The search and quest for fulfilling needs gets more and more

complex as we go up the ladder in the evolutionary life chain. It is

almost certain that a primitive mans perception and
understanding was different from that of a modern man. A basic
shelter which would provide protection from invaders and
extreme climate was the height of education that a primitive man
could imagine. Things have certainly changed as the concept of
security now includes a sizeable number of parameters ranging
from the basic shelter concept of the primitive man to the most
advanced form of security depending the circumstances that a
modern man faces.

Depending on what religion you are, more or less, students learn

some religious practices in school. And some school, especially
Catholic Schools, their education includes the Bible and its
teachings.

As of today, we are using the Athenian education, and for me it is

more likely would be more effective than in Spartan educational
system because it is better to develop individual excellence of
mind and body than man only for wars.

An extra-curricular is an activity which normally out of the study

syllabus not that theyre not useful as theyre basically held to
make the students learn stuff in an easier and sometimes in a
more fun way. They can be very useful in improving the
participants vocabulary, grammar, running, jumping, and
speaking abilities.
Yes, children since childhood will be trained for practical life and
will understand the true meaning of it.

Pre-elementary level can be the most to trace educational

principles and practices from Quintilian because they stressed
memory and used moralizing as a main basis for motivation. It
made use of plays and games for relaxation and to stimulate
interest, and awards as a basis of motivation.
Chap2
The intrusion of religion into schools no doubt would have an
effect on the system. If religion had been allowed to take priority
over science, then children would grow up with more limited
scientific education, reducing ability of the nation to lead the
world in scientific endeavors.

1. Explain the meaning of tabula rasa.

Tabula rasa, meaning "blank slate" in Latin, is
the epistemological theory that individuals are born without
built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes
from experience and perception. Generally, proponents of
the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature
versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's
personality, social and emotional behaviour, and
intelligence.
2. What are the contributions of the following orders to
education?
The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus is a Christian male religious
congregation of the Catholic Church. The members are
called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and
apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Jesuits
work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities
and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural pursuits.

Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes

and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.
The Christian Brothers
The Congregation of Christian Brothers is a worldwide
religious community within the Catholic Church, founded
by Blessed Edmund Rice. The Christian Brothers, as they
are commonly known, chiefly work for the evangelisation
and education of youth, but are involved in many ministries,
especially with the poor.
3. Should the government support private schools in general
and secretarian schools in particular? In what ways should
this support be given?
As long as education is primarily an obligation of the
government, every student has the right to a support from
the government. But government funds should be used for
public, and since private and sectarian schools do not come
under the category of public use, public funds should not go
there too. If the parents choose to put their child in a private
school, then that's their choice. Until then, if you want
government money, go to a public school.
4. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of co-education?
Advantages of co-education are; it prepares students for the
professional world which is not separated among men and
women. It stops gender stereotyping because males and
females who do not frequently interact with each other are
likely to entertain stereotypical opinions about the other sex.
Disadvantages of co-education are; girls and boys are easily
distracted by each other which take their attention off of
their school work. It creates immature romantic relationships
at schools.
5. What education practices in our schools today originated
from these movements?
Public schools and private schools not exclusively for boys or
girls originated from these movements.

1. Different countries have different forms of government,

different philosophies. Show how these differences affect
their educational systems.
2. Do you believe that government should control education?
Control of education depends on what one means by
"control". By my understanding it means regulating
educational material. This is a good thing for it means
everyone is given an equal exposure thus no one is
marginalized and everyone is on a more or less similar level.
I believe the government should want to control the
education of its citizens. There is no greater resource you
can have than an educated populous. But if it means to
restrict one's knowledge, then control is a bad thing.
3. Site as many school practices as you can that reflect the
ideas of the developmentalists.
4. Under present conditions, should the educational system aim
to develop individuality or social consciousness?
For me, its social consciousness, because although individual
is unique, all will live in a society.
5. Discuss the academic freedom. What are some of the
common misconceptions of the principle of academic
freedom?
Academic freedom is the belief that the freedom of inquiry
by faculty members is essential to the mission of the
academy as well as the principles of academia, and that
scholars should have freedom to teach or communicate
ideas or facts (including those that are inconvenient to
external political groups or to authorities) without being
targeted for repression, job loss, or imprisonment.

1. Which of the philosophies of education treated in this

chapter had the greatest impact on Philippine education?
Cite common practices to support your answer.
2. Which of the philosophies of education treated in this
chapter are most relevant to contemporary education and
which are most irrelevant? Why?
3. What aspects of Philippine education can be considered
essentialist and what aspects are progressive?
4. Suppose you were an educational reconstructionist, identify
the major problems facing Philippine society. Construct an
educational agenda, and device a teaching strategy to
promote the solution of these problems.

1. Why is education a function of the state in the Philippines?

Because every child has the right to education.
2. Explain the acts that constitute the legal bases of education
in the Philippines.
3. Make an abstract of educational laws affecting teachers,
their rights and privileges, duties and obligations, welfare
and benefits.
4. What are the legal rights of students?
5. Explain the meaning of:
a. Due process of law
b. Persons in authority as it applies to teachers
6. In what ways will these laws, RA 7722; RA 7686 and RA 7687
affect the quality of our educational system?
These laws: RA 7722; RA 7686 and RA 7687 will protect,
foster and promote the right of all citizens to affordable
quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate
steps to ensure that education shall be accessible to all. It
will also ensure and protect academic freedom and will
promote its exercise and observance for the continuing
intellectual growth, the advancement of learning and

research, the development of responsible and effective

leadership, the education of high-level and middle-level
professionals and vocational schools, and the enrichment of
our historical and cultural heritage.
7. How will the Magna Carta for Students affect the autonomy
of universities in their admission policies?
No student shall be denied admission to any school on
account of his/her physical handicap, socio-economic status,
political and religious beliefs, sexual orientation or
membership of student organizations, nor shall pregnant
students certified reformed drug abusers and those suffering
from immune deficiency syndrome be discriminated against
Failure of or refusal of student to sign waiver documents
prepared by the school administration shall not constitute a
ground for his/her non-admission.
Students shall have the right freely to choose his/her fields
of study subject to existing curricula and to continue his/her
course up to graduation except in case of academic
deficiency or violation of disciplinary regulations that do not
infringe upon the exercise of students rights and welfare.

1. Explain the significant influences of Spanish and American

rule on Philippine education
Spanish education played a major role in that
transformation. The oldest universities, colleges, vocational
schools and the first modern public education system
in Asia were created during the colonial period. By the
time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial
power, Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in
all of Asia. Education became a very important issue for the
United States colonial government, since it allowed it to
spread their cultural values, particularly the English
language, to the Filipino people. Every child from age 7 was
required to register in schools located in their own town or
province. The students were given free school materials.

There were three levels of education during the American

period. The "elementary" level consisted of four primary
years and 3 intermediate years. The "secondary" or high
school level consisted of four years; and the third was the
"college" or tertiary level. Religion was not part of the
curriculum of the schools. as it had been during the Spanish
period.
2. Discuss the administrative organization of the Department of
Education, Culture and Sports.
The Department of Education (Filipino: Kgawaran ng
Edukasyn, abbreviated as DepEd or KEd) is the executive
department of the Philippine government responsible for
ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improving the
quality of basic education. It is the main agency tasked to
manage and govern the Philippine system of basic
education. It is the chief formulator of Philippine educational
policy and responsible for the Philippine primary and
secondary school systems.
3. Name and explain the different sources of public school
revenues.
Education in the Philippines is financed by appropriations of
Congress from the national budget to be allocated for basic
education.
4. Why is financing a very important aspect of our educational
system?
Because it permits students to have access to education and
to spread the cost of it over a period of time. It also allows
schools to attract a more diverse student body than they
could if they had to depend only on students with incomes
large enough to pay cash. A more controversial aspect of the
question of finance in education is the tendancy of students
to overspend because the ease of obtaining credit tends to
blind them to the reality of what they can really afford to
pay. In my opinion, this tends to drive the cost of

education up because no matter what they charge, students

will pay it if they have ready access to financing.
5. Explain the provisions of Republic Act No. 5447.
An act creating a special education fund to be constituted
from the proceeds of an additional real property tax and a
certain portion of the taxes on virginia-type cigarettes and
duties on imported leaf tobacco, defining the activities to be
financed, creating school boards for the purpose, and
appropriating funds therefrom.

1. Describe the Philippine educational ladder. How does this

compare with the educational ladder of other countries?
The Philippine education system has been heavily influenced
by its colonial history, which has included periods of Spanish,
American and Japanese rule and occupation. During the
period of American colonization. The educational ladder has
a 6+4+4 structure, (i.e., six years of elementary education,
four years of secondary education, and typically four years
to gain a bachelors degree).
2. If we were to add another year of schooling, where would it
be most beneficial, in pre-school, 7th grade or 5th year? Why?
As of today, the K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and
12 years of basic education (six years of primary
education, four years of Junior High School, and two
years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient
time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong
learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and
entrepreneurship, have been implemented.

3. Are the NESC and the NSEC more relevant to the needs of
society and the realization of national goals? Explain your
answer.
Yes, NESC impart knowledge and skills, habits and
appreciative attitude that will make the child to be an
intelligent, practical catholic, a good citizen, a good member
of society and the various groups to which he belongs:
family, working group, neighborhood, etc. While the NSEC
aim on preparation for further education. Strive to arouse in
each student an intelligent appreciation of Catholicism so
that his faith may be constantly meaningful and relevant and
an equality intelligent appreciation of the traditions of his
heritage so that he can become an effective citizen fully at
home and in society.
4. What different courses are offered in tertiary education? How
are these courses relevant to the development of our
national goals?
Tertiary education provide courses of studies geared towards
degrees in academic/technical disciplines and professions. It
covers a wide scope of curriculum from technical/vocational
to professional degree programs. The technical/vocational
program is usually taken between one to three years of
schooling while professional degree programs requires four
to five years of schooling.
5. What major step has our government taken to maintain the
highest quality of education? Explain the provisions of
Presidential Decree No. 1139.
CREATING THE POSITION OF UNDERSECRETARY OF
EDUCATION AND CULTURE FOR NON-FORMAL
EDUCATION
WHEREAS, non-formal education as a means of providing
learning to the sector of the population who are not in a
position to avail themselves of the facilities of formal

education, is fast gaining support and acceptance among the

people;
WHEREAS, various agencies of the government are now
implementing non-formal education programs as part of the
government-wide campaign to upgrade manpower skills for
industry, improve the literacy of the large masses of the
people, and reorient them towards the new values posed by
development;
WHEREAS, despite the efforts of these agencies much is yet
be done to achieve progress in non-formal education which
would make it as least comparable to formal education;
WHEREAS, there is a further need to insure utmost
coordination of the non-formal programs of various
government agencies by way of rationalizing and integrating
these efforts.