Service Training
MALAGA
EPG -ITYPICAL ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT
Q
LOAD
LOAD
POS
NEG
SOURCE
SOURC
E
0I- BASIC ELECTRICITY
- COMPARISON
- OHM FORM
- SERIES CIRCUITS
- PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Claude
Dec. 1997
EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON
CIRCUIT
TYPICAL ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT
Q
LOAD
LOAD
POS
NEG
SOURCE
SOURCE
Circuit
Circuit
Voltage Source (battery)
Conductors (wire)
Load (resistor, lamp, etc.)
Pressure Source (pump)
Tubing, hoses
Load (hydraulic cylinder)
Current Flow
Measured in ampere
Symbol is "I" (intensity)
The movement of electrons
Oil Flow
Measured in gpm, cfm, L/min
Symbol is "Q" (quantity)
Movement of fluid molecules
Positive Source
Positive Source
Battery (generates DC voltage)
Produces certain voltage
regardless of the load
Pump (when pump shaft is
rotated, fluid is positively
expelled from the output port,
no matter how restrictive the
load)
EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON
OPPOSITION
I
+
High
High
Vd
Low
Low
RESISTOR
ORIFICE
Opposition to Current Flow
Opposition to Oil Flow
Resistance
Resistance
Opposes current flow
Measured in Ohm
Symbol is R or
Dependent on length, diameter,
material and temperature
Opposes oil flow
Measured in psi, kPa, L/min
Symbol is P
Usually measured as a pressure
drop (P) in a hydraulic circuit
EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON
STORING
Plate
Gas
Piston
Oil
P
Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input
CAPACITOR
Storage Devices
Stores electrical charge
Measured in Capacitance
Symbol is C
Unit is Microfarad (F)
Pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric material
ACCUMULATOR
Storage Devices
Develops and stores pressure
Measured in pressure
Stores pressure as a result of
forcing a volume of oil into a
accumulator chamber
EPG -ICHAPTER : COMPARISON
DIRECTIONAL
Anode
Cathode
DIODE
Directional Controls
Current flows in one direction
Current flows when anode is
more positive than the cathode
Use multimeter on "diode check"
function and measure voltage
drop
CHECK VALVE
Directional Controls
Fluid flows in one direction
Symbol indicates direction of
oil flow
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
OHM FORM
Ohm's Law
I = E/R
E=IxR
R = E/I
The above formulas will be used when describing electric and electronic circuits.
Three types of electrical circuits will be discussed.
Series Circuits
- Current can flow in only one path.
Parallel Circuits
- Current can flow in more than one path.
Series-Parallel Circuits
- Has both series and parallel paths for current to flow.
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
UNKNOWN CALCULATION
E
I
E= I x R
E
I
E
R
E
=
I
R
R= E
I
Given two known in any electrical or electronic circuit, the unknown can be calculated. This slide shows
an example of solving an unknown by placing a finger over the unknown and then performing the
mathematical equation as shown.
The Ohm's Law circle is a memory aid to help solve the equation for either voltage, current or resistance.
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
I = 200 mA
A
?
E = _____
E
I
E= I x R
Filament Resistance = 60
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
I = 600 mA
A
E
R
E = 12V
R= E
I
?
Filament Resistance = _____
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
? mA
I = ____
A
E
R
E = 24 V
I= E
R
Filament Resistance = 240
10
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
SERIES CIRCUITS
R1
R2
R3
Sum of all voltage drops equal source voltage
Current flow through each load is the same
Total resistance is equal to sum of all the resistors
POS NEG
POS NEG
12V
12V
Series Circuits
Series circuits may have several resistors (loads) connected to a voltage source. The important
point to demonstrate when explaining series circuits is current flow which has only one path,
and as such, the current flowing in the circuit passes through all resistances equally.
Series circuits have the following features:
The current through each resistor is the same.
The voltage drop across each resistor will be different if the
resistance values are different.
The sum of all the voltage drops equal the source voltage.
11
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
V1
V2
V3
24
16
R1
R2
R3
POS NEG
POS NEG
12V
12V
Solution:
Total circuit resistance = the sum of all the resistors or
8 + 24 + 16 = 48
Source voltage = the sum of the two batteries (connected in series) or 12 + 12 = 24V
Current flow = source voltage divided by total resistance or
24 48 = 500 mA or 0.5 amps
12
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
?
___
R1
R2
R3
2A
POS NEG
POS NEG
12V
12V
13
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
R1
R2
R3
POS NEG
POS NEG
12V
12V
14
short
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
?
6
R1
R2
R3
unwanted path
POS NEG
POS NEG
12V
12V
15
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
R2
R1
POS NEG
12V
RULES
POS NEG
12V
Voltage drop across each resistor is the same
Current flow through each resistor is
different if the resistor values are different
The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit
Parallel Circuits
In parallel circuits, the voltage drop across each resistor is equal to the
potential of the current source since there is more than one path for
current to flow through each resistor.
Parallel circuits have the following features:
The voltage drop across each resistor (load) is the same.
The current through each resistor will be different if the
resistance are different.
The sum of the separate currents equals the total current in the
circuit.
16
R3
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
R2
R1
3
A
V2
V1
A1
POS NEG
12V
A2
POS NEG
12V
Voltage drop each resistor is the same as source voltage (24V).
Total current flow is the sum of the separate currents (each path),
not enough information to solve individual current flows
without using Ohm's Law to solve other elements of the circuit.
Solve the current flow through each load by using Ohm's Law.
V1 = source voltage (24V)
R1 = 3
A1 = E1 R1 = 24 3 = 8 (A1 = 8 amps)
V2 = source voltage (24V)
R2 = 6
A2 = E2 R2 = 24 6 = 4 (A2 = 4 amps)
17
2
V3
Solution:
R3
A3
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
PAGE
R2
R1
3
?
V1
V2
A1
POS NEG
12V
18
A2
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
PAGE
R2
R1
?
___
8A
POS NEG
24V
19
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
R2
R1
3
?
V1
V2
A1
POS NEG
12V
20
A2
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE
R2
R1
?
___
8A
POS NEG
24V
21
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
SERIES - PARALLEL
R1
R3
12V
POS
NEG
R2
DRAWING EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS IS IMPORTANT IN SOLVING SERIESPARALLELS CIRCUITS
22
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT STEPS
R1
R3
R2
12V
POS
NEG
R1
R3
Re
R2
12V
Step 1
POS
NEG
Re =
R1 x R2
R1 + R2
Re + R3 = Rt
Re
12V
Step 2
POS
R3
Equivalent Circuit
NEG
Rt
12V
Step 3
P
23
POS
NEG
Equivalent Circuit
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
CALCULATE Rt
R1 = 6
2+2=4
R3 = 2
Re = 2
Re
POS
12V
R2 = 3
12V
NEG
Re =
POS
6 x 3 18
=
=2
9
6+3
Rt = 4
12V
POS
NEG
TOTAL RESISTANCE IS 4 OHM
THEN I = E / R = 12 / 4 = 3 amps
24
Equivalent Circuit
NEG
R3 = 2
Equivalent Circuit
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
RECONSTRUCTING
Re = 2
Et = 12 volts
I t = 3 amps
Rt = 4 ohms
E3 = I x R = 3 x 2 = 6V
I3 = 3 A
R3 = 2
12V
POS
NEG
6 volt drop
NOW IT IS NECESSARY TO RECONSTRUCT THE ORIGINAL CIRCUIT
25
EPG -ICHAPTER : BASIC ELECTRICITY
FINAL CALCULATION
6V
1A
6
R1
R2
12V
POS
NEG
26
6V
2A
3
6V
3A
2
R3
