Homework:
(1) Read Sec. 2-10.
(2) 1-6, 16, 20, 29-31, 33, 46, 48, 50
2. Compute your average velocity in the following two cases: (a)
You walk 73.2 m at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run 73.2 m at a
speed of 2.85 m/s along a straight track. (b) You walk for 1.0 min
at a speed 1.22 m/s and then run for 1.0 min at 3.05 m/s along a
straight track. (c) Graph x versus t for both cases and indicate
how the average velocity is found on the graph.
(a) the average velocity:
displacement
vavg
time interval
As you walk along a straight line:
73.2 73.2
vavg
1.71(m/s )
73.2 73.2
1.22 2.85
1.22(m / s) 60 s 3.05(m / s) 60 s
vavg
2.14(m / s)
2 60 s
(b)
(c)
x v0t
3. An automobile travels on a straight road for 40 km at 30 km/h.
It then continues in the same direction for another 40 km at 60
km/h. (a) What is the average velocity of the car during this 80
km trip? (assume that it moves in the positive x direction) (b) What
is the average speed? (c) Graph x versus t and indicate how the
average velocity is found on the graph.
Following the definition:
displacement
vavg
time interval
(a) As the car moves in the same direction, so the total
x 40 40 80(km)
The total time:
40 40
t
2(h)
30 60
So:
x 80
vavg
40(km/ h)
t 2
displacement is:
(b) Following the definition:
So:
total distance
savg
time interval
d 40 40 80(km)
40 40
t
2(h)
30 60
d 80
savg
40 (km / h)
t 2
(c) We use the following equation to graph x versus t:
x v0t
4. A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 35 km/h and
returns down the hill at a constant speed of 60 km/h. Calculate
the average speed for the round trip.
Average speed = total distance/time interval
Dup Ddown
s
Dup Ddown
tup t down
Dup Ddown
Dup
Ddown
sup
sdown
s 44.2(km / h)
sup sdown
sup sdown
30. The brakes on your car can slow you at a rate of 5.2 m/s2.
(a) If you are going 146 km/h and suddenly see a state trooper,
what is the minimum time in which you can get your car under the
90 km/h speed limit? (The answer reveals the futility of braking to
keep your high speed from being detected with a radar or laser gun).
(b) Graph x versus t and v versus t for such a slowing.
a=-5.2 m/s2; v0=146 km/h or v0=40.6 m/s; v1=90 km/h or v1=25 m/s
(a) The minimum time tmin must match:
v v 0 at v1
(a < 0) v1 v 0
t
v1 v 0 (25 40 .6)
t min
3.0(s)
a
5.2
(b) x vs. t and v vs. t:
1 2
x v 0 t at 40.6t 2.6t 2 ; v v 0 at 40.6 - 5.2t
2
Visit Online Function Graphers, e.g.:
http://www.function-grapher.com/index.php
48. A hoodlum throws a stone vertically downward with an initial
speed of 15.0 m/s from the roof of a building, 30.0 m above the
ground. (a) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
(b) What is the speed of the stone at impact?
This is a freely falling object problem:
1 2
y y 0 v 0 t at
2
We choose the positive direction is downward,
the origin O at the roof y0 = 0, so:
v0
(a) When the stone hits the ground, we have
y = 30 m:
1
30 0 15t 9.8t 2
2
t 1.38(s)
(discard t < 0)
(b)
ground
v v0 at v0 gt 15 9.8 1.38 28.5(m / s)
50. At time t=0, apple 1 is dropped from a bridge onto a roadway
beneath the bridge; somewhat later, apple 2 is thrown down from
the same height. Figure below gives the vertical positions y of the
apples versus t during the falling, until both apples have hit the
roadway. With approximately what speed is apple2 thrown down?
Apple 1 hits the roadway at t=2 s:
1 2
y y 0 gt
2
1
0 y 0 9.8 2 2 y 0 19.6 (m)
2
Apple 2 is thrown down at t=1 s and hits the roadway at
t=2.25 s:
1 2
1 2
y y 0 v 0 t gt 0 y 0 v 0 t 2 gt 2
2
2
t 2 1.25 (s) v 0 9.6 (m/s)
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics
1.1. Motion in One Dimension
1.2. Motion in Two Dimensions
1.2.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
1.2.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion
1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
1.2.4. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
1.2. Motion in Two Dimensions
1.2.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
Position and Displacement:
A particle is located by a position vector:
r xi yj
are vector components of r
x and y are scalar components of r
Displacement:
r r2 r1
r (x 2 i y 2 j) (x1i y1j)
r (x 2 - x1 )i (y 2 - y1 )j xi yj
i yj zk
Three dimensions: r x
x i and y j
r (x 2 - x1 )i (y2 - y1 )j (z 2 - z1 )k xi yj zk
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity:
displaceme nt
average velocity
time interval
v avg
t
Instantaneous Velocity, t0:
r dr
v lim
t 0 t
dt
The direction of the instantaneous velocity of a
particle is always tangent to the particles path
at the particle position.
d dx dy
v (xi yj) i j
dt
dt
dt
v v x i v y j
The scalar components of
dx
dy
vx , vy
dt
dt
Three dimensions:
v v x i v y j v z k
dz
vz
dt
Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration:
change in velocity
average acceleration
time interval
a avg
t
Instantaneous Acceleration,
t0:
v dv
a lim
t 0 t
dt
a a x i a y j
The scalar components of a
dvy
dvx
ax
, ay
,
dt
dt
Three dimensions:
a a x i a y j a z k ;
dv z
az
dt
Sample Problem:
A particle with velocity v 0 2.0i 4.0j (m/s) at t=0 undergoes a
constant acceleration a of magnitude a = 3.0 m/s2 at an angle
= 1300 from the positive direction of the x axis. What is the
particles velocity v at t=5.0 s, in unit-vector notation and in
magnitude-angle notation?
Key issues: This is a two-dimensional motion, we must apply
equations of straight-line motion separately for motion parallel
v x v 0x a x t; v y v 0y a y t
v0x=-2.0 (m/s) and v0y=4.0 (m/s)
a x a cos 3.0 cos(130 ) -1.93 (m/s )
0
a y a sin 3.0 sin(130 ) 2.30 (m/s )
0
At t= 5 s:
The magnitude
v x -11.7 (m/s) ; v y 15.5 (m/s)
v 11.7i 15.5j
2
2
and angle of v: v v x v y 19.4 (m/s)
tan( )
vy
vx
1.33 127 0
1.2.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
Projectile Motion
a a constant
v x v 0x a x t; v y v 0y a y t
v v x i v y j
v (v0x i v oy j) (a x i a y j)t
v v 0 at
We can also obtain:
1 2
r r0 v 0 t at
2
Projectile motion
Projectile Motion: A particle moves in a vertical plane with some
initial velocity but its acceleration is always the free-fall
acceleration, the motion of this particle is called projectile motion.
Horizontal motion (no acceleration):
x x 0 v0x t
x x 0 v 0 cos 0 t
Vertical motion (free fall):
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
v y v 0sin 0 - gt
2
2
v y v 0sin 0 - 2g(y - y 0 )
The equation of the path:
gx 2
y tan 0 x 2
2v 0 cos 0
Horizontal range:
2
0
v
R sin2 0
g
Example: A projectile is shot from the edge of a cliff 115m above
ground level with an initial speed of 65.0 m/s at an angle of 350 with
the horizontal (see the figure below). Determine:
(a) the maximum height of the projectile above the cliff;
(b) the projectile velocity when it strikes the ground (point P);
(c) point P from the base of the cliff (distance X).
(a) At its maximum height:
v y v 0sin 0 - gt 0
v 0sin 0
t
g
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
2
v 0 sin 0
y
H max
2g
H max 70.9 (m)
y
Hmax
(b) its velocity:
v x v 0cos 0 53.25 (m/s)
Hmax
v v 2ay
2
y
2
0y
v 0y v 0sin 0 37.28 (m/s)
a 9.8 (m/s )
y yP y0 115 (m)
2
v y 60.36 (m/s)
v 53.25(m/s) i 60.36 (m/s) j
(c) Calculate X:
v y v 0 sin at t
t 9.96 (s)
v 0 sin - v y
g
X v x t v0cos 0t 530.37 (m)
Note: for (b), we can solve as follows:
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sin 0 t - gt
2
1 2
gt v 0sin 0 t y P 0
2
quadratic equation:
4.9t 37.28t 115 0
2
t 9.96 (s)
v y v 0 sin at v 0 sin gt
v y 60.33 (m/s)
then for (c), use t = 9.96 (s)
Sample Problem (page 70):
Figure below shows a pirate ship 560 m from a fort defending the
harbor entrance of an island. A defense cannon, located at sea
level, fires balls at initial speed v0= 82 m/s. (a) At what angle 0
from the horizontal must a ball be fired to hit the ship? (b) How
far should the pirate ship be from the cannon if it is to be beyond
the maximum range of the cannon balls?
v 02
R sin2 0
g
(a)
gR
2 sin
2
v0
1
27 or 63
0
(b)
R max
2
0
v
82
sin2 0
sin( 2 45) 686 (m)
g
9.8
Vo
1
Vo
2 R1
R2
x x 0 v 0 cos 0 t
R1
R2
t1
; t2
v 0 cos1
v 0 cos 2
It is likely answer 4
However
v y v 0 sin 0 gt
when the shells hit the ships, v y
2v 0 sin 1
2v 0 sin 2
t1
; t2
g
g
1>2
v 0 sin 0
t2 < t1:
the answer is B
the farther ship gets hit first
1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Uniform Circular Motion:
A particle moves around a circle or
a circular arc at constant speed.
The particle is accelerating with a
centripetal acceleration:
22
v
a v
a r
Where r is the radius of the circle
v the speed of the particle
2r
T
v
(T: period)
1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
Tangential and radial acceleration: If the speed is not
constant, then there is also a tangential acceleration.
The path of a particles motion
ar
ar
at
at
a ar at
Radial (centripetal) acceleration
Tangential acceleration
Homework: 6, 7, 11, 20, 27, 29, 54, 58, 66
