GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR PV SYSTEMS

NO BATTERY STORAGE

Design Guidelines for Accredited Installers

January 2012

These guidelines have been developed by Clean Energy Council. They represent latest industry best practice for the
design and installation of grid-connected PV systems. Copyright 2011
While all care has been taken to ensure this guideline is free from omission and error, no responsibility can be taken for
the use of this information in the installation of any grid-connected power system.

Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Contents
1.

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................2

2.

SITE VISIT.........................................................................................................................................................................2

3.

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS.......................................................................................................................2

4. ENERGY YIELD....................................................................................................................................................................4
4.1 EFFECT OF ORIENTATION AND TILT ..............................................................................................................................5
4.2 DE-RATING MODULE PERFORMANCE...........................................................................................................................5
4.2.1 Manufacturers output tolerance ...........................................................................................................................5
4.2.2. De-rating due to dirt .............................................................................................................................................5
4.2.3. De-rating due to temperature ..............................................................................................................................5
4.3 SPECIFIC ENERGY YIELD ................................................................................................................................................6
4.4 PERFORMANCE RATIO ..................................................................................................................................................7
5. INVERTER SELECTION..........................................................................................................................................................8
5.1 WHY MULTIPLE INVERTERS?.........................................................................................................................................8
5.2 INVERTER SIZING...........................................................................................................................................................8
5.2.1 Inverter with crystalline modules..........................................................................................................................9
5.2.2 Inverter with thin film modules.............................................................................................................................9
6. MATCHING ARRAY VOLTAGE to the MAXIMUM INVERTER VOLTAGE and VOLTAGE WINDOW OF THE INVERTER..........9
6.1 MINIMUM VOLTAGE WINDOW ..................................................................................................................................10
6.2 MAXIMUM VOLTAGE WINDOW .................................................................................................................................11
6.3 EFFECT OF SHADOWS .................................................................................................................................................12
7. ANNUAL DAILY IRRADIATION ON AN INCLINED PLANE EXPRESSED AS % OF MAXIMUM VALUE....................................13
7.1 BRISBANE ....................................................................................................................................................................13
7.2 CANBERRA...................................................................................................................................................................14
7.3 DARWIN ......................................................................................................................................................................15
7.4 HOBART.......................................................................................................................................................................16
7.5 SYDNEY........................................................................................................................................................................17
7.6 MELBOURNE ...............................................................................................................................................................18
7.7 ADELAIDE ....................................................................................................................................................................19
7.8 ALICE SPRINGS ............................................................................................................................................................20
7.9 PERTH..........................................................................................................................................................................21
7.10 CAIRNS ......................................................................................................................................................................22

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION
This document outlines the minimum requirements for the design of a grid-connected PV system .
Design criteria may include:
budget
roof space
annual electrical usage
government subsidy rules
other specific customer-related criteria.
Whatever the final design, every accredited designer should be able to:
determine the energy yield and specific yield of the grid-connected PV system
determine the inverter size based on the size of the array
match the array configuration to the selected inverters voltage specifications.

2. SITE VISIT
Prior to installing of any grid-connected PV system, a designer shall visit the site or arrange for a work colleague to visit
the site and determine:
1. the orientation and tilt angle of the roof where the solar array will be mounted
2. the solar access for the site
3. whether any shading will occur (and estimate its effect on the system)
4. any specific site issues which will increase the installation cost e.g. switchboard upgrade required.
Based on this information, the designer shall determine the expected annual energy yield of the system and the actual
installation costs.
If orientation or shading is a problem at the site, this shall be explained to the customer including the estimated energy
yield expressed as a percentage of the ideal (i.e modules facing north and with no shading).
The site visit ideally should be undertaken prior to the day of installation.
The installation shall only proceed after the customer has signed a document that includes:
full specifications of the system, including
the solar modules and inverter/s (quantity, rating (W), make (manufacturer) and model)
the systems energy yield, including monthly expectations
full installation costs.
(NOTE: Where the installation of the meter is to be undertaken by others, this should be explained in the document
including what the customer needs to do to have the meter installed and approximate costs, if known).

3. DESIGN AND INSTALLATION STANDARDS

The main standards required are:

AS/NZS 3000
AS/NZS 3008
AS/NZS 4777.1
AS/NZS 5033
AS/NZS 4509

Wiring rules
Selection of cables
Grid connection of energy systems via inverters
Installation of PV arrays
Stand-alone power systems

(NOTE: some aspects of this standard are relevant to grid-connected PV systems)

AS 3595
AS/NZS 1768
AS/NZS 1170.2

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Energy management programs

Lightning protection
Wind loads.

Page 2

4. ENERGY YIELD
Australian systems are typically sold on price or the size that could fit onto the available roof space.
Once the size, in kWp , is selected then the designer shall determine the systems energy output over the whole year
(known as the energy yield).
There are many commercial tools available to assist in calculating energy yield
(PV-GC, SunEye, PVSyst, Solar Pathfinder, etc.) Some will make allowance for shading.
It is recommended one of these tools is used in the site visit to provide accurate estimates of energy yield.
The average yearly energy yield can be estimated as follows:
Esys = Parray_STC x ftemp x fman x fdirt x Htilt x pv_inv x inv x inv_sb
where:
Esys
= average yearly energy output of the PV array, in watt-hours
Parray_stc = rated output power of the array under standard test conditions, in watts
f temp
= temperature de-rating factor, dimensionless (refer to section 4.2.3)
f man
= de-rating factor for manufacturing tolerance, dimensionless (refer to section 4.2.1)
f dirt
= de-rating factor for dirt, dimensionless (refer to section 4.2.2)
H tilt
= yearly irradiation value (kWh/m2) for the selected site (allowing for tilt, orientation and shading)
pv_inv = efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the PV array and the inverter
inv
= efficiency of the inverter dimensionless
inv_sb = efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the inverter and the switchboard.
It is recommended that:
the maximum voltage drop between the PV array and the inverter is 3% and
the voltage drop between the inverter and the main switchboard is 1%.
Solar irradiation data is available from various sources, such as the Australian Solar Radiation Data Handbook
(from AuSES ) or the Meteorological Bureau. The units used are often MJ/m/day.
To convert to kWh/m/day (PSH) divide by 3.6.
(NOTE: Grid-connected solar PV systems are typically mounted on the roof of the house or building. The roof might not
be facing true north or at the optimum tilt angle. The PSH figure for the roof orientation (azimuth) and pitch (tilt angle)
shall be used when undertaking the design.)

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Page 4

4.1 EFFECT OF ORIENTATION AND TILT

When the roof is not orientated true north and/or not at the optimum inclination, the output from the array will be less
than the maximum possible.
These guidelines include tables which show the average annual daily total irradiation for various orientations and tilt
angles, represented as a percentage of the maximum value (See Tables 7.1 7.13).
The tables provide values for a plane with different orientation (azimuth) and inclination (tilt) angles.
The orientation and inclination are varied in increments of 10o.
These tables have been derived from the Australian Solar Radiation Data Handbook.
These tables provide the designer with information on the expected reduction of the PV output as a percentage of the
maximum possible output (when the array is located on a roof that is not facing the true north at an inclination equal to
the latitude angle.)
Tables have been provided for the following locations:
Hobart
Melbourne
Brisbane
Cairns
Darwin
Perth

Canberra
Adelaide

Sydney
Alice Springs

(NOTE: The above formula for energy yield could be rearranged to determine the size of the array, if the system is to be
designed to provide a predetermined amount of energy per year, e.g. when a customer wants a system that meets their
total annual energy usage.)
4.2 DE-RATING MODULE PERFORMANCE
4.2.1 Manufacturers output tolerance
The output of a PV module is specified in watts, with a manufacturing tolerance and is based on a cell temperature of
25C (STC).
Example:
A 160W module has a manufacturers tolerance of 3%. The worst case adjusted output of the PV module is
therefore 160W x 0.97 = 155.2W.
4.2.2. De-rating due to dirt
The output of a PV module can be reduced as a result of a build up of dirt on the surface of the module.
The actual value of this de-rating will be dependent on the actual location but in some city locations this could be high
due to the amount of pollution in the air. If in doubt, an acceptable de-rating would be 5% .
Example continued:
The de-rated module of 152W would be de-rated by a further 5% due to dirt: 155.2W x 0.95 = 147.4W.
4.2.3. De-rating due to temperature

As a minimum, in accordance with AS4059.2,

the average temperature of the cell within the PV module can be estimated by the following formula:
Tcell.eff
where
Tcell.eff
and
Ta.day

= Ta.day + 25oC

= average daily effective cell temperature, in degrees C

= daytime average ambient temperature (for the month of interest), in degrees C.

Array frames in stand-alone power systems are typically tilted at higher angles and the modules have good airflow.
With rooftop grid-connected systems, higher temperatures have been observed.
For grid-connect systems the effective cell temperature is determined by the following formula:
Tcell.eff = Ta.day + Tr
where
Tr
= effective temperature rise for specific type of installation.
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Page 5

It is recommended that the following temperature rise (Tr ) applies for different array frames:
Parallel to roof (<150mm standoff): +35C
Rack-type mount (>150mm standoff): +30C
Top-of-pole mount, free standing frame and frame on roof with tilt angle of about + 20 degrees to slope of roof:
+25C.
Solar modules each have different temperature coefficients. These typically range from +0.2%/C to -0.5%/C dependant
on module technology. (Refer to the manufacturers datasheet for exact values).
The de-rating of the array due to temperature will be dependent on the type of module installed and the average
ambient maximum temperature for the location.
The temperature de-rating factor is calculated as follows:
ftemp
where
ftemp

Tcell.eff
Tstc

= 1 + ( (Tcell.eff - Tstc))
=
=
=
=

temperature de-rating factor, dimensionless

value of power temperature coefficient per degrees C (see above)
average daily cell temperature, in degrees C
cell temperature at standard test conditions, in degrees C.

(NOTE: The manufacturers specified value of power temperature coefficient is applied include the -ve sign as shown
on the data sheet. The formula determines whether the temperature factor is greater or less than 1 due to actual
effective temperature of the cell.)
Example continued:
assume the average ambient temperature is 25 C (Ta.day) and the module is polycrystalline and frame is parallel to roof
but less than 150mm off roof.
The average daily effective cell temperature is:
Tcell.eff = Ta.day + 35 = 25 + 35 = 60C
In the above formula the absolute value of the temperature coefficient () is applied, this is -0.5%/C and cell
temperature at standard test conditions is 25 C (Tstc)
Therefore the effective de-rating factor due to temperature is: 1 + -0.5% / (60 25) = 1 -17.5% = 0.825
The temperature de-rating becomes 82.5% of 147.4W or 121.6 W.
4.3 SPECIFIC ENERGY YIELD
The specific energy yield is expressed in kWh per kWp and is calculated as follows:

SY

Esys
Parray _ STC

To compare the performance of systems in different regions, shading loss must be eliminated from the calculation
of energy yield for the sites being compared.

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Page 6

4.4 PERFORMANCE RATIO

The performance ratio (PR) is used to assess the installation quality. The performance ratio is calculated as follows:

PR

E sys
Eideal

where
Esys = actual yearly energy yield from the system
E ideal = the ideal energy output of the array.
The PV arrays ideal energy yield E ideal can determined two ways.
Method 1:

E ideal Parray_ STC Htilt

where
Htilt
= yearly average daily irradiation, in kWh/m2 for the specified tilt angle
Parray..STC = rated output power of the array under standard test conditions, in watts
Method 2:

E ideal H pv pv
where
H pv
pv
and

= actual irradiation that falls on the array surface area

= efficiency of the PV modules

H pv H tilt Apv
where
Htilt
Apv

= yearly average daily irradiation, in kWh/m2 for the specified tilt angle
= total area of the PV array.

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Page 7

5. INVERTER SELECTION
The selection of the inverter for the installation will depend on:
the energy output of the array
the matching of the allowable inverter string configurations with the size of the array in kW
and the size of the individual modules within that array
whether the system will have one central inverter or multiple (smaller) inverters.
5.1 WHY MULTIPLE INVERTERS?
1. If the array is spread over a number of rooves that have different orientations and/or tilt angles then the maximum
power points and output currents will vary. If economic, installing a separate inverter for each section of the array
which has the same orientation and angle will maximise the output the total array.
This could also be achieved by using an inverter with multiple maximum power point trackers (MPPTs).
2. Multiple inverters allow a portion of the system to continue to operate even if one inverter fails.
3. Multiple inverters allow the system to be modular, so that increasing the system involves adding a predetermined
number of modules with one inverter.
4. Multiple inverters better balance phases in accordance with local utility requirements.
The potential disadvantage of multiple inverters is that in general,
the cost of a number of inverters with lower power ratings is generally more expensive.
5.2 INVERTER SIZING
Inverters currently available are typically rated for:
maximum DC input power i.e. the size of the array in peak watts
maximum DC input current
maximum specified output power i.e. the AC power they can provide to the grid.
The maximum power of the array is calculated using the following formula:
Array Peak Power = Number of modules in the array x the rated maximum power (P mp) of the selected module at STC.
The designer shall follow the manufacturers recommendation when matching the peak power rating of the array to
that of the inverter.
Many manufacturers provide the maximum rating of a solar array in peak power for a specific size inverter. Accredited
designers shall follow the recommendations of the manufacturer.
If the manufacturer does not provide recommendations then the designer shall match the array to the inverter allowing for
the de-rating of the /array.
In the section on de-rating module performance, the typical PV array output in watts is de-rated due to:
manufacturers tolerance of the modules
dirt and temperature.

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Page 8

5.2.1 Inverter with crystalline modules

Based on figures of:
0.97 for manufacture
0.95 for dirt
0.825 for temperature (based on ambient of 35C). Refer to section 4.2.3
The de-rating of the array is: 0.97 x 0.95 x 0.825 = 0.76
As a result of this type of de-rating being experienced in the field, the inverter can easily be rated 76% of the peak
power of the array (and possibly even less.)
5.2.2 Inverter with thin film modules
The temperature effect on thin film modules is less than that on crystalline modules. Assuming the temperature
coefficient is only 0.1% then the temperature de-rating at ambient temperature of 35C is 0.965
Based on figures of :
0.97 for manufacturer
0.95 for dirt

0.965 for temperature (based on ambient of 35 C).

The de-rating of the array is: 0.97 x 0.95 x 0.965 = 0.889
As a result of this type of de-rating being experienced in the field, the inverter can easily be rated 89% of the peak
power of the array (and possibly even less.)
Example:
Assume the array comprises 16 of the 160Wp crystalline modules then the array peak power = 16 x 160 = 2.56kW
Should the inverter be rated at a minimum of 2.56kW?
If the manufacturer does not provide recommendations then following the above guidelines:
This array can be connected to an inverter with an output rating of: 0.76 x 2.56kW = 1.95kW (for crystalline modules)
If thin film modules are used then the inverter could have an output rating of: 0.889 x 2.56kW = 2.27kW

6. MATCHING ARRAY VOLTAGE to the MAXIMUM INVERTER VOLTAGE and VOLTAGE WINDOW OF THE
INVERTER
The output power of a solar module is affected by the temperature of the solar cells. In crystalline PV modules this
effect can be as much as -0.5% for every 1 degree variation in temperature.
(NOTE: for other PV cell technologies the manufacturers data must be used).
The temperature de-rating factor for the output power is:

f temp 1 Tcell _ eff TSTC

where
ftemp

Tcell.eff
Tstc

= temperature de-rating factor, dimensionless

= power temperature co-efficient per C ( typically 0.005 for crystalline cells )
= average daily cell temperature, in C (see section on temperature effect on modules)
= cell temperature at standard test conditions, measured in C.

The maximum power point voltage and open circuit voltage are affected by temperature and the temperature
co-efficient as a % is typically very similar to the power coefficient.
The - maximum - effective cell temperature

Tcell _ eff Tave _ amb Tr 0 C

where
Tcell_eff = the effective cell temperature in C
Tave_amb = the daytime ambient temperature in C
Tr
= the temperature rise dependent on array frame type in C

(refer to section on temperature de-rating of solar array for typical values)

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Page 9

The above can also be applied as the de-rating factor for open circuit voltage and maximum power point voltage.
With the odd exception, grid-interactive inverters include maximum power point trackers (MPPTs).
Many of the inverters available will have a voltage operating window. If the solar array voltage is outside this window
then either the inverter will not operate or the output power of the system will be greatly reduced.
Minimum and maximum input voltages will be specified by the manufacturer. The maximum voltage is the voltage
where above this the inverter could be damaged. Some inverters will nominate a voltage window where they will
operate and then a maximum voltage, higher than the maximum operating voltage of the window, which is the voltage
where the inverter could be damaged.
For the best performance of the system the output voltage of the solar array should be matched to the operating
voltages of the inverter. To minimise the risk of damage to the inverter, the maximum voltage of the inverter shall never
be reached.
As stated earlier, the output voltage of a module is effected by cell temperature changes in a similar way as the output
power .
The PV module manufacturers will provide a voltage temperature co-efficient.
It is generally specified in V/C (or mV/C) but it can be expressed as a %/C .
To design systems where the output voltages of the array do not fall outside the range of the inverters DC operating
voltages and maximum voltage (if different), the minimum and maximum daytime temperatures for that specific site are
required.
6.1 MINIMUM VOLTAGE WINDOW
When the temperature is at a maximum then the maximum power point voltage (Vmp) of the array should not fall below
the minimum operating voltage of the inverter. The actual voltage at the input of the inverter is not just the V mp of the
array, the voltage drop in the DC cabling must also be included when determining the actual inverter input voltage.
The temperature de-rating factor can be adapted to determine the maximum power point voltage at a specified
temperature.

Vmp _ cell _ eff Vmp _ STC v Tcell _ eff TSTC

where
Vmp_cell.eff
Vmp-stc
v
Tcell_eff
Tstc

=
=
=
=
=

Maximum power point voltage at effective cell temperature, in volts

Maximum power point voltage at STC, in volts
Voltage temperature (Vmp) coefficient in volts per C
cell temperature at specified ambient temperature, measured in C
cell temperature at STC, measured in C

To maximise the performance of the array, the minimum array voltage should never fall below the minimum voltage
operating window of the inverter. The number of modules in the string should be selected so that the maximum power
voltage of the array for the highest temperature expected is above the minimum voltage operating window of the
inverter.
Since the daytime ambient temperature in some areas of Australia can reach, or exceed 35C it is recommended that
maximum effective cell temperature of 70C is used.
Worked example:
Assume that the minimum voltage window for an inverter is 140V.
The module selected has a rated MPP voltage of 35.4V and a voltage (Vmp) co-efficient of -0.177V /C
Using equation for Vmp_cell.eff above, the minimum MPP voltage at a maximum effective cell temperature of 70C, the
temperature de-rating is:
Vmin_mpp = 35.4 + (-0.177 (70- 25)) = 27.4 V
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Page 10

If we assume a maximum voltage drop in the cables of 3% then the voltage at the inverter for each module would be
0.97 x 27.4 = 26.6 V
This is the effective minimum MPP voltage input at the inverter for each module in the array, Vmin_mpp_inv
The minimum number of modules in the string can be determined by the following equation

N min_ per _ string

Vinv _ min (V)

Vmin_ mpp _ inv (V)

where
Vinv_min
= the minimum inverter input voltage
Vmin_mpp_inv = the effective minimum MPP voltage of a module at the inverter at maximum effective cell temperature
The minimum voltage allowed at the inverter, in this example, is 140V.
The MPP voltage rises with increases in irradiance. Since the array is typically operating with irradiance levels less than
1kW/m then the actual MPP voltage would be reduced (NOTE: the exact variation is dependent on the quality of the
solar cell so it is recommended that a safety margin of 10% is used.)
In the worked example above, a minimum inverter voltage of 1.1 x 140V = 154V should be used.
The minimum number of modules in a string is:
Nmin_per_string = 154 / 26.6 = 5.8 rounded up to 6 modules.
6.2 MAXIMUM VOLTAGE WINDOW
At the coldest daytime temperature the open circuit voltage of the array shall never be greater than the maximum
allowed input voltage for the inverter. The open circuit voltage ( Voc ) is used because this is greater than the MPP
voltage and it is the applied voltage when the system is first connected
(prior to the inverter starting to operate and connecting to the grid).
NOTE: Some inverters provide a maximum voltage for operation and a higher voltage as the maximum allowed voltage.
In this situation, the MPP voltage is used for the operation window and the open circuit voltage for the maximum
allowed voltage.
In early morning, at first light, the cell temperature will be very close to the ambient temperature because the sun has
not had time to heat up the module.
Therefore, the lowest daytime temperature for the area where the system is installed shall be used to determine the
maximum Voc. This is determined by the following equation

Vmax_oc Voc _ STC v Tmin TSTC

where

Vmax_oc
Voc_STC
v
Tmin
TSTC

= Open circuit voltage at minimum cell temperature , volts

= Open circuit voltage at STC, volts
= voltage temperature Vocco-efficient ,- V/C
= expected min. daily cell temperature, C

= cell temperature STC, C

In many areas of Australia, the minimum daytime ambient temperature can be less than 0C while there are areas
where it never falls below 20C.
It is recommended that the designer use the minimum temperature for the area where the system will be installed.

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Page 11

In the worked example, assume the minimum effective cell temperature is 0C:
Voc-stc is 43.2 V
and the maximum open circuit voltage - at minimum effective temperature is
Voc_max

= 43.2 +( -0.16 (0 - 25))

= 43.26 - (0.16 x -25)
= 43.2 + 4
= 47.2 V

For our example, assuming the maximum voltage allowed by the inverter is 400V (Vinv_max)
The maximum number of modules in the string, Nmax_per_string, is determined by the following equation:

N max_ per _ string

Vinv _ max (V)

V oc _ max (V)

= 400 / 47.2 = 8.47 rounded down to 8 modules

In the example presented, the PV string must consist of between 6 - 8 modules only.
In the worked example, for sizing the inverter 16 modules were required.
Therefore we could have two parallel strings of 8 modules.
6.3 EFFECT OF SHADOWS
In towns and cities where grid-connected PV systems will be dominant, the roof of the house or building will not always
be free of shadows during parts of the day. Care should be taken when selecting the number of modules in a string
because shading could result in the maximum power point voltage at high temperatures being below the minimum
operating voltage of the inverter.

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Page 12

7. ANNUAL DAILY IRRADIATION ON AN INCLINED PLANE EXPRESSED AS % OF MAXIMUM VALUE

7.1 BRISBANE

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%

10
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
94%
93%
92%
91%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
86%
86%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
85%
86%
86%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
92%
92%
93%
94%
95%
95%
95%

20
99%
99%
98%
98%
97%
96%
94%
93%
91%
89%
88%
86%
84%
82%
81%
80%
79%
78%
78%
78%
78%
79%
80%
81%
83%
84%
86%
88%
90%
91%
93%
94%
96%
97%
98%
98%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
98%
94%
88%
100%
98%
94%
88%
99%
98%
94%
88%
98%
97%
93%
87%
97%
95%
92%
86%
96%
93%
90%
84%
94%
91%
88%
82%
92%
89%
85%
80%
89%
86%
82%
77%
87%
83%
79%
74%
84%
80%
75%
70%
82%
77%
71%
65%
79%
73%
67%
61%
76%
70%
63%
57%
74%
66%
59%
52%
72%
64%
56%
48%
71%
61%
53%
45%
69%
60%
51%
44%
69%
59%
51%
43%
69%
59%
51%
43%
70%
60%
52%
45%
71%
62%
54%
47%
73%
65%
57%
51%
75%
68%
61%
55%
77%
71%
65%
59%
80%
74%
69%
63%
82%
78%
73%
67%
85%
81%
76%
71%
87%
84%
79%
74%
90%
86%
82%
77%
92%
89%
85%
79%
94%
91%
87%
82%
96%
93%
89%
84%
97%
95%
91%
85%
98%
97%
93%
87%
99%
98%
94%
88%

70
80%
80%
80%
80%
79%
78%
76%
74%
71%
68%
64%
60%
55%
51%
46%
42%
39%
37%
36%
37%
38%
41%
45%
49%
53%
57%
61%
65%
68%
71%
73%
75%
77%
78%
79%
80%

80
70%
71%
71%
71%
71%
70%
69%
67%
64%
61%
58%
54%
50%
45%
41%
37%
34%
31%
30%
31%
32%
36%
39%
43%
48%
52%
55%
59%
61%
64%
66%
67%
69%
69%
70%
70%

90
59%
60%
61%
61%
61%
61%
60%
59%
57%
55%
52%
48%
44%
40%
36%
32%
30%
28%
27%
27%
29%
31%
35%
38%
42%
46%
49%
52%
55%
56%
58%
59%
59%
60%
60%
59%

Page 13

7.2 CANBERRA

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%

10
94%
94%
93%
93%
92%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
82%
82%
81%
81%
82%
82%
83%
84%
84%
85%
86%
87%
89%
90%
91%
91%
92%
93%
93%
94%

20
98%
98%
97%
96%
95%
94%
92%
90%
88%
86%
84%
82%
80%
78%
77%
76%
75%
74%
74%
74%
74%
75%
77%
78%
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
93%
95%
96%
97%
98%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
99%
96%
91%
99%
99%
96%
91%
99%
98%
95%
90%
98%
97%
94%
89%
96%
95%
92%
87%
94%
93%
89%
84%
92%
90%
86%
81%
89%
87%
83%
78%
87%
84%
80%
75%
84%
80%
76%
71%
81%
77%
72%
67%
78%
73%
68%
62%
75%
69%
63%
58%
72%
66%
59%
53%
70%
62%
55%
49%
68%
60%
52%
45%
66%
57%
50%
42%
65%
56%
48%
41%
65%
56%
48%
40%
65%
56%
48%
41%
66%
57%
50%
42%
67%
59%
52%
45%
69%
62%
55%
49%
72%
65%
59%
53%
74%
68%
63%
57%
77%
72%
67%
62%
80%
76%
71%
66%
83%
79%
75%
70%
86%
83%
79%
74%
89%
86%
82%
77%
91%
89%
85%
81%
94%
92%
88%
83%
96%
94%
91%
86%
97%
96%
93%
88%
98%
98%
95%
89%
99%
99%
95%
90%

70
83%
83%
83%
82%
80%
78%
75%
72%
69%
65%
61%
57%
52%
48%
44%
40%
36%
35%
34%
35%
36%
40%
43%
48%
52%
56%
61%
65%
68%
71%
74%
77%
79%
81%
82%
83%

80
74%
74%
74%
73%
72%
70%
68%
66%
63%
59%
56%
51%
47%
43%
39%
35%
33%
30%
30%
30%
32%
35%
39%
43%
47%
51%
55%
59%
62%
65%
67%
70%
71%
73%
74%
74%

90
64%
64%
64%
64%
63%
62%
61%
59%
56%
53%
50%
46%
42%
38%
35%
32%
29%
28%
27%
28%
29%
32%
35%
38%
41%
45%
49%
52%
55%
58%
60%
61%
63%
63%
64%
64%

Page 14

7.3 DARWIN

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%
96%

10
99%
99%
99%
99%
99%
98%
98%
97%
97%
96%
96%
95%
94%
94%
93%
93%
93%
93%
92%
92%
93%
93%
93%
93%
94%
94%
95%
96%
96%
97%
97%
98%
98%
99%
99%
99%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

20
100%
100%
100%
100%
99%
99%
98%
97%
96%
95%
93%
93%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
87%
86%
86%
87%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
92%
93%
95%
96%
96%
97%
98%
99%
100%
100%

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
99%
94%
88%
79%
99%
94%
88%
79%
98%
94%
88%
80%
98%
94%
88%
80%
97%
93%
88%
80%
96%
93%
87%
80%
96%
92%
86%
80%
94%
91%
85%
79%
93%
89%
84%
78%
92%
87%
82%
76%
90%
85%
79%
73%
88%
83%
77%
70%
86%
80%
74%
67%
84%
78%
70%
63%
82%
75%
67%
59%
81%
73%
64%
55%
80%
71%
61%
51%
79%
70%
59%
49%
78%
69%
58%
48%
78%
69%
59%
48%
79%
70%
60%
50%
80%
71%
63%
53%
81%
74%
65%
57%
83%
76%
68%
60%
85%
78%
71%
64%
86%
81%
74%
67%
88%
83%
77%
70%
90%
85%
79%
73%
91%
87%
81%
75%
93%
89%
83%
77%
94%
90%
84%
78%
95%
91%
85%
78%
96%
92%
86%
78%
97%
93%
86%
78%
98%
93%
87%
79%
98%
94%
87%
79%

70
69%
69%
70%
71%
71%
72%
72%
72%
71%
69%
67%
63%
59%
56%
51%
46%
43%
41%
40%
41%
42%
45%
49%
53%
57%
61%
64%
67%
68%
70%
70%
70%
70%
70%
69%
69%

80
58%
58%
59%
61%
62%
63%
64%
64%
63%
62%
59%
56%
52%
48%
44%
39%
36%
34%
33%
33%
35%
38%
42%
46%
50%
54%
57%
60%
61%
62%
63%
62%
61%
60%
59%
58%

90
48%
48%
49%
51%
53%
55%
56%
56%
56%
55%
52%
49%
46%
41%
37%
33%
30%
28%
27%
27%
29%
32%
36%
40%
44%
47%
50%
52%
54%
55%
55%
54%
52%
51%
49%
48%

Page 15

7.4 HOBART

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%

10
90%
89%
89%
88%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
82%
81%
80%
79%
78%
76%
76%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
76%
76%
77%
78%
79%
81%
82%
83%
85%
85%
87%
88%
88%
89%
89%

20
95%
95%
95%
93%
92%
90%
88%
87%
84%
82%
79%
77%
75%
72%
70%
68%
67%
67%
66%
67%
67%
68%
70%
72%
74%
76%
79%
81%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
93%
95%
95%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
99%
100%
99%
95%
98%
99%
98%
95%
98%
99%
97%
94%
96%
97%
96%
92%
95%
95%
93%
90%
92%
92%
90%
87%
90%
89%
87%
83%
87%
85%
83%
79%
84%
82%
79%
75%
80%
78%
75%
71%
76%
73%
70%
66%
73%
69%
65%
61%
70%
65%
60%
56%
66%
61%
55%
51%
64%
57%
51%
46%
61%
54%
47%
42%
59%
52%
45%
39%
58%
50%
43%
37%
58%
50%
43%
36%
58%
50%
43%
37%
59%
52%
45%
39%
61%
54%
47%
42%
63%
56%
51%
46%
66%
60%
55%
51%
69%
64%
60%
56%
73%
68%
65%
61%
76%
73%
69%
65%
79%
77%
74%
70%
83%
81%
78%
75%
86%
85%
82%
79%
89%
88%
86%
82%
92%
92%
90%
86%
94%
95%
93%
89%
96%
96%
95%
92%
98%
98%
97%
93%
98%
99%
98%
95%

70
89%
88%
88%
87%
84%
81%
78%
75%
70%
66%
61%
56%
52%
47%
42%
38%
35%
32%
32%
33%
35%
38%
42%
47%
52%
56%
61%
65%
70%
74%
78%
81%
84%
86%
87%
88%

80
81%
81%
81%
79%
78%
75%
72%
69%
65%
61%
56%
52%
47%
42%
38%
35%
32%
30%
29%
30%
32%
35%
38%
42%
47%
52%
56%
61%
64%
68%
72%
74%
76%
79%
80%
81%

90
72%
72%
72%
70%
69%
67%
65%
62%
59%
55%
52%
47%
42%
38%
35%
32%
29%
28%
27%
28%
29%
32%
35%
38%
42%
46%
50%
55%
58%
61%
64%
67%
68%
70%
71%
72%

Page 16

7.5 SYDNEY

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%

10
94%
94%
93%
93%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
81%
82%
82%
83%
84%
85%
86%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
93%
93%
94%
94%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

20
98%
98%
97%
96%
95%
94%
92%
90%
88%
86%
84%
81%
79%
77%
76%
74%
73%
73%
73%
73%
74%
74%
76%
78%
80%
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
92%
94%
95%
97%
97%
98%

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
99%
97%
91%
100%
99%
96%
91%
99%
98%
95%
90%
98%
97%
94%
88%
96%
95%
91%
86%
94%
92%
89%
84%
91%
89%
86%
80%
89%
86%
82%
77%
86%
82%
78%
73%
82%
79%
74%
69%
80%
75%
70%
65%
77%
71%
66%
61%
73%
68%
62%
56%
71%
64%
57%
52%
68%
61%
54%
47%
66%
58%
50%
44%
65%
56%
48%
41%
64%
55%
47%
39%
63%
54%
46%
39%
64%
55%
47%
40%
65%
56%
48%
41%
66%
59%
51%
44%
69%
61%
54%
48%
71%
65%
59%
52%
74%
69%
63%
57%
77%
72%
67%
62%
80%
76%
71%
66%
84%
80%
76%
71%
87%
84%
79%
74%
89%
87%
83%
78%
92%
90%
87%
81%
94%
93%
89%
85%
96%
95%
92%
87%
98%
97%
94%
89%
99%
98%
96%
90%
100%
99%
97%
91%

70
84%
84%
83%
81%
79%
77%
74%
71%
68%
64%
60%
55%
51%
46%
42%
38%
35%
34%
33%
34%
35%
38%
43%
47%
52%
56%
61%
65%
69%
72%
76%
78%
80%
82%
84%
84%

80
75%
75%
74%
73%
71%
69%
67%
64%
61%
58%
54%
50%
45%
41%
37%
34%
31%
29%
28%
29%
31%
34%
38%
41%
46%
51%
55%
59%
62%
66%
69%
71%
72%
74%
75%
75%

90
64%
64%
64%
63%
63%
61%
60%
57%
55%
52%
48%
44%
40%
37%
34%
30%
28%
27%
26%
27%
28%
30%
34%
37%
41%
45%
49%
53%
56%
59%
61%
62%
63%
64%
65%
65%

Page 17

7.6 MELBOURNE

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%
86%

10
93%
92%
92%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
85%
84%
84%
82%
81%
81%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
81%
81%
82%
83%
84%
85%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
92%
92%
92%
93%

20
98%
97%
96%
95%
94%
92%
91%
89%
87%
84%
82%
80%
78%
76%
74%
73%
72%
71%
71%
72%
73%
74%
75%
77%
80%
82%
84%
87%
88%
91%
92%
94%
95%
96%
97%
98%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
100%
98%
93%
99%
99%
97%
92%
99%
98%
96%
91%
97%
96%
94%
89%
95%
95%
92%
87%
93%
92%
89%
85%
91%
89%
86%
81%
88%
86%
82%
78%
85%
82%
78%
74%
82%
78%
74%
70%
78%
74%
70%
65%
75%
71%
65%
61%
72%
67%
61%
56%
69%
63%
57%
51%
67%
59%
53%
47%
65%
57%
49%
43%
63%
54%
47%
40%
63%
54%
46%
39%
62%
54%
46%
39%
63%
54%
47%
40%
64%
56%
49%
42%
66%
58%
51%
45%
68%
62%
55%
50%
71%
65%
60%
54%
75%
70%
64%
59%
78%
74%
69%
64%
81%
78%
74%
69%
85%
82%
78%
74%
88%
85%
82%
78%
91%
89%
86%
82%
93%
92%
89%
85%
95%
95%
92%
88%
97%
97%
95%
90%
99%
98%
96%
92%
99%
99%
97%
93%
100%
100%
98%
93%

70
86%
85%
84%
83%
81%
79%
76%
73%
68%
64%
60%
56%
51%
46%
42%
38%
35%
33%
33%
33%
36%
40%
44%
49%
54%
59%
64%
68%
73%
76%
80%
82%
84%
85%
86%
87%

80
77%
77%
76%
75%
74%
71%
69%
66%
63%
59%
55%
50%
46%
42%
38%
35%
32%
29%
29%
30%
33%
36%
40%
44%
49%
54%
58%
63%
67%
70%
73%
74%
76%
77%
78%
78%

90
67%
67%
67%
66%
65%
63%
61%
59%
56%
53%
49%
45%
42%
37%
34%
31%
29%
27%
27%
28%
30%
33%
36%
40%
44%
49%
53%
56%
59%
62%
64%
66%
67%
68%
68%
67%

Page 18

7.7 ADELAIDE

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%
87%

10
94%
94%
94%
93%
92%
91%
91%
89%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
83%
82%
82%
81%
81%
81%
81%
82%
82%
83%
84%
85%
86%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
92%
93%
93%
94%
94%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

20
98%
98%
97%
96%
95%
93%
92%
90%
87%
85%
83%
81%
79%
77%
76%
75%
74%
74%
74%
74%
75%
75%
77%
78%
80%
83%
85%
87%
89%
91%
93%
95%
96%
97%
98%
98%

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
99%
96%
91%
100%
99%
96%
90%
99%
98%
94%
89%
97%
96%
93%
87%
95%
94%
91%
85%
93%
91%
88%
83%
91%
89%
85%
79%
88%
85%
81%
76%
85%
82%
77%
73%
82%
78%
74%
69%
79%
75%
70%
64%
76%
71%
65%
60%
74%
67%
61%
55%
71%
64%
57%
51%
68%
60%
53%
47%
67%
58%
50%
43%
65%
56%
48%
40%
64%
55%
47%
39%
64%
55%
47%
39%
65%
55%
47%
39%
66%
57%
49%
41%
68%
59%
51%
44%
70%
62%
55%
49%
73%
66%
59%
53%
75%
70%
64%
58%
78%
74%
68%
63%
81%
77%
73%
67%
84%
81%
76%
72%
87%
85%
80%
75%
90%
88%
84%
79%
93%
91%
87%
82%
95%
94%
90%
85%
97%
96%
93%
88%
98%
98%
94%
89%
100%
99%
96%
90%
100%
99%
96%
91%

70
83%
83%
82%
80%
78%
76%
74%
70%
67%
63%
59%
54%
50%
46%
41%
37%
34%
32%
32%
33%
35%
39%
43%
48%
52%
57%
61%
66%
70%
73%
76%
79%
81%
82%
83%
83%

80
74%
74%
73%
72%
71%
69%
66%
63%
60%
57%
53%
49%
45%
41%
37%
33%
30%
28%
27%
28%
31%
34%
38%
42%
47%
51%
55%
59%
63%
66%
69%
71%
73%
74%
74%
74%

90
63%
63%
63%
62%
61%
60%
58%
56%
53%
50%
47%
44%
40%
36%
33%
30%
27%
26%
25%
26%
28%
31%
34%
38%
42%
46%
49%
53%
56%
59%
61%
62%
64%
64%
64%
64%

Page 19

7.8 ALICE SPRINGS

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%
90%

10
96%
96%
96%
96%
95%
94%
93%
93%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
86%
86%
85%
85%
84%
84%
85%
85%
86%
87%
87%
88%
89%
90%
91%
92%
93%
94%
95%
95%
96%
96%

20
99%
99%
99%
98%
98%
96%
95%
93%
91%
90%
88%
86%
84%
82%
80%
79%
78%
77%
77%
77%
78%
78%
80%
81%
83%
84%
87%
89%
90%
92%
94%
95%
97%
98%
98%
99%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
98%
94%
87%
100%
98%
94%
87%
100%
98%
93%
87%
99%
97%
93%
87%
98%
96%
91%
86%
96%
94%
90%
84%
94%
92%
88%
82%
92%
89%
85%
80%
90%
87%
82%
77%
87%
84%
79%
73%
84%
80%
75%
69%
82%
76%
71%
65%
79%
73%
67%
60%
76%
69%
62%
55%
73%
65%
58%
50%
71%
62%
53%
46%
69%
60%
50%
42%
68%
58%
48%
40%
67%
57%
47%
40%
68%
57%
48%
40%
69%
59%
49%
41%
70%
61%
52%
44%
72%
64%
56%
49%
74%
67%
60%
53%
77%
71%
64%
58%
80%
75%
69%
63%
83%
78%
73%
67%
85%
81%
77%
71%
88%
84%
80%
75%
91%
87%
83%
78%
93%
90%
86%
80%
95%
92%
88%
82%
96%
94%
90%
84%
98%
96%
91%
85%
99%
97%
93%
86%
100%
98%
93%
87%

70
78%
79%
79%
78%
78%
77%
76%
73%
71%
67%
63%
59%
54%
49%
44%
39%
36%
33%
33%
33%
34%
38%
42%
47%
52%
57%
61%
65%
69%
71%
73%
75%
76%
77%
78%
78%

80
68%
69%
69%
69%
69%
69%
68%
66%
64%
61%
57%
53%
48%
43%
38%
34%
30%
28%
27%
27%
29%
33%
37%
42%
46%
51%
55%
59%
62%
64%
66%
67%
68%
68%
68%
68%

90
57%
57%
58%
59%
60%
60%
60%
59%
57%
54%
51%
47%
42%
38%
33%
29%
26%
24%
22%
23%
25%
29%
32%
37%
41%
45%
49%
52%
55%
57%
58%
58%
58%
58%
58%
57%

Page 20

7.9 PERTH

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%
88%

10
94%
94%
94%
94%
93%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
86%
85%
84%
83%
83%
82%
82%
82%
82%
82%
83%
84%
84%
85%
86%
88%
88%
89%
91%
92%
92%
93%
94%
94%
94%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

20
98%
98%
98%
97%
96%
94%
93%
91%
89%
87%
85%
83%
81%
79%
77%
76%
75%
75%
74%
75%
75%
76%
77%
79%
81%
83%
85%
87%
89%
91%
93%
94%
96%
97%
98%
98%

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
100%
99%
95%
89%
100%
99%
95%
89%
99%
98%
94%
89%
98%
97%
93%
88%
96%
95%
92%
86%
94%
93%
89%
84%
93%
90%
87%
82%
90%
88%
84%
79%
88%
85%
81%
76%
84%
81%
77%
72%
81%
77%
73%
68%
78%
74%
68%
63%
75%
69%
63%
58%
73%
66%
59%
53%
70%
62%
55%
48%
68%
59%
51%
44%
66%
57%
48%
40%
65%
56%
47%
39%
65%
55%
46%
38%
65%
56%
47%
39%
66%
57%
49%
41%
68%
59%
51%
44%
70%
63%
55%
49%
73%
66%
60%
53%
75%
70%
64%
58%
79%
74%
69%
63%
82%
78%
73%
68%
85%
81%
77%
72%
88%
85%
81%
76%
90%
88%
84%
79%
93%
91%
87%
82%
95%
93%
90%
85%
97%
95%
92%
87%
98%
97%
94%
88%
99%
98%
94%
89%
100%
99%
95%
89%

70
81%
81%
81%
81%
80%
78%
76%
73%
70%
66%
62%
57%
52%
47%
42%
38%
34%
32%
31%
32%
34%
38%
43%
48%
53%
58%
63%
67%
70%
74%
76%
78%
80%
81%
81%
81%

80
72%
72%
72%
72%
71%
70%
69%
66%
63%
60%
56%
51%
47%
42%
38%
33%
30%
27%
26%
27%
30%
34%
38%
43%
48%
52%
56%
60%
64%
67%
69%
70%
71%
72%
72%
72%

90
61%
61%
62%
62%
62%
62%
61%
59%
56%
54%
50%
46%
42%
38%
33%
30%
27%
25%
24%
25%
27%
30%
34%
38%
43%
47%
50%
54%
57%
59%
61%
62%
62%
62%
62%
61%

Page 21

7.10 CAIRNS

Plane Azimuth (degrees)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

0
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%

10
99%
99%
98%
98%
98%
97%
97%
96%
96%
95%
95%
94%
94%
93%
93%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
92%
93%
93%
94%
94%
95%
95%
96%
97%
97%
98%
98%
98%
98%
99%

CEC GC Design guidelines Issue 5.1 January, 2012

20
100%
100%
100%
99%
99%
98%
97%
96%
95%
94%
92%
91%
90%
89%
88%
87%
87%
87%
86%
87%
87%
88%
88%
89%
90%
91%
93%
94%
95%
96%
97%
98%
99%
99%
100%
100%

Plane Inclination (degrees)

30
40
50
60
99%
96%
90%
82%
99%
95%
90%
82%
98%
95%
90%
82%
98%
94%
89%
82%
97%
94%
88%
81%
96%
93%
87%
80%
95%
91%
86%
79%
94%
90%
84%
78%
92%
88%
82%
76%
90%
85%
80%
74%
89%
83%
78%
71%
87%
81%
75%
68%
85%
79%
72%
65%
83%
76%
69%
62%
82%
74%
66%
58%
80%
72%
63%
55%
79%
71%
61%
52%
79%
70%
60%
51%
79%
69%
60%
51%
79%
70%
60%
51%
80%
71%
62%
53%
81%
73%
64%
55%
82%
75%
67%
59%
83%
77%
69%
62%
85%
79%
73%
65%
87%
81%
75%
69%
89%
84%
78%
72%
91%
86%
80%
74%
92%
88%
83%
76%
94%
90%
84%
78%
95%
91%
86%
79%
96%
93%
87%
80%
97%
94%
88%
81%
98%
94%
89%
81%
98%
95%
90%
82%
99%
95%
90%
82%

70
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%
72%
71%
69%
67%
64%
61%
58%
54%
50%
47%
45%
44%
43%
44%
45%
48%
51%
55%
59%
62%
65%
67%
69%
71%
72%
73%
73%
73%
73%
73%

80
62%
62%
63%
64%
64%
64%
64%
63%
62%
60%
58%
54%
51%
48%
44%
40%
38%
37%
36%
37%
38%
41%
45%
48%
52%
55%
58%
61%
62%
63%
64%
64%
64%
63%
63%
62%

90
52%
52%
53%
54%
55%
56%
56%
55%
54%
53%
51%
48%
45%
41%
38%
35%
33%
31%
31%
31%
33%
36%
39%
42%
46%
49%
51%
53%
55%
55%
56%
55%
55%
54%
53%
52%

Page 22