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    Questions and Answers - Protocols

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    Vishal Paupiah
    A protocol is a set of rules that allows computers to communicate by speaking the same language. Protocols operate in stacks, with each layer performing a specific function like transporting or routing data. The TCP/IP model stacks protocols by function, with layers for applications, transport, internet, and networking. When sending data over TCP/IP, the application passes data to transport, then internet, networking, and physical layers until it reaches the destination host and moves up the stack.

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    Questions and Answers - Protocols

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Paupiah
    406 views4 pages
    A protocol is a set of rules that allows computers to communicate by speaking the same language. Protocols operate in stacks, with each layer performing a specific function like transporting or routing data. The TCP/IP model stacks protocols by function, with layers for applications, transport, internet, and networking. When sending data over TCP/IP, the application passes data to transport, then internet, networking, and physical layers until it reaches the destination host and moves up the stack.

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    9608 Computer Science

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    A protocol is a set of rules that allows computers to communicate by speaking the same language. Protocols operate in stacks, with each layer performing a specific function like transporting or routing data. The TCP/IP model stacks protocols by function, with layers for applications, transport, internet, and networking. When sending data over TCP/IP, the application passes data to transport, then internet, networking, and physical layers until it reaches the destination host and moves up the stack.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    406 views4 pages

    Questions and Answers - Protocols

    Uploaded by

    Vishal Paupiah
    A protocol is a set of rules that allows computers to communicate by speaking the same language. Protocols operate in stacks, with each layer performing a specific function like transporting or routing data. The TCP/IP model stacks protocols by function, with layers for applications, transport, internet, and networking. When sending data over TCP/IP, the application passes data to transport, then internet, networking, and physical layers until it reaches the destination host and moves up the stack.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    1. Why a protocol is essential for communication between computers?

    A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on


    a network. In order for two computers to talk to each other, they must be speaking
    the same language. Many different types of network protocols and standards are
    required to ensure that a computer (no matter which operating system, network
    card, or application it is using) can communicate with another computer located on
    the next desk or half-way around the world.
    .
    2. How protocol implementation can be viewed as a stack, where each layer has its own
    functionality?
    A protocol stack is a combination of protocols. Each layer of the stack specifies a
    different protocol for handling a function or subsystem of the communication
    process. Each layer has its own set of rules. The protocol steps must be carried out
    in a consistent order that is the same on every computer in the network. In the
    sending computer, these steps must be executed from the top down. In the
    receiving computer, these steps must be carried out from the bottom up.
    3. What are the functions of each layer of the TCP/IP protocol?
    Layer

    Description

    Protocols

    Application

    Defines TCP/IP application protocols and


    how host programs interface with
    transport layer services to use the
    network.

    HTTP, Telnet,
    FTP, TFTP,
    SNMP, DNS,
    SMTP,
    X Windows, other
    application
    protocols

    Transport

    Provides communication session


    management between host computers.
    Defines the level of service and status of
    the connection used when transporting
    data.

    TCP, UDP, RTP

    Internet

    Packages data into IP datagrams, which


    contain source and destination address
    information that is used to forward the
    datagrams between hosts and across
    networks. Performs routing of IP
    datagrams.

    IP, ICMP, ARP,


    RARP

    Network

    Specifies details of how data is physically

    Ethernet, Token

    interface

    sent through the network, including how


    bits are electrically signaled by hardware
    devices that interface directly with a
    network medium, such as coaxial cable,
    optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.

    Ring, FDDI, X.25,


    Frame Relay, RS232, v.35

    4. Describe the application of the TCP/IP protocol when a message is sent from one host to
    another on the internet.

    1. The application program at the originating host passes its data, the
    destination address, and other parameters required to the transport
    layer
    2. The transport layer encapsulates the data by attaching it to a header
    that it has created and then passes it to the Internet layer.
    3. The Internet layer encapsulates the data inside an IP header and passes
    it to the link layer.

    4. The link layer (in this example, Ethernet) encapsulates the data as a
    frame inside an Ethernet header and trailer for transmission by the
    physical media.
    5. Data is encoded as bits on the physical medium. This is called electrical
    encoding.
    6. The Ethernet frame is encoded in electrical bits, transmitted over the
    physical medium, and delivered to the interface of the destination host.
    7. The Internet layer extracts the IP packet from the Ethernet frame and
    passes it to the transport layer.
    8. The transport layer ensures that all segments are in order and delivers
    the data to the host application program.

    5. Explain how the BitTorrent protocol provides peer-to-peer file sharing.


    BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer protocol, which means that the computers in a
    BitTorrent swarm (a group of computers downloading and uploading the same
    torrent) transfer data between each other without the need for a central server.
    6. Describe the following protocols
    HTTP
    FTP
    POP3
    SMTP

    DNS - Domain Name System - translates network address (such as IP addresses) into terms
    understood by humans (such as Domain Names) and vice-versa

    DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - can automatically assign Internet addresses to
    computers and users

    FTP - File Transfer Protocol - a protocol that is used to transfer and manipulate files on the
    Internet

    HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol - An Internet-based protocol for sending and receiving
    webpages

    IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet

    IRC - Internet Relay Chat - a protocol used for Internet chat and other communications

    POP3 - Post Office protocol Version 3 - a protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve messages
    from remote servers

    SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet

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