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Equations
Comprehensive Anesthesiology Question Bank
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Respiratory
Alveolar Gas Equation
Dead Space (Bohr Equation)
PAO2 = FI O2 ( PATM PH 2O ) PaCO2 / RQ
VD Pa CO2 PECO2
=
VT
Pa CO2
PAO2
Pa CO2
= Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen
PaCO2 = Arterial partial pressure of CO2
FI O2
PECO2
= Inspired O2
PATM
= Atmospheric pressure
PH 2O
= Saturated vapor pressure
RQ
= Respiratory Quotient
Qs
Respiratory Physiology: Q14
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q7
Qs
= Partial pressure of CO2 from all
expired gases
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q14
Ventilation/Perfusion Index (ratio)
VQI =
Shunt Equation
Q shunt (CcO2 - Ca O2 )
=
Q total (CcO2 - CmvO2 )
= Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
Qs
(1 Arterial Hbsat)
(1 Mixed Venous Hbsat )
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q17
CcO2 = Post-capillary blood oxygen content
(typically assumed to be the
Saturation of haemoglobin utilizing
the PAO2 haemoglobin
concentration 1.34)
Ca O2 = Arterial Hbsat Hb 1.34
CmvO = Mixed venous Hbsat Hb 1.34
2
Qs
Ohms Law
Pressure Gradient = Air Flow Airway Resistance
Qs
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q17
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q17
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Respiratory
Airway Resistance for Laminar Flow
(Poiseuilles Law)
Laminar Flow = ( 8 Length Viscosity of gas )
Resistance
( Radius4 )
Qs
Respiratory Physiology: Q7
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q5
Law of LaPlace
Pressure =
Note:
Qs
2 Wall Tension
Radius
Wall thickness is typically not
considered for alveoli
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q5
Reynolds Number
R=
(Velocity Density Diameter )
Viscosity
>2000 consistent with turbulent flow
Qs
Respiratory Physiology: Q7
Respiratory Physiology: Q8
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q4
Time Constant
TC = Compliance Resistance
Qs
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q5
Static Compliance
Static compliance =
Qs
Volume
Tidal volume delivered
=
Pressure ( Plateau pressure PEEP )
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q33
Dynamic Compliance
Dynamic compliance =
Qs
Volume
Tidal volume delivered
=
Pressure ( Peak pressure PEEP )
Basic Pulmonary Physiology: Q33
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Equations
Respiratory
Transpulmonary Pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Qs
= Alveolar pressure Pleural pressure
ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1
Transthoracic Pressure
Transthoracic pressure = Pleural pressure Atmospheric pressure
Qs
ICU: Advanced Cardiopulmonary: Q1
Predicted PaO2 by Age
Predicted PaO2 = 110-(age 0.4)
Qs
Special Situations: Q12
Respiratory Physiology: Q6
Boyles Law
Pressure1 Volume1 = Pressure2 Volume2
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12
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Equations
Respiratory
Henrys Law
Partial Pressure = k C
k = Henrys Law Constant
C = Concentration of dissolved gas
Ohms Law
Pressure = Cardiac Output Resistance
Qs
Cardiac Physiology: Q14
Henderson-Hasselbach
pH = pK + log[HCO3-/ (0.03 PaCO2)]
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Equations
Cardiac
Myocardial Perfusion Pressure
MPP = Aortic diastolic pressure LVEDP
Qs
Cardiac Physiology: Q23
LaPlace Law
Tension = (Pressure Radius)/(2 Wall Thickness)
Note: Notice that as opposed to the equation in the Respiratory Section, the equation is solved
for wall tension
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12
Poiseuilles Law
Flow Rate = ( Pressure radius4)/(8 viscosity length)
Note: Notice that as opposed to the equation in the Respiratory Section, the equation is solved for flow.
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q12
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Equations
Cardiac
Fick Principle
CO = VO2/(CaO2 CmvO2)
CO = Cardiac Output
VO2 = Oxygen consumption
CaO2 = Arterial content of oxygen
CmvO2 = Mixed venous content of oxygen
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
Consumption of Oxygen (not including O2 dissolved in blood for simplicity)
VO2 = Hb (Sata - Satmv) X 1.34 CO
Rearranged: Satmv = Sata [VO2/ (Hb 1.34 CO)]
CO = Cardiac Output
VO2 = Oxygen consumption
Sata = Arterial saturation of haemoglobin
Satmv = Mixed venous saturation of haemoglobin
Hb = Haemoglobin
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q2
ICU Principles: Q19
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Cardiac
Arterial Content of Oxygen
Oxygen Delivery
CaO2 = [Hb Sata 1.34] + 0.003 PaO2
DO2 = CaO2 CO
Sata = Arterial saturation of haemoglobin
CaO2 = Arterial content of oxygen
Pa O2 = Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
CO = Cardiac Output
Qs
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q1
Elimination of CO2
Oxygen Extraction Ratio
VCO2 = Hb X SatmvCO2 CO
ER = VO2/DO2
SatmvCO2 = CO2 saturation in mixed venous blood
VO2 = Oxygen consumption
DO2 = Delivery of oxygen
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
Qs
ICU Principles: Q1
ICU Principles: Q3
Respiratory Quotient
Cardiac Output
RQ = VCO2/VO2
CO = Stroke Volume Heart Rate
VCO2 = Elimination of CO2
VO2 = Oxygen consumption
Qs
ICU Principles: Q15
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Cardiac
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Index
SV = End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume
CI = CO/BSA
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q29
CO = Cardiac Output
BSA = Body Surface Area
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
PVR = [(PAP-Wedge)/CO] 80
Systemic Vascular Resistance
PAP = Pulmonary Arterial Mean Mressure
SVR = [(MAP-CVP)/CO] 80
CO = Cardiac Output
Qs
ICU Principles: Q6
MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure
CVP = Central Venous Pressure
CO = Cardiac output
Stroke Work
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q13
SW = Stroke volume mean arterial pressure
Qs
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q29
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Cardiac
Starling Equation
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
Q = kA X [(Pc Pi) + (i-c)]
CPP = MAP ICP
Q = Net Fluid Filtration
MAP = Mean arterial pressure
k = Capillary Filtration Coefficient (of water)
ICP = Intracranial pressure
A = Area of the Membrane
= Reflection Coefficient (of albumin)
Qs
Clinical Neurophysiology: Q2
Clinical Neurophysiology: Q3
Pc = Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Pi = Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
i = Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure
c = Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure.
Qs
Perfusion Pressure
PP = MAP Venous Presure
Basic Cardiac Physiology: Q30
Allowable Blood Loss
ABL = EBV X [(Hb Minimum allowable Hb)/Hb]
EBV= Estimated Blood Volume
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Equations
Pharmacology
It is important to understand the concepts of pharmacokinetics, but few
equations need to be memorized. Memorizing complex clearance and
half-life equations, accounting for peripheral compartments are very low
yieldjust understand the concept.
Volume of Distribution
VD = Dose / Concentration
Qs
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q1
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q2
Basic Pharmacology: Induction Agents Q12
Half Life
Half-life = Volume of distribution / Rate of clearance
Qs
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q1
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q2
Basic Pharmacology: Induction Agents Q12
Clearance
Clearance = dose/ area under time concentration curve
Clearance = (Urine concentration Urine flow) / Plasma concentration
Qs
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q1
Basic Pharmacology: Anesthesia Adjuncts Q2
Basic Pharmacology: Induction Agents Q12
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Equations
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Pharmacology
Opioid Conversions
Drug
IV
Oral
Morphine
10 mg
30 mg
Hydromorphone
1.5 mg
7.5 mg
Fentanyl
100 mcg
N/A
Codeine
N/A
200 mg
Hydrocodone
N/A
30 mg
Oxycodone
N/A
20-30 mg
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Equipment
Endotracheal Size (for children)
Endotracheal Depth
Size = 4 + (Age/4)
Depth = 12 + (Age/2), or 3 ETT size
Qs
Pediatrics: Q4
Gas Tanks (E)
Gas
Oxygen
Nitrous Oxide
Qs
Volume
Pressure
625 L (US)
2200 psig
1590 L
745 psig
Equipment: Q1
Equipment: Q2
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Statistics
Incidence & Prevalence
Incidence = Number of occurrences / Sum of person-time at risk
Prevalence = Number of cases/ Number of individuals sampled
Measure of Effect
Absolute measure of effect = Rate Difference = Rate of risk exposed Rate of risk not exposed
Relative measure of effect = Rate Ratio = Rate of risk exposed /Rate of risk not exposed
Pressure
2200 psig
745 psig
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Statistics
Disease Screening
Pressure
Has Disease
2200
Nopsig
Disease
Positive Test
True Positive (TP)
False Positive (FP)
Negative Test
False Negative (FN)
True Negative (TN)
Sensitivity = TP/ (TP + FN)
Specificity = TN/ (TN + FP)
Positive Predictive Value = TP/ (TP + FP)
Negative Predictive Value = TN/ (TN + FN)
Qs
Statistics: Q17
Statistics: Q18
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Statistics
Disease Screening
Has Disease
No Disease
Exposed
Not Exposed
Odds Ratio = AD/BC
Relative Risk = [A/(A+B)] / [C/(C+D)]
Qs
Statistics: Q16
Number needed to Treat
NNT = 1 / ARR
ARR = Absolute Risk Reduction = Control event rate Experimental event rate
Qs
Statistics: Q19
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