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    MIPS Short

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    Đỗ Phạm Tuân
    This document describes MIPS assembler directives and control flow instructions. It provides examples of commonly used directives like .data, .word, .asciiz which define data sections and variables. It also explains unconditional jump, conditional branch instructions, and the slt instruction for setting registers based on relations. Finally, it outlines the system calls for input/output like printing integers, strings, reading input, and memory allocation using sbrk.

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    MIPS Short

    Uploaded by

    Đỗ Phạm Tuân
    98 views6 pages
    This document describes MIPS assembler directives and control flow instructions. It provides examples of commonly used directives like .data, .word, .asciiz which define data sections and variables. It also explains unconditional jump, conditional branch instructions, and the slt instruction for setting registers based on relations. Finally, it outlines the system calls for input/output like printing integers, strings, reading input, and memory allocation using sbrk.

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    This document describes MIPS assembler directives and control flow instructions. It provides examples of commonly used directives like .data, .word, .asciiz which define data sections and variables. It also explains unconditional jump, conditional branch instructions, and the slt instruction for setting registers based on relations. Finally, it outlines the system calls for input/output like printing integers, strings, reading input, and memory allocation using sbrk.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    98 views6 pages

    MIPS Short

    Uploaded by

    Đỗ Phạm Tuân
    This document describes MIPS assembler directives and control flow instructions. It provides examples of commonly used directives like .data, .word, .asciiz which define data sections and variables. It also explains unconditional jump, conditional branch instructions, and the slt instruction for setting registers based on relations. Finally, it outlines the system calls for input/output like printing integers, strings, reading input, and memory allocation using sbrk.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 6

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

    MIPS assembler directives


    (From Computer Organization and Design - The Hardware/Software Interface by Dave Patterson and John
    rd
    Hennessy, 3 edition) SPIM supports a subset of the assembler directives provided by the actual

    MIPS assembler:
    Syntax
    .align n

    .ascii str

    Description
    Align the next datum on a 2 byte boundary.
    For example, .align 2 aligns the next value on a word boundary.
    .align 0 turns off automatic alignment of .half, .word,
    .float, and .double directives until the next .data or
    .kdata directive.
    Store the string in memory, but do not null-terminate it.

    .asciiz str

    Store the string in memory and null-terminate it.

    .byte b1,..., bn

    Store the n values in successive bytes of memory.

    .data <addr>

    The following data items should be stored in the data segment. If the
    optional argument addr is present, the items are stored beginning at address
    addr.
    Store the n floating point double precision numbers in successive memory
    locations.
    Declare that the datum stored at sym is size bytes large and is a global
    symbol. This directive enables the assembler to store the datum in a portion
    of the data segment that is efficiently accessed via register $gp.
    Store the n floating point single precision numbers in successive memory
    locations.
    Declare that symbol sym is global and can be referenced from other files.
    Store the n 16-bit quantities in successive memory halfwords.
    The following data items should be stored in the kernel data segment. If the
    optional argument addr is present, the items are stored beginning at address
    addr.
    The next items are put in the kernel text segment. In SPIM, these items may
    only be instructions or words (see the .word directive below). If the
    optional argument addr is present, the items are stored beginning at address
    addr.
    Allocate n bytes of space in the current segment (which must be the data
    segment in SPIM).
    The next items are put in the user text segment. In SPIM, these items may
    only be instructions or words (see the .word directive below). If the optional
    argument addr is present, the items are stored beginning at address addr.
    Store the n 32-bit quantities in successive memory words. SPIM does not
    distinguish various parts of the data segment (.data, .rdata and
    .sdata).

    .double d1,...,dn
    .extern sym size

    .float f1,..., fn
    .globl sym
    .half h1,..., hn
    .kdata <addr>
    .ktext <addr>

    .space n
    .text <addr>
    .word w1,..., wn

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

    Control Flow Instructions in MIPS


    Type
    Unconditional Jump

    Instruction

    Conditional Branch
    on Equality

    beq rs, rt, Label

    j Label

    Description
    This instruction jumps unconditionally to the
    instruction followed by the label Label. It is
    equivalent to the goto statement in C.
    This instruction branches to label Label, if
    registers rs and rt have the same values. In
    Register Transfer Notation (RTN), it means:
    if ( R[rs] == R[rt] )
    goto Label;

    Conditional Branch
    on Inequality
    Set Register Based
    on Relation

    bne rs, rt, Label


    slt rd, rs, rt

    If the registers have different values, the


    processor proceeds to the next instruction.
    This instruction branches to label Label, if
    registers rs and rt have the same values.
    This instruction sets register rd to 1 if
    R[rs]<R[rt]. Otherwise it sets rd to 0. In
    RTN, it means:
    if ( R[rs] < R[rt] )
    R[rd] = 1;
    else
    R[rd] = 0;

    There is an immediate version of the slt


    instruction in which the 3rd argument is a 16bit signed integer. "slti rd, rs, 0x0002"
    sets rd to 1 if R[rs] < 0x0002.
    I/O Manipulation MIPS System Calls (syscall)
    SPIM provides a set of operating-system-like services through the system call (syscall)
    instructions. Basic input and output can be managed and implemented by system calls.
    To request a service, a program loads the system call code into register $v0 and arguments into
    registers $a0, $a1, $a2, and $a3.
    Here is a summary of the system calls for your reference.

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

    Service
    Print Integer

    Call Code
    in $v0
    1

    Arguments

    Results

    $a0=number(to be printed)
    Example Code:

    Print Float

    li $a0, 89
    li $v0, 1
    syscall
    $f12=number (to be printed)
    Example Code:
    .data
    flabel: .float 3.14

    Print double

    l.s $f12, flabel


    li $v0, 2
    syscall
    $f12=number (to be printed)
    Example Code:
    .data
    dlabel: .double 3.1415926
    l.d

    Print String

    $f12, dlabel
    li $v0, 3
    syscall
    a0=address (of string in memory)
    Example Code:
    .data
    str1: .asciiz "Hi There!"

    Read Integer

    Read Float

    Read double

    Read String

    la $a0, str1
    li $v0, 4
    syscall
    Example Code:
    li $v0, 5
    syscall
    Example Code:
    li $v0, 6
    syscall
    Example Code:
    li $v0, 7
    syscall
    $a0=address (of input string in memory)
    $a1=length of buffer(n bytes)
    Example Code:
    .data
    str1: .space 80
    la $a0, str1
    li $a1, 80
    li $v0, 8
    syscall

    number in
    $v0
    number in
    $f0

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

    Sbrk
    (Dynamically
    allocate n-byte
    of memory)

    Exit

    10

    $a0=n-byte (to allocate)


    Example Code:
    li $a0, 80
    li $v0, 9
    syscall # Get memory
    move $a0, $v0
    li $a1, 80
    li $v0, 8
    syscall # Read String
    li $v0, 4
    syscall # Print String
    Example Code:
    li $v0, 10
    syscall

    address in
    $v0

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

    Short_MIPS _CA_Lab1_2014

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