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Traffic Engg and Safety CE-444
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING & SAFETY
Credit Hours 2.5 + 0.5 = 3 (16 weeks) T t l Periods Total P i d : (40+24) (40 24) = 64 (at least 4 hours per week)
Text Book
1. Priciples p of f Highway g y Engineering g g and Traffic ff Analysis by Fred L. Mannering, [Link], and [Link] 2. Introduction to Traffic Engineering, a manual for data Collection and analysis by Thomas R Currin. 2
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Course Outline
Introduction
Typical Transportation/Traffic Issues and Solutions Introduction to Traditional Traffic Studies Modes of Transport Traffic Engineering Elements Traffic Surveys
Course Outline
Traffic Flow Characteristics
(1) (2) ( ) (3) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Nature of Traffic Flow Parameters Connected With Traffic Flow Interrupted and Uninterrupted Traffic Analysis of Speed Flow and Density Relationship Traffic Stream Characteristics and Models: Flow, Speed, Density Queuing Theory, Queuing Models and Analysis Traffic Volume Studies Highway Level of Service Analysis
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Course Outline
Traffic Signals
Basic Concepts of Traffic Signals and Signalized Intersection Types yp Traffic Signals g Signal Design, Phasing and Timing Plan Queuing Theory, Queuing Models and Analysis for Traffic Signals Delays at Isolated Traffic Signals Level of Service Analysis for Signalized Intersections
Course Outline
Traffic Safety
Introduction Traffic Safety y Measures Basics of Highway Safety management Highway Safety Analysis Traffic Safety Audits and Identification of Hazardous Location Safety Considerations in Highway Design Highway Safety Countermeasures
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Course Outline
Practicals
Spot speed study Turning g movement counts / vehicle counts Vehicle delay study Saturation flow study PHF Study Parking study Vehicle occupancy study Level of Service Analysis for Signalized Intersections Highway Level of Service Analysis Use of Traffic Analysis and Simulation Software SYNCHRO
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Course Outline
Term Project (Weightage; 50 to 60 % of Practical)
Students are asked to select a topic p of their own interest within the scope of this course. Students are required to submit a project report and present their projects at the end of the course. The term project may include any case study or identification of a real time traffic or safety problem and recommended solution. Due importance is given to learning the procedure to carryout research and case reporting (preparation of a project report).
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Thought of the Day
Always try your best and be contented on whatever comes to you, because it is the will of Allah. Always believe that whatever is happening to you in this life is the best from HIM. It is only HE who knows the BEST and HE knows ALL.
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Points for Consideration
Be attentive Do not hesitate to ask questions Make notes of what is being taught in the class Always bring calculators Always bring the book/notes Follow the rules/instructions Always try to be positive 10
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Present Transportation Issues and Trends
What are the current transportation issues?
Man-inflicted/Natural disasters (security) Large number of crashes and their severity Congestion in urban areas Contribution to environmental pollution Security management Congestion management Safety management Multimodalism Intelligent Transportation Systems
Where are the solutions?
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Present Transportation Issues and Trends
What are the current transportation issues?
Man-inflicted/Natural disasters (security) Large number of crashes and their severity Congestion in urban areas Contribution to environmental pollution Security management Congestion management Safety management Multimodalism Intelligent Transportation Systems
Where are the solutions?
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Traffic and safety studies needed for effective congestion and safety management:
Traffic generation, Parking demand, Capacity and quality of traffic, Control and geometry improvements, Road d hazard h d and d countermeasures identification id ifi i
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What Answers Are Sought?
Current highway and parking use Current traffic characteristics Current traffic and parking quality Current highway safety How to improve current traffic conditions p of new highway g yp projects/improvements j p Impact Impact of a new land development Future traffic conditions
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Scale of the Studies
Single facilities (intersection, road section) Arterial streets Corridors (several parallel roads) Local L l areas (part ( t of f the th network) t k) Entire systems (city, province,district)
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Traditional Traffic Studies
Volume studies Speed studies Travel time studies Delay studies y studies Density Headway and spacing studies Accident studies
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Special Traffic Studies and Analyses
Traffic impact studies and analyses Safety analyses
Identification of hazardous locations Identification of hazard sources Identification of countermeasures
Corridor studies g studies Parking Congestion analyses Pedestrian studies Before-and-after studies
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Transportation System
A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to move people and goods efficiently. The transportation system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a control component. Efficient safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, environmentally compatible.
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Transportation System
Major transportation subsystems Land transportation: highway, rail Air transportation: domestic, international Water transportation; coastal, rivers Pipelines: Pi li oil, il gas, water t
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Highway Transportation System
Fixed facilities: roads, bridges, i t intersections, ti interchanges, i t h service i stations, etc. Flow entities: passenger cars, buses, trucks, pedestrians, etc. Control component: highway administration, local transportation agencies, traffic control devices; signs, markings, signals.
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, and relationships between different modes of transportation
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic studies are carried out to: Provide a basis for planning and designing traffic facilities, including the selection of geometric standards, economic analysis, and the determination of priorities; assist traffic operation by determining g , the need for traffic control devices such as signs, traffic control signals, pavement markings, and school and pedestrian crossings
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering covers a broad range of engineering application with common focus: the nations system of highways and streets. Often defined as the nations lifeblood circulation system
Infrastructure supports the vast majority of people and goods. Including economy and the environment, assurance of f public bli safety f and d security. i Basic mobility of all societal functions. Basic access to the most remote regions.
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Objectives
Traffic Engineering Deals D l with i h the h Safe S f and d Efficient Effi i t movement
of people and goods on streets and highways Other Objectives
Speed Comfort Convenience i Economy Environmental compatibility
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Objectives
Safety:
The principal goal of the traffic engineer remains i the h provision ii of f a safe f system for f highway traffic
Speed:
While speed of travel is very much desired, it is limited by transportation technology, human characteristics and the needs to provide safety characteristics,
Comfort:
Comfort involves the physical characteristics of vehicles and roadways, and is influenced by our perception 25
Objectives
Environmental compatibility:
Harmony with the environment is a complex issue that has become more important over time All transportation systems have some negative impacts on the environment Air and noise pollution in some forms, and utilize valuable land resources
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Road Functions
Mobility
Accessibility
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Mobility and Accessibility
Mobility
Ability Abilit to t travel t l to t many different diff t destinations d ti ti Provided by Freeways, Motorways..
Accessibility
Ability to gain access to a particular site or area Provided by Local Streets
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Hierarchical Structure of Road Networks
Rural
Urban
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Mobility vs. Accessibility
Road Class
Freeways/Motorways Arterials Collectors Local Roads
Road Function
Through movement exclusively Through movement primary and some land access Traffic movement to higher rank roads, access to abutting properties Access to abutting land and local traffic movement
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Mobility vs. Accessibility
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Mobility vs. Transportation Mode
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Mobility vs. Transportation Mode
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Traffic Engineering
Person and Vehicle Movement How many people may be moved in vehicles of different types/facilities Goods Movement /Freight Trucks Vital to Economy Must be incorporated into Transportation system plans
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Components of Traffic System
Road Users Drivers Pedestrians P d i Bicyclists Passengers Vehicles Private Commercial Street and Highways Traffic Control Devices
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Modes to Transportation
Urban People People-Transportation Transportation
Automobile Taxi/For-Hire Vehicles Bus Transit/Rapid Bus Transit (RBT) Rail/Subway
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Modes to Transportation
Intercity People People-Transportation Transportation
Automobile Intercity Bus Railroad Air Water
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Modes to Transportation
Urban & Intercity Freight Transportation
Long-Haul Trucks Local Trucks Railroads Water Air Freight
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Traffic Studies Facility Design Traffic Control Traffic Operations P f Performance E Evaluation l ti
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Traffic Studies
I Involve l measuring i and d quantifying tif i various i aspect of highway traffic. Studies focus on data collection and analysis that is used to characterize traffic, including (but not limited to) traffic volumes and demands, speed and travel time, time delay, delay accidents, accidents origins and destinations, modal use, and other variables (e.g. safety).
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Facility design
Involves traffic engineers in the functional and geometric design of highways and other traffic facilities. Traffic engineers are not involved in the str ct ral design of highway structural high a facilities but b t should have some appreciation for structural characteristics of their facilities.
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Traffic Control
is a central function of traffic engineers and involves the establishment of traffic regulations and their communication to the driver through the use of traffic control devices, such as signs, markings, and signals.
Traffic ffi Operations O i
Involves measures that influence overall operation of traffic facilities, such as one-way street system, transit operation, and surveillance 42 and network control systems.
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Performance Evaluation
Is a mean by which traffic engineers can rate the operating characteristics of individual sections ti of f facilities f iliti and d facilities f iliti as a whole. h l Such evaluation relies on measures of performance quality and is often stated in terms of levels of service. Levels of service (LOS) are letter grades, from A to F, describing how well a facility is operation using specified performance criteria. criteria (A Excellent; F- undesirable). As part of performance evaluation, the capacity of highway facilities must be determined.
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Traffic Systems Management (TSM):
involves virtually all aspects of traffic engineering in a focus on optimizing system capacity and operations. Specific aspects of TSM include highoccupancy vehicle priority systems, car-pooling programs, pricing strategies to manage demand, and similar functions.
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Elements of Traffic Engineering
Integration of intelligent transportation system technologies (ITS):
It refers to the application of modern tele-communication technology to the operation and control of transportation system. Such systems include but not limited to automated toll-collection systems (E-toll), vehicle-tracking systems, in vehicle GPS and mapping systems, automated enforcement of traffic lights and speed laws, Variable Message Signs, etc.
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Who Are Traffic Engineers Clients?
Policy makers Highway administration
State/Province District City
Citizens groups Land developers Business owners
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Challenges for a Traffic Engineer
Urban congestion has been a major issue for many years. Given the transportation demand cycle, it is not always possible to solve congestion problems through expansion of capacity. Traffic engineers therefore are involved in the development of programs and strategies to mange demand in both time and space.
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