THE UNIVERSITY OF MANILA

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY Licensure Examination

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CRIMINALISTICS SET A

INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following questions.
Mark only one answer for each item by shading the space corresponding to the
letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided. STRICTLY NO ERASURES
ALLOWED.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which among the following scientific aiders in crime detection can

inform the investigator as to the death of a person?
A. fingerprint expert C. medical examiner
B. ballistician D. cardiologist

2. There are two types of standards to be obtained in the investigation of

questioned documents; one is collected and the other is ________.
A. photographed C. none of these
B. dictated D. replicated

3. Galton, one of the fingerprint pioneers, scientifically estimated that

the possibility of the prints of just two fingers being identical to each
other is_______.
A. 70 billion to 1 C. 64 billion to 1
B. 50 billion to 1 D. 100 billion to 1

4. What is the most popular and traditional mode of removing powder

residue?
A. swabbing cotton moistened with 5% nitric acid
B. washing hands with vinegar
C. washing both hands with hot water
D. spraying hands with sodium rhodizonate

5. What metallic object is attached to the free end of the cylindrical tip
of the cartridge case propelled by the expansive force of the propellant
and is responsible in damaging the target?
A. bullet C. all of these
B. missile or projectile D. slug

6. What is the value of hypnotism in criminal investigation?

A. hypnotist can very well guide investigator on case
B. desired information can be abundantly gathered
C. admissible in court
D. subject totally under control by hypnotist

7. What scientific process describes the behavior of a substance when it

reacts or combines with another substance?
A. physical C. chemical
B. compound D. mass

8. In lie detection, the interrogator chart probes on the subject every

after the taking of each chart. At what stage is post- interrogation
conducted?
A. done immediately before conducting the pre- test interview
B. done only on subjects who refuse to cooperate during the
examination
C. done every after the taking of each chart
D. when fully convinced of the subject’s guilt based on the charts
taken
9. _________ are tiny portions or is hill like structure found on the
epidermis of friction skin containing sweat, with pores appearing as
black lines in a fingerprint impression.
A. imaginary lines C. black lines
B. furrows D. ridges

10. Which of the following substances is a potential biological agent?

A. small pox C. anthrax
B. plague D. all of these

11. Which of the following filter is considered best in taking photographs

of car collisions where cars involved are newly painted?
A. yellow C. red
B. green D. ultra- violet

12.Which of the following houses the internal parts of the gun?

A. yoke C. cylinder
B. frame D. chamber

13. What is the procedure of shadowing a portion of an image to hold back

light during the part of the printing exposure?
A. burning in C. dodging
B. cropping D. vignetting

14. What substance is capable of producing noxious effect or destroy life

once introduced into the body, absorbed through the blood stream and
acts chemically?
A. protein C. enzymes
B. none of these D. poisons

15. What prints are plain finger impressions left in a smooth surfaces
unconsciously by a person committing an offense?
A. accidental C. strange
B. visible D. standard

16. What is the basis for a positive comparison and handwriting analysis?
A. class characteristics
B. uniqueness of characteristics
C. normal handwriting
D. one unique characteristics

17. What type of writers deliberately misspells words and commits errors?
A. handicapped C. illiterate person
B. educated person D. apprehensive writers

18. What is that method of identification discovered in 1985 by Prof Alec

Jeffreys in United Kingdom?
A. minerological test C. DNA fingerprinting
B. paraffin D. ballistics

19. What is that condition wherein fatty tissues of the body are
transformed to soft brownish white substance known as “adipocere”?
A. mummification C. maceration
B. putrefaction D. saponification

20. What straight line connects the center of the succeeding steps of a
walking man?
A. principal angle C. direction line
B. foot line D. gait line

21. Which of the following statement is NOT true of a lie detector?

A. it can help locate stolen goods
B. it enables the comparison of conflicting statements
C. it obtains leads to the facts of the case
D. it determines the guilt or innocence of subject

22. The “f” numbers represents the ratio of what characteristics of the
lens and the diameter of the lens aperture?
A. depth of focus C. focal length
B. focal distance D. depth of field

23. Deformities can be acquired or can be __________.

A. congenital
B. natural bone structure
C. caused by fracture
D. caused by plastic surgery

24. Which of the following is a type of secondary classification?

A. by slant line to the left
B. none of these
C. by slant line to the right
D. by small letter

25. When a subject makes admission or correction with respect to his

answer to the control question, he is usually ____________.
A. hesitant or resisting the test
B. telling a lie
C. telling the truth
D. did not understand the question

26. _________ is that light sensitive silver salts in a gelatin medium

coated on all photographic films and papers.
A. aniline C. emulsion
B. sympathetic inks D. copy pencil

27. What type of classification takes into consideration only the loop
type starting from the right thumb (the first loop appearing in the set
of prints on a fingerprint card)?
A. secondary classification C. final classification
B. primary classification D. key classification

28. What kind of questions should be formulated for purposes of polygraph

examination?
A. narrative style
B. those answerable by yes or no
C. those that call for positive response
D. elaborated subject matter

29. What is that epidermal hairless skin found on the lower surface of the
hands and feet covered with minute ridges?
A. polydactyl skin C. epidermis
B. friction skin D. flexure line

30. What do you call the inner terminus or focal point located at the
center or the approximate center of the pattern area?
A. center C. core
B. delta D. open delta

31. Which among the following is NOT among the three major sections of the
polygraph machine?
A. cardiosphygmograph C. pump bulb assembly
B. pneumograph D. galvanograph

32. What is the secret of a good shooting form?

A. firing slowly and carefully
B. relaxed and natural position
C. proper sighting of the target
D. keeping the thumb along the hammer

33. What fingerprint pattern does not have ridge count?

A. whorls C. radial loops
B. arches D. ulnar loops

34. Which of the following is also called “delta” in fingerprint

identification?
A. lower ridge C. outer terminus
B. inner terminus D. enclosures

35. Heat cramps, exhaustion, stroke are symptoms of heat injury that can
be classified as ___________.
A. local C. systematic
B. sporadic D. erratic

36. How many degrees must you add to the DIN rating to denote double
emulsion speed?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 2 D. 4

37. Which of the following serves as protection against biological agents?

A. decontamination C. mask
B. all of these D. sanitation measures

38. What is the usual behavior symptom of an innocent subject in lie

detection?
A. oftentimes the requesting party
B. nervous
C. receptive to the test
D. all of these

39. There are two ways to identify people; one, by comparison and the
other is by_______.
A. ordinary means C. none of these
B. exclusion D. scientific means

40. What patterns do not have numerical value for purposes of primary
classification?
A. plain whorl loops
B. accidental whorl and arches
C. double loop whorl and arches
D. loops and arches

41. What contraption device is used to block the path of light passing
through the lens exposing the sensitized material?
A. range finder C. exposure
B. shutter D. view finder

42. What is the correct sequence of sensitivity of the three emulsion

layers of color film?
A. red- green- blue C. blue- green- red
B. green- red- blue D. blue- red- green

43. What classification takes into consideration the thumbs of both hands
(ridge tracing for whorl type and ridge counting for loop type)?
A. key classification
B. final classification
C. major classification
D. sub secondary classification

44. What prints are made by fingers stained with colored materials such as
the blood, ink, paint and dirt?
A. plastic C. latent
B. invisible D. visible

45. What is the spreading apart of two lines which have been running
parallel or nearly parallel?
A. bifurcation C. appendage
B. convergence D. divergence

46. Which object as mentioned below requires individual photographs?

A. any clue to the perpetrator’s identity
B. identifying marks
C. tools or weapons used
D. wounds of the victim

47. Where could the protrusion be if the scratch is parallel to the axis
of the bore and also parallel to the edge of the land impression?
A. inside the bore of the firearm
B. in the breech and in the bore
C. within the vicinity of the forcing cone
D. at the breech of a firearm

48. Which indicates the speed of the lens or the amount of light the lens
lets through in proportion to its focal length?
A. flash meters C. f
B. exposure D. electronic flash

49. What are the canals of depression found between ridges called?
A. dots C. furrows
B. pores D. indentions

50. What kind of light makes secret inks visible?

A. side C. ultra- violet
B. transparent D. opaque

51. The combination of blue and green light will produce what color?
A. black C. magenta
B. cyan D. yellow

52. The importance of individual marks left on a bullet by a gun barrel is

that it is useful in directly identifying the:
A. gun from which a bullet was fired
B. direction from which a shot is fired
C. bullet which caused a fatal wound
D. person who fired the particular gun

53. What holds the photographic papers flat during exposure in the
enlarging process?
A. billows C. easel
B. head assembly D. base board

54. What kind of ridges resembles a dot, fragment or period?

A. ending ridge C. ridge of tranquility
B. lake ridge D. island ridge

55. What type of pattern possesses either an angle, an upthrust, or two of

the three basic characteristics of the loop?
A. tented arch C plain arch
B. double loop D. central pocket loop

56. What is the act of counting the ridges which intervene between the
core and the delta of a loop?
A. divergence C. ridge counting
B. ridge tracking D. ridge tracing

57. What is the rule where there are two or more possible bifurcation
deltas which conform to the definition of delta?
A. the one nearest the core should be chosen
B. the one away from the core is counted
C. the one which doe not open towards the core is counted
D. the one towards the core should be counted

58. LASER is also referred to as

A. ultra- violet light C. coherent light
B. infra- red light D. visible light

59. The active substance found on superglue, mighty bond and similar
products utilized in gas method of developing latent impression is:
A. tetramethyl benzedine C. all of these
B. ninhydrin D. cyanoacrylate

60. It is the ridge count of the first loop in a set with fingerprints
beginning with the right thumb except the little fingers.
A. final classification C. major classification
B. key classification D. primary classification

61. What is the function of the boric acid and acetic acid in the fixer?
A. as preservative C. as neutralizer
B. as accelerant D. as restrainer

62. The bouncing or deflection of a projectile from its normal path after
striking a resistant surface is known as:
A. recoil C. rebound
B. ricochet D. deflection

63. The most recent popular scientific tool in the identification of

person is:
A. dactyloscopy C. discoverer
B. computer D. Deoxyribonucleic acid

64. He is known for being the U.S. public enemy number one who attempt to
destroy his friction ridge by applying a corrosive acid.
A. Robert James Pitts C. John Augustus
B. John Dillinger D. Roscoe Pitts

65. What is a system of identification which was used earlier than

fingerprint system, made by measuring various bony structure of human
body developed by Alphonse Bertillion?
A. Portrait parle C. Tattoo
B. Anthropometry d. Photography

66. Ridge forms in the person’s fingers and feet usually during what month
of the fetus life?
A. 3 to 4 C. 5 to 6
B. 8 to 9 D. 3 to 4

67. What fingers are rolled towards the body in taking a rolled
impression?
A. both little fingers C. both index fingers
B. all fingers except thumb D. both thumb fingers

68. What is known as the reproduction of an impression made on soft

surface by utilizing casting materials?
A. dry fusions C. moulage
B. acid etching D. plaster of paris

69. A critical comparison or side-by-side examination is known as:

A. oblique C. collation
B. comparison D. none of these

70. A document completely written and signed by one person is called:

A. questioned document C. disputed document
B. holographic document D. carbon copy

71. What is film with the longest range of sensitivity in the

electromagnetic spectrum called?
A. panchromatic film C. blue sensitive film
B. infra red film D. orthochromatic film

72. What is the process of dissolution of tissue by the digestive action

of its enzymes and bacteria resulting to liquefaction of tissues and
liberation of foul smelling gases?
A. saponification C. maceration
B. decomposition D. putrefaction

73. Why must the taking of photographs from an unusual camera position in
crime photography be avoided?
A. it distorts the focus
B. it distorts the magnification
C. it distorts the perspective
D. it distorts texture

74. What is done, when one retouches or goes back over a defective portion
of a writing stroke?
A. pressuring C. shading
B. retracing D. patching

75. In photographing a crime scene, what view will best feature the nature
of the crime scene?
A. medium C. close- up
B. general D. extreme close- up

76. What problem is usually encountered by a photographer when using a

flash unit?
A. synchronization C. parallax
B. neutral density D. multiple image

77. The best way to conduct a thorough interview is for the investigator
to ________.
A. allow himself sufficient time for adjustment
B. permit the interviewee to give narrative statement
C. be guided by a pre- arranged checklist
D. devote adequate time for an interviewee’s evaluation

78. In stake out surveillance photography, where the photographer cannot

get close to the subject, what kind of lens must be used?
A. normal C. wide- angle
B. telephoto D. zoom

79. What is the effect of heat of sunlight to DNA sample?

A. sanitation C. contamination
D. preservation D. none of these

80. What is the normal developing time for a normally exposed film using a
D-76 developer?
A. five to six minutes
B. eight to ten minutes
C. twelve to fifteen minutes
D. fifteen to twenty minutes

81. What is the best evidentiary specimen that can be used in DNA
analysis?
A. semen C. urine
B. saliva D. blood

82. One of the most expensive instruments used for examination of

documents that would show three (3) dimensional enlargements?
A. polarizing light C. stereoscopic microscope
B. infra- red gadget D. ultra- violet lamp

83. What is a specimen of writing in which the letter are disconnected in

form?
A. cursive C. manuscript
B. hand lettering D. block capital

84. It is the combination of the basic designs of letter and the writing
movement involved in the writing?
A. copy book form C. writing movement
B. system of writing D. line quality

85. Who is known as the father of questioned document?

A. Hans Gross C. John Augustus
B. Orway Hilton D. Albert Osborn

86. What is the rearward reaction of the firearm in relation to the

forward movement of the bullet upon firing?
A. back fire C. buck shots
B. recoil D. ricochet

87. Who among the following is credited for the successful invention of
the gunpowder?
A. John Forsyth C. Horace Smith
B. Calvin Goddard D. Berthold Schwartz

88. What is the ideal exposure setting of a film with ASA 100 at hazy
sunlight?
A. 1/125 f5.6 C. 1/25 f11
B. 1/ 125 f8 D. 1/125 f16

89. What is called as the part of the mechanism in a firearm which causes
empty shells or cartridge cases to be thrown from the gun?
A. extractor C. hammer
B. trigger D. ejector

90. Occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on time or there is a delayed

in explosion due to faulty functioning of the primer or faulty
ignition of the propellant.
A. misfire C. recoil
B. hang fire D. key hole shot
91. What was the first court which held upon the admissibility of
fingerprint as evidence?
A. New Jersey court C. California court
B. Illinois court D. Seattle court

92. In collecting semen on an object, use a tube and transfer it to:

A. cotton cloth C. paper pocket
B. container D. glass kit

93. In forgery by simulating method, the best equipment to use in

detecting is the:
A. graphic camera C. computing magnifying glass
B. high powered microscope D. low powered microscope

94. Photographs are valuable in crime investigations for it provides law

enforcers an easier works in court:
A. duties C. testimony
B. function D. appearance

95. Can a strong acid burn completely and never to recur fingerprints?
A. always C. none of these
B. it depends D. no

96. Microscopic examination is a:

A. conformity test C. physiological test
B. physical test D. scientific test

97. Proof of poisoning maybe obtained from the post mortem examination and
by:
A. toxicologic
B. pathologic analysis of the tissue
C. necropsy
D. chemical analysis of the organs

98. To determine whether a loop is radial, it is important that the

examiner should know first what?
A. hand where the fingerprint came
B. finger nail of the subject
C. pattern of the ridge
D. person where the impression came

99. Which of the following distinguish plain arch from other fingerprint
pattern?
A. has a core but no delta
B. presence of delta only
C. none of these
D. absence of delta and core

100. Which of the following is an essential requisite of a loop?

A. there must be a delta
B. all of these
C. there must be a rucurving ridge that passes between the core
and the delta
D. there must be a core

101. What was the first judicial case which upheld upon the admissibility
of fingerprint as evidence?
A. People vs Miranda
B. People vs Escobedo
C. People vs Jennings
D. None of these
102. The scattering of light rays after passing through a small aperture is
called:
A. reflection C. diffraction
B. absorption D. transmission

103. Who invented the instant photographic process commonly known as

Polaroid?
A. George Eastman C. Edwin Herbert Land
B. John Herschel D. William Talbot

104. A lens of a camera is supposed to have inherent seven major lens defect
or aberrations. Of these defects, the most difficult lens or
aberration to correct is the
A. Spherical aberration B. Chromatic aberration
B. Astigmatism D. distortion

105. The determining factor of how wide is the area of coverage of a lens
as well as the size of the image that it will produce is:
A. depth of field C. lens opening
B. focal length D. hyperfocal distance

106. The one who coined the word “photography” is:

A. Joseph Niepce C. Louis Jacques
B. John Herschel D. William Talbot

107. An ordinary black and white film has three distinctive layers, a color
film has how many layers?
A. four C. six
B. five D. seven

108. Generally, the one that actually forms the image in photography are
those lights that are being _______.
A. reflected C. transmitted
B. absorbed D. dispersed by subject

109. A photographic paper used in printing normal exposed or normal

contrast negative is:
A. number 1 C. number 2
B. number 3 D. number 0

110. The main difference between taking an ordinary photograph to that of

infra- red photography lies in the three (3) F’s namely, film, filter and
______.
A. focal C. focusing
B. framing D. field of view

111. The main reason for a long and complete washing of a processed film or
photographic paper in running water is to remove the presence of:
A. acid C. hypo
B. alum D. nitrate

112. It is the distance at which a lens of a camera is focused with a given

particular diaphragm opening which will give the maximum depth of field.
A. hyperfocal distance C. subject distance
B. focal distance D. focal length
113. It is one of the three (3) secondary colors of light.
A. blue C. red
B. green D. yellow

114. The focusing method wherein the distance form the lens of the camera to
the subject is measured, estimated or calculated, then said distance is set
on the lens mount.
A. scale- bed C. co- incident image
B. split image D. ground glass

115. It is the procedure of shadowing a portion of an image to hold back

light during part of the printing exposure.
A. vignetting C. dodging
B. cropping D. burning- in

116. Generally, a lens have only one focal length, however, there is a lens
with variable focal length and it is known as:
A. wide angle lens C. telephoto lens
B. normal lens D. zoom lens

117. The film that has the widest range of spectral sensitivity to the
different energies of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A. blue sensitive C. panchromatic
B. orthochromatic D. infra red

118. In the examination of fibers, hairs or sometimes bullet or shells,

there is a need to use a microscope. The process of taking pictures through
microscope is:
A. photomicrography C. photomicrography
B. microphotography D. thermograph

119. What filter is used in photographing latent fingerprints on a shinny or

highly polished surface because it reduce or eliminate glare or reflections?
A. correction filter C. polarizing filter
B. contrast filter D. neutral density filter

120. The emulsion speed rating of a film that is both expressed in

arithmetical and logarithmic value.
A. ASA rating C. ISO rating
B. DIN rating D. BSI rating

121. What lighting condition in sunlight wherein objects in open space cast
a transparent shadow?
A. bright sunlight C. cloudy dull sunlight
B. hazy sunlight D. cloudy bright sunlight

122. A fingerprint impression made from stamp pad ink while very legible to
the eye is a problem when photographed with an ordinary film because it lacks
contrast. To improve contrast the use of this filter will help tremendously.
A. ultra- violet filter C. panchromatic film
B. blue sensitive film D. infra- red

123. Ultra violet photography has many uses in crime investigation. What
type of film can be used for ultra- violet photography?
A. orthochromatic film C. panchromatic film
B. all of these D. infra- red film

124. In photographing questioned signatures or latent prints; a film with a

very fine grain should be considered so it could be enlarged to maximum sizes
without considerable loss in details. Which of the following has the finest
grains?
A. ASA 400 C. ASA 100
B. ASA 1600 D. ASA 1200

125. Depth of field or the range of sharpness in front of and behind the
subject on which focus has been set is controlled by the lens or diaphragm
opening. To get a wider depth of field use a:
A. smaller lens opening C. wider lens opening
B. medium lens opening D. none of these
126. The lens opening also known as the relative aperture is the indicator
for light transmitting capability of the lens. Which lens opening will admit
more light to pass through its medium?
A. f 2.8 C. f 4
B. f 5.6 D. f 16

127. Photographs they “do not lie”. However, photographs sometimes mislead
like in reversed photographs. In traffic accident investigation, a skid mark
curving to the right will be shown in photograph to be curving to the left
instead. This misleading photograph is brought about by the wrong placement
of _____________.
A. photographic paper in the easel
B. photographic paper in the developer
C. negative in the enlarger
D. photographic paper in the fixer

128. For a film with an ASA rating of 200, the exposure setting at bright
sunlight of a normal subject would be:
A. 1/ 125 f5.6 C. 1/30 f 5.6
B. 1/ 60 f 8 D. 1/250 f 1.4

129. A camera lens that is capable of taking photographs of extreme close-

up without the need of close- up attachment is called:
A. wide angle lens C. macro lens
B. zoom lens D. telephoto lens

130. Which of the following photographic rays will correspond to the wave
length of 400- 700 nanometers?
A. x- ray C. visible light
B. ultra- violet rays D. infra- red rays

131. For proper flash synchronization for an electronic flash unit, the
flash cord should be plugged into the socket in the camera marked as what?
A. X C. M
B. FP D. none of these

132. The type of photographic paper used in enlarging or projecting printing

is the ________.
A. chloride paper C. iodide paper
B. bromide paper D. nitrate

133. It is the device used in film developing wherein the film is winded
along its spiral groove so that no surface of the film of the will touch
each other thus, assuring even development is called?
A. film reloader C. film cartridge
B. developing reel D. developing tank

134. Fixation is the stage in chemical processing where the image in the
film or the paper is made permanent. This is achieved by dissolving all the
unexposed and undeveloped _______.
A. metallic C. mineral acids
B. silver halides D. potassium alum

135. A photographic filter prevents some portion of the exposing energy from
reaching the film thereby necessitating an increase of exposure to obtain
proper results. The amount of increase required is indicated by a number
called?
A. guide number C. f number
B. filter factor D. shutter speed
136. In the negative, one side is shinny while the other side is dull. What
do you call to the dull side of the negative?
A. emulsion C. gray
B. base D. gelatin

137. The normal developing time of a film in a newly mixed D- 76 developer

at ordinary room temperature tank method is:
A. six to seven minutes
B. one to one and half minutes
C. ten to fifteen minutes
D. twenty to thirty minutes

138. An ideal camera type for police photography due to its versatility,
compactness, interchangeability of lenses and therefore an all purpose camera
is:
A. range finder C. press type
B. single lens reflex D. box type

139. One of the advancement of photography nowadays is the use of LASER.

With the use of this one will be able to produce a three dimensional
photograph called:
A. photogram C. monogram
B. hologram D. ektogram

140. Carbon dioxide is hazardous because it:

A. is poisonous
B. explodes when ignited by spark
C. does not support life
D. supports combustion

141. Why fountain pen ink, colored ink and stamp pad ink are objectionable
for taking real impressions?
A. they are too thin
B. they dry too slow
C. they do not easily smear
D. satisfactory for comparison purposes

142. From the standpoint of the ballistician, what is the most important
single process in barrel manufacture?
A. boring position C. rifling position
B. grinding D. reaming position

143. What is a bullet made of steel with copper entry?

A. trace bullet
B. bullet with plastic
C. armour piercing bullet
D. bullet with secondary explosion

144. What type of firearm is fed by chamber?

A. single shot firearm C. bolt action
B. automatic type D. slide action

145. What is the rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time?
A. penetration C. muzzle blast
B. velocity D. terminal energy

146. What kind of explosive is a mix oxygen with ammonium nitrate, a very
stable explosive?
A. PETN C. RDX
B. TNT D. ANEO
147. What is the total failure of a cartridge to discharge called?
A. hangfire C. rim fire
B. misfire D. centerfire

148. What is that actual pattern or curved path traveled by a bullet in

flight?
A. pressure generated C. penetration
B. trajectory D. velocity

149. Which of the following test is used to determine whether a person fired
a gun?
A. luminescence C. dequinois Levine
B. takayama D. paraffin

150. Which toolmark is produced by a single application of said tool in an

area of contact?
A. indention C. compression
B. friction D. impression

151. The term muzzle velocity refers most accurately to the:

A. acceleration of the projectile in flight
B. average speed of the bullet in flight
C. rate of expansion of the grooves in the muzzle
D. speed at which the bullet leaves the revolver

152. Spiral grooves in the bore designed to give a spin to the projectile for
greater accuracy and carrying power is called as what?
A. rifling C. caliber
B. gauge D. bore

153. Cannelure are valuable in firearm identification because they help the
expert determine the:
A. identify the weapon that fired a particular bullet
B. type of gun that fired a particular bullet
C. manufacturer of the weapon
D. manufacturer of the bullet

154. It is a metallic unit propelled or projected from the barrel of a gun.

A. cartridge case C. propellant
B. shell D. pellets or bullets

155. A homicide was committed by a shotgun. All parts of the exploded shell
have been recovered by the investigator of the crime. In order to identify
the shell with the gun that fired, the laboratory should be given:
A. the cap, the wads and the pellets
B. the cap and the wads
C. the cap and the pellets
D. the cap