FTFS Chap23 P095
FTFS Chap23 P095
FTFS Chap23 P095
23-95 Cold water is heated by hot water in a heat exchanger. The net rate of heat transfer and the heat
transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform. 5 The thickness of the tube is negligible.
Properties The specific heats of the cold and hot water are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg. C,
respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Cold Water
15C
0.25 kg/s
Cmin Cc 1045 W/ C
and
C
1045
C min
0.083
Cmax 12,570
Hot Water
100C
3 kg/s
45C
C (T
Q
h
h ,in T h ,out ) (1045 W/ C )( 45C 15C ) 31,350 W
Q
31,350
0.35
Qmax 88,825
The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 23-5 to be
NTU
1
1
0.35 1
1
ln
ln
0.438
C 1 C 1
0.083 1 0.35 0.083 1
NTU
0.482 m 2
2
C min
U
950 W/m .C
23-71
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
A [m2]
1.25
1.038
0.8903
0.7807
0.6957
0.6279
0.5723
0.5259
0.4865
0.4527
0.4234
0.3976
0.3748
U [kW/m2-C]
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
A [m2]
0.6163
0.5778
0.5438
0.5136
0.4865
0.4622
0.4402
0.4202
0.4019
0.3852
0.3698
23-72
32
1.4
1.2
area
heat
0.8
0.6
31.5
A [m ]
Q [kW]
31.75
31.25
0.4
31
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.2
120
Thw,in [C]
32
0.65
0.6
area
31.75
heat
0.5
31.5
0.45
31.25
0.4
31
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
U [kW/m -C]
23-73
1.2
A [m ]
Q [kW]
0.55
0.35
1.3
Cmin Ch 720 W/ C
and
Glycerin
20C
0.3 kg/s
Ethylene
60C
0.3 kg/s
Cmin 720
0.96
Cmax 750
NTU
UAs
(380 W/m 2 .C)(5.3 m 2 )
2.797
C min
720 W/C
Effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.96 and NTU = 2.797 is determined using the
proper relation in Table 23-4
0.508
1 C
1 0.96
Q
max (0.508)(28.8 kW) 14.63 kW
(b) Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined from
Q
14.63 kW
Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in ) Tc ,out Tc ,in
20C +
40.3C
Cc
0.72 kW / C
Q
14.63 kW
Q C h (Th ,in Th ,out ) Th ,out Th ,in
60C
40.5C
Ch
0.75 kW/C
23-74
air
P
105 kPa
0.908 kg / m 3
3
RT (0.287 kPa.m / kg.K) (130 + 273 K)
Water
18C, 3 m/s
1m
1m
Hot Air
130C
105 kPa
12 m/s
1m
Cmin 1101
.
0.2794
Cmax 39.40
NTU
UAs
(130 W/m 2 .C) (2.513 m 2 )
0.02967
C min
11,010 W/C
Noting that this heat exchanger involves mixed cross-flow, the fluid with Cmin is mixed, Cmax unmixed,
effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.2794 and NTU =0.02967 is determined using
the proper relation in Table 23-4 to be
1
1 exp (1 e CNTU
C
) 1 exp
(1 e 0.27940.02967 ) 0.02912
0
.
2794
Q
max (0.02912)(1233 kW) 35.90 kW
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined from
Q
35.90 kW
18C +
18.9C
Cc
39.40 kW / C
Q
35.90 kW
130C
126.7 C
Ch
11.01 kW/ C
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q C h (Th,in Th ,out )
Th ,out Th ,in
23-75
Tlm ,CF
70C
Alcohol
T1 T2
25 35
29.7C 25C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(25/35)
2.1 kg/s
t t 70 25
P 2 1
0.64
T1 t1 95 25
2-shell pass
8 tube passes
60C
F 0.93
T2 T1 95 60
R
0.78
t1 t1 70 25
Q = UAs Tlm
As
Q
252.3 kW
=
= 11.4 m 2
2
UFTlm
0.8 kW/m .C)(0.93)(29.7C)
C ph (Th,in Th,out )
The heat capacity rates of the hot and the cold fluids are
252.3 kW
1.72 kg/s
(4.19 kJ/kg.C)(95C 60C)
Cmin 5.61
0.78
Cmax 7.21
Q
max C min (Th ,in Tc ,in ) (5.61 W/ C)(95C 25C) 392.7 kW
Q
252.3
0.64
Qmax
392.7
The NTU of this heat exchanger corresponding to this emissivity and C = 0.78 is determined from Fig.
23-26d to be NTU = 1.7. Then the surface area of heat exchanger is determined to be
NTU
UAs
NTU C min (1.7)(5.61 kW/C)
As
11.9 m 2
2
C min
U
0.8 kW/m .C
The small difference between the two results is due to the reading error of the chart.
23-76
C=0
NTU
UAs
(3 kW/m 2 .C) (37.7 m 2 )
54.11
C min
2.09 kW/C
15C
Water
1800 kg/h
30C
Q
max (1)(31.35 kW) 31.35 kW
0.0129 kg/s
h fg
2430 kJ/kg
23-77
Q [kW]
10.45
15.68
20.9
26.12
31.35
36.58
41.8
47.03
52.25
57.47
62.7
67.93
73.15
78.38
83.6
88.82
94.05
99.27
104.5
109.7
114.9
mcond [kg/s]
0.0043
0.006451
0.008601
0.01075
0.0129
0.01505
0.0172
0.01935
0.0215
0.02365
0.0258
0.02795
0.0301
0.03225
0.0344
0.03655
0.0387
0.04085
0.043
0.04515
0.0473
23-78
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
mcond [kg/s]
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
120
0.05
100
0.04
heat
80
0.03
60
0.02
40
0.01
20
0
20
30
40
50
Tsteam [C]
23-79
60
0
70
mcond [kg/s]
Q [kW]
mass rate
32
0.0135
31.5
mcond
31.25
Qdot
31
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
D [cm]
23-80
0.013
1.8
mcond [kg/s]
Q [kW]
31.75
0.0125
2
Hot oil
130C
3 kg/s
Water
20C
3 kg/s
Result: 385 kW
(b) The heat capacity rates of the hot and the cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (3 kg / s)(2.2 kJ / kg. C) 6.6 kW/ C
Cc m c C pc (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) 12.54 kW/ C
Therefore, Cmin Ch 6.6 kW/ C and C
Cmin
6.6
0.53
Cmax 12.54
NTU
UAs
(0.3 kW/m 2 .C) (20 m 2 )
0.91
C min
6.6 kW/ C
Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.53 and NTU = 0.91 is determined
from Fig. 23-26d to be
0.53
The actual rate of heat transfer then becomes
Q
Q
max (0.53)(726 kW) 385 kW
23-81
23-106 Oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The heat transfer rating of the heat exchanger is
to be determined and a suitable type is to be proposed.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
Properties The specific heat of the oil is given to be 2.2 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The heat transfer rate of this heat exchanger is
m
c C pc (Tc , out Tc ,in ) (13 kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg.C)(120C 50C) 2002 kW
Q
We propose a compact heat exchanger (like the car radiator) if air cooling is to be used., or a tube-andshell or plate heat exchanger if water cooling is to be used.
23-82
Steam
90C
m
c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q
m
Q
C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
600 kW
(4.19 kJ/kg.C)(90C 20C)
2.046 kg/s
m
2.046 kg / s
6.82 10 4 m 2
V (1000 kg / m 3 )(3 m / s)
As n
4 As 4(6.82 10 4 m 2 )
D 2
n
8.68 9
4
D 2
(0.01 m ) 2
23-83
20C
Water
Npass
26.42
17.62
13.21
10.57
8.808
7.55
6.606
5.872
5.285
4.804
4.404
4.065
3.775
3.523
3.303
30
25
Npass
20
15
10
5
0
1
Vel [m/s]
23-84
Steam
30C
26C
T1 Th ,in Tc,out 30 C 26 C = 4 C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 30 C 18 C = 12 C
18C
Tlm
T1 T2
4 12
7.28C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln 4 /12
Water
30C
Q = UAs Tlm As
Q
500 10 6 W
=
= 1.96 10 4 m 2
2
UTlm
(3500 W/m .C)(7.28C)
The total length of the tubes required in this condenser then becomes
As DL L
As 1.96 10 4 m 2
3.123 10 5 m 312.3 km
D
(0.02 m)
23-85
Steam
30C
26C
T1 Th ,in Tc,out 30 C 26 C = 4 C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 30 C 18 C = 12 C
and the logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Tlm
18C
T1 T2
4 12
7.28C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(4/12)
Water
30C
Q = UAs Tlm As
Q
300 10 6 W
=
= 1.177 10 4 m 2
2
UTlm
(3500 W/m .C)(7.28C)
The total length of the tubes required in this condenser then becomes
As DL L
As 1.177 10 4 m 2
1.874 10 5 m 187.4 km
D
(0.02 m)
23-86
/ 0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 6.14
Re
Vm D
(3 m/s)(0.013 m)
43,771
0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
and
hi
Outer surface
D0, A0, h0, U0
Inner surface
Di, Ai, hi, Ui
k
0.607 W/m.C
Nu
( 245) 11,440 W/m 2 .C
D
0.013 m
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
Ai Di L (0.013 m)(1 m) 0.04084 m 2
Ao Do L (0.015 m)(1 m) 0.04712 m 2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length is
ln( Do / Di )
1
1
hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
1
ln(1.5 / 1.3)
1
2
2 (110 W/m.C)(1 m) (35 W/m .C)( 0.04712 m 2 )
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
1
U i Ai
Ui
1
1
40.2 W/m2 .C
RAi
(0.609C/W )(0.04084 m 2 )
23-87
/ 0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 6.14
Re
Vm D
(3 m/s)(0.013 m)
43,771
0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Outer surface
D0, A0, h0, U0
0.8
Pr
0.4
0.023( 43,771)
0.8
( 6.14)
0.4
245
Inner surface
Di, Ai, hi, Ui
and
hi
k
0.607 W/m.C
Nu
( 245) 11,440 W/m 2 .C
D
0.013 m
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
Ai Di L (0.013 m)(1 m) 0.04084 m 2
Ao Do L (0.015 m)(1 m) 0.04712 m 2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length of it with a fouling factor is
ln( Do / Di ) R f ,o
1
1
hi Ai
2kL
Ao
ho Ao
0.0004 m 2 .C/W
0.04712 m
0.617C/W
ln(15 / 13)
2 (110 W/m.C)(1 m )
1
2
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
1
1
1
U i
39.7 W/m 2 .C
U i Ai
RAi (0.617C/W )(0.04084 m 2 )
23-88
Q
462 kW
20 C
56.8 C
m c C pc
(3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)
Hot Oil
130C
3 kg/s
Tlm ,CF
T1 T2
73.2 40
54.9C
Cold Water
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(73.2 / 40)
20C
3 kg/s
and
t t 56.8 20
P 2 1
0.335
T1 t1 130 20
F 0.96
T2 T1 130 60
R
1.90
t 2 t1 56.8 20
60C
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the tube is then determined from
Q UAs FTlm
As
Q
462 kW
29.2 m 2
2
UFTlm
(0.3 kW/m .C)(0.96)(54.9C)
23-89
m
c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q
9.24 Btu/s
70F
96.4F
c C pc
m
(0.35 lbm/s)(1.0 Btu/lbm.F)
Tlm
Hot Air
T1 T2
93.6 65
130F
135F
21.21 ft 2
2
UTlm
( 20 / 3600 Btu/s.ft .F)(78.43F)
Then the length of the tube required becomes
As DL L
As
21.21 ft 2
162.0 ft
D (0.5 / 12 ft)
23-115 It is to be shown that when T1 = T2 for a heat exchanger, the Tlm relation reduces to Tlm = T1
= T2.
Analysis When T1 = T2, we obtain
Tlm
T1 T2
0
ln( T1 / T2 ) 0
This case can be handled by applying L'Hospital's rule (taking derivatives of nominator and denominator
separately with respect to T1 or T2 ). That is,
Tlm
d (T1 T2 ) / dT1
1
T1 T2
d [ln(T1 / T2 )] / dT1 1 / T1
23-90
R-134a
40C
T1 Th ,in Tc,out 40 C 35 C = 5 C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 40 C 25 C = 15 C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Tlm
Air
25C
35C
T1 T2
5 15
9.1 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(5 / 15)
Q UAs Tlm
As
40C
Q
(15,000 / 3600) kW
3.05 m 2
UTlm
(0.150 kW/m 2 .C)(9.1C)
23-117 Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are given to be 1.005 and 1.1 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is simply
[m
C p (Tin Tout )] gas. (1.1 kg/s)(1.1 kJ/kg.C)(180C 95C) = 102.9 kW
Q
23-91
Cold Water
14C
h C ph (Th,in Tc ,in )
Q
max m
(8 / 60 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(60C 14C)
25.6 kW
Hot water
60C
8 kg/s
Energy saved
1.38 10 8 kJ/year 1 therm
Furnace efficiency
0.78
105,500 kJ
1677 therms/year
23-92
Steam
120C
22C
Q (m h fg ) geothermal
steam
Water
3.9 kg/s
14 tubes
120C
Tlm,CF
T1 T2
46 98
68.8C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(46 / 98)
t 2 t1 74 22
0.53
T1 t1 120 22
F 1
T1 T2 120 120
R
t 2 t1 74 22
P
U A FT
Q
i i
lm,CF
U i
Q
847,700 W
3648 W/m 2 .C
Ai FTlm,CF
(3.378 m 2 )(1)(68.8C)
23-93
h C ph m
h (4.25 kJ/kg.C) = 4.25m
h
Ch m
c C pc (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C) = 5.016 kW/ C
Cc m
Cold Water
12C
1.2 kg/s
Geothermal
water
C
5.016
1.1802
C min
h
h
Cmax
4.25m
m
95C
NTU
UAs
(0.480 kW/m 2 .C)(25 m 2 )
2.392
C min
5.016 kW/C
1 exp NTU(1 C )
1 exp 2.392(1 C )
0.823
C 0.494
1 C exp NTU(1 C )
1 C exp 2.392(1 C )
1.1802
1.1802
0.494
m h 2.39 kg/s
m h
m h
Q
max C min (T h,in Tc,in ) (5.016 kW/ C)(95C - 12C) 416.328 kW
Q
max (0.823)(416.328 kW) 342.64 kW
The outlet temperatures of the geothermal and cold waters are determined to be
C (T
Q
c
c,out Tc,in )
Tc,out 80.3C
m
h C ph (T h,in T h,out )
Q
342.64 kW = (2.39 kg/s)(4.25 kJ/kg.C)(95 T h,out )
23-94
T h,out 61.3C
c
Cmin Cc 1.006 m
and
Oil
80C
c
Cmin
1.006 m
0.936
c
Cmax
1.075m
Air
18C
58C
Q
Q max
C c (Tc,out Tc,in )
C c (Th,in Tc,in )
58 18
0.645
80 18
NTU
UAs
(0.750 kW/ C) 0.7455
c
c
C min
1.006 m
m
NTU
ln C ln(1 ) 1
ln 0.936 ln(1 0.645) 1
3.724
C
0.936
NTU
UAs
(0.750 kW/C)
3.724
m c 0.20 kg/s
C min
1.006 m c
23-95
c
Cmin
4.18m
0.667
c
Cmax
6.27m
C (T
c ) 95 (Tc,out 15) (6.27m
c )(80 Tc,out )
Q
h,in T h,out ) (6.27 m
h
Setting the above two equations equal to each other we obtain the outlet temperature of the cold water
4.18m
c (Tc,out 20) 6.27m
c (80 Tc,out )
Q
Tc,out 56C
Q
max
C c (Tc,out Tc,in )
C c (T h,in Tc,in )
c (56 20)
4.18m
0.48
c (95 20)
4.18m
NTU
1
1
0.48 1
1
ln
ln
0.805
C 1 C 1
0.667 1 0.48 0.667 1
Then, from the definition of NTU, we obtain the mass flow rate of the cold fluid:
NTU
UAs
1.400 kW/ C
0.805
m c 0.416 kg/s
C min
4.18m c
23-96