PROBLEM: A mammography

service examined 327 patients

during the third calendar quarter of
1996. 719 films were exposed
during this period, eight of which
were repeats. What is the repeat
rate?
SOLN:
no . repeated films
r .r .=
x 100
total no .of films
repeat rate=

8
x 100
719

repeat rate=1.1

ANS: 1.1%
PROBLEM: If a heart measures
12.5 cm from side to side at its
widest point, and its image on
chest radiograph measures 14.7
cm, what is the magnification
factor?
SOLN:
object
image
MF=
MF=

14.7 cm
12.5 cm

MF=1.18

ANS: 1.18
PROBLEM: A radiographic
single-phase unit installed in a
private office has a maximum
capacity of 100 milliseconds of
120kVp and 500mA. What is the
power rating?

SOLN:
Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

mA x kVp
1000

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

( 500 ) (120)
1000

Power rating=42 kW

ANS: 42 kW
PROBLEM: Find the potential
generated if blood flowing in a
vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a
magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a
volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm
per second.
SOLN:
QB
E=
50 a
E=

( 175 cc . s ) (250 G)
50 (0.9 cm)

E=309 uV

ANS: 309 uV
PROBLEM: Given the energy
level of 6.624x10-18 J imparted to
an electron stream by an X-ray
device, calculate the frequency in
MHz
SOLN:
E
f=
h

ANS: 1010 MHz

PROBLEM: For the given
parameters, determine the energy
per bit-to noise power density
ratio. C = 10e-12 W,
fb = 60 kbps,
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W,
B = 120 kHz
SOLN:
Eb
C B
=10 log
x
N0
N fb

10 log

12

10 W
120 kHz
x
14
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps

ANS: 22.2 dB
PROBLEM: A signal at the input
to a mu-law compressor is positive
with its voltage one-half the
maximum value. What proportion
of the maximum output voltage is
produced?
SOLN:
uVin
ln (1+
)
Vmax
v =Vmax
ln(1+u)
ln (1+
Vmax

( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax)

)
Vmax
ln(1+255)

v =0.876 Vmax

6.624 x 1018 J
f=
34
6.624 x 10 J s

ANS: 0.876Vmax

f = 1010 MHz

PROBLEM: A network with

bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass

only an average of 12000 frames

per minute with each frame
carrying an average of 10000 bits.
What is the throughput of this
network?
SOLN:
12 000 x 10 000
T h roug h put=
60
T h roug h put=

2 Mbps

ANS: 20s
PROBLEM: Determine the
Hamming distance for the
codewords ( 10101, 11001)
SOLN:
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100
(presence of two 1)
ANS: two

ANS: 2 Mbps

R=10.4

10 x 30
6(10+30)

R = 11.6m
ANS: 11.6m
PROBLEM: Determine the
wavelength of a 4 GHz signal.
SOLN:
c
=
f
ANS: 0.075m

PROBLEM: A telephone
subscriber line must have an
SNRdB above 40. What is the
minimum number of bits?
SOLN:
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35
ANS: 6.35
PROBLEM: An IPv4 has an
address space of how many?
SOLN:
232 = 4294967296
ANS: 4294967296
PROBLEM: A multiplexer
combines four 100-kbps channels
using a time slot of 2 bits,
determine the frame duration.
SOLN:
The link carries 50,000 frames/sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000
The frame duration = 20s

PROBLEM: A computer monitor

has a resolution of 1200 by 1000
pixels. If each pixel uses 1024
colors, how many bits are needed
to send the complete contents of a
screen?
SOLN:
1,200 x 1000 pixels x 10 bits
= 12 Mb
1024 colors requires 10 bits 210
= 1024
ANS: 12 Megabits
PROBLEM: A line of sight radio
link operating at a frequency of
6GHz has a separation of 40km
between antennas. An obstacle in
the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how
much must the beam clear the
obstacle?
SOLN:
R=10.4

d1d 2
f (d 1+ d 2)

PROBLEM: The channel capacity

of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary
system is ____ bits/s. Assuming
no noise.
SOLN:
ANS: 10,000
PROBLEM: Determine the peak
frequency deviation for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency
of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51
kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.
SOLN:

| |

f=

f mf s
2

kHz
|49 kHz51
|
2

f=

f =1 kHz

ANS: 1 kHz
PROBLEM: For a PCM system
with a maximum analog frequency

of 4 kHz, determine the minimum

sample rate.
SOLN:
f s=2 f a
f s=2( 4 kHz)

A 64-QAM signal means that there

are 6 bits per signal element since
26 = 64. Therefore,
Fc
baud rate = 72000/6 cos
baud rate = 12000 baud

f s=8 kHz
ANS: 12000 baud
ANS: 8 kHz
PROBLEM: An interest rate of
10% compounded continuously is
desired of an investment of
P15,000. How many years will be
required to recover the capital with
the desired interest if P2,500 is
received each year?
SOLN:
A=Pert
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500t
t = 9.375 years
ANS: 9.375 years
PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 16-bit quantizing.
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 Db
ANS: 98.08 dB
PROBLEM: Compute the baud
rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM
signal.
SOLN:

PROBLEM: A telephone signal

takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required
for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN:
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB
PROBLEM: We have an audio
signal with a bandwidth of
4KHz.What is the bandwidth
needed if we modulate the signal
using AM? Ignore FCC regulations
for now.
SOLN:
BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz
ANS: 8 KHz
PROBLEM: We have an audio
signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz,
what is the bandwidth if we
modulate the signal using FM?
Ignore FCC regulations.
SOLN:
An FM signal requires 10 times
the bandwidth of the original
signal.
BW=10x4 = 40 MHz

ANS: 40
PROBLEM: For PCM system with
the following parameters
determine the minimum number of
bits used. Maximum analog
frequency= 4 kHz,
maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range = 199.5
SOLN:
log ( 199.5+1)
n=
= 7.63
log2
n

=8

ANS: 8
PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for linear PCM
system using 8-bit quantizing
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
ANS: 49.92 dB
PROBLEM: An attempt is made
to transmit base band frequency
of 30 kHz using a digital audio
system with a sampling rate of
44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result?
SOLN:
fa = fs fm = 44.1 kHz 30 kHz
fa = 14.1 kHz
ANS: 14.1 kHz

PROBLEM: Calculate the

capacity of a telephone channel
that has a S/N of 1023?
SOLN:
The telephone channel has a
bandwidth of about 3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
= 30000 b/s

ANS: 6000 Hz

ANS: 30,000 b/s

PROBLEM: A telephone line has

a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a
signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A
signal is transmitted down this line
using a four level code. What is
the maximum theoretical data
rate?
SOLN:
C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4)
C = 18 kbps
S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000
C = Blog2(1+S/N)
C = (4.5x103)log2(1+10000)
C = 59.795 kbps
Since both results are maxima, we
take the lesser of the two, 18
Kbps...

PROBLEM: Calculate the

minimum data rate needed to
transmit audio with sampling rate
of 30 Khz and 14 bits per sample.
SOLN:
D = fsm
D = 30 x 103 x 14
D = 420 x 103 b/s
D = 420 Kb/s
ANS: 420 Kb/s
PROBLEM: Find the binary
equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
SOLN:
x8 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 +x + k
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
ANS: 100001011
PROBLEM: Given a bandwidth of
6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is
the baud rate?
SOLN:
baud rate = bandwidth
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz

PROBLEM: Compute the bit rate

for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
SOLN:
bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
ANS: 8000 bps

ANS: 18 kbps
PROBLEM: Find the maximum
dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 8-bit quantizing.
SOLN:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
DR = 49.92 dB
ANS: 49.92 dB

PROBLEM: The GSM radio

system uses GMSK in a
200kHzchannel, with a channel
data rate of 270.883 kbps.
Calculate the frequency shift
between mark and space.
SOLN:
fm - fs = 0.5fb =
0.5 (270.833 kHz) = 135.4165 kHz
ANS: 135.4165kHz
PROBLEM: For Ethernet system
with a length of 2.5km on coaxial
cable with a velocity factor of 0.66.
What is the propagation delay?
SOLN:
T = d/(Vf*c)
T = 2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)
T =12.6 s
ANS: 12.6s
PROBLEM: A signal at the input
to a -Law compressor is positive,
with its voltage one-half the
maximum value. What proportion
of the maximum output voltage is
produced?
SOLN:
ln(1+(2550.5))
Vo = Vo
ln(1+255)
Vo =0.876Vo
ANS: 0.876Vo
PROBLEM: A telephone signal
takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required
for an acceptable amount of echo

SOLN:
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
ANS: 0.8 dB
PROBLEM: How long does it
take to dial the number 784-3745
using pulse dialing with .5s inter
digit time?
SOLN:
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 +
0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s
ANS: 6.8s
PROBLEM: We have an audio
signal with a bandwidth of 5 MHz.
What is the bandwidth modulate
the signal using FM? Ignore FCC
regulation.
SOLN:
BW = 10 x 5MHz = 50MHZ
ANS: 50 MHz
PROBLEM: An attempt is made
to transmit a baseband frequency
of 25 kHz using digital audio
system with a sampling rate of
44.1 kHz. What audible frequency
would result?
SOLN:
fa = fs - fm
fa = 44.1kHz 25kHz
fa = 19.1kHz
ANS: 19.1kHz
PROBLEM: The sensitivity of a
radio receiver is given in terms of
dBm. If the receiver is receiving

200 mW, what is the

corresponding dBm of this signal?
SOLN:
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log
(200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm

The modulation index m is related

to the total transmitted power Pt
by:

ANS: 23 dBm

Where:
Pt = total transmitted power,
Pc = carrier power

PROBLEM: An antenna with a

noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is
connected to a receiver input with
a noise temperature of 300 K.
Given the reference temperature
T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of
the system.
SOLN:
The total noise temperature of the
antenna and receiver is:
NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375.
The noise temperature is given by:
NT T 0 NR 1

where:
NT noise temp,
NR = Noise ratio
Rearranging the above to find NR
gives:
NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29
The Noise figure is the decibel
equivalent of the noise ratio, such
that:
NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB
ANS: 3.6 dB
PROBLEM: The modulation
index of an AM radio station is
0.75. If the carrier power is 500W,
what is the total transmitted
power?
SOLN:

m2

Pt Pc 1
2

ANS: 641 W
PROBLEM: An FM transmitter
system is using a 1MHz crystal
oscillator to generate a very stable
108MHz final carrier frequency.
The output of the crystal oscillator
is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit
then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the
mixer is filtered out, while the
difference is fed to another
multiplier in order to generate the
final carrier frequency. What is the
multiplier value?
SOLN:
Basic Block Diagram of the FM
carrier generator:
1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer >
Multiplier > 108MHz carrier
First Multiplier output:
1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz
Mixer output:
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz
(filtered output)
36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz
(difference fed to the next
multiplier)
Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz

Output = 1.5MHz x n
N = 108/1.5 = 72
ANS: 72
PROBLEM: Determine the worstcase output S/N for a narrowband
FM receiver with deviation
maximum of 10 kHz and a
maximum intelligence frequency
of 3 kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
SOLN:
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi = 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be:
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
ANS: 10
PROBLEM: Determine the time
taken for a signal to travel down a
10 m transmission line, if its
velocity factor is 0.7.
SOLN:
T= L / (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m /((0.7)(3x108 m/s))
T= 47.6 ns
ANS: 47.6 ns
PROBLEM: The maximum
voltage standing wave of an RG11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V
and its minimum voltage is 17 V.
How many percent of the incident
power is the reflected power?
SOLN:
2 = Pr/Pi

SWR1
SWR +1 ; SWR = Vmax/

Vmin
= 52/17 = 3.05
= (3.05 1)/( 3.05 +1) = 0.51
Thus :
2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the
incident power
ANS: 26%
PROBLEM: Determine the
phase-shift represented by a 75
ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75ft cable with a dielectric constant
of 2.3.
SOLN:
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
ANS: 108 degrees

PROBLEM: The total transmitted

power of an AM broadcast
transmitter with a carrier power of
50kW when modulated 80 percent
is:
SOLN:
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
ANS: 66kW
PROBLEM: The input to an FM
receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is
the frequency deviation caused by
the noise if the modulating
frequency is 1.5 kHz and the
permitted deviation is 4 kHz?
SOLN:
= fm
= sin -1 N/S
= sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5 kHz) = 547.8 Hz
ANS: 547.8 Hz

PROBLEM: The modulated peak

value of a signal is 125V and the
unmodulated carrier value is 85V.
What is the modulation index?
SOLN:
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em
Em = EmaxEc = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
ANS: 0.47

PROBLEM: Calculate the gain

(relative to an isotropic) of a
parabolic antenna that has a
diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of
60% and operates at a frequency
of 4 GHz.
SOLN:
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4 MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8

G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
ANS: 39.8 dBi
PROBLEM: By how much should
two antennas be separated for
space diversity in the 11 GHz
band?
SOLN:
m

200 3 x108
200 c
s

d 200

5.5 m
f
11 x109
s

PROBLEM: What is the phase

velocity of a rectangular
waveguide with a wall separation
of 3 cm and a desired frequency
of operation of 6 GHz?
SOLN:
m
3 x 108
c
s
f c= =
=5 GHz
2 a 2 ( 0.03 m)
c

f
1 c
f

( )

3 x 108
v p=

H 1=17.32

H 1=17.32

d1 d2
fD
22.5 ( 22.5 )
11 ( 45 )

H 1=17.52 m

ANS: 5.5 m

v p=

PROBLEM: A transmitter and a

receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose
that there is an obstacle midway
between the transmitter and
receiver. By how much must the
path between the towers clear the
obstacle in order to avoid
diffraction at a frequency of 11
GHz?
SOLN:

H 1=10.51 m

ANS: 10.51 m
PROBLEM: How far from the
transmitter could a signal be
received if the transmitting and
receiving antennas where 40 m
and 20 m, respectively, above
level terrain?
SOLN:
d= 17 ht + 17 ht
d= 17 ( 40 )+ 17 ( 20 )

m
s

5GHz c
1
6 GHz

m
v p =5.43 x 10
s

d=44.5 km

1W

Pout

0 .7
anti
log
10
SW R
1

0 .5
SW R
1

851.14 mW

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

ANS: 638 mW
PROBLEM: An isolator has a
forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return
loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1
W to the isolator, and the load is
resistive with an SWR of 3. How
much power returns to the
source?
SOLN:
1W

Pout

anti
log

0.7
10

851.14 mW

SW R
1
0 .5
SW R
1

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78 mW
Preturned

212.78 mW
534.49 W
26
anti
log
10

ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s

ANS: 44.5 km

ANS: 5.43 x 108 m/s

resistive with an SWR of 3. How

much power is dissipated in the
load?
SOLN:

PROBLEM: An isolator has a

forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return
loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1
W to the isolator, and the load is

PROBLEM: The moon orbits the

earth with a period of
approximately 28 days. How far
away is it? Assume circular orbit.
SOLN:

C 2 R
T= =
v
v
v=

PROBLEM: Find the velocity of a

satellite in a circular orbit 500 km
above the earths surface.
SOLN:

4 x1011
v
d 6400
Formula :

2 R
2 R
=
T
28 days

(w h ere R=d km + 6400)

2 R
4 x 1011 m
v=
=
28 days
( d km +6400 ) s

where
:
v = velocity in meters per second
d = distance above earths surface
in km

d km =384,000 km

ANS: 384 Mm

PROBLEM: What is the length of

the path to a geostationary
satellite from an Earth stationif the
angle of elevation is 300?
SOLN:

4 x1011
(500 6400)

ANS: 7.6 km/s

where:

T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
C = 2r = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 )
C = 266.4 x 106 m

ANS: 93%

T = 1440 minutes
ANS: 1440 mins
PROBLEM: Calculate the length
of the path to a geostationary
satellite from an earth station
where the angle of elevation is
30. (earths radius = 6400 km,
height of satellite above earth is
36 X 103 km)
SOLN:

Formula :

PROBLEM: A dipole antenna has

a radiation resistance of 67 ohms
and a loss resistance of 5 ohms,
measured at the feedpoint.
Calculate the efficiency.
SOLN:
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5)
Efficiency = 93%

C 266.4 x10 6 m

24hrs
v 3.07x10 3 m /s

= 7.6 km/s

PROBLEM: Find the orbital

period of a satellite in a circular
( r+ h ) ( r cos ) r sin

orbit 36,000 km above the earths

2
0 2
0
surface
( 6400+ 36000 ) ( 6400 cos 30 ) 6400
sin 30 if the earths radius is
6400 km.
39000 km
SOLN:
C

v
ANS: 39000 km
Formula :
2

4 x1011
3.07km /s
(36,000 6400)

d (r h) 2 (r cos ) 2 r sin

d = distance to the satellite in km

r = radius of the earth in km (6400

km)
h = height of satellite above
equator ( 36 x 103 km)
= angle of elevation to satellite
at antenna site

d= (6400+36 103 )2(6400cos 30)2

d = 39,000 km
ANS: 39,000 km
PROBLEM: The output power of
an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the
power loss in transmission line is
around 10 W and the antenna has
a power gain of 6 dB, what is the
ERP of the station in kW?
SOLN:
GANT = 6 dB = 4

ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4

ERP = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW

BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz

ANS: 19.96 kW

ANS: 6 MHz

PROBLEM: Determine the visual

carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
SOLN:
fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using
Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 =
174 + 12 = 186 MHz,
low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz,
visual carrier frequency of
channel9
ANS: 187.25 MHz
PROBLEM: At NTSC standard,
line frequency = 15734.264 Hz.
What is the equivalent line period?
SOLN:
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec
ANS: 63.556 usec
PROBLEM: For a total capacity
of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital
modulation, what is the ideal RF
bandwidth?
SOLN:
For a 64-QAM, the total number of
symbol combinations is 64
symbols and the number of bits to
produce this is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth
is

PROBLEM: What is the

wavelength of a radio signal
travelling at a frequency of 220
MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its dielectric, r = 2?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106
m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 /
sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio
signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) =
212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x
106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the
signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 =
0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.
ANS: 0.96 m
PROBLEM: What is the angle of
refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2)
medium of a radio wave from air
(r1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence
is 45?
SOLN:
Using Snells Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt
(2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30
ANS: 30

PROBLEM: An ionosphere layer

also termed as absorption layer
because it absorbs most of the
frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the layer.
SOLN:
The D layer has a critical
frequency in the order of 100 kHz.
Even MF band frequencies are
absorbed by this layer during sky
wave propagation particularly in
AM and SW radio broadcasting.
ANS: D
PROBLEM: As per ITU-R Recc.
V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength
Classifications, what is the
classification of Super High
Frequency?
SOLN:
SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz
max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m =
100 cm
min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m =
1 cm
SHF band wavelength
classification is ranging from 1 cm
to 100 cm. Therefore it is
centimetric wave.
ANS: centimetric
PROBLEM: What is the critical
frequency of a layer if the
maximum value of electron density
is 2 x 106 per cm3?
SOLN:
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x
106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x
1012)

fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.

ANS: 13 MHz
PROBLEM: A radio
communication link is to be
established via the ionosphere.
The maximum virtual height of the
layer is 110 km. at the midpoint of
the path and the critical frequency
is 4 MHz. If the distance between
the radio stations is 500 km, what
is the suitable value for the
optimum working frequency? Use
flat terrain analysis.
SOLN:
For flat terrain analysis, tan i =
d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)]
= tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of
incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 /
cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932
MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932)
= 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.
ANS: 8.4 MHz
PROBLEM: The efficiency of an
antenna is 82 %. Its radiation
resistance is 30 . What is the
value of its loss resistance?
SOLN:
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82
Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854
or 6.58 approx.
ANS: 6.58

PROBLEM: A radio station

operates at 11 meter wavelength.
What is the designated band of
stations frequency?
SOLN:
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx.,
which is within 3 30 MHz range
designated as HF band
ANS: HF
PROBLEM: What is the total
radio horizon distance between an
80 ft transmitting station and a 20
ft receiving station?
SOLN:
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x
hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x
20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
ANS: 18.97 mi
PROBLEM: A power density of
1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50
meters from a test antenna whose
directive gain is 2.15 dB. How
much power was fed into the test
antenna?
SOLN:
From Inverse Square Law, PD =
PR/4d2
PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x
4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the
radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 =
3.007 W or 3 W approx.

ANS: 3 W
PROBLEM: A CDMA mobile
measures the signal strength from
the base as -100 dBm. What
should the mobile transmitter
power be set to as a first
approximation, considering - 76
dB at mobile power contol?
SOLN:
PT = -76 dB - PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
PT = -76 dB (-100dBm)
PT = 24 dBm
PT = 250 mW
ANS: 250 mW
PROBLEM: A telephone signal
takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required
for an acceptable amount of echo.
SOLN:
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
Where:
VNL = minimum required via net
loss in dB
t = time delay in ms for
propagation one way along line
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANS: 0.8 dB

W = 58.65 Watts
PROBLEM: A group of filters has
1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial
frequency is 25 Hz, what is the
next frequency available for the
filter?
SOLN:
f2 = 2x f1
where x = 1/3, fraction of an
octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
ANS: 31.5 Hz
PROBLEM: + 26 dBu is how
many volts?
SOLN:
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
ANS: 15.5 V
PROBLEM: Determine the sound
power in Watts produced by the
banks alarm if a by-stander heard
the alarm at a sound pressure
level of 100 dB-SPL. The bystander is 100 ft away from the
bank.
SOLN:
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8
= 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]

ANS: 58.65 W
PROBLEM: A loudspeaker
produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at
1 meter distance and input
electrical power of 1 W. How loud
is the SPL at distance of 20
meters if this speaker is driven to
10 W of electrical power?
SOLN:
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log
(20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
ANS: 69 dB-SPL
PROBLEM: Determine the radio
horizon for a transmit antenna that
is 200 m high and a receiving
antenna that is 100 m high
SOLN:
D = 17ht + 17hr
D = 17(200) + 17(100)
D = 99.5 km
ANS: 99.5km
PROBLEM: Calculate the beam
width between nulls of a 2-m
paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz.
Note: such reflectors are often
used at that frequency as
antennas outside broadcast
television microwave links.
SOLN:

0=

2x

70
0.05
=140 x
D
2

0=3.50
ANS: 3.50
PROBLEM: An optic fiber is
made of glass with a refractive
index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What numerical
aperture does the fiber have?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
= (n1-n2)/n1
= (1.55-1.51)/1.55
= 0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical
aperture is found to be:
NA =n1(2)
NA =1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
NA = 0.352
ANS: 0.352
PROBLEM: An optic fiber is
made of glass with a refractive
index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What is the
acceptance angle?
SOLN:
By equation (20.10), the fractional
difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258

By equation (20.11), the numerical

aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the
acceptance angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
ANS: 20.6
PROBLEM: For a single-mode
optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss,
determine the optical power
100km from a 0.1-mW light
source.
SOLN:
P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
(0.316 W )
P(dBm)= 10log
=
0.001
-35dBm
ANS: -35dBm

PROBLEM: For an electronic

device operating at a temperature
of 17C with a bandwidth of 10
kHz, determine the thermal noise
power in dBm.

SOLN:
N = KTB
T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K
N = (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4
x 10-17 W
B = 1 x 104 Hz
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17/0.001) =
-134 dBm
ANS: -134dBm
PROBLEM: A 300 resistor is
connected across the 300
antenna input of a television
receiver. The bandwidth of the
receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor
is at room temperature .Find the
noise voltage applied to the
receiver input.
SOLN:
VN =

PROBLEM: For an optical fiber

10km long with a pulse-spreading
constant of 5ns/km, determine the
maximum digital transmission
rates for return-to-zero.
SOLN:
1
Fb= 5 ns x 10 km =20Mbps
km

ANS: 20Mbps

4 kTBR

= (4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x

106 Hz)(300 ))
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
ANS: 5.4 V
PROBLEM: The signal power at
the input to an amplifier is 100W
and the noise power is 1 W. At
the output, the signal power is 1W
and the noise power is 30mW.

What is the amplifier noise figure,

as a ratio?
SOLN:
(S/N)p = 100W/ 1W =100
(S/N)o = 1W /0.03W = 33.3
NF (ratio) =100 /33.3 = 3
ANS: 3
PROBLEM: It is desired to
operate a receiver with NF = 8dB
at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz
bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the
receivers sensitivity.
SOLN:
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF +
10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000)+15
S = -98 dBm
ANS: -98dBm

PROBLEM: A Satellite receiving

system includes a dish antenna
( Teq = 35 K) connected via a
coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K
referred to its input). What is the
noise power to the receivers input
over a 1-MHz frequency range?
SOLN:
PN = KTf
PN = 1.38 x 10-23(35+40+52)(1)
PN = 1.75 x 10-15 W
ANS: 1.75 x 10-15
PROBLEM: The noise voltage
produced across a 50 is input
resistance at a temperature of
302C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz
is ______.

106)(50))
VN = 2.24V

Q = (2DS/H) = ((2(1000)(5))/4)
Q = 50 units
Where:
D = Demand
S = Ordering cost
H = Storage cost/holding cost

ANS: 2.24V

ANS: 50 units

PROBLEM: Determine the worstcase output S/N for a broadcast

FM program that has a maximum
intelligence frequency of 5 kHz.
The input S/N is 2
SOLN:
= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz /2.5 kHz = 30

PROBLEM: Two products, X and

Y, both require processing time on
machines I and II. Machine I has
200 hours available, and machine
II has 400 hours available. Product
X requires one hour on machine I
and four hours on machine II.
Product Y requires one hour on
machine I and one hour on
machine II. Each unit of product X
yields PhP 10 profit and each units
of Y yields PhP 5 profit. What is
the Linear Programming Model for
this problem.
SOLN:
Let X = number of units of product
X to be produced.
Y = number of units of product Y
to be produced.
Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y
Subject to:
X + Y 200:
Capacity of Machine I
4X + Y 400:
Capacity of Machine II
X , Y 0:
Nonnegativity Constraints

SOLN:
VN =

4 KTBR

VN = (4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x

ANS: 30
PROBLEM: A 50 ohms
transmission line is connected to a
30 ohm resistive load. Calculate
the reflection coefficient.
SOLN:
Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50)
Ref Coeff = 0.25
ANS: 0.25
PROBLEM: Items purchased from
a vendor cost Php 20 each, and
the forecast for next years
demand is 1,000 units. If it costs
Php 5 every time an order is
placed for more units and the
storage cost is Php 4 per unit per
year, what quantity should be
order each time?
SOLN:

ANS:
Max Profit = PhP 10X +PhP 5Y
Subject to:
X + Y 200

4X + Y 400
X,Y0
PROBLEM: A project has been
defined to contain the following list
of activities, along with their
required times for completion

Activit Time
Immediate
y
(days) Predecessors
A
5
B
6
C
3
A
D
8
A
E
2
B,C
F
11
B,C
G
1
D
H
12
E,D
What is the completion time of the
whole project?.
SOLN:

11
83
F51H625
01B62C313
E
24G1
A
D
5
5 81311
2
ANS: 25 days

PROBLEM: Here are the monthly

data for the past 8 months. From
these data, what are the forecasts
for the following 4 months using
linear regression?
Period
1
2

Actual
300
540

3
4
5
6
7
8

885
580
416
760
1191
760

SOLN:
y = a + bx
Where
y = the dependent variable
a = the intercept
b = the slope of the line
x = the independent variable
a y - bx

xy n x y
x nx
2

a = 361 b = 70.67
equation: y = 361 + 70.67x
ANS: 9th--997, 10th- 1067.67, 11th
1138.33, 12th 1209
PROBLEM: A hole is to be
punched out of plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. Compute the
maximum thickness of plate from
which a hole 2.5 inches in
diameter can be punched.
SOLN:
t = 2.5(50) / 4(40) = 0.781 inches

ANS: 0.781 in
PROBLEM: A hole is to be
punched out of plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. If the plate is 0.25
inches thick, determine the
diameter of the smallest hole that
can be punched.

SOLN:
D = 4(0.25)(40) / 50 = 0.800
inches
ANS: 0.800 in
PROBLEM: A large pipe, called a
penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5
m in diameter. It is composed of
wooden staves bound together by
steel hoops, each 300 sq.
Millimetre in cross-sectional area,
and is used to conduct water from
a reservoir to power a house. If
the maximum tensile stress
permitted in the hoops is 130
MPa, what is the maximum
spacing between hoops under a
head of water of 30 m?
SOLN:
(1000)(9.81)(30)(1.5)L =
2(300x10^-6)(130x10^6)
L = 177 mm
ANS: 177 mm
PROBLEM: At what angular
velocity will the stress in a rotating
steel ring equal to 150 MPa if its

mean radius is 220 mm? The

density of the steel is 7.85
Mg/m^3.
SOLN:
= (1/0.22)(150x10^6 /
7850)^(1/2) = 628 rad/s
ANS: 628 rad/s

PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at

3.5 MPa has an outside diameter
of 450 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. A gasket is inserted
between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate use to cap
the end. How many 40-mmdiameter bolts must be used to
hold the cap on if the allowable
stress in the bolts is 80 MPa, of
which 55 MPa is the initial stress?
SOLN:
N = (3.5x10^6)(0.45 2x0.01)^2 /
[(0.04^2)(8855)x10^6] = 16.18
round up
N = 17
ANS: 17
PROBLEM: A pipe carry steam at
3.5 MPa has an outside diameter
of 450 mm and a wall thickness of
10 mm. A gasket is inserted
between the flange at one end of
the pipe and a flat plate use to cap
the end. What circumferential
stress is developed in the pipe?
SOLN:
= (3.5)(450 2x10) / [2(10)] =
75.3 MPa

ANS: 75.3 MPa

PROBLEM: A steel rod having a
cross-sectional area of 300 sq.
Meters and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one
end. It supports a tensile load of
20 kN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m^3 and
E = 200x10^3 MN/m^2, find the
total elongation of the rod.
SOLN:
= [(7850)(9.8)(150^2) /
2(200X10^9)] + [(20000)(150)
(1000^2) / 300(200X10^9)]
= 54.3 mm
ANS: 54.3 mm
PROBLEM: A steel bar 50 mm in
diameter and 2 m long is
surrounded by a shell of cast iron
5 mm thick. Compute the load that
will compress the combined bar a
total of 0.8 mm in the length of
2m. For steel E = 200 GPa, and
for cast iron E = 100 GPa
SOLN:
P = [(/4)(0.05^2)(200x10^9)
(0.0008)/2] + [(/4)(0.06^2
-0.05^2)(100x10^9)(0.0008)/2]
P = 192 kN

SOLN:
r = (80)(5) / [(4)(/180)(83000)] =
69 mm
d = 2(69) = 138 mm
ANS: 138 mm

PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft is

not to twist through more than 3
degrees in a 6 m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m.
What maximum shearing stress is
developed? Use G=83GPa.

SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)
(83x10^9)]
d = 114 mm
= 16(12000) / [(.114)^3]
= 41.3 MPa
ANS: 41.3 MPa
PROBLEM: What is the minimum
diameter of a solid steel shaft that
will not twist through more than 3
degrees in a 6 m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN.m?
Use G=83GPa.

ANS: 192 kN
PROBLEM: A solid steel shaft 5 m
long is stressed to 80 MPa when
twisted through 4 degrees. Using
G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft
diameter.

SOLN:
(/4)d^4 = (12000)(6) / [(3)(/180)
(83x10^9)]
d = 114 mm

ANS: 114 mm
PROBLEM: A steel rod 2.5 m long
is secured between two walls. If
the load on the rod is zero at 20
degree Celsius, compute the
stress when the temperature
drops to -20 degrees Celsius. The
cross-sectional are if the rod is
1200 sq. mm, coefficient of linear
expansion = 11.7 um/(m-deg.C),
and E = 200 GPa. Assume that
the walls are rigid.

SOLN:
= (200x10^9)(11.7x10^-6)(20 -20) = 93.6x10^6 Pa
= 93.6 MPa
ANS: 93.6 MPa
PROBLEM: Determine the
maximum shearing stress in a
helical steel spring composed of
20 turns of 20 mm-diamter wire on
a mean radius of 80 mm when tha
spring is supporting a load of 2 kN.
Use G = 83 GPa.

SOLN:
m = 80/10 = 8
= [16(2000)(0.08) /
(0.02)^3]x{[4(8)-1]/[4(8)-4] +
(0.615/8)}
= 120.6 MPa
ANS: 120.6 MPa

PROBLEM: Determine the

elongation in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20 mmdiamter wire on a mean radius of
80 mm when tha spring is
supporting a load of 2 kN. Use G =
83 GPa.

H3AsO3 = 3(1.01 g/mol) + 74.9

g/mol + 3(16.0 g/mol)
= 125.93 g/mol
moles H3AsO3 = (1kg)(1
mol/125.93g)
= 7.94 moles
H3AsO3

ANS: Four
PROBLEM: What is the volume of
1 moles of a gas at 2 atm and 273
K?
SOLN:
V= 224 L x (n/1mol) x (1atm/2atm)
=11.2L
ANS: 11.2L

ANS: 7.94 moles

SOLN:
= 64(2000)(0.08^3)(20) /
[(83x10^9)(0.02^4)]
= 98.7 mm
ANS: 98.7 mm
PROBLEM: Three grams of
sulphur dissolved in 200 g of
naphthalene C10H8, was found
decreasing the freezing point of
the solvent to 0.72 C. Find the
molecular weight of the solute. (Kf
C10H8 = 6.9 C/molar)
SOLN:
g- mole =

PROBLEM: Calculate the molar

concentration of a solution that
contains 15g of potassium
hydroxide in 225ml of solution.

PROBLEM: What is the mass in

kilograms of 10.5 gal (39.7 L) of
gasoline with a specific gravity of
0.82.

SOLN:
15 g KOH
1 mol KOH 1000 ml soln
mol KOH

=1.2
225 ml soln 56 g KOH
1 L soln SOLN: L soln
Specific gravity of gasoline is 0.82
ANS: 1.2 M
Density = 0.82 times the density of
water
PROBLEM: Calculate the ratio of
Density= specific gravity x density
the rate of diffusion of hydrogen to of water
the rate of diffusion of oxygen.
=(0.82)(0.997)
How fast does hydrogen diffuse
= 0.82 g/mL
than oxygen? Given: Density of
V=39.7L = 39700 mL
oxygen is 0.0899 g/L and the

density of oxygen is 1.43 g/L.

6.9 oC x 3 grams S x 1000 grams
moles S
x 0.72 oC x 212 grams C 10
H8
SOLN:
kg C 10 H 8
Rate of diffusion:
= 135.61 grams/mole
Rate of diffusion of hydrogen
Rate of diffusion of oxygen
ANS: 135.61 g/mole

M= D x V
=(0.82)(39700)
=33 kg
ANS: 33 kg

PROBLEM: Consider H3AsO3,

Arsenic acid
(H=1.01,As=74.9,O=16.0).How
many mole is 1kg of H3AsO3?
SOLN:

( Hydrogen
Oxygen )

Rate of diffusion=

Rate of diffusion =
1.20
=4
0.300

1.43 g/L
0.0899 g/L

PROBLEM: Calculate the volume

(in Litres) occupied by 7.40g of
NH3 at STP (Standard
Temperature, and Pressure)
SOLN:
Recognizing that 1mole of an ideal
gas is equal top 22.4L at STP and

using the molar mass of NH3

(17.03g)
V = 7.40g NH3 x (1 mol NH3 /
17.03g NH3) x
(22.4L /1 mol
NH3) = 9.73L
ANS: 9.73L
PROBLEM: A 466g sample of
Water is Heated from 8.50C to
74.60C. Calculate the amount of
Heat Absorbed (in Kilo Joules) by
the Water.
SOLN:

SOLN:
P = (nRT)/V
P = ((1.82mol)
(0.0821L.atm/K.mol)
(45+273K))/5.43
P = 8.75 atm
ANS: 8.75 atm
PROBLEM: A bottle of certain
ceramic tile cleanser, which
essentially a solution of hydrogen
chloride, contains 130g of HCl and
750g of water. What is the percent
by mass of HCl in this cleanser?

q = mst
= (466g)(4.184 J/g C)(74.60C
8.50C)
= 129 KJ
ANS: 129 KJ
PROBLEM: A silicon chip used in
an integrated circuit of a
microcomputer has a mass of
5.68mg. How many silicon (Si)
atoms are present in this chip?
SOLN:
5.68mg Si x
(1g Si /1,000 mg
Si) x
1mol Si /28.08 g Si)
23
x (6.022x10 /1 mol Si)=
1.22x1020atoms
ANS: 1.22x1020atoms
PROBLEM: Sulfur Hexafluoride
(SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very
unreactive gas. Calculate the
pressure (in atm) exerted by 1.82
moles of gas in a steel vessel of
volume 5.43L at 45C.

SOLN:
%solute = (mass solute/ mass
solution) x 100
%solute =
(130g/(130g + 750g)) x 100
%solute =
14.8%
ANS: 14.8%
PROBLEM: In the atmosphere,
nitrogen dioxide reacts with water
to produce nitric acid, which
contributes to pollution by acid
rain: 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) ----->
2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) How many
grams of HNO3 are produced for
every 1.0mol of NO2 that reacts?
The molecular weight of HNO3 is
63.0amu.

SOLN:
1.0mol NO2(2mol HNO3/3mol NO2)
(63g HNO3/1mol HNO3)=42g
HNO3
ANS: 42 g HNO3

PROBLEM: The position x of an

experimental rocket moving along
a long rail is measured to be x(t) =
(4m/s)t + (7m/s2)t2 + (5m/s3)t3
(0.35m/s4)t4 over the first 10s of its
motion, where t is in seconds and
x is in meters. Find the velocity of
the rocket for the first 10 seconds.
SOLN:
v = dx/dt = (4m/s) + (14m/s2)t +
(15m/s3)t2 (1.4m/s4)t3
Substituting t = 10 s, gives
v = 244 m/s
ANS: 244m/s
PROBLEM: Early in the nineteenth
century, James Watt invented the
steam engine. In order to convince
people, who relied heavily on
horses for mechanical work, he
demonstrated how useful his
steam engine was by utilizing a
horse that lifted water from a well
over a certain period of time and
called the corresponding power
expended one horsepower.
Assume that water has a mass
density of 1.0 x 103 kg/m3, that the
well was 20m deep, and that the
horse worked for 8 hours. How
many liters of water did the horse
raise from the well? Use the
following constants: 1 hp = 746
Watts, g = 9.8 m/s2.
SOLN:
The work done of the tension in
lifting a mass of water is given by:

W = m g y where W = work,
m = mass = pV, y = distance, V
= volume, p= mass density,
The power is given by:

Vgy
t

P = work /time,
Substituting all values, we get for
V
V=

746W 8hx3600s / h
1x10 3 kg / m 3 9.8m / s 2 20m
3

SOLN:

(1 i ) n 1

F A
i

= P2000(F/A, 8%,12) P37,954.25

1.1x10 2 m 3
ANS: 37,954

Since 1 m = 10 L, then V = 1.1 x

105L.
ANS: 1.1 x 105 L
PROBLEM: An investor has an
option to purchase a tract of land
that will be worth P20,000 in
seven years. If the value of the
land increases at 9% each year,
how much should the investor be
willing to pay now for this
property?

SOLN:

first deposit will be made one year

from today. How much money can
be withdrawn from this bank
account immediately after the 12th
deposit?

1 i
= F(P/F, i%, n)

P F

P = P20,000(P/F,9%,7) = P10,940.68
ANS: P10,941
PROBLEM: Suppose that you
make 12 equal annual deposits of
P2,000 each into a bank account
paying 8% interest per year. The

PROBLEM: What is the effective

rate of interest if P1000 is invested
at a nominal rate of 15%
compounded quarterly?

SOLN:

ieff

0.15
1
1 15.86%
4

ANS: 15.86%
PROBLEM: A man purchased a
house for P425,000. In the first
month that he owned the house,
he spent P75,000 on repairs and
remodeling. Immediately after the
house was remodeled, he was
offered P545,000 to sell the
house. After some consideration,
he decided to keep the house and
have it rented for P4,500 per
month starting two months after
the purchase. He collected rent for
15 months and then sold the
house for P600,000. if the interest
rate was 1.5% per month, how

much extra money did he make or

lose by not selling the house
immediately after it was
remodeled?

SOLN:
Ans P545,000 P 4,500( P / A,1.5%,15)
= P5,015
ANS: P5,000
PROBLEM: On the day his
grandson was born, a man
deposited to a trust company a
sufficient amount of money so that
the boy could receive five annual
payments of P20,000 each for his
college tuition fees, starting with
his 18th birthday. Interest at the
rate of 12$ per annum was to be
paid on all amounts on deposit.
There was also a provision that
the grandson could elect to
withdraw no annual payments and
receive a single lump amount on
his 25th birthday. The grandson
chose this option. How much did
the grandfather deposit?

SOLN:

P P 20,000( P / A,12%,5)( P / F ,12%

= P10,500
ANS: P10,500
PROBLEM: A man bought an
equipment costing P30,000
payable in 12 quarterly payments,
each installment payable at the

beginning of each period. The rate

of interest is 24% compounded
quarterly. What is the amount of
each payment

P20,000. Use double declining

balance method.

SOLN:
SOLN:
P30,000 A(1 P / A,8%,12 1)
A P3,685.96
ANS: P3,700
PROBLEM: A telecommunication
company purchased an equipment
for P53,000 and paid P1,500 for
freight and delivery charges to the
job site. The equipment has a
normal life of 10 years with a
trade-in value of P5,000 against
the purchase of a new equipment
at the end of the life. Determine
the annual depreciation cost by
the sinking fund method. Assume
interest at 6.5% compounded
annually.

C5 P 200,00(1 102 ) 5 P65,536

ANS: P65,536
PROBLEM: A certain support
stand design to carry downward
loads. Compute the stress in the
square shaft at the upper part of
the stand for a load of 27,000 lb.
The line of action of the applied of
the applied load is centered on the
axis on the shaft, and the load is
applied through a thick plate that
distributes the force to the entire
cross section of the stand.

SOLN:

F 27,000lb
lb

12,000 2 12,000 psi

2
A
2.25in
in

C L P5,000
d

P54,500 P5,000
P3,668
F / A,6.5%,10

10,000 N
500MPa
20 x10 6 m 2

ANS: 500MPa

V
( 25mm) 2

P
dt
P
t
d b

31.91kPa
( 25mm)130M
t 9.82mm
t

V
d2

V P 31.91kN

PROBLEM: A common bar

suspended from certain support
has axial load of 10kN. If the bar
has a cross section of 20mm2, find
the stress experience by the bar.

SOLN:

65M

ANS: P3.,668
PROBLEM: A plant bought a
machine for P200,000 and used it
for 10 years, the life span of the
equipment. What is the book value
of the machine after 5 years of
use? Assume a scrap value of

SOLN:

ANS: 12,000psi
SOLN:
CO P53,000 P1,500 P54,500

PROBLEM: Assume that a 25-mm

diameter rivet joins the plates that
are each 125 mm wide. The
allowable stresses are 130 MPa
for bearing in the plate material
and 65 MPa for shearing of the
rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate.

P
A

31.91kNkN
[125mm 8mm 25mm 8mm]
39.89MPa

ANS: 40MPa
PROBLEM: A cylinder pressure
vessel is fabricated from plates
which have a thickness of 20mm.
The diameter of the pressure
vessel is 450 mm and its length is
3.5m. Determine the maximum
internal pressure which can be

applied if the stress in the steel is

limited to 150MPa.

PL
AE

0.8 10 3 m

SOLN:
D
t
2t
(450mm)
2(25mm)
16.67 MPa

P ( 2m)
AE

0.47

0.95 103

P(3)
(40mm) 300G [(52mm) 2 (40mm) 2 ]150G
2

P 160.57 kN

150 MPa

ANS: 16.67MPa
PROBLEM: The wall thickness of
a 3ft-diameter spherical tank is
4/17 in. Calculate the allowable
internal pressure if the stress is
limited to 9000 psi.

SOLN:
pD

4t
p( 4 12in )
4( 4 / 17in )
p 176.47 psi

9000

ANS: 176.47psi
PROBLEM: A steel bar 40mm in
diameter and 3m long is
surrounded by a shell of cast iron
6mm thick. Compute the load that
will compress the combined bar a
total of 0.95 mm in the length of
2m. For steel E=300GPa, and for
cast iron, E=150GPa.

SOLN:

TL 14k (12)(3 x12) 180

(5) 4
x
6
JG

12 x10
32

ANS: 161kN
PROBLEM: A steel rod 3.5m long
is secured between two walls. If
the load on the rod is zero at
30C, compute the stress when
the temperature drops to -30C.
The cross sectional area of the rod
is 1200mm2, =11.7um/(mC),
and E=200GPa.

SOLN:
LT
PL

AE
PL
LT
AE

E
TE (11.7 )(30 30)( 200G )
140.4 MPa
T

ANS: 0.47
PROBLEM: What is the minimum
diameter of a solid steel shaft that
will not twist through more than 4
in a 6m length when subjected to
a torque of 13kN-m? What max
shearing stress is developed?
G=85 GPa

SOLN:
TL

JG

4 x

180

13k (6)
(d )4
32

85 x10 9

d 107.57 mm
ANS: 107.6mm
PROBLEM: Determine the
elongation in a helical steel spring
composed of 20 turns of 20-mm
diameter wire on a mean radius of
90 mm when the spring is
supporting a load of 2.5kN. Use
G=83 GPa.

ANS: 140MPa
PROBLEM: A steel shaft 3ft long
that has a diameter of 5in is
subjected to a torque of 14kip-ft.
Determine the maximum shearing
stress. G=12x106 psi.

SOLN:

SOLN:

64(2.5k )(90mm) 3 (20)

175mm
83GPa(20mm) 4
ANS: 175mm

PROBLEM: A carnot heat engine

receives 500KJ of heat per cycle
from a high-temperature source at
600 C and rejects heat a low
temperature sink at 40C.
Determine the thermal efficiency
of this Carnot engine.

temperature of the person are 1.2

m2 and 33C, respectively, and the
convection heat transfer
coefficient is 6 W/m2.=0.95 and
=5.67x10-8 W/m4-K4

TL
(40 273) K
1
TH
(600 273) K

0.6415(64.15%)

ANS: 64.15%
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder
device contains a liquid-vapor
mixture of water at 400K. During a
constant pressure process, 700 KJ
of heat is transferred to the water.
As a result, part of the liquid in the
cylinder vaporizes. Determine the
entropy change of the water
during this process.

SOLN:

Q 700kJ
kJ

1.75
T 400 K
K

ANS: 1.75kJ/K
PROBLEM: Consider a person
standing in a breezy room at
22C. Determine the total rate of
heat transfer from this person if
the exposed surface area and the
average outer surface

SOLN:
R ' gas constant
R' air 0.287 m3 kPa
/ kg K

SOLN:
SOLN:

dimensions are (5x6x7) cm at 105

kPa and 27C.

W
(1.2m 2 )(33 22)C
m 2 C
= 66W
=5

4
Qradiation (Ts4 Tsurr
)

W
)
m K4
(1.2m 2 )[(33 274) 4 (22 273) 4 ]K 4
= 77.2W
Qtotal 66W 77.2W 143.2W
= 0.95(5.67 x10 8

PV
R' T
105kPa(5 x6 x7m 3 )
m
0.287 m3 kPa
(27 273K )
/ kg K
m

Qconvection hA(Ts T f )

143.2 J / s

ANS: 143.2J/s
PROBLEM: A piston cylinder
device initially contains 0.8 m3 of
air at 110kPa and 80C. The air
is now compressed to 0.2 m3 in
such a way that the temperature
inside the cylinder remains
constant. Determine the work
done during this process.

m 256.1g
ANS: 256.1 g
PROBLEM: Heat is transferred to
a heat engine from a furnace at a
rate of 92MW. If the rate of waste
heat rejection to a nearby river is
45MW, determine the net power
output and the thermal efficiency
for this heat engine.

SOLN:
QH 92 MJs
QL 45 MJs

QL
45
1
QH
92

0.5109 (51.09%)
ANS: 51.09%

SOLN:
W (110kPa)( 0.8m3 ) ln(
W 122kJ

0 .2
1kJ
)(
)
0.8 1kPa m3 PROBLEM: The food

ANS: -122kJ
PROBLEM: Determine the mass
of the air in a room whose

compartment of a refrigerator is
maintained at 4C by removing
heat from it at a rate of 300
KJ/min. If the required power input
to the refrigerator is 3KW,

determine the coefficient of

performance of the refrigerator.

SOLN:

Q U W
200kJ (U 2 850kJ ) 550kJ

SOLN:
300kJ / min
1kW
(
)
3kW
60kJ / min
COP 1.67
COP

ANS: 1.67
PROBLEM: A 50 kg iron block at
80C is dropped into an insulated
tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid
water at 25C. Determine the
temperature when thermal
equilibrium reached. The specific
heat of iron is 0.45kJ/kg-C and
for water is 4.18kJ/kg-C.

SOLN:
0 50kg(0.45 kgkgC )(T2 80C )

U 2 500kJ
ANS: 500kJ

SOLN:
PROBLEM: Three moles of an
ideal gas are compressed slowly
and isothermally from a volume of
5 to 1.5 ft3, at a temperature of
320K. How much work is done?

T2 25.6C
ANS: 25.6C
PROBLEM: A rigid tank contains a
hot fluid that is cooled while being
stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially,
the internal energy of the fluid is
850kJ. During the cooling process,
the fluid loses 550kJ of heat, and
the paddle wheel does 200kJ of
work on the fluid. Determine the
final energy of the fluid. Neglect
the energy stored in the paddle
wheel.

80(0.12)(T2 100)
200(1)(T2 20) 50(0.12)(T2 20)
T2 24.6C
ANS: 24.6C

SOLN:

PROBLEM: When a 2lb of brass

at 212F is dropped into 5lb of
water at 35F, the resulting
J
1.5 temperature is 41.2F. Find the
W 3mol (8.317
)(320 K ) ln
mol K
5 specific heat of brass in Btu/lb-F.
W 9612.9 J 9.61kJ
V
W nRT ln 2
V1

ANS: -9.61kJ

SOLN:

0 .5 m
kJ
(4.18
)(T2 25C )
m3
kg C
0.001 kg

PROBLEM: If 80 g of iron shot at

100C is dropped into 200 g of
water at 20C contained in an iron
vessel of mass 50 g, find the
resulting temperature.

PROBLEM: A 4-in wall of fire brick,

k=9 Btu/(ft2-hr-F/in), has one
surface at 300F, the other at 90F.
Find the heat conducted through
the area of 2ft2 in 1 day.

SOLN:
T
L
Btu
Q (9 2
ft hr
Q kAt

ANS: 22, 680Btu

Qbrass Qwater
2lb (C )( 212 F 41.2 F )
Btu
)( 41.2 F 35 F )
lb F
Btu
C 0.091
lb F
5lb (1

ANS: 0.091
F
in

)( 2 ft 2 )

300 90 F
in
4
Q = 22,680 Btu
( 24 hr )

Qlost Q gain

PROBLEM: How much heat is

necessary to raise the
temperature of 0.80 kg of ethyl
alcohol from 15C of its boiling
point 78.3C?

SOLN:
Q mct

Q 0.8kg(0.6

ANS: 37.8% water

PROBLEM: How many molecules
NO2
of
can be formed using 2

cal
)
g C

(78.3 15)C

molecules of NO?

Q 30kcal
ANS: 30kcal
PROBLEM: The weight-density of
air at 32F and 29.92 in Hg
pressure is 0.081 lb/ft3. What is its
weight-density, in lb/ft3, at an
altitude where the pressure is
13.73 in Hg and the temperature
is -40F?

SOLN:
From the reaction,
2 NO +O2 2 NO 2

SOLN:
Using the energy equation W=KE2
KE1
Q = 0.5mv2 0 -condition 1
W = 0.5m(2v)2 0.5mv2 -
condition 2
W=2mv2 0.5mv2 = 3(0.5mv2) =
3Q
ANS: 3Q

ANS: 2
PROBLEM: What pressure must
be applied to 225mL of gas at
1atm to reduce its volume to
100mL?

PROBLEM: Suppose you want to

store 1.00 J of electric potential
energy in a volume of 1.00 m3 in
vacuum. What is the magnitude of
the required electric field?

SOLN:
PV
PV

mT 1 mT
P

1 T

SOLN:
P1V1=P2V2

SOLN:
u=1.00J/1.00m3 = 1.00J/m3

ANS: 2.25atm

13.73
29.92

0.081x 273K 1 x 233K
lb
2 0.044 3
ft

ANS: 0.044
PROBLEM: A laboratory
experiment was performed to
determine the percent by mass of
water in a hydrate. The accepted
value is 36.0% water whose
observed value has an error of
5.00%. Find the percent by mass
of water.
SOLN:
36% * 1.05 =37.8%

E=

2(1.00)
2u
=
o
o

PROBLEM: How many moles of

O2
O2
are present in 44.8L of

E=0.475 MV/m (a)

at STP?

ANS: E=0.475 MV/m

SOLN:
At STP, 1 mole will occupy 22.4L

PROBLEM: Material a is a water

and material b is a glass with
index of refraction 1.52. If the
incident ray makes an angle of 60o
with the normal,
find the
direction of the reflected ray.

ANS: 2.0moles
PROBLEM: Suppose that energy
Q is required to accelerate a car
from rest to v, neglecting friction.
How much added energy would be
required to increase the speed
from v to 2v?

SOLN:

According to law of reflection,

o
r =a
, hence if a=60 then

vr =

r =60o
ANS:

r =60

PROBLEM: The wavelength of the

red light from a helium-neon
sensor is 633 nm in air but 474 nm
in the aqueous humor inside our
eyeballs. Calculate the speed of
light in this substance.
SOLN:
Calculating the index of refraction,
we have:
633
n= =
=1.335
o 474
For the velocity of light in this
index we have:

vr =

ANS:

v a+ v b
v v
1+ a 2 b
c
0.900 c+ 0.700 c
=0. 982 c
( 0.9 ) ( 0.7 ) c 2
1+
c2

0 . 982 c

PROBLEM: The combined mass

of car and passengers travelling at
72 km/hr is 1500kg. Find the
kinetic energy of this combined
mass.

SOLN:
mv 2
K=
2k

(5 kg)(9.75 m/sec 2)(100 m)

=4875 J
(1kgm/ Nsec 2)
F g=

mg 5(9.75)
=
=48.75 N
k
1

ANS: 48.75 N, 4875 J

PROBLEM: A pressure gage
register 50 psig in a region where
the barometer is 14.25 psia. Find
the absolute pressure in Pa.

SOLN:
P = Patm + Pg = 14.25 + 50
P = 64.25 psia
P = (64.25psia)(6894.8Pa/psi)
P = 443 kPa
ANS: 443 kPa

(1500 kg)(72 km/h r ) 2(1000 m/km)2 PROBLEM: During an isentropic

(2)(1kgm/ N sec 2)(3000 sec/h r )2 process of 1.36 kg/sec of air, the
c 3.00 x 10 8 m/s 2.247 x 108 m
v= =
=
2. 25 x 108 m/s
temperature increases from 4.44
n
1.335
s
K=300,000 J300 kJ
1.0062 kNm
C to 115.6C. if Cp =
kg K

ANS:

2 .25 x 10 8 m/s

PROBLEM: A spaceship moving

away from Earth with speed of
0.900c fires a robot space probe
in the same direction as its motion,
with speed of 0.700c relative to
the spaceship. What is the probes
velocity relative to the Earth?
SOLN:
Using the equation of Lorentz
velocity transformation, we have:

ANS: 300kJ
PROBLEM: A mass of 5kg is
100m above a given datum where
local g=9.75 m/sec2. Find the
gravitational force in newtons and
the potential energy of the mass
w/ respect to the datum.

for a non-flow process, what is

H?
SOLN:
H = mCpT =
1.36kg/s(1.0062kNm/kgK)
(388.75-277.59K) = 152. kJ/s
ANS: 152.2 kJ/s

SOLN:
mg z
P=
k

PROBLEM: The force of 600 N is

the resultant of the forces F1 and
240 N acting as shown in the
figure. Which of the following gives
the value of F1.

ANS: 509.1146 N
SOLN:
F1X + 240(5/13) = 600 (4/5), F1X =
387.6923 N
F1Y 240(12/13) = 600(3/5), F1Y =
581.5385 N
F12 = (387.6923)2 + (581.5385)2, F1
= 698.9223 N
= tan-1(581.5385/387.6923) =
56.310
ANS: 698.9223 N, 56.310 with
respect to the horizontal
PROBLEM: The coefficient of
friction between the rope and fixed
post is 0.30. The rope is wrapped
only once around the post. Which
of the following gives the minimum
tension in the rope at pt A

SOLN:
300/T = e0.4, T = 138.6873 N

PROBLEM: From the speed of

100 kph, a car decelerates at the
rate of 15 m/min/sec along a
straight road. Which of the
following gives the distance
travelled at the end of 40 sec.

SOLN:
V0 = 100kph x 1000 /3600 =
27.7778 m/s
a = -15/60 mps2 = -0.25 mps2
s = 27.7778(40) + 0.5(-0.25)(40)2
= 911.112 m
ANS: 911.112 m
PROBLEM: The velocity of a
particle moving along the x axis is
defined by v = x4 + 2x3 3x2 where
v is in m/s and x is in m. Which of
the following gives the velocity
when x = 2m.

ANS: 138.6873 N
PROBLEM: The resultant of the
concurrent forces has a
magnitude of 1200 N and acts
through the origin and points x =
3m, y = 4m, z = 5m. Which of the
following gives the x component of
the resultant force

SOLN:
d2 = 32 + 42 -52, d = 7.0711 m
Fx = 1200(3)/7.0711 = 509.1146 N

SOLN:
v = 24 + 2(2)3 3(2)2 = 20 m/s
ANS: 20 m/s
PROBLEM: The block shown
reaches a velocity of 10 m/s in 25
m starting from rest. Which of the
following gives the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block
and the ground.

SOLN:
102 = 2a(25), a = 2 m/s2
Fx = max, 280 600 =
(600/9.8)2, = 0.2626
ANS: 0.2626
PROBLEM: The normal
acceleration of a particle on the
rim of a pulley 10 ft in diameter is
constant at 1200 fps2. Which of
the following gives the speed of
the pulley in rpm.

SOLN:
an = v2/r, 1200 = v2/5, v =
77.4597 fps
v = r, 77.4597 = 5, =
15.4919 rad/sec*60/2 =
147.9371 rpm
ANS: 147.9371
PROBLEM: A 350 N block is
resting on a plane inclined at 300
with the horizontal is subjected to
a constant force of 400 N acting
parallel to the inclined plane. After
the block has moved 3 m from
rest, the 400 N force was
removed. Coefficient of friction is
0.2. Which of the following gives
the distance that the block will
move further along the inclined
plane until it stop.

SOLN:
WE equation: Fs = 0.5m(v2 v02)

400(3) -0.2(350sin 30)(3+x)(350sin 30)(3+x) = 0.5 (350/9.8)(00)

X = 2.714 m
ANS: 2.714m
PROBLEM: The force system
consist of a clockwise couple of
600 N-m plus a 300 N force
directed to the right through the
origin of x & y axes at x = 300. If
the system is replaced by an
equivalent single force, which of
the following is its x and y
intercept.

SOLN:
sin 30 = 2/x, x = 4m left of origin
tan 30 = y/x, y = 2.3094m above
the origin
ANS: 4 m left and 2.3094 below
the origin
PROBLEM: Calculate the
efficiency of a transformer-coupled
class A amplifier for a supply of 12
V and outputs of 6V.

Maximum
PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier
providing a 20-V peak to a 16-
load (speaker) and a power supply
of Vcc = 30 V, determine the
circuit efficiency.

2cc

2(30 V )
2V
Pi ( dc ) =
=
RL
(16)

Pi ( dc ) =35.81W

Maximum

ANS: 35.81W
SOLN:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM
-SOLVING)
V L ( p) 20 V
I L ( p )=
=
=1.25 A
RL
16
I DC =

PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier

using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and
driving a load of 16, determine
the transistor dissipation

2
2
I L ( p )= ( 1.25 A )=0.796 A

SOLN:
Pi ( dc ) =V CC I dc =( 30 V ) ( 0.796 A )=23.9 W
2

20 V

V 2L
Po ( ac )=
=
2 RL
For resulting efficiency of
dc

Pi
P (ac)
= o

P o=

Maximum
Po=0.5

m a ximum P2 Q
2

( )
[ ]
2V

cc

RL

2(30 V )2
Po=0.5
2 16
Po=5.7 W

ANS: 5.7W
ANS: 52.3%
SOLN:
V CEMAX =V CE +V ( p )=12V + 6V =18 V
PROBLEM: For a class B amplifier
V CE =V CEQV ( p )=12 V 6V =6 V using a supply of Vcc = 30 V and
driving a load of 16, determine
Resulting in
the maximum output power.
2
18 V 6 V
=50
=12.5
18 V +6 V
Q

MIN

SOLN:
ANS: 12.5%

PROBLEM: Calculate the

efficiency of a class B amplifier for
a supply of Vcc = 24 V with peak
output voltages of VL (p) = 22 V.

SOLN:
=78.54

V L ( P)
V CC

=78.54

22V
=72
24 V

( )

PROBLEM: Determine what

maximum dissipation will be
allowed for an 80-W silicon
transistor (rated at 25 ) if the

ANS: 72%
PROBLEM: Calculate the total
harmonic distortion for the
following amplitude components:
fundamental amplitude of 2.5 V,
second harmonic amplitude of
0.25 V, third harmonic amplitude
of 0.1 V, and fourth harmonic
amplitude of 0.05 V.
SOLN:

by a derating factor of 0.5W/

at case temperature of

D 3=

|A 3|
100
|A 1|

D 3=

0.1 V
100 =4
2.5 V

D 4=

|A 4|
100
| A1|

D 4=

0.05 V
100 =2
2.5V

SOLN:
PD ( 125
)=

PD ( 125
)=30 W

ANS: 30W
PROBLEM: A silicon power
transistor is operated with a heat
=1.5
/W ) .
sink ( SA
the
transistor, rated at150 W
( 25
) , has CS =0.5
/W , and the
mounting insulation has
CS =0.6
/W
. What maximum

THD= D22+ D23+ D24 100

( 0.10 ) + ( 0.04 ) + ( 0.02 ) 100
2

power can be dissipated if the

ambient temperature is
40
T J =200
?

PD =

200
40
0.5
/W +0.6
/W +1.5
/W

PD 61.5 W

ANS: 61.5W
PROBLEM: A dc voltage supply
provides 50 V when the output is
unloaded. When connected to a
load, the output drops to 56 V.
Calculate the value of voltage
regulation.

SOLN:
V . R .=

V NLV FL
100
V FL

V . R .=

60V 56 V
100
56 V

V . R .=7.1

ANS: 7.1%
PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple
voltage of a full-wave rectifier with
a 100-F filter capacitor
connected to a load drawing to a
load drawing 50 mA

max

SOLN:

THD=0.1095 100

ANS: 11%

125 .

T J T A
JC + CS + SA

PD ( 125
)=80W 100
( 0.5W /
)

0.25 V
D 2=
100 =10
2.5 V

THD=10.95

25

PD ( 25
) (125
25
)( 0.5 W /
)

|A 2|
D 2=
100
|A 1|

reading is required above

PD =

V r ( rms )=
SOLN:

2.4 ( 50 )
=1.2 V
100

ANS: 1.2V

of an op=amp having specified

values of IIO = 5nA and IIB = 30 nA.

PROBLEM: Calculate the filter dc

Voltage of a full-wave rectifier with
a 100-F filter capacitor
connected to a load drawing to a
load drawing 50 mA if the peak
rectifier voltage is 30 V.

SOLN:
IIB(positive)

30 nA+

5 nA
2

IIB(positive) 32.5 nA
SOLN:

IIB(negative)

IIB(negative) 27.5 nA

4.17 ( 50 )
=27.9V
100

ANS: 32.5nA; 27.5nA

ANS: 27.9V
PROBLEM: Calculate the ripple of
a capacitor filter for a peak
rectified voltage of 30 V, capacitor
C= 100F, and a load current of
50 mA.

SOLN:
2.41 I dc
r=
100
CV dc
r=

5 nA
2

4.17 I dc
C

V dc =V m
V dc =30

30 nA

2.4 ( 50 )
100
100 ( 27.9 )

r=4.3

PROBLEM: Determine the cutoff

frequency of an op-amp having
specified values B1 = 1 MHz and
AVD = 200 V/mV.

PROBLEM: Determine the output

voltage of an op-amp for input
voltages of Vi1 = 150 V and Vi2 =
140 V. The amplifier has a
differential gain of Ad =4000 and
the value of CMRR is 100.

SOLN:
fC = f1 / AVD = 1 MHz / 200 V/mV
fC = 5 Hz

SOLN:

ANS: 5 Hz

VD =(4000)(10u) (

PROBLEM: For an op-amp having

a slew rate of SR = 2V/s, what is
the maximum closed loop voltage
gain that can be used when the
input signal varies by 0.5 V in 10
s?

ANS: 4.3%
PROBLEM: Calculate the input
bias currents at the non-inverting
and inverting terminal respectively

ANS: 40

SOLN:

VC
1
VD = ADVD ( 1+ CMRR V D )
1+

1
145 u

100 10 u

)
VD = 40 m (1.145) = 45.8 mV
ANS: 45.8mV
PROBLEM: If an amplifier with
gain of -1000 and feedback of =0.1 has a gain change of 20% due
to temperature; calculate the
change in gain of the feedback
amplifier

10k, what is the maximum

allowable series resistance?

SOLN:

| | | || |
| ||
|
| |
dA f
1 dA

Af
A A

dA f
1
=
Af
0.1 (1000 )
dA f
Af

SOLN:
(20%)

= 0.2%

ANS: 0.2%
PROBLEM: A transistor has a
collector current of 10mA and a
base current of 40uA. What is the
current gain of the transistor?

SOLN:
=10mA/40uA=50
ANS: 50
PROBLEM: A 2N3904 has VCE =
10V and IC = 20mA. What is the
power dissipation?

SOLN:
PD=10V(20mA)=200mW
ANS: 200mW
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has
an input voltage that may vary
from 22 to 30V. If the regulated
output voltage is 12V and the load
resistance varies from 140 to

R=

( 2212 1) 140 =117

ANS: 117
PROBLEM: A zener regulator has
an input voltage ranging from 15
to 20V and a load current ranging
from 5 to 20mA. If the zener
voltage is 6.8V, what is the
maximum allowable series
resistance?

SOLN:
R=

PROBLEM: Determine the thermal

voltage of a diode at 27C
(common temperatures for
components in an enclosed
operating system)

=410
( 156.8
20 mA )

SOLN:
Vt =kT/q
Vt =(1.38x10-23J/K)
(273+17)/1.6x10-19C
Vt = 26mV
ANS: 26mV
PROBLEM: What is the knee
voltage of a silicon diode at 75C?

SOLN:
(75-25)C*2.5mV/C = 0.125V
New Vknee = 0.7-0.125 = 0.575V

ANS: 410
ANS: 0.58V
PROBLEM: A 2N5668 has VGS(off)=4V and IDSS=5mA. What are the
gate voltage and drain current at
the half cutoff point?

PROBLEM: At 20C, the reverse

saturation current of a silicon
diode is 10nA, what is its value
when the temperature increases to
100C?

SOLN:
VGS=
ID=

4 V
=2V
2

5 mA
=1.25 mA
4

SOLN:
100 C / 20C = 5
New Ireverse = 25(10nA)= 0.32uA

ANS: -2V; 1.25mA

ANS: 0.32uA

PROBLEM: A silicon diode is in

series with 1k resistor and a
forward biasing voltage supply of
10V. If rd is 10, what is the
anode to cathode current and
voltage?

SOLN:
IF=(10-0.7)/(10+1k)=9.21mA
VF=0.7+10(9.21mA=0.79V

ANS: 9.21mA,0.79V
PROBLEM: What is the
wavelength of the light produced
by an LED with an energy gap
level of 1.43 eV?

=hc/Eg =(6.626x10-34Js*3x108m/s)
/(1.43eV*1.6x10-19J/eV)
= 869nm
ANS: 869nm
PROBLEM:
SOLN:

SOLN:
ANS: