Unit: Biology G Nervous System

LESSON 5.1 - AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Overview: Students use their five senses to complete a writing exercise, complete a concept map about the nervous system and work through a reading and question package on the components of the nervous system, reflexes and instincts. Suggested Timeline: 2.5 hours Materials: Sensible Writing (Student Handout) What is the Nervous System? (Student Handout Individual) What is the Nervous System? (Student Handout Group) reflex hammer QUIZ An Introduction to the Nervous System (Student Handout) Method: INDIVIDUAL FORMAT: 1. Preview this section of the unit with students by going through the nervous system section of their unit organizer or instruct them to do it individually. 2. Provide students 15 minutes to complete Sensible Writing (Student Handout). 3. Hand out What is the Nervous System? (Student Handout Individual) and have students complete the concept map, reading and questions. Students may need some guidance in completing their concept map. GROUP FORMAT: 1. Preview this section of the unit with students by completing the nervous system section of the unit organizer. 2. Provide students 15 minutes to complete Sensible Writing (Student Handout). 3. Hand out What is the Nervous System? (Student Handout Group). Use the teacher notes to create a concept map with students about the nervous system and explain the components. Note that a sample concept map is provided. Students may also take notes on the key points made in the teacher notes.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

4. Ask a volunteer to come to the front of the class and sit on a desk with his/her legs dangling over the edge. Use a reflex hammer to test the knee jerk response OR use the back of your hand and a swift, firm hit under the patella. Have students note the response. Without warning, snap your fingers in front of the students eyes. Have students note the response. Begin a discussion about reflexes. Key Q: Where does the message go in each case? (above head brain, below head spinal cord) Key Q: Can you control your reflex response? Key Q: Why are reflexes important? 5. Have students complete the rest of the reading and questions on reflexes and instincts on their handout. Assessment and Evaluation: Assessment of students level of understanding of the nervous system via questioning. Student grade on quiz

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System An Introduction to the Nervous System General Information about the Nervous System The following information may be useful in making (and explaining) a nervous system concept map with students. The survival of organisms depends on their ability to sense and respond to stimuli in their environment. Sense organs of the body take in information from an organisms surroundings and send them to the brain. The network of cells that make up the nervous system are called nerve cells or neurons. There are several hundred billion nerve cells in the human body. The brain itself contains over 100 billion nerve cells. There are actually other cells that surround neurons in the brain called glial cells. They greatly outnumber neurons and are thought to support neurons. Scientists are just starting to realize that they may have other functions too, but are not sure of what those functions are. A Spanish cell biologist Ramn y Cajal (1852-1934) was the first to show that the neurons make up the nervous system. Each neuron is made up of a cell body with a nucleus containing the genetic material. From the cell body extend dendrites, acting like antennae to receive signals from other nerve cells. Each neuron has a single axon that shoots out from the its cell body and sends the signal to another neuron, muscle or gland. The myelin sheath is a fatty covering on the axon that speeds up the rate of transmission of the nervous impulse. The Nodes of Ranvier are where depolarization of the membrane actually occurs as the action potential or nervous impulse travels along. Axons in your body may measure up to a meter long!!

Teacher Support Material 1

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Nerve cells transmit messages via electrochemical signals. Ions like sodium, potassium and chloride are important in the changes that occur in the electrical potential of the cell membrane as the impulse moves along the neuron. The difference in concentration of charged ions inside and outside of the nerve cell creates a voltage across the cell membrane. This is kind of like the voltage in a chemical battery! Once the impulse has moved from the dendrites axon axon terminals it will pass to another nerve cell, muscle or gland. There is always a tiny space, however, between a neuron and the neuron, muscle or gland that it communicates with. This space is called the synapse. Information is sent across the synapse from by chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals reach the neuron, muscle or gland to send the message. Drugs can numb sensation and paralyze nerves by interfering with the messages sent along the neuron, or by affecting the chemical balance of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

Teacher Support Material 2

The major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is composed of the nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord. The brain is composed of four major parts: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the top, two-lobed portion of the brain and is the area responsible for thought, memory, the senses and commands for motion. The diencephalon is found in the middle of the brain and filters sensory signals before they go to the cerebrum. For example, when you are asleep, the diencephalons decides what sensory information you should wake for and which you can continue to sleep through. The diencephalon is also responsible for controlling the functions of your body so that it stays in a state of equilibrium or homeostasis by commanding the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release hormones. The cerebellum is found at the back of the brain and controls co-ordination and balance. The brain stem is found at the bottom and back of the brain and controls the bodys automatic or autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate and the contraction of muscles in the digestive system that move food along.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Teacher Support Material 3

The spinal cord relays information between the brain and the rest of the body. It is protected by bony vertebrae. It also controls reflexes below the head, like pulling your hand away when you touch a hot stove.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Teacher Support Material 4

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic component and the autonomic component. The neurons that make up the somatic component are under voluntary control. For example, the neurons associated with muscles in your arm that move when you think about raising your hand would be associated with the somatic component of the peripheral nervous system. The neurons that make up the autonomic component are those associated that work automatically without you having to think about them working. For example, the neurons that extend into your liver and stimulate it to function to detoxify the blood would be part of the autonomic component of the peripheral nervous system. Adapted from The Nervous System, pp. 113-116 Human Biology and Health Activities

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Sample Concept Map for Nervous System Overview

Teacher Support Material 5

cell body neurotransmitters

axon

dendrites

consist of

support function of neurons

using
communicate with one another at

synapse

neurons

glial cells

made of individual

sensory
functions in

Nervous System

motor
divided into

integrative

central nervous system

consists of

peripheral nervous system

divided into

spinal cord

brain
made up of

somatic (voluntary)

autonomic (involuntary)

brain stem cerebrum

- thought - memory - movement

cerebellum
- balance - co-ordination

diencephalon

- autonomic functions (ie: breathing, heart rate) - brain filter - maintains homeostasis

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: ________________________ Date: ____________ Period: _____

Student Handout

Sensible Writing

Part 1 The five senses are important for taking in information about the environment and writing down that information. Writers often use their senses to compare things. Look at the examples below, then finish each sentence that follows by using a sense comparison. BE CREATIVE! Examples: The juicy orange tasted like a burst of sunshine. The apartment smelled like a pigpen. 1. The spring garden smelled like _______________________________________________________. 2. The fresh-baked bread tasted like _____________________________________________________. 3. The handsome boy looked like _______________________________________________________. 4. The crying baby sounded like ________________________________________________________. 5. The cats fur felt like ______________________________________________________________.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Part 2 Think of your favorite place to be. Perhaps it is somewhere out in nature, in your room, or at a tropical destination where you have been. Close your eyes and recall all of the things experienced with your five senses there What sounds are there? Smells? Tastes? Sights? Are there special textures there that are enjoyable to touch? Write down this information in the map below. sights _________________ _________________ _________________ sounds textures _________________ _________________ _________________ tastes ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Part 3 On the back of this sheet or on another sheet of paper, write a paragraph about your favorite place to be. Use your map from part 2 to help you. Think of it as a travel brochure to entice others to come to your favorite place. Be sure to include information from all of the five senses! The place: _____________________ smells ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Student Handout

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: ________________________ Date: ____________________ Period: _____

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

What is the Nervous System?

VOCABULARY neuron glial cell cell bodydendrite axon myelin sheath synapse neurotransmitter central nervous system peripheral nervous system cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System brain stem spinal cord autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system reflex instinct -

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

PART 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The survival of organisms depends on their ability to sense and respond to things around them. Sense organs of the body, such as the eyes, take in information from an organisms surroundings and send them to the brain. The cells that make up the nervous system are called nerve cells or neurons. There are several hundred billion nerve cells in the human body! The brain itself contains over 100 billion nerve cells. There are actually other cells that surround neurons in the brain called glial cells. They greatly outnumber neurons and are thought to support neurons. Scientists are just starting to realize that they may have other functions too, but are not sure of what those functions are. A Spanish cell biologist Ramn y Cajal (1852-1934) was the first to show that the neurons make up the nervous system. Look at the picture of a typical neuron below. Each neuron is made up of a cell body with a nucleus containing the genetic material. From the cell body extend dendrites, acting like antennae to receive signals from other nerve cells. Each neuron has a single axon that shoots out from the its cell body and sends the signal to another neuron, muscle or gland. The myelin sheath is a fatty covering on the axon that allows the messages to be sent faster. Axons in your body may measure up to a meter long!!

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Nerve cells transmit messages via electrochemical signals. Ions like sodium, potassium and chloride are important in the changes that occur in the cell as the message moves along the neuron. The difference in concentration of charged ions inside and outside of the nerve cell creates a voltage across the cell membrane. This is kind of like the voltage in a chemical battery! Once the impulse has moved from the dendrites axon axon terminals it will pass to another nerve cell, muscle or gland. There is always a tiny space, however, between a neuron and the neuron, muscle or gland that it communicates with. This space is called the synapse. Information is sent across the synapse from by chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals reach the neuron, muscle or gland to send the message. Drugs can numb sensation and paralyze nerves by interfering with the messages sent along the neuron, or by affecting the chemical balance of neurotransmitters at the synapse. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is composed of the nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord. The brain is composed of four major parts: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the top portion of the brain that has two parts. It is the area responsible for thought, memory, the senses and commands for motion. The diencephalon is found in the middle of the brain and filters sensory signals before they go to the cerebrum. For example, when you are asleep, the diencephalons decides what sensory information you should wake for and which you can continue to sleep through. The diencephalon is also responsible for controlling the functions of your body so that it stays in a state of equilibrium or homeostasis by commanding the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to release hormones. The cerebellum is found at the back of the brain and controls co-ordination and balance. The brain stem is found at the bottom and back of the brain and controls the bodys automatic or autonomic functions like breathing, heart rate and the contraction of muscles in the digestive system that move food along. Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B194

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

The spinal cord relays information between the brain and the rest of the body. It is protected by bony vertebrae. It also controls reflexes below the head, like pulling your hand away when you touch a hot stove. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic component and the autonomic component. The neurons that make up the somatic component are under voluntary control. For example, the neurons associated with muscles in your arm that move when you think about raising your hand would be associated with the somatic component of the peripheral nervous system. The neurons that make up the autonomic component are those associated that work automatically without you having to think about them working. For example, the neurons that extend into your liver and stimulate it to function to detoxify the blood would be part of the autonomic component of the peripheral nervous system. Adapted from The Nervous System, pp. 113-116 Human Biology and Health Activities

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Use the information above to complete the concept map below. This will help you to pick out the main ideas and form jot notes for yourself.

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

cell body neurotransmitters

axon

__________________

consist of

function in support of neurons

using
communicate with one another at

__________

neurons
made of individual

sensory
functions in

Nervous System
divided into

motor integrative

consists of divided into

spinal cord

brain
made up of

somatic (voluntary)

______________ (involuntary)

brain stem ____________

- thought - memory - movement

cerebellum
- balance - co-ordination

______________
- brain filter - maintains homeostasis

- autonomic functions (ie: breathing, heart rate)

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System PART 2 A CLOSER LOOK AT REFLEXES From birth, there are things that you have done by yourself, without having to think about them. These include breathing, your heart beating, blinking, searching for food. You were not taught how to do these things. These kinds of responses are called reflexes. There are many kinds of reflexes, but they are all alike in the following ways: a) Reflexes are not learned. They are inborn. b) You do have to think about reflexes for them to happen. They are automatic and involuntary. c) A reflex is done the same way every time. Most of the time, you do not know that a reflex is happening. For example, when you pull your hand away from something hot, you respond without thinking. You know about it only after the response has taken place. Reflexes are important since they protect us and help us to stay alive. Our body organs are controlled mostly by reflexes. Answer the following questions about reflexes:

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Reflexes control the heartbeat. 1. a) What happens to your heartbeat when you are excited? __________________________________ b) What happens to your heartbeat when you are asleep? __________________________________

Reflexes control breathing. 2. Which gas stimulates this reflex? (Hint: You breathe it out.) _________________

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Reflexes protect you from injury. E.g., When you trip, your hands automatically move to cover your face. 3. Look at Figure C. What part of your body do you seem to protect first during this reflex? ___________________________________ How Do Reflexes Happen? Examine the event that is shown in the two pictures below. E.g., When dust gets into your eyes, you tear and your eyelids flutter automatically. 4. How does the reflex shown in Figure D protect you? ________________________________

Here the heat stimulus moves from the pan to the hand.

An instant later, the message reaches the brain which records pain in the hand.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System The stimulus is touching a hot object. The response is pulling the hand away. In order for the response to occur, the following sequence of steps must happen: 1. Nerves send the message of heat to the spinal cord and the spinal cord decides what to do. 2. The nerves carry the message of what to do away from the spinal cord. The message is sent to the muscles of the hand. 3. The message tells the muscles to let go of the hot object. The following questions correspond to the numbers that are seen in figures O and P (e.g., Question #1 is asking about step 1, as labeled in figure O). Answer each by choosing the correct phrase for the blank. 1. a) At this point, the brain __________________________ know what is happening. does OR does not b) The girl _____________________ feel pain. does OR does not 2. The girl __________________ had a chance to say ouch. has OR has not 3. a) The brain now ____________________ know what is happening. does OR does not b) The girl now ____________________ feel pain. does OR does not c) Was the feeling of pain needed for the response to take place? ___________________ Choose the correct term for each statement and write it in the space provided. 1. Reflexes are _______________________. learned OR inborn 2. You _________________ control reflexes. can OR cannot 3. Reflexes ___________________ planned. are OR are not 4. Reflexes ___________________ happen by themselves. do OR do not 5. You ________________ know that most reflexes are happening. do OR do not

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System 6. Reflex responses are carried out by __________________. nerves OR muscles 7. Most reflexes are very ___________________. slow OR fast 8. A reflex always happens ____________________________. the same way OR in different ways 9. Reading ________________ a reflex. is OR is not 10. Blinking when something enters your eye ____________________ a reflex. is OR is not PART 3 A LOOK AT INSTINCTS Like a reflex, an instinct is inborn and is automatic. It also happens the same way every time. However, an instinct is a lot more complex than a reflex. There are many examples of instincts that can be considered. Animals other than humans depend on instincts a lot. For example, it is instinct that drives a bird to build a nest. It can build a nest even if it has never seen a next being built. Building a nest is complicated, as it requires choosing a nesting place, selecting nest materials and constructing the nest. An instinct can be described a s a series or reflex responses. One response leads to the next. It one link in the chain of reflex responses is not there, the instinct will not be completed or will be completed incorrectly. Answer these questions about instincts. 1. Instincts are _____________________. learned OR inborn 2. Both reflexes and instincts are ______________________. thought out OR automatic 3. Instincts are __________________ complicated than reflexes. more OR less 4. An instinct is a series of inborn _______________________. stimuli OR responses 5. For an instinct action to happen, all of the steps that lead to the action must be ___________. Adapted from What is a Reflex?, pp. 164-168 Science Workshop Series - Biology Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B200

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: ________________________ Date: ____________________ Period: _____

Student Handout GROUP

What is the Nervous System?

VOCABULARY neuron glial cell cell bodydendrite axon myelin sheath synapse neurotransmitter central nervous system peripheral nervous system cerebrum cerebellum diencephalon

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System brain stem spinal cord autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system reflex instinct -

Student Handout GROUP

PART 1 An Introduction to the Nervous System Draw your concept map in the space below.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System PART 2 A CLOSER LOOK AT REFLEXES From birth, there are things that you have done by yourself, without having to think about them. These include breathing, your heart beating, blinking, searching for food. You were not taught how to do these things. These kind of responses are called reflexes. There are many kinds of reflexes, but they are all alike in the following ways: 1) Reflexes are not learned. They are inborn. 2) You do have to think about reflexes for them to happen. They are automatic and involuntary. 3) A reflex is done the same way every time. Most of the time, you do not know that a reflex is happening. For example, when you pull your hand away from something hot, you respond without thinking. You know about it only after the response has taken place. Reflexes are important since they protect us and help us to stay alive. Our body organs are controlled mostly by reflexes. Answer the following questions about reflexes:

Student Handout GROUP

Reflexes control the heartbeat. 1. a) What happens to your heartbeat when you are excited? ______________________________ b) What happens to your heartbeat when you are asleep?

Reflexes control breathing. 2. Which gas stimulates this reflex? (Hint: You breathe it out.) ________________________

__________________________________

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout GROUP

Reflexes protect you from injury. E.g., When you trip, your hands automatically move to cover your face. 3. Look at Figure C. What part of your body do you seem to protect first during this reflex? ______________________________ How Do Reflexes Happen? Examine the event that is shown in the two pictures below. E.g., When dust gets into your eyes, you tear and your eyelids flutter automatically. 4. How does the reflex shown in Figure D protect you? _______________________________

Here the heat stimulus moves from the pan to the hand.

An instant later, the message reaches the brain which records pain in the hand.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System The stimulus is touching a hot object. The response is pulling the hand away. In order for the response to occur, the following sequence of steps must happen: 1. Nerves send the message of heat to the spinal cord and the spinal cord decides what to do. 2. The nerves carry the message of what to do away from the spinal cord. The message is sent to the muscles of the hand. 3. The message tells the muscles to let go of the hot object. The following questions correspond to the numbers that are seen in figures O and P (e.g., Question #1 is asking about step 1, as labeled in figure O). Answer each by choosing the correct phrase for the blank. 1. a) At this point, the brain __________________________ know what is happening. does OR does not b) The girl _____________________ feel pain. does OR does not 2. The girl __________________ had a chance to say ouch. has OR has not 3. a) The brain now ____________________ know what is happening. does OR does not b) The girl now ____________________ feel pain. does OR does not c) Was the feeling of pain needed for the response to take place? ___________________ Choose the correct term for each statement and write it in the space provided. 1. Reflexes are _______________________. learned OR inborn 2. You _________________ control reflexes. can OR cannot 3. Reflexes ___________________ planned. are OR are not 4. Reflexes ___________________ happen by themselves. do OR do not 5. You ________________ know that most reflexes are happening. do OR do not Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B205

Student Handout GROUP

Unit: Biology G Nervous System 6. Reflex responses are carried out by __________________. nerves OR muscles 7. Most reflexes are very ___________________. slow OR fast 8. A reflex always happens ____________________________. the same way OR in different ways 9. Reading ________________ a reflex. is OR is not 10. Blinking when something enters your eye ____________________ a reflex.
is OR is not

Student Handout GROUP

PART 3 A LOOK AT INSTINCTS Like a reflex, an instinct is inborn and is automatic. It also happens the same way every time. However, an instinct is a lot more complex than a reflex. There are many examples of instincts that can be considered. Animals other than humans depend on instincts a lot. For example, it is instinct that drives a bird to build a nest. It can build a nest even if it has never seen a next being built. Building a nest is complicated, as it requires choosing a nesting place, selecting nest materials and constructing the nest. An instinct can be described a s a series or reflex responses. One response leads to the next. It one link in the chain of reflex responses is not there, the instinct will not be completed or will be completed incorrectly. Answer these questions about instincts. 1. Instincts are _____________________. learned OR inborn 2. Both reflexes and instincts are ______________________. thought out OR automatic 3. Instincts are __________________ complicated than reflexes. more OR less 4. An instinct is a series of inborn _______________________. stimuli OR responses 5. For an instinct action to happen, all of the steps that lead to the action must be ___________. Adapted from What is a Reflex?, pp. 164-168 Science Workshop Series Biology

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout

_____

12

Name: _______________________ Date: _______________ Period: _____

QUIZ An Introduction to the Nervous System

PART 1 Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer. 5 marks 1. The building blocks of the nervous system are nerve cells called _____________. a) synapses b) myelin c) glial cells d) neurons 2. Nerve cells communicate chemically with one another by ______________. a) neurotransmitters b) electricity c) glial cells d) the hypothalamus 3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? a) balance b) memory c) co-ordination 4. What is the portion of the peripheral nervous system called that involves nerves that you cannot control? a) somatic nervous system b) sporadic nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d) central nervous system 5. The two-lobed, large portion of the brain that is responsible for functions like thinking and memory is the ______________. a) diencephalon b) brain stem c) cerebellum d) cerebrum

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System PART 2 Diagram Label the diagram by filling in the boxes with one of the words in the word pool below. 4 marks

Student Handout

NOTE: The line above is pointed to the area defined by the circle

PART 3 Short Answer Answer the question in the space provided. 3 marks 1. A friend of yours throws a piece of paper at your face and your eyes automatically blink. a) Is this an example of an instinct or a reflex? 1 mark ______________________ b) Explain the difference between a reflex and an instinct. 2 marks

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

LESSON 5.2 - INVESTIGATING YOUR SENSES

Overview: Students complete hands-on laboratory activities that allow them to explore each of their senses by investigating stimuli that affect each sense. Suggested Timeline: 2 hours Materials: Sensing Your Surroundings A Laboratory Investigation (Student Handout) Playing with Perception An Investigation of Vision (Student Handout) a few gummy candies Per lab group (for Sensing Your Surroundings lab) - cotton-tipped swabs - compass with two points OR compass with one point + sharp pencil - ruler - container of hot water - container of ice water - container of room-temperature water - lemon juice - quinine water - 5% fructose solution - 10% sodium chloride (salt solution) - small cubes of potato, onion and apple - 5% sucrose solution (sugar solution) - blindfold - paper towels Per lab group (for Playing with Perception lab) - cellophane or tissue paper (red and green) - 2 flashlights - felt-tip markers (red, yellow and green) - ruler - rubber bands Method: INDIVIDUAL FORMAT: 1. Have students complete Sensing Your Surroundings A Laboratory Investigation (Student Handout) and Playing With Perception An Investigation of Vision (Student Handout) and hand in questions when completed. Note: If there is only one Science 21 student, he/she will need a helper for parts of the activities

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System GROUP FORMAT: 1. Call two students up to the front who like gummy candies. Tell them that their knowledge of gummy candies will be tested. Blindfold both students and instruct one of the students to plug his/her nose. Tell students that their task is to shout out the name of the candy as fast as they can after tasting it. It is likely that the student plugging his/her nose will NOT win. Key Q: What affects our perception of food? (Partly taste, but mostly sense of smell). 2. Show students the optical illusion, as found on Investigating Your Senses (Teacher Support Material). Use this to stimulate some discussion of vision and the brain. Excite students with the opportunity to investigate their senses further in two lab activities. 3. In groups, have students complete Sensing Your Surroundings A Laboratory Investigation (Student Handout) and Playing With Perception An Investigation of Vision (Student Handout) and hand in questions when completed. Evaluation: Student grade on labs

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Teacher Support Material

INVESTIGATING YOUR SENSES

Optical illusions to introduce Playing with Perception An Investigation of Vision

No, its not actually moving!

Do you see a pattern? Your brain fills in the spaces and you perceive two triangles!

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: ______________ Partners: __________________ Date: ____________ Period: ____

Student Handout

____ 24

Sensing Your Surroundings

A Laboratory Investigation Purpose: To learn about how we perceive temperature, touch, smell and taste. Materials: Touch: compass with two points or with one point and a sharp pencil ruler Taste: lemon juice 5% fructose solution 5% sucrose solution quinine water 10% sodium chloride cotton-tipped swabs Temperature perception: container of hot water container of ice water container of room temperature water Smell: small cubes of potato, onion and apple blindfold paper towels Background Information: Neurons, or nerve cells, carry information from the sense organs to the brain. Some of the receptors those for pressure, pain, position and touch are scattered throughout the muscle, skin or endothelium (lining of the organs). Other receptors for smell, sight, hearing and taste are concentrated in specialized organs. This lab will involve an investigation of touch, temperature perception, smell and taste.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Procedure: PART A Touch The sense of touch is essential in perceiving stimuli in ones environment. Humans use their hands for many activities. Follow these steps to investigate the sense of touch: 1. Work with a partner. Begin by setting up a compass so that the two tips (or the one tip and the pencil on the other end) are as close together as possible. 2. Have one person look away and hold out his/her hand with the palm facing up. 3. Gently touch the compass tips to your partners middle fingertip. If your partner feels only one point, spread the compass tips apart approximately 2 mm and touch the fingertip again. Repeat this until your partner feels two points. This is called the two-point threshold. Record this distance, in mm, in row one of the chart below.

Student Handout

0.5 mark per row x 6 rows = 3 marks 4. Repeat steps 2-3 for the back of the middle finger, the palm, the back of the hand, the inside of the forearm and the back of the forearm. Use the diagram below as a guide and record all two-point thresholds in the chart above.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout

5. Reverse roles and have the other partner record his/her two-point thresholds. PART B Perceiving Temperature Getting information about the temperature of things is our environment is important for protecting ourselves and for finding an area in which our bodies work best. This part of the investigation will involve testing your perceptions of hot and cold water. 1. Immerse one hand in the container of ice water and the other in the container of hot water. Keep your hands there for one minute. 2. Dip both hands at once in the container of room-temperature water. a) Does the room temperature water feel hot or cold? Why do you think that this is so? 2 marks _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ PART C Smell Humans have a sense of smell that is less sensitive than other mammals. The olfactory, or smell centre of the brain is smaller in humans. However, we still respond unconsciously to many different odors. Our sense of smell also contributes to the flavor of many foods. With a partner, complete the following steps to investigate your sense of smell. 1. Have one partner put on the blindfold and pinch his/her nostrils shut. 2. Have the other partner put a small cube of potato, onion or apple in the blindfolded partners mouth. 3. The blindfolded group member should then chew the cube, spit it into a piece of paper towel and identify the food with the blindfold still on. The results should be recorded by the seeing partner in the chart below. He/she should not tell the blindfolded partner if his/her identification was correct or not. 4. Repeat steps 2-3 for the other two foods. 5. Keeping the blindfold on, have the partner repeat steps 2-4, but now without the nostrils pinched shut. The order of the foods given should be changed. 6. Switch roles and complete the above steps for the other partner. Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B214

Unit: Biology G Nervous System 7. Dispose of all of the paper towels containing chewed food. 8. Answer the questions that follow.

Student Handout

1.5 marks per chart x 2 charts = 3 marks a) In the first test (with your nostrils closed), could you tell which food was which? Provide a possible explanation for your answer. 2 marks

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ b) In the second test (with your nostrils open), could you tell which food was which? Provide a possible explanation for your answer. 2 marks

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ PART D Taste Have you ever drank orange juice after brushing your teeth? Did you wince at the taste? The reason for this experience is that most toothpastes contain detergents like sodium lauryl sulfate. These can interfere with your ability to taste the sugar in orange juice. What you then taste is orange juice without the sugar which makes it seem sour or bitter. There are four widely recognized categories of taste perception: sour, salty, sweet and bitter. Most scientists now also recognize a fifth category called umami. This is the taste of compounds such as glutamate that are found in fermented and aged foods like strong cheeses, fish sauce and soy sauce. It is also found in the artificial flavor enhancer called monosodium glutamate. Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B215

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

The chemoreceptors for taste are called taste buds. Although you may have learned that certain tastes can only be detected by certain parts of the tongue, this idea is highly debated. In this activity, you will test to see if you can detect any differences in taste in different areas of the tongue as mapped below.
Student Handout

Sour taste Foods taste sour because you detect hydrogen ions in them. Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions, therefore causing acidic foods to taste sour. Dip a clean cotton swab in the lemon juice. Touch the four regions of your tongue, as shown in the diagram above. Was there one area where you perceived the sour taste the most? If so, where? 1 mark _________________________________________________________________________ Salty taste Foods taste salty because you detect sodium ions in them. Table salt is sodium chloride. Rinse your mouth with plain water. Dip a clean cotton swab into the sodium chloride solution and touch the four areas of your tongue. Was there one area where you perceived the salty taste the most? If so, where? 1 mark _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Sweet taste Foods taste sweet due to the detection of molecules larger than the ions detected in sour and salty tastes. Different kinds of molecules cause you to perceive sweetness. The ability to taste different kinds of sugars and other molecules that taste sweet differs from one person to the next. Rinse your mouth with plain water. Dip a clean cotton swab into the sucrose solution and touch the four areas of your tongue. Was there one area where you perceived the sweet taste the most? If so, where? 1 mark

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Rinse your mouth with plain water. Dip a clean cotton swab into the fructose solution and touch the four areas of your tongue. How does the sweetness of the fructose compare to the sweetness of the sucrose? 1 mark _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Bitter taste Foods taste bitter as a result of tasting several different kinds of large molecules. Some people are sensitive to certain bitter-tasting molecules, whereas others cannot taste them at all! Certain large molecules that stimulate the sweet-detecting taste buds can also stimulate the bitter-detecting taste buds. This may explain why some people find that artificial sweeteners have a bitter taste. Rinse your mouth with plain water. Dip a clean cotton swab into the quinine water and touch the four areas of your tongue. Was there one area where you perceived the bitter taste the most? If so, where? 1 mark _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Analysis Questions: 1. How would a keen sense of taste help an animal to survive? 2 marks ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. What did your reaction to the room temperature water tell you about temperature sensation? 2 marks ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. When you eat vanilla ice cream, what senses are involved? 1 mark _____________________________________________________________________________ _ Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B217
Student Handout

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

4. When you were investigating your sense of touch, you filled in a chart about your two-point thresholds. Review these results. What do your results tell you about the amount of touch receptors in different parts of the body? 1 mark __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ 5. It is a commonly-held belief that a blind persons senses other than sight become better developed because they cannot see. It seems more likely, however, that a blind person just relies more on the other senses. Many things in the world are modified for blind people. For example, in an elevator, Braille labels are sometimes added to the buttons. Suppose that you wanted to design a kitchen for a blind person. What modifications could be made for the blind person in each of the following situations? a) To use the controls on a stove: ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ b) To identify spices and extracts: _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ c) To put out a fire: _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ d) To take a telephone message: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4 marks Adapted from Touch, Temperature, Smell and Taste, pp. 193-200 Addison-Wesley Biology A Systems Approach
Student Handout

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout

18
Name: __________________ Partner(s): ________________________ Date: _____________ Period: ____

Playing With Perception

An Investigation of Vision Purpose: To learn about how human vision works by investigating several types of perception. Materials: cellophane or tissue paper (red and green) 2 flashlights per team felt-tip markers (red, yellow and green) rubber bands ruler Background Information: Much information about the world around us comes from our sense of vision. The organ of human vision is the eye. The eye contains rods and cones. These special cells make up the retina a layer at the back of the eye onto which light from our surroundings is focused to form an image. Rods are sensitive to dim light and cones are used in bright light and to sense colour. Since we have two eyes that both face forward, we see our world in three dimensions. This enables us to perceive depth and judge distance. Whatever our eyes see is sent to the brain to be processed. Certain shapes like faces are remembered by the brain and we compare them with memories of other faces that we have seen.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Procedure: A. Perspective Some of our ability to perceive distance and size is inborn. We also use information from the surroundings to help us to judge distance and size. 1. Look at the following picture. Without using a ruler, which cylinder appears to be the largest? ____________________________ 1 mark

Student Handout

2. Measure the cylinders using your ruler. Were you mistaken? _______ Why might people mistake the sizes of the cylinders? 2 marks __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System B. Afterimages If you gaze for an extended period at an image then look away, you will see an afterimage. The image seems to burn itself into the retina at the back of the eye. To experience this phenomenon, do the following: Use felt-tip markers to colour the birds on the left-hand side as labeled. DO NOT COLOR THE BIRDS ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE.

Student Handout

Stare intently at the eye of the colored parrot for approximately 30 seconds (it helps to have someone time you). When the time is up, quickly move your eyes to the eye of the uncolored parrot. Label the areas of the uncolored parrot with the colours you see. The primary colours of light are red, green and blue. The secondary colours of light are cyan (green + blue), magenta (red + blue) and yellow (red + green). White light is made up of all the primary colours (red, green and blue).

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System When the retina of the eye has received a certain colour of light for a long time, it can no longer respond to it. This is called retinal fatigue. However, the receptors can still respond to the other colours of light. The combination of colours that the eye can still respond to leads to the colour that you can see in the blank parrot. 1. a) When you looked at the uncolored parrot at the right after staring at the colored parrot at the left, what colour did the areas that were red appear? 1 mark ________________________________ b) Using the information in the paragraphs above, explain why this is the case. 2 marks _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ Repeat the above procedure with the blackbird. BONUS +1 What colour did the areas that were black appear on the uncolored blackbird? Why?

Student Handout

C. Which Eye is Dominant? Just like people are right or left handed, people have a dominant right or left eye. In this section you will find your dominant eye. Go outside or to a window that allows you to see some small object that is far off in the distance. Point at that object and keep your hand pointed to it. Close one eye, then the other. The eye that remains in line with the object is your dominant eye. You used this eye when you pointed at the object. 1. Which eye is your dominant eye? 1 mark ___________________________ 2. Are you right-handed or left-handed? 1 mark ________________________ 3. Compare your results with those of your classmates or with friends and family after school. a) How many people have a dominant eye and hand on the same side? 1 mark ____________ Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B222

Unit: Biology G Nervous System b) What percentage of the people that you tested had a dominant right eye and right hand? (Reminder: To find %, divide the number that had a dominant right eye and right hand by the total number of people that you tested and multiply by 100) 1 mark _______________________________________________________________________ c) Why do you think that this is so? 1 mark _____________________________________

Student Handout

________________________________________________________________________ D. Perceiving Color Color gives us the ability to tell the difference between objects in our surroundings. In this section, you will investigate this fact. Use rubber bands to fasten red cellophane (or three layers of red tissue paper) over a flashlight. When you turn on the flashlight, the light should be red. Using this same procedure, prepare the second flashlight so that the light is green. Close your eyes. With the flashlights off, have your partner hold one of the colored flashlights in front of one eye and the other in front of the other eye. Have your partner turn on both of the flashlights at the same time. At that same instant, open your eyes. 1. What colour do you see? 1 mark ___________________________ 2. Why do you think that this is so? 1 mark ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Reverse roles and repeat the steps. Analysis Questions: 1. Why is being able to see in three dimensions useful? (Hint: Try covering one eye and walk around the room for a while.) 1 mark __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B223

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

2. When fighting fish (sometimes called Beta fish) first see each other, they become very aggressive. If put in contact with one another, a fight will occur. If they are separated by clear glass, however, they soon ignore each other. Which of the following visual mechanisms may be involved here? 1 mark a) perspective b) afterimage c) retinal fatigue d) eye dominance e) colour perception Explain your answer. 1 mark ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Think about what you learned in the part C of this investigation. Would a person with a dominant left eye most likely kick a ball with the right or left foot? Explain your answer. 2 marks ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ Adapted from Visual Perception, pp. 201-204 Addison-Wesley Biology A Systems Approach

Student Handout

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

LESSON 5.3 - TESTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Overview: In the first activity, students respond to the teachers cues to learn about how the nervous system can be conditioned to a stimulus. In the second activity, students attempt to catch an object in order to find their reaction time and consider factors that affect it. Suggested Timeline: 2 hours Materials: Stimulus and Response Conditioning the Nervous System (Student Handout - Group) Training Your Virtual Dog (Student Handout Individual) computers with internet access Can You Catch Me? - Testing Your Reaction Time (Student Handout) Testing the Nervous System (Teacher Support Material) wooden rod $5, $10 and $20 bill meter sticks (1 per 2 students) Method: INDIVIDUAL FORMAT: 1. Ask the student(s) if he/she has a dog and how they go about training it. Excite him/her with the possibility of learning how to train a virtual pet! 2. Hand out Training Your Virtual Dog (Student Handout Individual). Have student(s) access the internet to complete the activity. 3. Allow students to continue their investigation of the nervous system by completing Can You Catch Me? - Testing Your Reaction Time (Student Handout). 4. Have students hand in their activity and discuss the results. GROUP FORMAT: 1. Use Testing the Nervous System (Teacher Support Material) to lead students in the stimulus response activity. 2. Have students complete Stimulus and Response Conditioning the Nervous System (Student Handout - Group). Discuss the answers together as a class. 3. Use Testing the Nervous System (Teacher Support Material) to lead students in the Fast Money activity. 4. Allow students time to find their own reaction time by completing Can You Catch Me? Testing Your Reaction Time (Student Handout). 5. Have students hand in their activity and discuss the results. Assessment and Evaluation: Level of student understanding of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli through questioning and discussion. Grade on Can You Catch Me? Testing Your Reaction Time Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B225

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Teacher Support Material 1

TESTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Stimulus and Response Conditioning the Nervous System Teacher-Led Activity 1. Tell students that you are going to begin todays nervous system activities by testing their listening skills. 2. Get a wooden metre stick or rod. Stand at the back of the class behind the students. Ensure that all students are facing away from you. 3. Instruct the students to take out a pen and paper. Tell them to make a tic on their paper every time you say the word write. 4. At two second intervals, strike the desk and say the word write 20 times. Stop saying the word write but continue to strike the desk until all students have stopped writing. 5. Instruct students to count their tic marks. Ask students to raise their hand if they counted more than 20. 6. Tell students that you said write only 20 times. 7. Have students complete their questions on Stimulus and Response Conditioning the Nervous System (Student Handout - Group). 8. Discuss the student answers to the questions, including the following information in your explanation of the activity. Encourage students to take jot notes on the concept of conditioning. The response-eliciting stimulus was saying the word write. It was paired with a neutral stimulus in this case, taps with the wooden rod. This caused students to become conditioned to the neutral stimulus, causing it to cause the response! The reason that everyone eventually stopped writing was because the conditioned stimulus (tapping) was continued without the unconditioned stimulus (saying the word write). When this occurs, the conditioning eventually becomes extinguished. Other everyday example of conditioning: when food preparation is constantly accompanied by the clatter of kitchen utensils, eventually the clattering of utensils alone will stimulate drooling or pangs of hunger Adapted from How Fast Can You React?, p. 448 Invitations to Science Inquiry, 2nd Ed.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Teacher Support Material 2

Fast Money
Teacher-Led Reaction Time Activity Materials: $5, $10 and $20 bills 1. Ask students in the class who is interested in making some quick cash. Explain to them that all they have to do is catch the money! Tell them that you will even show them how it is done! 2. Hold the forefinger and thumb of your left hand about 5 cm apart. With your right hand, hold a $5 bill vertically and about half way between the two fingers of your left hand. 3. Let the bill fall and catch it between your two fingers. 4. Have a student come to the front. Tell them that any money that they catch, they can keep. Instruct them to position the fingers of their left hand in the same way that you did while you hold the $5 bill between their fingers. Rules: They cannot move their hand down. Their fingers must be 5 cm apart. 5. Give the student three tries, varying the time between placing the $5 bill between their fingers and letting go of it. 6. Repeat the activity with other students, increasing the denomination of the bill. Remember to vary the dropping time, or you will lose your money! 7. Discuss the following questions: a) Why was the teacher able to catch the bill so easily when he/she dropped it her/himself? b) Why did the teacher vary the time between placing the bill between the students fingers and dropping the bill? c) With the teacher dropping the bill for the student, why was it never caught? d) What was the stimulus for the response of closing ones fingers? e) Where did the information have to go between the stimulus and the response? Information to include in your discussion/explanation: The initial stimulus was the eye seeing the bill drop. This had to cause the sensory neurons in your eye to send the message to the brain, which sent the message to the motor neurons. The motor neurons stimulated the effector, in this case the muscles of your hand, to close. Although it takes the information very little time to be sent along this pathway, this time is greater than the time it takes the bill to drop under the influence of gravity. Therefore, the bill could not be caught. It is easier to catch the bill if you drop it yourself, because you anticipate the bill falling and actually start to close your fingers before the bill starts to drop. Adapted from Catch the Dollar Bill, p. 447 Invitations to Science Inquiry, 2nd Ed. Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B227

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout GROUP

Name: ________________________ Date: ____________

Stimulus and Response

Conditioning the Nervous System 1. What was the stimulus in the activity? ___________________________ 2. What was the response? ___________________________________________ 3. Why did the teacher pair the strikes with the saying of write?

4. Why do you think that a different stimulus (the strikes with the stick) ended up causing the same response (students adding a tic to their paper)?

5. Why did everyone eventually stop writing?

Notes from class discussion:

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: ______________________ Date: ___________________ Period: _____

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Training Your Virtual Dog

Conditioning the Nervous System You will need to use a computer with internet access and sound to play this game. 1. Go to http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/pavlov/ 2. Click on how to play to review the procedure for the game. 3. Go back to the main page. Click on Play the Pavlovs Dog Game. Play the game to try to get the dog to salivate at the sound of your horn, drum or bell. 4. Answer the following questions: a) What is an unconditioned response or reflex? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ b) When food was the unconditioned stimulus, what was the unconditioned response? __________________________________________ c) How did you get the dog to salivate with only the sound of the instrument? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ d) Complete the sentence: When sound was the conditioned stimulus, salivating was the ____________________________________. e) If you continued to only honk the horn/strike the drum/ring the bell and not deliver food to the dog, do you think that he/she would continue salivating? Why or why not? Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B229

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

_______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ f) Who was Ivan Pavlov? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ 5. Click on learn more. Read the information on this webpage to answer the following questions: a) What is conditioning? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ b) What is extinction? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ c) How is Pavlovs research used in treating phobias (such as the fear of heights)? _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B230

Student Handout INDIVIDUAL

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

_______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ d) What prize did Pavlov receive in 1904? _______________________________________________________________________ _

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Name: __________________ Partner(s): __________________________ Date: __________ Period: ____ ____

Student Handout

Can You Catch Me?

Testing Your Reaction Time Objectives: To determine your reaction time by catching a falling object. To consider the factors which affect your reaction time. Materials: 1 meter stick per group of 2 students Procedure: 1. Rest your hand over the edge of a table. Leave a space between your thumb and forefinger of about 5 cm. 2. Have your partner hold the meter stick vertically in the space between your fingers. He/she should hold the stick at the top, as is seen in the diagram below.

25

3. Read off the spot where the top of your thumb is on the meter stick before your partner drops the meter stick. Read the value to one decimal place when measured in cm. Record this value in the column Reading on Meter Stick Before It is Dropped (cm) in the table below. Use this position on the meter stick when starting every trial in this activity. 4. Let your partner drop the meter stick. The moment when you see the stick drop, catch the stick as fast as you can. Your wrist must remain rested on the table. After you have caught the stick, do another reading of where your thumb is. Remember to read the value where the top of your thumb grasps the stick, to one decimal place and measured in cm. Record this value in the column Reading on Meter Stick After It is Dropped (cm) and in the Trial 1 spot. 5. Repeat step 4 for trials 2 and 3 for this activity. 6. Position your thumb at the starting position on the meter stick. Look away from the meter stick. When your partner says go, close your fingers as quickly as possible to catch the Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B232

Unit: Biology G Nervous System meter stick. Read the value on the meter stick where you have caught it, as before. Record this under Trial 1 for activity B in your chart. Repeat for trials 2 and 3. 7. Complete three more trials, but this time, look away from the meter stick and have your partner touch your other hand when he/she drops the stick. Close your fingers as quickly as possible. As done for the other activities, record readings for the three trials in the chart. 8. Find the difference between the readings before and after the meter stick was caught by subtracting values. Complete the appropriate columns in your chart. 9. Find an average distance dropped for each activity by adding together the difference values for the three trials and dividing by three.
Activity
Reading on Meter Stick Before it is Dropped (cm)

Student Handout

Reading on Meter Stick After it is Dropped (cm)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Difference Between Before and After Readings (cm)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Average Distance Dropped for this Activity (cm)

A. When looking at the meter stick B. When listening for the word go C. When touched by the tester

Chart values worth 5 marks 10. Find your reaction time for activity A When looking at the meter stick. You will need to use the following formula to do this: t= 2d a

where t= reaction time in seconds d = distance the meter stick falls in cm a = acceleration due to gravity = 980 cm/s2

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Show your calculation here: 2 marks

Student Handout

11. Find your reaction times for activities B and C. Show your calculations for each in the spaces below. Calculation of reaction time for activity B When listening for the word go 2 marks

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System Calculation of reaction time for activity C When touched by the tester 2 marks

Student Handout

Analysis Questions: 1. The average fingertip reaction time for humans when looking at a meter stick is between 0.20 and 0.25 seconds. a) How did your reaction times for activity A (looking at the meter stick) compare to this average value? 1 mark _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ b) How did your reaction times for activities B and C compare to this average? 1 mark _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ c) Do you think that your average reaction time for this activity and others would have changed if you were allowed to do more trials? Why or why not? 2 marks _______________________________________________________________________ _ _______________________________________________________________________ _ Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B235

Unit: Biology G Nervous System _______________________________________________________________________ _

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System 2. Which of your three reaction times is the smallest? Why do you think that this is so? 2 marks __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ 3. What factors in this experiment may have caused there to be error in one or more of your reaction times? In other words, what may you or your partner have done, perhaps unavoidably, that could have affected your times? List at least two sources of error. 2 errors x 2 marks/ea = 4 marks __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ 4. Think about activities that you do everyday. Give an example of how a distraction could slow down reaction time. 1 mark __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _ 5. List three occupations in which reaction time is important. 3 marks __________________________________________________________________________ _ __________________________________________________________________________ _

Student Handout

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

LESSON 5.4 - NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Overview: Through research, students will learn about a neurological disorder and make a brochure on the disorder that will be used to educate others on the disease. Suggested Timeline: 3 hours Materials: Neurological Disorders (Student Handout) brochure on a disorder from a medical clinic OR sample of students past work computers with internet access Method: 1. Introduce the research project by showing students a brochure on a medical disorder from a medical clinic or a sample brochure made by a student in a previous class. Discuss what aspects of the brochure they find useful and what could be improved upon. 2. Hand out Neurological Disorders (Student Handout) and discuss expectations for the project. Include an explanation of the grading rubric. 3. Allow students time on computers with internet access to work on their project. Evaluation: Grade on completed project

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout

NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
A Science 21 Research Project DUE DATE: ________________________ OBJECTIVE: To research a specific disorder of the nervous system and make a brochure that a doctor would give to a person who has been diagnosed with the disorder. (Alternatively, you may make your target audience a parent of a child with the disorder.) EXPECTATIONS: STEP 1 Choose one of the following disorders. If one that you would like to do is not on this list, check with your teacher to see if it is appropriate. Alzheimers Disease Aspergers Syndrome Attention Deficit Disorder Autism Bipolar Disorder Cerebral Palsy Dyslexia Epilepsy Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Huntingtons Disease Multiple Sclerosis Narcolepsy Parkinsons Disease Rett Syndrome Schizophrenia Spina Bifida Tourette Syndrome

STEP 2 Research your disorder. Be sure to choose trustworthy online resources. STEP 3 What is expected in your brochure. Information - to be included in the following order: 1. Description of the disorder focus on the anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system 2. Symptoms what can be expected in someone that has the disorder as time passes 3. Statistics number of people with the disease (in CANADA, if possible) or chances of getting the disease 4. Treatment options Science 21 Bio G Nervous System B239

Unit: Biology G Nervous System

Student Handout

Format: Your brochure must be typed in font that is large enough to be easily read. Include pictures. Use clipart or internet sources. Tri-fold the brochure with printing on the back and front (to accommodate school printers, you can print out two pages and then tape them together) HINT Use the following website to help you to make a brochure if using Microsoft Word: http://www.computorcompanion.com/LPMArticle.asp?ID=143 You MUST include a list of at least three sources of information that you used in creating the brochure. Notes: Pamphlets, just like essays, have a logical order. When you fold the brochure, please ensure it is done so that your work will make sense. DO NOT copy and paste information from your sources. Your job is to synthesize the information, put it into your own words and organize it.

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Unit: Biology G Nervous System EVALUATION: The following rubric will be used to grade your brochure. You should read through the rubric carefully before you begin so that you clearly understand what is to be expected of you. 35 CATEGORY
Information Focus The number of facts included that relate to the disorder The extent to which the information relates to the human nervous system __/10

Student Handout

SCORES 10
an extensive number of well-described facts are provided included information relates well to what was studied in class on the nervous system

7
an adequate number of facts on the disorder are included some of the information provided relates to the nervous system

3
few relevant facts on the disorder are included the reader would likely have many questions about the disorder after having had read the brochure a small amount of the information relates to the nervous system too much or not enough detail provided many spelling +/or grammatical errors information is often too technical or lacks enough detail it is unlikely that an average reader would have a good grasp of the disorder

information is clear and concise no spelling or grammatical errors are made information is written in a way that could be easily understood by someone with little science background, such as a patient or the parent of a patient some of the information in the brochure is unclear and includes too much or not enough detail there are a few spelling +/or grammatical errors information is too technical at times someone with little science background could have trouble in understanding

Information Audience How well the target audience is addressed How well the included information is written and in terms that someone with little science background would understand __/10

5
Organization How well the brochure is arranged so as to follow a logical order and is easy to read __/5 set-up of the brochure is logical, easy to follow and organized well into appropriate sections

3
most of the information in the brochure is easy to follow the rearrangement of some sections would make reading the information easier and could possibly aid in understanding brochure is typed font choice could be smaller or larger to make reading easier pictures included brochure is tri-folded less than three references are included most of the brochure is interesting some parts of the brochure are unique

1
information in the brochure is scattered and follows an illogical sequence the readers understanding would be negatively affected by the lack of organization font choice is inappropriate much too small or large OR information is not typed at all few or no pictures brochure is not folded properly 1 or no references listed it is unlikely that the reader would find the information in the brochure interesting little or no attempt is made to make the brochure attractive and engaging to the reader

Format and References How well the expectations for format are followed List of at least three references included __/5

brochure is typed in font that is easy to read appropriate pictures are included brochure is tri-folded 3 or more references are listed on the brochure brochure is interesting and engaging information is presented in a unique way that would aid in ones understanding of the disorder

Creativity How interesting the brochure is The extent to which appropriate pictures and graphics are included so as to make the brochure attractive and engaging __/5

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