlo Park, California, 1968.
2.49 Wright, P.; Cumming, A. P. C. Solid Polyurethane Elastomers; Gordon and Breach: New York, 1969, 66-68.
2.50 Guibert, R. M.; Plank, C. A.; Gerhard, E. R. Kinetics of the Propylene Oxide-Oxypropylated Glycerol Reaction; Ind.
Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop. 1971, 10/4, 497-500.

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2.51 Christianson, L. R.; Dheming, M.; Ochoa, E.L. The Economics of a PolyetherPlant; J. Cell Plast. 1977, 13/2, 111117.
2.52 Hampton, H. A.; Hurd, R.; Shearing, H. J. Recent Developments in Polyurethanes; J. Oil Col. Chem. Ass. 1960, 43,
96-123.
2.53 Sparrow, D. J.; Thorpe, D. Polyols for Polyurethane Production; In Telechelic Polymers, Vol. 2, Synthesis and
Application; Goethals, E. J., Ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1989, 181-228.
2.54 Barrett, K. E. T. Dispersion Polymerization in Organic Media: John Wiley and Sons: London, 1975.\
2.55 Napper, D. H. Polymeric Stabilization of Colloidal Particles; Academic Press: London, 1983.
2.56 Kuryla, W. C.; Critchfield, F. E.; Platt, L. W.; Stamberger, P. Polymer/ Polyols, a New Class of Polyurethane
Intermediates; J. Cell. Plast.1966, 2/2, 84-96.
2.57 Bamford, C. H.; Tipper, C. F. H. Free Radical Polymerization; Elsevier: New York, 1976.
2.58 Kahrs, K. H.; Zimmermann, J. W. Die Pfropfcopolymerisation von Vinylesternauf Polyalkylenoxyde; Makromol.
Chem.1962, 58, 75-103.
2.59 Critchfield, F. E.; Koleske, J. V.; Priest, D. C. Poly (Styrene co acrylonitrile) polyols. Modulus enhancing polyols for
urethane polymers; Rubber Chem. Tech. 1972, 45, 1467-1484.
2.60 Cloetens, R.; Lidy, W. A.; Phillips, B. D.; Thomas, D. B. Polymer Polyols Properties and Applications; Proceedings
of the SPI/FSK Polyurethanes World Congress; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1987; 480-489.
2.61Ramlow, G. G.; Heyman, D. A.; Grace, O. M. New Graft Polyols for High Load-Bearing Foams; J. Cell Plast. 1983,
19/4, 237-242.
2.62 Shears, J. H.; Dam, C. G.; Vandichel, J. C.; Verstraete, H. POSTECH Polyols: A New Generation of Polymer
Polyols for Enhanced Load Bearing and High Resilience Foams; Proceedings of the 1996 SPI Polyurethanes
Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1996, 150-155.
2.63 Yen, Y. C.; Tsao, T. S. Polyols For Polyurethanes; Process Economics Program Report No. 45A; Stanford
Research Institute: Menlo Park, California, 1982, 119-152.
2.64 Spitler, K. G.; Lindsey, J. J. PHD Polyols, A New Class of PUR Raw Materials; J. Cell Plast. 1981, 17/1, 43-50.
2.65 Vehlewald, P.; Volland, R. PHD Polyethers-Key Products For The Manufacture Of All-Foam Cushioning; Kunstoffe
1983, 73/8, 439-443.
2.66 Koshute, M. A.; Freitag, H. A. Second Generation PHD Polyol for Automotive Flexible Molding; Proceedings of The
SPI/FSK Polyurethanes World Congress; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1987; 502-507.
2.67 Patent U.S. 4,260,530, A. Reischl, H. Muller and K. Wagner to Bayer, April 7, 1981.
2.68 Patent U.S. 4,374,209, J. P. Rowlands to Interchem International S. A., February 15, 1983.
2.69 Pickin, K. PIPA-Process For The Future; Urethanes Tech.1984, June, 23-24.
2.70 Patent U.S., 4,452,923, W. G. Carroll and P. Farley to Imperial Chemical Industries, June 5, 1984.
2.71 Patent U.S. 4,554,306, W. G. Carroll to Imperial Chemical Industries, November 19, 1985.
2.72 Patent U.S. 5,068,280, J. M. Pal, J. P. Cosman and K. Tan to Dow Chemical Company, November 26, 1991.
2.73 Patent U.S. 5,179,131, S. E. Wujcik, D. L. Christman and O. M. Grace to BASF Corporation, January 12, 1993.
2.74 Patent U.S. 5,292,778, K. J. Van Veen and G. R. Blair to Woodbridge Foam Corporation, March 8, 1994.
2.75 Patent U.S. 4,785,026, E. L. Yeakey and M. Cuscurida to Arco Chemical Company, November 15, 1988.
2.76 Knight, J. E. Polyols For Higher Load Bearing Foam; Proceedings of The SPI-27th Annual Technical/Marketing
Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1982; 225-227.
2.77 van der Wal, H. R. Epoxy Dispersion Polyols: A Novel Polymer-Modified Polyol for Improved Loadbearing and
Resiliency; Proceedings of The SPI/FSK Polyurethanes World Congress; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1987; 493-497.
2.78 Patent U.S. 4,326,043, T. Narayan and J. T. Patton to BASF Wyandotte Corporation, April 20, 1982.
2.79 Sam, F. O.; Stefani, D.; Gallo, B. High Performance Flexible Polyurethane Foams with Improved Fire Behavior;
Proceedings of the Polyurethane World Conference 1993; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1995, 62-69.
2.80 Kageoka, M.; Tairaka, Y.; Kodama, K. Effects of Melamine Particle Size on Flexible Polyurethane Foam Properties;
Proceedings of the 1995 SPI Polyurethanes Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1995, 62-69.
2.81 Carey, M. A.; Wellons, S. L.; Elder, D. K. Rapid Method For Measuring The Hydroxyl Content of Polyurethane
Polyols; J. Cell Plast. 1984, 20/1, 42-48.

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2.82 Turley, P. A.; Pietrantonio, A. Rapid Hydroxyl Number Determination by Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis; J. Cell
Plast.1984, 20/4, 274-278.
2.83 Standard Test Methods for Testing Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Hydroxyl Numbers of Polyols;
American Society for Testing and Materials, D 4274-88; ASTM Philadelphia, 1990.
2.84 Hanna, J. G.; Siggia, S. Primary and Secondary Hydroxyl Group Content of Polypropylene Glycols; J. Polym. Sci.
1962, 56, 297-304.
2.85 Crummett, W. B. Determination of the Primary Hydroxyl Group Content of Polypropylene Glycols; Anal. Chem.
1962, 34/9, 1147-1150.
2.86 Hendrickson, J. G. The Determination of Primary Alcohol Groups in Polyglycols Using Triphenylchloromethane;
Anal. Chem. 1964, 36/1, 126-128.
2.87 Mathias, A.; Mellor, N. Analysis of Alkylene Oxide Polymers by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry and by
Gas-Liquid Chromatography; Anal. Chem.1966, 38/3. 472-477.
2.88 Manatt, S. L.; Lawson, D. D.; Ingham, J. D.; Rapp, N. S.; Hardy, J. P. A Trifluoroacetylation-Fluorine-19 Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Technique for Characterization of Hydroxyl Groups in Poly (Propylene) Oxides; Anal. Chem. 1966,
38/8, 1063-1065.
2.89 van Leuwen, B. G.; Powell, D. G.; Puig, J. E.; Natoli, F. S. Physical And Chemical Approaches To Ideal Cushioning
Foams; In Advances In Urethane Science and Technology, Vol. 2; Frisch, K.C.; Reegen, S. L., Eds.; Technomic:
Westport, Conn., 1973, 173-190.
2.90 Groom, T.; Babiec, J. S.; van Leuwen, B. G. End Group Analysis of Polyether Polyols by Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy; J. Cell Plast. 1974, 10/1, 43-46.
2.91 Williams. D. A. R.; Dyke, R.; Malcomson, S.; Massey, S. Analysis of Primary Hydroxyl Content of Polyether Polyols.
A Comparative Study; J. Cell. Plast. 1983, 19/2, 121-124.
2.92 LeBas, C. L.; Turley, P. A. Primary Hydroxyl Content in Polyols Evaluation of Two Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR) Methods; J. Cell. Plast. 1984, 20/3,194-199.
2.93 Noshiro, M.; Jitsugiri, Y.; Kozawa, S.; Shimada, T. Analysis of EO/PO Polyether Polyols by NMR; In International
Progress In Urethanes, Vol.5; Ashida, K.; Frisch, K.C., Eds.; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1988, 28-44.
2.94 Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Primary Hydroxyl Content of Polyether
Polyols; American Society for Testing and Materials, D 4273-83; ASTM: Philadelpia, 1990.
2.95 Deily, J. R. The Polarographic Determination of Secondary Hydroxyl Groups in Urethane Polyols; J. Cell. Plast.
1983, 19/2, 76-82.
2.96 Lowe, A. J.; Chandley, E. F.; Leigh, H. W.; Molinario, L. Some Effects of Molecular Structure on the Production of
Flexible Urethane Foams; J. Cell. Plast. 1965, 1/1, 121-131.
2.97 Williams, J. L.; Stein, N. J. Determination of Cloud Points of Nonionic Surfactants; J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1965, 42,
1054-1056.
2.98 Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Nonionic Surfactants; American Society for Testing and Materials, D
2024-65; ASTM: Philidelpia, 1992.
2.99 Scholten, H. G.; Schuhmann, J. G.; Ten Hoor, R. E. Urethane Polyether Prepolymers and Foams - Influence of
Chemical and Physical Variables on Reaction Behavior; J. Chem. Eng. Data 1960, 5/3, 395-400.
2.100 Influence Of Catalysts On The Chemistry Of One-Shot Polyether Urethane Foams; The Dow Chemical Company;
Form No. 125-281-60.
2.101 Ferrigno, T. H. Rigid Plastic Foams; Reinhold: New York, 1963, 27-34.
2.102 Ryall, B.; Griffiths, P. G. Some Developments in One-Shot, Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foam Moulding; J. Cell.
Plast. 1970, 6/5, 232-239.
2.103 Controlled polymerization is only half of it; Merck and Company, J. Cell. Plast.1970, 6/6, 257.
2.104 Willoughby, B. G. Use of instrumental techniques for troubleshooting, control and development with adhesives,
sealants and binders; Rub. World 1982, 187/3, 26-33.
2.105 Freitag, H. A.; Volland, A. Flexible Polyurethane Molded Foam; In Polyurethane Handbook; Oertel, G., Ed.,
Hanser: New York, 1985, 201-202.
2.106 Burchell, D. J.; Porter, J. R. Rheological Analysis of Modulus Growth: A Probe for Determining the Strength of
Reacting Urethane Systems; Proceedings of The SPI-32nd Annual Polyurethane Technical/Marketing Conference;
Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1989; 144-148.
2.107 Dow Polyurethanes, Solid Technical Support for Flexible Foam Slabstock Producers; The Dow Chemical
Company; Form No. 109-925-389, 10.

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2.108 Webb, D. D. Urethane Systems Reactivity Measurement; Proceedings of The SPI-28th Annual
Technical/Marketing Conference, Technomic: Lancaster, Pa.,1984; 2-5.
2.109 Scott, K. W. Giving good vibrations, A new examination of viscosity; Ureth. Tech. 1988, Aug./Sept.
2.110 Scott, K. W. Polyurethane applications for the vibrating needle curemeter; Rub. World 1990, 202/6, 19-22.
2.111 Wright, P.; Cumming, A. P. C. Solid Polyurethane Elastomers; Gordon And Breach: New York, 1969, 68-70.
2.112 Sittig, M. Amines, Nitriles and Isocyanates, Processes and Products, 1969; Noyes Development Corporation: Park
Ridge, New Jersey, 1969.
2.113 Ozaki, S. Recent Advances In Isocyanate Chemistry; Chem. Rev. 1972, 72/5,457-496.
2.114 Ranney, M. W. Isocyanates Manufacture; Noyes Data Corporation: Park Ridge,New Jersey, 1972.
2.115 Ulrich, H. Introduction to Industrial Polymers; Hanser: Munich,1982, 83-84.
2.116 Eldib, I. A. How to Make Polyurethanes; Hydrocarbon Proc. Petrol. Ref. 1963,42/12, 121-127.
2.117 Chadwick, D. H.; Cleveland, T. H. Isocyanates, Organic; In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology,
Third Edition; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1982; Vol. 13, 789-818.
2.118 Lunde, K. E.; Bratt, L. C. Toluene Diisocyanates; Process Economics Program Report No. 1; Stanford Research
Institute: Menlo Park, California, 1963.
2.119 Bailey, M. E.; Kirss, V.; Spaunburgh, R. G. Reactivity of Organic Isocyanates; Ind Eng. Chem.1956, 48/4, 794797.
2.120 Lenz, R. W. Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers; Interscience: New York, 1967, 180-185.
2.121 Bender, R. J. Handbook of Foamed Plastics; Lake Publishing Corporation: Libertyville, Illinois, 1965, 130.
2.122 McGinn, C. E.; Spaunburgh, R. C. Relative Activation Energies Of Several Aryl Diisocyanates; Symposium on
Isocyanate Polymers, Paper No.38, American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1956,
16/2.
2.123 Gmitter, G. T.; Gruber, E. E. Effect of Ratio of Diisocyanate Isomers in Polyurethane Foams; SPE Journal 1957,
13/1, 27-31.
2.124 Berger, S. E.; Cataldo, F. L.; Dwyer, F. J.; Stone, H. Toluene Diisocyanate 2,6 - Isomer - Its Effect on Urethane
Polymers; SPE Journal 1961, 17/2, 170-173.
2.125 Smith, C. H.; Petersen, C. A. Effect of Diisocyanate Structure on Load-Bearing Properties of Flexible Urethane
Foams; SPE Journal 1962, 18/4, 455-459.
2.126 Mispreuve, H.; Duff, A.; Gansow, M.; Fangareggi, A. Recent Developments in Hot Moulding Polyurethane Flexible
Foam Technology for Automotive Seating; J. Cell. Plast. 1988, 24/4, 348-358.
2.127 Nierzwichi W.; Walczynski, B. A Study of Toluene Diisocyanate-Based Polyurethanes of Various Isomer Ratios; J.
Appl. Polym. Sci. 1990, 41, 907-915.
2.128 Vargas, J. B.; Loefgren, B. C.; Kato, H. Urethane Foams In Latin America - A Study In Contrasts; Proceedings of
The SPI-18th Annual Urethane Division Technical Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1972; 17-35.
2.129 Yen, Y. C. Isocyanates, Supplement A and B, Part l; Process EconomicsProgram Report No. 1-A; Stanford
Research Institute: Menlo Park, California, 1968-1973.
2.130 Twitchett, H. J. Chemistry of the Production of Organic Isocyanates; Chem. Soc. Revs. 1974, 3, 209-230.
2.131 Chono, M.; Fukuoka, S.; Kohno, M. A New Route To MDI Without Phosgene; Proceedings of the SPI-6th
International Technical/Marketing Conference; Technomic: Lancaster, Pa., 1983, 394-398.
2.132 High-Performance Isocyanates for Polyurethanes; The Dow Chemical Company; Form No. 109-799-86.
2.133 Preparation of Prepolymers, Laboratory To Full-Scale Production; The Dow Chemical Company; Form No. 10900895-290-SAI.
2.134 Heiss, H. L.; Combs, F. P.; Gemeinhardt, P. G.; Saunders, J. H.; Hardy, E. E.Influence of Acids and Bases on
Preparation of Urethane Polymers; Ind. Eng. Chem.1959, 51/8, 929-934.
2.135 Wall, J. R. Continuous processing of urethane foam prepolymers; Chem. Eng. Prog. 1961, 57/10, 48-51.
2.136 Saunders, J. H.; Frisch, K. C. Polyurethanes, Chemistry and Technology; Part II. Technology; Interscience: New
York, 1964, 8-43.
2.137 Martin, R. A.; Hoy, K. L.; Peterson, R. H. Computer Simulation Of The Tolylene Diisocyanate-Polyol Reaction;
Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 1967, 6/4, 218-222.
2.138 Peebles, L. H. Sequence Length Distribution in Segmented Block Copolymer; Macromol. 1974, 7/6, 872-881.

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2.139 Wang, T.; Lyman, D. J. The effect of reaction conditions on the urethane prepolymer formation; Polym. Bul. 1992,
27, 549-555.
2.140 Saunders, J. H.; Frisch, K. C. Polyurethanes, Chemistry and Technology, Part II, Technology; Interscience: New
York, 1964, 8-49.
2.141 Gemeinhardt, P. G. Section X- Flexible Urethane Foam; In Handbook of Foamed Plastics; Bender, R. J., Ed.;
Lake Publishing Corporation: Libertyville, Illinois, 1965, 173-208.
2.142 Zwolinski, L. M.; Frink, J. W. High Resilience Cold -Molded Urethane Foam; J. Cell. Plast. 1972, 8/1, 20-29.
2.143 Brydson, J. A. Plastics Materials; Butterworth Scientific: London, 1982, 709-712.
2.144 Hartley, F. D.; Cross, M. M.; Lord, F. W. The Mechanism of Polyurethane Foam Formation; In Advances in
Polyurethane Technology; Buist, J.M.; Gudgeon, H., Eds.; Maclaren and Sons: London, 1968, 135-136.
2.145 Klempner, D.; Frisch, K. C. Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology; Hanser: Munich, 1991, 53-54.
2.146 Patent U.S. 5,114,989, R. J. Elwell, R. A. Sewell, W. A. Lidy and J. A. Thoen to Dow Chemical Company, May 19,
1992.
2.147 Hogan, J. M.; Pearson C. J.; Rogers, T. H.; White, J. R. Humidity Characteristics of HR and Hot Urethane Foams;
J. Cell Plast. 1973, 9/5, 219-225.
2.148 Woods, G. W. Flexible Polyurethane Foams, Chemistry and Technology; Applied Science: New Jersey, 1982, 118120.
2.149 Burks, S.; Gutowsky, K.; Autenrieth, R. Ultrasonic Rise and Adiabatic Temperature Evaluation (URATE) of
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2.194 Moore, P. D.; Miley, J. W.; Bates, S. H.; New Uses For Highly Miscible Liquid Polymeric Colorants In The
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2.225 Darby, R. T.; Kaplan, A. M. Fungal Susceptibility of Polyurethanes; Appl. Microbiol.1968, 16/6, 900-905.
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2.256 Handbook for Reducing and Eliminating Chlorofluorocarbons in Flexible Polyurethane Foams; United States
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2.268 Taverna, M.; Meloth, H.; Griffiths, T. Two Years of Industrial Experience with Liquid CO2-Blown Slabstock Foams;
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