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    4.hardware For A Process Control System

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    Ayda Azali
    This document discusses the hardware elements of a process control system, including: 1) The chemical process being controlled 2) Sensors that measure process variables 3) Transducers that convert sensor signals for transmission 4) Transmission lines that carry signals to the controller 5) The controller that receives information and decides actions 6) Final control elements like valves that implement controller decisions It provides an example of hardware for controlling a stirred tank heater and discusses how digital computers are increasingly used for direct digital control of hundreds of loops, supervisory computer control of plant operations, and scheduling of plant processes.

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    4.hardware For A Process Control System

    Uploaded by

    Ayda Azali
    4K views6 pages
    This document discusses the hardware elements of a process control system, including: 1) The chemical process being controlled 2) Sensors that measure process variables 3) Transducers that convert sensor signals for transmission 4) Transmission lines that carry signals to the controller 5) The controller that receives information and decides actions 6) Final control elements like valves that implement controller decisions It provides an example of hardware for controlling a stirred tank heater and discusses how digital computers are increasingly used for direct digital control of hundreds of loops, supervisory computer control of plant operations, and scheduling of plant processes.

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    process control

    Original Title

    4.Hardware for a Process Control System

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    This document discusses the hardware elements of a process control system, including: 1) The chemical process being controlled 2) Sensors that measure process variables 3) Transducers that convert sensor signals for transmission 4) Transmission lines that carry signals to the controller 5) The controller that receives information and decides actions 6) Final control elements like valves that implement controller decisions It provides an example of hardware for controlling a stirred tank heater and discusses how digital computers are increasingly used for direct digital control of hundreds of loops, supervisory computer control of plant operations, and scheduling of plant processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    4K views6 pages

    4.hardware For A Process Control System

    Uploaded by

    Ayda Azali
    This document discusses the hardware elements of a process control system, including: 1) The chemical process being controlled 2) Sensors that measure process variables 3) Transducers that convert sensor signals for transmission 4) Transmission lines that carry signals to the controller 5) The controller that receives information and decides actions 6) Final control elements like valves that implement controller decisions It provides an example of hardware for controlling a stirred tank heater and discusses how digital computers are increasingly used for direct digital control of hundreds of loops, supervisory computer control of plant operations, and scheduling of plant processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The key takeaways are the main hardware elements that make up a control system and some applications of using digital computers in process control.

    The main hardware elements of a control system are sensors, transducers, transmission lines, controllers, final control elements, and recording elements.

    Digital computers are used in process control for direct digital control (DDC), supervisory computer control, and scheduling computer control.

    Hardware for a Process Control System

    The physical elements (hardware) constituting a control system as


    it is implemented in practice for the control of real physical
    processess.

    Hardware Elements of a Control System


    In every control configuration we can distinguish the following
    hareware elements :
    1. The chemical process :
    It represents the material equipment together with the
    physical or chemical operations that occur there.
    2. The measuring instruments or sensors :
    Such instruments are used to measure the disturbances, the
    controlled output variables, or secondary output variables,
    and the main sources of information about what is going on
    in the process.
    3. Transducers :
    Many measurements cannot be used for control until they
    are converted to physical quantities (such as electric voltage
    or current, or a pneumatic signal, i.e., compressed air or
    compressed liquid) which can be transmitted easily.
    Transducers are used for this purpose.
    4. Transmission lines :
    These are used to carry the measuring signals from the
    measuring device to the controller.
    5. The controller :
    1

    This is the hardware element that has intelligence. It


    receives the information from measuring devices and
    decides what action should be taken.
    6. The final control element :
    This is the hardware element that implements in real life the
    decision taken by the controller. The control valve is the
    most frequently encountered final element but not the only
    one. Other typical final control elements for a chemical
    processes are :
    Relay switches, providing on-off control
    Variable-speed pumps
    Variable-speed compressors
    7. Recording elements:
    These are used to provide a visual demonstration of how a
    chemical process behaves.

    eTemperatur
    e
    recorder
    Desired

    Ts

    Fi

    Ti

    Thermoco
    uple
    Tank

    F0

    CController

    Control valve
    Transmission
    line

    Figure 1 : Hardware elements for the feedback control of a


    stirred tank heater

    Use of Digital Computers in Process Control


    Large chemical plants such as petroleum refineries, ethylene
    plants, ammonia plants, and many others are under digital
    computer control. The effects have been very substantial, leading
    to better control and reduced operating costs.

    Some applications characteristic of the diverse usage of digital


    computers :
    1. Direct digital control (DDC) :
    Today the chemical industry is moving more and more
    toward the DDC of the plants. A typical system of DDCs for
    an ethylene plant can include between 300 and 400 control
    loops. All the companies that furnish the control system for
    the chemical industry rely more and more on DDC.
    2. Supervisory computer control :
    Many times the human operator does not or cannot find the
    best operating policy for a plant which will minimize the
    operating costs. This deficiency is due to the enormous
    complexity of a typical chemical plant. In such cases we can
    use the speed and the programmed intelligence of a digital
    computer to analyze the situation and suggest the best
    policy. In doing so the computer coordinates the activities of
    the basic DDC loops ( Figure 3)
    3. Scheduling computer control :
    Finally, the computer can be used to schedule the operation
    of a plant.

    Disturbances

    Manipula
    ted
    Variables

    Process

    Measur
    ed
    Output
    s

    Unmeasured
    outputs
    OOperators
    Console

    Ccomputer-toProcess
    Interface

    DDigital
    Computer

    PProcess-toComputer
    Interface

    Figure 2 : Typical DDC configuration

    computer
    for
    Superviso
    ry
    control
    DDC
    For
    Unit 1

    Process
    Unit 1

    DDDC
    For
    Unit N

    DDC
    For
    Unit 2

    Process
    Unit 2

    Process
    Unit N

    Chemical Plant
    Figure 3 : Structure of supervisory computer control

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