40 Chrizanne Irah A.
Tagle
1C PHARMACY
ASSIGNMENT D
1. The earliest fossils clearly recognizable as parts of flowering parts are preserved pollen
grains in rocks more than 130 million years old.
2. What transformations must have occurred if gymnosperms really were the ancestors of
angiosperms Which might have occurred earlier !are present in all relictual angiosperms" and
which later !are absent from some of the most relictual angiosperms"
The obvious transformation was the conversion of gymnospermous sporophylls into stamens
and carpels# resulting in the formation of flowers. $nother one is the evolution such that the
second sperm cell of the pollen tube fuses with the polar nuclei of the megagametophyte
producing the endosperm nucleus. %everal groups of angiosperms have stamens with what are
believed to be relictual features. There had been a lot of derivation of the relictual features such
as change of size# leaf retention# rays# pollination# etc. We could say that the features present in
all relictual angiosperms first occurred before some features became absent due to the
diversification and derivation of the plant parts.
3. &f someone were to e'amine the stamens of most flowering plants# they would never
automatically think of them as sporophylls because they have very little leaf(like structure# but
look at the ) stamens in fig. 23(1. These are from flowering plants. What leaf(like characters do
they have $re they flat and at least somewhat resemble the blade of a leaf *o they have
vascular bundles that branch# at least somewhat resembling the reticulate venation of a dicot
leaf +ost dicot leaves have 3 vascular bundles entering their petioles. Which 2 of these
stamens also have leaf(like character Which 2 have only one vascular bundle
,arpels in basal angiosperms are leaf(like. They are flat and resemble young leaves whose
blades have not yet opened. -es# they have vascular bundles that branch and resemble
venation of dicot leaf. $ustrobaileya and +agnolia have stamens that are leaf(like in character.
.imantandra and *egeneria have only one vascular bundle.
). *uring fertilization in flowering plants# one sperm cell nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus#
producing the diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei of the
megagametophyte# producing the triploid endosperm nucleus # which develops as temporary
tissue that nourishes the embryo. This process is called *ouble fertilization. What tissue
nourishes the embryo in the gymnosperm seeds
/. Why were many modern genera of dicots initially thought to have come suddenly into
e'istence about 130 million years ago Why do we think that those leaf fossils do not really
belong to the modern genera they were named for
+any modern genera of dicots initially were initially thought to have come suddenly into
e'istence about 130 million years ago because many paleobotanists and ta'onomists believe
that the transition from gymnosperm to angiosperm occurred during the 0urassic and 1ower
,rustaceous 2eriods of the +esozoic 3ra which leaf fossils represent both dicot and monocot
leaves. $nd in the 4pper ,rustaceous 2eriod# many more types of angiosperm leaf fossils are
present# outnumbering the leaf fossils of gymnosperms. These leaf fossils from the 4pper
,rustaceous 2eriod were originally assigned to e'tant genera on the basis of overall shape and
size# but careful e'amination of venation# cuticle# and stomata often show that these fossils are
not truly part of the modern genera.
5. What is meant by a closed carpel as opposed to an open cone scale
,losed carpel is a visible suture in most angiosperms carpels wherein the edges of
sporophyll primordial crowd against each other and grow shut# and sometimes closing so
completely that no sign of a seam remains. While an open cone scale indicates that forest
floor6s moisture content is dry.
7. *escribe what the early angiosperms may have been like with regard to flowers# body#
ecology# wood# and pollen. 8or each of the characters# what living angiosperms still have those
characters &n what ways have those characters changed in certain lines of evolution !.int9
see Table 23 (1"
The early angiosperms had complete flowers# the arrangement of the flowers were spiral# they
had radial symmetry# the position of their ovary was superior# and their pollens were carried by
wind or beetles# they were large bush or small tree and evergreen# their woods lacked of
vessels and a'ial parenchyma# and their rays were narrow and tall. .amemalidae still have
those characters.The modern angiospems9 in leaf retention# they became deciduous# some
species already have vessels and they were abundant with parenchyma cells# they also had
several types of rays# their flowers became incomplete and the arrangement was whorl# they
had bilateral symmetry and the position of the ovary changed into inferior.
:. ,oncepts about the nature of the early angiosperms have changed !and may change again in
the future". &n the last century# members of the subclass .amemalidae were considered the
most relictual of the living flowering plants. What kind of pollination do these plants have ;
insect pollination# wind pollination# or bird pollination <ive the common names of four members
of this group. $lthough these plants are woody trees like conifers# their wood has three
characters that wood of conifers does not have# so we no longer think that hamamelids are the
most relictual flowering plants. What are those characteristics
.amemalidae are wind(pollinated. The members of this group are alders# elms# oaks# and plane
trees. Their wood contains vessels# fibers# and abundant with parenchyma cells.
=. $bout 100 years ago# ,. 3. >essey developed the hypothesis of the ?ranalean? flower. What
are some of the characters of this type of flower &s the ranalean flower wind pollinated or insect
pollinated
$ ?ranalean? flower is generalized@ that is# it has all parts !sepals# petals# stamens# and carpels"#
and these are arranged spirally. $lso# carpels occur in a superior position# above other parts. $
flower of +agnolia is considered the typical ranalean flower. This type of flower is neither wind
nor insect pollinated because all parts are rather massive and are not specialized for one
particular type of pollinator.
10. *o most botanists believe that the flowering plants are monophyletic# or do they believe that
they are actually an unnatural group consisting of several lines of evolution that do not share a
common ancestor
+ost botanists had long ago concluded that angiosperms are monophyletic. $lmost all recent
*A$ studies also indicate monophyla of angiosperms. .owever# there are paleobotanists and
ta'onomists who believed that they resulted due to the diversification of plants.
11. *escribe amborella and water lilies. Bn the basis of morphology# would you conclude that
they are closely What evidence is used to support the hypothesis that they are ancient
lineages from basal angiosperms
$mborella trichopoda is a small tree in the forests of Aew ,aledonia. Their wood contains
tracheids but no vessels and little parenchyma. Water lilies are small# soft(bodied herbs with
vascular bundles scattered like those in monocots# and they completely lack any wood@ in most#
their stems must be submerged underwater# and e'posure to ordinary conditions on land would
kill them. Water lilies have little in common with their gymnosperms or seed ferns@ almost
certainly many of their features have changed considerably. The basal angiosperms contain the
living descendants of several groups that originated while angiosperms were still a young clade.
Their ancestors became reproductively isolated from the other early flowering plants before
distinctive angiosperm traits had originated. &t would be easy to assume that the descendants of
the three earliest diverging groups would all display a large number of primitive traits and a few
ones9 They ?should? look primitive# and they ?should? look like ta'a that had Cust barely become
distinct from some gymnosperm sister group. $ll organisms evolve# however# and so did the
descedants of the basal angiosperms. The three groups of e'tant descendants of these clades
have not remained static evolutionarily and have not have preserved all ancestral features
intact.
12. $ll plant families have a name that ends in ?(acaea?# and some families also have old
names# still commonly used# without this ending. The plants are a family with two names. What
is the new name that ends in?(acaea?# and what is the older name What kind of compound leaf
do the feather palms have The fan palms Why are palm flowers so seldom seen by most
people
2alms new name is the ?$recacaea? and the old name is palmae. 8eather palms are pinnaetly
compound while the fan palms are palmately compound. 2alm flowers are seldom seen
because they are usually tiny# appro'imately / mm across# and are formed only high up in the
tree.
13. 2hilodendron is aplant you may know. They and their close relatives are characterized by a
distinctive inflorescence . &t has tiny flowers embedded in a thick stalk called a spadi'# and it is
surrounded by a large bract called a spathe.
1). What is the name of the grass family $bout how many species does it contain Aame
seven genera !and give their common names" of grasses that are used for food. What kind of
pollination do grasses have ; animal or wind
2oaceae is the name of the grass family. &t contains about :#000 species and are much
more than Cust plants in the lawn. %ome of the grasses that are used for food are 9
D Wheat !triticum"
D >arley !.ordeum"
D Bats !avena"
D Eye !secale"
D ,orn !zea"
D Eice !Bryza"
D %ugar cane !%accharum"
$ll grasses are wind pollinated#so sepals and petals are of little importance and are reduced to
bristle(like structures.
1/. Fingiberales contains some of the most familiar of all house(plants. Aame several of these.
%ome of the house(plants from Fingiberales are +aranta# ,alathea# canna lilies !,anna"#
gingers !Fingiber# .edychium"# banana !+usa" and bird of paradise !%trelitzia".
15. 1iliaceae contains many familiar plants. Aame si'. Which closely related family contains the
irises Which contains yams
1iliaceae contains lilies !1ilium"# tulips !Tulipa"# mariposa lily ,alochortus# 8ritillaria# flame lily
!<loriosa" and ,olchicum. ,losely related family that contains irises is &ridaceae while
*ioscoreales contain yams.
17. The Brchidaceae is the largest and the most diverse family of monocots. What is the most
common orchid habit !growth form" ((( being an epiphyte or being terrestrial $re orchid flowers
bilaterally symmetrical or radially symmetrical *escribe orchid seeds.
The most familiar# ornamental ones are epiphytic# but many are terrestrial and one is
subterranean parasite. Brchid flowers are highly modified from the ancestral conditions of
angiosperms# being zygomorphic !bilaterally symmetrical" with comple' shapes# colors# and
fragrances that attract specific pollinators. Brchids produce hundreds or thousands of tiny seeds
in each fruit. The seeds are dustlike and so undeveloped at GgerminationH that they must form
symbiosis with fungio in order to survive long enough to form roots and leaves.
1:. ,ertain eudicot clades contain plants with many relictual features. Aame and describe.
3udicots can generally be recognized by broad# not strap(shaped leaves@ reticulate leaf
venation@ flower parts in five or fours# but not threes@ pollen tricolpate or tricolpate(derived@
vascular bundles in the stem arranged in one ring@ and woody growth or an annual or biennial
herbaceous body. 3udicots contain basal eudicots# rosids !with fabids and malvids"# and
asteroids !with lamiids and campanulids". The rosid clade consists of many families that# taken
as a whole# are so diverse with respect to vegetative body# flowers# chemistry# and ecology that
is difficult to see they are related while asterid clade# the most derived large clades of eudicots#
have sympetalous flowers# always have Cust a few stamens# not more than number of petal
lobes@ and stamens alternate with petals.
1=. ,ore ,aryophyllales contains many familiar plants. ,an you list four members of this group
The group is unusual in having betalain pigments rather than anthocyanins in their flowers.
$nother feature of this group is that endosperm develops little or not at all# and instead# the
seeds have perisperm# which develops through proliferation of cells of the nucellus.
8our members of this group are cacti !,actaceae"# iceplant !$izoaceae"# bougainvillea
!$maranthaceae"# and carnations and chickweed !,aryophyllaceae".
20. <ive the name of the families of each of the following9
a. ,amellias ( Theaceae ,amellia
b. ,hocolate ( +alvaceae Theobroma
c. ,otton ( +alvaceae <ossypium
d. Iiolets ( Iiolaceae Iiola
e. 2umpkins !1" and Watermelons !2" ( ,ucurbitaceae ,ucurbita !1" and ,itrullus !2"
f. ,ranberries and >lueberries ( 3ricaceae Iaccinium
21. Bne important character in rosids is the presence of pinnately compound leaves. The
subclass is named for the rose family# Eosaceae# and this one family has many genera that
produce fruits that we like to eat. Aame the genera of the following fruits# all in the rose family9
a. $pples ( +alus
b. $lmonds# apricots# cherries# peaches# and plums ( 2yrus
c. %trawberries ( 8ragaria
d. >lackberries and raspberries ( Eubus
22. Te'tbooks often use cacti and euphorbias !spurges" to illustrate convergent evolution
because many euphorbias have globular# succulent bodies that strongly resemble those of cacti#
yet the two families are not closely related. What are the names of the euphorbia family and of
the cactus family Which maCor clade is each in
J The family of the euphorbia is 3uphorbiaceae which belongs to the Eosid clade while the
family of the cacti is ,actaceae belongs ,aryophyllales.
23. Aame the families that contain the following species9
$. sunflowers#dandelions# and daisies((($steraceae !old name ,ompositae"
>. milkweeds((($sclepias viridis
,. potato# tomato# and tobacco(((%olonaceae
*.mints and lavender(((1amiaceae!old name 1abiatae"
3. ,offea !coffee"(((Eubiaceae
2). Think about coniferophyta and magnoliophyta of this chapter. Which has more families
#genera#and species Which has more diversity of body types Which has species greatest in
number of habitats Which group originated earlier in evolution#and which originated later The
older group has had more time to diversify . &s it the more diverse of the two
+agnoliophyta is the most diverse group of land plants. &t has about 2/7#000 species.
Therefore# magnoliophyta is greater in number than coniferophyta. They can be found almost
anywhere. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from gymnosperms around 2)/;202
million years ago. Therefore#gymnosperms originated earlier than angiosperms. -es#the group
which originated later has more time to diversify thatKs why angiosperms are more diverse in
nature.
