Heat Transfer Coefficients for Submerged Coils
Heat transfer coefficients for steam and hot water coils submerged in oil tanks
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The heat transfer from steam coils with medium pressure, or hot water coils or pipes, submerged in oil or fat can be estimated with the values from the
table below.
Heat Transfer Coefficient - natural convection
Type of Coil
(W/m2 oC)
(Btu/hr ft2 oF)
Steam to Light Oil
170
30
Steam to Heavy Oil
85 - 115
15 - 20
Heat Transfer Coefficient - natural convection
Type of Coil
(W/m2 oC)
(Btu/hr ft2 oF)
Steam to Fat
30 - 60
5 - 10
Hot Water to Oil
60
10
Heat Emission from Pipes Submerged in Water
Heat transmission from steam or water heating pipes submerged in water - assisted (forced) and
natural circulation
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Heat emission from steam or water pipes submerged in water are indicated in the tables below:
Temperature Difference between the Steam/Water in
the Pipe and the Surrounding Water
Heat Transfer Rate to the
Surrounding Water
(oF)
(oC)
(Btu/ft2 h oF)
(W/m2oC)
50
28
100 - 225
570 - 1280
100
56
175 - 300
1000 - 1700
200
111
225 - 475
1300 - 2700
Note that with higher temperature differences there is more vigorous movement on the water side and the heat transfer rate goes up. Forced or
assisted circulation on the water side also results in higher heat transfer rates as indicated below.
For practical applications - the heat transfer rates can roughly be set to:
Heat Transfer Rate to the Surrounding
Water
Type of Application
(Btu/ft2 h oF)
(W/m2oC)
Tank coils with low pressure steam, natural
circulation in the tank
100
570
Tank coils with high pressure steam, natural
circulation in the tank
200
1100
Tank coils with low pressure steam, forced
circulation in the tank
200
1100
Tank coils with high pressure steam, forced
circulation in the tank
300
1700
Example - Steam Coil in Water
A DN25 (1") Std steam coil of one meter is submerged in water with temperature 20 oC. The steam pressure is aprox. 1 bar and the steam
temperature is aprox. 120 oC.
The area of the submerged coil can be calculated:
A = (1 m) 2 (0.0334 m) / 2
= 0.10 m2
With low pressure steam and non-assisted circulation we presume the heat transfer rate to be 570 W/m2oC.
The heat transfer from steam to water can then be calculated as:
Q = (570 W/m2oC) (0.10 m2) (120oC - 20oC)
= 5700 W
= 5.7 kW
Properties of Saturated Steam - SI Units
A Saturated Steam Table with steam properties as specific volume, density, specific enthalpy and
specific entropy
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The steam table below list the properties of steam at varying pressures and temperatures:
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
0.00626
15.8
2493
2509
9.058
67.0
0.0149
73.5
2460
2534
8.725
32.9
28.2
0.0354
137.8
2424
2562
8.396
10.0
45.8
14.7
0.0682
191.8
2393
2585
8.151
20.0
60.1
7.65
0.131
251.5
2358
2610
7.909
28
67.5
5.58
0.179
282.7
2340
2623
7.793
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
0.8
3.8
160
2.0
17.5
5.0
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
0.221
304.3
2327
2632
7.717
3.58
0.279
329.6
2312
2642
7.631
83.7
2.96
0.338
350.6
2299
2650
7.562
65
88.0
2.53
0.395
368.6
2288
2657
7.506
75
91.8
2.22
0.450
384.5
2279
2663
7.457
85
95.2
1.97
0.507
398.6
2270
2668
7.415
95
98.2
1.78
0.563
411.5
2262
2673
7.377
100
99.6
1.69
0.590
417.5
2258
2675
7.360
101.331)
100
1.67
0.598
419.1
2257
2676
7.355
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
35
72.7
4.53
45
78.7
55
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
0.646
428.8
2251
2680
7.328
1.33
0.755
449.2
2238
2687
7.271
111.4
1.16
0.863
467.1
2226
2698
7.223
170
115.2
1.03
0.970
483.2
2216
2699
7.181
190
118.6
0.929
1.08
497.8
2206
2704
7.144
220
123.3
0.810
1.23
517.6
2193
2711
7.095
260
128.7
0.693
1.44
540.9
2177
2718
7.039
280
131.2
0.646
1.55
551.4
2170
2722
7.014
320
135.8
0.570
1.75
570.9
2157
2728
6.969
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
110
102.3
1.55
130
107.1
150
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
1.96
588.5
2144
2733
6.930
0.462
2.16
604.7
2133
2738
6.894
147.1
0.423
2.36
619.6
2122
2742
6.862
480
150.3
0.389
2.57
633.5
2112
2746
6.833
500
151.8
0.375
2.67
640.1
2107
2748
6.819
550
155.5
0.342
2.92
655.8
2096
2752
6.787
600
158.8
0.315
3.175
670.4
2085
2756
6.758
650
162.0
0.292
3.425
684.1
2075
2759
6.730
700
165.0
0.273
3.66
697.1
2065
2762
6.705
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
360
139.9
0.510
400
143.1
440
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
3.915
709.3
2056
2765
6.682
0.240
4.16
720.9
2047
2768
6.660
172.9
0.229
4.41
732.0
2038
2770
6.639
900
175.4
0.215
4.65
742.6
2030
2772
6.619
950
177.7
0.204
4.90
752.8
2021
2774
6.601
1000
179.9
0.194
5.15
762.6
2014
2776
6.583
1050
182.0
0.186
5.39
772
2006
2778
6.566
1150
186.0
0.170
5.89
790
1991
2781
6.534
1250
189.8
0.157
6.38
807
1977
2784
6.505
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
750
167.8
0.255
800
170.4
850
Specific Enthalpy of
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
6.62
815
1971
2785
6.491
0.132
7.59
845
1945
2790
6.441
201.4
0.124
8.03
859
1933
2792
6.418
1800
207.1
0.110
9.07
885
1910
2795
6.375
2000
212.4
0.0995
10.01
909
1889
2797
6.337
2100
214.9
0.0945
10.54
920
1878
2798
6.319
2300
219.6
0.0868
11.52
942
1858
2800
6.285
2400
221.8
0.0832
12.02
952
1849
2800
6.269
2600
226.0
0.0769
13.01
972
1830
2801
6.239
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
1300
191.6
0.151
1500
198.3
1600
Specific Enthalpy of
1)
Liquid
- hl (kJ/kg)
Evaporation
- he (kJ/kg)
Steam
- hs (kJ/kg)
Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)
13.52
981
1821
2802
6.224
0.0689
14.52
1000
1803
2802
6.197
233.8
0.0666
15.00
1008
1794
2802
6.184
3200
237.4
0.0624
16.02
1025
1779
2802
6.158
3400
240.9
0.0587
17.04
1042
1760
2802
6.134
3600
244.2
0.0554
18.06
1058
1744
2802
6.112
3800
247.3
0.0524
19.08
1073
1728
2801
6.090
4000
250.3
0.0497
20.09
1087
1713
2800
6.069
Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)
Density
-(kg/m3)
2700
228.1
0.0740
2900
232.0
3000
Atmospheric pressure
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric pressure.
Specific enthalpy or Sensible Heat is the quantity of heat in 1 kg of water according to the selected temperature.
Example - Boiling Water at 100 oC and 0 bar
At atmospheric pressure - 0 bar gauge or absolute 101.33 kN/m2 - water boils at 100 oC. 419 kJ of energy is required to heat 1 kg of water from 0 oC to
the saturation temperature 100 oC.
Therefore, at 0 bar gauge (absolute 101.33 kN/m2) and 100 oC - the specific enthalpy of water is 419 kJ/kg.
Another 2,257 kJ of energy is required to evaporate the 1 kg of water at 100 oC to steam at 100 oC. Therefore, at 0 bar gauge (absolute 101.33
kN/m2) - the specific enthalpy of evaporation is 2,257 kJ/kg.
The total specific enthalpy of the steam (or heat required to evaporate water to steam) at atmospheric pressure and 100 oC can be summarized as:
hs = 419 + 2,257
= 2,676 kJ/kg
= 2.676 (kJ/kg) / 3600 (s/h) = 0.74 kWh/kg
(1 hour = 3600 seconds, 1 kW = 1 kJ/s)
Example - Boiling Water at 170 oC and 7 bar
Steam at atmospheric pressure is of limited practical use. It cannot be conveyed by its own pressure along a steam pipe to the points of consumption.
At 7 bar gauge (absolute 800 kN/m2) - the saturation temperature of water is 170 oC. More heat energy is required to raise the temperature to the
saturation point at 7 bar gauge than needed for water at atmospheric pressure. From the table a value of 720.9 kJ is needed to raise 1 kg of water
from 0oC to the saturation temperature 170 oC.
The heat energy (enthalpy of evaporation) needed at 7 bar gauge to evaporate the water to steam is actually less than the heat energy required at
atmospheric pressure. The specific enthalpy of evaporation decrease with steam pressure increase. The evaporation heat is 2,047 kJ/kg according
the table.
Note! Because the specific volume of steam decreases with increasing pressure, the amount of heat energy transferred in the same volume actually
increases with steam pressure. In other words the same pipe may transfer more energy with high pressure steam than with low pressure steam.
