Material - ρ - - σ -: Resistivity Coefficient Temperature Coefficient Conductivity

istivity is the

resistance of a unit cube of the material measured between the opposite faces of the
cube

Material

Resistivity Coefficient 2)
-(ohm m)
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
(per degree C, 1/oC)
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
Aluminum
2.65 x 10-8
3.8 x 10-3
3.77 x 107
Animal fat
14 x 10-2
Animal muscle
0.35
Antimony
41.8 x 10-8
Barium (0oC)
30.2 x 10-8
Beryllium
4.0 x 10-8
Bismuth
115 x 10-8
Brass - 58% Cu
5.9 x 10-8
1.5 x 10-3
Brass - 63% Cu
7.1 x 10-8
1.5 x 10-3
Cadmium
7.4 x 10-8
Caesium (0oC)
18.8 x 10-8
Calcium (0oC)
3.11 x 10-8
Carbon (graphite)1)
3 - 60 x 10-5
Cast iron
100 x 10-8
-4.8 x 10-4
Material
-(ohm m)
Cerium (0oC)
73 x 10-8
Chromel (alloy of chromium and

aluminum)
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
0.58 x 10-3
Chromium
13 x 10-8
Cobalt
9 x 10-8
Constantan
49 x 10-8
3 x 10-5
0.20 x 107
Copper
1.724 x 10-8
4.29 x 10-3
5.95 x 107
Dysprosium (0oC)
89 x 10-8
Erbium (0oC)
81 x 10-8
0.1 x 10-3
Eureka
Europium (0oC)
89 x 10-8
Gadolium
126 x 10-8
Gallium (1.1K)
13.6 x 10-8
Germanium1)
1 - 500 x 10-3
Glass
1 - 10000 x 109
Gold
2.24 x 10-8
-50 x 10-3
10-12
Material
-(ohm m)
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
Graphite
800 x 10-8
-2.0 x 10-4
Hafnium (0.35K)
30.4 x 10-8
Holmium (0oC)
90 x 10-8
Indium (3.35K)
8 x 10-8
Iridium
5.3 x 10-8
Iron
9.71 x 10-8
Lanthanum (4.71K)
54 x 10-8
Lead
20.6 x 10-8
Lithium
9.28 x 10-8
Lutetium
54 x 10-8
Magnesium
4.45 x 10-8
Manganese
185 x 10-8
1.0 x 10-5
Mercury
98.4 x 10-8
8.9 x 10-3
Mica
1 x 1013
Mild steel
15 x 10-8
Molybdenum
5.2 x 10-8
6.41 x 10-3
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
1.03 x 107
0.45 x 107
6.6 x 10-3
0.10 x 107
Material
-(ohm m)
Neodymium
61 x 10-8
Nichrome (alloy of nickel and

chromium)
100 - 150 x 10-8
0.40 x 10-3
Nickel
6.85 x 10-8
6.41 x 10-3
Nickeline
50 x 10-8
2.3 x 10-4
Niobium (Columbium)
13 x 10-8
Osmium
9 x 10-8
Palladium
10.5 x 10-8
Phosphorus
1 x 1012
Platinum
10.5 x 10-8
Plutonium
141.4 x 10-8
Polonium
40 x 10-8
Potassium
7.01 x 10-8
Praseodymium
65 x 10-8
Promethium
50 x 10-8
Protactinium (1.4K)
17.7 x 10-8
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
3.93 x 10-3
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
0.943 x 107
Material
-(ohm m)
Quartz (fused)
7.5 x 1017
Rhenium (1.7K)
17.2 x 10-8
Rhodium
4.6 x 10-8
Rubber - hard
1 - 100 x 1013
Rubidium
11.5 x 10-8
Ruthenium (0.49K)
11.5 x 10-8
Samarium
91.4 x 10-8
Scandium
50.5 x 10-8
Selenium
12.0 x 10-8
Silicon1)
0.1-60
-70 x 10-3
Silver
1.59 x 10-8
6.1 x 10-3
Sodium
4.2 x 10-8
6.29 x 107
15 x 10-8
106
Stainless steel
Strontium
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
10-2 - 10-4
Soil, typical ground

Solder
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
12.3 x 10-8
Material
-(ohm m)
Sulfur
1 x 1017
Tantalum
12.4 x 10-8
Terbium
113 x 10-8
Thallium (2.37K)
15 x 10-8
Thorium
18 x 10-8
Thulium
67 x 10-8
Tin
11.0 x 10-8
Titanium
43 x 10-8
Tungsten
5.65 x 10-8
Uranium
30 x 10-8
Vanadium
25 x 10-8
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
4.2 x 10-3
4.5 x 10-3
1.79 x 107
Water, distilled
10-4
Water, fresh
10-2
Water, salt
Ytterbium
27.7 x 10-8
Yttrium
55 x 10-8
Material
-(ohm m)
Temperature
Coefficient 2)
Zinc
5.92 x 10-8
3.7 x 10-3
Zirconium (0.55K)
38.8 x 10-8
1)
Conductivity
-(1 /m)
Note! - the resistivity depends strongly on the presence of impurities in the material.
2)
Note! - the resistivity depends strongly on the temperature of the material. The table above is
based on 20oC reference.
The electrical resistance of a wire is greater for a longer wire and less for a wire of larger cross
sectional area. The resistance depend on the material of which it is made and can be expressed
as:
R=L/A
(1)
where
R = resistance (ohm, )
= resistivity coefficient (ohm m, m)
L = length of wire (m)
A = cross sectional area of wire (m2)
The factor in the resistance which takes into account the nature of the material is the resistivity.
Since it is temperature dependent, it can be used to calculate the resistance of a wire of given
geometry at different temperatures.
The inverse of resistivity is called conductivity and can be expressed as:
=1/
(2)
where
= conductivity (1 / m)
Example - Resistance in an Aluminum Cable
Resistance of an aluminum cable with length 10 m and cross sectional area of 3 mm2 can be
calculated as
R = (2.65 10-8 m) (10 m) / ((3 mm2) (10-6 m2/mm2))
= 0.09
Resistance
The electrical resistance of a circuit component or device is defined as the ratio of the voltage
applied to the electric current which flows through it:
R=V/I
(3)
where
R = resistance (ohm)
V = voltage (V)
I = current (A)
Ohm's Law
If the resistance is constant over a considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law,
I=V/R
(4)
can be used to predict the behavior of the material.
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

The electrical resistance increases with temperature. An intuitive approach to temperature
dependence leads one to expect a fractional change in resistance which is proportional to the
temperature change:
dR / Rs = dT
(5)
where
dR = change in resistance (ohm)
Rs = standard resistance according reference tables (ohm)
= temperature coefficient of resistance
dT = change in temperature (K)
(5) can be modified to:
dR = dT Rs (5b)
Example - Resistance of a Carbon resistor when changing Temperature
A carbon resistor with resistance 1 k is heated 100 oC. With a temperature coefficient -4.8 x
10-4 (1/oC) the resistance change can be calculated as
dR = (-4.8 x 10-4 1/oC) (100 oC) (1 k)

= - 0.048 (k)
The resulting resistance for the resistor
R = (1 k) - (0.048 k)
= 0.952 (k)
= 952 ()

Material - ρ - - σ -: Resistivity Coefficient Temperature Coefficient Conductivity

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Material - ρ - - σ -: Resistivity Coefficient Temperature Coefficient Conductivity

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istivity is the

Chromel (alloy of chromium and

Nichrome (alloy of nickel and

100 - 150 x 10-8

Soil, typical ground

can be used to predict the behavior of the material.

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

dR = (-4.8 x 10-4 1/oC) (100 oC) (1 k)

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