(Orientation / Language of Anatomy)
Anatomical position Anatomical planes Anatomical quadrants Body regions Body cavities and membranes Directional terms Anatomical terms Organ systems & their components
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What is the Anatomical Position
Subject stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Chin parallel to floor Palms, eyes & face facing forward facing the observer
This is standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissections
Anatomical Planes and Sections
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ Mid-sagittal plane divides body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anter & posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior & inferior portions Oblique plane cut the body at a slant or diagonal angle not perpendicular to the other planes
Sagittal section
Frontal section
Transverse section
Cut/plane?
Liver Serosae
Diaphragm
Lesser omentum
Pancreas
Stomach Greater omentum Large intestine
Duodenum Dorsal mesentery
Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity
Visceral peritoneum Rectum
Urinary bladder
Cut/plane?
Posterior Back muscles
2nd lumbar vertebra Kidney Liver Renal vein and artery
Spinal cord Fat
Inferior vena cava Aorta Intestine
Dorsal mesentery Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum (serosa) Peritoneal cavity Omentum or other ventral mesentery
Anterior
Quadrants
Stomach
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
10th rib
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Anterior superior spine
(a)
(b)
Regions of the Body
Hypochondriac Region (l/r) Subcostal line
Epigastric region
Liver Gallbladder 10th rib
Lumbar Region (l/r)
Intertubercular line Inguinal region (l/r) Midclavicular line (c)
Umbilical region
Large intestine Small intestine Urinary bladder Urethra
(d)
Hypogastric region
Cavities of the Body
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Diaphragm
Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Cavities of the Body
Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b) Anterior view
Cavities within the ventral cavity have double-layered serous membranes that surrounding organs. They produce serious fluid that reduces friction when the organs move against one another
Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium
Heart Diaphragm
(a) Pericardium
Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura
Lung
Diaphragm
(b) Pleurae
Directional terms: are used to describe the relationship of one body structure to another. Terms can be found in contrasting pairs such as: Superior & inferior Anterior/ventral & posterior/dorsal Medial & lateral Proximal & distal Ipsilateral & contralateral Superficial & deep Parietal & visceral Cephalic & caudal Intermediate
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Directional terms:
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Other helpful terms to be familiar with: i). Medullary ii). Cortical iii). Apical iv). Basal v). Lumen vi). Endovii). Epiviii). Periix). Hyper x). Hypo
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Anatomical terms to know
Anatomical Names Cephalic Otic Oral Orbital Buccal Mental Glabella Cervical
Nuchal/nape
Anatomical Names Manual
Pollex
Common Names Hand
Thumb
Common Names Head Ear Mouth Eye Cheek Chin Forehead Neck
Back of neck
Palmar Phalanges/digits Mammary Umbilical Inguinal Lumbar Gluteal Patellar Popiteal Sural Crural Tarsal Pedal Calcaneal Hallux
Palm Fingers Breast Navel Groin Lower back Buttocks Knee Back of knee Calf / posterior leg Leg Ankle Foot Heel Big-toe
Acromial Axillary Brachial Olecranal Antecubital Antebrachial Carpals
Shoulders Armpit Arm Elbow Front of elbow Forearm Wrist
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Anatomical Terms
Cephalic r. (head) Facial r. (face) Upper limb: Acromial r. (shoulder)
Cervical r. (neck) Thoracic r. (chest): Sternal r. Pectoral r. Umbilical r.
Abdominal r. Inguinal r. (groin) Pubic r.: Mons pubis External genitalia: Penis Scrotum Testes Lower limb: Femoral r. (thigh)
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm) Cubital r. (elbow)
Antebrachial r. (forearm)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Palmar r. (palm)
Lower limb: Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum
Plantar surface (sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
McGraw -Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
(b) Anterior (ventral)
Anatomical Terms
Cranial r.
Nuchal r. (back of neck) Interscapular r.
Scapular r. Vertebral r. Lumbar r. Sacral r.
Gluteal r. (buttock)
Dorsum of hand Perineal r. Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r. (heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
McGraw -Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
Principal organs: Skin, hair , nails, cutaneous glands
Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Integumentary system
Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acidbase balance
Skeletal system
Principal organs: Skeletal muscles
Principal functions: Movement, stability , communication, control of body openings, heat production
Muscular system
Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
Lymphatic system
Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acidbase balance, speech
Respiratory system
Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
Urinary system
Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal commun ication, coordination, motor control and sensation
Nervous system
Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
Endocrine system
Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Circulatory system
Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.
Digestive system
Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Male reproductive system
Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones
Female reproductive system
Fig. A.12
Platysma Trapezius m. Clavicle
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Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m.
Cephalic v.
Breast Biceps brachii m.
External abdominal oblique m.
Sheath of rectus abdominis m. Umbilicus
Anterior superior spine of ilium
Inguinal ligament Tensor fasciae latae m. Sartorius m. Femoral vein
Mons pubis Adductor longus m.
Gracilis m.
Great saphenous vein Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m.
Fig. A.13
Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Omohyoid m.
Clavicle Internal intercostal mm. External intercostal mm.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Common carotid a.
Sternum
Subscapularis m. Coracobrachialis m. Lung Pericardium Pleura Diaphragm Stomach
Costal cartilages Liver
Gallbladder External abdominal oblique m. Internal abdominal oblique m. Transverse abdominal m. Greater omentum
Large intestine
Urinary bladder
Penis Scrotum
Femoral n.
Femoral a. Femoral v.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thyroid cartilage of larynx Thyroid gland
Brachiocephalic v. Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Aortic arch
Brachial nerve plexus
Superior vena cava Coracobrachialis m. Humerus
Axillary v. Axillary a. Cephalic v. Brachial v. Brachial a.
Heart
Lobes of lung
Spleen Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine Cecum
Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m. Penis (cut)
Pectineus m. Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m.
Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Scrotum
Rectus femoris m.
Trachea Superior vena cava Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Lung (sectioned) Thoracic aorta
Hepatic vv. Inferior vena cava Splenic a. Duodenum
Spleen
Adrenal gland Pancreas
Superior mesenteric v .
Kidney Superior mesenteric a. Inferior mesenteric a.
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac a.
Ureter
Ovary
Uterine tube Uterus Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut) Sartorius m. (cut) Rectus femoris m. (cut) Adductor brevis m.
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m. Gracilis m. Adductor longus m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m. (cut) Vastus lateralis m. Vastus medialis m.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right common carotid a.
Right subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk External intercostal m.
Left common carotid a. Left subclavian a.
Ribs
Internal intercostal m.
Thoracic aorta
Esophagus
Diaphragm
Abdominal aorta
Quadratus lumborum m.
Intervertebral disc Lumbar vertebra
Iliac crest Psoas major m.
Iliacus m.
Ilium Sacrum
Anterior superior spine of ilium
Gluteus medius m. Rectum V agina
Urethra
Brim of pelvis
Adductor magnus m. Adductor brevis m.
Femur Gracilis m. Adductor longus m.
Inside the Cadaver
Lung Diaphragm
Transverse colon Gallbladder
Small intestine
Mesenteric arteries and veins Mesentery
Descending colon
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Inside the Male Cadaver
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Sigmoid colon
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland Penis: Root Bulb
Rectum Anal canal Anus
Shaft: Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum
Epididymis Scrotum
Glans
Testis (a) Male
The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer
Inside the Female Cadaver
Vertebra
Red bone marrow
Mesentery Small intestine
Intervertebral disc Sacrum Sigmoid colon
Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis Urethra Vagina
Rectum
Labium minus
Prepuce Labium majus
Anal canal Anus
(b) Female
McGraw -Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections
