SAP2005

The Governments Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings

2005 EDITION

Crown copyright 2005

SAP2005

The Governments Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings

2005 EDITION

Crown copyright 2005

This document describes SAP 2005version 9.80, dated October 2005. SAP assessors and other users should ensure that they are using the latest version of the document. Information on this and any updates will be published on the BRE website (see below). Published on behalf of DEFRA by: BRE, Garston, Watford WD25 9XX Contacts: Tel Fax Email Web 0845 120 7799 0845 120 7789 [email protected] www.bre.co.uk/sap2005

Crown copyright 2005

Published on behalf of DEFRA by: BRE Garston, Watford WD25 9XX Web: www.bre.co.uk/sap2005

Contents

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF THE SAP PROCEDURE GENERAL PRINCIPLES CALCULATION PROCEDURE AND CONVENTIONS 1 2 Dwelling dimensions Ventilation rate 2.1 Chimneys and flues 2.2 Fans and passive vents 2.3 Pressurisation test 2.4 Draught lobby 2.5 Sheltered Side 2.6 Mechanical ventilation Heat losses 3.1 U-values of opaque elements 3.2 Window U-values 3.3 U-values of elements adjacent to an unheated space 3.4 Thermal bridging 3.5 Dwellings that are part of larger premises Domestic hot water Internal gains Solar gains and utilisation factor 6.1 Solar gains for openings 6.2 Openings for which solar gain is included 6.3 More than one glazing type 6.4 Utilisation factor 6.5 Solar gain in summer Mean internal temperature 7.1 Living area fraction Degree-days Space heating requirements 9.1 Heating systems 9.2 Heating system efficiency 9.3 Heating controls Total energy use and fuel costs 10.1 Energy use 10.2 Fuel prices 10.3 Main fuel types 10.4 Secondary fuel types 10.5 Water heating fuel types 10.6 Electricity for pumps and fans 10.7 Electricity for lighting Energy cost rating Carbon dioxide emissions and primary energy Building regulations

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14

4 5 6

7 8 9

10

11 12 13

References List of standards referred to in this document

APPENDICES Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Appendix D: Appendix E: Appendix F: Appendix G: Appendix H: Appendix J: Appendix K: Appendix L: Primary and secondary heating systems Gas and oil boiler systems, boilers with a thermal store, and range cooker boilers ommunity heating, including schemes with Combined Heat and Power C (CHP) and schemes that recover heat from power stations. Method of determining seasonal efficiency values for gas and oil boilers Method of determining seasonal efficiency for gas or oil room heaters Electric CPSUs Heat pumps Solar water heating Seasonal efficiency for solid fuel boilers from test data Thermal bridging Energy for lighting 15 17 19 21 25 26 27 28 31 32 33 34 35 37 41 42 43

Appendix M: Energy from Photovoltaic (PV) technology Appendix N: Appendix P: Appendix Q: Appendix R: Appendix S: Micro-cogeneration (also known as micro-CHP) Assessment of internal temperature in summer Special features and specific data Reference values Reduced Data SAP for existing dwellings

SAP Worksheet (Version 9.80)

51

TABLES Table 1: Hot water energy requirements Table 2: Hot water storage loss factor (kWh/litre/day) Table 2a: Volume factor for cylinders and storage combis Table 2b: Factors to be applied to losses for cylinders, thermal stores and CPSUs Table 3: Primary circuit losses Table 3a: Additional losses for combi boilers Table 4a: Heating system seasonal efficiency (space and water) Table 4b: Seasonal efficiency for gas and oil boilers Table 4c: Efficiency adjustments Table 4d: Heating type and responsiveness for wet systems with heat supplied to radiators or underfloor heating Table 4e: Heating system controls Table 4f: Electricity for fans and pumps and electric keep-hot facility Table 4g: Specific fan power for mechanical ventilation systems Table 5: Lighting, appliances, cooking and metabolic gains Table 5a: Gains from fans and pumps Table 6a: Solar flux (W/m2) Table 6b: Transmittance factors for glazing Table 6c: Frame factors for windows and doors Table 6d: Solar and light access factors Table 6e: Indicative U-values (W/m2K) for windows, doors and roof windows Table 7: Utilisation factor as a function of gain/loss ratio (GLR) Table 8: Mean internal temperature of living area Table 9: Difference in temperatures between zones Table 10: Degree-days as a function of base temperature Table 11: Fraction of heat supplied by secondary heating systems Table 12: Fuel prices, additional standing charges, emission factors and primary energy factors Table 12a: On-peak fractions for systems using 7-hour and 10-hour tariffs Table 12b: Solid Fuels Table 12c: Distribution loss factor for group and community heating schemes Table 13: On-peak fraction for electric water heating Table 14: SAP rating by energy cost factor Table 15: Rating bands Table 16: Relationship between SAP 2001 ratings and SAP 2005 ratings

57 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 61 61 61 62 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 65 66 66 66 66 66 67 68 68 68 69 69 69 69

SUMMARY

This manual describes the Governments Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) for assessing the energy performance of dwellings. The indicators of the energy performance are energy consumption per unit floor area, an energy cost rating (the SAP rating), an Environmental Impact rating (based on CO2 emissions) and a Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER). The SAP rating is based on the energy costs associated with space heating, water heating, ventilation and lighting, less cost savings from energy generation technologies. It is adjusted for floor area so that it is essentially independent of dwelling size for a given built form. The SAP rating is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100, the higher the number the lower the running costs. The Environmental Impact rating is based on the annual CO2 emissions associated with space heating, water heating, ventilation and lighting, less the emissions saved by energy generation technologies. It is adjusted for floor area so that it is essentially independent of dwelling size for a given built form. The Environmental Impact rating is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100, the higher the number the better the standard. The Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate is a similar indicator to the Environmental Impact rating, which is used for the purposes of compliance with building regulations. It is equal to the annual CO2 emissions per unit floor area for space heating, water heating, ventilation and lighting, less the emissions saved by energy generation technologies, expressed in kg/m2/year. The method of calculating the energy performance and the ratings is set out in the form of a worksheet, accompanied by a series of tables. The methodology is compliant with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. The calculation should be carried out using a computer program that implements the worksheet and is approved for SAP calculations (BRE approves SAP software on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; the Scottish Executive; the National Assembly for Wales; and the Department of Finance and Personnel).

The Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) is adopted by Government as the UK methodology for calculating the energy performance of dwellings. The calculation is based on the energy balance taking into account a range of factors that contribute to energy efficiency: materials used for construction of the dwelling thermal insulation of the building fabric ventilation characteristics of the dwelling and ventilation equipment efficiency and control of the heating system(s) solar gains through openings of the dwelling the fuel used to provide space and water heating, ventilation and lighting renewable energy technologies. The calculation is independent of factors related to the individual characteristics of the household occupying the dwelling when the rating is calculated, for example: household size and composition ownership and efficiency of particular domestic electrical appliances individual heating patterns and temperatures. Ratings are not affected by the geographical location, so that a given dwelling has the same rating in all parts of the UK. The procedure used for the calculation is based on the BRE Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM[ 1,2,3,4,5]), which provides a framework for the calculation of energy use in dwellings. The procedure is consistent with the European standards BS EN 832 and BS EN ISO 13790. The Standard Assessment Procedure was first published by the DOE (now the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA) and BRE in 1993 and in amended form in 1994, and conventions to be used with it were published in 1996 and amended in 1997. A consolidated edition was published as SAP 1998, and a revised version was published in 2001 (SAP 2001). The present edition is SAP 2005 in which: the SAP scale has been revised to 1 to 100, where 100 now represents zero energy cost. It can be above 100 for dwellings that are net exporters.

INTRODUCTION

the dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER) together with an Environmental Impact rating replace the Carbon Index energy for lighting is included solar water heating has been revised cylinder loss has been revised; manufacturers data for heat loss becomes the preferred source of cylinder loss the effect of thermal bridging is taken into the account it incorporates additional renewable and energy saving technologies it provides a method for estimating a tendency to high internal temperature in summer data tables have been updated (e.g. fuel costs, CO2 emissions, boiler efficiency and heating controls, etc.) the measure of energy is now kWh rather than GJ.

SCOPE OF THE SAP PROCEDURE

The procedure is applicable to self-contained dwellings of total floor area (as defined in Section 1, Dwelling Dimensions) not exceeding 450 m2. For flats, it applies to the individual flat and does not include common areas such as access corridors. Note: Dwellings of floor area greater than 450 m2, common areas of blocks of flats such as access corridors, and other buildings (even though used for residential purposes, e.g. nursing homes) are assessed using procedures for non-domestic buildings. Where part of an accommodation unit is used for commercial purposes (e.g. as an office or shop), this part should be included as part of the dwelling if the commercial part could revert to domestic use on a change of occupancy. That would be applicable where: there is direct access between the commercial part and the remainder of the accommodation, and all is contained within the same thermal envelope, and the living accommodation occupies a substantial proportion of the whole accommodation unit. Where a self-contained dwelling is part of a substantially larger building, where the remainder of the building would not be expected to revert to domestic use, the dwelling is assessed by SAP and the remainder by procedures for non-domestic buildings.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Input precision and rounding

Data should be entered as accurately as possible, although it is unnecessary to go beyond 3 significant figures (and some product data may only be available to lesser precision).

Pressure test result The result of a pressure test can be used instead of the default calculations of infiltration. In the case of a dwelling not yet built, a design value of air permeability can be used subject to the requirements of building regulations that apply in the administration where the dwelling will be constructed. Solar collector performance The zero-loss collector efficiency and the collectors linear heat loss coefficient can be used if obtained from test results. Specific fan power Specific fan power for these mechanical ventilation systems: positive input ventilation from outside (not loft) mechanical extract balanced can be used in place of the default values in Table 4g, subject to conditions for acceptance of manufacturers values of specific fan power that are issued in terms of Q2 in Appendix Q.

Input data

Various tables of performance data are provided as part of this document. The tables are used when specific performance information on the product or system is not available. However, when specific performance information is available for the following items, it should be used in preference to data from the tables, particularly in the new build context. U-values walls, floors, roofs For new build, U-values should be calculated on the basis of the actual construction. Admittances A list of admittance values is provided in Appendix P, which are suitable for most cases. However, other values can be used if appropriate. Linear thermal transmittance (-values) There are three possibilities: the use of a global factor, which is multiplied by the total exposed surface area, as described in Appendix K on the basis of the length of each junction and the default -values in Table K1 on the basis of the length of each junction and user-supplied -values. It is not necessary to supply value for each junction type values from Table K1 can be mixed with user-supplied values. Window data Window U-values and g-values (total solar energy transmittance) can be from a certified window energy rating or manufacturers declaration. Both values are needed. (Only the values in Table 6b are to be used for light transmittance.). Normally the frame factors in Table 6c are used. However, manufacturers values are permitted provided they are representative of the actual windows. Boiler efficiency gas and oil Boiler efficiency can be from the SEDBUK database (preferably) or from a manufacturers declaration given in the terms stated in D3. Boiler efficiency solid fuel Boiler efficiency can be from the boiler efficiency database (preferably) or from a manufacturers declaration. Efficiency of gas/oil/solid fuel fires and room heaters Efficiency can be from a manufacturers declaration given in terms of E2 (gas and oil) or terms to be published separately (solid fuel). Standing loss cylinders, thermal stores and CPSUs (includes both gas and electric CPSUs) The manufacturers declared loss obtained in terms of the applicable BS and expressed in kWh/day, can be used in place of data from Table 2. (Tables 2a and 2b are applied to declared loss as well as to loss from Table2).

Existing properties

The SAP calculation procedure for existing properties follows that for new dwellings. However, some of the data items are usually defaulted or inferred. For further details see Appendix S. The calculation is concerned with the assessment of the dwelling itself, as used by standard or typical occupants, and not affected by the way current occupants might use it. Thus, for example, the living room fraction is based on the original design concept and not on the rooms which the current occupants heat.

CALCULATION PROCEDURE AND CONVENTIONS

The method of calculating the energy performance is set out in the form of a worksheet, accompanied by a series of tables. A calculation should follow the numbered entries in the worksheet sequentially. Some entries are obtained by carrying forward earlier entries, other entries are obtained, using linear interpolation where appropriate, by reference to Tables 1 to 15 or from user-supplied data. The following notes on calculations and conventions should be read in conjunction with the worksheet. The worksheet is intended as a form of describing the calculation, to be used for implementing the calculation into computer software, rather than for manual calculations.

The boundary of the heated space consists of all the building elements separating it from external environment or from adjacent dwellings or unheated spaces. Any internal elements (internal partition walls or intermediate floors within the dwelling) are disregarded for the purposes of establishing the floor area. Dimensions refer to the inner surfaces of the elements bounding the dwelling. Thus floor dimensions are obtained by measuring between the inner surfaces of the external or party walls, disregarding the presence of any internal walls. Storey height is the total height between the ceiling surface of a given storey and the ceiling surface of the storey below. For a single storey dwelling, or the lowest floor of a dwelling with more than one storey, the measurement should be from floor surface to ceiling surface.

Dwelling dimensions

Operated by the British Fenestration Rating Council

Floor area should be measured as the actual floor area, i.e. if the height of a room extends to two storeys or more only the actual accessible floor area should be entered. However, as an exception to this rule in the case of stairs, the floor area should be measured as if there were no stairs but a floor in their place at each level. In general, rooms and other spaces, such as built-in cupboards, should be included in the calculation of the floor area where these are directly accessible from the occupied area of the dwelling. However unheated spaces clearly divided from the dwelling should not be included. The following provides specific guidance. Porches: should be included if they are heated by fixed heating devices should be included if there is direct access into the dwelling but no separating door, whether heated or not should not be included if they are unheated and there is a separating door into the dwelling. In this context porch means an addition protruding from the line of the external wall of the dwelling; an entrance lobby that is within such line should be included. Conservatories: should not be included if they are separated from the dwelling according to the definition in 3.3.3 should be included as part of the dwelling if they are not separated. Store rooms and utility rooms: should be included if they are directly accessible from the occupied area of the dwelling, whether heated or not should not be included if they are unheated and accessible only via a separate external door. Basements: should be included only if consisting of heated and habitable rooms. Garages: should be included if heating is provided within the garage from the main central heating system should not be included where the garage is thermally separated from the dwelling and is not heated by the central heating system. Attics: should be included if they are habitable rooms, accessed by a fixed staircase roof spaces (even though within the insulated envelope, i.e. where the roof insulation is provided at rafter level) should not be included unless they are habitable rooms accessed by a fixed staircase. When porches or garages are not included in floor area, the door and part of the wall between the dwelling and these structures are adjacent to an unheated space and their U-values should be calculated accordingly (see section 3.3). In flats, if corridors and stairwells are heated, treat walls between the flat and heated corridors/stairwells as non-heat loss walls (i.e. assuming the same temperature on either side of the walls). No special treatment should be given in cases where a central heating boiler is located in an unheated garage (i.e. the floor area used for the assessment should be the same as if the boiler were in the kitchen or a utility room).

Pitched roofs There are three main types of pitched roof construction: pitched roof with insulation at ceiling level, insulated between (and perhaps also above) joists pitched roof insulated at rafter level (no insulation at ceiling level), insulated between and/or above rafters (warm roof), with a non-ventilated loft space but with a ventilated space between the insulation and the roof covering pitched roof insulated either at ceiling level or at rafter level, with roof space converted into habitable space.

Cold roof space

Warm roof space

a) Insulation at ceiling

b) Insulation at rafter level

In the cases of a) and b) the roof space should not be entered as a separate storey.
Ventilated spaces

Room in roof

c)

Room in roof built into a pitched roof insulated at rafter level

d)

Room in roof built into a pitched roof insulated at ceiling level

In the cases of c) and d) the floor area of the roof space that is converted into habitable space should be entered as a separate storey.

The ventilation air change rate is the rate at which outside air enters/leaves a building. SAP requires a reasonable estimate of the air change rate in order to calculate the overall heating requirement. The actual ventilation rate depends on a large number of factors, many of which may not be known precisely (e.g. permeability of materials and inadvertent gaps and openings in the structure) and in most cases cannot be assessed from a site survey or from plans.

Ventilation rate

The infiltration rate can be assessed either from pressurisation test or, in the absence of pressure test, using the SAP ventilation algorithm. Whether or not a pressurisation test has been carried out, the ventilation algorithm requires the information on chimneys, fans, open flues and passive vents. Chimneys, fans, open flues and passive vents (blocked off during a pressurisation test but open in practice) should be counted in boxes (7) to (9a) of the worksheet. Ventilation rates for chimneys, flues, fans and passive vents, flueless gas fires and passive stack ventilators are given in Table 2.1 below. Table 2.1 Ventilation rates Item Chimney Open flue Fan Passive vent Flueless gas fire Ventilation rate m3/hour 40 20 10 10 40

q50, expressed in cubic metres per hour per square metre of envelope area is divided by 20 for use in the worksheet (to give an estimate of the air change rate at typical pressure differences). In this case boxes (11) to (18) of the worksheet are not used.*

2.4

A draught lobby is an arrangement of two doors that forms an airlock on the main entrance to the dwelling. To be included, the enclosed space should be at least 2 m2 (floor area), it should open into a circulation area, and the door arrangement should be such that a person with a push-chair or similar is able to close the outer door before opening the inner door. It may be heated or unheated and may provide access to a cloakroom (but it should not be counted as a draught lobby if it provides access to other parts of the dwelling). A draught lobby should only be specified if there is a draught lobby to the main entrance of the dwelling. If the main entrance has no draught lobby but, for example, a back door does, then no draught lobby should be specified. An unheated draught lobby in the form of an external porch should not be counted as part of the area of the dwelling. However, the door between the dwelling and the porch is a semi-exposed element and its U-value should be calculated accordingly (see section 3.3). Flats with access via an unheated stairwell or corridor should be classified as having a draught lobby.

Draught lobby

2.1

Ventilation rates for chimneys and flues should be entered only when they are unrestricted and suitable for use. For the purposes of the SAP a chimney is defined as a vertical duct for combustion gases of diameter 200mm or more (or a rectangular duct of equivalent size). Vertical ducts with diameter less than 200 mm should be counted as flues. The following are also counted as flues: a chimney for solid fuel appliances with controlled flow of the air supply a flexible flue liner sealed into a chimney a chimney fitted with a damper a chimney fitted with an open-flue gas fire where the flue products outlet is sealed to the chimney a blocked up fireplace fitted with ventilators (if ventilator area does not exceed 30 000 mm2). Ventilation rates should be entered only for open flues; they should not be included for room-sealed boilers or room heaters. Ventilation rates for specific closed appliances may be introduced (see Appendix Q).

Chimneys and flues

2.5

A side of a building is sheltered if there are adjacent buildings or treeheight hedges which effectively obstruct the wind on that side of the building. A side should be considered sheltered if all the following apply: the obstacle providing the shelter is at least as high as the ceiling of the uppermost storey of the dwelling the distance between the obstacle and the dwelling is less than five times the height of the obstacle the width of the obstacle (or the combined width of several obstacles) is such that it subtends an angle of at least 60 within the central 90 when viewed from the middle of the wall of the dwelling that faces the obstacle see Figure 1.

Sheltered Sides

2.2

Extract fans which exhaust air (typically from the kitchen and bathroom), including cooker hoods and other independent extractor fans, should be included in the number of fans category, but those that form part of a whole-dwelling mechanical ventilation system are treated separately (see section 2.6) and are not included here. Passive stack ventilators (passive vents) are an alternative to extract fans. Such systems comprise extract grilles connected to ridge terminals by ducts. Such systems should be supplied with air bricks or trickle vents for air ingress. It is the number of extract grilles that should be entered into the worksheet. Trickle vents or air bricks alone do not count as passive vents and should not be included in the calculation.

Fans and passive vents

Obstacle Only this angle counts. It must be at least 60 within the central 90 at the wall centre Dwelling

Figure 1 Shelter angle Two partially sheltered sides should be counted as one sheltered side. Architectural planting does not count as shelter unless it actually exists (even though shown as mature trees on drawings). Any party wall should be counted as a sheltered side.
In the case of a new dwelling, subject to the requirements of building regulations that apply in the administration where the dwelling will be constructed, a design value or a specified value of air permeability can be used for the calculation.

2.3

A pressurisation test of a dwelling is carried out by installing a fan in the doorway of the principal entrance to the dwelling, sealing all flues and chimneys, and determining the air flow rate required to maintain an excess pressure of 50 pascals (Pa). The pressurisation test should be carried out in accordance with BS EN 13829. The air permeability measured in this way,

Pressurisation test

For new dwellings it will often be appropriate to assume that two sides of the dwelling are sheltered.

2.6

Balanced whole house mechanical ventilation is a fan driven ventilation system, which provides fresh air to the rooms in the dwelling and also extracts exhaust air from the dwelling. The system may or may not be fitted with a heat recovery unit. The SAP calculation is based on a throughput of 0.5 air changes per hour through the mechanical system, plus infiltration. For buildings with heat recovery from exhaust to inlet air, the heat loss by mechanical ventilation is reduced by the factor v where v = 0.66 is the efficiency of heat recovery system. Positive input ventilation is a fan driven ventilation system, which often provides ventilation to the dwelling from the loft space. The SAP calculation procedure for systems which use the loft to pre-heat the ventilation air is the same as for natural ventilation, including 20m/h ventilation rate equivalent to two extract fans or passive vents. (The energy used by the fan is taken as counterbalancing the effect of using slightly warmer air from the loft space compared with outside). Some positive input ventilation systems supply the air directly from the outside and the procedure for these systems is the same as for mechanical extract ventilation. Mechanical extract ventilation refers to a fan driven ventilation system, which only extracts air from the dwelling. The SAP calculation is based on a throughput of 0.5 air changes per hour through the mechanical system, plus infiltration. The calculation requires information on specific fan power (SFP) of mechanical ventilation fans. Default data are provided in Table 4g. Alternatively values based on tests may be used subject to conditions for acceptance of manufacturers values of specific fan power that are issued in terms of Q2 in Appendix Q. SFP should account for any transformers.

Mechanical ventilation

BS EN ISO 6946 gives the calculation that applies to components and elements consisting of thermally homogenous layers (which can include air layer) and is based in the appropriate design thermal conductivity or design thermal resistances of materials and products involved. The standard also gives an approximate method that can be used for inhomogeneous layers, except cases where an insulating layer is bridged by metal. Thermal conductivity values for common building materials can be obtained from BSEN12524 or the CIBSE Guide Section A3[6]. For specific insulation products, data should be obtained from manufacturers. U-values for ground floors and basements should be calculated using the procedure described in BS EN ISO 13370, in section A3 of the CIBSE Guide A or in the Approved Document Basements for dwellings[7]. The thickness of loft insulation should be determined by inspection if the loft is accessible. The thickness should be measured at least as accurately as in the following list: 0, 12, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300mm.

3.2

The U-value for a window should be that for the whole window opening, including the window frame. Measurements of thermal transmittance in the case of doors and windows should be made according to BSENISO12567-1. Alternatively, U-values of windows and doors may be calculated using BS EN ISO 10077-1 or BS EN ISO 10077-2. Table 6e gives values that can be used in the absence of test data or calculated values. Use a value from Table 6e, which corresponds most closely to the description of the actual window; interpolation should not be used in this table. The effective window U-value to be used in boxes (27), (27a) and (27b) takes account of the assumed use of curtains; it is calculated using the formula:

Window U-values

U w , effective =

1 1 U + 0 .04

The areas of building elements are based on the internal dimensions of surfaces bounding the dwelling. Window and door area refers to the total area of the openings, including frames. Wall area is the net area of walls after subtracting the area of windows and doors. Roof area is also net of any rooflights or windows set in the roof. Losses or gains through party walls to spaces in other dwellings or premises that are normally expected to be heated are assumed to be zero. The calculation should allow for different types of element where their U-values differ (e.g. some windows single glazed and some double glazed, masonry main wall and timber framed wall in an extension, main roof pitched and extension roof flat).

Heat losses

w where Uw is window U-value calculated or measured without curtains. For the purposes of the SAP, rooflights are treated as roof windows.

3.3

The procedure for treatment of U-values of elements adjacent to unheated space is described in BS EN ISO 6946 and BS EN ISO 13789. The following procedure may be used for typical structures (no measurements are needed of the construction providing an unheated space, just select the appropriate Ru from Tables 3.1 to 3.3 below).

U-values of elements adjacent to an unheated space

U=
where:

1 1 + Ru Uo
= resultant U-value of element adjacent to unheated space, W/m2K

3.1

When the details of the construction are known, the U-values should be calculated for the floor, walls and roof. This should always be the case for new dwellings being assessed from building plans. For existing dwellings see Appendix S. U-values for walls and roofs containing repeating thermal bridges, such as timber joists between insulation, etc., should be calculated using methods based on the upper and lower resistance of elements, given in BS EN ISO 6946.

U-values of opaque elements

Uo = U-value of the element between heated and unheated spaces calculated as if there were no unheated space adjacent to the element, W/m2K Ru = effective thermal resistance of unheated space from the appropriate table below

Ru for typical unheated structures (including garages, access corridors to flats and rooms in roof) with typical U-values of their elements are given below. These can be used when the precise details on the structure providing an unheated space are not available, or not crucial. The effect of unheated spaces, however, need not be included if the area of the element covered by the unheated space is small (i.e. less than 10% of the total exposed area of the dwelling). Consequently a door in an element abutting an unheated space would not need to have its U-value changed (unless it is part of a very small flat where the Uvalue of the door might make a significant contribution to the result). 3.3.1 Garages The U-value of elements between the dwelling and an integral garage should be adjusted using Ru from Table 3.1 or Table3.2. Attached garages (not integral) should be disregarded. 3.3.2 Stairwells and access corridors in flats Stairwells and access corridors are not regarded as parts of the dwelling. If they are heated they are not included in the calculation. If unheated, the U-value of walls between the dwelling and the unheated space should be modified using the following data for Ru. Figure 3.1 shows examples of access corridors in flats. Table 3.1 Ru for integral single garages (single garage is a garage for one car) Garage type Single fully integral

Facing wall exposed

Flat

Corridor

Walls adjacent to unheated space

Facing wall not exposed

Flat

Corridor above or below

Figure 3.1 Access corridors Table 3.3 gives recommended values of Ru for common configurations of access corridors and stairwells.

Elements between garage and dwelling Side wall, end wall and floor

Ru for a single garage Inside1 0.68 Outside2 0.33

Single fully integral Single, partially integral displaced forward

One wall and floor

0.54

0.25

Side wall, end wall and floor

0.56

0.26

Table 3.2 Ru for integral double garages (double garage is a garage for two cars) Garage type Double garage fully integral Element between garage and dwelling Side wall, end wall and floor

Ru for a double garage Inside1 Outside2 0.59 0.28

Double, half integral Double, partially integral displaced forward

1 2

Side wall, halves of the garage end wall and floor

0.34

n/a

Part of the garage side wall, end wall and some floor

0.28

n/a

inside garage when the insulated envelope of the dwelling goes round the outside of the garage outside garage when the walls separating the garage from the dwelling are the external walls

Table 3.3 Ru for common configurations of stairwells and access corridors Elements between stairwell/corridor and dwelling Stairwells: Facing wall exposed Facing wall not exposed Access corridors: Facing wall exposed, corridors above and below Facing wall exposed, corridor above or below Facing wall not exposed, corridor above and below Facing wall not exposed, corridor above or below

Heat loss from corridor through:

Ru 0.82 0.90

facing wall, floor and ceiling facing wall, floor or ceiling floor and ceiling floor or ceiling

0.28 0.31 0.40 0.43

3.3.3 Conservatories A conservatory is usually defined in building regulations as an extension attached to a dwelling which has not less than three-quarters of the area of its roof and one half of the area of its external walls made of translucent material. Since the definition of a conservatory can vary, use the definition and any additional requirements that are appropriate to the building regulations of the administration where the dwelling is situated. Thermal separation between a dwelling and a conservatory means that they are divided by walls, floors, windows and doors for which the U-values are similar to, or in the case of a newly-constructed conservatory not greater than, the U-values of the corresponding exposed elements elsewhere in the dwelling; in the case of a newly constructed conservatory, windows and doors have similar draught-stripping provisions as the exposed windows and doors elsewhere in the dwelling. For a conservatory which is thermally separated, the calculation should be undertaken as if it were not present. 3.3.4 Other large glazed areas Any structure attached to a dwelling that is not a thermally separated conservatory according to the definitions in 3.3.3 should be treated as an integral part of the dwelling. This means that the glazed parts of the structure should be input as if they were any other glazed component (both in the heat loss section, and in the solar gain section according to orientation). 3.3.5 Room in roof In the case of room-in-roof construction where the insulation follows the shape of the room, the U-value of roof of the room-in-roof construction is calculated using the procedure described in paragraph 3.3 using thermal resistance Ru from Table 3.4. The same applies to the ceiling of the room below.

3.3.6 Other cases In other cases Ru should be calculated using the following formula

Ru =

Ai

(A e U e )+ 0.33nV

Ai; Ae = areas of internal and external elements (m2), excluding any ground floor Ue = U-values of external walls (W/m2K) V = volume of unheated space (m3) n = air change rate of unheated space (ach)

3.4

The SAP calculation now takes account of thermal bridging, at junctions between elements and around openings. If linear thermal transmittance values are available for these junctions, they can be multiplied by the length of the junction concerned, and the total added to the transmission heat transfer coefficient. Usually, however, specific values for thermal bridges are not known, and the calculation can be done by including an allowance based on the total exposed surface area. Further details are in AppendixK.

Thermal bridging

3.5

In the case of a dwelling that is part of a larger building where the remainder of the building is used for non-domestic purposes, the elements between the dwelling and the remainder of the building are considered: to have zero heat loss if the spaces adjacent to the dwelling are normally heated to similar levels are a dwelling, or as heat loss elements to an unheated space if the spaces are unheated, heated only intermittently or heated only to a low level.

Dwellings that are part of larger premises

U-value calculated as for a normal roof

Elements adjacent to an unheated space

The demand for hot water is derived from the floor area of the dwelling and is given in Table 1. The energy required to produce that amount of hot water is then calculated, taking account of losses in heating, storage and distribution. Heat to the dwelling from storage cylinders and distribution pipe work is also estimated [heat gains from water heating, box (52)] so that it can be taken into account in the calculation of space heating requirements. A distinction is made between instantaneous water heating, which heats water when it is required, and water heating that relies on storage of hot water in a cylinder, tank or thermal store. Primary and cylinder losses are not used in the calculation for instantaneous heaters.

Domestic hot water

Figure 3.2 Room in roof

Table 3.4 Ru for room in roof adjacent to unheated loft space Area (Figure 3.2) Room in roof built into a pitched roof insulated at ceiling level Element between dwelling and unheated loft space insulated wall of room in roof or insulated ceiling of room below Ru for elements 0.50 0.50

Single-point heaters, which are located at the point of use and serve only one outlet, do not have distribution losses either. Gas multipoint water heaters and instantaneous combi boilers are also instantaneous types but, as they normally serve several outlets, they are assumed to have distribution losses. Stored hot water systems can either be served by an electric immersion heater or obtain heat from a boiler or a heat pump through a primary circuit. In both cases, water storage losses are incurred to an extent that depends on how well the water storage is insulated. These losses apply for: hot water cylinders the store volume of storage combination boilers (where the boiler efficiency is derived from test data) thermal stores combined primary storage units (CPSUs) community heating schemes.

If the insulation follows the slope of the roof, the U-value should be calculated in the plane of the slope. For existing dwellings see Appendix S.

Water storage losses are set to zero for other combi boilers and instantaneous water heaters. For cylinders the preferred way of establishing cylinder losses is from measured data on the cylinder concerned, according to BS1566. For thermal stores and CPSUs (including electric CPSUs) the preferred way of establishing heat losses is from measured data on the thermal store or CPSU concerned, according to the WMA Performance Specification for thermal stores. If measured data is not available, losses from the storage vessel should be estimated by multiplying the loss factor from Table 2 by the volume of the vessel and the volume factor from Table2a. In all cases, the loss rate is to be multiplied by a temperature factor from Table 2b. This factor accounts for the average temperature of the cylinder or thermal store under typical operating conditions, compared to its temperature under test. For combi boilers the storage loss factor is zero if the efficiency is taken from Table 4b. The loss is to be included for a storage combination boiler if its efficiency is the manufacturer's declared value or is obtained from the Boiler Database, using the data in Tables 2, 2a and 2b (its insulation thickness and volume are also to be provided by the manufacturer or obtained from the Database). For boiler systems with separate hot water storage, primary losses are incurred in transferring heat from the boiler to the storage; values for primary losses are obtained from Table 3. For combi boilers the additional losses in Table 3a are included to allow for the draw-off of water until an adequate temperature at the taps is attained. The data in Table 3a are provisional pending the availability of test results according to the standards to be written under EU Mandate 324. The efficiency for both space and water heating is reduced by 5% if the boiler is not interlocked for both space and water heating (see section 9.3.9). For hot water provided from community heating, if there is a hot water cylinder within the dwelling, its size and the appropriate loss factor should be used. If there is not a hot water cylinder within the dwelling the calculation should assume a cylinder of 110 litres and loss factor of 0.0152 kWh/litre/day. Primary circuit loss for insulated pipework and cylinderstat should be included (Table 3). The efficiency for water heating is incorporated in the price of heat for community schemes in Table 12, and 100% (adjusted where appropriate by the amount in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c) is used in box (82*) in these cases. A solar collector coupled with solar water storage reduces the fuel needed for domestic hot water (see Appendix H). The solar water storage can be either as the lower part of a multi heat source cylinder, or as a separate solar cylinder. In most cases the system specified for water heating should be that intended to heat the bulk of the hot water during the course of the year. For example, an immersion heater should be disregarded if provided only for backup where the principal water heating system is from a central heating boiler, as should other devices intended for or capable of heating only limited amounts of hot water. Exceptions are (a) heat pump systems where an immersion is provided to operate in conjunction with the heat pump as described in Appendix G, and (b) solid fuel room heaters with a back boiler where an immersion heater is provided to heat water in the summer (see section 10.3.3).

Internal gains from lights, appliances, cooking and from the occupants of the dwelling (metabolic gains) are estimated from floor area (Table 5). The internal gains are obtained by interpolating the data in Table 5 or by using the formula provided after Table 5. A reduction in gains is applied for lowenergy lights, as calculated in Appendix L. Gains from central heating pumps located within the heated space and other items should be added and then entered in box (53b), using the values given in Table 5a. Gains from the fans in a whole-dwelling mechanical ventilation system should be included, but no useful gains are assumed from individual extractor fans.

Internal gains

6
6.1

Solar gains and utilisation factor

Solar gains for openings

The heat gain through windows and glazed doors is calculated as Gsolar = 0.9 Aw S g FF Z

where: Gsolar is the average solar gain in watts 0.9 is a factor representing the ratio of typical average transmittance to that at normal incidence Aw is the area of an opening (a window or a glazed door), m2 S is the solar flux on a surface from Table 6a, W/m2 g is the total solar energy transmittance factor of the glazing at normal incidence (see Table 6b) FF is the frame factor for windows and doors (fraction of opening that is glazed) (see Table 6c) Z is the solar access factor from Table 6d

In the case of a window certified by the British Fenestration Rating Council (BFRC), see www.bfrc.org, the quoted solar factor is gwindow which is equal to 0.9 g FF. The solar gain for such windows is calculated as Gsolar = Aw S gwindow Z

Solar gains should be calculated separately for each orientation and for rooflights, and then totalled for use in the calculation. E/W orientation of windows may be assumed if the actual orientation is not known. The solar access factor describes the extent to which radiation is prevented from entering the building by nearby obstacles. The over-shading categories are dependent on how much the view of the sky through the windows is blocked. The categories are defined in Table 6d in terms of the percentage of sky obscured by obstacles (the average category applies in many cases, and can be used for SAP calculations if the over-shading is not known*).

Subject, in the case of a new dwelling, to any requirements of building regulations that apply in the administration where the dwelling will be constructed.

6.2

Openings should be classified as windows, glazed doors or solid doors according to the percentage of glazed area (the percentage of total area of opening that is glass, i.e. excluding framing, mullions, transoms, solid panels etc.). For SAP calculations the following definitions apply. Category 1 2 3 Description Solid door Glazed door Window Glazing area < 30 % 30% - 60% > 60 % Solar gain included No No Yes

Openings for which solar gain is included

The degree-days depend on the base temperature, which is calculated by adjusting the mean internal temperature to take account of the heat provided by gains. Degree-days for different base temperatures are obtained from Table 10, using linear interpolation for intermediate values.

Degree-days

Patio doors which have large glazing areas, generally 70% or more, should be treated as windows and so should take account of solar gain. No allowance should be made for solar gain via doors in categories 1 and 2 even though they have some glazing. French windows often have high frame factors (around 50%) and are thus classified as glazed doors for which no solar gain is included.

The useful energy required from the heating system is calculated from degree-days and specific heat loss. The quantity of fuel or electric energy required to meet that demand is then calculated, taking account of the efficiency of the space heating system (obtained from Boiler Database or from Table 4a or 4b).

Space heating requirements

9.1

6.3

Sometimes a dwelling has more than one type of glazing (e.g. some double glazing and some single glazing). In these cases the gains should be calculated separately for each glazing type, and added in the same manner as boxes (56) - (64), to obtain the entry for box (65).

More than one glazing type

It is assumed that the dwelling has heating systems capable of heating the entire dwelling. Calculations are on the basis of a main heating system and secondary heaters as described in AppendixA. The proportion of heat from the main and secondary systems is as given in Table 11. For a new dwelling that has no heating system specified, it should be assumed that the dwelling will be heated by direct acting electric heaters (at standard tariff). For community heating schemes and combined heat and power, see Appendix C. A heating system supplying more than one dwelling should be regarded as a community scheme. This includes schemes for blocks of flats as well as more extended district schemes. For an electric CPSU, see Appendix F. For heat pumps, see Appendix G.

Heating systems

6.4

The solar gains are added to the internal gains to give total heat gains. A utilisation factor is then applied to the gains, which has the effect of reducing the contribution of gains where they are large in relation to the heat load. This factor is calculated from the ratio of the total heat gains to the heat loss coefficient of the dwelling and is obtained from Table 7.

Utilisation factor

6.5

Solar gains in summer (see Appendix P) take account of blinds or curtains that can be drawn to reduce solar gain, and overhangs. These factors are not included in the calculation of solar gains in the winter period.

Solar gain in summer

9.2

Heating system efficiency

The calculated mean internal temperature is based on the heating requirements of a typical household, taking account of the extent to which the dwelling is insulated and how well the heating can be controlled. The average temperature of the living area is obtained from Table 8, using the Heat loss parameter (HLP), obtained from box (38) in the worksheet, and the type of heating system, obtained from the Heating type column of Table 4a or 4d. The temperature is adjusted to take account of the level of heat gains previously calculated in sections 5 and 6 of the worksheet and also for certain control options as indicated in Table 4e. The temperature difference between the living area and the rest of the dwelling is obtained from Table 9, using the HLP and the Control column of Table 4e.

Mean internal temperature

9.2.1 Heating systems based on a gas or oil boiler Boiler efficiency may be obtained from: the Governments Boiler Efficiency Database certified manufacturers data Table 4b of this document. The preferred source of boiler efficiency is the Governments Boiler Efficiency Database, which contains boiler efficiency figures intended for use in SAP. If a new boiler is not included in the database, manufacturers data certified as explained in paragraph D3 (Appendix D) should be used if available. If there is no entry in the database and certified manufacturers data is not available an indicative seasonal efficiency should be taken from Table 4b. In the Boiler Efficiency Database, boilers that are currently in production are normally shown with SAP seasonal efficiency calculated from test results by the SEDBUK method. SEDBUK stands for Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK. Most other (old/obsolete) boilers have estimated values from SAP Table 4b. The database may be viewed on Internet website www.boilers.org.uk and may also be downloaded to suitable SAP calculation programs. It is updated at the start of every month. SAP calculations should always use the most up to date version of the database. 9.2.2 Heating systems based on a gas or oil range cooker boiler For definitions see paragraph B4 (Appendix B). Boiler efficiency may be obtained from: the Governments Boiler Efficiency Database certified manufacturers data table 4b of this document.

7.1

The living area is the room marked on a plan as the lounge or living room, or the largest public room (irrespective of usage by particular occupants), together with any rooms not separated from the lounge or living room by doors, and including any cupboards directly accessed from the lounge or living room. Living area does not, however, extend over more than one storey, even when stairs enter the living area directly. The living area fraction is the floor area of the living area divided by the total floor area.

Living area fraction

For twin burner models the preferred source of efficiency is from the database, which contains the boiler seasonal efficiency figure and case heat emission figure intended for use in SAP. If a new range cooker boiler is not included in the database, manufacturers data certified as explained in paragraph D6 (AppendixD) may be used. If there is no entry in the database or certified manufacturers data is not available or it is not of the twin burner type, an indicative seasonal efficiency should be taken from Table 4b. 9.2.3 Heating systems based on a solid fuel boiler This applies to independent solid fuel boilers, open fires with a back boiler and roomheaters with a boiler. Boiler efficiency may be obtained from: the Governments Boiler Efficiency Database certified manufacturers data Table 4a of this document. The preferred source of boiler efficiency is the Governments Boiler Efficiency Database. If a new boiler is not included in the database, manufacturers certified data should be used if available. Appendix J defines how the efficiency for calculations is determined from test data. If there is no entry in the database and certified manufacturers data is not available an indicative seasonal efficiency should be taken from Table 4a. Table 4a gives two sets of efficiency values for solid fuel appliances: (A) the minimum efficiency for HETAS approved appliances (B) default value. Values from column (A) can be used for consideration of a design where it is anticipated that a HETAS-approved appliance will be used: data for the actual appliance should be used to provide certificated energy ratings. Values from column (B) should be used for appliances, particularly those already installed in dwellings, for which efficiency data are not available. Solid fuel boiler efficiencies for open fires and closed roomheaters with boilers are the sum of the heat to water and heat directly to room. It is the designers responsibility to ensure that the ratio of these figures is appropriate to the property being modelled. These systems are assigned a lower responsiveness to allow for limitations on the controllability of heat output to the room. 9.2.4 Room heaters Where available, manufacturers declared values should be used for the efficiency of gas or oil room heaters, certified as explained in Appendix E. Otherwise, and for other types of room heaters, the efficiency should be taken from Table 4a. Gas fires The following notes provide guidance for identifying the appropriate entry from the room heater section of Table 4a, for gas fires already installed in a dwelling. (They are not intended to classify gas fires for testing purposes.) Gas fires can be open or closed fronted. Open fronted means the fuel bed and combustion gases are not sealed from the room in which the gas fire is fitted. Such a fire may or may not have a glass panel in front of the fuel bed, but the glass panel will not be sealed to the front of the fire. Closed fronted means the fuel bed and combustion gases are sealed (generally with a glass panel sealed to the front of the fire) from the room in which the gas fire is fitted.

Fuel effect gas fires can be live fuel effect (LFE), inset live fuel effect (ILFE) or decorative fuel effect (DFE). The products of combustion from a DFE pass unrestricted from the fire-bed to the chimney or flue; for the LFE/ILFE the products of combustion are restricted before passing into the chimney or flue. For further clarification of LFE/ILFE/DFE see clauses 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 and Figure 1 of BS79771:2002. Room heaters with boilers Gas, oil and solid fuel room heaters can have a boiler, which may provide either domestic hot water only or both space heating and domestic hot water. For gas back boilers, separate efficiencies apply to the boiler and to the associated room heater. This means that: if the back boiler provides space heating, it should be defined as the main heating system, and the gas fire should be indicated as the secondary heater if the back boiler provides domestic hot water only, the boiler efficiency is used for water heating and the gas fire efficiency for space heating (gas fire as main or as secondary heater). For oil and solid fuel room heaters with boilers, the efficiency is an overall value (i.e. sum of heat to water and heat to room). This means that: if the boiler provides space heating, the combination of boiler and room heater should be defined as the main heating system if the boiler provides domestic hot water only, the overall efficiency should be used as the efficiency both for water heating and for the room heater (room heater as main or as secondary heater). 9.2.5 Other heating systems For other systems the seasonal efficiency should be taken from Table 4a. For systems not covered by the table guidance should be sought from BRE.

9.3

The type of controls incorporated into the heating system influences the SAP rating. This section gives specifications of the types of controls mentioned in Table 4e. 9.3.1 Room thermostat A sensing device to measure the air temperature within the building and switch on and off the space heating. A single target temperature may be set by the user. 9.3.2 Time switch A switch operated by a clock to control either space heating or hot water, but not both. The user chooses one or more on periods, usually in a daily or weekly cycle. 9.3.3 Programmer Two switches operated by a clock to control both space heating and hot water. The user chooses one or more on periods, usually in a daily or weekly cycle. A mini-programmer allows space heating and hot water to be on together, or hot water alone, but not heating alone. A standard programmer uses the same time settings for space heating and hot water. A full programmer allows the time settings for space heating and hot water to be fully independent. 9.3.4 Programmable room thermostat A combined time switch and room thermostat which allows the user to set different periods with different target temperatures for space heating, usually in a daily or weekly cycle.

Heating controls

10

9.3.5 Delayed start thermostat A device or feature within a device, to delay the chosen starting time for space heating according to the temperature measured inside or outside the building. 9.3.6 Thermostatic radiator valve (TRV) A radiator valve with an air temperature sensor, used to control the heat output from the radiator by adjusting water flow. 9.3.7 Cylinder thermostat A sensing device to measure the temperature of the hot water cylinder and switch on and off the water heating. A single target temperature may be set by the user. 9.3.8 Flow switch A flow switch is a device, which detects when there is no water flow through the system because the TRVs on all radiators are closed. 9.3.9 Boiler interlock This is not a physical device but an arrangement of the system controls so as to ensure that the boiler does not fire when there is no demand for heat. In a system with a combi boiler it can be achieved by fitting a room thermostat. In a system with a regular boiler it can be achieved by correct wiring interconnections between the room thermostat, cylinder thermostat, and motorised valve(s). It may also be achieved by a suitable boiler energy manager. In systems without an interlock the boiler is kept cycling even though no water is being circulated through the main radiators or to the hot water cylinder. This results in a reduction in operating efficiency and for this reason Table 4e specifies that a seasonal efficiency reduction of 5% should be made for such systems. For the purposes of the SAP, an interlocked system is one in which both the space and water heating are interlocked. If either is not, the 5% seasonal efficiency reduction is applied to both space and water heating; if both are interlocked no reductions are made. It is also necessary in the SAP to specify whether a hot water cylinder has a thermostat or not. A cylinder thermostat normally shuts down the primary circuit pump once the demand temperature in the cylinder is met. The cylinder thermostat itself may not switch off the boiler; this is only done if the pump and boiler are interlocked and so the presence of a cylinder thermostat does not in itself signify the presence of an interlock for water heating. If there is no cylinder thermostat, however, there can be no interlock since the system does not know when the demand temperature is reached. A boiler system with no cylinder thermostat must therefore be considered as having no interlock. A boiler system with no room thermostat - even if there is a cylinder thermostat - must be considered as having no interlock. For solid fuel boilers and dry core electric boilers the boiler interlock question is not relevant and the efficiency values in Table 4a allow for normal operation of these appliances. For such systems there is no efficiency reduction for the absence of interlock, except where the system has No thermostatic control, for which the efficiency reduction of 5% is made to the space and water heating efficiencies. Note: TRVs alone do not perform the boiler interlock function and require the addition of a separate room thermostat in one room.

9.3.10 Bypass A fixed bypass is an arrangement of pipes that ensures a minimum flow rate is maintained through the boiler. This is achieved either by ensuring that one radiator stays open or by adding a short pipe with a valve between the flow and return pipe. A radiator without a TRV or hand valve is a common form of fixed bypass. The control type TRVs + programmer + bypass is a non-interlocked system in the absence of other arrangements to provide the interlock function. 9.3.11 Boiler energy manager Typically a device intended to improve boiler control using a selection of features such as weather compensation, load compensation, start control, night setback, frost protection, anti-cycling control and hot water over-ride. For the purposes of the SAP it is an equivalent to a hard-wired interlock, and if present, weather compensation or load compensation. 9.3.12 Time and temperature zone controls In order for a system to be specified with time and temperature zone control, it must be possible to program the heating times of at least two zones independently, as well as having independent temperature controls. It is not necessary for these zones to correspond exactly with the zone division that defines the living area fraction. In the case of wet systems this involves separate plumbing circuits, either with its own programmer, or separate channels in the same programmer. (By contrast, TRVs provide only independent temperature control.) Time and temperature zone control can be obtained for electric systems, including underfloor heating, by providing separate temperature and time controls for different rooms. 9.3.13 Weather compensator A device, or feature within a device, which adjusts the temperature of the water circulating through the heating system according to the temperature measured outside the building. 9.3.14 Load compensator A device, or feature within a device, which adjusts the temperature of the water circulating through the heating system according to the temperature measured inside the building. 9.3.15 Controls for electric storage heaters There are three types of control that can be used with electric storage heaters - manual charge control, automatic charge control and CELECT-type control. Automatic charge control can be achieved using internal thermostat(s) or an external temperature sensor to control the extent of charging of the heaters. Availability of electricity to the heaters may be controlled by the electricity supplier on the basis of daily weather predictions (see 24-hour tariff, 10.3.2). A CELECT-type controller has electronic sensors throughout the dwelling linked to a central control device. It monitors the individual room sensors and optimises the charging of all the storage heaters individually (and may select direct acting heaters in preference to storage heaters).

11

10

Total energy use and fuel costs

10.1 Energy use

The annual energy use is calculated for the following items: main space heating system secondary space heating domestic hot water heating electricity for pumps and fans (including mechanical ventilation if present) electricity for lighting.

10.2 Fuel prices

Integrated storage/direct systems comprise: electric storage heaters with reduced storage capacity but incorporating a direct-acting radiant heater, designed to provide about 80% of the heat output from storage and about 20% from direct-acting underfloor heating designed to take about 80% of the heating needs at off-peak times and about 20% at on-peak times. This heating can be controlled by a low (off-peak) tariff control which optimises the timing and extent of the off-peak charge according to outside temperature and the quantity of stored heat. Low tariff control optimises the storage of heat in the floor during the off-peak period, and is modelled by a higher system responsiveness. A secondary system is always to be specified when the main system is electric storage heaters or off-peak electric underfloor heating. 10.3.3 Solid fuel systems Independent boilers can be fuelled by anthracite or wood; some models are multi-fuel able to use either. For solid fuel open room fires the fuel would generally be house coal, smokeless fuel or wood. For further details see Table 12b. Some pellet boilers and stoves may be room sealed, in which case the flue ventilation loss (see section 2) does not apply. Independent boilers that provide domestic hot water usually do so throughout the year. With open fire back boilers or closed roomheaters with boilers, an alternative system (electric immersion) may be provided for heating water in the summer. In that case a fraction N/365 of the annual water heating is provided by the boiler and 1-N/365 by the alternative system where N is the length of the heating season. For SAP 2005, N=238 days. Outside Smoke Control Areas any fuel can be used subject to the manufacturers instructions for the appliance concerned. Within Smoke Control Areas solid fuel may be used if: it is an Authorised Smokeless Fuel that has been approved by Parliamentary Statutory Instrument for burning in a Smoke Control Area, or it will be used on an Exempted Appliance that has been approved by Parliamentary Statutory Instrument for installation in a Smoke Control Area (the exemption applies to a specific fuel or fuels for the appliance concerned). For further information including a list of currently authorised fuels and exempted appliances see www.uksmokecontrolareas.co.uk.

Fuel costs are calculated using the fuel prices given in Table 12. The fuel prices given are averaged over the previous three years and across regions. Other prices must not be used for the purpose of this calculation. Since fuels have to relate to realistic heating systems it is important that practical combinations of fuel types are used.

10.3 Main fuel types

Main space heating systems may use any of the fuel types listed in Table 12 as long as they are relevant to the particular heating system. Specifying the main heating fuel is usually straightforward but the following points should be borne in mind. 10.3.1 Gas systems The choices are mains gas, bulk LPG and bottled gas. Bottled gas is normally used only with gas room heaters. In dwellings where the main heating system uses mains gas or bulk LPG, any gas-fired secondary system should use the same fuel as the main system. 10.3.2 Electric systems There are three special heating tariffs available for storage type systems: 7-hour off-peak, 10-hour off-peak and 24-hour heating tariff. 7-hour off-peak is what would generally be called Economy-7 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, or Economy White Meter in Scotland. This tariff should be selected when the off-peak availability is during a single period overnight: the actual duration can be between 7 and 8 hours. When the main system is off-peak electricity, any systems that use electricity outside the low tariff times are charged at the on-peak rate (i.e. pumps and fans, electric secondary heating and a percentage of the water heating). Standard rate electricity should not generally be specified in dwellings making use of one of these special electricity tariffs. For proportions of electricity used at the on-peak and off-peak rates see Table 12a. 10-hour tariff off-peak provides 10 hours of off-peak electricity in 3 periods (typically 5 hours during the night, 3 hours in the afternoon and 2 hours in the evening) for space and water heating; lights, appliances etc. will use standard tariff. The 10-hour off-peak tariff is available only in certain areas. The 24-hour tariff is for use with storage based systems where the primary and secondary heating, water heating and electricity for pump and fans are all charged at the 24-hour rate. The storage heaters may be recharged at any time of the day with the recharging being remotely controlled by the electricity company. The 24-hour tariff is used only with whole-dwelling heating systems which are designed for about 60% storage and 40% direct-acting heaters. It is available only in certain areas.

10.4 Secondary fuel types

Secondary heating systems are taken from the room heaters section of Table 4a and the fuel options will in practice be determined by the fuel used for the main heating system.

10.5 Water heating fuel types

Water heating may be provided by the main heating system or it may be supplied using an independent water heating system. Whenever water heating is supplied by a system using off-peak electricity it is assumed that a proportion of the water heating will, nevertheless, take place at on-peak times (and so be charged at on-peak rates). This proportion is calculated using Table 13 and the percentage is dependent on the total floor area and the cylinder size. This table should be linearly interpolated (in both directions where necessary) for intermediate values. The limits of cylinder size in the table are cut-off points, so that if, for instance, the cylinder size used is 105 litres, the values for 110 litres should be used instead.

12

10.6 Electricity for pumps and fans

An allowance for the electricity used has to be made for systems that include any of the following: central heating pump boiler with fan assisted flue warm air heating system fans whole house mechanical ventilation keep-hot facility (electric) for gas combi boilers. The tariff at which this electricity is charged is the on-peak rate if the heating and/or hot water uses an off-peak tariff, otherwise it is the standard tariff. Note that the allowance in this section for fan assisted flues only applies for boilers - fan assisted flues for gas fires should not be counted. Data are given in Table 4f.

12 Carbon dioxide emissions and primary energy

The Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER) is equal to the CO2 emissions per unit floor area for space and water heating and lighting, less the emissions saved by energy generation technologies, expressed in kg/m2/year to two decimal places. The calculation should proceed by following the appropriate section of the SAP worksheet, designed for calculating carbon dioxide emissions for: individual heating systems and community heating without combined heat and power (CHP); or community heating with CHP and waste heat from power stations. The Environmental Impact Rating (EI rating) is related to the annual CO2 emissions by: CF = (CO2 emissions)/(TFA + 45) if CF 28.3 if CF < 28.3 EI rating = 200 95 log10 (CF) EI rating = 100 1.34 CF (3) (4) (5)

10.7 Electricity for lighting

The electricity used for lighting is calculated according to the procedure in Appendix L. The calculation allows for low-energy lighting provided by fixed outlets (both dedicated fittings and compact fluorescent lamps) on the basis of the proportion of the fixed outlets that have low-energy fittings. The tariff at which electricity for lighting is charged is the on-peak rate if the heating and/or hot water uses an off-peak tariff, otherwise it is the standard tariff.

where the CO2 emissions are calculated in box (112) or box (119*) and TFA is the total floor area of the dwelling as in box (5). The EI rating scale (1-100) has been set so that EI 100 is achieved at zero net emissions. It can rise above 100 if the dwelling is a net exporter of energy. The EI rating is essentially independent of floor area. The EI rating is rounded to the nearest integer. If the result of the calculation is less than 1 the rating should be quoted as 1. Environmental impact rating bands are defined by the EI rating according to Table 15. The total primary energy can also be calculated using the primary energy factors in Table 12 in place of the CO2 emission factors.

11

The SAP rating is related to the energy cost factor by the equations: if ECF 3.5, if ECF < 3.5, SAP 2005 = 111 110 log10(ECF) SAP 2005 = 100 13.96 ECF (1) (2)

Energy cost rating

where ECF = Energy cost factor, calculated in box (99) or (99*). SAP ratings can also be obtained by using Table 14. The SAP rating now takes into account energy for lighting and the effect of thermal bridges, and also takes account of energy generated in the dwelling using technologies like micro-CHP or photovoltaics. The SAP rating scale (1-100) has been set so that SAP 100 is achieved at zero-ECF. It can rise above 100 if the dwelling is a net exporter of energy. The SAP rating is essentially independent of floor area. The SAP rating is rounded to the nearest integer. If the result of the calculation is less than 1 the rating should be quoted as 1. Energy efficiency rating bands are defined by the SAP rating according to Table 15.

13

Building regulations may refer to CO2 emissions as calculated by the SAP as a method of demonstrating compliance with regulations for the conservation of fuel and power. If the applicable regulatory document makes any specific requirements for the calculations (e.g. to specify a certain proportion of low-energy lighting), these are to be followed for calculations being made to demonstrate compliance with the regulations concerned. The current requirements of regulations can be checked against documents available at: England & Wales Scotland Northern Ireland www.odpm.gov.uk www.sbsa.gov.uk www.buildingregulationsni.gov.uk

Building regulations

Appendix R gives reference values to define a notional dwelling, which may be referred to in building regulations in connection with establishing a target CO2 emissions rate.

13

REFERENCES
1) A nderson B R, Clark A J, Baldwin R and Milbank N O, BREDEM The BRE Domestic Energy Model - background, philosophy and description. BRE Report: BR 66, BRE, Garston, 1985. 2) H enderson G and Shorrock L D, BREDEM - BRE Domestic Energy Model - testing the predictions of a two zone model, Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol., 7(2) 1986, pp87-91. 3) Shorrock L D and Anderson B R, A guide to the development of BREDEM. BRE Information Paper IP 4/95, BRE, Garston, 1995. 4) A nderson B R, Chapman P F, Cutland N G, Dickson C M, Henderson G, Henderson J H, Iles P J, Kosmina L and Shorrock L D. BREDEM-12 Model description 2001 Update. BRE, Garston, 2001. 5) A nderson B R, Energy assessment for dwellings using BREDEM worksheets, BRE Information Paper IP 13/88, BRE, Garston, 1988. 6) C IBSE Guide A3, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, CIBSE, London, 1999. 7) B asements for dwellings. Approved Document, British Cement Association, BCA, Crowthorne, 1997. ISBN 0-7210-1508-5. BRE documents are available from: BRE Bookshop Willoughby Road Bracknell Berkshire RG12 8DW Tel 01344 404407 Fax 01344 714440 www.brebookshop.com

List of standards referred to in this document

Reference BS EN ISO 6946* Title Content Building components and Calculation of building elements - Thermal U-values for walls resistance and thermal and roofs transmittance - Calculation method Thermal performance of buildings - transmission heat loss coefficient Calculation method Building materials and products - Hydrothermal properties - Tabulated design values Heat loss rate from whole building

BS EN ISO 13789*

BS EN 12524**

List of thermal conductivity values

BS EN ISO 10077-1* Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 1: General BS EN ISO 10077-2 Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters - Calculation of thermal transmittance Part 2: Numerical method for frames BS EN ISO 12567 Thermal performance of windows and doorsDetermination of thermal transmittance by hot box method

U-values for windows and doors

U-values for window frames

U-value measurement for windows and doors

BS EN ISO 13370*

Thermal performance of U-values for floors buildings - Heat transfer via the ground - Calculation methods

** being subsumed into ISO 10456 The standards are available from: BSI Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL Tel: 020 8996 9001 Fax: 020 8996 7001 www.bsonline.bsi-global.com

under review

14

Appendix A: Primary and secondary heating systems

A1 General principles

The primary heating system is that which heats the largest proportion of dwelling. It is a heating system which is not usually based on individual room heaters (although it can be), and often provides hot water as well as space heating. Main heating systems are categorised on the basis of generic types in Tables 4a and 4b. Occasionally there may be two central heating systems, for example two separate boilers used to heat different parts of the property. In this case the calculation should be undertaken using the system that heats the largest part of the property. The secondary heating system is based upon a room heater. Secondary heating systems are taken from the room heaters section of Table 4a and the fuel options will in practice usually be determined by the fuel used for the main heating system. A secondary heating system is to be specified if: a) the main system is not sufficient in itself to heat the dwelling to the level on which the SAP is based (21C in the living area and 18C elsewhere); or b) fixed secondary heaters are present (e.g. a gas fire or a chimney and hearth capable of supporting an open fire). In case a), assume direct-acting electric heaters if no actual secondary heaters are present. A secondary system is always specified when the main system is electric storage heaters or off-peak electric underfloor heating. Note that building regulations or other regulations may make additional specifications in relation to secondary heaters, which should be followed in the case of compliance calculations. The SAP calculation is based on the characteristics of the dwelling and the systems installed and not on the heating practices of the occupying household. That does not preclude further estimates of energy consumption being made to take account of actual usage. Such estimates are not part of SAP but could form the basis of advice given to the occupying household on how to make best use of the systems at their disposal. Table 11 gives the fraction of the heating that is assumed to be supplied by the secondary system. The treatment of secondary systems is not affected by any control options for the secondary system. In some cases it may not be immediately clear which of two systems present should be classified as the main system and which as the secondary. In these cases the system which is cheapest to use should be taken as the primary, and if there is still doubt, i.e. if they are both equally cheap to use, select the system that heats the living room. The other system can still be input as a secondary system but it needs to be input as a room heater. A room heater system should be chosen so that its efficiency closely reflects (but does not exceed) that of the actual system (as defined by Table 4a). The chosen room heater should also use the same fuel/tariff as the actual system. If two types of secondary heater are present, that which heats the greater number of rooms should be specified as the secondary system (and the other secondary heaters ignored). If that condition does not resolve the choice, the system which is the cheapest to run should be specified.

A2 Procedure for determining the heating systems

1) Identify the main heating system. If there is a central system that provides both space and water heating and it is capable of heating at least 30% of the dwelling, select that system as the main heating system. If there is no system that provides both space and water heating, then select the system that has the capability of heating the greatest part of the dwelling. 2) If there is still doubt about which system should be selected as the main system, select the system that supplies useful heat to the dwelling at lowest cost (obtained by dividing fuel cost by conversion efficiency). 3) Use the responsiveness of the main heating system in calculating the mean internal temperature in section 7 of the SAP calculation. 4) Obtain the proportion of use for the secondary heating system from Table 11. 5) Obtain the efficiency of the secondary heating system, either from manufacturers declaration (see Appendix E) or from Table 4a. Calculate the space heating fuel requirements for both main and secondary heating systems as specified in section9 of the SAP calculation.

A3 Dwellings with inadequate heating systems

A3.1 New dwellings
The SAP assumes that a good standard of heating will be achieved throughout the dwelling. For dwellings in which the heating system is not capable of providing the standard, it should be assumed that the additional heating is provided by electric heaters, using the fraction given in Table 11 (but see also A3.3). For new dwellings that have no heating system specified, it should be assumed that all heat will be provided by electric heaters using electricity at the standard domestic tariff.

A3.2 Existing dwellings

Some existing dwellings have heaters only in a limited number of rooms, generally gas or electric fires. In these cases the usual basis of calculation, that the dwelling is fully heated, still applies. Rooms without heaters are assumed to be heated by electric room heaters. The choice between primary and secondary heating is decided as follows. 1) Count the number of habitable rooms, as defined in S9 in Appendix S. 2) If 25% or less of the habitable rooms are actually heated, and are heated by a fuel other than electricity, the (assumed) electric system is the primary and the other fuel is the secondary. A heated room means one with a heat emitter in the room. 3) If the number of habitable rooms actually heated is more than 25% but not exceeding 50%, the heaters in these rooms are the primary and the (assumed) electric heaters are the secondary. 4) If more than 50% of rooms are heated, the normal rules apply.

15

Examples. A house with 6 habitable rooms, with one gas fire would be treated as being electrically heated with a gas secondary heater (1 room out of 6). If there were two gas fires (2 rooms out of 6), the gas fires are the primary heating and electricity the secondary. If there were 4 habitable rooms, and one gas fire (1 out of 4), the primary heating would be eletric and the gas fire, the secondary.

3kW, the heating in the main room is the primary system irrespective of the number of rooms heated. For this purpose, DHL is the heat loss coefficient as calculated at box (37) of the worksheet, multiplied by a design temperature difference of 20 K.

A3.4 Broken heating systems

A3.3 Highly insulated small dwellings

In the case of highly insulated small dwellings, item (2) in A3.2 may not be realistic, for example a 3kW gas fire could suffice to provide most of the heating needs. Accordingly, if the design heat loss (DHL) is less than

SAP assumes that the installed heating systems are operational and takes no account of whether they are working or not. However, in the case where the main heating unit (e.g. boiler) is missing and thus the dwelling has no installed primary heating system, the rules in A3.2 should be followed.

16

Appendix B: Gas and oil boiler systems, boilers with a thermal store, and range cooker boilers

B1 Boilers in the database

The boiler database (see section 9.2.1) contains, in addition to efficiency, all the boiler parameters relevant to SAP calculations.

B2.3 Boilers with fan-assisted flue

Low thermal capacity means a boiler either having a copper heat exchanger or having an internal water content not exceeding 5 litres. If the position is uncertain the category of high thermal capacity should be used.

B2 Gas and oil boiler systems in Table 4b

General definitions of the various modern boiler types are given in Appendix D. Table 4b gives efficiency values for use when the SEDBUK value is not available. The following notes give guidance for the categories in Table 2 and Table 4b.

B2.4 Boiler selected by date

The date refers to the year of manufacture of the boiler. If this is uncertain the older category should be used.

B2.5 Combined Primary Storage Unit (CPSU)

B2.1 Combination boilers

Table 4b does not distinguish between the sub-types of combination boiler, and the values given for combi apply to all sub-types (on/off or modulating, instantaneous or storage). For definitions of storage combination boilers see D1.10 to D1.12 in Appendix D. A combination boiler with an internal hot water store may be either: primary a primary water store contains mainly water which is common with the space heating circuit. secondary a secondary water store contains mainly water which is directly usable as domestic hot water.

A CPSU is defined in D 1.13. The store must be at least 70 litres - if the store is less than 70 litres, the appliance should be treated as a storage combination boiler. A schematic illustration of a CPSU is shown in FigureB2. Note: If the store is a different appliance from the boiler (ie contained within a separate overall casing) the system should be treated as a boiler with a thermal store as described in B3.

Hot water Fuel

Space heating load

Hot water Space heating load

Fuel

Figure B2 Combined primary storage unit (CPSU)

Primary storage combi boiler

B3 Boilers with a thermal store

All systems described in this section have hot water stores as a separate appliance from the boiler. Hot water Space heating load

B3.1 Integrated thermal store

An integrated thermal store is designed to store primary hot water, which can be used directly for space heating and indirectly for domestic hot water. The heated primary water is circulated to the space heating (e.g. radiators). The domestic hot water is heated instantaneously by transferring the heat from the stored primary water to the domestic hot water flowing through the heat exchanger. A schematic illustration of an integrated thermal store is shown in Figure B3.

Fuel

Secondary storage combi boiler

Figure B1 Primary and secondary storage combi boilers The essential difference between a CPSU (see section B2.5) and a storage combination boiler with a larger primary store is that in the case of a CPSU the feed to the space heating circuit is taken from the store, while in the case of a storage combi with a larger primary store, the store does not feed the space heating circuit.

B2.2 Boilers 1998 or later

For an appliance to qualify as an integrated thermal store, the WMA (formerly British Gas) specification for integrated thermal stores must be complied with, and at least 70 litres of the store volume must be available to act as a buffer to the space heating demand. If the WMA specification is not met then the device should be treated like a conventional boiler and hot water cylinder. If only the volume requirement is not met, then the device may be treated as a hot water only thermal store.

If the ignition type is not known, a boiler with a fan-assisted flue may be assumed to have automatic ignition, and one with an open flue to have a permanent pilot light.

Performance specification for Thermal Stores. Waterheater Manufacturers Association, 1999.

17

B4 Range cookers

Separate boiler

Hot water

Space heating load

Range cookers are flued cooking appliances predominantly constructed of cast iron designed to provide some heat from their case into the space in which they are located. There are three types.

B4.1 Range cooker with boiler for space heating

Fuel Thermal store Figure B3 Integrated thermal store

B3.2 Hot water only thermal store

This type provide an independent water heating function for space heating in addition to the cooking function. There are two design variations: Twin burner range cooker/boiler an appliance with two independently controlled burners, one for the cooking function, one for the water heating function for space heating burner range cooker/boiler an appliance with a single burner that provides a cooking function and a water heating function for space heating For the twin burner type, the efficiency can be can be from the boiler efficiency database, manufacturers declaration or Table 4b, as explained in section 9.2.2 of this document. For the single burner type, the efficiency should be obtained from Table 4b.

A hot water only thermal store is designed to provide domestic hot water only and is heated by a boiler. The domestic hot water is heated by transferring the heat from the primary stored water to the domestic hot water flowing through the heat exchanger, the space heating demand being met directly by the boiler. A schematic illustration of a hot water only thermal store is shown in Figure B4. For an appliance to qualify as a hot water only thermal store, the WMA specification for hot water only thermal stores must be complied with. If this requirement is not met then the device should be treated like a conventional boiler and hot water cylinder.

B4.2 Single burner ranger cooker/water heater

This type provides a cooking function and some heating of domestic hot water. For SAP calculations all heating of domestic hot water should be based on an electric immersion heater.

B4.3 Single burner dry heat range cooker

This type is an appliance with a single burner that provides a cooking function. It is not included in SAP calculations.

Separate boiler

Hot water

Space heating load

Fuel Thermal store

Figure B4 Hot water only thermal store

18

Appendix C: Community heating, including schemes with Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and schemes that recover heat from power stations.

C1 Community heating where heat is produced by centralised unit by dedicated plant

In community schemes, also known as group or district schemes, heat produced centrally serves a number of dwellings or communal areas. CHP (Combined heat and Power) is defined as the simultaneous generation of heat and power in a single process. There are essentially two ways of producing heat for community heating by a dedicated plant: heat produced by boilers only (Figure C1) heat produced by a combination of boilers and CHP units (Figure C2).

The proportions of heat from the CHP and from conventional boilers, and the heat and electrical efficiencies of the CHP for the calculation of CO2 emissions, should be estimated, either on the basis of operational records or in the case of a new scheme on the basis of its design specification. Heat efficiency is defined as the annual useful heat supplied from a CHP scheme divided by the total annual fuel input. The power efficiency is the total annual power output divided by the total annual fuel input. The heat efficiency of the CHP should be based on the useful heat supplied by the CHP to the community heating, excluding any dumped heat (see Figure C3).

800
Average Monthly Heating Demand (kW)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Boiler heat supplied CHP heat dumped CHP heat supplied

Heat Fuel Boilers only

Site heat load

Losses

Distribution losses

Figure C1 Community heating with heat supplied by boilers only

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure C3 An example of a heat profile chart The heat required for space and water heating is calculated using an alternative worksheet, designed for calculating SAP when space and water heating is provided by community heating (with or without CHP). The heat price for community heating is taken from Table 12. This price incorporates bulk rates for buying the fuel used in the plant, operating costs, energy used in pumping the hot water and, in the case of CHP, receipts from the sale of the electricity generated. The efficiency to be used in the calculation of the SAP rating is 100% less the adjustment given in Table 4c(3) for controls and charging method. For the calculation of CO2 emissions, the efficiency to be used is that of the generating plant. A default figure is given in Table 4a for community boilers but, if known, the actual efficiency of the boilers should be used instead. For CHP plant, the efficiency can be specified as either a) the heat efficiency and the electrical efficiency, or b) the overall efficiency and the heat-to-power ratio. Note: In the case of community heating with CHP, both heat and electricity are produced and the CO2 emissions associated with the fuel burnt have to be apportioned to the two forms of energy. In the SAP calculation the electricity generated by CHP is taken as having a CO2 emissions factor equivalent to that for electricity generated by new gas fired power stations, and the remaining CO2 is assigned to the heat produced.

Losses

Electricity

CHP Fuel Boilers

Heat

Site heat load

Heat

Losses Distribution losses

Figure C2 Community heating with heat supplied by a combination of boilers and CHP For community heating with CHP Schemes, the CHP unit is the primary heat source, and back-up boilers of conventional design are used when the heat output of the CHP plant is insufficient to meet the instantaneous demand. The proportion of heat from CHP and from boilers varies from installation to installation.

19

C2 Community heating schemes that recover waste heat from power stations
This includes waste heat from power stations rated at more than 10MW electrical output and with a power efficiency greater than 35%. (Otherwise the system should be considered as CHP.) For community schemes that recover heat from power stations, the waste heat is the primary heat source, and secondary boilers of conventional design are used when the available waste heat is insufficient to meet the instantaneous demand. The proportions of heat from the power station and from the conventional boilers should be estimated, either on the basis of operational records or in the case of a new scheme on the basis of its design specification.

The overall efficiency of the heating plant is 100% minus the amount shown in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c(3). The Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate is calculated using the following procedure: use the worksheet for calculating community heating with CHP or schemes that recover heat from power stations enter 0 in boxes from (101*) to (106*) enter 0.018 in box (107*) and complete the calculation as normal. Note: 0.018 kg CO2/kWh in Table 12 reflects emissions associated with the electricity used for pumping the water from the power station to the dwelling.

20

Appendix D: Method of determining seasonal efficiency values for gas and oil boilers

Note: The data and equations in this appendix are not to be used by SAP assessors. This appendix sets out, in D2 and D4, the method to be used by manufacturers to determine the Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK (SEDBUK) for particular gas and oil boilers when test data have been obtained to establish conformity with Council Directive 92/42/EEC. This Directive has been implemented in the UK by the Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations**. Manufacturers declarations of SEDBUK values so calculated should be accompanied by the form of words in D3, and SAP assessors should look for the same form of words in order to ascertain that the efficiency value referred to is appropriate for SAP calculations. Range cooker boilers with twin burners are covered by D5 and D6.

D1.6 Combination boiler

A boiler with the capability to provide domestic hot water directly, in some cases containing an internal hot water store.

D1.7 Instantaneous combination boiler

A combination boiler without an internal hot water store, or with an internal hot water store of capacity less than 15 litres.

D1.8 On/off instantaneous combination boiler

An instantaneous combination boiler that only has a single fuel burning rate for space heating. This includes appliances with alternative burning rates set once only at time of installation, referred to as range rating.

D1.9 Modulating instantaneous combination boiler

An instantaneous combination boiler with the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing.

D1.10 Storage combination boiler

D1 Definitions
D1.1 Boiler
A gas or liquid fuelled appliance designed to provide hot water for space heating. It may (but need not) be designed to provide domestic hot water as well.

A combination boiler with an internal hot water store of capacity at least 15 litres but less than 70 litres, OR a combination boiler with an internal hot water store of capacity at least 70 litres, in which the feed to the space heating circuit is not taken directly from the store. If the store is at least 70 litres and the feed to the space heating circuit is taken directly from the store, treat as a CPSU (D1.13 or D1.14).

D1.2 Condensing boiler

A boiler designed to make use of the latent heat released by the condensation of water vapour in the combustion flue products. The boiler must allow the condensate to leave the heat exchanger in liquid form by way of a condensate drain. Condensing may only be applied to the definitions D1.3 to D1.14 inclusive. Boilers not so designed, or without the means to remove the condensate in liquid form, are called noncondensing.

D1.11 On/off storage combination boiler

A storage combination boiler that only has a single fuel burning rate for space heating. This includes appliances with alternative burning rates set once only at time of installation, referred to as range rating.

D1.12 Modulating storage combination boiler

D1.3 Regular boiler

A boiler which does not have the capability to provide domestic hot water directly (i.e. not a combination boiler). It may nevertheless provide domestic hot water indirectly via a separate hot water storage cylinder.

A storage combination boiler with the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing.

D1.13 On/off combined primary storage unit (CPSU)

D1.4 On/off regular boiler

A regular boiler without the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing. This includes those with alternative burning rates set once only at time of installation, referred to as range rating.

D1.5 Modulating regular boiler

A regular boiler with the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing.

A single appliance designed to provide both space heating and the production of domestic hot water, in which there is a burner that heats a thermal store which contains mainly primary water which is in common with the space heating circuit. The store must have a capacity of at least 70 litres and the feed to the space heating circuit must be taken directly from the store. The appliance does not have the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing. This includes those with alternative burning rates set once only at time of installation, referred to as range rating.

D1.14 Modulating combined primary storage unit (CPSU)

A single appliance designed to provide both space heating and the production of domestic hot water, in which there is a burner that heats a thermal store which contains mainly primary water which is in common with the space heating circuit. The store must have a capacity of at least 70 litres and the feed to the space heating circuit must be taken directly from the store. The appliance has the capability to vary the fuel burning rate whilst maintaining continuous burner firing.

Council Directive 92/42/EEC on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels. Official Journal of the European Communities No L/167/17. 21 May 1992, p. 92

**

The Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations 1993, SI (1993) No 3083, as amended by the Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment) Regulations 1994, SI (1994) No 3083.

21

D1.15 Low temperature boiler

A non-condensing boiler designed as a low temperature boiler and tested as a low temperature boiler as prescribed by the Boiler Efficiency Directive (i.e.; the part load test was carried out at average boiler temperature of 40C).

D2.4 Convert the full and 30% part load efficiencies from net values to gross
Use the following equation with the appropriate factor from Table D2.2.

Egross = f Enet
Table D2.2 : Efficiency conversion factors Fuel Natural gas LPG (propane or butane) Oil (kerosene or gas oil) Net-to-gross conversion factor, f 0.901 0.921 0.937

D1.16 Keep-hot facility

A facility within an instantaneous combination boiler whereby water within the boiler may be kept hot while there is no demand. The water is kept hot either (i) solely by burning fuel, or (ii) by electricity, or (iii) both by burning fuel and by electricity, though not necessarily simultaneously.

D2 Method for calculating the Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK (SEDBUK)
The method of calculation is applicable only to boilers for which the full load and the 30% part load efficiency values, obtained by the methods deemed to satisfy Council Directive 92/42/EEC, are available. These are net efficiency values. It is essential that both test results are available and that the tests are appropriate to the type of boiler as defined in Council Directive, otherwise the calculation cannot proceed.

D2.5 Categorise the boiler

a) Select the appropriate category for the boiler according to the definitions given in D1 b) If a gas or LPG boiler, determine whether it has a permanent pilot light: if it has a permanent pilot light, set p = 1 if not, set p = 0 c) In the case of a storage combination boiler (either on/off or modulating) determine from the test report whether the losses from the store were included in the values reported (this depends on whether the store was connected to the boiler during the tests): if the store loss is included, set b = 1 if not, set b = 0 d) In the case of a storage combination boiler or a CPSU, obtain the store volume, Vcs, in litres from the specification of the device and the standby loss factor, L, using the following equation: if t < 10 mm: L = 0.0945 0.0055t if t 10 mm: L = 0.394/t where t is the thickness of the insulation of the store in mm.

In the calculation method the data are first converted to gross efficiency under test conditions, and then converted to a seasonal efficiency value that applies under typical conditions of use in a dwelling, allowing for standing losses. In this Appendix, efficiencies are expressed in percent. Intermediate calculations should be done to at least four places of decimals of a percentage, and the final result rounded to one decimal place. The procedure to be adopted by manufacturers is as follows:

D2.1 Determine fuel for boiler type

The fuel for boiler type must be one of natural gas, LPG (butane or propane), or oil (kerosene or gas oil). SEDBUK cannot be calculated for other fuels.

D2.6 Calculate seasonal efficiency

D2.2 Obtain test data

Retrieve the full-load net efficiency and 30% part-load net efficiency test results. Tests must have been carried out using the same fuel as the fuel for boiler type, except as provided in D4.

D2.3 Reduce to maximum net efficiency values

a) Use the boiler category and other characteristics as defined in D1 (non-condensing or condensing; gas or LPG or oil; on/off or modulating) to look up the appropriate SEDBUK equation number in Table D2.3. If no equation number is given the calculation cannot proceed. Otherwise, select the appropriate equation from Table D2.4 or Table D2.5. b) Substitute the gross full and part load efficiencies (found in step 4) and p, b, V and L (found in step 5). Round the result to one decimal place; ie, to nearest 0.1%. Note the result as [x] for the purpose of the declaration in D3.

Table D2.1 gives the maximum values of net efficiency for each fuel that may be used for the purposes of the SAP. Reduce any greater test value to the appropriate value given in Table D2.1. Table D2.1 : Maximum net efficiency values (in %) Condensing boilers Full load 101.0 30% part load 107.0 Non-condensing boilers Full load 92.0 30% part load 91.0

22

Table D2.3 : Boiler category table Non-condensing (see D1.2) Gas or LPG SEDBUK Equation numbers for different boiler types
On/off (see D1.4, D1.8, D1.11, D1.13) Modulating (see D1.5, D1.9, D1.12, D1.14) On/off (see D1.4, D1.8, D1.11)

Oil
Modulating (see D1.5, D1.9, D1.12)

Lowtemperature (see D1.15)

Condensing (see D1.2) Gas or LPG

On/off (see D1.4, D1.8, D1.11, D1.13) Modulating (see D1.5, D1.9, D1.12, D1.14) On/off (see D1.4, D1.8, D1.11)

Oil
Modulating (see D1.5, D1.9, D1.12)

Regular boiler (see D1.4, D1.5) Instantaneous combi boiler (see D1.7, D1.8, D1.9) Storage combi boiler (see D1.10, D1.11, D1.12) Combined primary storage unit (see D1.13, D1.14)

101 103

102 104

201 202

X X

X X

101 103

102 104

201 202

X X

105

106

203

105

106

203

107

107

107

107

Table D2.4 : Seasonal efficiency, E, for natural gas and LPG boilers Gas or LPG boiler type D1.4: On/off regular D1.5: Modulating regular D1.8: On/off instantaneous combination D1.9: Modulating instantaneous combination D1.11: On/off storage combination D1.12: Modulating storage combination D1.13: On/ off combined primary storage unit (condensing and non-condensing) D1.14: Modulating combined primary storage unit (condensing and non-condensing) Table D2.5 : Seasonal efficiency, E, for oil boilers Oil boiler type D1.3 : Regular D1.7 : Instantaneous combination D1.10 : Storage combination Eq. No. 201 202 203 Equation E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) 2.8 E = 0.5(Efull + Epart ) 2.8 + (0.209 b L Vcs) Eq. no. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Equation E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) 2.5 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) 2.0 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) 2.8 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart) 2.1 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart ) 2.8 + (0.209 b L Vcs) 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart ) 1.7 + (0.209 b L Vcs) 4p E = 0.5(Efull + Epart ) (0.539 L Vcs) 4p

D3 Declaring values of seasonal efficiency

Where a manufacturer declares the SEDBUK, it shall be expressed as: Seasonal Efficiency (SEDBUK) = [x]% The value is used in the UK Governments Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) for energy rating of dwellings. The test data from which it has been calculated have been certified by [insert name and/or identification of Notified Body]. Data for several products may be presented in tabulated form, in which case the second paragraph of the declaration should be incorporated as a note to the table.

Manufacturers wishing to declare their products seasonal efficiencies for the specific purposes of calculating SAP ratings can do so provided that: a) they use the SEDBUK calculation procedure given in D2 above; and b) the necessary boiler test data and the calculations are certified by a Notified Body accredited for the testing of boilers by an EU national accreditation service. The Notified Body must certify that: the full load and part load efficiency test results detailed in [insert reference to report on the efficiency tests] have been obtained by methods deemed to satisfy the Boiler Efficiency Directive.

23

D4 Method for calculating the SEDBUK for boilers fuelled by LPG but tested with natural gas

2) Calculate the SEDBUK according to D2 using the appropriate equation for a regular boiler.

If the fuel for boiler type is LPG but the fuel used to obtain efficiency test results is natural gas then SEDBUK may be calculated subject to certain conditions using the procedure given below. The value of SEDBUK will be lower than if the fuel used to obtain the test results had been LPG. 1) Note the restrictions set out at the start of D2, which still apply. 2) Any differences between the boiler fuelled by natural gas (used to obtain full-load and 30% part-load efficiency test results) and the boiler fuelled by LPG (for which the SEDBUK is required) must be minor. Examples of minor differences are a change of gas injector or adjustment by a single screw on the gas valve. 3) Determine the net heat input on a net calorific value basis for both the natural gas boiler and the LPG boiler. The LPG figure must lie within 5% of the natural gas figure. 4) Determine by measurement the percentage dry CO2 by volume at the maximum heat input for both the natural gas boiler and the LPG boiler. From the results calculate the excess air fractions for both boilers. The calculated excess air fraction for the LPG boiler must not exceed that for the natural gas boiler by more than 5% (of the natural gas excess air fraction). 5) Retrieve the full-load net efficiency and 30% part-load net efficiency test results. If the boiler is a condensing boiler then deduct 2.2 percentage points from the 30% part-load net efficiency test result. 6) Follow the calculation procedure in D2 from step 3 onwards, taking the fuel for boiler type as LPG.

3) Calculate the case heat emission at full load from case = input,net water -flue,net

where water is the heat transferred to water under full load conditions; flue,net is the flue gas loss measured according to BS EN 304. 4) If case < 0.2 kW and the case temperatures of the range cooker are below 80C, the case emission may, as an alternative, be derived from measurements of the case temperatures according to Supplement 1 to OFTEC Standard OFS A101, subject to a maximum figure of case = 0.2 kW. Note: Supplement 1 to OFTEC Standard OFS A101 (applicable for oil and gas) can be obtained from OFTEC (Oil Firing Technical Association), Tel 0845 6585080, Fax 0845 6585181, e-mail [email protected] 5) If Ucase exceeds either of 0.05 Uwater or 1 kW, reduce Ucase to 0.05 Uwater or 1 kW (whichever is the smaller). 6) Provide the values of Ucase and Uwater in kW as part of the test report.

D6 Declaring values of seasonal efficiency and heat emission from the case for twin-burner range cooker boilers

Manufacturers wishing to declare their products seasonal efficiencies and case emission values for the specific purposes of calculating SAP ratings can do so provided that: a) b) they use the calculation procedure given in D5 above; and the necessary boiler test data and calculations are certified by an independent Test Laboratory notified under the Council Directive 92/42/EEC on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels (known as a Notified Body).

1) The method of calculation of the Seasonal Efficiency is applicable only to cooker boilers for which the full load and the 30% part load efficiency values for the boiler function, obtained by the methods deemed to satisfy Council Directive 92/42/EEC, are available. Note: A non-condensing range cooker boiler which does not have the capability to provide domestic hot water directly (i.e. is not a combination boiler), but which may nevertheless provide domestic hot water indirectly via a separate hot water storage cylinder exactly matches the definition D1.3 for a Regular Boiler. Consequently the methods deemed to satisfy 92/42/EEC for a Regular Boiler will equally satisfy this requirement for the equivalent type of range cooker boiler. These efficiencies are for the heat transferred to water and are carried out with the cooker burner turned off. When undertaking the efficiency test, record input power (net) at full load conditions, input,net, in kW. heat transfer to the water under full load conditions, water, in kW flue loss (net) under full load conditions, flue,net, in kW according to the method given in EN304:1992 + Amendment 1: 1998 or other method assured by the independent test laboratory as providing comparable results for the product under test. Note: Independent test laboratory is qualified in D6 b).

D5 Method for calculating Seasonal Efficiency and Case Emission value of a non-condensing twin-burner range cooker boiler

Where a manufacturer declares the seasonal efficiency and the case emission value, it shall be expressed as: Seasonal Efficiency (SEDBUK) = [x]% Case heat emission at full load = [y] kW Heat transfer to water at full load = [z] kW The values are used in the UK Governments Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) for the energy rating of dwellings. The test data from which they have been calculated has been certified by [insert name and/or identification of Notified Body]. Data for several products may be presented in tabulated form, in which case the last paragraph of the declaration should be incorporated as a note to the table.

24

Appendix E: Method of determining seasonal efficiency for gas or oil room heaters

Note: The data and equations in this appendix are not to be used by SAP assessors. This appendix sets out the method to be used by manufacturers to determine the declared efficiency for gas or oil room heaters.

Efficiency test results are normally calculated using the net calorific value of fuel. Before a declaration can be made, conversion to gross must be carried out by multiplying the efficiency by the appropriate conversion factor given in Table E3. Table E3: Efficiency conversion factors Fuel Natural gas LPG (propane or butane) Oil (kerosene or gas oil) Net-to-gross conversion factor 0.901 0.921 0.937

E1 Efficiency determination

Only test results obtained by one of the recognised methods given in Table E1 and Table E2 may be used to establish a seasonal efficiency for SAP calculations. The methods give comparable results. Table E1 : Recognised efficiency test methods for gas heaters BS EN 613:2001 BS EN 13278:2003 BS EN 1266:2002 BS 7977-1:2002 BS 7977-2:2003 Independent gas-fired convection heaters Open-fronted gas-fired independent space heaters Independent gas-fired convection heaters incorporating a fan to assist transportation of combustion air and/or flue gases Specification for safety and rational use of energy of gas domestic appliances. Part 1: Radiant/ Convectors Specification for safety and rational use of energy of gas domestic appliances. Part 2: Combined appliances: Gas fire/back boiler

E2 Declaring the efficiency of gas and oil room heaters

Manufacturers declarations so calculated should be accompanied by the following form of words: The efficiency of this appliance has been measured as specified in [insert appropriate entry from Table E1 or Table E2] and the result is [x]%. The gross calorific value of the fuel has been used for this efficiency calculation. The test data from which it has been calculated has been certified by [insert name and/or identification of Notified Body]. The efficiency value may be used in the UK Governments Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) for energy rating of dwellings.

Table E2 : Recognised efficiency test method for oil heaters OFS A102:1999 Oil fired room heaters with atomising or vaporising burners with or without boilers, heat output up to 25 kW

25

Appendix F: Electric CPSUs

An electric CPSU is a central heating system providing space and domestic water heating. Not less than 270 litres of primary water, heated mainly during off-peak times to approximately 75C in summer and between 85 and 95C in winter, is stored in a thermal store. If the CPSU volume is less than 270 litres, the on-peak fraction becomes high leading to a poor SAP rating. The procedure in this appendix applies for a 10-hour off-peak tariff providing 3 off-peak periods per day. It is not valid for other tariffs. The space heating circuit operates in the same way as a wet central heating system, with controls appropriate for wet systems. For domestic hot water, secondary water flows directly from the cold mains into a heat exchanger, where it is heated by the hot water in the store before being delivered to the taps. In the case of an electric CPSU, the on-peak fraction should be calculated (because the procedure is based on a fixed volume). Note: The treatment of on-peak fraction is different from electric storage heating, because in the case of storage heating the on-peak fraction is fixed (it is achieved by sizing the storage heaters). The heat losses from the CPSU are calculated, as for other hot water storage vessels, in section 4 of the worksheet, using data from Table 2 or Table 2b.

F1 Procedure for electric CPSUs

The procedure below applies to the worksheet from box (82) onwards. 1) Calculate the on-peak fraction using the following methodology: a) Calculate minimum external temperature for which the stored heat can satisfy the demand temperature

Tmin =

[(37) (77)] Cmax + [(39) 8.76] (69)

(37)

(F1)

Cmax is off-peak heat available irrespective of power rating of the heating element, calculated using the formula: Cmax = 0.1456 Vcs (Tw 48) where: (F2)

Vcs is the CPSU capacity, litres Tw is winter operating temperature, C b) Find the degree-days (DD) from Table 10 for base temperature Tmin calculated above. c) Calculate on-peak energy required

E on peak = 0.024 (37) DD kWh/year E on-peak (81) + ( 39 )

(F3)

2) Calculate on-peak fraction F = and (90)

and enter in boxes (82)

3) Enter 130 in box (87a) and follow the normal worksheet calculation. Note: In the SAP worksheet box (82) is normally used for entry of a fraction from secondary heating but for the purpose of electric CPSU only this box is used for CPSU on-peak fraction.

26

Appendix G: Heat pumps

A heat pump is a device which takes heat energy from a low temperature source and upgrades it to a higher temperature at which it can be usefully employed for heating. There are a number of heat pump techniques by which this can be achieved. The ratio of heat energy released to the energy consumed can be significantly greater than one. Heat pump systems operate most efficiently when the source temperature is as high as possible and the heat distribution temperature is as low as possible. Heat pump systems are categorised by the low temperature heat source used (e.g. air, water, ground) and the seasonal performance factors (SPF) given in Table 4a under Efficiency are assumed to apply for all systems using that source. This is a simplified approach especially for ground source heat pumps where energy may be collected from the ground in a variety of ways, e.g. using surface water from lakes or ponds, using ground water from wells, using fluid (either refrigerant or a water/antifreeze mixture) circulated in closed pipe loops buried horizontally in shallow trenches or vertically in boreholes. At the time of publication, the SPF to be used for SAP calculations is the appropriate entry in Table4a. A system of appliance-specific performance factors may be introduced (see Appendix Q). Heat pumps can also be used in community schemes. That does not affect the calculation of the SAP rating but the SPF of the heat pump should be used in box (104) for the calculation of CO2 emissions.

G1.2 DHW heated by heat pump without immersion heater

The heat pump supplies all domestic hot water without supplementary immersion heater. In the case of a ground or water source heat pump, the on-peak fraction is given in Table 12a. The SPF of the heat pump for water heating is to be multiplied by the factor given in Table 4c.

G1.3 DHW heated by immersion only

An immersion heater is used, either standard or off-peak electric tariff.

G2 Space heating requirement

G2.1 Space heating from ground or water source heat pump

A ground source heat pump system (when the main heating system) may consist of either a ground source heat pump sized to meet all space heating requirements, or a combination of a ground source heat pump and a direct acting electric heater (auxiliary heater). A ground source heat pump system which includes an auxiliary heater to help meet the maximum demands has a lower SPF than one without an auxiliary heater. Use the appropriate SPF given in Table 4a under Efficiency. For ground and water source heat pumps using an off-peak tariff, the fraction of the electricity used for space heating at the onpeak rate is given in Table 12a with the remainder charged at off-peak rate. If the heat pump supplies heat to radiators (as opposed to underfloor heating) the heat pump efficiency for space heating is to be multiplied by the appropriate factor given in Table 4c.

G1 Domestic hot water (DHW)

G1.1 DHW heated by heat pump with immersion heater
The heat pump raises the water temperature to a maximum of about 40C, and an immersion heater is then used to raise the water temperature to the required delivery temperature. For the purpose of the SAP calculation it is assumed that 50% of domestic hot water heating is by the heat pump and 50% by the immersion heater using off-peak electricity. The average efficiency for water heating, box (86), is:
100

G2.2 Direct acting air source heat pump

[50 SPF] + 0 .5

(G1)

A heat pump using ambient air as the source is subject to frost build up on the external coil and is very likely to have an integral electric heater to provide space heating while the external coil is being defrosted. The use of this heater is allowed for in the SPF. Air source heat pumps use standard electricity tariff.

where SPF is the seasonal performance factor for the heat pump, %, given under Efficiency in Table 4a. (The SPF is an overall figure, taking account of all the energy required to operate the heat pump, including primary circulation pumps and an auxiliary heater if present). In the case of a ground or water source heat pump the fraction of electricity at the on-peak rate is given in Table 12a with the remainder charged at the off-peak rate.

G2.3 Heating controls

Control options for heat pumps are given in Group 2 of Table 4e. Note that a bypass arrangement is usually necessary with TRVs to ensure sufficient circulating thermal mass while the heat pump is operating. Zoning arrangements or TRVs may not be appropriate for small domestic installations for this reason.

27

Appendix H: Solar water heating

The working principle of solar hot water systems is shown in Figure H1: examples of arrangements are given in Figure H2. Water from the cold supply is either fed (directly or via a cold feed cistern) to the preheat zone where it is heated by solar energy. Then the water passes to the domestic hot storage (separate hot water cylinder or upper part of combined cylinder) which is heated to the required temperature by a boiler or an electric immersion. Heat from solar collector

There are three main types of solar collector: unglazed: the overall performance of unglazed collectors is limited by high thermal losses glazed flat plate: a flat plate absorber (which often has a selective coating) is fixed in a frame between a single or double layer of glass and an insulation panel at the back evacuated tube: an absorber with a selective coating is enclosed in a sealed glass vacuum tube. Heat from boiler or immersion heater

Cold water supply

Cold store or direct cold feed

Dedicated pre-heat storage

Domestic hot water storage

To taps

These two types of storage can be combined together into one store (duel fuel) or left as two separate stores

Figure H1 Working principle of solar water heating

Vd

Vd

Vd

Vs Vs a) With separate solar cylinder b) With a twin-coil cylinder

Vs

c) Combi boiler

Vs (indicated by the dashed line) is the dedicated solar storage volume See text opposite concerning the effective solar volume Vd is the daily hot water demand

Figure H2 Schematic examples of arrangements for solar pre-heating

28

The performance of a solar collector is represented by its zero-loss efficiency (proportion of incident solar radiation absorbed in the absence of thermal loss) and its heat loss coefficient (heat loss from collector to the environment per unit area and unit temperature difference). The solar contribution to domestic hot water is given by Qs = S Zpanel Aap 0 UF f (a1/0) f (Veff/Vd) where Qs = solar input, kWh/year S = total solar radiation on collector, kWh/m2/year Zpanel = overshading factor for the solar panel Aap = aperture area of collector, m2 0 = zero-loss collector efficiency UF = utilisation factor a1 = linear heat loss coefficient of collector, W/m2K f (a1/0) = collector performance factor = 0.87 0.034 (a1/0) + 0.0006 (a1/0)2 Veff = effective solar volume, litres Vd = daily hot water demand, litres f(Veff/Vd) = solar storage volume factor = 1.0 + 0.2 ln(Veff/Vd) subject to f(Veff/Vd) <= 1.0 (H1)

The collectors gross area is the projected area of complete collector (excluding any integral means of mounting and pipework). The aperture area is the opening through which solar radiation is admitted. The preferred source of performance data for solar collectors is from a test on the collector concerned according to BS EN 12975-2, Thermal solar systems and components Solar collectors Part 2: Test methods. The aperture area, and the performance characteristics 0 and a1 related to aperture area, are obtained from the test certificate. If test data are not available (e.g. for existing installations), the values in Table H1 may be used. The effective solar volume is: in the case of a separate pre-heat tank (such as arrangements a) or c) in Figure H2), the volume of the pre-heat tank in the case of a combined cylinder (such as arrangement b) in Figure H2), the volume of the dedicated solar storage plus 0.3 times the volume of the remainder of the cylinder in the case of a thermal store (hot water only or integrated as defined in Appendix B) where the solar coil is within the thermal store, the volume of the dedicated thermal storage.

Calculation of solar input for solar water heating Aperture area of solar collector, m2 If only the gross area can be established reliably, multiply it by ratio in Table H1

(H1) (H2) (H3) (H3) (H2) = (H4) (H5) (H6) (H1) (H2) (H5) (H6) = (H7) [(39) + (40)] = (H7) (H8) (H9) 0.87 - 0.034 (H4) + 0.0006 (H4)2 = (H10) (H11) (H12) (H13)

Zero-loss collector efficiency, 0, from test certificate or Table H1 Collector heat loss coefficient, a1, from test certificate or Table H1 Collector performance ratio a1/0 Annual solar radiation per m from Table H2
2

Overshading factor from Table H3 Solar energy available Solar-to-load ratio Utilisation factor if (H8) > 0, 1 - exp[-1/(H8)], otherwise enter 0 in box (H9) If the cylinder is heated by a boiler and there is no cylinderstat, reduce the utilisation factor by 10%

Collector performance factor Dedicated solar storage volume, Vs, litres Volume of pre-heat store, or dedicated solar volume of a combined cylinder If combined cylinder, total volume of cylinder, litres Effective solar volume, Veff If separate pre-heat solar storage, or a thermal store, (H13) = (H11) If combined cylinder, (H13) = (H11) + 0.3 [(H12) (H11)]

Daily hot water demand, Vd, (litres) from Table 1 Volume ratio Veff/Vd Solar storage volume factor f(Veff/Vd) Solar input Qs Note: (39) and (40) are box numbers of the main worksheet (H13) (H14) = 1 + 0.2 ln(H15) = (H7) (H9) (H10) (H16) =

(H14) (H15) (H16) (H17)

Enter (H17) in (50) of main worksheet. If separate figures for solar input are required for the heating season (8 months) and summer (4 months) take 50% of Qs as applying during the heating season and 50% during the summer.

29

Table H1 : Default collector parameters Collector type Evacuated tube Flat plate, glazed Unglazed h0 0.6 0.75 0.9 a1 3 6 20 Ratio of aperture area to gross area 0.72 0.90 1.00

Table H2 : Annual solar radiation, kWh/m2 Tilt of collector Horizontal 30 45 60 Vertical 1042 1023 960 724 997 968 900 684 Orientation of collector South SE/SW E/W 933 886 829 753 565 762 666 580 427 709 621 485 360 NE/NW North

Table H3 : Overshading factor Overshading Heavy Significant Modest None or very little % of sky blocked by obstacles. > 80% > 60% - 80% 20% - 60% < 20% Overshading factor 0.5 0.65 0.8 1.0

Note: Overshading must be assessed separately for solar panels, taking account of the tilt of the collector. Usually there is less overshading of a solar collector compared to overshading of windows for solar gain (Table 6d)

30

Appendix J: Seasonal efficiency for solid fuel boilers from test data

This appendix specifies how to obtain a seasonal efficiency from test data on a solid fuel boiler that is provided in the boiler database. A database record for a solid fuel boiler includes: SAP seasonal efficiency, % Fuel input, heat to water and heat to room from test at full load, kW Fuel input, heat to water and heat to room from test at part load, kW

If the boiler is outside the boundary of the dwelling as defined in section 1, Dwelling dimensions, the heat to room is omitted from (J1) and (J2). The seasonal efficiency is then: Seasonal efficiency = 0.5 (Efull + Epart) (J3)

J2.2 Part load data is not available

J1

If the SAP seasonal efficiency is given, that value is used for both space and water heating, and the other data is disregarded.

SAP seasonal efficiency is given

If the data for the part load test is blank, the part load efficiency is taken as 95% of the full load efficiency, so that: Seasonal efficiency = 0.975 Efull (J4)

J2

If the SAP seasonal efficiency is blank, the appropriate efficiency for use in the calculations is obtained as follows.

SAP seasonal efficiency is not given

J2.3 Rounding

The seasonal efficiency should be rounded to one decimal place before using it in the SAP calculation.

J2.1 Part load data is available

The efficiency at full load is obtained from:

E full = 100 # (heat to water at full load) + (heat to room at full load) fuel input at full load

J3
(J1)

The heating type and responsiveness is that for the applicable type of appliance given in Table4a.

Heating type and responsiveness

and the efficiency at part load from:

E part = 100 # (heat to water at full load) + (heat to room at full load) fuel input at full load

(J2)

31

Appendix K: Thermal bridging

Thermal bridges that occur at junctions between building elements are now included in the calculation of transmission heat losses. The quantity which describes the heat loss associated with a thermal bridge is its linear thermal transmittance, . This is a property of a thermal bridge and is the rate of heat flow per degree per unit length of the bridge, that is not accounted for in the U-values of the plane building elements containing the thermal bridge. The transmission heat loss coefficient associated with non-repeating thermal bridges is calculated as:

Alternatively values of can be determined from the results of numerical modelling or they can be derived from measurement. If the junction detail is as recommended in Accredited Construction Details, the -value associated with that junction can be taken from Table K1. Table K1 Maximum values of from Accredited Construction Details for different types of junctions. (W/mK) Steel lintel with perforated steel base plate 0.50 Other lintels (including other steel lintels) 0.30 Sill 0.04 Jamb 0.05 Ground floor 0.16 Intermediate floor within a dwelling 0.07 Intermediate floor between dwellings a) 0.14 Balcony within a dwelling b) 0.00 Balcony between dwellings a) b) 0.04 Eaves (insulation at ceiling level) 0.06 Eaves (insulation at rafter level) 0.04 Gable (insulation at ceiling level) 0.24 Gable (insulation at rafter level) 0.04 Corner (normal) 0.09 Corner (inverted) -0.09 Party wall between dwellings a) 0.06 a) For these junctions, half the value of is applied to each dwelling b) This is an externally supported balcony (the balcony slab is not a continuation of the floor slab) where the wall insulation is continuous and not bridged by the balcony slab. Junction detail in external wall

H TB =

(L )

(K1)

where L is the length of the thermal bridge over which applies.

If details of the thermal bridges are not known, use:

H TB = y

A exp

(K2)

where Aexp is the total area of exposed elements, m2.

y = 0.08 for new dwellings whose details conform with Accredited Construction Details (or are otherwise shown to be equivalent), and a default value of y=0.15 applies otherwise.

32

Appendix L: Energy for lighting

The calculation of lighting use is based on the proportion of fixed low energy lighting outlets installed, and on the contribution of daylight. Allowing for fixed low-energy outlets In UK houses, the average energy consumption for lighting is taken as 9.3 kWh/m2 annually if no low-energy lighting is used. EB = 9.3 kWh/m2 (L1)

GL =

0.9 A w g L FF Z L
TFA

(L5)

The SAP calculation takes account of fixed lighting outlets with lowenergy lamps, by including a correction factor C1: C1 = 1 0.50 NLE/N (L2)

where: FF is the frame factor from Table 6c Aw is the area of a window, m2 TFA is the total floor area, m2 gL is the light transmittance factor from Table 6b ZL is the light access factor from Table 6d The summation allows for different window and rooflight types (the light access factor is different for windows and rooflights). The annual energy used for lighting in the house, EL, is then EL = EB TFA C1 C2 kWh/year where: EB = 9.3 kWh/m2 TFA is the total floor area, m2 C1 and C2 are defined above (L6)

where NLE is the number of fixed low energy lighting outlets (including sockets or complete luminaires capable of taking only low-energy lamps, and also compact fluorescent lamps that fitted into ordinary lighting sockets) and N is the total number of fixed lighting outlets (only the ratio NLE/N is needed). Note: In Equation (L2), only fixed lighting outlets are included in NLE and N. Movable lamps, which plug into a mains socket, are disregarded. The equation is based on two-thirds of the lighting energy consumption being via fixed lighting points, and each fixed low energy lighting point achieving a saving of 75% over a point with a non low energy lamp (2/3 x 3/4 = 0.50). Daylighting Analysis of typical house types gives the following approximate correction factor, C2, for lighting energy use depending on the ratio of glass area to floor area, glass transmittance and light access factor. C2 = 52.2 GL2 9.94 GL + 1.433 if GL 0.095 C2 = 0.96 if GL > 0.095 (L3) (L4)

Gains from lighting The reduction in lighting energy use due to low energy lights is: EL = EB TFA (1 - C1 ) C2 (kWh/year) To allow for this the quantity gains = 0.15 EL (L8) (L7)

should be deducted from the internal heat gains obtained from Table 5. The factor 0.15 in equation(L8) is based on 75% of the annual lighting energy being used during the months October to April when there is a significant heating need.

33

Appendix M: Energy from Photovoltaic (PV) technology

Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. It works during daylight hours but more electricity is produced when the sunshine is more intense (a sunny day) and is striking the PV modules directly. Unlike solar systems for heating water, PV technology does not produce heat. Instead, PV produces electricity as a result of interaction of sunlight with semi-conductor materials in the PVcells. For SAP calculations, the energy produced per year depends on the installed peak power (kWp) of the PV module (the peak power corresponds to the rate of electricity generation in bright sunlight, formally defined as the output of the module under radiation of 1 kW/m2 at 25C). PV modules are available in a range of types and some produce more electricity per square metre than others (the range for currently available types is from about 30 to 120 watts peak per m2), and the peak power depends on the type of module as well as its effective area. In the UK climate, an installation with 1 kWp produces about 750 kWh of electricity per year (at favourable orientation and not overshaded). The procedure for PV is as follows. 1) Establish the installed peak power of the PV unit (kWp).

3)

The cost saving associated with the generated electricity depends on whether it is used directly within the dwelling or whether it is exported. Electricity used directly within the dwelling is valued at the unit cost for purchased electricity (usually the standard tariff, or the day rate in the case of an off-peak tariff). Electricity exported is valued at the price in Table 12 for electricity sold to the grid. The effective price depends on a factor , which is in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and is defined as the proportion of the generated electricity that is used directly within the dwelling. The value of depends on the coincidence of electricity generation and electricity demand. At present the value of =0.30 should be used for SAP calculations: this will be reviewed in future if relevant data becomes available. The fuel price used in the calculation of box (95a) is: x normal electricity price + (1 - ) x exported electricity price. For calculation of CO2 emissions, the emissions factor for griddisplaced electricity from Table12 is used in the calculation of box (110). The same factor is used for all electricity generated, whether used within the dwelling or exported.

4)

2) The electricity produced by the PV module in kWh/year is 0.75 kWp S ZPV where S is the annual solar radiation from Table H2 (depending on orientation and pitch), and ZPV is the overshading factor from Table H3. In the worksheet enter the calculated energy produced by PV in box (95).

34

Appendix N: Micro-cogeneration (also known as micro-CHP)

N1 Overview

Micro-cogeneration provides both heat and electricity. It is assumed to be heat-led, meaning that it is allowed to operate only when there is a demand for space heating or hot water. The domestic application of micro-cogeneration is treated as an alternative to a conventional domestic boiler, using mains gas, LPG, oil or solid fuel. It is also assumed that it is connected to the public electricity supply in such a way that all surplus generated electricity is exported. It provides space heating throughout the heating season, and hot water service for either a) the whole of the year, or b) none of the year. The characteristics of micro-cogeneration are described by data derived from laboratory tests. The test data is used to calculate parameters related to the annual energy performance of the micro-cogeneration package. Results (known as intermediate results) from the annual energy performance method are used for SAP as described in N2. Any space heating requirements not met by the micro-cogeneration package are assumed to be provided by secondary heating appliances (if provided) or by electric room heaters. If the package provides domestic hot water it is assumed to provide all water heating needs. The heat produced by the package and the electrical energy consumed/ generated are based on operation during an average year, taking account of the output rating of the appliance and the design heat loss for the dwelling into which it is installed. The amount of auxiliary heating is determined by the plant size ratio (full output power of the micro-cogeneration package divided by the design heat loss). If the plant size ratio is less than 0.5 then the package cannot be regarded as the primary heating system, and the performance data are not valid for SAP. The electricity consumed/generated will normally be negative, and then represents the net electricity provided by the micro-cogeneration package that is available to offset electricity that would otherwise be taken from the public electricity supply grid or, to the extent that instantaneous generation exceeds instantaneous electricity demand, is exported to the grid. The thermal efficiency of the micro-cogeneration package is used in the normal way for the calculation of energy requirements for space heating and, if supplied by the micro-cogeneration package, water heating. The electricity consumed (or the net electricity generation) is scaled according to the net energy use as obtained in the SAP calculation.

Table N1: Set of intermediate results from the annual energy performance method
Data item Plant size ratio for which data apply Annual heat generated for space heating Annual heat generated for domestic hot water, if any Annual auxiliary heating requirement Heating season1 thermal efficiency Summer season thermal efficiency The electricity consumed or, if negative, net electricity generated, during the heating season The electricity consumed or, if negative, net electricity generated, during the summer season Number of days operating for 16 hours instead of 9 Number of days operating for 24 hours instead of 9 Number of days operating for 24 hours instead of 16 Symbol PSR Qsp Qhw Qaux hs sum Emc,hs Emc,sum N16,9 N24,9 N24,16 Unit kWh kWh kWh kWh

kWh

days days days

The plant size ratio (PSR) for the dwelling is calculated using the maximum output of the micro-cogeneration package and the design heat loss of the dwelling taken as the heat loss coefficient, box (37) of the worksheet, multiplied by a temperature difference of 20 K. In the case of a range-rated package, the PSR for the dwelling is calculated assuming that it is set to the top of the range. The intermediate results applicable to the dwelling are then obtained by linear interpolation between the intermediate results 2 for the two sets of data whose PSRs enclose that of the actual dwelling. The dwelling-specific result sets are used in equations (N1) to (N4) to calculate the parameters used in the SAP calculation.

N3 Calculation of space and water heating, and electricity produced

The electricity used by any fans within the package is included in Emc,hs and Emc,sum and is not included separately in the SAP calculation, thus box (87b) is zero. If the micro-cogeneration package includes a central heating system pump to circulate water through the heat emitters the electricity for it is included in Emc,hs and the heat gain from it is allowed for in sp. In that case no allowance for a central heating pump is included in box (53b) and box (87a) is zero. If the package does not include a central heating pump, it is provided separately outside the package, and the gain from Table 5a is included in box (53b) and electricity use from Table 4f is included in box (87a).

N2

The intermediate results from the annual energy performance method are produced in sets, with each set calculated for a different plant size ratio (e.g. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 4.0). The plant size ratio is defined as the maximum heat output of the micro-cogeneration package divided by the design heat loss of the dwelling. Each set of results contains the data in Table N1. The data to be used for SAP calculations are provided by way of the boiler database, each database record for a micro-cogeneration package containing the output power of the package and a number of sets of intermediate results.

Interpolation of result sets

1 2

The heating season and summer season together comprise a whole year. For the efficiency values, the interpolated efficiency is the reciprocal of linear interpolation between the reciprocals of the efficiencies. Round N16,9, N24,9 and N24,16 to the nearest integer.

35

Mean internal temperature The micro-cogeneration package, when undersized in relation to the dwellings design heat loss, can provide space heating needs on more days of the heating season if it operates for 16 hours per day or continuously. The seasonal thermal efficiency and electricity generated in the intermediate results are based on the hours of operation indicated by the parameters N16,9, N24,9 and N24,16 for a total heating season length of 238 days (34 weeks). For the normal SAP heating schedule, this would comprise 68 weekend days with 16 hours of heating and 170 weekdays with 9 hours of heating (2 hours in the morning and 7 hours in the evening). The mean internal temperature in the living area for the heating season is MIT = [ (N24,16 + N24,9) T24 + (68 N24,16 + N16,9) T16 + (170 N16,9 N24,9) T9 ] / 238

If the package does not contain a storage vessel for domestic hot water, a cylinder is specified separately and the cylinder loss and primary loss are included in the SAP calculation. Secondary heating The auxiliary heating requirement Qaux is provided by a secondary heating system (any system from the room heater section of Table 4a). The secondary fraction is calculated from
SF = Q aux Q sp + Q aux

(N2)

(N1)

where T24, T16 and T9 are the mean temperatures for 24, 16 and 9 hours of heating, given in Table N2. MIT from equation (N1) is used instead of a value obtained from the data in Table 8. Table N2: Internal temperature of living area for different hours of operation HLP is item (38) in the worksheet HLP 1.0 (or lower) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 (or higher) T24 continuous 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 T16 16 hours/day 19.63 19.63 19.61 19.58 19.53 19.45 19.36 19.27 19.16 19.04 18.93 T9 9 hours/day 18.58 18.58 18.55 18.50 18.40 18.26 18.11 17.94 17.75 17.54 17.32

Electricity If the package provides both space and hot water heating, the electricity consumed or generated is scaled to the actual heat requirement for the dwelling for both heating and hot water:
E* =

[box (81)] (1 SF) + [0.66 box (51)]

Q sp + 0.66 Q hw box (51) E mc, sum Q hw

E mc, hs

(N3)

(0.66 is the heating season as a fraction of a year). If the package provides space heating only, the electricity consumed or generated is scaled to the actual space heating requirement of the dwelling: box (81) (1 SF) E mc,hs Q sp

E* =

(N4)

If E* is positive, enter E* in box (96) and use the unit price for standard tariff electricity in the calculation of box (96a). If E* is negative, enter E* in box (95). The cost saving associated with the net generated electricity depends on whether it is used directly within the dwelling or whether it is exported. Electricity used directly within the dwelling is valued at the unit cost for purchased electricity (usually the standard tariff, or the day rate in the case of an off-peak tariff). Electricity exported is valued at the price in Table 12 for electricity sold to the grid. The effective price depends on a factor , which is in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and is defined as the proportion of the generated electricity that is used directly within the dwelling. The value of depends on the coincidence of electricity generation and electricity demand within the dwelling. At present the value of = 0.40 should be used for SAP calculations: this will be reviewed in future if relevant data become available. The fuel price used in the calculation of box (95a) is then: normal electricity price + (1 - ) exported electricity price.

Efficiency Use the heat efficiency hs in box (83) for space heating. If the micro-cogeneration package provides both space and hot water heating, use the heat efficiency hs for water heating in the heating season (238 days) and sum for water heating in summer (127 days). If the package only provides space heating specify a separate hot water system such as an electric immersion heater. If the package is a condensing type, the efficiency adjustments in Table 4c(1) apply where relevant to efficiency in the heating season. Hot water storage losses If the micro-cogeneration package contains within it a storage vessel for domestic hot water that was included in the energy performance tests, heat losses associated with hot water storage are included in the intermediate results and zero is entered for the cylinder loss (46) and the primary loss (48). The distribution loss (40) is included as normal.

If E* is positive, the emission factor used in the calculation of box (111) is that for grid-supplied electricity from Table 12. If E* is negative, the emission factor used in the calculation of box (110) is that for grid-displaced electricity from Table 12.

36

Appendix P: Assessment of internal temperature in summer

This appendix provides a method for assessing the propensity of a house to have high internal temperature in hot weather. It does not provide an estimate of cooling needs. The procedure is not integral to SAP and does not affect the calculated SAP rating or CO2 emissions. The calculation is related to the factors that contribute to internal temperature: solar gain (taking account of orientation, shading and glazing transmission); ventilation (taking account of window opening in hot weather), thermal capacity and mean summer temperature for the location of the dwelling. Further information about techniques to avoid overheating can be found in Reducing overheating a designers guide, CE 129, Energy Efficiency Best Practice in Housing, Energy Saving Trust, London (2005).

3) Calculate the heat loss coefficient under summer conditions: H = total fabric heat loss + H v
summer

(P2)

The total fabric heat loss is the same as for the heating season (box(35) of the worksheet).

summer 4) Calculate the total solar gains for the summer period , G solar , using the solar flux for the summer period from Table 6a.

G summer = solar where: 0.9

(0.9 A w S g FF Zsummer )

(P3)

P1 Assessment procedure
1) Obtain a value for the effective air change rate during hot weather. Indicative values based on the procedure in BS 5925 are given in Table P1. Aw S

s a factor representing the ratio of typical average i transmittance to that at normal incidence is the area of an opening (a window or a glazed door), m2 s the solar flux on a surface during the summer period from i Table 6a, W/m2 s the total solar energy transmittance factor of the glazing at i normal incidence from Table 6b s the frame factor for windows and doors (fraction of opening i that is glazed) from Table 6c

Table P1: Effective air change rate Effective air change rate in ach Window opening Trickle vents only 0.1 0.1 Windows slightly open (50 mm) 0.8 0.5 Windows fully open 6 4 g

FF

Single storey dwelling (bungalow, flat) Cross ventilation possible Single storey dwelling (bungalow, flat) Cross ventilation not possible Two storey dwelling windows open upstairs and downstairs Cross ventilation possible Two storey dwelling windows open upstairs and downstairs Cross ventilation not possible

Zsummer is the summer solar access factor. n the case of a window certified by the British Fenestration Rating I Council (BFRC), see www.bfrc.org, the quoted solar factor is gwindow which is equal to 0.9 g FF. The solar gain for such windows is calculated as G summer = solar

0.2

(A w S g window Z summer )

(P4)

0.1

0.6

olar gains should be calculated separately for each orientation and for S rooflights, and totalled according to equation (P3). For data to calculate Zsummer see section P3.

If there is a mechanical ventilation system providing a specified air change rate, that rate can be used instead.

2)

Calculate the ventilation heat loss, H v H summer v where: = 0.33 n V

summer

, using the formula: (P1)

Assume that the summer internal gains (Gi ) are equal to the winter internal gains (these are calculated in section 5 of the SAP worksheet), so that the total gains are:

G = G summer + Gi solar

(P5)

n = air change rate during hot weather, ach V = volume of the heated space of the dwelling, m3

5) Calculate the summer Gain/Loss ratio:

Summer Gain/Loss ratio =

G H

(P6)

BS 5925:1991, Code of practice for ventilation principles and design for natural ventilation

6)

Obtain the summer mean external temperature, Table P2.

summer Te , from

37

Table P2: Summer mean external temperature Region Thames valley Severn valley, South, South East, South West England Midlands, East Anglia, East Pennines, West Pennines North West, North East England, Borders Wales, Northern Ireland, East, West Scotland North East Scotland, Highland, Western Isles Orkney Shetland Mean external temperature, Tesummer, used for estimating mean internal temperature in summer 17 16 15.5 14 14 13 12 11

P3 Solar shading
Zsummer is given by Zsummer = Zblinds (Z + Zoverhangs 1) (P8)

subject to Zsummer 0.1 Zblinds (P9)

where
Zblinds is a shading factor for blinds or curtains Z is the solar access factor from Table 6d Zoverhangs is a shading factor for overhangs

Table P4 gives values for Zblinds, and Tables P5 and P6 give values for Zoverhangs. If there are no overhangs, Zoverhangs=1.

7) Obtain the threshold internal temperature which is used to estimate

P3.1 Curtains and blinds

Blind or curtain type

likelihood of high internal temperature. This is the mean internal temperature during the summer period plus an increment related to the thermal mass. summer G Tthreshold = Te + + Tmass H (P7) where Tmass = 2.0 0.2 TMP if TMP < 10 Tmass = 0 if TMP 10

Table P4 : Shading factors for blinds, curtains or external shutters Zblind 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.60 0.88 0.70 0.24 0.27 0.85 0.65 Net curtain (covering whole window) Net curtain (covering half window) Dark-coloured curtain or roller blind (note 1) Light-coloured curtain or roller blind (note 1) Dark-coloured venetian blind (note 2) Light-coloured venetian blind (note 2) Dark-coloured external shutter, window closed White-coloured external shutter, window closed Dark-coloured external shutter, window fully open White-coloured external shutter, window fully open Notes: 1) Factor applies when fully closed. If closed only for a fraction f of the daylight hours use f Zblind + (1 f). 2) Factor applies for venetian blind with slats at 45 against the sun. The same factor can be used if the blind is fully closed. If closed only for a fraction f of the daylight hours use f Zblind + (1 f).

TMP typically varies between 5 for lightweight construction to 20 for heavy construction. For further details see section P4. 8) Use Table P3 to estimate tendency to high internal temperature in hot weather.

Table P3: Levels of threshold temperature corresponding to likelihood of high internal temperature during hot weather Tthreshold < 20.5C 20.5C and < 22.0C 22.0C and < 23.5C 23.5C Likelihood of high internal temperature during hot weather Not significant Slight Medium High

P3.2 Overhangs
Overhang

P2 Reporting of results

Results should include: details of the house design including its thermal mass parameter and specification of any overhangs, together with its orientation and the climatic region assumed for one or more scenarios, the category from Table P3 for stated assumptions on occupant-determined factors (usage of blinds/curtains and window opening). If the orientation of the dwelling is not known, the assessment should be for the orientation giving the greatest tendency to high internal temperature.

Wall

D H Glazing Frame W

38

Where the overhang is at least twice as wide as the window (e.g. balconies on blocks of flats) use TableP5. In other cases use Table P6. Interpolation may be used between rows of these tables. Usually the same value of Zoverhangs can be applied to all the windows on a given faade on the basis of an average depth-to-height ratio.

P4 Thermal mass

Table P5: Zoverhangs for wide overhangs Depth/H 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 or more 1.0 N 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.69 0.66 NE/NW 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.55

The thermal mass of a building is represented by the thermal mass parameter (TMP). Table P7 gives some indicative values of TMP based on the characteristics of the construction elements. For this purpose the mass of an element is low for admittance less than 2 W/m2K, medium 2 to 3.5 W/m2K and high over 3.5 W/m2K (see TableP8). Note that the threshold temperature is not affected by any increase in TMP above 10. Orientation of window E/W 1.00 0.88 0.76 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.46 SE/SW 1.00 0.83 0.67 0.54 0.43 0.36 0.31 S 1.00 0.77 0.55 0.38 0.32 0.30 0.29

Note: This table is to be used where the overhang is at least twice as wide as the window Table P6: Zoverhangs for normal overhangs Depth/H 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 or more 1.0

Orientation of window N 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 NE/NW 1.00 0.91 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.76 E/W 1.00 0.89 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.57 SE/SW 1.00 0.84 0.72 0.62 0.55 0.52 0.50 S 1.00 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.50 0.49 0.48

Note: This table is to be used where the overhang is less than twice as wide as the window Table P7: Indicative values of thermal mass parameter Mass of construction elements Ground floor low medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium External walls low low low medium medium high low high medium medium high Separating walls low low medium medium high medium medium high medium high high Internal partitions low low low low low low medium low medium high high Illustrative construction

TMP W/m2K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 17 19

suspended timber floor, timber/steel frame walls, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, timber/steel frame walls, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (internal insulation), masonry separating walls with plasterboard on dabs, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with plasterboard on dabs, masonry separating walls with plasterboard on dabs, plasterboard on timber/ steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with plasterboard on dabs, masonry separating walls dense plaster, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with dense plaster, masonry separating walls with plasterboard on dabs, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (internal insulation), masonry separating walls with plasterboard on dabs, masonry internal partitions with plasterboard on dabs solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with dense plaster, masonry separating walls with dense plaster, plasterboard on timber/steel stud internal partitions solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with plasterboard on dabs, masonry separating walls plasterboard on dabs, masonry internal partitions with plasterboard on dabs solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with plasterboard on dabs, masonry separating walls dense plaster, masonry internal walls with dense plaster solid floor, masonry external walls (cavity fill or external insulation) with dense plaster, masonry separating walls with dense plaster, masonry internal walls with dense plaster

39

Alternatively, TMP can be calculated from the admittances of the elements comprising the structure of the dwelling. It is defined as
TMP =

AY
TFA

(P10)

where A and Y are the areas and admittance of each element of the construction and TFA is the total floor area of the dwelling. Table P8: Y-values for common constructions

Thin elements like windows and doors are omitted from the calculation of AY but, unlike the calculation of AU for heat loss calculations, the sum includes all internal partitions, intermediate floors and party walls and floors. The area of an internal partition includes both sides of the partition. The admittance of a building element is determined primarily by the properties of the layers adjacent to the room. Values for some common constructions are given in Table P8.

Construction (external elements insulated to typical new-build levels) Ground floors Suspended timber, carpeted Suspended timber, laminated Slab on ground (insulation above or below slab, screed on top, carpeted Slab on ground (insulation above or below slab, screed on top, laminated Suspended concrete floor, carpeted Suspended concrete floor, laminated Exposed floors Timber exposed floor, carpeted Timber exposed floor, laminated External walls - masonry, solid, external insulation Solid wall: dense plaster, 200 mm dense block, insulated externally Solid wall: plasterboard on dabs, 200 mm dense block, insulated externally Solid wall: dense plaster, 210 mm brick, insulated externally Solid wall: plasterboard on dabs, 210 mm brick, insulated externally External walls - masonry, solid, internal insulation Solid wall: dense plaster, insulation, dense block or brick, rendered Solid wall: plasterboard on dabs, insulation, dense block or brick, rendered External walls - cavity masonry walls, full or partial cavity fill Cavity wall: dense plaster, dense block, filled cavity, dense block or brick Cavity wall: dense plaster, AAC block, filled cavity, AAC block Cavity wall: plasterboard on dabs, dense block, filled cavity, dense block or brick Cavity wall: plasterboard on dabs, AAC block, filled cavity, AAC block External walls concrete panel construction (precast or in-situ) Plasterboard directly fixed, concrete panel construction Plasterboard directly fixed with 5 mm air gap, concrete panel construction Plasterboard, internal insulation board, concrete panel construction External walls timber or steel frame Timber framed wall (one layer of plasterboard) Timber framed wall (two layers of plasterboard) Steel frame wall (warm frame construction) Steel frame wall (hybrid construction) Roofs Insulated at ceiling level Insulated slope Insulated flat roof Separating walls Dense plaster both sides, dense blocks, cavity (E-WM-1 or E-WM-2)* Single plasterboard on dabs on both sides, dense blocks, cavity (E-WM-3 or E-WM-4)* Plaster on dabs and single plasterboard on both sides, dense cellular blocks, cavity (E-WM-5)* Plasterboard on dabs mounted on cement render on both sides, AAC blocks, cavity (E-WM-6 or E-WM-7)* Double plasterboard on both sides, twin timber frame with/without sheathing board (E-WT-1 or E-WT-2)* Steel frame (E-WS-1 to E-WS-3)* Separating floors (Y from above /Y from below) Precast concrete planks floor, screed, carpeted (E-FC-1)* Concrete floor slab, carpeted (E-FC-2)* Precast concrete plank floor (screed laid on insulation), carpeted (E-FC-3)* Precast concrete plank floor (screed laid on rubber), carpeted (E-FC-4)* In-situ concrete slab supported by profiled metal deck, carpeted (E-FS-1)* Timber I-joists, carpeted (E-FT-1)* Internal partitions Plasterboard on timber frame Dense block, dense plaster Dense block, plasterboard on dabs Ceiling/floor between floors in a house (Y from above/Y from below) Plasterboard ceiling, carpeted chipboard floor

Admittance Y (W/m2K) 1.4 1.7 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 1.2 1.5 4.8 2.5 4.1 2.3 1.3 0.7 5.2 3.0 2.6 2.0 4.5 3.1 0.9 0.8 1.3 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.2 1.4 1.4 1.9/1.9 2.0/2.7 2.3/1.9 2.7/1.9 1.9/2.7 1.7/1.4 0.8 4.6 2.6 0.9/1.0

* Reference in the Robust Details for Part E Resistance to the passage of sound

40

Appendix Q: Special features and specific data

Q1 Special features

This section provides a method to allow for the benefits of new energy-saving technologies that are not included in the published SAP specification. This procedure may only be used for technologies whose characteristics have been independently assessed and which are recognised as part of SAP by being described on the web page www.bre.co.uk/sap2005 (or a web page linked to it). For recognised systems, this web page will contain details for calculating the data to be entered into the worksheet. In general, a technology may use one form of energy to achieve savings in another form of energy. Example. If whole-house mechanical ventilation with heat recovery were to be assessed in this way for an oil heated house: the web page would contain the routine for calculating the heat recovered (and so the energy saved), together with a routine to calculate the energy used by fans the energy saved would be applied with the cost and CO2 emission factors for oil the electricity used for fans would be applied with the cost and CO2 factors for electricity.

In the worksheet: SAP rating: 1) include the amount of energy saved by the technology (kWh/year) in box (94) 2) multiply the amount of saved energy by the unit price of the fuel concerned and enter the result in box(94a) 3) include the amount of energy used by the technology in box (95) 4) multiply the energy used by the unit price of the fuel concerned and enter the result in box(95a) 5) include both these items in the calculation of the total energy cost in box (97). CO2 Emissions: 1) the amount of energy saved by the technology (kWh/year) in box (94) is multiplied by the appropriate emission factor and subtracted from the total CO2 emissions 2) the amount of energy used by the technology (kWh/year) in box (95) is multiplied by the appropriate emission factor and added to the total CO2 emissions.

Q2 Specific data

A similar mechanism will be used, if appropriate, to permit the use of data specific to a technology instead of the data provided in the SAP tables. For recognised data types, the web page mentioned above will give details of the conditions for accepting the data and its applicability within the SAP calculation.

41

Appendix R: Reference values

This appendix provides a set of reference values for the parameters of a SAP calculation, which are used in connection with establishing a target CO2 emissions rate for the purposes of demonstrating compliance with regulations for new dwellings. Table R1 is used to define a notional dwelling of the same size and shape as the actual dwelling.

The CO2 emissions per unit floor area from the notional dwelling are adjusted as specified in the applicable regulatory document to form the target CO2 emission rate for the actual dwelling. CO2 emissions associated with internal lighting should be recorded separately. CO2 emissions associated with electricity consumption for pumps and fans are included with those for heating and hot water.

Table R1 : Reference values Element or system Size and shape Opening areas (windows and doors) Value Same as actual dwelling 25% of total floor area (or, if total exposed faade area is less 25% of the total floor area, the total exposed faade area) The above includes one opaque door of area 1.85 m2, any other doors are fully glazed U = 0.35 W/m2K U = 0.25 W/m2K U = 0.16 W/m2K U = 2.0 W/m2K U = 2.0 W/m2K Double glazed, low-E hard coat Frame factor 0.7 Solar energy transmittance 0.72 Light transmittance 0.80 Same as actual dwelling All glazing orientated E/W; average overshading 2 0.11 x total exposed surface area (W/K) Natural ventilation with intermittent extract fans 10 m/m2h at 50 Pa None None 3 for dwellings with floor area greater than 80 m2, 2 for smaller dwellings Mains gas Boiler and radiators, water pump in heated space SEDBUK 78%, room-sealed, fanned flue Programmer + room thermostat + TRVs, boiler interlock Stored hot water, heated by boiler, separate time control for space and water heating 150 litre cylinder insulated with 35 mm of factory applied foam Primary pipework not insulated, cylinder temperature controlled by thermostat 10% electric 30% of fixed outlets

Walls Floors Roofs Opaque door Windows and glazed doors

Living area fraction Shading and orientation Number of sheltered sides Allowance for thermal bridging Ventilation system Air permeability Chimneys Open flues Extract fans Primary heating fuel (space and water) Heating system Boiler Heating system controls Hot water system Hot water cylinder Primary water heating losses Secondary space heating Low energy light fittings

Note: Building regulations can vary between England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The data in the table should only be used subject to any qualifications or amendments given in the regulatory documents that apply in the Administration where the dwelling(s) will be constructed.

42

Appendix S : Reduced Data SAP for existing dwellings

Reduced Data SAP has been developed by government for use in existing dwellings based on a site survey of the property, when the complete data set for a SAP calculation is not available. It consists of a system of data collection (defined in Table S19) together with defaults and inference procedures, as defined by the rules given in this Appendix, that generate a complete set of input data for the SAP calculation. For any item not mentioned in this Appendix, the procedures and data givenelsewhere in this document apply. This Appendix forms part of SAP 2005 and provides a methodology for existing dwellings that is compliant with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. It is not appropriate for new dwellings for which all data for the calculation should be acquired related to the dwelling concerned.

S2 Age bands

A set of age bands is defined according to Table S1 for the purposes of assigning U-values and other data.

Table S1 : Age bands

Age band A B C D E F G H I J K England & Wales before 1900 1900-1929 1930-1949 1950-1966 1967-1975 1976-1982 1983-1990 1991-1995 1996-2002 2003-2006 2007 onwards Years of construction Scotland Northern Ireland before 1919 before 1919 1919-1929 1919-1929 1930-1949 1930-1949 1950-1964 1950-1973 1965-1975 1974-1977 1976-1983 1978-1985 1984-1991 1986-1991 1992-1998 1992-1999 1999-2002 2000-2006 2003-2007 (not applicable) 2008 onwards 2007 onwards

S1 Dwelling types
Dwellings are classified as one of house bungalow flat maisonette and one of detached semi-detached mid-terrace end-terrace enclosed mid-terrace enclosed end-terrace A house or bungalow has a completely exposed ground floor and a completely exposed roof. A flat or maisonette does not have both. Enclosed is typically applicable for back-to-back terraces and has the following meaning: mid-terrace has external walls on two opposite sides enclosed mid terrace has an external wall on one side only end-terrace has three external walls enclosed end-terrace has two adjacent external walls. Many dwellings have an extension either added onto the main part, or built at the same time but of different construction or insulation. In these cases, dimensions and constructional details of the main part of the dwelling and the extension are recorded separately, to allow the assignment of different U-values to the original and to the extension. Occasionally there may be two extensions whose details need each to be recorded separately. In addition, dwellings can have a different construction for some parts of the walls (for example, a timber framed bay window in otherwise masonry construction). These are recorded as a separate constructional element, termed alternative wall.

Note: From the 1960s, constructional changes have been caused primarily by amendments to building regulations for the conservation of fuel and power, which have called for increasing levels of thermal insulation. The dates in Table S1 are generally one year after a change in regulations, to allow for completion of dwellings approved under the previous regulations.

S3 Heat loss areas

Heat loss areas are determined separately for the main part of the dwelling and any extension.

S3.1 Conversion to internal dimensions

If horizontal dimensions are measured externally, they are converted to overall internal dimensions for use in SAP calculations by application of the appropriate equations in Table S2, using the appropriate wall thickness from Table S3. External dimensions should be measured to the midpoint of party walls dividing two dwellings. The equations are applied on a storey-by storey basis, for the whole dwelling (i.e. inclusive of any extension).

43

Table S2 : Conversion of dimensions

Dwelling type Detached Semi-detached or End-terrace Equations Pint = Pext 8 w Aint = Aext w (Pint 4 w ) Pint = Pext 5 w
2 a = 0.25 ( Pext + Pext 8 A ext )

Aint = Aext w (Pint + 0.5 Aext/a) 2 w Mid-terrace Enclosed end-terrace Enclosed mid-terrace All types Pint = Pext 2 w Aint = Aext w (Pext + 2 Aext/Pext) + 2 w Pint = Pext 3 w Aint = Aext 1.5 w Pext + 2.25 w Pint = Pext w Aint = Aext w (Aext/Pext + 1.5 Pext) + 1.5 w Perimeter ratio = Pint/Pext Area ratio = Aint/Aext

Notes: Pext and Aext are the measured external perimeter and area (of whole dwelling) Pint and Aint are the calculated internal perimeter and area w is the wall thickness After obtaining the perimeter ratio and area ratio for the whole dwelling, multiply separately the measured perimeters and areas of a) the main part of the dwelling and b) any extension, by these ratios.

Table S3 : Wall thickness (m)

Age band Wall type Stone as built* Stone + internal or external insulation* Stone as built Stone + internal or external insulation Solid Brick as built Solid brick + internal or external insulation Cavity** Timber Frame System Build System build + internal or external insulation Note: * ** If in Scotland add 0.05 m A 0.50 0.57 0.70 0.77 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.32 B 0.50 0.57 0.70 0.77 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.32 C 0.50 0.57 0.60 0.67 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.32 D 0.50 0.57 0.60 0.67 0.22 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.32 E 0.45 0.52 0.55 0.62 0.24 0.31 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.32 F 0.42 0.49 0.52 0.59 0.25 0.32 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.37 G 0.42 0.49 0.52 0.59 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.37 H 0.42 0.49 0.52 0.59 0.27 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.37 I, J, K 0.45 0.52 0.55 0.62 0.30 0.37 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.37

If in Scotland add 0.20 m for bands A and B, and 0.10 for other bands

S3.2 Heights and exposed wall areas

Table S4 : Window area (m)

Age House or Bungalow Flat or Maisonette band A, B ,C WA = 0.1220 TFA + 6.875 WA = 0.0801 TFA + 5.580 D WA = 0.1294 TFA + 5.515 WA = 0.0341 TFA + 8.562 E WA = 0.1239 TFA + 7.332 WA = 0.0717 TFA + 6.560 F WA = 0.1252 TFA + 5.520 WA = 0.1199 TFA + 1.975 G WA = 0.1356 TFA + 5.242 WA = 0.0510 TFA + 4.554 H WA = 0.0948 TFA + 6.534 WA = 0.0813 TFA + 3.744 I WA = 0.1382 TFA 0.027 WA = 0.1148 TFA + 0.392 J, K WA = 0.1435 TFA 0.403 WA = 0.1747 TFA 2.834 Note: WA = window area for main part or extension TFA = total floor area of main part or extension The window areas calculated using Table S4 should be reduced by 25% if it is assessed as being less than typical for the age and type of property, and increased by 25% if assessed as being more than typical for the age and type of property. If assessed as much greater than typical, or for an atypical property e.g. a dwelling created by a change of use, the total window area should be obtained from measurements of each individual window. In this case the window areas in the main part of the dwelling and in any extension are recorded separately (along with whether single glazed, or double glazed before or during/after 2002) and Table S4 is not used.

Heights are measured internally within each room, and 0.25 m is added to each room height except for the lowest storey of the dwelling, to obtain the storey height. Faade areas are obtained from the product of heat loss perimeter (after conversion to internal dimensions if relevant) and storey height, summed over all storeys. For the main house and any extension(s), window and door areas are deducted from the faade areas to obtain the net wall areas for the heat loss calculations. If an alternative wall is present, the area of the alternative wall is recorded net of any openings in it and identified as part of the main wall or extension wall, so that it may be subtracted from that wall area prior to the calculation of wall heat losses.

S3.3 Door and window areas

The area of external doors is taken as 1.85 m. The number of external doors is: flat/maisonette with heated corridor: 0 flat/maisonette with unheated corridor or no corridor: 1 house/bungalow: 2 Window areas are obtained by application of the appropriate equation from Table S4. The equation used is chosen according to the age band of the main part of the dwelling, with the resulting total window area apportioned between main part and extension pro rata to their wall areas.

44

S3.4 Roof area

Roof area is the greatest of the floor areas on each level.

S4 Parameters for ventilation rate

S3.5 Room in roof

The parameters for calculation of the ventilation rate are obtained from Table S5.

If there are roof rooms, with a total floor area of Frr (measured internally), then: 1) Area Frr is deducted from the roof area determined at S3.4. 2) A separate heat-loss roof area Arr is defined, where

Table S5 : Ventilation parameters

Parameter Chimneys Flues Value Number of open fireplaces Number of open flues (main and secondary heating systems) Ventilation Natural with intermittent extract fans, unless system mechanical system clearly identified Extract fans Age bands A to E all cases 0 Age bands F to G all cases 1 Age bands H to K up to 2 rooms 1 " 3 to 5 rooms 2 " 6 to 8 rooms 3 more than 8 rooms 4 " Wall infiltration According to wall type, system build treated as masonry Floor infiltration Age bands A to E: unsealed (suspended Age bands F to K: sealed timber floor only) Draught lobby House or bungalow: no Flat or maisonette: yes if heated or unheated corridor Percent of doors Percentage of double glazing and windows (Doors not draughtstripped) draughtstripped Number of Greater of the number of storeys in the main part of the storeys dwelling and in any extension Sheltered sides 4 for flat/maisonette up to third storey above ground level 2 in other cases Note: Age bands in this table relate to the age of the main dwelling and not to any extension. The number of rooms is as defined in S9.

A rr = Frr + 11.0 Frr / 1.5

(S1)

Arr has a U-value for the appropriate age band for the construction of the roof rooms (see Table S10). The formula is based on a rectangular roomin-roof area of average height 2.2 m, and Arr includes the walls of the roof rooms as well as their roof.

S3.6 Heat loss floor area

The lowest floor of a dwelling can be a basement, a ground floor, an exposed floor (e.g. over a passageway) or a semi-exposed floor (e.g. over an integral garage) or not a heat loss floor (flats/maisonettes). If it is a basement it is treated as if it were a ground floor for heat loss purposes.

S3.7 Heat loss floor area for houses and bungalows

The area of the lowest occupied floor is a ground floor. If the area of an upper floor is greater than that of the floor below, the difference in these areas is an exposed or semi-exposed floor. Semi exposed floors are treated as if they were fully exposed. The ground floor area of the main dwelling and that of any extension are treated separately as they can have different U-values.

S5 Constructional types and U-values

S3.8 Heat loss floor area for flats and maisonettes

There is no heat loss through the floor if below it there is another dwelling or other premises that are normally heated. The floor area of the flat, or the lower floor of the maisonette, is an exposed or semi-exposed floor if there is an open space or unheated premises below it. Semi exposed floors are treated as if they were fully exposed.

U-values of construction elements are determined from the constructional type and date of construction. U-values are assessed separately for the main part of the dwelling and for any extension. If the insulation status is unknown, the relevant value for as built is used.

S3.9 Semi-exposed walls for flats and maisonettes

If the flat or maisonette is adjacent to an unheated corridor or stairwell, the area of wall between the dwelling and the corridor or stairwell is treated as a semi-exposed wall. Semi exposed walls in houses and bungalows are treated as if they were fully exposed.

45

S5.1 U-values of walls

Table S6 : Wall U-values England and Wales

Age band Wall type Stone, granite or whin (as built) Stone, sandstone (as built) Solid brick (as built) Stone/solid brick (external insulation) Stone/solid brick (internal insulation) Cavity (as built) Filled cavity Timber frame System build (as built) System build (external insulation) System build (internal insulation) A 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 2.1 0.50 2.5 2.0 0.60 0.60 B 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 C 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 D 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.0 2.0 0.60 0.60 E 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.55 0.55 1.6 0.50 0.80 1.7 0.55 0.55 F 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45* 0.45* 1.0 0.40 0.45 1.0 0.45 0.45 G 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.35* 0.35* 0.60 0.35 0.40 0.60 0.35* 0.35* H 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.35* 0.35* 0.60 0.35 0.40 0.60 0.35* 0.35* I 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.30* 0.30* 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.30* 0.30* J 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25* 0.25* 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.25* 0.25* K 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21* 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21*

Table S7 : Wall U-values Scotland

Age band Wall type Stone, granite or whin (as built) Stone, sandstone (as built) Solid brick (as built) Stone/solid brick (external insulation) Stone/solid brick (internal insulation) Cavity (as built) Filled cavity Timber frame System build (as built) System build (external insulation) System build (internal insulation) A 1.7 1.5 2.1 0.60 0.60 2.1 0.50 2.5 2.0 0.60 0.60 B 1.7 1.5 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 C 1.7 1.5 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 D 1.7 1.5 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.0 2.0 0.60 0.60 E 1.7 1.5 1.7 0.55 0.55 1.6 0.50 0.80 1.7 0.55 0.55 F 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45* 0.45* 1.0 0.40 0.45 1.0 0.45 0.45 G 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.35* 0.35* 0.60 0.35 0.40 0.60 0.35* 0.35* H 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.30* 0.30* 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.30* 0.30* I 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.30* 0.30* 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.30* 0.30* J 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21* 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21* K 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.20* 0.20* 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.20* 0.20*

Table S8: Wall U-values Northern Ireland

Age band Wall type Stone, granite or whin (as built) Stone, sandstone (as built) Solid brick (as built) Stone/solid brick (external insulation) Stone/solid brick (internal insulation) Cavity (as built) Filled cavity Timber frame (as built) System build (as built) System build (external insulation) System build (internal insulation) A 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 2.1 0.50 2.5 2.0 0.60 0.60 B 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 C 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.9 2.0 0.60 0.60 D 2.4 2.1 2.1 0.60 0.60 1.6 0.50 1.0 2.0 0.60 0.60 E 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.55 0.55 1.5 0.50 0.80 1.7 0.55 0.55 F 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45* 0.45* 1.0 0.40 0.45 1.0 0.45 0.45 G 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.35* 0.35* 0.60 0.35 0.40 0.60 0.35* 0.35* H 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.30* 0.30* 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.30* 0.30* I 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.30* 0.30* 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.45 0.30* 0.30* J K 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21* 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.21* 0.21*

* wall may have had internal or external insulation when originally built; this applies only if insulation is known to have been increased subsequently (otherwise as built applies). assumed as built.

46

S5.2 U-values of semi-exposed walls

For semi-exposed walls of flats and maisonettes, the U-value for the applicable wall area is taken as that of the external walls of the dwelling adjusted as described in Section 3.3 using Ru = 0.4 mK/W.

S5.3 U-values of roofs

The U-value assumed for a pitched roof with an insulated ceiling should, where possible, be based on the observed thickness of the loft insulation according to Table S9.

For suspended floors: height above external ground level 0.3 m average wind speed at 10 m height 5 m/s wind shielding factor 0.05 ventilation openings per m exposed perimeter 0.003 m/m U-value of walls to underfloor space 1.5 W/mK. A non-separated conservatory has an uninsulated solid ground floor.

Table S11 : Basis for floor U-value calculation

Age band A, B C to G H I J K Floor type suspended, unsealed solid solid solid solid solid All-over floor insulation England & Scotland Northern Wales Ireland none none none none none 25 mm 75 mm 100 mm none 25 mm 50 mm 75 mm 100 mm none 25 mm 50 mm 100 mm

Table S9 : Roof U-values when loft insulation thickness is known

Insulation thickness (mm) None 12 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 Assumed roof U-value (W/mK) 2.3 1.5 1.0 0.68 0.50 0.40 0.29 0.20 0.16 0.13

Note: These U-values take account of joists. The insulation is taken as being between joists only up to 150mm, and between and over joists for 200 mm or more. If the insulation thickness is not known, the U-value should be taken from Table S10.

S5.5 U-values of exposed and semi-exposed upper floors

To simplify data collection no distinction is made in terms of U-value between an exposed floor (to outside air below) and a semi-exposed floor (to an enclosed but unheated space below) and the Uvalues in Table S12 are used.

Table S12 : Exposed/Semi-exposed floor U-values

Age band A to G H or I J K U-value (W/mK) 1.20 0.51 0.25 0.22

Table S10 : Assumed U-values when the roof insulation thickness is unknown
Pitched, insulation between joists A, B, C, D E F G H I J K 2.3 (none) 1.5 (12 mm) 0.68 (50 mm) 0.40 (100 mm) 0.29 (150 mm) 0.26 (150 mm) 0.16 (250 mm) 0.16 (250 mm) Pitched, insulation between rafters 2.3 1.5 0.68 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.20 Flat roof Room-in-roof

2.3 1.5 0.68 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25

2.3 1.5 0.80 0.50 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.25

S5.6 U-value of floor above a partially heated space

The U-value of a floor above partially heated premises is taken as 1.0 W/mK. This applies typically for a flat above non-domestic premises that are not heated to the same extent or duration as the flat.

S5.7 Allowance for thermal bridging

The thermal bridging factor, y, as defined in Appendix K is taken from Table S13.

Note: These U-values take account of joists. They may differ from Elemental U-values in regulations applicable at the time of construction, where the Elemental U-values were set on the basis of ignoring joists in U-value calculations.

Table S13 : Thermal bridging

Age band A to I J K Thermal bridging factor y (W/mK) 0.15 0.11 0.08

S5.4 U-values of floors next to the ground

The floor U-value is calculated according to BS EN ISO 13370 using its area and exposed perimeter, and rounded to two decimal places. The following parameters are used: wall thickness from Table S3 soil type clay (thermal conductivity 1.5 W/mK) Rsi = 0.17 mK/W Rse = 0.04 mK/W floor type from Table S11 all-over floor insulation of thickness from Table S11 with thermal conductivity 0.035 W/m2K.

S6 Non-separated conservatory

The floor area and volume of a non-separated conservatory are added to the total floor area and volume of the dwelling. Its roof area is taken as the same as its floor area, and wall area is taken as the product of its exposed perimeter and its height. Its height can be estimated from the equivalent number of storey heights of the dwelling to the nearest half storey. The conservatory walls and roof are taken as fully glazed (and this glazed area applied in addition to that from Table S4). Glazed walls are taken as windows, glazed roof as rooflight.

47

S7 Solar gains

Table S17 : Cylinder size

Descriptor Indicative size range Inaccessible Normal Medium Large Size to be used in SAP calculation Off-peak electric dual immersion: 210 litres From solid fuel boiler: 160 litres Otherwise: 110 litres 90 130 litres 110 litres 131 170 litres 160 litres > 170 litres 210 litres

Solar gains are calculated for average overshading (Table 6d) and for East/ West orientation of all windows. A conservatory roof is taken as horizontal for the purposes of Table 6a.

S8 Window U-values and g-values

The U-value of windows and the solar transmittance of glazing is taken from Table S14.

Table S14 : Window characteristics

Glazing Installed Single Any Frame (for U-value Table 6c) wood 4.8 frame PVC frame PVC frame 3.1 2.0 g-value 0.85 0.76 0.72

Table S18 : Heating and hot water parameters

Parameter Hot water cylinder insulation if not accessible Insulation of primary pipework Space heating circulation pump for wet systems Hot water separately timed Hot water cylinder in heated space Boiler interlock Value Age bands A to F: none Age bands G, H: 25 mm foam Age bands J, K: 35 mm foam No Within heated space Age bands A to I: no Age bands J, K: yes Yes

England and Wales: before 2002, Double Scotland: before 2003 N. Ireland: before 2006 England and Wales: 2002 or later, Double Scotland: 2003 or later N. Ireland: 2006 or later

Table S15 applies to a non-separated conservatory.

Table S15 : Non-separated conservatory

Glazing Single Double Age band any any Frame (for Table 6c) wood frame PVC frame Window U-value 4.8 3.1 Roof U-value 5.1 3.3 g-value 0.85 0.76

S9 room count and Living area fraction

The room count is based on the number of habitable rooms, which include any living room, sitting room, dining room, bedroom, study and similar; and also a non-separated conservatory. Excluded from the room count are any kitchen, utility room, bathroom, cloakroom, en-suite accommodation and similar; any hallway, stairs or landing; and also any room not having a window. For open plan dwellings count all spaces thermally connected to the main living area (e.g. a living/dining room) as one room. The living area fraction is determined from the number of habitable rooms.

Assumed present if there is a room thermostat and (for stored hot water systems) a cylinder thermostat. Otherwise not present Solar panel If present, the parameters for the calculation are: panel aperture area 3 m flat panel, 0 = 0.75, a1 = 6.0 facing South, pitch 30, modest overshading combined cylinder, solar part one-third of total, or if a combi boiler the cylinder identified is a dedicated solar cylinder pump is not solar powered. Photovoltaics If present, the parameters for the calculation are: PV area is roof area for heat loss, times percent of roof area covered by PVs, and if pitched roof divided by cos(35) kWp is 0.06 x PV area facing South, pitch 30, modest overshading. Community heating If details cannot be ascertained they are defaulted to: scheme s ystem based on mains gas-fired boiler, efficiency 80% piping installed before 1990, pre-insulated flat-rate charging. If CHP and details cannot be ascertained they are defaulted to: fraction of heat from CHP = 0.30 CHP overall efficiency 75% heat to power ratio = 2.0.

Table S16 : Living area fraction

Number of rooms Living area fraction Number of rooms Living area fraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.75 0.50 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 9 10 11 12 13 14 15+ 0.09

S11 Improvement measures

0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09

S10 Space and water heating

Space and water heating systems and their controls are those defined in Tables 4a, 4b and 4e (less some specific systems which will be defined later). Parameters not included in the data collection (Table S19) are defined in Table S17 and Table S18.

The effect of improvement measures can be assessed by amending the data for the existing dwelling according to the improvement measure being considered. When a number of measures are being considered, the effect of any one of them on the SAP and Environmental Impact ratings depends, in general, on the order in which they are introduced. A standard list of improvement measures and how their effect on energy performance is to be assessed will be published separately. In most cases, an improvement measure is assessed by adjusting the values within the reduced data set. For increased loft insulation, for example, the calculation would be re-done with a different roof U-value taken from Table S9 according to the proposed new thickness of the loft insulation. For some cases involving new technology, appropriate data may be added in future via the Appendix Q procedure.

48

S12 Minimum data to be collected Table S19: Data to be collected

Item Built form and detachment Age band Data Classification according to S1. According to S2 Comment Identify age band separately for: main property age extension any rooms in roof. Total as defined in S9, inclusive of main property and any extension.

Number of rooms

Number of habitable rooms

Dimension type Dimensions Non-separated conservatory.

Flats and maisonettes

Wall construction

Wall insulation

Alternative wall construction (if present) Roof construction

Roof insulation (if not another dwelling above) Roof insulation thickness Windows (of the dwelling only, not including any conservatory)

If half or more of those rooms are not heated, the A heated room is one with a heat emitter in the room. number of heated habitable rooms Measured internally or externally Applies to areas and perimeters. Room heights always measured internally within the room. See S3. Area, average room height and exposed Measured separately for main property and any extension. perimeter for each floor For rooms-in-roof, measure floor area only, inside the dwelling. Floor area See section 3.3.3. A separated conservatory is to be disregarded. Glazed perimeter Double glazed (yes/no) Height (number of half storeys of main dwelling) Corridor, one of: Refers to entrance to the flat. no corridor heated corridor unheated corridor If unheated corridor, length of sheltered wall The length of wall between flat and corridor. Floor level (0 for ground floor) and The lowest floor level of a maisonette. number of floors in block Floor is one of: A heated space below applies when it is above another flat. A partially above heated space heated space below applies when it is above non-domestic premises. above partially heated space An unheated space below applies when it is above a space not used for above unheated space or fully habitation. exposed Where the flat is above more than one type, it is classified according to the largest floor area concerned. One of: Recorded separately for main dwelling and any extension. stone (granite or whin) 2 stone types in Scotland. stone (sandstone) solid brick cavity timber frame system build (i.e. any other) One of: Recorded separately for main dwelling and any extension. external External, cavity or internal insulation to be indicated only if added filled cavity subsequent to original construction. If it has only the insulation that was internal part of the original construction it is as built. as built unknown Location Location identifies whether part of main wall or an extension wall. Construction (as preceding item) Insulation (as preceding item) net area of alternative wall One of: Recorded separately for main dwelling and any extension. pitched flat another dwelling above One of: Recorded separately for main dwelling and any extension. rafters joists no access One of: For roof insulation at joist level and where can be accessed. Recorded none, 12, 25, 50, 75,100, 150, 200, separately for main dwelling and any extension. 250, 300 mm, dont know Area: one of Typical refers to normal construction for the property type and age typical band concerned. If assessed as much more than typical, the area of each less that typical window should be measured. more than typical much more than typical Proportion double glazed. As percentage Double glazing installed, one of: xxxx is: p re year xxxx 2002 in England and Wales d uring or post year xxxx 2003 in Scotland d ont know 2006 in Northern Ireland

49

Item Fireplaces Main heating system

Data Number of open fireplaces Fuel for main heating

Comment

Main heating controls Secondary heating system Water heating

Boiler identification if possible, otherwise If boiler can be identified, its characteristics are obtained via the system according to Table 4a/4b* SEDBUK system Heat emitter type, one of r adiators u nderfloor o ther Item from Table 4e* according to main system type. Fuel for secondary heating, and system from None if no secondary heating system room heater section of Table 4a*. Either from main heating system, or from secondary system, or item from hot-water-only section of Table 4a*. Cylinder size, one of: n o cylinder n o access n ormal (90-130 litres) m edium (131-170 litres) l arge (> 170 litres) Cylinder insulation type, one of no access none jacket spray foam Cylinder insulation thickness, one of: 0, 12, 25, 38, 50, 80, 100, 150 mm If immersion, whether single or dual. Cylinderstat (yes/no) yes/no, and if yes whether heat recovery Applies to whole house balanced ventilation system only. Otherwise natural ventilation is assumed. Intermittent extract fans (kitchen and bathrooms) are not a mechanical ventilation system for SAP calculations. Can be relevant to improvement recommendations

Mechanical ventilation

Mains gas available Solar water heating Photovoltaic array Low energy lighting Note:

yes/no Solar panel (yes/no) yes/no Percentage of fixed outlets

*A few heating systems and controls will be omitted, this will be published separately.

50

SAP Worksheet (Version 9.80)

1. Overall dwelling dimensions

Area (m) (1a) (2a) (3a) (1a) + (2a) + (3a) + (4a) = (4a) (5)

Average storey height (m) = = = = (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = m per hour

Volume (m) (1) (2) (3) (4) (6)

Ground floor First floor Second floor Third and other floors Total floor area Dwelling volume 2. Ventilation rate Number of chimneys Number of open flues Number of intermittent fans or passive vents Number of flueless gas fires Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans = (7) + (8) + (9) + (9a) = If a pressurisation test has been carried out, proceed to box (19) Number of storeys in the dwelling Additional infiltration

40 = 20 = 10 = 40 =

(7) (8) (9) (9a) Air changes per hour

box (6) =

(10)

(11) [(11) 1] 0.1 = (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

Structural infiltration: 0.25 for steel or timber frame or 0.35 for masonry construction If suspended wooden floor, enter 0.2 (unsealed) or 0.1 (sealed), else enter 0 If no draught lobby, enter 0.05, else enter 0 Percentage of windows and doors draught stripped Enter 100 in box (16) for new dwellings which are to comply with Building Regulations Window infiltration Infiltration rate 0.25 [0.2 (16) 100] = (10) + (12) + (13) + (14) + (15) + (17) =

(17) (18) (19) (20)

If based on air permeability value, then [q50 20] + (10) in box (19), otherwise (19) = (18) Number of sides on which sheltered Shelter factor Adjusted infiltration rate Calculate effective air change rate for the applicable case a) If balanced whole house mechanical ventilation with heat recovery b) If balanced whole house mechanical ventilation without heat recovery c) If whole house extract ventilation or positive input ventilation from outside d) If natural ventilation or whole house positive input ventilation from loft if (22) < 0.25, then (23b) = 0.5; otherwise (23b) = 0.25 + (22)

Air permeability value applies if a pressurisation test has been done, or a design air permeability is being used

(Enter 2 in box (20) for new dwellings where location is not shown) 1 [0.075 (20)] = (19) (21) = (22) + 0.17 = (22) + 0.5 =

(21) (22) (23) (23a) (23b) (24) (25)

if (22) 1, then (24) = (22); otherwise (24) = 0.5 + [(22) 0.5]

Effective air change rate enter (23) or (23a) or (23b) or (24) in box (25)

51

3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter ELEMENT Doors Windows (type 1)* Windows (type 2)* Rooflights* Ground floor Walls (type 1) excluding windows and doors Walls (type 2) excluding windows and doors Roof (type 1) excluding rooflights Roof (type 2) excluding rooflights Other Total area of elements A, m Fabric heat loss, W/K Area (m) (32) 1/[(1/Uvalue) + 0.04] 1/[(1/Uvalue) + 0.04] 1/[(1/Uvalue) + 0.04] Uvalue = = = = = = = = = = A U (W/K) (26) (27) (27a) (27b) (28) (29) (29a) (30) (30a) (31)

*For windows and rooflights, use effective window Uvalue calculated as given in paragraph 3.2

(26) + (27) + (27a) + (27b) + (28) + (29) + (29a) + (30) + (30a) + (31) =

(33) (34)

Thermal bridges (l) calculated using Appendix K Total fabric heat loss Ventilation heat loss Heat loss coefficient, W/K Heat loss parameter (HLP), W/mK 4. Water heating energy requirements

If details of thermal bridging are not known calculate y (32) [see Appendix K] and enter in box (34)

(33) + (34) = (25) 0.33 (6) = (35) + (36) = (37) (5) = kWh/year

(35) (36) (37) (38)

Energy content of hot water used from Table 1 column (b) Distribution loss from Table 1 column (c) If instantaneous water heating at point of use, enter 0 in boxes (40) to (45) For community heating use Table 1 (c) whether or not hot water tank is present Water storage loss: a) If manufacturers declared loss factor is known (kWh/day): Temperature factor from Table 2b Energy lost from water storage, kWh/year (41) (41a) 365 =

(39) (40)

(41) (41a) (42) (43)

b) If manufacturers declared cylinder loss factor is not known :

If community heating and no tank in dwelling, enter 110 litres in box (43) Otherwise if no stored hot water (this includes instantaneous combi boilers) enter 0 in box (43) Hot water storage loss factor from Table 2 (kWh/litre/day) Volume factor from Table 2a

Cylinder volume (litres) including any solar storage within same cylinder

If community heating and no tank in dwelling, use cylinder loss from Table 2 for 50 mm factory insulation in box (44) (44a) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (39) + (40) + (47) + (48) + (49) (50) = 0.25 [(39) + (49)] + 0.8 [(40) + (47) + (48)] = (51) (52) (44b) (43) (44) (44a) (44b) 365 =

(44)

Temperature factor from Table 2b Energy lost from water storage, kWh/year

Enter (42) or (45) in box (46) If cylinder contains dedicated solar storage, box (47) = (46) [(43) (H11)] / (43), else (47) = (46) Primary circuit loss from Table 3 Combi loss from Table 3a (enter 0 if not a combi boiler) Solar DHW input calculated using Appendix H (enter 0 if no solar collector ) Output from water heater, kWh/year Heat gains from water heating, kWh/year

Include (47) in calculation of (52) only if cylinder is in the dwelling or hot water is from community heating

52

5. Internal gains Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic (Table 5) Reduction of internal gains due to low energy lighting (calculated in Appendix L) Additional gains from Table 5a Water heating Total internal gains 6. Solar gains (52) 8.76 = (53) + (53b) + (54) (53a) =

Watts

(53) (53a) (53b) (54) (55)

North Northeast East Southeast South Southwest West Northwest Rooflights Total solar gains:

Access factor Table 6d

Area m

Flux Table 6a 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

g Table 6b

FF Table 6c = = = = = = = = = [(56) + ..... + (64)] = (55) + (65) = (66) (37) = (66) (68) =

Gains (W) (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69)

Note: for new dwellings where overshading is not known, the solar access factor is 0.77 Total gains, W Gain/loss ratio (GLR) Utilisation factor (Table 7, using GLR in box (67) Useful gains, W 7. Mean internal temperature Mean internal temperature of the living area (Table 8) Temperature adjustment from Table 4e, where appropriate Adjustment for gains R is obtained from the responsiveness column of Table 4a or Table 4d Adjusted living room temperature Temperature difference between zones (Table 9) Living area fraction (0 to 1.0) Rest-of-house fraction Mean internal temperature 8. Degree days Temperature rise from gains Base temperature Degreedays, use box (79) and Table 10 9. Space heating requirement Space heating requirement (useful), kWh/year 0.024 (80) (37) = (81) (69) (37) (77) (78) = = (78) (79) (80) living room area (5) = 1 (75) = (73) [(74) (76)] = {[(69) (37)] 4.0} 0.2 R = (70) + (71) + (72) =

C (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (77)

For range cooker boilers where efficiency is obtained from the Boiler Efficiency Database or manufacturers declared value, multiply the result in box (81) by (1 case/water) where case is the heat emission from the case of the range cooker at full load (in kW); and water is the heat transferred to water at full load (in kW). case and water are obtained from the database record for the range cooker boiler or manufacturers declared value.

53

9a. Energy requirements individual heating systems, including microCHP

Note: when space and water heating is provided by community heating use the alternative worksheet 9b

Space heating Fraction of heat from secondary/supplementary system (use value from Table 11, Appendix F or Appendix N) Efficiency of main heating system, % (SEDBUK or from Table 4a or 4b, adjusted where appropriate by the amount shown in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c) [1 (82)] (81) 100 (83) = (82) (81) 100 (84) =

(82) (83) (84) (85) (85a) (86) (86a) (87a) (87b) (87c) (87d) (87e) (87f)

Efficiency of secondary/supplementary heating system, % (use value from Table 4a or Appendix E) Space heating fuel (main) requirement, kWh/year Space heating fuel (secondary), kWh/year

Water heating Efficiency of water heater, % (SEDBUK or from Table 4a or 4b, adjusted where appropriate by the amount shown in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c) Energy required for water heating, kWh/year Electricity for pumps and fans each central heating pump, (Table 4f) each boiler with a fanassisted flue (Table 4f) warm air heating system fans (Table 4f) mechanical ventilation balanced, extract or positive input from outside (Table 4f) maintaining keephot facility for gas combi boiler (Table 4f) pump for solar water heating (Table 4f) (87a) + (87b) + (87c) + (87d) + (87e) + (87f) = Fuel required kWh/year Fuel price (Table 12) Fuel cost /year (51) 100 (86) = kWh/year

Total electricity for the above equipment, kWh/year 10a. Fuel costs individual heating systems

(87)

Space heating main system Space heating secondary Water heating Water heating cost (electric, offpeak tariff) Onpeak fraction (Table 13, or Appendix F for electric CPSUs) Offpeak fraction Onpeak cost Offpeak cost

(85) (85a)

0.01 = 0.01 =

(88) (89)

(90) Fuel price (86a) (90) (86a) (90a) (86a) (87) 1.0 (90) = 0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01 = (90a) (91) (91a) (91b) (92) (93) (94) (95) (95) (96) (96) 0.01 = (96a) (97) 0.01 = (95a)

Water heating cost (other fuel) Pump and fan energy cost Energy for lighting (calculated in Appendix L) Additional standing charges (Table 12) Renewable and energysaving technologies (Appendices M, N and Q) Energy produced or saved, kWh/year Cost of energy produced or saved, /year Energy consumed by the technology, kWh/year Cost of energy consumed, /year

Total energy cost 11a. SAP rating individual heating systems Energy cost deflator (SAP 2005) Energy cost factor (ECF) SAP rating (Table 14)

(88) + (89) + (91) + (91a) + (91b) + (92) + (93) + (94) (95a) + (96a) =

0.91 {[(97) (98)] 30.0} {(5) + 45.0} =

(98) (99) (100)

54

9b. Energy requirements Community heating scheme This page should be used when space and water heating is provided by community heating only, with or without CHP or heat recovered from power stations. If CHP is not involved enter 0 on box (83*), and 1.0 in box (84*) Overall system efficiency of the heating plant (100 % minus the amount shown in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c(3) where appropriate) (from operational records or the plant design specification) (82*) (83*) 1 (83*) = kWh/year Space heating from CHP or recovered heat, kWh/year Space heating from boilers, kWh/year Water heated by CHP or recovered heat Water heated by boilers [(81) (83*) 100] (82*) (85*) = [(81) (84*) 100] (82*) (85*) = [(51) (83*) 100] (82*) (85*) = [(51) (84*) 100] (82*) (85*) = (86*) (87*) (87a*) (87b*) (88*) (84*) (85*)

Fraction of heat from CHP unit or fraction of heat recovered from power station Fraction of heat from boilers

Distribution loss factor (Table 12c)

Electricity for pumps and fans: from Table 4f for dwellings with mechanical ventilation, otherwise enter 0

10b. Fuel costs Community heating scheme

Space heating Space heating (CHP or from power stations) Space heating (community boilers) Water heating Water heated by CHP or recovered heat Water heated by boilers

For CHP price from Table 12 is irrespective of fuel used by CHP

Fuel required kWh/year (86*) (87*)

Fuel price

= 0.01 = 0.01 =

(Table 12)

Fuel cost /year

(89*) (90*)

(87a*) (87b*)

Fuel price

0.01 = 0.01 =

(91*) (92*)

Water heated by immersion heater only; if not heated by immersion heater, go to box (94*) Onpeak fraction (Table 13) Offpeak fraction Onpeak cost Offpeak cost (51) (93*) (51) (93a*) (88*) 1.0 (93*) = Fuel price 0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01 = 0.01 = (93*) (93a*) (93b*) (93c*) (94*) (94a*) (94b*) (95*) (95*) (96*) (96*) 0.01 = (96a*) (97*) 0.01 = (95a*)

Pump and fan energy cost Energy for lighting (calculated in Appendix L) Additional standing charges (Table 12) Renewable and energysaving technologies (Appendices M and Q) Energy produced or saved, kWh/year Cost of energy produced or saved, /year Energy consumed by the technology, kWh/year Cost of energy consumed, /year

Total heating

(89*) + (90*) + (91*) + (92*) + (93b*) + (93c*) + (94*) + (94a*) + (94b*) (95a*) + (96a*) =

11b. SAP rating Community heating scheme Energy cost deflator (Table 12) Energy cost factor (ECF) SAP rating (Table 14) {[(97*) (98*)] 30.0} {(5) + 45} = 0.91 (98*) (99*) (100*)

55

12a. Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER) for individual heating systems (including microCHP) and community heating without CHP Emission factor Emissions Energy kWh/year kg CO2/kWh kg CO2/year Individual heating system: Space heating main from box (85) Space heating secondary from box (85a) (104) (87*) 100 (104) (87b*) 100 (104) = = (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) (113) = = = (101) (102) (103)

Energy for water heating from box (86a) Community scheme: Efficiency of community boilers % use actual efficiency if known, or value in Table 4a Energy for space heating Energy for water heating

Space and water heating Electricity for pumps and fans from box (87) or (88*) Energy for lighting from Appendix L Energy produced or saved in dwelling Energy consumed by the above technology Total CO2, kg/year Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate

[(101) + (102) + (103)] or [(105) + (106)] = (95) or (95*) (96) or (96*) = = = =

(107) + (108) + (109) (110) + (111) = (112) (5) =

12b. Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER) for community heating schemes with CHP or heat recovered from power stations For community schemes that recover heat from power stations refer to C2 in Appendix C and omit (101*) to (106*) Emission factor Energy kg CO2/kWh kWh/year Electrical efficiency of CHP unit (e.g. 30%) from operational records or the CHP design specification Heat efficiency of CHP unit (e.g. 50%) from operational records or the CHP design specification CO2 emission factor for the CHP fuel from Table 12 CO2 emission factor for electricity generated by CHP (from Table 12) CO2 emitted by CHP per kWh of generated electricity Heat to Power ratio enter if known, otherwise (102*) (101*) CO2 emission factor for heat [(105*) (104*)] / (106*) = Note: w ith CHP the value in box (107*) can be negative; with heat recovered from power stations enter emission factor for waste heat from Table 12 in box (107*) Energy Water heated by CHP or recovered heat from power station Efficiency of community boilers % use actual efficiency if known, or value in Table 4a Water heated by boilers: If water heated by immersion heater Space heating from CHP or recovered heat Space heating from boilers Electricity for pumps and fans Total CO2 associated with boilers, CHP or recovered heat If negative, enter 1 in box (115*) (95*) (96*) Table 12 = Table 12 = Table 12 = (116*) (117*) (118*) (119*) (120*) Energy for lighting from Appendix L Energy produced or saved in dwelling Energy consumed by the above technology Total CO2, kg/year Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (109*) (87b*) 100 (109*) (51) (86*) (87*) 100 (109*) (88*) (107*) Table 12 = Table 12 = = Table 12 = Table 12 = (110*) (111*) (112*) (113*) (114*) (115*) (87a*) Emission factor: (107*) = Emissions (108* ) (103*) (104*) (103*) (101*) 100 = (105*) (106*) (107*) Emissions (kg CO2/year) (101*) (102*)

[(108*) + (110*) + ... + (114*)] =

(115*) + (116*) (117*) + (118*) = (119*) (5) =

56

TABLES

Table 1: Hot water energy requirements

Floor area TFA (m2) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 (a) Hot water usage Vd (litres/day) 63 71 79 87 95 102 109 116 123 129 136 142 148 154 159 165 170 175 180 185 189 193 197 201 205 209 212 215 (b) Energy content of water used (kWh/year) 1146 1293 1437 1577 1713 1846 1976 2102 2225 2344 2460 2572 2681 2787 2889 2987 3082 3174 3262 3347 3428 3506 3581 3652 3719 3783 3844 3901 (c) Distribution loss (kWh/year) 202 228 254 278 302 326 349 371 393 414 434 454 473 492 510 527 544 560 576 591 605 619 632 644 656 668 678 688

In the case of a combination boiler: 1) the storage loss factor is zero if the efficiency is taken from Table 4b 2) the loss is to be included for a storage combination boiler if its efficiency is the manufacturers declared value or is obtained from the Boiler Database (in which case its insulation thickness and volume are also to be provided by the manufacturer or obtained from the Database).
Insulation thickness, mm 0 Factory insulated cylinder 0.1425 0.0394 0.0240 0.0191 0.0181 0.0152 0.0094 0.0084 0.0115 Cylinder loss factor (L) kWh/litre/day Loose jacket 0.1425 0.0760 0.0516 0.0418 0.0396 0.0330 0.0240 0.0183 0.0152

12 25 35 38 50 120 160 80

Note: Alternatively the heat loss factor, L, may be calculated for insulation thickness of t mm as follows: 1) Cylinder, loose jacket 2) Cylinder, factory insulated L = 0.005 + 1.76/(t + 12.8) L = 0.005 + 0.55/(t + 4.0)

Table 2a: Volume factor for cylinders and storage combis

Volume Vc 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 Volume Factor VF 1.442 1.259 1.145 1.063 1.00 0.950 0.908 0.874 0.843 0.817 0.794 0.773 0.754

Note: Alternatively, the hot water usage and the distribution loss may be calculated from the total floor area of the dwelling (TFA), using the following steps: 1) Calculate N = 0.035 TFA - 0.000038 TFA2, if TFA 420 N = 8 if TFA > 420 Hot water usage = (25 N) + 38 2) Energy content of water used = [(61 N) + 92] 0.85 8.76 3) Distribution loss = [(61 N) + 92] 0.15 8.76

Table 2: Hot water storage loss factor (kWh/litre/day)

If the manufacturers declared loss is available, see Table 2b. In the absence of manufacturers declared cylinder loss, the loss factor L from Table 2 is multiplied by the cylinder volume in litres, by the volume factor from Table 2a, and by the appropriate temperature factor from Table 2b, to obtain the loss rate. These data apply to cylinders heated by gas, oil and solid fuel boilers and by electric immersion, and to stores within combi boilers. For community heating systems with no cylinder in the dwelling, use loss factor for 50mm factory insulation and a cylinder size of 110 litres. For an electric CPSU, the loss is 0.022 kWh/litre/day.

Note: 1) When using the data in Table 2, the loss is to be multiplied by the volume factor. 2) Alternatively, the volume factor can be calculated using the equation VF = (120 / Vc)1/3 Where: Vc volume of cylinder or storage, litres

57

Table 2b: Factors to be applied to losses for cylinders, thermal stores and CPSUs
Type of water storage Cylinder Storage combi boiler, primary store Temperature Factor For manufacturers declared loss 0.60 a) b) n/a For loss from Table 2 0.60 a) b) Store volume 115 litres: 0.82 Store volume < 115 litres: 0.82 + 0.0022 (115 Vc) Store volume 115 litres: 0.60 Store volume < 115 litres: 0.60 + 0.0016 (115 Vc) 1.08 c) d) 1.08 c) d) 1.00

Storage combi boiler, secondary store Hot water only thermal store Integrated thermal store and gas-fired CPSU Electric CPSU winter operating temperature 85C 90C 95C

n/a 0.89 c) 0.89 c) 1.09 1.15 1.21

Note: a) Multiply Temperature Factor by 1.3 if a cylinder thermostat is absent b) Multiply Temperature Factor by 0.9 if there is separate time control of domestic hot water (boiler and heat pump systems only) c) Multiply Temperature Factor by 0.81 if the thermal store or CPSU has separate timer for heating the store d) Multiply Temperature Factor by 1.1 if the thermal store or CPSU is not in an airing cupboard

Table 3: Primary circuit losses

System type Electric immersion heater Boiler with uninsulated primary pipework* and no cylinder thermostat Boiler with insulated primary pipework and no cylinder thermostat Boiler with uninsulated primary pipework and with cylinder thermostat Boiler with insulated primary pipework and with cylinder thermostat Combi boiler CPSU (including electric CPSU) Boiler and thermal store within a single casing (cylinder thermostat present) Separate boiler and thermal store connected by no more than 1.5 m of insulated pipework Separate boiler and thermal store connected by: - uninsulated primary pipe work - more than 1.5 m of insulated primary pipe work Community heating kWh/year 1220 610 610 360 0 0 0 0 470 280 360 0

Note: * Primary pipework means the pipes between a boiler and a hot water tank

Table 3a: Additional losses for combi boilers

Combi type Instantaneous, without keep-hot facility* Instantaneous, with keep-hot facility controlled by time clock Instantaneous, with keep-hot facility not controlled by time clock Storage combi boiler** store volume Vc 55 litres Storage combi boiler** store volume Vc < 55 litres
a)

kWh/year 600 a) 600 900 0 600 (Vc 15) 15 a)

If the hot water usage from Table 1 is less than 100 litres/day, multiply by (daily hot water usage) / 100

Note: * keep-hot facility is defined in Appendix D, section D1.16. The facility to keep water hot may have an on/off switch for the user, or it may be controlled by a time switch. If the store is 15 litres or more, the boiler is a storage combination boiler. In the case of keep-hot: 1) If the keep-hot facility is maintained hot solely by burning fuel, use the appropriate loss for combi boiler from the Table 3a and proceed with the calculation as normal. 2) If the keep-hot facility is maintained by electricity: a) include appropriate combi losses from Table 3a in box (49) b) calculate energy required for water heating as [(51) (49)] x 100 (86) and enter in box (86a). See also Table 4f. 3) In the case of an electrically powered keep-hot facility where the power rating of the keep-hot heater is obtained from the Boiler Efficiency database, the electric part of the total combi loss should be taken as: LE =8.76 x P (kWh/year) (subject to maximum of the value from Table 3a) where P is the power rating of the heater in watts with the remainder (either 600 LE or 900 LE) provided by the fuel.
**

storage combi boilers are defined in Appendix D, section D1.10.

58

Table 4a: Heating system seasonal efficiency (space and water)

1) The table shows space heating efficiency. The same efficiency applies for water heating when hot water is supplied from a boiler system. 2) For independent water heaters see section at the end of table. 3) Heating type refers to the appropriate column in Table 8. 4) Responsiveness (R) is used to calculate entry in box (72) of worksheet.
Efficiency Heating Respon% type siveness (R) CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS WITH RADIATORS OR UNDERFLOOR HEATING Gas boilers and oil boilers For efficiency, use boiler database (www.boilers.org.uk) if possible, otherwise use efficiency from Table4b. Use Table 4c for efficiency adjustments. Use Table 4d for heating type and responsiveness. Refer to Group 1 in Table 4e for control options and temperature adjustments due to control. Micro-cogeneration (micro-CHP) See Appendix N. Performance data to be obtained from boiler database (www.boilers.org.uk). Use Table 4c for efficiency adjustments. Refer to Group 1 in Table 4e for control options and temperature adjustments due to control. Solid fuel boilers For efficiency, use boiler database if possible, otherwise use efficiency from this table. Column (A) gives minimum values for HETAS approved appliances. Use column (B) for other appliance (see section 9.2.3). For open fires with back boilers and closed roomheaters with boilers the efficiencies are the sum of heat to water and heat to room. Refer to Group 1 in Table 4e for control (A) (B) options Manual feed boiler in heated space 65 60 2 0.75 (mineral or wood) a) Manual feed boiler in unheated space 60 55 2 0.75 (mineral or wood) a) Auto (gravity) feed boiler in heated 70 65 2 0.75 space a) Auto (gravity) feed boiler in unheated 65 60 2 0.75 space a) Open fire with back boiler to radiators, 63 55 3 0.50 trapezium grate Open fire with back boiler to radiators, 65 55 3 0.50 rectangular grate 67 65 Closed roomheater with boiler to 3 0.50 radiators Wood chip/pellet boiler 67 65 2 0.75 Range cooker boiler (integral oven and 50 45 3 0.50 boiler) Range cooker boiler (independent oven 60 55 3 0.50 and boiler) Note: a) Heated space means within the boundary of the dwelling as defined in section 1, Dwelling dimensions Electric boilers Refer to Group 1 in Table 4e for control options Direct acting electric boiler 100 1 1.00 Electric CPSU in heated space a) 100 2 0.75 Dry core storage boiler in heated space a) b) 100 2 0.75 Dry core storage boiler in unheated space a) b) 85 2 0.75 Water storage boiler in heated space a) b) 100 2 0.75 Water storage boiler in unheated space a) b) 85 2 0.75 a) Heated space means within the boundary of the dwelling as defined in section 1, Dwelling dimensions b) Store within boiler capable of meeting all space heating needs

Heat pumps (see also warm air systems) Refer to Group 2 in Table 4e for control options Ground-to-water heat pump (electric) 320 Ground-to-water heat pump with 300 auxiliary heater (electric) Water-to-water heat pump (electric) 300 Air-to-water heat pump (electric) 250 Gas-fired, ground or water source 120 Gas-fired, air source 110

Efficiency Heating Respon% type siveness (R)

From Table 4d From Table 4d From Table 4d From Table 4d From Table 4d From Table 4d

COMMUNITY HEATING SCHEMES For calculation of CO2 emissions: if known, use manufacturers declared efficiency instead of the value in this table. For calculation of SAP rating: use 100% reduced by the amount in the efficiency adjustment column of Table 4c. Refer to Group 3 in Table 4e for control options. Check Table 4c for efficiency adjustment due to controls. Allow for distribution loss (see Table 12c). Community heating boilers 75 1 1.0 ELECTRIC STORAGE SYSTEMS Refer to Group 4 in Table 4e for control options. Off-peak tariffs Old (large volume) storage heaters Modern (slimline) storage heaters Convector storage heaters Fan storage heaters Modern (slimline) storage heaters with Celect-type control Convector storage heaters with Celect-type control Fan storage heaters with Celect-type control Integrated storage/direct acting heater 24-hour heating tariff Modern (slimline) storage heaters Convector storage heaters Fan storage heaters Modern (slimline) storage heaters with Celect-type control Convector storage heaters with Celect-type control Fan storage heaters with Celect-type control

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2

0.00 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75

100 100 100 100 100 100

3 3 3 2 2 2

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75

ELECTRIC UNDERFLOOR HEATING Refer to Group 7 in Table 4e for control options Off-peak tariffs In concrete slab (off-peak only) Integrated (storage/direct acting) Integrated (storage/direct acting) with low (off-peak) tariff control Standard tariff In thin screed (45-60 mm) In timber floor

100 100 100

5 4 3

0.00 0.25 0.50

100 100

2 1

0.75 1.00

59

WARM AIR SYSTEMS Refer to Group 5 in Table 4e for control options. Gas-fired warm air with fan-assisted flue Ducted, on-off control, pre 1998 Ducted, on-off control, 1998 or later Ducted, modulating control, pre 1998 Ducted, modulating control, 1998 or later Roomheater, with in-floor ducts

Efficiency Heating Respon% type siveness (R)

70 76 72 78 69

1 1 1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Flush fitting Live Fuel Effect gas fire (open fronted), fan assisted, sealed to fireplace opening Decorative Fuel Effect gas fire, open to chimney Gas fire, flueless (add additional ventilation requirements in box (9a) Oil room heaters Room heater, pre 2000 Room heater, 2000 or later Room heater with boiler (no radiators), pre 2000 Room heater with boiler (no radiators), 2000 or later

Efficiency Heating Respon% type siveness (R) 45 20 90 1 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0

Gas fired warm air with balanced or open flue Ducted or stub-ducted. on-off control, 70 pre 1998 Ducted or stub-ducted. on-off control, 76 1998 or later Ducted or stub-ducted, modulating 72 control, pre 1998 Ducted or stub-ducted, modulating 78 control, 1998 or later Ducted or stub-ducted with flue heat 85 recovery Condensing 81 Oil-fired warm air Ducted output (on/off control) Ducted output (modulating control) Stub duct system Electric warm air Electricaire system

1 1 1 1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

55 60 65 70

1 1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

70 72 70

1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0

Solid fuel room heaters Column (A) gives minimum values for HETAS approved appliances, use column (B) for other appliances (see section 9.2.3). (A) (B) Open fire in grate 37 32 3 0.50 Open fire with back boiler (no radiators) 50 50 3 0.50 Closed room heater 65 60 3 0.50 67 65 Closed room heater with boiler (no 3 0.50 radiators) Stove (pellet fired) 67 65 2 0.75 Electric (direct acting) room heaters Panel, convector or radiant heaters Fan heaters Portable electric heaters

100

0.75

Heat pumps Refer to Group 2 in Table 4e for control options. Ground-to-air heat pump (electric) 320 Ground-to-air heat pump with auxiliary 300 heater (electric) Water-to-air heat pump (electric) 300 Air-to-air heat pump (electric) 250 Gas-fired, ground or water source 120 Gas-fired, air source 110

100 100 100

1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0

1 1 1 1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

OTHER SPACE HEATING SYSTEMS Refer to Group 7 in Table 4e for control options. Electric ceiling heating 100

0.75

ROOM HEATERS Refer to Group 6 in Table 4e for control options. If declared efficiency is available (see Appendix E) use instead of value from table. Gas (including LPG) room heaters Gas fire, open flue, pre-1980 (open fronted) Gas fire, open flue, 1980 or later (open fronted), sitting proud of, and sealed to, fireplace opening Gas fire or wall heater, balanced flue Gas fire, open flue (open fronted), sitting proud of, and sealed to, fireplace opening, with back boiler unit Flush fitting Live Fuel Effect gas fire (open fronted), sealed to fireplace opening, with back boiler unit Gas fire, closed fronted, fan assisted Condensing gas fire Flush fitting Live Fuel Effect gas fire (open fronted), sealed to fireplace opening

50 63 58 63 40 72 85 40

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

HOT-WATER-ONLY SYSTEMS If water heating from main system, use efficiency of main system. Electric immersion (on-peak or off-peak) 100 n/a Back boiler (hot water only), gas 65 n/a From a circulator built into a gas warm 65 n/a air system, pre 1998 From a circulator built into a gas warm 73 n/a air system, 1998 or later Single-point gas water heater 70 n/a (instantaneous at point of use) Multi-point gas water heater 65 n/a (instantaneous serving several taps) Electric instantaneous at point of use 100 n/a

60

Table 4b: Seasonal efficiency for gas and oil boilers

1) This table is to be used only for gas and oil boilers for which the SEDBUK is not available. 2) The table shows seasonal efficiencies for space heating. The same seasonal efficiencies should be assumed for water heating when hot water is supplied from a boiler system. 3) See Appendix B for guidance on boiler classification. 4) Apply efficiency adjustments in Table 4c if appropriate. 5) See Table 4d for heating type and responsiveness. Boiler Gas boilers (including LPG) 1998 or later Non-condensing (including combis) with automatic ignition Condensing (including combis) with automatic ignition Non-condensing (including combis) with permanent pilot light Condensing (including combis) with permanent pilot light Back boiler Gas boilers (including LPG) pre-1998, with fan-assisted flue Low thermal capacity High or unknown thermal capacity Combi Condensing combi Condensing Gas boilers (including LPG) pre-1998, with balanced or open flue Wall mounted Floor mounted, pre 1979 Floor mounted, 1979 to 1997 Combi Back boiler Combined Primary Storage Units (CPSU) (mains gas and LPG) With permanent pilot (non-condensing) With automatic ignition (non-condensing) With permanent pilot (condensing) With automatic ignition (condensing) Oil boilers Standard oil boiler pre-1985 Standard oil boiler 1985 to 1997 Standard oil boiler, 1998 or later Condensing Combi, pre-1998 Combi, 1998 or later Condensing combi Oil room heater + boiler, pre 2000 Oil room heater + boiler, 2000 or later Range cooker boilers (mains gas and LPG) Single burner with permanent pilot Single burner with automatic ignition Twin burner with permanent pilot (non-condensing) pre 1998 Twin burner with automatic ignition (non-condensing) pre 1998 Twin burner with permanent pilot (non-condensing) 1998 or later Twin burner with automatic ignition (non-condensing) 1998 or later Range cooker boilers (oil) Single burner Twin burner (non-condensing) pre 1998 Twin burner (non-condensing) 1998 or later 70 74 79 83 65 70 79 83 70 76 81 65 70 46 50 60 65 65 70 60 70 75 Efficiency, % 73 83 69 79 65 72 68 70 83 83 65 55 65 65 65

Table 4c: Efficiency adjustments

Efficiency adjustment, % Gas or oil boiler systems with radiators or underfloor heating The adjustments are to be applied to the space and water heating seasonal efficiency for both the SEDBUK value and for efficiency values from Table 4b. 1) Efficiency adjustment due to lower temperature Mains Oil/ of distribution system gas LPG +2 +1 Condensing boiler with load compensator a) +2 +1 Condensing boiler with weather compensator a) +3 +2 Condensing boiler with under-floor heating a) b) 0 0 Condensing boiler with thermal store a) 2) Efficiency adjustment due to control system -5 No thermostatic control of room temperature c) -5 No boiler interlock c) Heating system Community heating systems 3) Efficiency adjustment due to controls

Flat rate charging d), no thermostatic control of room temperature Flat rate charging, programmer and room thermostat Flat rate charging, programmer and TRVs Charging system linked community heating, programmer + TRVs Heat pumps 4) Efficiency adjustment due to temperature of heat supplied Heat pump with underfloor heating

-10 -5 0 0 Multiply efficiency by: Space DHW 1.0 0.7 0.75 0.7 1.0

Heat pump supplying 50% DHW (see Appendix G) Notes:

a)

Heat pump with radiators without load or weather compensation e) Heat pump with radiators and load or weather compensation e) Heat pump supplying all DHW

These are mutually exclusive and therefore do not accumulate; if more than one applies, the highest applicable efficiency adjustment is to be used. Adjustment is applicable if the boiler supplies only the underfloor heating, and not if it also feeds radiators or supplies hot water.

b)

c)

These do not accumulate as no thermostatic control or presence of a bypass means that there is no boiler interlock. Flat rate charging means that households pay for the heat according to a fixed monthly or annual amount, not depending on the amount of heat actually used. If the charges vary within a scheme for other reasons, for example according to dwelling size, it is still classified as flat rate. The last entry under Community heating schemes refers to a system in which the charges are substantially related to the amount of heat used. Based on maximum heat distribution temperature of 50C.

d)

e)

Table 4d: Heating type and responsiveness for wet systems with heat supplied to radiators or underfloor heating
Heat emitter Systems with radiators: Underfloor heating (wet system) pipes in insulated timber floor pipes in screed or concrete slab Heating type 1 1 4 Responsiveness (R) 1.0 1.0 0.25

61

Table 4e: Heating system controls

1) Use Table 4a to select appropriate Group in this table. 2) Control indicates the appropriate column to use in Table 9. 3) The Temperature adjustment modifies the living area mid internal temperature obtained from Table8 and should be entered into box (71) of the worksheet.
Type of control Control Temp adjustment C Reference to other possible adjustments

Type of control

Control

Temp adjustment C

Reference to other possible adjustments Table 4c(3) Table 4c(3) Table 4c(3) Table 4c(3)

GROUP 1: BOILER SYSTEMS WITH RADIATORS OR UNDERFLOOR HEATING No time or thermostatic control of room 1 +0.6 temperature Programmer, no thermostat 1 +0.6 Room thermostat only 1 0 Programmer + room thermostat 1 0 Programmer + at least two room 2 0 thermostats Programmer + room thermostat + TRVs 2 0 Programmer + TRVs + bypass 2 0 Programmer + TRVs + flow switch 2 0 Programmer + TRVs + boiler energy 2 0 manager Time and temperature zone control 3 0

GROUP 3: COMMUNITY HEATING SCHEMES 1 Flat rate charging*, no thermostatic control of room temperature 1 Flat rate charging*, programmer and room thermostat 2 Flat rate charging*, programmer and TRVs 3 Charging system linked to use of community heating, programmer and TRVs GROUP 4: ELECTRIC STORAGE SYSTEMS Manual charge control 3 Automatic charge control 3 Celect-type controls 3 GROUP 5: WARM AIR SYSTEMS No thermostatic control of room temperature Room thermostat only Programmer + room thermostat Time and temperature zone control GROUP 6: ROOM HEATER SYSTEMS No thermostatic control of room temperature Appliance thermostats Programmer + appliance thermostats Room thermostats only Programmer + room thermostats GROUP 7: OTHER SYSTEMS No thermostatic control of room temperature Room thermostat only Programmer + room thermostat Temperature zone control Time and temperature zone control

+0.3 0 0 0

Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2) Table 4c(2)

+0.3 0 0

n/a n/a n/a

1 1 1 3

+0.3 0 0 0

n/a n/a n/a n/a

Adjustments for features of control systems (applicable to any control option above and in addition to the adjustments selected above) Delayed start thermostat one -0.15 n/a of the above Load or weather compensation one 0 Table 4c(1) of the above Temperature control of water heating n/a n/a Tables 2b (cylinder stat) and 3 Time control of water heating (separate n/a n/a Table 2b programming) Adjustments for features other than controls Temperature adjustment for CPSU n/a or integrated thermal store Underfloor heating n/a

2 3 3 3 3

+0.3 0 0 0 0

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1 1 1 2 3

+0.3 0 0 0 0

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

-0.1 n/a

n/a Table 4c(1)

Note: * Flat rate charging means that households pay for the heat according to a fixed monthly or annual amount, not depending on the amount of heat actually used. If the charges vary within a scheme for other reasons, for example according to dwelling size, it is still classified as flat rate. The last entry under Community heating schemes refers to a system in which the charges are substantially related to the amount of heat used.

GROUP 2: HEAT PUMPS No time or thermostatic control of room temperature Programmer, no thermostat Room thermostat only Programmer + room thermostat Programmer + at least two room thermostats Programmer + TRVs + bypass Time and temperature zone control

1 1 1 1 2 2 3

+0.3 +0.3 0 0 0 0 0

Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4) Table 4c(4)

Adjustments for features of control systems (applicable to any control option above and in addition to the adjustments selected above) Load or weather compensation one 0 Table 4c(4) of the above Temperature control of water heating n/a n/a Tables 2b (cylinder stat) and 3 Time control of water heating (separate n/a n/a Table 2b programming)

62

Table 4f: Electricity for fans and pumps and electric keep-hot facility
Equipment Heating system C entral heating pump (supplying hot water to radiators or underfloor system) O il boiler b) - pump (supplying oil to boiler and flue fan) c) Gas boiler - flue fan (if fan assisted flue) Warm air heating system fans d) Keep-hot facility of a combi boiler Electricity for maintaining keep-hot facility e,f) - keep-hot facility, controlled by time clock - keep-hot facility, not controlled by time clock Ventilation system Mechanical extract ventilation
g)

Table 5: Lighting, appliances, cooking and metabolic gains

Floor area (m2) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Notes: Alternatively, gains may be calculated from the total floor area of the dwelling (TFA), using the following steps: Gains (W) 230 282 332 382 431 480 528 576 623 669 715 760 805 849 Floor area (m2) 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 Gains (W) 893 935 978 1020 1061 1102 1142 1181 1220 1259 1297 1334 1349 1359

kWh/year

130 a) 100 a) 45 0.6 V

600 900

SFP 1.22 V SFP 1.22 V 0 SFP 1.22 V

Balanced whole house mechanical ventilation fans g) Positive input ventilation (from loft space) Positive input ventilation (from outside) g) Solar water heating pump Solar water heating pump, electrically powered Solar water heating pump, PV powered Notes:
a) b)

75 0

Multiply by a factor of 1.3 if room thermostat is absent. Applies to all oil boilers that provide main heating, but not if boiler provides hot water only. The same motor operates both the pump and the flue fan.

1) Calculate N = 0.035 TFA - 0.000038 TFA2 N = 8

if TFA 420 if TFA > 420

c) d)

If the heating system is a warm air unit and there is whole house ventilation, the electricity for warm air circulation should not be included in addition to the electricity for mechanical ventilation. V is the volume of the dwelling. See notes to Table 3a for the definition of keep-hot facility. In the case of an electrically powered keep-hot facility where the power rating of the keep-hot heater is obtained from the Boiler Efficiency database, the electricity consumed for maintaining the keep-hot facility should be taken as in footnote 3) to Table 3a. SFP is specific fan power in W/(litre/sec), see paragraph 2.6 and Table 4g, V is volume of the dwelling in m.

2) Calculate gains (W) = 74 + 2.66 TFA +75.5 N = 824 + 75.5 N

if TFA 282 if TFA > 282

e) f)

If there is low-energy lighting the gains should be reduced to take account of the reduced gains from lighting (see Appendix L).

Table 5a: Gains from fans and pumps

Function Central heating pump
a) b)

Gains (W) 10 10 0.06 V SFP 0.06 V

g )

Oil boiler pump, inside dwelling Warm air heating system fans a) c)

Table 4g: Specific fan power for mechanical ventilation systems

Type of mechanical ventilation Balanced whole house mechanical ventilation, with or without heat recovery Mechanical extract ventilation, or positive input ventilation from outside SFP, W/(litre/sec) 2.0 0.8

Balanced whole house mechanical ventilation fans Notes:

a) b)

Does not apply to community heating

Only for boiler providing main heating. In addition to central heating pump, but not if oil pump is outside dwelling.

c)

If the heating system is a warm air unit and there is whole house ventilation, the gains for warm air circulation should not be included in addition to the gains for mechanical ventilation. V is the volume of the dwelling.

63

Table 6a: Solar flux (W/m2)

Horizontal Heating season Summer period (use in Appendix P) 75 187 Vertical North NE/NW 29 75 34 89 E/W 48 109 SE/SW 64 112 South 72 107

Table 6c: Frame factors for windows and doors

Frame type Wood Metal Metal, thermal break PVC-U Frame factor (proportion of opening that is glazed) 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7

Notes: 1) Use E/W orientation when the orientation is not known. 2) For a roof window in a pitched roof with a pitch of less than 70, use the value under North for orientation within 30 of North and the value under Horizontal for all other orientations. If the pitch is 70 or greater, treat as if it is a vertical window. 3) Solar flux for heating season should be used in SAP worksheet. 4) Solar flux for summer period should be used for calculating summer overheating (Appendix P).

Note: If known, the actual frame factor can be used instead of the data in Table 6c provided that it is obtained either for the standard window configuration defined in BR 443 or it is an area-weighted average of all windows in the dwelling.

Table 6d: Solar and light access factors

Overshading % of sky blocked by obstacles Winter solar access factor Summer solar access factor Light access factor

Table 6b: Transmittance factors for glazing

Type of glazing Total solar energy transmittance, g Light transmittance, gL Heavy More than average Average or unknown Very little > 80% > 60% - 80% 20% - 60% < 20%

(for calculation of solar gains in section 6 of the worksheet)

(for (for calculation calculation of summer of lighting temperatures requirement in in Appendix P) Appendix L)

0.3 0.54 0.77 1.0

0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0

0.5 0.67 0.83 1.0

(for calculation of solar (for calculation of gains in section 6 of lighting requirement in the worksheet) Appendix L) Single glazed Double glazed (air or argon filled) Double glazed (Low-E, hard-coat) Double glazed (Low-E, soft-coat) Triple glazed (air or argon filled) Triple glazed (Low-E, hard-coat) Triple glazed (Low-E, soft-coat) 0.85 0.76 0.72 0.63 0.68 0.64 0.57 0.70 0.80 0.90

Note: A solar access factor of 1.0 and a light access factor of 1.0 should be used for roof windows.

Notes: 1) The values are for normal incidence of solar radiation and they are multiplied by 0.9 (both solar and light transmittance) in calculations. 2) When the window U-value is declared by the manufacturer (rather than from Table 6e) the solar transmittance should also be obtained from the manufacturer. In this case, ascertain whether the solar transmittance is related to the glazing only or to the whole window: see section 6.1. 3) Light transmittance should always be taken from Table 6b, irrespective of the source of the Uvalue and solar transmittance.

64

Table 6e: Indicative U-values (W/m2K) for windows, doors and roof windows

The values apply to the entire area of the window opening, including both frame and glass, and take account of the proportion of the area occupied by the frame and the heat conducted through it. Unless known otherwise, double and triple glazing should be taken as air-filled without low-E coating. If the U-value of the components of the window (glazed unit and frame) are known, window U-values may alternatively be taken from the tables in Annex F of BS EN ISO 10077-1, using the tables for 20% frame for metal-framed windows and those for 30% frame for wood or PVC-U framed windows. When available, the manufacturers certified U-values for windows or doors should be used in preference to the data in this table. Adjustments for roof windows should be applied to manufacturers window Uvalues unless the manufacturer provides a U-value specifically for a roof window.
Type of frame Window with metal frame with 4mm thermal Window with wood or PVC-U frame break (use adjustment in Note 1) (use adjustments in Note 2) 6 mm gap double-glazed, air filled double-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.2, hard coat) double-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.1, soft coat) double-glazed, argon filled double-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.15, hard coat) double-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.05, soft coat) double-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.2, hard coat) double-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.1, soft coat) triple glazed, air filled 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 12 mm gap 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 16 or more mm gap 2.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 6 mm gap 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 12 mm gap 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 16 or more mm gap 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 3.2 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7

double-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.15, hard coat) double-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.05, soft coat) triple-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.2, hard coat) triple-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.1, soft coat) triple-glazed, argon filled

triple-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.15, hard coat) triple-glazed, air filled (low-E, n = 0.05, soft coat) triple-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.2, hard coat) triple-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.1, soft coat)

triple-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.15, hard coat) triple-glazed, argon filled (low-E, n = 0.05, soft coat)

Windows and doors, single-glazed Solid wooden door Notes: 1) For roof windows with wooden or PVC-U frames apply the following adjustments to U-values:
Wood or PVC-U frame Single glazed Double glazed Triple glazed U-value adjustment for roof window, W/m2K +0.3 +0.2 +0.2

4.8 3.0

5.7

3) For doors which are half-glazed (approximately) the U-value of the door is the average of the appropriate window U-value and that of the non-glazed part of the door (e.g. solid wooden door [U-value of 3.0W/m2K] half-glazed with double glazing [low-E, hard coat, argon filled, 6 mm gap, U-value of 2.5 W/m2K] has a resultant U-value of 0.5(3.0+2.5) = 2.75 W/m2K).

2) For windows or roof windows with metal frames apply the following adjustments to U-values:
Metal frames Metal, no thermal break Metal, thermal break 4 mm Metal, thermal break 8 mm Metal, thermal break 12 mm Metal, thermal break 20 mm Metal, thermal break 32 mm Adjustment to U-value, W/m2K Window +0.3 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 Roof window +0.7 +0.3 +0.2 +0.1 0.0 -0.1

65

Table 7: Utilisation factor as a function of gain/loss ratio (GLR)

GLR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Utilisation factor 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.70 GLR 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 Utilisation factor 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.30

Table 10: Degree-days as a function of base temperature

Base temperature C 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 Degree-days 0 30 60 95 125 150 185 220 265 310 360 420 480 550 620 695 775 860 950 1045 Base temperature C 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 Degree-days 1140 1240 1345 1450 1560 1670 1780 1900 2015 2130 2250 2370 2490 2610 2730 2850 2970 3090 3210 3330

Note: Alternatively, the utilisation factor may be calculated by the formula: Utilisation factor = 1 - exp (- 18 GLR) where GLR = [total gains, box(66)] [heat loss coefficient, box (37)]

Table 8: Mean internal temperature of living area

HLP 1.0 (or lower) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 (or higher) (1) 18.88 18.88 18.85 18.81 18.74 18.62 18.48 18.33 18.16 17.98 17.78 (2) 19.32 19.31 19.30 19.26 19.19 19.10 18.99 18.86 18.73 18.59 18.44 (3) 19.76 19.76 19.75 19.71 19.66 19.59 19.51 19.42 19.32 19.21 19.10 (4) 20.21 20.20 20.19 20.17 20.13 20.08 20.03 19.97 19.90 19.83 19.76

Number in brackets is from the heating type column of Table 4a or 4d. HLP is item (38) in the worksheet
(5) 20.66 20.64 20.63 20.61 20.59 20.57 20.54 20.51 20.48 20.45 20.42

Table 11: Fraction of heat supplied by secondary heating systems

Main heating system All gas, oil and solid fuel systems Micro-cogeneration Heat pump Electric storage heaters (not integrated) - not fan-assisted - fan-assisted Integrated storage/directacting electric systems Electric CPSU Electric room heaters Other electric systems Community heating Notes: Secondary system all secondary systems all secondary systems all secondary systems all secondary systems Fraction from secondary 0.10 see Appendix N 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.10 See Appendix F 0.20 0.10 0

Notes: 1) Use heating column (1) when dwelling is heated by community heating. 2) Use linear interpolation between rows of the table.

1) Number in brackets is from the control column of Table 4e. 2) HLP is item (38) in the worksheet HLP 1.0 (or lower) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 (or higher) (1) 0.40 0.60 0.79 0.97 1.15 1.32 1.48 1.63 1.76 1.89 2.00 (2) 1.41 1.49 1.57 1.65 1.72 1.79 1.85 1.90 1.94 1.97 2.00

Table 9: Difference in temperatures between zones

1) See also Appendix A. 2) If an off-peak tariff is present, an electric secondary heater uses the on-peak tariff.

(3) 1.75 1.92 2.08 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.61 2.72 2.83 2.92 3.00

66

Table 12: Fuel prices, additional standing charges, emission factors and primary energy factors
Fuel Gas mains gas bulk LPG bottled LPG heating oil house coal anthracite manufactured smokeless fuel wood logs wood pellets (in bags, for secondary heating) wood pellets (bulk supply in bags, for main heating) wood chips dual fuel appliance (mineral and wood) standard tariff 7-hour tariff (on-peak)(c) 7-hour tariff (off-peak) (c) 10-hour tariff (on-peak ) (c) 10-hour tariff (off-peak) (c) 24-hour heating tariff electricity sold to grid electricity displaced from grid heat from boilers gas, oil, solid fuel heat from heat pump heat from boilers waste combustion heat from boilers biomass or biogas waste heat from power stations heat from CHP electricity generated by CHP Additional standing charge, (a) 34 62 Unit price p/kWh 1.63 3.71 4.32 2.17 1.91 1.99 2.67 2.20 5.00 3.00 1.60 2.10 7.12 7.65 2.94 7.83 4.29 4.09 3.00(d) Emissions kg CO2 per kWh 0.194 0.234 0.234 0.265 0.291 0.317 0.392 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.187 0.422 0.422 0.422 0.422 0.422 0.422 0.568(d) as above(e) as above(e) 0.057 0.025 0.018 as above(e) 0.568(d) Primary energy factor 1.15 1.10 1.10 1.19 1.07 1.07 1.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8(d) as above(e) as above(e) 1.10 1.10 1.05 as above(e) 2.8(d)

Oil Solid fuel(b)

Electricity

20 17 51

Community heating schemes

34

1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.39 1.39

Energy Cost Deflator(f) = 0.91 Note: a) The standing charge given for electricity is extra amount for the off-peak tariffs, over and above the amount for the standard domestic tariff, as it is assumed that the dwelling has a supply of electricity for reasons other than space and water heating. Standing charges for gas and for off-peak electricity are added to space and water heating costs where those fuels are used for heating or hot water. b) The specific fuel should be assumed for those appliances that can only burn the particular fuel (including Exempted Appliances within Smoke Control Areas). Where a main heating appliance is classed as dual fuel (i.e. mineral and wood), the data for dual fuel should be used, except where the dwelling is in a Smoke Control Area, when the data for solid mineral fuel should be used. Wood should be specified as fuel for a main heating system only if there is adequate provision (at least 1.5 m) for storage of the fuel. Outside Smoke Control Areas an open fire should be considered as dual fuel and a closed room heater without boiler as burning wood logs. c) With certain appliances using an off-peak tariff, some of the consumption is at the off-peak rate and some at the on-peak rate. The on-peak percentages to be used are given in Table 12a, the remainder being provided at the off-peak rate. d) Deducted from costs, emissions or primary energy. e) Take factor from further up the table according to fuel used. f) An energy cost deflator term is applied before the rating is calculated. It will vary with the weighted average price of heating fuels in future, in such a way as to ensure that the SAP is not affected by the general rate of inflation. However, individual SAP ratings are affected by relative changes in the price of particular heating fuels.

67

Table 12a: On-peak fractions for systems using 7-hour and 10-hour tariffs

This table is used for electric space and water heating systems which take electricity at both off-peak and on-peak rates. Use an electricity price for the main heating system weighted between the on-peak and off-peak unit price using the fraction from the table. Secondary heating with fraction according to Table 11 is applied as well.
System Integrated storage/direct acting systems (storage heaters and underfloor heating) Direct-acting electric boiler Ground/water source heat pump water heating with off-peak immersion water heating without immersion heater space heating with on-peak auxiliary space heating without auxiliary Tariff 7-hour 7-hour 10-hour 7-hour or 10-hour 7-hour or 10-hour 7-hour 10-hour 7-hour 10-hour 7-hour or 10-hour Fraction at on-peak rate 0.20 0.90 0.60 0.17 0.70 0.80 0.60 0.70 0.60 Fraction from Table 13

Immersion water heater

Table 12b: Solid Fuels

The table shows the fuels that can normally be used on the different types of solid fuel appliance. It should be regarded as only indicative: it is always necessary to follow the appliance manufacturers instructions. See also section 10.3.3 and note b) to Table 12 as regards fuel selection for SAP calculations.
Appliance Auto (gravity) feed boiler Manual feed boiler Wood chip boiler Wood pellet boiler Open fire (with or without back boiler) Closed room heater (with or without boiler) Pellet-fired stove Range cooker boiler

Table 12c: Distribution loss factor for group and community heating schemes
Heat distribution system Mains piping system installed in 1990 or earlier, not pre-insulated medium or high temperature distribution (120-140C), full flow system Pre-insulated mains piping system installed in 1990 or earlier, low temperature distribution (100C or below), full flow system. Modern higher temperature system (up to 120C), using pre-insulated mains installed in 1991 or later, variable flow system. Modern pre-insulated piping system operating at 100C or below, full control system installed in 1991 or later, variable flow system Factor 1.20

Possible fuels Within Smoke Outside Smoke Control Area Control Area Anthracite grains Anthracite grains and beans and beans Anthracite nuts Anthracite nuts Authorised Smokeless smokeless Wood logs Wood chips if Wood chips exempted appliance Wood pellets if Wood pellets exempted appliance Authorised House coal smokeless Smokeless Wood logs Anthracite nuts House coal Authorised smokeless Anthracite nuts Wood logs if Smokeless exempted appliance Wood logs Wood pellets if Wood pellets exempted appliance Anthracite Anthracite Wood logs

1.10

1.10

1.05

Note: A full flow system is one in which the hot water is pumped through the distribution pipe work at a fixed rate irrespective of the heat demand (usually there is a bypass arrangement to control the heat delivered to heat emitters). A variable flow system is one in which the hot water pumped through the distribution pipe work varies according to the demand for heat.

68

Table 13: On-peak fraction for electric water heating

Dwelling total floor area, m2 40 or less 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 or more Cylinder size, litres 7-hour tariff 10-hour tariff 110 160 210 245 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 110 0.06 (0.15) 0.08 (0.19) 0.10 (0.22) 0.11 (0.25) 0.13 (0.28) 0.14 (0.30) 0.16 (0.33) 0.17 (0.35) 0.18 (0.38) 0.19 (0.40) 0.20 (0.41) 0.21 (0.43) 0.22 (0.45) 0.23 (0.46) 0.23 (0.47) 0.24 (0.48) 0.24 (0.49) 0.25 (0.50) 0.25 (0.51) 160 0 0 0 0.00 (0.02) 0.01 (0.05) 0.02 (0.09) 0.02 (0.12) 0.02 (0.15) 0.03 (0.18) 0.03 (0.21) 0.04 (0.23) 0.04 (0.25) 0.04 (0.27) 0.05 (0.29) 0.05 (0.30) 0.05 (0.32) 0.05 (0.33) 0.05 (0.34) 0.05 (0.35) 210 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 14: SAP rating by energy cost factor

ECF -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 SAP 2005 142 135 128 121 114 107 100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51 45 39 34 30 25 22 18 15 12 9 6 3 1

0.12 (0.56) 0.07 (0.18) 0.02 0.14 (0.58) 0.17 (0.60) 0.19 (0.62) 0.21 (0.63) 0.24 (0.65) 0.26 (0.66) 0.27 (0.68) 0.29 (0.69) 0.31 (0.70) 0.32 (0.71) 0.33 0.(72) 0.35 (0.73) 0.36 (0.74) 0.37 (0.75) 0.38 (0.75) 0.38 (0.76) 0.39 (0.76) 0.39 (0.76) 0.09 (0.21) 0.10.(0.24) 0.12 (0.27) 0.14 (0.30) 0.15 (0.33) 0.16 (0.35) 0.18 (0.37) 0.19 (0.40) 0.20 (0.42) 0.21 (0.43) 0.22 (0.45) 0.23 (0.47) 0.24 (0.48) 0.24 (0.49) 0.25 (0.50) 0.26 (0.51) 0.26 (0.52) 0.26 (0.52) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Note: Alternatively these formulae can be used: for ECF 3.4 for ECF < 3.4 SAP 2005 = 111 - 110 log10(ECF) SAP 2005 = 100 13.96 ECF

0.39 (0.77) 0.26 (0.52) 0.13 0.04 0.25 (0.51) 0.06 (0.35)

Notes: 1) Table 13 shows fractions of electricity required at on-peak rates for cylinders with dual immersion heaters, and in brackets for cylinders with single immersion heaters, for tariffs providing at least 7 hours of heating per day at the off-peak rate and for tariffs providing at least 10 hours of heating per day at the off-peak rate.

Table 15 : Rating bands

The rating is assigned to a rating band according to the following table. It applies to both the SAP rating and the Environmental Impact rating. Rating 1 to 20 21 to 38 39 to 54 55 to 68 69 to 80 81 to 91 92 or more Band G F E D C B A

2) Alternatively, the fraction may be calculated (for V between 110 and 245 litres) from the following equations:

Tariffs providing at least 7 hours of heating per day at the off-peak rate Dual immersion: Single immersion: [(6.8 - 0.024V)N + 14 - 0.07V]/100 [(14530 - 762N)/V - 80 + 10N]/100

Table 16 : Relationship between SAP 2001 ratings and SAP 2005 ratings

Tariffs providing at least 10 hours of heating per day at the off-peak rate Dual immersion: Single immersion: [(6.8 - 0.036V)N + 14 - 0.105V]/100 [(14530 - 762N)/(1.5V) - 80 + 10N]/100

Where possible, SAP ratings previously calculated using SAP 2001 should be re-calculated using SAP 2005. The table indicates typical differences between the ratings. SAP 2001 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Mains gas 1 10 20 30 40 50 58 65 71 76 80 83 85 SAP 2005 for main heating fuel as: LPG (-5) 5 16 26 36 45 54 61 67 72 75 77 79 Oil (-5) 5 16 26 36 45 54 61 67 72 76 78 80 Solid fuel Electricity 3 3 13 13 23 22 33 32 43 41 52 50 59 58 66 64 71 69 75 72 78 75 80 77 82 78

where V is the cylinder volume and N is as defined below Table 1. (If these formulae give a value less than zero, set the on-peak fraction to zero.)

3) Do not use this table to obtain the on-peak fraction for an electric CPSU. Calculate the on-peak fraction using the procedure described in Appendix F. 4) Do not use this table for the on-peak fraction for domestic hot water heated by a heat pump. Use on-peak fraction given in Table 12a.

69