Volume Correction Factor Calculation Development in American Petroleum Institute
Presented at 2012 API Asia Conference and Expo
March 6-8, 2012
Ken Mei
Chevron Energy Technology Company Richmond, CA USA
OUTLINE
Introduction 1952 Tables History and Basis 1980 Petroleum Measurement Table What and Why New 2004 API/ASTM/EI Volume Correction Factor (VCF) Standard What Is New? Other New Standards NGL, LPG, Ethanol VCF, and others Summary
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INTRODUCTION
Crude oil and petroleum products are typically sold based on fluid properties at Reference (base) conditions of temperature and pressure.
US Customary Units: SI Units: Other Metric Units:
60 F and 0 PSIG (1 ATM) 15 C and 101.325 kPa (0 PSIG) 20 C and 0 PSIG
However, usually the temperature and pressure at which these fluid properties are measured are not at these Reference Conditions.
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INTRODUCTION
Volume correction factor involves two steps:
Converting observed density to standard (reference) density, and Converting observed volume to standard volume.
The VCF must be developed to allow the conversion.
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1952 TABLE HISTORY AND BASIS
The work may be traced back to almost a century ago when the scientists and engineers began looking into the thermal expansion coefficient of crude oil and products. The work involved density testing of various, commercially available oil samples and developing detailed calculations to correct for temperature and pressure of the fluid being measured.
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1916
1952 TABLE HISTORY AND BASIS
The US National Bureau of Standards published a Technologic
Paper 77-1916 Density and Thermal Expansion of American Petroleum Oils. Data from the testing by Bearce and Peffer were used. Based on this study, two tables were published: Circular 57-1916 United States Standard Tables for Petroleum Oils (which uses Baume unit) and Circular 154-1924 Petroleum Oil Tables (which uses API gravity unit).* * Circular 154 was approved by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the US Bureau of Mines as well as the National Bureau of Standards.
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1952 TABLE HISTORY AND BASIS
1917 to 1935
NBS published two reports:
NBS RP244-1930 - Thermal Expansion of Petroleum Oils in the
range 0 degrees Centigrade to 300 degrees Centigrade, and
NBS RP393-1931 - Thermal Expansion of Gasolines from 0
degrees Centigrade to 30 degrees Centigrade.
1936
US NBS published Circular 410, entitled National Standard
Petroleum Oil Tables.
The tables were approved by the API, US Bureau of Mines and the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as well as NBS.
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1952 TABLE HISTORY AND BASIS
1937 to 1945
In 1941, the Institute of Petroleum (IP) published a report
entitled Expansion of Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products and Allied Substances.
The report compared a common factor calculated for
approximately 200 oil samples in addition to those considered in NBS Technologic Paper 77 (1916).
It was not a laboratory work, but was an important
contribution in affirming the data base of Circular 410.
Following this report, Tables for Measurement of Oil was
published by the IP in 1945.
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1952 TABLE HISTORY AND BASIS
1946 to 1956
ASTM and IP joined to develop a set of tables generally applicable to all major petroleum liquids.
These are the 1952 Petroleum Measurement
Tables. The printed tables are published jointly by the ASTM and the IP, and are commonly referred to as the 1952 Tables, or Blue Book Tables.
Tables are based primarily on the volumetric
data for crudes and fractions developed and published in 1916.
Most of the samples used are primarily from US
domestic production in the 1916 data.
In 1965, API adopted these 1952 Tables.
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1980 PETROLEUM MEASRUEMENT TABLE WHAT AND WHY
1972
An experimental program was carried out to measure the
thermal expansion coefficient of crude oils and finished products having a wide range of densities.
Key findings:
The 1952 Petroleum Measurement Tables were satisfactory for finished products New tables were needed specifically for crude oils. Data originally supplied by NBS has not been reviewed for 55 years and that during that time there have been new and different crudes and products and improved techniques for testing them.
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1980 PETROLEUM MEASRUEMENT TABLE WHAT AND WHY 1974 - 1980
A major data collection and analysis effort by subject matter experts from many companies in API to provide the NBS 463 samples: 211 of crude oil, the remainder of refined products (252).
The criteria for the selection of crude sample sources were:
(1) production for 1974, (2) estimated reserves, and (3) countries wishing to contribute samples of national origin which did not fit the first two categories.
The list represents 66.8% of the worldwide production and
68.1% of the estimated reserved in 1974.
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1980 PETROLEUM MEASRUEMENT TABLE WHAT AND WHY
1980 Tables was published with better data base and data handling than 1952 Tables.
Better Data Base - The new data base is considered several
orders of magnitude more representative of modern crudes, and more crude and product types - when compared to the limited amount of data on primarily US domestic crude and products collected in 1915 and the late 1920s, which formed the basis of the 1952 Tables.
Better Data Handling - In addition, the equations representing
the 1980 Tables correlate the NBS data to within the limits of experimental scatter. Therefore, confidence in both the data and the model is justified. Methodology and quality of data handling reduce the uncertainty from the 1952 Tables.
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1980 PETROLEUM MEASRUEMENT TABLE WHAT AND WHY
~1980
The 1980 Tables replaced the 1952 printed Tables with mathematical equations. Because the equations were now the basis for the Standard, the tables could easily be incorporated into computer subroutines via implementation procedures. Statistical studies were also carried out to check the data. After the publication of the Tables, API Committee on Petroleum Measurement (COPM) transitioned out of the supporting the 1952 historical tables. These tables have been archived. Measurement equipment and system vendors often do not include the 1952 Tables in the standard calculation software.
1992
ISO adopted the standard in ISO-91, which points to the 1980 API Tables.
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
2004
API published the volume correction factor calculation in the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), designated as Chapter 11.1 Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction Factors for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating Oils after 4+ years of work. The standard is a joint publication with ASTM (D1250 Adjunct-04) and EI (IP 200 Adjunct -04). After the publication, API Committee on Petroleum Measurement transitioned out of the 1980 tables.
2007
Addendum published to harmonize rounding in the meter and tank calculations as specified in API MPMS Chapter 12.
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
What is New in the Standard?
There is no printed table for the correction factor in the 2004
version. The standard is published as : a CD-ROM, and a fully functional computer program that will do the calculation, with a text description included as an Adobe PDF document.
The 2004 standard changed implementation procedures to reflect
modern computer technology. It changed the convergence method with complex technique but still allows flow computers to perform online calculations.
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
What is New in the Standard?
Eliminated the archaic rounding and truncation of intermediate
calculated values. When using U.S. Customary Units, the density (in API Gravity) and the temperature (in Fahrenheit) are based on 0.1 degree.
Incorporated the 1988 IP Tables (59ABD, 60 ABD), which are
technically equivalent to ISO 91-2 using 20 C as the reference temperature.
Incorporated the IP documentation of the lubricants tables (D Tables)
missing from the 1980 Standard.
Un-rounded Ctl and Cpl. The final value of the correction of
temperature and pressure on liquid (Ctpl) follows requirements in API standards for dynamic and static calculations (Ch. 12), otherwise rounded to five (5) significant figures (X.XXXXX).
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What is New in the Standard?
2004 API standard expands the temperature range to 58 F to 302 F (50 C to 150 C) for all Tables (A, B, C, D), and expands the density range to 10 API to 100 API for ABC tables, for example:
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Expands the temperature range to 58 F to 302 F (-50 C to 150 C) for all Tables. Density range of D tables remains 10 API to 45 API.
What is New in the Standard?
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What is New in the Standard?
The limit of Correction for the effect of Pressure on Liquid (CPL) calculation in 2004 API VCF standard is 0 1 500 psig over the extended temperature limits.
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What is New in the Standard?
Converted the input ITS-90 temperature to equivalent IPTS-68 in the calculations. 60 F in ITS-90 is an equivalent 60.00687490 F in IPTS-68. Change of temperature scale gives differences at high temperature of no more than 0.00003.
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The value of water density at 60F used in the 1980 Tables was 999.012 kg/m based on earlier laboratory work and applying IPTS-68. The water density value in 2004 standard is 999.016 kg/m at 60F, based on new laboratory work and using ITS-90 has been adopted for use in any conversion between density and relative density or API gravity.
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
What is New in the Standard?
Extended API MPMS Chapter 11.2.1 temperature and density ranges
to match the new VCF tables.
Note: API MPMS Chapter 11.2.1 has been withdrawn, because API MPMS Chapter 11.1 (2004) covers the calculations.
Allows the use of other base temperatures other than 60 oF and 20
o
C. Such as 25 oC in some countries.
Allows combined pressure correction (previously API MPMS Ch
11.2.1) and temperature correction into one procedure (to prepare for a need to use real-time density measurement made under pressure for VCF calculation). The combined pressure and temperature implementation procedure is now included in API MPMS Chapter 11.1 (2004), not a printed table.
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
What is New in the Standard?
Eliminated the hydrometer glass thermal expansion correction. The
correction is handled outside the calculation. Density meter, if used, does not require this correction.
Extensive comparisons have been made of the volume correction
factors by several oil companies (including Chevron), indicated that when operating well within the boundaries of the 1980 version, most of the final values calculated by the two versions were the same, or nearly the same.
The differences were on the order of 0.0001 and are due to errors
of the original 1980 version when rounded to 4 decimal places.
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Comparison of 2004 Table and 1952, 1980 Table for 24 API crude oil
Difference Between 1952 and 2004 Table Difference Between 1980 and 2004 Table 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of 2004 VCF
Temperature (F)
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
Recommended Timeline in API Ch 11.1 (2004) for Implementation
To avoid disruption in the industry, API "recommended that the standards be utilized on all new applications no later than two years after the publication date. Due to delay of release of the software, API re-set the implementation date to January 1, 2007. Grandfather clause "If an existing application complies with the Previous Standard(s) then it shall be considered in compliance with this Revised Standard." Application is defined as the point where the calculation is applied. upcoming revision by API COPM.
This Grandfather clause is expected to be removed in the
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NEW 2004 VOLUME CORRECTION FACTOR STANDARD WHAT IS NEW
Third-party Inspection Companies
International Federation of Inspection Agencies (IFIA) Americas
Committee (AC)
Asked that the 2004 API Chapter 11.1 be implemented after December 31, 2006 and applied to all vessel and barge shipments, including imports and exports involving discharges into and loadings from storage tank facilities, refineries and transfers.. regulated by US Customs. In 12/2006, the US Customs wrote to IFIA AC It is our opinion that the petroleum industry and those who measure and test petroleum had sufficient time to become acquainted and familiar with the new Chapter 11.1 of the MPMS. gaugers and accredited laboratories must begin using the new MPMS Chapter 11.1 on January 1, 2007 for these transactions.
Other countries follow 2004 API standards as per contract
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Ethanol and Gasoline/Ethanol Blend VCF Calculations
Denatured Fuel Ethanol (API MPMS, Ch 11.3.3)
Previous methods include: using B table with an API gravity of 51.5, or VCF = 1.0378 0.0006301 t where t=temperature in
F.
API Ch 11.3.3 (2011) recommends:
For volume or density correction from observed temperature to 60F, API MPMS Chapter 11.1 shall be used for ethanol denatured with 2% to 5% by volume of either natural gasoline or gasoline. Such denatured ethanol is considered to be a special application, formerly known as Table 54C (or Table 6C) with an alpha coefficient of 0.001085/C (or 0.000603/F).
Gasoline/Ethanol Blend (API MPMS, Ch 11.3.4)
Laboratory test completed. API Ch 11.3.4 work to complete, and publication of the standard in 2012.
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Other Recently Published API Physical Properties Data Tables
API MPMS, Chapter 11 Physical Properties Data (1) Section 2, Part 4Temperature Correction for the Volume of NGL and LPG* - Tables 23E, 24E, 53E, 54E, 59E, and 60E) Replaces the 1953 historical tables and other tables (2) Section 5Density/Weight/Volume Intra-conversion** Part 1Conversions of API Gravity at 60 F Part 2Conversions for Relative Density (60/60 F) Part 3Conversions for Absolute Density at 15 C
They replace previous API/ASTM/IP conversion tables
* ASTM Technical Publication [Stock No. PETROLTBL-TP27], GPA Technical Publication TP-27
** API standard is Adjunct to ASTM D1250-08 and IP 200/08
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SUMMARY
Our industry devoted a very large amount of resources to jointly develop and improve the volume correction factor calculation in the 1970s, and then in 2000s. With globalization of oil industry, and harmonization of the petroleum measurement standards by the major standard development organizations, the 2004 API/ASTM VCF Standard is being implemented in more and more companies. The 1952 Table and the 1980 Standard have become historical and they are not supported by API Use of 2009 NGL/LPG VCF standards and 2011 Ethanol VCF standard are recommended, as they supersede previous standards.
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Q&A
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