J. Pokorny Indogermanisches Etymologisches WB

List of language abbreviations in the IED

Abbreviation Language name

Aeq. Aequian
Akk. Akkadian
Alan. Alanian (=Old Ossetic)
Alb. Albanian
Anat. Anatolian
Ang. Anglian
AngN Anglo-Norman
Aram.-Iran Aramaeo-Iranian
Ash. Ashkun
Ass. Assyrian
Auk. Aukshtaitian
Bactr. Bactrian
Bel. Belorussian
Br. British
Bret. Breton
BVan. Bas-Vannetais
CCl. Continental Celtic
Chak. Chakavian
Chor. Chorasmian
CIb. Celtiberian
Class. Skt. Classical Sanskrit
Co. Cornish
Corn. Cornouillais
Dac. Dacian
Dan. Danish
Dard. Dardic
Dzuk. Dzukian
EBl. East Baltic
EGm. East Germanic
EGmRun. East-Germanic Runic
El. Elymian
Elam. Elamite
Elam.-Iran. Elamo-Iranian
EMoBret. Early Modern Breton
EMoIr. Early Modern Irish
EMoW Early Modern Welsh
ESl. East Slavic
Faer. Faeroese
FriRun. Frisian Runic
Gal. Galindian
Gallo-Gk. Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors)
Gallo-Lat. Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)
Gaul. Gaulish
GaulG Gaulish in Greek letters
GaulL Gaulish in Lat. letters
Go. Gothic
Gr. Greek
Hebr. Hebrew
Hell. Hellenistic
Hi. Hindi
HVan. Haut-Vannetais
IE Indo-European
IIr. Indo-Iranian
InsCl. Insular Celtic
Iran. Iranian
It.-Cl. Italo-Celtic
Kajk. Kajkavian
Ken. Kentish
Khot. Khotanese (=Saka)
Lak. Lakonian
Lang. Langobardian
Latg. Latgalian
LAv. Late Avestan
LCo. Late Cornish
Lep. Lepontic
Liv. Livonian
LPBr. Late Proto-British
Lus. Lusitanian
Mac. Macedonian
MArm. Middle Armenian
Mars. Marsian
Maz. Mazanderani
Mcd. Macedonian
MCo. Middle Cornish
Med. Median
Merc. Mercian
MFr. Middle French
MIA Middle Indo-Aryan
MIA Middle Indo-Aryan
MIc. Middle Icelandic
Mit. Mitanni
MnLE Restsprachen east
MnLW Restsprachen west
MoArm. Modern Armenian
MoBret. Modern Bret.
MoCo. Modern Cornish
MoE Modern English
MoIA Modern Indo-Aryan
MoIc. Modern Icelandic
MoIr. Modern Irish
MoP Modern Persian
MoW Modern Welsh
MP Middle Persian
Mun. Munji
MW Middle Welsh
Myc. Mycenaean
NEIran. Northeast Iranian
NGm. North Germanic
NIA New Indo-Aryan
non-IE Non-IE languages
Nth. Northumbrian
Nur. Nuristani
NWGk. Northwestern Greek
NWIran. Northwest Iranian
OBr. Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages)
OBret. Old Breton
OCo. Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.)
OCS Old Church Slavonic
ODan. Old Danish
OERun. Old English Runic
OFri. Old Frisian
OFriRun. Old Frisian Runic
Og. Ogam Irish
OGt. Old Gutnish
OIA Old Indo-Aryan
OIran. Old Iranian (names in var. sources)
ONRun. Old Norse Runic
OP Old Persian
OPhr. Old Phrygian
Orm. Ormuri
ORu. Old Russian
ORun. Old Runic
Oss. Ossetic
OssD Digor
OssI Iron
OSWBr. Old South-West British
OW Old Welsh
P Proto- (can be prefixed to any language)
Pa. Pali
Paeon. Paeonic
Pal. Palaic
Pam. Pamir
Par. Parachi
Parth. Parthian
Pash. Pashto (=Afghan)
PFU Proto-Fenno-Ugric
Pis. Pisidic
Pkt. Prakrit
Plb. Polabian
Pol. Polish
PrIr. Primitive Irish
PRom. Proto-Romance
PSab. (Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian)
PSamn. Presamnitic
PU Proto-Uralic
qIE quasi-Indo-European
Rosh. Roshani
Ru. Russian
RuCS Russian Church Slavonic
Sar. Sarikoli
Sarmat. Sarmatian
Sbn. Sabinian
SCr. Serbo-Croatian
SCS Serbian Church Slavonic
Scyth. Scythian
SEIran. Southeast Iranian
Sel. Selian
Sh. Shughni
Shtok. Shtokavian
Sic. Siculian
Sid. Sidetic
Skt. Sanskrit
Slc. Slovincian
Slk. Slovak
Sln. Slovene
Sogd. Sogdian
Sp. Spanish
SPic. South Picenian
SSl. South Slavic
Sum. Sumerian (non-IE)
SwG Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch)
SWIran. Southwest Iranian
Taj. Tajik
Thrac. Thracian
Treg. Tregorrois
Ukr. Ukrainian
Van. Vannetais
Vand. Vandal
Ved. Vedic
W Welsh
Wa. Wakhi
WBl. West Baltic
WS West-Saxon
WSl. West Slavic
Yagh. Yaghnobi
Yaz. Yazgulami
Yi. Yidgha
Zhem. Zhemaitian
The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches

Etymologisches Wörterbuch", scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow),
who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by
A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were
corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata
are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1. bher- appears as bher-1) because automatic
alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.
Laryngeals
Laryngeals are sounds that occurred in the Proto-Indo-European language, caused

changes to neighbouring sounds, and disappeared. They were postulated to explain
anomalies in the verb system, and they proved useful for explaining other phenomena. It
was many decades before confirmation of their existence was found, in the newly
deciphered Hittite language. Linguists are still not agreed on how many there were or how
they were pronounced.
'Laryngeal' is also an ordinary phonetic term meaning made in the larynx; but it is
preferable to call this glottal or laryngal, to avoid confusion with the still unknown values of
the Indo-European consonants.
The problem
The verbs were central to the reconstruction of the ancestor of Indo-European languages,
which was going well in the 1870s, and explanations had been found for the vowels i and
u, and unaccented o. This postulated an earlier stage in which the only vowel was e. Most
verbs had a stem of the form consonant - e - consonant-, the base vowel -e
e- surrounded
by consonants. Other vowels were derived from them.
The anomalous verb stems were those that had no consonant preceding, such as *ed-,
'eat', or a long vowel and no following consonant, such as *dhee- 'put', and those that had
the vowels a and o. Those with other vowels also lacked consonants, and had the same
pattern as the e-stems: *ag- 'drive', *okw- 'look', *staa- 'stand', and *doo- 'give'.
If a and o had been normal vowels, why were there no normal-shaped stems CaC- and
CoC-? Why were these two vowels also associated with lack of consonant? If long vowels
were normal, why were there no stems of the shape ee consonant - or consonant ee
consonant -?
The proposed solution
Ferdinand de Saussure proposed the existence of elements he called coefficients
sonantiques in 1879, an abstract term not committing himself to any definite phonetic form.
These stood in the place normally occupied by consonants, and caused one or both of two
changes: shifting the neighbouring vowel; and lengthening it if they followed. Then they
disappeared, leaving their mark on the altered vowels.
Later the same year Hermann Möller, seeking to make a connexion between the Indo-
European and Semitic families, introduced the name laryngeal, suggesting that the
hypothetical coefficients were pronounced like the Semitic laryngeals. The term strictly
means pronounced within the larynx, and is synonymous with glottal: Semitic languages
contain h and the glottal stop.
stop But in Indo-European the "laryngeals" might have been
those, or might have been other guttural sounds such as pharyngeals or velars. We still
have no clear evidence.
At least three laryngeals are usually postulated. A more abstract notation is to use schwa
with a subscript number. An alternative, much more common these days, is to use some
kind of H with subscript. ḫ1 is e-coloured, ḫ2 is a-coloured, and ḫ3 is o-coloured. So the six
roots given above come from earlier forms with laryngeals:
*ed- from ḫ1ed-
*dhee- from dhe dheḫ1-
*ag- from ḫ2eg-
*staa- from steḫ2-
*okw- from ḫ3ekw-
*doo- from deḫ3-
Sometimes evidence shows a laryngeal, but the vowel colouring has been lost so we can't
tell which one it was: this is annotated without subscript, as H.
Proof in Hittite
The regularity of the ablaut grades, described above, was the initial motivation for
postulating laryngeals, but many other niggling exceptions in other parts of the grammar
and vocabulary became simpler to explain if laryngeals were invoked. Each phenomenon
could however have a different explanation. There was no direct evidence for fifty years.
But in 1927 Jerzy Kuryłowicz announced that Hittite contained consonants in just those
positions where laryngeals were predicted. This had been overlooked when Hittite was first
deciphered in 1915.
Hittite was written in a cuneiform script, borrowed from the Semitic language Akkadian. By
comparison with surviving Semitic languages, it is clear that Akkadian and therefore Hittite
had some kind of guttural sounds, close enough to those predicted for the Indo-European
laryngeals. The exact value of the Hittite sounds is unclear. There was only one letter, now
transcribed h or h, but it was sometimes written doubled, as in pahh
hh corresponding to
hhur,
Greek pyr and English fire. In some Hittite consonants, the use of doubling indicated a
voicing contrast, such as p versus b, but it is not known whether this is true of h. That is,
though the laryngeals were found, we're not sure how many of them Hittite preserved as
distinct sounds, or what exactly they were.
It also appears to imply a fourth laryngeal, because in some cases where an a-coloured
laryngeal is postulated, there is no h in Hittite, though the vowel did become a. Other
instances of ḫ2e do however show up as ha.
ha
Sanskrit evidence
In Sanskrit the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowels e and o both became a, wiping out the
basic evidence for vowel-colouring; but laryngeals are convincing as explanation of at least
three disparate phenomena restricted to the Sanskrit branch. They are the difference
between set and anit stems; the exceptions to Brugmann's Law; and the existence of
voiceless aspirated stops.
Set and anit are ancient Indian grammatical terms, from sa-i 'with i' and an-i 'without i',
referring to the infinitive. Some are like bhavitum 'to become', from the root bhu, and others
are like kartum 'to do', from kr.
kr Those with i come from roots extended by a laryngeal:
bheweH-. When the unaccented vowel was reduced to zero grade between consonants,
éwHtum the laryngeal found itself between consonants, so turned into a vowel,
giving *bhéwHtum,
in order to remain pronounceable. In most IE languages this so-called schwa
indogermanicum became a, but it is characteristic of Sanskrit that it became i.
The presumed laryngeal also triggered vowel lengthening. With the past participle suffix -
tós the accent is removed from the stem, and both stem vowels are reduced to zero, giving
wHtós In this position the w then turns into a vowel, *bhuHtós, and then lengthening
*bhwHtós.
and loss of the laryngeal (as in the original ablaut pattern laryngeals were invented for)
give the actual Sanskrit bhuutás.
In later (Classical) Sanskrit the range of set roots was extended by analogy, so not all set
roots mark laryngeals. All languages undergo extensive ploughing-over and early patterns
are often obscured.
Normally PIE o became Sanskrit a. Brugmann's Law says that when this happened in an
open syllable before a resonant (a liquid or nasal), it was also lengthened. So *kekore 'she
/he made' regularly becomes cakaara. Comparison with Greek shows that the first person
'I made' should have been *kekora, which should have also become cakaara, but the
actual form is cakara. Something prevented Brugmann's Law operating. It might have
been an analogy with some other 'II' form, in order to keep the two persons distinct; but the
unusual thing about the perfect tense ending -a
a 'II' is that, while the vowel a is common in
PIE stems, it's very rare in inflections. This suggests it only occurred where created by a
laryngeal. Then the PIE form *kekorḫ2e would contain a closed syllable -kor-, not open -ko-
, so Brugmann doesn't apply.
The third major strand from Sanskrit evidence is the voiceless aspirates ph th th ch kh.
They were long regarded as part of the original PIE consonant set, but actually evidence
for them outside the Indo-Iranian branch including Sanskrit is slim. Kuryłowicz proposed
that they developed from a plain stop p t t c k that had come to be next to a laryngeal when
the intervening vowel dropped out. So the Sanskrit root stha- 'stand' came from steH2- and
the new consonant th was then generalized to all forms of the word.
Greek and Armenian evidence

Armenian is a solitary branch of the Indo-European family, markedly different from all
others, but in several respects it and Greek share unusual features. Some words,
particularly in front of n l r, have an extra (prothetic) vowel compared to other branches.
Greek ónoma, Armenian anun, cf. English name, Latin nomen, Sanskrit naaman.
Greek odoús, Armenian atamn, cf. English tooth, Latin dens, Sanskrit dantah.
Greek astêr, Armenian astł, English star, Latin stella.
Greek eleútheros, Latin liber 'free'.
From the vowel preserved in Greek we can see which laryngeal was originally there:
H1leudh- 'free', H2ster- 'star', H3nom- 'name'.
Greek and Sanskrit share the augment, an initial vowel e- (becoming a- in Sanskrit) on
some past tenses. Armenian also has this, though only on the third personal singular of
monosyllables. They also have reduplication in the perfect tense. The pluperfect is formed
with both augment then reduplication. Where there was a laryngeal, this sometimes
causes lengthening. So H1leudh- 'free' gives eleeluutha 'I loosened', from e-H1le-H1leudh-
H2e. In a few cases the vowel-colouring effect of the laryngeal is also preserved.
The lengthening effect seems to explain the two Greek words ikhthuus 'fish' and muus
'mouse'. We can suspect that there was a laryngeal here, because the Armenian words
are jukn and mukn. This also shows that it's not strictly true that the laryngeals
disappeared from all modern languages.
There are more direct survivals in Armenian:

Latin anus = Hittite hannas = Armenian han
Latin avus = Hittite huhhas
hu = Armenian haw
Latin ventus = Hittite huwantsa
hu = Armenian hogi
Other branches
Albanian is another unique and distant branch of Indo-European, and also preserves some
actual descendants of the laryngeals, in words like hidhur 'bitter', hidhë 'nettle', hut 'empty',
and herdhe 'testicle'.
Some Latin perfect tenses are formed by reduplication, but others are formed by
lengthening the vowel: these may be in places where laryngeals are predicted. So edō 'I
eat', ēdī 'I ate', from originally reduplicated ḫ1e-ḫ1d-.
Etruscan is not an Indo-European language, but might be distantly related to the family as
a whole. The word for 'before' is hant-, whereas Latin has ante.
The attempt to link Indo-European to other families, called the Nostratic theory, has a
problem with laryngeals. Although Nostratic would connect Indo-European to Semitic, the
connexion is not very close even within Nostratic. All the other groups that would belong
somewhere in the superfamily - such as Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic, and Dravidian - show
little or no evidence of ever having had laryngeals.
Pronunciation
The Nostraticist Allen Bomhard writes that we can now state with complete confidence the
values of the laryngeals. This of course means we can't do anything of the kind. They
could be almost anything.
One good idea is that ḫ1, ḫ2, and ḫ3 were respectively palatal, velar, and rounded velar
fricatives, that is [ç], [x], and [xw]. This fits the pattern of stops [kj k kw] that we already
know about, and also makes them quite easy for us to pronounce. None of those awkward
pharyngeals.
But ḫ1 was more easily lost, so perhaps it was something weaker, like a glottal stop. ḫ4 if it
existed could have been [h
h]. ḫ2 and ḫ3 might have been pharyngeal. ḫ3 might have been
voiced (because of the Hittite writing); as it caused o-colouring it was very likely rounded
(labialized).
L.R. Palmer, 1980, The Greek Language, Faber & Faber

Winfred Lehmann, 1993, Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, Routledge
Gender category in Indo-European.
§ 1. Origin of gender in Proto-Indo-European.
It is proved that it would be wrong to mix the categories of gender and sex in Proto-Indo-
European noun system. Modern Indo-European languages which have gender at all,
usually make these two categories the same: what is female in sex, is female in gender.
What has no sex, is neuter - for those languages which use neuter, like Slavic and
German.
Proto-Indo-European shows a completely different system of gender. And though linguistic

schools argue about the more likely structure of noun genders in the Proto-language,
some facts can be stated for sure.
First, Proto-Indo-European had no gender. At that time the language consisted not of
morphological items, like nouns, verbs and adjectives, but just of words which acted
independently in the sentence. The main grammar means of the language was not the
declension and conjugation, but the combination of words, and the word order. Nouns
lacked any endings, case suffixes, formants of gender of number.
Later, when the language acquired the ergative structure, where all words should be
clearly distinguished between active and inactive (or animate and inanimate) classes.
Here, on this stage, nouns first get the declension. Most scientists believe there were two
or three noun cases at that time in Proto-Indo-European: ergative case, which denoted the
subject and indirect objects, absolutive case, which meant subject and direct objects, and
maybe genitive, which could exist in the stage of forming. We must stress that only active,
animate nouns could be declined, and nouns denoting things did not have cases at all.
There was still no gender, but it was already shaping. The ergative structure was slowly
transforming into another type of the language. When a special case was invented for the
direct object (accusative), the language could be already named nominative. Words were
already divided into nominal and verbal parts of speech - nominal including modern nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and verbal uniting verbs and perfect verbs - two quite
different sorts of words at that time. While the ergative structure was declining, the nominal
part of speech was divided into two ones: nouns, which marked the subject and object,
and the adjective marking the attribute of a noun.
This division was logical: people were going to separate attributive and subjective words,
those which determine and those which state. Adjectives, nevertheless, could not
completely avoid the influence of nouns, and since then they had to follow the noun in
case and number.
This was the time for the gender to appear. And here the opinions of leading world
linguists do not agree. Some of them try to prove, rather successfully, that there was two
genders in Early Proto-Indo-European, and then one of them divided into two. Other argue
there were three genders originally. Let us see the arguments of each of the sides, just in
order to seem objective.
The first version means the following. Two genders which appeared in the Proto-Indo-
European language were invented to separate active and inactive nouns from each other,
to divide nouns meaning animate objects (people, sacred animals, deities) from simple
inanimate things (trees, ground, weapons). The active gender, or active class of nouns,
acquired the ending -s
s / -os
os in nominative singular and could be declined according to
case and number. The plural number denoted several animate nouns, their real plurality.
The inactive class, vice versa, could not be declined, its characteristic ending was -m
m/-
om and even though it had plural number, it did not mean plurality, but just collectiveness.
om,
Later processes of the language development generated a-stems of nouns, stems in long i
and u. These three kinds of noun stems sooner or later started to denote feminine nouns -
now they were equal to the sex. That is how the active class was divided into masculine
and feminine.
There are several solid proofs of such a point of view. In most Indo-European languages
many noun stems include both masculine and feminine nouns: like short i-stems (Latin
hostis masc, ossis fem). Such nouns, though different in gender, have absolutely the same
declension and only adjectives, attributes next to them, can distinct their gender. Even a-
stems (Latin femina, Lithuanian motina, Greek gunh), made specially for feminine, include
many masculine nouns (Latin nauta, poeta). Such a situation of mixture cannot exist with
neuter nouns which do not mix in declension with masculine or feminine. While masculine
and feminine nouns in most of stems (except a-) still use -s
s ending in all classical Indo-
European tongues, neuter nouns have -m
m. This very -m
m is always repeated in accusative
singular together with nominative singular: this never happens to other genders.
Greek and Latin, being typical Indo-European languages, show one more interesting
feature, called "two ending adjectives". Ordinary adjectives use all three genders: Latin
bonus
us bona
us, a, bonum
um but this happens only to adjectives of o- and a-stems which
um;
cooperate, and with all other stems adjectives use only two forms: the same for masculine
and feminine, and another for neuter. Such adjectives as Latin fortis, fortis, forte, are called
two ending adjectives and also show the main thesis of all who state 2 original genders of
Proto-Indo-European: differences between masculine and feminine in Indo-European are
not as big, as those between masculine-
masculine-feminine and neuter.
neuter
The other argument in favour of this theory is the situation in Anatolian languages. It was
proved that the Anatolian branch, later consisting of Hittite, Luwian and Palaic languages,
was the first to move away from the Proto-Indo-European community, and did it even
before the Proto-language acquired some of its significant morphological and phonetic
traits. So Anatolian preserved some interesting archaic moments which we cannot found in
other Indo-European languages. Anatolian languages show no feminine or masculine
languages, and even no a-stems, and genders are two - exactly for animate and inanimate
nouns. The animate gender used -s'
s' ending (as's'us' - good), and the other one either had
-n
n (derived from Indo-European -m
m), or no ending at all
all, subsequently did not decline
(as's'u - good (neut.)). This makes us believe that such a system is the Early Indo-
European one: Anatolian languages were the only group to preserve the 2-gender
structure.
The third proof concerns the plural number. Masculine and feminine nouns and adjective
in Indo-European use the ending -es
es in nominative plural, and -ns
ns in accusative plural. All
other cases also have their inflections. As for neuter words, their ending -a
a is used both in
nominative and in accusative. Plural neuter nouns denoted collective unity in Proto-Indo-
European, like modern Russian nebesa "skies" which does not mean "several skies" but
"sky in a collective meaning". Such nouns in the Proto-language included many words
which later will be included into the feminine a-stems - their endings in nominative were
the same. For example, Latin aqua
a (water) is originally a collective neuter noun in plural:
"waters". In Greek, ancient Indo-Iranian languages and in Hittite the subject in neuter
plural form always use their predicate in singular. This is maybe the most important
evidence of the special position of neuter in Proto-Indo-European: it was inactive.
Besides a-stems, Indo-European formed the feminine gender, different from masculine,
with one more type of noun stems: long i-stems. Obviously, the suffix -ii- meant the
possession on archaic stages of the language (Sanskrit rathah "a chariot", rathih
"something belonging to a chariot"). Later this meaning could go in two ways: it might
begin to mean the possessive genitive case (remember -ii in Latin, Venetic and Celtic) and
to form the feminine gender, if Indo-Europeans looked at the woman as a possession of
the man. That is how long i-stems turned out to be all feminine.
So from that moment, when Anatolian languages already migrated to Asia Minor, when a-
stems and i-stems appeared, and the opposition emerged between masculine and
feminine nouns, we can speak about three genders in Indo-European: masculine,
feminine, neuter.
There are linguistic schools which do not agree to the fact that the Proto-language used
two genders, and not three. They say that Anatolian just united masculine and neuter, for
its a-stems phonetically coincided with masculine o-stems, so the genders coincided as
well. Other explain this unification by the substratum influence. But anyway, the 2-gender
version seems much better proven.
§ 2. Genders in ancient and modern Indo-European languages.

When the Proto-language disappeared, transforming into different groups, the gender
system chose its own way in each of them. But the general trend in every Indo-European
language was quite clear: the number of genders was going to reduce.
Hellenic languages in their ancient varieties (Ancient Greek dialects) preserves the three-
gender structure, and its peculiarities often show the closer connections between
masculine and feminine, than between them both and neuter (2-ending adjectives, etc.,
see above). Ancient Greek represents the classical neuter endings in -n
n < *-m
m. In Greek
neuter plural subjects have usually a singular predicate: ploia plei (ships move). The New
Greek language also shows three genders, and their opposition is strengthened by the
extensive use of articles, also declined in three genders.
Italic can be called classical in this meaning as well. Latin shows no sign of reduction of
genders, and its neuter plays an important role in the language. The reduction of some
final consonants in Umbrian influenced the so-called Popular Latin, which was quickly
moving towards the analytism in morphology, lost many endings and so many gender
forms coincided with each other, which could not but lead new Romance languages in
their majority to the 2-gender opposition with the loss of neuter. In many modern Romance
tongues the function of differentiating genders passed from the inflection to the article
usage: French has no other signs of genders, but un, une, le, la, some prepositional forms
like du - de, and adjective endings gros - grosse
e. In some languages, however, the
process of secondary morphologisation of genders is going on nowadays: Spanish
generated new endings for masculine and feminine: hermano
o - hermana
a, cabron
n - cabra
a.
This interesting feature seems to make us think that the gender development history goes
the same way as the case system development.
Germanic languages are called the most analytic among all modern Indo-European
tongues. While all ancient varieties of Germanic (Gothic, Old Norse, Old English) used
three cases, the modern languages reduced their number. English and Afrikaans removed
genders at all from their morphology: English preserved them only as a "hidden category",
which can be seen in personal pronouns he, she, it (for example, ships are always she).
German uses both some infections and first of all the article, definite and indefinite (der -
die - das, ein - eine). An interesting thing happened in Scandinavian languages: they lost
the opposition between masculine and feminine and returned to the ancient system of two
noun classes for animate - inanimate nouns. This proves once more that feminine and
masculine in fact are similar in the language.
Iranian languages used to have all three genders in ancient tongues (Avestan, Old
Persian), but under the influence of analytic trend the system was destroyed or reduced,
and many modern Iranian languages do not have genders at all. It can be also connected
with the adstratum and substratum languages, which influenced Indo-European structural
features. Genders are completely lost also in Armenian.
Baltic linguistics shows that Old Prussian had neuter which was not about to disappear at
all. But Lithuanian lost it somehow, not very long ago. Some relics take place, however, in
adjectives and in pronouns, but in fact now Lithuanian knows only feminine and masculine
(see Historical Grammar of Lithuanian).
The most complicated system exists in Slavic languages, where genders were not only
preserved, but also developed. For example, in Russian the category of gender united with
that of animateness, forming the common system of classes: at all there are 6 classes,
three genders with animate - inanimate subgenders in each. See the forms of nominative
and accusative plural in Russian: novye doma ("new houses", nom., masc., inanimate),
novye doma (acc.); novye direktory ("new directors", nom., masc., animate), novyh
direktorov (acc.). The same for feminine and neuter.
In Polish even further complication of gender structure happened: masculine has animate
and inanimate forms, and animate has in its turn personal and impersonal forms in plural.
So:
dom (nom. sg. inanimate), dom (acc. sg.) "a house"

pies (nom. sg. animate), psa (acc. sg.), psy (nom. pl.), psy (acc.pl.) "a dog"
chlop (nom. sg. animate personal), chlopa (acc. sg.), chlopy (nom. pl.), chlopow (acc. pl.)
"a peasant"
According to these processes which independently move on in different groups of the

Indo-European family we can make a conclusion that genders do not behave exactly the
way noun cases do, i.e. the reduction process is sometimes substituted by the complex
changes (Slavic, Spanish). But in general we can state that genders are nowadays less
synthetic and less spread, than they used to be in the Proto-Indo-European language.
Root / lemma: abhro-

ro- (*ḫ2abhro-
ro-)
English meaning: strong, mighty
Note:
Root / lemma: abhro- ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma: i̯ēgʷ
ro- (*ḫ2abhro- ēgʷā : force
ēg
extended in -rr- formant (see gr. ἁβρός `tender, fine, luscious')
Material:
(ἁβρός `tender, fine, luscious')
Middle Irish Prefix abor-, cymr. afr- ` very much '; Gothic abrs ` get strong, violent ', adv.
abraba ` very much ', bi-abrjan ` before were astonished beside oneself ', Old Icelandic
Prefix afar- ` very much '; Illyrian VN Α῎βροι, thrak. PN Α᾽βρο-.
Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'.
Note:
Note
The root abhro-

ro- : 'strong, mighty' : Root / lemma: abō(n) : (ape, aquatic demon) : Root /
ab- : (water, river) : Root / lemma: (ene
lemma: ab- ene h-2): neb
eneb em h-, m̥bh- : (wet, damp;
ne h-, emb
water; clouds) Old Indic abhrá- m. (*m̥bhros), Avestan awra- n.
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abh-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abh- (*ḫ2abh-)

English meaning: quick, abrupt
Note:
Root / lemma: abh- (*ḫ2abh-):: ` quick, abrupt ' derived from Root / lemma: abhro-
ro- (*ḫ2abhro-
ro-
):: ` strong, mighty ' which derived from root m̥bh-(ro
ro-): < with l-formant (ne
ro- neb elā < Root /
ne helā):
lemma: (ene
ene h-2): neb
eneb em h-, m̥bh- : ` wet, damp; water; clouds '.
ne h-, emb
Note: alter r/n- stem
Material: Gr. ἄφαρ ` straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently ' (old abstract noun
`quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first ἄφνω, ἄφνως `suddenly'.
Here at most Old Church Slavic abьje ` straight away, directly ', but uncertainly Old Indic
ahnāya ` directly, straight away, instantly, speedily ' (rather to áhar, áhan- `day ' p. 7).
References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schulze KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: abhro-
Page(s): 2
Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-

abō-)
meaning: ape, *water demon
English meaning:
Note:
Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-
abō-):: ` ape, *water demon ' derived from Root / lemma: abh-
(*ḫ2abh-):: ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: abhro- ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' < root m̥bh-
ro- (*ḫ2abhro-
(ro
ro- neb elā < Root / lemma: (ene
ne helā): ene h-2): neb
eneb em h-, m̥bh- : ` wet,
ne h-, emb
damp; water; clouds '.
Note: (Celtic neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been
named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ab-).
Material: Hes. ἀβράνας Κελτοὶ τοὺς κερκοπιθήκους is maybe ἀββάνας (Akk. Pl.) to read
and still before the consonatic mutation in Germanic stubby; hence, in. api m. ` monkey,
gate ', Old Saxon apo, Old High German affo m., affa, affin f., Old English apa m.
`monkey', Old Czech opice comes Old Russian opica from the Germanic
References: WP. I 51 f.
See also: compare ab-`water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.
Page(s): 2-3
Root / lemma: ab-

ab-
English meaning: water, river
Note:
ab- : ` water, river ' derived from Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-
Root / lemma: ab- abō-):: ` ape,
*water demon ' < Root / lemma: abh- (*ḫ2abh-):: ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: abhro-
ro-
ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' < root m̥bh-(ro
(*ḫ2abhro- ro-): < with l-formant (ne
ro- neb elā < Root / lemma:
ne helā):
(ene
ene h-2): neb
eneb em h-, m̥bh- : ` wet, damp; water; clouds '.
ne h-, emb
Material: Latin amnis f., late m. c (*abnis); Old Irish ab (*aba) Gen. abae `river', besides
abann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FlN Abona,
derived cymr. afanc ` beaver, water demon, dwarf ', to Middle Irish abac (*abankos) `
beaver, dwarf ', Swiss -French avañ `pasture' (*abanko-); Latvian FlN Abava.
The West German FlN in -apa, Modern High German-affa, probably go back partly to
usually lost West Germanic *ap-(Indo Germanic *ab-), partly in Venetic-Illyrian ap- (Indo
Germanic *ap-).
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.
See also: compare also āp-2 `water, river' and abō(n) àpe'.
Page(s): 1
Root / lemma: ades-

ades-, ados- heĝh-)
ados- (*he
heĝ
English meaning: sort of cereal
Grammatical information: n.
Material: Latin ador, -ō̆ris n. ` a kind of grain, spelt ', maybe in Gothic atisk (*ades-ko-)
`sowing field', probably m. as Old High German ezzisca Pl. `sowing', Middle High German
dial. Esch, Swiss dial. Aesch, ` field entrance of a village '; Tocharian AB āti ` grass ' [B
atiyo (f.pl.) `grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Tocharian 641). about gr. ἀθήρ ` an
ear of corn ' see below andh-.
Perhaps Armenian: hat `grain', Hittite: hattar n. 'cereal'
Note:
It seems Root / lemma: ades- heĝh- ` a
ados- : `sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *he
ades-, ados- heĝ
kind of grain '. This root was suffixed with common -ska formant in Germanic branch
Germanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar
formant. The old laryngeal (centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ) was lost except in Hittite
and Armenian Clearly Germanic tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced Latin
(*hattar-) adŏris > Germanic: *at-isk-a-.
Finally zero grade in alb. (*adō̆ris) *dris, drizë `thorny plant', (*dris) drithë 'grain' where the
Latin -is ending has been solidified.
The surprise is the -ĝh- > -d- found only in Avestan - Illyrian - Baltic languages.
References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.
Page(s): 3
ad-1 (*hed-)
Root / lemma: ad-
English meaning: to, by, at
Material: Phrygian αδ-δακετ ` he does '; maked. ἄδ-δαι ῥυμοί (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); Latin
ad ` to, with, in ', preverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac ` and in addition,
and also, and ' (*ad-que; not at + que; also Umbrian ap ` in which place, in what place,
where, when, after, since, although ' chronologically, with extended - ī in ape), Umbrian ař-
preverb, -ař ̌ postposition m. Akk., Oscan adpúd ` as far as ', otherwise with s- extension
Oscan az ` to, toward ' preposition m. Akk .; Old Irish ad- preverb (e.g., ad-glādur `call
upon, appeal to '), cymr. add-, gall. ad- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantū: cymr. addiant `longing',
Admārus: Old Irish már `large '); cymr. â, with vowel ag `with' (ad + ĝhe, Old Indic ha, not
= Latin atque 'and, as well as, together with'); Germanic *at preverb and preposition mostly
with `dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (Gothic West Germanic from the time, Old English also
from the place), Old Icelandic also with Gen.: Gothic at ` to, by ', Old Icelandic at ` to, by,
against, after ', Old English æt, Old Saxon at, Old High German az ` to, by, in '.
zero grade: ved. t-sárati ` creeps, creeps up ', Old High German zagēn (: Gothic *-agan
`fear'), Old High German z-ougen, Middle High German zōugen, Old Saxon t-ōgian
compared with Gothic at-augjan ` with raised up eyes, point, show '.
References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad-

ad-2
English meaning: to establish, put in order
Material: Umbrian arsie (*adio-) ` venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq.
and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one ', arsmor (*admon) ` a
form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite ', arsmatiam (*admatio-) `
relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual ', armamu ` you shall be ordered, set in
order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated ', Ařmune epithet of Jupiter, to *ad- ` settle,
order '; Old Irish ad n. `law', Pl. ada ` ceremonious customs ', from it Adj. `lawful', adas
`proper', cymr. addas `suitable', eddyl (*adilo-) ` duty, purpose '; probably also Germanic
*tila- ` suitable opportunity ' in Gothic til n., ga-tils ` suitably ', Old English til ` suitable,
useful ' as n. ` goodness, suitability ' = Old High German zil ` purpose ', preposition Old
English Old Icelandic til ` to, for '.
References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.

Page(s): 3
Root / lemma: ad(u)-

ad(u)-, ad-
ad-ro- heĝhero
ro- (*heĝhero)
hero
English meaning: water current
Note:
From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i
ʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷ
angʷ(h)i- akʷā- (more properly
ǝkʷā): ēkʷ
ēkʷ-
: `water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero
eĝhero-
hero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-
ad(u)-, ad-ro- :
ad-ro-
ĝh- > -d-, -
`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.- Illyrian-Baltic -ĝ
z-].
From Root / lemma: akʷ
akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived
Root / lemma: au̯(e)-
(e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) ed-, au̯er-
ed er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'
er
Material: Avestan aδu ` water run, brook, canal ', Venetic-Illyrian FlN Ad(d)ua (for Po),
*Aduli̯a> Attel (to Danube in Bavaria), Mons of Adula ` St. Gotthard ' (probably named after
the rivers streaming there), oberösterr. FlN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FlN Adrana > Eder
(Hessen), maybe also PN Adria in Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FlN
Α᾽δρανός and Venetic-Illyrian name of Oder Οὐι-αδούας; further Latvian FlN Adula.
Note:
The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from
the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god
Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites.
Atlas `*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there ': Α῎τλας, -αντος m.
Àtlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky;
originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in
general and especially (by Ionic seafarers?) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in
West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world
axis Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber ádrār ` mountain '.
Derivatives: Of it 'Ατλαντίς f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to
Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further 'Ατλαντικός (E.,
Pl., Arist. etc.) and 'Ατλάντειος (Kritias).
References: Vasmer ZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.
Page(s): 4
Root / lemma: agh-

agh-(lo-
(lo-)
English meaning: disgusting
Note:
Root / lemma: agh-(lo-) : `disgusting' derived from an extended Root / lemma: agos-
agh-(lo- agos- : `
fault, sin' produced.
Material: Gothic agls òpprobrious, ignominious', agliÞa, aglō ` hardship ', us-agljan ` press
', Old English eg(e)le ` offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate ', eglan add ` pain ' (engl. ail ` hurt;
indisposed his '), eglian ` to be felt painfully ', Middle Low German egelen ` cause grief ',
Gothic aglus Adv. agluba ` δύσκολος, difficult '; also (with puzzling suffix) Gothic aglaitei f.
-i n. ` licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense ', Old High German
agaleizi f.,-i n. ` discomfort; zeal ', agaleizo, Old Saxon aglēto, agalēto Adv. ` sedulous,
keen '.
Possibly here ow. aghá- (=Avestan aɣō-) `nasty', n. ` horrible, damage ', aghalá- ` bad '.
Here maybe to Middle Irish ālad n. `wound' (*agloton), mcymr. aele(u) `painful', aeleu m.
`pain' (*aglou̯-).
References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.
Page(s): 8
u)- (*heghel-)
Root / lemma: aghl(u)
aghl(u)-
English meaning: rainy weather
Material: Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς ` fog, darkness '
Maybe alb. agull `bad vision', agu ` dawn '
Old Prussian aglo n. `rain' (u- stem), Armenian *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' (Meillet
MSL. 10, 279).
References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Aryan and Armenian Stud. 126.
Page(s): 8
agh- (*hegh--)
Root / lemma: agh-
English meaning: to fear
Material: Gr. ἄχος n. ` fear, pain, grief ', ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαι ` grieving, sorrowing, mourning '
(Aor. ἥκαχε, ἠκαχόμην, Perf. ἀκάχημαι), ἀχεύων, ἀχέων ` mourning, groaning ', ἀκαχίζω
`sadden'; here probably ἄχθος ` load, grief ' (* ἀχτος), thereof ἀχθεσθαι ` to be loaded, be
depressed '.
Maybe nasalized alb. (*aghos) ankth `fear' [common alb. -s > -th].
Old English ege m. `fear', egisi-grima gl. ` ghost, spectre, evil spirit ', n. es- stem *agiz =
gr. ἄχος `get a fright';
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > -χ-
compare Old High German egis-līh ' dreadful ', egisōn ` get a fright ' and to o- and en
stems extended Gothic agis n. ` fear, anxiety, fright ', Old High German agiso, egiso m.,
egisa f. ` fear, fright figure ', Old English egesa m. ` fear '; Old Norse agi m. (-en- stem)
'Fear', Old High German egī; Middle High German ege f. ` fear, fright, punishment '; Gothic
-agan in un-agands ` are not afraid ', af-agjan ` frighten', us-agjan ` frighten somebody ', `
in-agjan ` snub somebody '; preterit present Gothic ōg (ōgum) ` fears me ', ni ōgs ` fear
nothing ' (old short vocal subjunctive *ōgiz), Old Norse ōa-sk ` be afraid '; Gothic ōgjan `
snub somebody ' = Old Norse ægja `get a fright'; Old Norse ōgn f. ` fright ', ōtti m. ` fear ',
Old English ōga f. ` fright '.
Old Irish ad-agor,-agur ` fear ' (because of the ablaut equality with Gothic ōg supposes
Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun āigthiunder
References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)
Page(s): 7-8
agos- (*hege
Root / lemma: agos- hege-)
hege-
English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt
Material: Old Indic ā́gas- n. òffence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. ἄγος `
heavy guilt, blood guilt '; Old Indic ánāgas-, gr. ἀναγής ` innocent, guiltless ' ; ἀγής, ἐναγής
` curses ', ἄγιος μιαρός.
Old English acan, ōc `hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. äken ` hurt, fester, dent, blow ', Middle
Dutch akel `grief, wrong, pity', Modern Frisian akelig, aeklig ` wretched, vehement '.
References: WP. I 38.

Page(s): 8
agro- (egro
Root / lemma: agro- egro-?) (*ḫekrḫ3uo)
egro-
English meaning: top, first, beginning
Material: Old Indic ágra- n. `point, foremost point or part, tip, front ', agrē (Lok.) àt the top,
in front, ahead of ', also timewise ìn the beginning, first', agrimá- `first, preceding, foremost
', Avestan aɣra- `first, uppermost after time space etc.', n. `beginning; the uppermost,
point'; Latvian agrs (Adj.) èarly', agri Adv. èarly, early on', agrums `the early morning'.
Whether here Latin MN Agrippa from *agri-p(e)d- ` breech birth (one who causes great
pain at his birth ', W. Schulze KZ. 32, 1721, in 1721, doubting Latin Eig. 2305?
If Old Indic ágra on *ogro- or *egro- retrograde, one could compare Hittite ḫé-kur, ḫé-gur
'cliff summit, rock, crag '.
Maybe Agrianes Illyrian TN, Agron Ìllyrian king'.

References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hittite 183.
Page(s): 8-9
Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī,

(e)sī aksī
(e)sī aksī
English meaning: axe
Material: Gothic aqizi, Old Norse øx, Old English acus, æx, Old Saxon acus, accus, Old
High German achhus, accus, aches, Modern High German Axt (Germanic forms *aqwizi
and *akusi have maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *agu̯ésī :
*agusi̯āś ), gr. ἰξός ` ax, hatchet '
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ-
Latin ascia ` ax of the carpenters ' (from *acsiā like viscus: ἰξός, vespa from *vepsā).
Maybe alb. (*asca) ashka `shavings, wood splinter', (*viscus) vishk, fishk `make thin,
wither'.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4654.
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝh

aĝh-
English meaning: plough animal
Material: Old Indic ahī `cow', Avestan azī f. Adj. `pregnant' (from cows and mares), Middle
Irish ag (s- stem) m., f. ` bovine animal, cow ', ag allaid 'deer' (actually, ` wild ox '), ál `
brood, throw ' (*aglo-), cymr. ael ds., mcymr. aelaw ` abundance, fertility ', eilion
(*agliones) ` fallow deer, horses '; here with e- vocalism Armenian ezn `bovine animal'?
References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.
Page(s): 7
Root / lemma: aĝro

aĝro-
ro-s
See also: s. aĝ-
Page(s): 9
Root / lemma: aĝ-

aĝ-
English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle
Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.
aĝō: Old Indic ájati `drive', ajá- m. à drove, troop; a driver'; ājí- m./f. `running
Material: aĝō
Material:
match, combat', Avestan azaiti ` drive, lead away ', Armenian acem ` lead, bring ';
Maybe alb. Geg (*ἄγω), ago `leader, chief';
gr. ἄγω 'lead' (Aor. Aor. ἤγαγον, ἤξα are new), Latin agō ` to set in motion, drive, lead,
negotiate ' (Pf. ēg ī with ablaut innovation), Oscan Imper. actud = Umbrian aitu ` o set in
violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', Oscan acum ` drive, urge ', Old Irish ad-
aig (*aget) ` to drive, bring, or take a person or thing to a place, of cattle ', acymr. agit,
hegit, more recently ëyt (*agīti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a (*aget)
`goes'; t- Preterit Old Irish ro-da-acht ` driven away ', cymr. aeth (*ag-t) `to put in motion'
etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following, Old Irish āin ` activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-
rom. *and-agnis ` big step ', French andain ` swath, scythe slash ', Old French `wide step',
Old Norse aka `driving' (Preterit ōk like Old Indic Gram. āja); Old English ac `however, but,
yet' (wörtl. `go!' like Latin age); Tocharian B ak-, AB āk- `travel, lead'; ë
to participle: ἀκτός, Latin āctus ' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb
to-
(i)-aktos, actually, ` sent around (: Old Irish imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-Latin)
ambactus ` vassal, slave ', cymr. amaeth ` servus arans ' (from Celtic derives Gothic
andbahts, Old High German ambaht ` servant ', from which the kinship with Modern High
German Amt).
As Indo Germanic Instrumental noun in-trā here Old Indic aṣ̌ṭrā `goad to drive the
livestock ', Avestan aštrā ` whip, scourge '.
Maybe Tokharian: B āk n. `zeal' (Adams 35), AB āk- `lead, guide, drive' (36).
lengthened grade formations: Old Indic ājí-ḥ m. f. `race, fight ', Middle Irish āg (Gen.
āga, u- stem) `fight', āga, āige `leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-mārus = Old Irish ágmar
`warlike'; Com-āgius), Latin only in compounds: ambāgēs, around ` a roundabout way,
winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ' (conservative stem like
Old Indic áj-ē 'to lead' = Latin agī Inf. Pass., and like Old Indic ajin pr̥tanā́j- ` in the fight
pulling ', however, with stretch in the composition), indāgēs and indāgo,-inis ` surrounding
and driving of game ', co-āgulum ` a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the
curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet;
the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie ', Old Indic samāja-ḥ
`meeting, society', gr. ἀγωγός `leading, leadingly ', ἀγωγή `guidance, management,
freight', Hes. ὤγανα `spokes', στρατ-ηγός (see below). about Doric ἆγον (Old Indic ājam) Ì
lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.
o- stem: ved. ajá-ḥ ̣ ` activity, train; driver ', gr. ἀγός ` leader, military leader ', στρατ-
ᾱγός, Attic Ionian στρατ-ηγός 'military leader', λοχᾱγός (originally Doric) ` leader ', Latin
prōdigo -igere -egi -actum `to drive forth; to spend, waste', prōd-igus `profuse, extravagant;
rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prōd-igere), abiga ` plant which has the power of
producing abortion; ground-pine ' (` close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere = ἀπάγω, Old
Indic apa-ájati ` to drive away, drive off ').
i̯i̯i̯o- stem: Irish aige `race', Old Indic in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.
mos Old Indic ájman- n. ` road, train ', ájma-ḥ ds. (however, about jman, pari-
aĝmn̥, aĝmos
aĝmos:
jman-, pr̥thu-jman-, jma-yā́- s. ĝhÞem- ` earth '): Latin agmen ` a driving movement or a
mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to
neologism agō for *ammen), exāmen ` a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of
a balance; testing, consideration '; then ` to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen),
ammentum (*agmen-to-m) ` in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with
throw straps '; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 49210) with o- graduation gr. ὄγμος ` field furrow,
road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.
lo stem: Old Indic ajirá- ` quick, nimble ' (however, Latin agilis ` flexible, nimble ' is a
lo-
neologism); gr. ἀγέλη ` herd, crowd ', Latin agolum ` shepherd's stick '.
Gr. ἀγών ` race, competition '; ἄγυια 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *ἄγεια
Latin agēa ' a gangway in a ship'; lak. Cretan ätol. ἀγνέω ` leads, brings ', ep. Ionian
ἀγῑνέμεναι, ἀγῑνέω ds. (:ἀγνέω and ἄγω, like ὀρῑ-νω towards ὄρ-νυ-μι and ὠρ-όμην, also
from an ī̆ ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about ἡγεμών see Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 5227 and under sāg-.
Latin rēmex, rēmigāre, rēmigium, lītigāre ` a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -
(i)gāre. - Presumably Latin indigitēs ` the local divinities and heroes ' (indigitāre ` a divinity
call ', indigitāmenta 'invocation formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- ` the indigenous, native '.
formation development to 'to weigh' (from ` bring in oscillation ') in Latin exagium ` a
weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere [ex + ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take
out, expel: -- To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among
other things ` weigh, measure ', exāctus ` precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus ` strict, exact,
scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exīlis
(*ex-ag-slis) ` strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor ', exāmen (see above),
agīna ` the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation
as for example coquīna), gr. ἄγειν also `weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), ἄξιος `weighing as
much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *ἄκτιος, on the grounds of *ag-ti-s `weight',
actually:) ` from suitable weight ', hence, ` worth, solemnly ', ἀντάξιος 'worth just as much
as, equally'.
still cf WH. I 9, 10, 24 about acnua, āctus quadrātus ` a field measure of 120 feet in the
square ', and actūtum 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', agāsō `footman, driver,
hostler ', agō, -ōnis òf the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere in meaning `
sacrifice'), agōnium ` a victim, beast for sacrifice ' below likewise
Here maybe gall. exacum ` the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum (= *exago-`
pure-craving '). But better to *ak̂- ` sharp ', see there.
Further belong here:
aĝes
es-, ak̂s . . . ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ':
aĝes-
Old Indic ákṣ̌a-ḥ ` axis', gr. ἅξων ds., ἅμ-αξα `carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217
f.);
Latin axis 'axis' = Lithuanian ašìs, Old Prussian assis, Old Church Slavic osъ f. ds .; Old
High German ahsa, Modern High German Achse, Old English eax ds .; in. ǫxull (from
Proto German *ahsulaz) 'axis'; Middle Irish ais 'axis' (*aksi-lā in cymr. echel f. 'axis', bret.
ahel).
Latin āla `shoulder', from which the usual meaning `wing', from *agslā (cf Demin. axilla
àrmpit') = in. ǫxl, Old English eaxl, Old High German ahsala, Modern High German
Achsel, where near lengthened grade Dutch oksel ds., and without l- formant: Old High
German uochisa, Middle High German uohse, üehse and Old High German uochsana, Old
English ōxn àrmpit', in. ōst f., ōstr m. `Cervical pit', Old English ōcusta, ōxta m., engl. oxter
àrmpit'; av ašayạ̄ Gen. Du. ` of both shoulders ', Armenian anut` ` shoulder pit ' (at first
from *asnut`).
Maybe German Achsel : Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian ascella : Spanish axial :
French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc
sqetull ` armpit '.
common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> -dd-.
aĝ-
aĝ-rā ` rush, hunt ', aĝ-
aĝ-ro-
ro-s ` driving, rushing ':
Old Indic in ghasē-ajra- ` to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', Avestan (vehr-kąm)
azrō-daiδīm ` doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) '; gr. ἄγρᾱ, Ionian ἄγρη ` hunt,
catch ', πάναγρος ` catching everything, catching ', κρεάγρα ` meat tongs ', πυράγρα `
tongs ', ποδάγρα ` prostration, enuflection ', Μελέαγρος originally name of a ` demon which
as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), ἀγρεύς ` hunter ', ἀγρεύω ` catch '; but
ἀγρέω ` take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7271 from *ἁ-γρο-; Irish ār n. ` defeat '
(*agron) ` battle, fight ' (*agrā), actually, ` rush ', acorn. hair ` destruction, injury, mischief,
harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', abret. airou PI. ` an overthrow,
destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN Veragri ` the
immense combatants '.
Maybe Illyrian Agron PN.
aĝ-
aĝ-ro-
ro-s ` field, camp ' (to *agō as herd to drive wie, also originally ` place where the
cattle is being driven, pasture ').
Old Indic ájra-ḥ `surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. ἀγρός ` field,
land ' (in contrast to town), Latin Umbrian ager `field', Gothic (etc.) akrs, Old High German
ackar, ahhar, Modern High German Acker (Acker and Old English æcer also a certain land
measure, ` so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), Armenian art 'field'
(with puzzling t about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artak's ` out ', prefix
arta-` from').
Old Indic ajríya- ` located in the plain ' = gr. ἄγριος ` on the field, outside growing or
living, wildly '; ἀγρότερος ` wildly living ', Latin agrestis ` a countryman, peasant, rustic,
rural, crude '. (about Gothic akran, German Eckern ` beechnut ', however, see below *ōg-
`grow'.)
Maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', Illyrian TN Agrianes.
References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.
References:
Page(s): 4-6
Root / lemma: agʷh

agʷh-no-s (* i̯i̯i̯agʷh
ʷh-no- agʷh-
ag no-s )
ʷh-no-
Meaning: `lamb'
Note: (z. T. also *agʷnos?)
It seems that from Root / lemma: aĝ-
aĝ- : `to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root / lemma: agʷh
agʷh-
ʷh-
no-s : `lamb'.
Material:
alb. Geg kinxhi, Tosc (*ḫengh-) qengji `lamb' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].
English lamb
Latin agnus > Italian agnello, French agneau, Bolognese agnèl, Bresciano agnilì,
(desonarized ((e)knedd Albanian Geg kinxh, Tosc qengj
Calabrese gneddu ; agnellu ; agneddu ; agniellu

Catalan anyell ; xai, Ladin agnel, Corsican agnellu, Ferrarese agnèl,
Furlan agnel,
Galician año, Greek αρνί, Griko Salentino arnì, Lithuanian ėriukas,
Maltese haruf
Mantuan agnèl
Manx eayn
Maori reeme
Mapunzugun ufisha
Marathi कक
Maasai olbaalo
Mokshan veruz
Mongolian хурга
Mudnés agnèl
Napulitano pecuriéllo
Occitan anhèl
Old Greek αμνός ; αρήν
Paduan agnèo
Parmigiano agnel
Persian ‫هرب‬
Piemontese agnel
Polish jagnię
Portuguese cordeiro
Provençal agnèu
Pugliese pecherusce
Punjabi ਮੇਮਣਾ
Quechua chita uña
Rapanui mamoe
Reggiano agnèl
Romagnolo agnèl
Romanian miel
Romansh agnè
Saami láppis
Samoan tama'i māmoe
Sanskrit छागशावः
Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) anzone
Sardinian Campidanesu anjoni
Sardinian Logudoresu anzone ; saccayu
Serbian јагње
Setswana kwana; kwanyana
Shona hwayana
Sicilian agniddu
Slovak jahňa
Slovenian jágnje
Somali nayl
Swahili mwana kondoo
Swedish lamm
Swiss German Lämmli
Tagalog kordero
Thai ลูกแกะ
Tigrinya siemà
Traditional Chinese 羔羊
Triestino agnel
Turkish kuzu
Turkmen токлы
Ukrainian ягня
Urdu ‫انميم‬
Valencian corder
Venetian agnelo
Viestano ajn'
Wallon agnea
Welsh oen
Wolof kharre
Zeneize bæ
gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

Gr. (*agʷnos, abnos) ἀμνός derived from an earlier *abnos `lamb' [common gr. kʷ > p, gʷ
> b, later b > mb > m common Illyrian -gr.]
Latin agnus, - ī, fem.-a `lamb' (agnīle `sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church
Slavic jagnilo ` place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb jagniti `to lamb');
[common Slavic old laryngeal ḫ- > j-]
Old Irish ūan cymr. oen, acorn. oin, bret. oan `lamb' (Proto Celtic *ognos with -gn- would
have derived from *-gʷhn-, not-*gʷn-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 109-bn-;
o- probably influence from *ou̯is `sheep'); Old English ēanian, engl. to yean `to lamb',
Dutch oonen ds. (from *aunōn from *auna- = Indo Germanic *agʷhno-); Old Church Slavic
(j)agne ̨ `lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals),
(j)agnьcь `lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed Indo Germanic *ōgʷ(h)no- : to
*ǝgʷ(h)no-?
Through the Germanic and Celtic presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the
basis of Latin and Slavic forms, so that gr. ἀμνός (at first from *ἀβνός) remains the only
dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated gʷ. If Umbrian habina(f) ` of a lamb ' could
be explained from intersection from *hēdīno- = Latin haedīnus òf a kid' and *abnīno- =
Latin agninus òf a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, it would point Umbrian b to
voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become gʷh in Oscan-Umbrian to b.
Note:
The old laryngeal in centum languages ḫ- > a-, e- : Slavic j- : Albanian k- : Italic h-.
Celtic Illyrian concordances: common Illyrian -gʷ- > -b-, -d- : alb. -gʷ- > -d-.
Latin avillus `lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *agʷhnelos.
Note:
[common Latin - Italic gw- > v-] Latin avillus (*abillus) `lambkin' : Rumanian (*agʷenus)
ageamiu `lamb'.
References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

Page(s): 9
ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh- (*avi

Root / lemma: ai- avi-dh-)
avi-
English meaning: to burn
Note:
Common Illyrian -ĝh- > -dh-
dh-
Material: Old Indic inddhḗ ` inflamed, is aroused ' (pass. idhyáte, Perf. īdhḗ, part. Perf.
Pass iddhá-ḥ), indhana-m ` lighting '.
Gr. αἴθω ` lights, burns ' (αἰθόμενος), αἴθων, αἶθοψ ` igneous, sparkling ', ἰθαίνεσθαι
θερμαίνεσθαι Hes., hylleisch αἰδῶσσα αἴθουσα ` to light up, kindle '; changing by ablaut
κακ-ιθής Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schulze KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.- Illyrian -
ks- > -ss-
Maybe alb. (*δῶσσα) ndez ` to light up, kindle '.

o-Grade:gr. αἶθος m. `fire' (αἰθός `burntly') = Old Indic ēdha-ḥ ̣m. `Firewood' = Old
English ād, Old High German Middle High German eit m. ` glow, pyre ': zero grade
probably Norwegian Swedish id ` leuciscus idus ' (a bright carp kind), cf Modern High
German dial. aitel ` leuciscus cephalus' as the ` shining '; besides u- stem *aidhu- in gall.
VN Aedui, Old Irish áed `fire', also as MN; Latin aedēs ` a dwelling of the gods, a
sanctuary, a temple ', ursprüngl. ` the domestic stove ', also aedis = maked. ἄδις ἐσχάρα
Hes.
From the verbal adjective in -to- derived probably Latin aestās, - ātis `warm season,
summer ' (from *aisto-tāt-, Indo Germanic *aidh-to-); aestus, - ūs (from *aidh-tu-) `heat,
glow, surf', aestuāre ` cook, surge, roar ';
Old Germanic MN Aistomōdius (` with quick-tempered courage '), Old English āst f. `dried
stove', engl. oast `drying room, drying loft'.
r- formants: gr. αἰθήρ `the upper air' (maked. ἀδῆ), αἴθρα `the cheerful sky' (maked.
ἀδραιά), αἴθριος `brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut
ἰθαρός 'cheerfully', Old Indic vīdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá́-) ds.
l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a

development from `shining, appearing' ` too apparently ' one puts a little bit constrainedly
here Old English īdel `vain, pointless, trifling', Old High German ītal, Modern High German
eitel.
In Indo Germanic *aidh-lois based Germanic ail- in Old English ǣlan `burn' to āl n.
`flame', and in Old English ǣled m., Old Icelandic eldr (Gen. elds) ` fire, flame '. From
different development-grading Old English ǣled are borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled `
from fire, stove ' (M. Förster Themse 4872). Middle Irish āel `lime' could have originated
from *aidh-lo-. However, Germanic and Celtic words could also be formed directly by the
root 4. 4. ā̆i- with -lo-suffix.
s-formants: es-stem
es gr. αἴθος n. `Glow, fire' = Old Indic ḗdhas- n. `firewood'.
Continuing formation: Old Icelandic eisa f. (*aidh-s-ōn) `fire', Norwegian `Hearth', Middle
Low German ēse f. `chimney, fire stove ' (however, Old High German essa ' chimney,
hearth ' see below ā̆s- ` burn '); Avestan aēsma m. `Firewood' (*aidh-s-mo-, cf without s
Old Indic idhmá-ḥ m. ds.); in addition Baltic *aismiā in Lithuanian íesmė `firewood';
Lithuanian aistrà f. ` passion '; Old Czech niestějě (fem. Pl.) ` stove ', later nístěj (with n-
suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections *vъn-ěstěję, vъn-ěstějachъ,
Berneker 275) from *aidh-s-to; in addition zero grades *idh-s-to- in slov. istė́je, stė́je Pl. `
stove hole '; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indic iṣ̌ṭakā ` of burnt bricks ', Avestan
ištya- n. ` brick, (baked brick) '.
Maybe alb. (*iska) hith ` blight, burning nettle ', (*iskra) hithra `nettle' common alb. -k > -th.
In *indh- goes back: alb. Geg idhunɛ, Tosc idhëtë `bitter', Tosc idhɛrím `bitterness,
anger, irritation', hį̄dhitë, hithra Pl. `nettle' (Jokl studies 29).
Note:
Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- .
References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.
Probably to ā̆i-4.
Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .
Page(s): 11-12
aid- (*avid
Root / lemma: aid- avid-)
avid-
Meaning: ` swell '
English Meaning:
See also: s. oid-.
Page(s): 11
aig-1, nasalized ing-

Root / lemma: aig- ing- (*avig
avig-1)
avig-
English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill
Material: Alb. kë-ék, keq `nasty, bad, evil' (from *ḫaigi̯o-); [common alb. old laryngeal ḫ- >
k-.
Latin aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus ` unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble '; Old Norse
eikenn dismays ` wild, furious ', (influenced by common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),Old English ācol
` excited, dismayed ', New Norwegian eikja, eikla ` continually with attacks, contradictions,
assertions torment ', eikjen àrgumentative'; Tocharian В aik(a)re (= Latin *aegro-), A ekro
ìll';
nasalized: *ing-: Lithuanian ìngis `lounger, idler ', ìngas and angùs ` idle, sluggish ';
Latvian îgstu, îgt ` have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', îgnêt ` have disgust ', îgnis `
sullen person ' (Lithuanian éngti ` choke, torment ' probably stays away); Old Church
Slavic jędza ìllness', nslov. jeza `rage', poln. jędza ` fury, witch ' (`gruff, sullen'), Czech
jezinka `forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *jęga, not *aigā, is consequently to be
led back also:) russ. bába jagá `witch' (s. Brückner KZ. 45, 318);
Old Icelandic ekki `pain, grief ' = Old English inca ` pain, suspicion, quarrel ', Old Frisian
inc (d. i. jinc) àngry', also nengl. inkle ànticipate, foresee ', inkling ` whispering, notion,
indication, sign '.
References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-

aig-2
English meaning: oak
Material: Gr. αἰγίλωψ ` an oaken kind ' (see below), presumably also κράτ-αιγος, κρατ-
αιγών ` an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly `hard oak').
The outcome from αἰγίλωψ appears λώψ λώψ χλαμύς Hes., cf . λωπίον, λώπη, λοπός `
bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16, 6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo,
verum et e ramis dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.
Old Norse eik (conservative stem) f. òak', Old Saxon ēk, Old English āc (engl. oak), Old
High German eih, Middle High German eich, eiche, Modern High German Eiche;
All other cognates are dubious: gr. ἄιγῑρος (more properly than αἴγειρος, s. Fick BB. 30,
273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like
οἰκτί̄ρω from *αἰγί̄ρω ` swing, tremble ' (: *aig- ` move violently ');
Latin aesculus `(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' (*aig-sklos?) is still unclear
after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.
Maybe alb. Geg (*asi) ahi, ahu `beech' [the common alb. s > h in the middle of the word
(See Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́
ekrū́- Meaning: `mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s > h in alb.
ekr
(*śváśura-) vjehërr ` father-in-law ').
Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-
*ōs ōs- en-, os-
os-k- : àsh tree (alb. ahi `beech')' must have derived
from Root / lemma: aig-
aig-2 : òak (alb. ahu òak')'.
References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aig-

aig-3
English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate
Material: Old Indic ējati ` stirs, moves, trembles ', ējathu-ḥ ̣ ` the quake of the earth ',
vic̨vamējaya- ` making everything shake ', nasal present iŋgati, iŋgate ` stirs, moves ',
Kaus. iŋgáyati ` sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udiŋgayati ` swings ', samiŋgayati ` sets
in shaking movement ' (form relation like between αἴθω: Old Indic indhate);
from Gr. here very probably αἶγες τα κύματα. Δωριεῖς Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2,
12: και γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν), αἰγιαλός 'strands' (probably
from arise the connection ἐν αἰγι ἁλόs ` in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil.
16), αἰγίς ` gale, storm cloud;
the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,
'thunderstorm shield'), καταιγίς ` gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from καταιγίζειν `
storm, attack down, drive off ' (from πνοαὶ ῎Αρεος, ἄνεμοι, θάλασσα), ἐπαιγίζειν ` attack
near, thrust near '; probably also αἰγανέη 'lance' (on the grounds of *αἴγανον ` the catapults
' or 'projectile'); presumably also αἴγλη 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air
to the south; common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the
crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's
skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.
Hence Root / lemma: aiĝ-
aiĝ- : (goat) is identical with Root / lemma: aig-
aig-3 : (to move swiftly,
move violently, swing, vibrate).
in addition Germanic name of the squirrel: Old High German eihhurno, eihhorn, Middle
High German eichorn (Modern High German Eichhorn with support of Eiche òak' and
Horn `horn', Old English ācweorna,-wern, Middle Low German ēkeren, ēkhorn, Old Norse
īkorne (īk old ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition?), New Norwegian also eikorne,
Old Swedish ēkorne (was based on the concept ` flexible, swinging itself from branch to
branch '; in earliest with one to *u̯er-, u̯ēu̯er- ` squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb:
*aik-werna); Old Church Slavic igrъ, igra ` play ', igrati, perfective vъzigrati ` σκιρτα̃ν, hop,
jump, dance ' (from *ьgrа; Lithuanian with Berneker 422).
References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Page(s): 13-14
Root / lemma: aiĝ- aviĝ-

aiĝ- (*aviĝ
aviĝ-)
English meaning: goat
Note:
From the older root Root / lemma: aiĝ- h2eviĝ-
aiĝ- (*h eviĝ-):: `goat', derived Root / lemma: agʷh
agʷh-
ʷh-no-
no-s
(*heg
hegʷh
hegʷh-no-s ):: `lamb' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' : Root / lemma: kaĝo
ʷh-no- kaĝo- or koĝo
koĝo-, -ā- :
`goat'.
Material: Gr. αἴξ, - γός 'nanny goat', Armenian aic 'nanny goat'; zero grade Avestan izaēna-
` from leather ' (actually, ` from goatskin ' as gr. αἴγειος, cf the same importance relations
with *aĝo- ` goat ').
References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.
Page(s): 13
Root / lemma: aigʷh

aigʷh-
ʷh-
English meaning: to be ashamed
Material: Directly from the root word: Old English ǣwan 'despise', 'be disgusted' also
Middle Low Germaneichelen, ēchelen, ēgelen (from *aiwilōn) (from it borrows Middle High
German ekeln 'be disgusted').
Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aigʷhes-, as:)

Gothic aiwiski n. `disgrace, embarrassment '; cf further αἰσχύνη `shame, sense of honor,
disgrace', αἰσχύνω `dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. àvoids me, is ashamed of me',
αἰσχρός ìgnominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; Gothic unaiwisks ùnharmed', aiwiskōn
act `shameful', Old English ǣwisc(e) n. `disgrace, offense', Adj. `shameless', Middle Low
German eisch `nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, aisch `revolting, rebarbative'.
References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Page(s): 14
Root / lemma: aik-

aik-
English meaning: to call (?)
Material: Gr. αἰκάζει καλεῖ Hes., Latvian aîcinât ` load, shout '.
But καλεῖ can be prescribed for αἰκάλλει `flatters', and aîcinât a derivative from aĩ
`hears!' explain (cf vaicāt àsk' to vai).
References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

Page(s): 15
ai-2 (*avi
Root / lemma: ai- avi-2 )
avi-
English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm
English
Material: present *(a)i-neu-mi : Old Indic inóti, ínvati, Imper. inuhí, participle -inita-
(úpenita- ` pushed, cut into '), ` penetrate into something, master ', Avestan inaoiti, Inf.
aēnaŋhe ` violate, hurt ', ainita (from *an-inita by haplology) ` not violated, not painedly '
(from Old Indic énas- n. ` Crime, sin, misfortune ' = Avestan aēnah- ` act of violence, crime
', in addition m. ' evildoer'?), Avestan intay-` rape, injury; torture ', Old Indic iná- `strong; m.
master ', maybe also īti-ḥ f. `plague, need'; gr. αἰνός `tremendous';
maybe here-in- in Gothic faír-ina `guilt, reproach', Old High German firinōn `sin', Old
Icelandic firn n. Pl. `the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning ` act
of violence '.
References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Page(s): 10
ai-3, (*hei-, heiu̯ā)

Root / lemma: ai-
English meaning: to give
Note:
ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp-
Root / lemma: ap- ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi-
ēpi- :
`comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-
ai-3 : `to give'.
Material: Gr. (*avinumai) αἴνυμαι `take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.
Venetic MN (*avi-mos) Aimos, Illyrian MN (*ave-tar) Aetor.
Latin (*ave-mulus) ae-mulus ` emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. or f. as

subst., a rival, esp. in love ', probably as ` reaches for something ' (Frisk Eranos 41, 53).
Tocharian В (*avi) ai-, А е-, infinitive В (*avi-tsi) aitsi, А essi `give'; Hittite pa-a-i ` he
gives ', 3. Pl. pí(-ia)-an-zi with preverb pe- `there'.
Note:
common Hittite pḫ1e- : Slavic pḫ3o- : Albanian pḫ2a- > pë- prefix.
References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-
Germanic 10 f.
See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-
Page(s): 10-11
Root / lemma: ai-

ai-5 : oi-
oi-
English meaning: important speech
Material: Gr. αἴνημι, αἰνέω `praises', αἴνος m., αἴνη f. `significant speech, praise';
αἰνίσσομαι `talks in riddles', common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; αἰνιγμα n. `dark speech'
(however, ἀν-αίνομαι `says no, deny' -i̯o- appears derivative of the negation ἀν-);
ablaut, Middle Irish ōeth m. òath' (acymr. anutonou Pl., gl. ` the perjured, the perfidious ',
ncymr. anudon `perjury, act of lying under oath') = Gothic aiÞs m., Old Icelandic eiðr, Old
English āÞ, Old Saxon ēđ, Old High German eid m. òath' (probably Celtic loanword).
References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff ВB. 24, 208 f.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-

ai-rā
English meaning: a k. of grass
Note:
ai-rā : à k. of grass' is a reduced root *ai-tra from which derived also Root /
Root / lemma: ai-
lemma: ai-tro- : `bitter, sharp'.
ai-tro-
Material: Old Indic ērakā ` a grass kind ', gr. αἶρα ` weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel '
αἰρικός, αἴρινος ` from ryegrass, darnel '), Latvian aĩres, aĩrenes ' ryegrass, darnel '.
maybe through metathesis alb. (*aĩres > ēser) egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel'
[common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].
References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 2061.
Page(s): 16
aisk- (*avisk
Root / lemma: aisk- avisk-)
avisk-
English meaning: bright, shining
Material: Awnord. eiskra ` rage before hot excitement ', nisl. iskra also from burning pain.
Material:
Lithuanian áiškus, where beside zero grade Old Lithuanian iškùs `clear, bright '.
Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka ` bright star ', beside it Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. `clear,
bright, distinct', russ. jásnyj `light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy
`blinding, dazzling, brilliant ' from *aiskro-; Old Bulgarian iskra ` spark ' etc. from *iskrā.
Also alb. zero grade (*jaskry), shkrinj `melt, burn', participle *scrum > shkrumb àshes'
[common alb. m > mb shift] loaned in Rumanian scrum àshes'.
Russ. dial. jáska, demin. jásočka ` bright star ', besides Old Bulgarian jasno Adv. ` clear,
distinct ', russ. jásnyj ` bright, clear ' from *aiskno; poln. jaskry, jaskrawy ` brilliant,
sparkling ' from *aiskro; Old Bulgarian iskra `spark' etc. from *iskrā.
Here the FlN Modern High German Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl.
Axe from Celtic or Venetic-Illyrian *Aiskā.
References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Förster Themse 839.
See also: perhaps originated from *aidh-sk- , or from *ai-skin ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 16-17
Root / lemma: ais-

ais-1
English meaning: to wish for, search for
Note:
The Root / lemma: ais-
ais-1 : `to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska The formant
ai-ska.
-ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-
ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm,
harm'
Material: Old Indic ḗšati ` seeks, searches ', ēṣ̌á-ḥ m. ` wish, choice ', anv-iṣ̌áti ` looks for
= Avestan išaiti ` wishes ', Old Indic iccháti (*is-sk̂ō) ` looks, wishes, strives, seeks for,
desires' = Avestan isaiti ds., Old Indic icchā ` wish ', iš ̣ (2. compound part) ` searching,
striving after ' = Avestan iš ds., f. ` wish, the object of the wish ', Old Indic iṣ̌ta- ` desiredly '
ī̆ṣ̌má- m. ` name of Kāmadeva, god of love ';
Armenian aic̣ (*ais-sk̂ā) ìnvestigation'; Umbrian eiscurent (Bugge KZ. 30, 40) `they will
have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched ' (probably as *eh-
iscurent ' they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled '); Latin
aeruscāre `to beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to
play the juggler ' as *aisos-k̂o- `demanding ' to Avestan Imp. išasā `longs for' (-esk̂o-
besides -sk̂o-: isaiti `wishes'); Old High German eiscōn ` research, ask, demand, (Modern
High German heischen `demand' with h after heissen `hot'), Old Saxon ēscōn, ēscian
`demand', Old English āscian, āxian ` try, demand, ask', Old High German eisca `demand',
Old English æsce f. ìnvestigation';
in Balto-Slavic with non-palatal k of the present suffix-skō (towards Aryan Armenian -sk̂-),
what is not to be explained by borrowing from Germanic; Lithuanian íeškau, ieškóti `look',
Latvian iẽskât ` to delouse ', Old Church Slavic iskǫ (and ištǫ), iskati `look', iska `wish'.
References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ais-

ais-2
English meaning: to be in awe, to worship
Note:
The Root / lemma: ais-
ais-2 : `to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska The
ai-ska.
formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-
ai-3 : `to give'
Material: Old High German ēra, Modern High German Ehre, Old English ār ` Relief,
considerate treatment, honour, luck ', Old Norse eir ` considerate treatment, peace, also
name of the medicine goddess '; of it Old High German ērēn, ērōn ` honor, spare, betake ',
Old English ārian ` honor, spare, betake ', Old Norse eira 'spare'.
Oscan aisusis Abl. Pl. `sacrifices', Marrucinian aisos D. Pl. ` gods', Paelignian aisis `
gods ', Volscan esaristrom ` sacrifice ', Umbrian esono- ` divine, sacred ', come from
Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.
d- extension: gr. αἴδομαι (from *aiz-d-) ` shies, reveres ', αἰδώς, -οῦς ` reverence,
shyness, shame ', αἰδέομαι (*αἰδέσ-ομαι) `αἴδομαι'; Gothic aistan, -aida ` avoid, pay
attention '; zero grade Old Indic īḍḗ ` reveres, praises, implores '.
References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
Page(s): 16
Root / lemma: ai-

ai-ti-
ti-, ai-to- : oi-
ai-to- oi-to-
to-
English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion,
cut, contribution
Coments:
Root / lemma: ai-
ai-ti-
ti-, ai-to- : oi-
ai-to- to- : `part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake,
oi-to-
stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root /
ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.
lemma: ai-
Material: Avestan aēta- ` the proper part '(' punishment '; dual ` guilt and punishment ').
Gr. αἶσα (* αἰτι̯α) ` interest, destiny ', hom. ἴσα, better ἴσσα ` the proper interest ',
common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; ἰσσασθαι κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι Hes.; αἴσιος ` promising
good talent, favorabe ', αἴσιος ` certain from the destiny, proper ', ἀναισιμόω ` apply, use,
consume ', αἰσυμνάω ` dispenses justice, it rules ';
διαιτάω (maybe dissimilated from *διαιτιάω) ` be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life =
leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking ', hence, δίαιτα
' referee's office ' and ` life-style, life arrangement ', ἔξαιτος ` well-chosen, particular '.
Oscan Gen. aeteis `partis', aíttíúm `portionum'.

From Gr. here probably also αἴτιος ` responsible, guilty ' (τ after αἰτέω), from which later
αἰτία ` guilt, cause '; also αἰτέω, αἰτίζω 'demands' as ` requires his interest '; ablaut. οἶτος
m. 'Destiny'.
Old Irish āes n., cymr. oes f. ` period, age ' from *ait-to-, Old Irish āes m. 'People' from
*ait-tu-, cymr. oed m. 'Age' from *aito.
References: WP. I 2, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 4213, 6969, 7057.
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ai-

ai-tro-
tro-
English meaning: [bitter, sharp]
Coments:
tro- : `bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root /
Root / lemma: ai-tro-
ai-2 : `to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.
lemma: ai-
Material: Lithuanian aitrùs ` bitterly, harsh ', aitrà f. `sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal
formation *intro- perhaps in Old Bulgarian ob-ętriti `set on fire ', wru. zajátřič ànger', klr.
roz-jatrýti ša `fester'.
References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.
See also: perhaps in ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 17
Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u-

Meaning: `vital energy, vitality'
Note:
Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u- : `vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3
and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯i̯i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯i̯i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended:: to live
Material: Old Indic ā́yu- n., a nominalized adjective to āуú- ` flexibe, active '; āyú-ḥ m. `
Genius of the vitality ', thereof derived s-stem ā́yuḥ n., Gen. āyušaḥ ` vitality ' (*ā́iu̯os, Gen.
*ai̯us-és); n-stem in the locative. āyuni, Instr. āyunā; yúh ̣` vitality ';
Avestan āyū n. 'Life span', Gen. yaoš, dat. yavōi, Instr. yavā, of it yavaētāt- ` duration ',
yavaējī- ` living always '; yuš m. 'Life span';
Gr. s-stem: Cypriot υFαις ζαν (= διὰ βίου); locative without suffix. lakon. αἰές 'always';
hom. αἰεί, Attic ἀεί (*αιFεσι), Akk. Attic αἰῶ (*αιFοσα); Dat.-Lok. without extension in Ionian
αἰί, Lesbian ἄι (*αιFι) (afterwards ἀί̄διος 'forever', δην-αιός 'long-living'); n-stem: αἰών m.
(and f. after αἰώς) ` vitality, life span ', αἰέν 'always';
alb. eshë ` period of time; span; space; stretch; lapse ' from *aiu̯esi̯ā (Jokl L.-k. U. 34);
Latin o-stem aevus m. and aevum n. èternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period
of life '; however, are based aetas f. 'age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age,
a period of time, epoch', old aevitas (from it Oscan Gen. aítateís, Akk. aítatúm, Paelignian
Abl. aetatu) ` age, time of life ', aeternus ` of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent,
endless, forever' in adverbial *aiu̯i.
Gothic o-stem aiws m. ` time, eternity, world '; i- stem adverbial aiw (*aiu̯i) = Old
Icelandic æ, ei (also in ei-gi 'not'), Old English ā, ō, Old High German io ` ever, always ',
Gothic ni aiw 'never', Old High German neo, nio, Modern High German nie; Old English n-
ā, engl. no ` not, no ';
Maybe alb. (*ō) jo `not, no' (common alb. –slav. j- prefix.
Old Icelandic lang-ǣr = Latin longaevus ` of great age, aged, ancient '; i-stem also in Old
Icelandic ǣfi, ǣvi f. (*aiu̯i-) ` life, age '; ā-stem in Old High German ēwa f. ` time, eternity ',
thereof Old High German ēwidō 'eternity', ēwīg 'forever'; Gothic aju-k-dūÞs f. èternity' from
*ajuki- (= Old English ēce `forever'), with Indo Germanic g-suffix + Indo Germanic-tūti;
Tocharian A āym- `mind, life' which m attributed to āñm- ` life '.
References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumézil
References:
BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff., Van Windekens 15.
See also: From this derived *i̯uu̯en- (i̯eu̯-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquély
be put in addition *aig-, oak ' (= ` vitality '?).
Page(s): 17-18
Root / lemma: ai 1
Meaning: èxclamation'
Material: Old Indic ē exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;
Old Indic ai the same; ayi interjection with the vocative;
Avestan āi interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);
gr. αἴ, αἶ, αἰαἶ exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof αἰάζω ` sighs,
deplores ', αἴαγμα 'sigh');
Lithuanian aĩ and ái ` oh! blows! ' and before vocatives.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.
See also: see also *aik-
*aik-.
Page(s): 10
Root / lemma: ai̯os-

os avi̯os-
os- (*avi̯ os-)
os
Meaning: `metal (copper; iron)'
Note:
os- : `metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root / lemma: eis-
os eis-1 : `to move
rapidly, *weapon, iron'.
Material:
Old Indic áyas- n., Avestan ayaŋh- n. `metal, iron';
Latin aes, g. aeris; Gothic aiz (proto Germanic *a(i̯)iz- = Indo Germanic *ai̯es-) ` copper
ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue,
trumpet, kettle ', Old High German ēr òre', Old Norse eir n. òre, copper'.
Maybe zero grade in Tocharian B (*aēnśuwan, *anśuwan) B eñcuwo ˜ iñcuwo ìron' : alb.
(*heñcus) hekur ìron' : Latin aēnus : Umbrian ahesnes. Tocharian A *añcu (id.) (attested
in the derived adjective añcwāṣi) and B eñcuwo (iñcuwo is variant on the same order as
inte is to ente, q.v.) reflect PTch *eñcuwo. Further connections are uncertain. Schwarz
(1974:409) compares Ossetic ändon `steel' or Chorasmian hnčw ìd.' and suggests that
the Iranian and Tocharian words might be borrowings from some adstratum language in
the shape +_ *anśuwan.
thereof Avestan ayaŋhaēna- ` metallic, iron ', Latin aēnus (*ai̯es-no- = Umbrian ahesnes
` of copper, of bronze '), aēneus, Old English ǣren, Old Saxon Old High German Middle
High German ērīn, Modern High German ēren (ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is
not Indo Germanic ai̯os old borrowing from Ajasja, older Aɫas(ja), the old name of Cyprus,
as Latin cuprum : Κύπρος, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper
pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.
Here Latin aestimō, old aestumō ` to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the
damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge
', Denomin. from *ais-temos ` he cuts the ore ' (to temnō).
References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.

See also: To ā̆i-4 ` burn '?
Page(s): 15-16
Root / lemma: akkā
Meaning: `mother (children's speech)'
Material: Old Indic akkā 'mother' (gram.), gr. ᾽Ακκώ ` nurse of Demeter ', ἀκκώ ' ghost ',
ἀκκίζεσθαι ` be coy, position oneself stupidly ', Latin Acca Lārentia ` Laren mother, Roman
hall goddess ' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp.
Madder-akka 'earth mother'.
Maybe alb. Ajkuna `great mother' in alb. epos.
References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about Tocharian ammaki see below am(m)a.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*ḫe

ek̂-)
Meaning: `sharp; stone'
Material: 1. e/o-
e/o- and ā-St:
Npers. ās (lengthened-grade form) `millstone, grindstone'; gr. ἀκή `point', lengthened-

grade form Ionian ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἠκμή Hes., redupl. ἀκωκή ` point, edge ' (as
ἀγωγή : ἄγω); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs ἀκούω
`hears' as *ἀκ-ους- `having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. athëtë `sharp,
sour', [common alb. -k > -th].
Latin acēre `sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill;
of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick,
vigorous, energetic', acidus ` sour, acid, tart ', acētum ` vinegar ';
Maybe alb. acar `frost, sharp steel' : Romanian acar ` signalman, pointman, switchman,
pin cushion '.
with o: mbr. convoc ar vilin `sharpen the millstone ', cymr. hogi `sharpen', acymr.
ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen, Middle Breton hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn ` whetstone ' (with the
unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone);
(common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), mc. cyfogi ` vomit, fight ', with secondary i̯o-suffix acymr.
cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd (*k̂om-ok̂íi̯o-) ` pickaxe ';
with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc (*dē-āk̂o-) `decayed, spoiled ',
mcymr. ym-am-ogawr (*-āk̂ā-r) ` one stirs, is active ' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug,
nbret. eok ` ripe, made soft ' (*eks-āk̂o-), to gall. exācum ` centaurion lepton ' (Ernault
Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;
Swedish ag m. `marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' (*ak̂o -́ ), Middle High
German ag `perch', egle, eglinc ds., Modern High German Swiss egel, Demin. egli, Old
Swedish agh-borre ds., maybe also Swedish agg `rancor, hatred ', agga `sting, torment',
Norwegian dial. agge `tooth, point' (*ak̂uko- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with
secondary Germanic vowel gradation a : u or from *ak̂uko- with assimilation a in u?)
Norwegian dial. ugg `sting, frightening', Swedish dial. ugg `point, tooth', Old Norse uggr
`fear', Norwegian dial. ugge `fin'; Lithuanian akúotas* àwn', ãšaka (*ak̂o-kā) `fish bone,
bran' = wruss. osoka `sedge', Old Prussian ackons (*ak̂ōno-) ds.
Maybe alb. (*egel), egjër `Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj-].
----------------------
* Balto-Slavic forms with k prove none Indo Germanic beside the form ak-, but is
partially loanword from Veneto-Illyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the
Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21, 115). Also g in Church Slavic igla explains itself on
top S. 15.
----------------------
2. i- and j- stems:
Armenian aseɫn `needle' (from *asiɫn, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. ἀκίς, -ίδος ` point, sting ';
Latin aciēs ` keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look
or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence
battle, battlefield '; Old Saxon eggja f., Old High German etc ekka `point, sword edge',
Modern High German Ecke (proto Germanic *aʒi̯ō, Old Norse egg èdge, cliff backs', eggja
`sharpen, spur on', Old English ecg ` edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows Middle Irish ecg
èdge', nbret. ek `point'), egle Pl. àwns', engl. ails; Old Church Slavic osla (*osъla), russ.
osëɫok m. `whetstone', Czech osina f. àwn'.
about Old English eher èar ' see below s- formant.
3. u-stem:
Gr. ἄχυρον `chaff' see below s-formant; Latin acus, - ūs f. `needle; fish name ', acuere
`sharpen', acūmen `sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect;
cunning, trickery', acia (*acu-i̯ā) `thread to the sewed', aquifolium (beside ācrifolium)
`holly', aculeus `sting', accipiter `hawk, falcon' (*acu-peter `quick-flying');
Maybe alb. zero grade (*ccipiter) skifter ` hawk', shqiptar ` eagle-man, Albanian ',
shqiponjë èagle', Shqipëri `land of the eagles, Albania', shqip `language of the eagle-men,
Albanian language'.
Spanish aguijón : French aiguillon : Catalan agulló : Portuguese aguilhão : Romagnolo

aguciòn da tésta : Romanian (*(a)ghimpe) ghimpe : Albanian glemb, gjëmb ` sting ' from
Vulgar Latin aquileo, -onis < aquileus < acus ` needle '.
English needle
Italian ago
Spanish aguja
French aiguille
Albanian Geg gjyl-panë, Tosc gjil-përë
Aragones agulla
Bergamasco gogia
Bresciano ocia ; ucia
Calabrese acu ; saccurale ; zaccurafa
Catalan aculla
Furlan gusiele
Galician agulla
Griko Salentino velòni
Irish snáthaid
Latin acus
Mudnés gàccia
Napulitano aco
Nissart agùlha
Paduan ago
Piemontese gucia
Portuguese agulha
Romagnolo agòccia
Romanian ac
Sardinian Campidanesu acu ; spigoni
Sardinian Logudoresu acu ; agu
Sicilian ugghia ; ugliola ; zaccurafa
Trentino uza
Valencian agulla
Venetian ago ; ucia ; gucia
gall. acaunum (*akounon) `rock '; Illyrian ON Acumincum today Szlankamen `salt stone'
(Banat);
Modern High German Achel f. èar point, awn' from ndd. aggel (with spirant. g) from Indo
Germanic *ak̂u-lā; Old English āwel m. `fork', Old Norse soð-āll `meat fork' (Germanic
*ahwala-, Indo Germanic *ák̂u-̯ olo-); if here gallo-Latin opulus `common maple '
(Marstrander, Corr. Germanic-celt. 18), would be placed Indo Germanic *ok̂u-̯ olo- ; about
Old Norse uggr etc. see e/o-stem, about Old English éar see s-formant; cymr. ebill `drill',
mbr. ebil `peg, nail ' (*ak̂u̯-īli̯o-);
Note:
The mutation kw > p, b in Celtic tongues, Latin and gr.
Baltic *ašus in Latvian ass ` sharp, pointed ', Lithuanian ašutaĩ m. Pl. ` coarse horse hair '
= Slavic *ošuta m. ` thistle ' in Church Slavic оsъtъ, russ. osót. On account of here
Tocharian A āc̨āwe `rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?
see below *ōk̂u-s ` fast (sharp in the movement) '.
4. With m-formant:
ak̂mo-
mo-/-ā
mo
Gr. ἀκμή ` point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point ' (ἀκμήν
Adv., ἀκμαῖος, ἀκμάζω); Swedish dial. åm ` marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (Germanic
*ahma-, compare Finnish loanword ahma ` equisetum ').
ak̂-men-
men-/-mer-
mer-
Old Indic aśman- n. ` stone, sky ' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), aśmará- `
stone ', Avestan asman-` stone, sky ' (Old Indic Gen. áśnaḥ, Instr. áśnā, Avestan Gen.
ašnō, Abl. ašnāat̃ with -n- from -mn-; Instr. Pl. Old Indic aśnāih ̣ after o-stem); Phrygian PN
᾽Ακμονία; gr. ἄκμων ' anvil, meteor, heaven ', ἄκμων ὁ οὐρανός; Lithuanian ãšmens m. Pl. '
edge ', akmuõ, -eñs m. ' stone '.
5. With n-formant:
ak̂en-
en-
en
Old Indic aśáni-ḥ ` head of the arrow, missile'; Avestan аsǝŋgа-, Old pers. aϑanga- `
stone ' (*ak-en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. ἄκαινα ` point, sting; longitudinal dimension '
(however, about Latin acuna ` a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap,
deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), ἀκόνη ` whetstone ', ἄκων, - οντος ` spear ' (for older ἄκων,
*-ονος after the participles), ἀκοντίζω ` throw the spear ', ἄκανος ` thistle kind, prickly head
plant ', ἀκανίζειν ` fruit carry prickly heads ', ἄκανθος `thistle' (from * ἀκαν-ανθος `sting
flower'), ἄκανθα ` thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish ', ἀκαλανθίς ' goldfinch ' (from
*ἀκανθαλίς), ἄκαθος ` barque ', ἀκάτη, ἀκάτιον ` woman's shoe ' (*ak̂nṭo-, probably from
the pointed form); Latin agna ` ear of grain ' (from *ak̂nā); Gothic ahana f. ` chaff ', Old
Norse ǫgn, Old English egenu f. and äegnan Pl., Old High German agana ds., Modern
High German Ahne, dial. Agen `stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (Germanic *ag-, *ahanō,
Indo Germanic *ak̂ǝnā); Lithuanian žem. ašnìs ` edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing ',
Latvian asns m. ` germ bursting out '.
6. With r-formant:
ak̂er-
er-, ok̂er-
er er-
er
Note:
Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-
ʷer-, ok̂ʷer-
ʷer ʷer-
ʷer
Old Irish a(i)cher `sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras (PN in the
Ogham) not Latin Lw .; abret. acer-uission `with sharp fingers' (biss), ocerou Pl.
`sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion gl. atrocia; Lithuanian ašerỹs, ešerỹs `river perch'; pol. dial.
jesiora (from *aserā); Old Norse ǫgr ds. (from proto Germanic *agura-, Indo Germanic
*ok̂r̥-o-), west-Norwegian augur (from *ǫ̣gurr, new development from ǫgr), influenced by
auga èye',
From the extension of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-): `sharp; stone' with r-formant derived
the labiovelars: ak̂ʷer-
ʷer-, ok̂ʷer-
ʷer ʷer- whose zero grade produced alb. (*k̂ʷerna), gurrë `stream'
ʷer
[common alb. rn > rr shift], (*k̂ʷer-) gur `stone';
Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):
Latin acer, -eris n. ` the maple tree or maple wood ' (from acer arbor became Vulgar
Latin acerabulus, Meyer-Lübke REW. 93), Danish ær ds. (Germanic *ahira-); Modern High
German dial. Acher ds. (Germanic *ahura-);
gr. ἄκαστος ἡ σφένδαμνος Hes. (*ἄκαρστος, meaning as πλατάνιστος beside πλάτανος;
to stem compare also ἄκαρνα δάφνη Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos ` maple '
(Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); Old High German ahorn `maple'
(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly ā -, however, ā -would have arisen
also of people's etymological distortion, like Middle Low German ānhorn, ālhorn;ahorn
(Indo Germanic *ak̂rno-) is up to the declension class = ἄκαρνα, while Latin acernus ` of
maple ' is syncopated from *acer-inos; however, that n has probably also arisen from the
former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from r/n-stem by accumulation
of both elements.
Rather that counts for gr. ἄκορνα (*-ι̯α) ` yellow thistle kind ' ἄκανος ds., maybe here
also ἄκορος ` Kalmus', ἄκορον ` his spicy root ', compare with other forms still ἄκινος f. `
odoriferous flower ', ὤκιμον ` basil ' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).
ak̂ri-
ri-, ak̂ro-
ri ro-
ro
Old Indic áśrih ̣ ` corner, edge, border ', catur-aśra-ḥ ̣ `square'; gr. ἄκρος `sharply',
ἄκρον, ἄκρα, ἄκρις `point, mountaintops' (also in ἀκροάομαι as `have sharp hearing,
sharpen the ear', and ἀκρίς, -ίδος `grasshopper', short form for ἀκροβατοῦσα ` tiptoe ',
ἀκρίζουσα; ἀκρεμών ` point of the boughs ', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 1,
241);
Latin (to ā see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) ācer, ācris,-e (Old Latin ācra, -um) `sharp, piercing,
penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', Oscan akrid ` sharply, fiercely, keenly ', Umbrian
peracri- ` fat, plump, corpulent ' (= Latin perācer `very sharp', compare to meaning gr.
ἄκρος, also ` uppermost, excellent ', and ἀκμαῖoς), Latin acerbus ` acidic, sad, harsh,
bitter, unripe ' (from *ăcri-bho-s); compare gall. AXPOTALVS ` with high forehead ', Old
Irish ēr `high' (from *akros); Lithuanian ašrùs, aštrùs, Old Lithuanian aštras, Old Church
Slavic ostrъ `sharp' (t - interpolated wording).
ri-, ok̂ro-
ok̂ri-
ri
With shading o-: gr. ὄκρις f. `sharp' mountain point, corner, edge ', Old Latin ocris m. `
rough mountain ', Latin mediocris ` average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling,
moderate, ordinary ', actually `to be found halfway up ' (here ablaut could be displayed in
the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellūs), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea
`splint, a greave, legging', Umbrian ocar, ukar, Gen. ocrer `mountain, castle mountain ',
marr. ocres ` a mountain, mount, range of mountains ', Middle Irish och(a)ir ` corner, edge
', from it borrows cymr. ochr èdge'.
To the heteroclite paradigm *ak̂-r-(g), *ak̂-n-es (also the i- stem *ak̂i- can have combined
with it) compare above ak̂men/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson
IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Κράγος ` name of
different mountains ', ᾽Ακράγ-ας the 'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally `
rocks, stones'.
7. With s-formant:
es- : ak̂s-
ak̂es-
es
Gr. ἄχνη `chaff' from *ak̂-s-nā, afterwards reshuffled ἄχυρον ds. instead of *ἄκυρον; gr.
ἀκοσ-τή 'Barley' (àwned, bristly ', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. ἠκές ὀξύ, Hes.
πυρι-ήκης ` with igneous point ', ἀμφήκης `two-edged', τανύηκης `with long point ' (maybe
only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple ἠκές; however, lies
lengthened grade *āk- also before in Ionian ἠκή ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή Hes., ἠκάδα
ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα Hes., compare to meaning ἀκμή `climax of life').
maybe zero grade in alb. (*ἀκοσ-τή) kash-të `chaff (*barley)' where -të is the neuter
ending, (*ἄχνη), sanë `chaff'.
additional formations in gr. ὀξύς `sharp', compare to formation Lithuanian tamsùs to Old
Indic tāmas-, Lithuanian tamsa ̀ (in addition ὀξίνη `harrow' Hes.), ὄξος `wine vinegar'. -
Also *ἀκαχμένος `sharpened' seems to be * ἀκ-ακσ-μένος, Hirt IF. 12, 225.
Latin acus,-eris ` a needle ' acervus (*aces-vo-s) ` a heap, mass; in logic, argument by
accumulation '; Gothic ahs Gen. *ahsis n., Old Icelandic ax n., Old High German ahir, ehir
n. (Germanic *ahiz), from the Pl. Modern High German ` ear of corn ' f., but Old English
ear (*ahuz), dat. Sg. North Umbrian æhher, eher ds. (about the coexistence from i-, u- and
s-stems, partly already Indo Germanic, but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann
compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 152. On account of originally
Indo Germanic -es- or -is-, or-us-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide.
compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 128, 2 under 288 f.)
ak̂-sti-
sti-
Cymr. eithin m. Pl. ' gorse, furze' (*akstīno-), from it borrows Middle Irish aittenn ds.
(with unclear sound gradation); (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Lithuanian akstìs following
'smoked spit' (= russ. ostъ ` point, ear, spike '), ãkstinas m. ` Sting, spur ' = Old Church
Slavic ostъnъ m. 'Sting', Czech osten ds.
Maybe alb. (*osten ) hosten `stick for driving cattle' Slavic loanword.
8. With t- formant:
Old Indic apāṣ̌ṭhá- m. (from *apa-aś-tha) ` barb in the arrow '; gr. ἀκτή ` gruff coast with
breaker; headland, elevation '; Tocharian В āc ̨-, āc̨c̨e-` head, beginning ' (from *ak̂-t-).
ok̂etā
etā `harrow, device with points ':
Latin occa `harrow' from *otika by metathesis from *okitā (Hirt IF. 37, 230)? compare
different formations gr. ὀξίνη `harrow';
acymr. ocet, corn. ocet, bret. oguet: Old High German egida, Middle High German
eg(e)de, Old English eg(e)de f. (Modern High German Egge renewed from the verb eggen
from Old High German egen, ecken, proto Germanic *agjan, on its part only from the
Subst. *agiđō revert formation);
Lithuanian akė́čios, ekė́čios ` harrow', Old Prussian aketes ` harrows', ē instead of e

derives from the verb *akēi̯ō in Lithuanian akė́ju, akė́ti, besides akė́ju, ekė́ti; the anlaut
(initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel
(Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).
References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62,
210 ff. (unglaubhaft).
See also: S. under *ok̂-tōu èight', actually ` both points of the hands (without thumb) '.
zero grades k̂- stuck probably in stems k̂emen-, k̂emel-, k̂ōmen- ` stone, skies ', k̂omor-
ēi-, k̂ōi-, k̂ǝi- ` sharpen, whet ', k̂ū̆- ` sharp, spit, spear '.
` stone hammer ', k̂ēi-
ēi
Page(s): 18-22
Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō- (*hek-)

Meaning: `to eat'
Note:
From Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- (*hekʷ-):: `sharp; stone' derived Root / lemma: ak̂-1, ak̂ō-
(*hek-):: `to eat'
Material: Old Indic aśnāti (inserted Inf. aśi-tum etc.) èats, consumes', áśanam n. `food',
áśna-ḥ `greedy', lengthened grade āśayati àllows to dine', prātar-āśa-ḥ `breakfast';
Avestan kahrk-āsa `chicken eater = vulture' etc.;
gr. ἄκυλος f. àcorn' (as `food', compare formally Old Indic aśú-ṣa-ḥ `greedy'), ἄκολος
`bite';
Old Norse agn n. `bait for fish' (*ak̂ǝ-nó-), ǣja àllow to graze' (*ahjan).
References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.

Page(s): 18
lemma: ak̂ru
Root / lemma: ru
Meaning: `tear'
Material: Ved. áśru n., later also áśram 'tear', Avestan asrū- n., Lithuanian ašara ̀ and
ãšara f., Tocharian А ākär Pl. ākrunt ds., compare Old Indic aśrāyāmi, Lithuanian ãšaroju
`cries'. The relationship to Indo Germanic *dak̂ru `tear' is unsettled. compare Meillet BSL.
32, 141.
Note:
Root / lemma: ak̂ru
ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma: dak̂ru-
ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift
ru
da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-
del-5 : `long': Baltic with
unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and
ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n.
`length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.
References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.
Page(s): 23
akʷā- (more properly ǝkʷā): ēkʷ

Root / lemma: akʷ ēkʷ-
Meaning: `water, river'
Note:
From Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i
ʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Root / lemma: akʷ
angʷ(h)i- akʷā- (more properly
ǝkʷā): ēkʷ-
: `water, river'; Root / lemma: eĝhero
eĝhero-
hero- : `lake, inner sea'; Root / lemma: ad(u)-
ad(u)-, ad-ro- :
ad-ro-
ĝh- > -d-, -
`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.- Illyrian -Baltic -ĝ
z-].
From Root / lemma: akʷ
akʷā- `water, river' nasalized in *aku̯ent- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived
(e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) ed-, au̯er-
ed er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'
er
Material:
Latin aqua `water, water pipe' (thereof aquilus `dark', aquila èagle', actually `the swarthy',
aquilō `north wind', actually `the darkening sky') = Gothic aƕa f. `river, body of water', Old
Icelandic ǫ́, Old English ēa, Old Saxon Old High German aha, Modern High German Ache
ds. (Germanic *ahwō, thereof derived *ahwjō, *awjō `surrounded by the water ' in Old
Icelandic ey f. ìsland, pasture, grassland', Old English íeg, Old High German -ouwa, -awa,
Middle High German ouwe f. `water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';
Maybe alb. (*aquilō) akull `frozen water, ice'
It seems that Root / lemma: akʷ
ēkʷ- : (water, river) derived from
Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : (sharp; stone).
Modern High German Aue, compare Old Frisian ei-land ìsland', Sca(n)din-avia
Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FlN Oká, Pannonian PN Aquincum `stove (*cooking
stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FlN Aquilō, Venetic PN Aquileia (also in
South Germany); with ablaut (Indo Germanic ē) in addition Old Icelandic ǽgir (*ēkʷi̯ós)
`God of the sea', Old English ǽg-weard ` watch at the sea', éagor `sea, flood' (the initial
sound after ēa); maybe here Old Indic kām `water', dak. plant N κοαδάμα ποταμογείτων `
water colonist ' (*kʷa-dhēmn̥), poln. (North Illyrian) FlN Kwa.
The affiliation from Hittite e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi) `drinks', 3. Pl. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not
unlikely. Moreover also Tocharian AB yok-tsi `drink'. Old Irish oiche `water' does not exist;
cymr. aig `sea' is neologism to eigion from Latin oceanus.
From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ōkè ( ˜ -k-)

Meaning: `deep place, place far from the shore'
Turkic protoform: *ȫkü
Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-
Japanese protoform: *ǝki
Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a
place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".
References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch
190.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: akʷ

akʷ-
Meaning: `to hurt'
Material: Old Indic áka m ` grief, pain ', Avestan akō ` nasty, bad ', axtis ̀ ` grief, pain,
illness '; gr. noun *ἄπαρ, *ἀπνός, thereof ἠπανεῖ ἀπορεῖ, ἠπανία ἀπορία, ἠπεροπεύς
'swindler'; Verbalst. ἀπ- in ἀπάτη 'deception' (*apn̥tā), redupl. Present ἰάπτω 'damage'.
Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b-
References: Kuiper Gl. 21, 282 f.
Page(s): 23
Root / lemma: alb

al hi-
Meaning: `barley'
Note:
al hi- : `barley' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o
Root / lemma: alb ʷ(h)o-,
eregʷ(h)o-
ʷ(h)o- : `pea' [common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b-].
erogʷ(h)o
erogʷ(h)o-
Material: Gr. ἄλφι, ἄλφιτον ` barley, pearl barley, barley flour ', lakon. ἀλίφατα ἄλφιτα ἤ
ἄλευρα Hes. (with gradual growth vowel ι; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in ἄλφι : ἄλφατα from which
by intersection with ἄλφι then ἄλφιτ-α, -ον - sees a relation as between Old Indic ásth-i :
asth-n-áḥ, what would guarante older proto Indo Germanic of the word); alb. elp (elbi)
`barley' (N. Pl. *albhī-). Iran. *arbhi- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921)
S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc arba 'barley'.
relationship to *albh- ` white ' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 Old Norse
From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:
Protoform: *àrp`á
Meaning: `barley, millet'
Turkic protoform: *arpa
Mongolian protoform: *arbaj
Tungus protoform: *arpa
Japanese protoform: *àpá
Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. АПиПЯЯ 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a
Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, Щербак 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared
with Proto-Iran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. alphi), cf. East Iranian forms going back to
*arpasyā- (or *arbasyā) (Стеблин-Каменский 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the
final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in
favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.
References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann
Gl. 17, 253.
Page(s): 29
al ho- (*ḫel-bho-)
Root / lemma: alb
Meaning: `white'
Note:
al ho- (*ḫelbho-):: `white' derived from Root / lemma: el-
Root / lemma: alb el-1, ol-
ol-, el- : red, brown
(in names of trees and animals) extended in -bho- formant, see gr. ἔλαφος m. f. ` stag
(white spotted) '.
Material:
Gr. ἀλφός ` white rash ', ἀλφούς λευκούς Hes. (also ἀλωφός λευκός Hes., s. below), FlN
᾽Αλφειός;
Latin albus ` white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig.,
fortunate ', Umbrian alfu ` white ', Oscan Alafaternum Alafaternum ` Alfaternorum ', prälig.
Alafis ` Albius ' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Oscan-Umbrian
root alf-, as Latin alb-, s. Schulze Latin Eig. 119 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Latin albus also
must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus `
whitefish ', albarus ` white poplar ', albūcus ` asphodel plant ' etc.;
cymr. elfydd m. ` earth, world ' from *albíi̯o- (compare Old Church Slavic světъ ` light,
world ');
Old High German albiz, elbiz, Old English aelbitu, ielfetu, Old Norse elptr, ǫlpt f.
(Germanic *alƀ-it-, -ut-) `swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 467,
Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebedь, russ.
lebedь lebjadь, in the ablaut to poln. ɫabędź, serb. lȁbud, Czech labud' ` swan ' (proto
Slavic *olb-edь, -ędь, -ǫdь, compare to the latter suffix form Lithuanian bal-añdis ` pigeon,
dove ', actually ` white '; see Meillet Et. 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schulze SBprAk. 1910, 800 =
Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebedá, poln. lebioda, ɫoboda ` atriplex,
goosefoot ', Lidén Stud. 97); Dutch alft, elft `whitefish' (formally = Old High German etc
albiz `swan'; to loanword from Latin albula `whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are
against, Middle High German albel `whitefish', Modern High German Albe, Low German
alf, albe `whitefish'), compare Latin alburnus à white fish, bleak' ds .;
Modern High German Dialectal Albums ` hard sand under the fertile earth ', Swedish
Dialectal alf ds .;
probably also Old Norse alfr, Old English ælf, engl. elf (from which Modern High
German Elf m., Elfe f. borrowed), Middle Low German alf ` Аlp, grand, evil spirit ', Middle
High German Modern High German Alp, Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish
nebulous figures '), as well as Old High German alba ` insect larva, locusta quae nondum
volavit ', Dutch elften f. Pl. ` cock chafer grubs ', Norwegian alma ds. (m from the Gen. Pl.
*albna, from which *almna).
Note:
Note
The Illyrian TN Albanoi is the plural form Middle High German Modern High German Alp,
Pl. the Alben (originally probably ` whitish nebulous figures ') a primitive Indo European
people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.
Arbën `name of alb. during Middle Ages'
see to these Germanic words esp. Falk-Torp under aame (4, 1428), al (19, 1431), alv (22,
1431), elv I (188 f., 1454), emd (189, 1454); as ` white water ' also the name of Elbe (Latin
Albis, Albia, from Germanic *Alƀī, Gen. Alƀiōz =), Old Norse elfr ` river ' and river name (in
addition probably also Middle Low German elve ` riverbed '), compare gall. FlN Albis, Albā
(now Aube; contrast Dubis, Dubā, i.e. ` black, deep water '), Latin Albula, gr. ᾽Αλφειός (see
esp. Schulze SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).
Note: common gr. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b-
In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like

gall.-Latin Albiōn, Middle Irish Albbu, Gen. Albban (stem *Alb-i̯en-) `Britain' (to cymr. elfydd
or from the white chalk rocks), Latin Alpēs, ῎Αλπεις (high mountains?) and in Italian,
Ligurian and Celtic areas frequent local name like Alba, Albium likewise below go back or,
however, are not Indo Germanic derivation of the concept ` white ' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148,
ZrP. 56, 179 f.).
Armenian aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ', barely for *alabh-n- (Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ.
38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *alb *al hi- ` barley ' s. d.
*al hi- *alb
Maybe here belongs Hittite al-pa-áš (alpas) ` cloud ' in spite of Couvreur (H ̯ 106, 149)
here.
To the ablaut: beside *albho-s seems to be two-syllable root form in gr. ἀλωφός (also
ἐλεφιτίς?) and Armenian aɫauni, and in addition tuned Slavic intonation (serb. lȁbūd), s.
Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.
This additional -bho- one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. Latin galbus
Lithuanian raĩbas ìn different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside raĩnas; Brugmann Grdr.
II2 1, 388 f), *albhos is obtainable in monosyllabic root *al- and on the other hand ἀλωφός
is possible according to Brugmann aaO.
to Lithuanian al̃vas ` tin ' (` white metal '), Old Prussian alwis `lead, plumbum', russ. ólovo
`tin' (from Indo Germanic *alǝu̯o-? Baltic correspondences are borrowed according to
Niedermann from the Slavic) stand in a similar relation, as gr. κορω-νός to Latin curv-us
`crooked, curved, bent', Old Indic palā-la-ḥ (: palāv-aḥ) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go
back to a word root *alō[u]-: *alǝu-: *alu- (in Armenian aɫawni and Slavic words);
Note:
From Baltic - Slavic the notion for `white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic
family:
Protoform: *ni̯ā̀lpá
Meaning: `tin, lead'
Tungus protoform: *ńālban
Tungus
Japanese protoform: *nàmári
Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8).
Jpn. *nàmá-ri < *nàpan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.
Earlier:
Protoform: *ălpa
Meaning: ùnable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'
Turkic protoform: *ălp-
Mongolian protoform: *alba-n
Tungus protoform: *alba-
Korean protoform: *àrphằ-
Japanese protoform: *apar-
Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
gr. ἐλεφιτίς is sufficient by the reshuffle to which animal names and plant names are
exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-bh-;
here as ` the shining one ' gall. alausa ` European shad, twaite shad ' (French alose,
span. alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FlN Alaunos (nengl. Aln),
cymr. PN Alun as well as Armenian aɫauni ` pigeon, dove ' from *alǝu-n-.
A stem form ali- ` white ' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because Hittite ali-
` white ' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H̯ 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. ἀλίφαλος,
ἀλίφατα, ἄλiξ are to be explained differently.
Here, however, probably (as a ` pale yellow plant ') hisp.-Latin ala èlecampane ' (Isid.),
span.-portug. ala ds., furthermore with -nt-suffix Old High German alant ds., with it
etymological identically the fish name Old High German alunt (newer alant), Old Saxon
alund `whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) Old Icelandic - ǫlunn à fish', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),Indo Germanic basic form *al-n̥t-/*al-ont-. The
original meaning of alis probably`white, shining', hence, then also `pale yellow' etc.
A precise separation of the meanings of al- and elis not always possible, which is why
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al-
as el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 114) the color root ar- (see
below areĝ-
areĝ-), er-
er .
References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.

References:
Page(s): 30-31
Root / lemma: ald

al h-
Meaning: `trough'
Material: Old Norse alda f. ` wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare '; Norwegian dial. olda f.
'trough'; Swedish dial. ålla ` deep cavity '. compare Old English ealdoÞ, aldot, aldaht `
trough, tub, container ', Modern High German Bavarian alden ` field furrow'.
In addition Balto-Slavic *aldii̯ā- in Church Slavic ladiji, alъdiji f. ` small boat ', Lithuanian
aldijà, eldijà f. ` river small boat ', also Lithuanian eldijė̃lė ` smoking frying pan'.
Norwegian lodje ` Russian vessel, boat ', Swedish lodja, Middle Low German lod(d)ie,
loddige are borrowed from russ. ɫodьjá (= asl. ladiji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789
underòlde').
References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.
Page(s): 31-32
Root / lemma: aleq-

aleq-
Meaning: `to hit back, shoot'
Material: Old Indic rákṣ̌ati ` defended, protected, preserved ', Armenian aracel ` graze,
protect, watch, guard ' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. ἀλέξω ` prevent, protect, fight off ' (so-
present; rakṣ̌ati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning
root areq-
areq-), ᾽Αλέκτωρ, ᾽Αλεκτρυών the epic proper names, after becoming known as the
cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Fick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ.
33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); ἀλαλκεῖν ' defend, refuse, fend ', ἀλκάθω ` defends, helps ',
ἄλκαρ ` Protection, defense, help ', ἔπαλξις ` Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the
walls; help ' (*αλκ-τι-ς), ἀλκή ` defense, help ' and ` thickness, strength ' (latter meaning,
although in itself from ` vigorous defense ' understandable, maybe by flowing together with
another, Middle Persian ark ` work, effort, trouble ' to suitable words, see Bartholomae
Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); ἀλκὶ πεποιθώς Hom.; ἄλκιμος ` strong, hard, potent; from
weapons: ` resistable, suited to the fight ';
Old English ealgian ` protect, defend ' (*algōjan); Gothic alhs (f., conservative stem) `
temple ', Old English ealh, Old Saxon alah m. ds., Proto Norse-Runic aluh ` amulet' (?),
Old Lithuanian elkas, al̃kas m. ` holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early
victims ', Latvian èlks m. 'Idol, god' (Germanic and Baltic words originally ` holier, seclusive
or the usufruct deprived grove ');
Tocharian В alāsk `remove'.
See also: S. similar root areq-
areq-` close, protect '.
Page(s): 32
algh- (*ḫelgh-)
Root / lemma: algh-
Meaning: `frost, cold'
Material:
Latin algor ` frost, cold ', algeō, -ēre ` freeze, to be cold ', belong algidus `cold' according to
Lidén, studies z. Old Indic and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to Old Icelandic Gen. Sg. elgiar,
nisl. elgur m. ` snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow '. Germanic s-stem *alʒiz-
disguised itself with Latin algor, Indo Germanic *alghes-.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Aryan under Arm. Stud. 126.
Page(s): 32
Root / lemma: algʷh

algʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: `to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'
Material: Old Indic árhati ` is worth, earns, is obliged, debit, ', arghá-ḥ ` value, validity, price
' (=osset. arɣ ` price, value '), Avestan arǝjaiti ` is worth, amounts for value ' (npers.
arzīdan ` earn '), arǝjah- (es- stem) n. ` value, price '.
maybe alb. (*árhati) argat ` worker, serf ', argëtoj ` entertain, reward, please, become lazy
', argomë `barren, unproductive'.
Gr. ἀλφή àcquisition, purchase ' = Lithuanian algà, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. ālgas ` wage
', gr. ἀλφάνω, ἀλφεῖν ` profit, earn ' (ἀλφεῖν = Old Indic árhati, but by the more complete
present ἀλφάνω in the validity embedded as an Aorist), ἀλφεσίβοιος ` cattle earned '. Note:
common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indic arjati ` acquires, earns, fetches

'.

Page(s): 32-33
Root / lemma: al-

al-1, ol-
ol-
Meaning: `besides; other'
Note:
Root / lemma: al- ol- : `besides; other' derived from Root / lemma: alā : interjection.
al-1, ol-
Material: Latin uls ` beyond ', *ulter, -tra, -trum ` ulterior, situated beyond ' (ultrō, ultra),
compounds ulterior, Sup. ultimus = Oscan últiumam ` the utmost, extreme, the highest,
first, greatest, lowest, meanest ';
Maybe alb. ultë, ulët `low', ul `to low, sit below' : Latin ulterior -ius `compar. as from ulter,
farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.
Old Latin ollus ` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with
hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)' (*ol-no-s, compare below Irish ind-oll and Slavic
*olnī), newer olle, ollī `then, next', ollīc ' he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there ';
lengthened grade ōlim ìn the distant past, once' (probably after im, exim reshaped and
with Old Indic par-āri ` third-last year ' [compare πέρ-υσι] to be equated *ōli, Lok. adverb,
also the glosses olitana `the aged, old, ancient, of long standing ', olitinata ` old, inveterate,
ancient, former, of old times ' can reject - ō or ŏ? - ), Umbrian ulo, ulu ` that, that yonder,
that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, he, she, it yonder,
that '; influenced by is, iste etc. the cognates ollus, olle would be uncolored to ille `that, that
yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former,
(sometimes the latter)'.
Slavic *olnī (Indo Germanic *oln-ei) = Old Church Slavic lani, Czech loni, poln. loni ` in
the last summer, last year ' (` that year ', compare Latin ollī àt that time, then').
The meaning from Irish alltar, allaid (see below) also allows that the relationship of Old
Indic áraṇa- ` far, strange ' (= Avestan auruna- `wild'?), árād 'from a distance', ārḗ ` far '
seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indic arí ` of strangers, stranger ', ar(i)yá- `
suitable, proper to the stranger ' (compare Old High German eli-lenti ` foreign land '), then
Subst. ` hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man ', in addition ā́r(i)ya- ` to ar(i)yá- , suitable,
hospitable ', hence, VN ' Arier = Aryan', āryaka- ` venerable man ', aryamáṇ- n. `
Hospitality ', m. ` Guest's friend ';
maybe Arrianes Illyrian TN.
Avestan airyō (= ārya), Old pers. āriya (= ariya), ` Aryan ', Avestan airyaman ` guest, friend
', npers. ērmān ` guest ', in addition sarmat. VN ᾽Αλανοί (osset. *alan), osset. ir Òssete',
iron Òssetic' ` Ossetic ' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d.
Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);
Old Irish aire (*arios) and airech ` nobleman, of noble people, suitor ' can belong to
preposition air- ` in front of ', thus ` standing in the first place ', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354);
mythical Irish ancestor Е́remón is scholar neologism to Ériu ` Ireland '. see below ari̯o- `
lord, god, master '.
---------------------
*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. ἐρι-( reduced
grade ἀρι-), e.g. ἀρί-γνωτος ` easily (the stranger) recognizable ', Old Indic arí- etc surely
must lead back to Indo Germanic *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indic sūrí- ` master,
ruler, lord' as su-ri- ` hospitable ' and ri-śā́das ` worry for sustaining the stranger '.
----------------------
Old Irish oll Adj. ` honorable, large, extensive ', actually ` above (the ordinary) going out '
(formally = Latin ollus, Indo Germanic *olnos), compounds (h)uilliu ` farther, more ', Adv.
ind-oll ` ultra, extreme ', from which maybe also innonn, innunn ` over, beyond ' (with
assimilation in collaboration with inonn ` the same, identical'; (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),
Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e ` in addition, but ', actually `
on the other side (and) therefrom on this side '; ol-foirbthe ' pluperfect, past perfect ', oldāu,
oldaas ` when I, when he ', actually ` about (the) outside, what I am, what he is ', inaill '
certain, sure ', actually ` situated on the other side ' (of it inoillus ' confidence, security';
inuilligud 'protection, safety'; with ol(l) ` ultra, beyond ' maybe corresponds ol ` says ' as `
ultra, beyond, further ', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction ol `
because, sice ' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. ol `
footprint '.
Besides with a: Old Irish al (with Akk.) ` on the other side, over - beyond ' (simplification
from *all in the pretone), Adv. tall (*to-al-nā) ` on the other side, there ', anall ` from on the
other side, from there, over here ', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer
alla ` beyond, on the other side ' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the
prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f.,
thus not from without ending Indo Germanic *ol or *al); derivatives: alltar ` the world of the
dead, the other world, hereafter ', also from ` to savage areas situated on the other side ',
alltarach ` otherworld, ulterior, thithertho '.
Gall. alla ` another, other, different ', allos `second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Allo-
broges = mcymr. all-fro ` exiled, ostracized, banished' (to bro 'land'), all-tud ` foreigner ',
acymr. allann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), ncymr. allan ' outdoors, outside '; Old Irish all-
slige ` the second cutting out '.
Gothic alls, Old Icelandic allr, Old English eall, Old High German all 'all', besides in the
compound Germanic ala- (without -no-suffix) in Old Germanic matron's names Ala-teivia,
Ala-gabiae etc, Gothic ala-mans ` all people, humanity ', Old High German ala-wāri ` totally
true ' (Modern High German albern); compare Old Irish oll-athair (epithet of Irish God's
father Dagdae ` the good God ') = Old Norse al-fǫðr (epithet of Odin), ' all father '.
Latin alers, allers ` taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever,

shrewd, skilful ' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout Él. dial. Latin 104 from *ad-ers,
*allers (contrast to iners).
From an adverb *ali ` there, in a specific place, in each case ' (differently Debrunner
REtIE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:
ali̯os
os ` other ':
Armenian ail ` other ';
gr. ἄλλος òther' (Cypriot αἴλος), n. ἄλλο, compare ἀλλοδ-απός ` from elsewhere, from
another place, strange ' (= Latin aliud, forms as in Latin longinquus `far removed, far off,
remote, distant'), in addition ἀλλήλων etc ` each other', ἀλλάττω ` makes different, changes
', ἀλλαγή ` variation, change, exchange, trade ': ἀλλότριος ` becoming another, strange ',
from Old Indic anyátra `somewhere else' corresponding adverb;
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër òther' [common alb. n > nt > t] : Old Indic anyátra
`somewhere else'.
Latin alius = Oscan allo òther things', n. aliud = gr. ἄλλο, in addition from the adverb ali:
aliēnus 'strange' (from *ali-i̯es-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi etc; Comparative alter, -era, -erum `
one from two ' = Oscan alttram 'alteram' (from *aliteros-), by Plautus also altro-; in
altrinsecus, altrōvorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also
alterāre, adulter, alternus, altercāri;
gall. alios (Loth RC. 41, 35), Old Irish aile (*ali̯os), n. aill (from adverbial all from *al-nā;
palat. l comes from aile), cymr. ail, bret. eil (from *eliüs, Comparative *alii̯ōs), doubled Old
Irish alaile, araile, n. alaill, araill, mcymr. etc arall, Pl. ereill (ll from the adverb all);
Gothic aljis òther', but only in compositions, as Old Saxon eli-lendi n. ` foreign land ',
Old High German eli-lenti ds. = Modern High German ' woefulness ', Gothic alja-leikō `
other, different ', Old Icelandic elligar, ellar, Old English ellicor, elcor ` other, otherwise, ',
Old High German elichōr ` further ', and in adverbs, like Old English elles, engl. else `
other, different ', Old Norse alla ` otherwise ' etc.; a comparative formation *alira is Old
English elra ` other ';
Tocharian A ālya-kǝ, В alye-kǝ `ἄλλος τις' (*ali̯e-kǝ, Pedersen Groupement 26,

Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A ā̆lakǝ ` other ', ālamǝ ` each
other', В āläm ` somewhere else', aletste 'strangers';
ostiran. etc hal-ci ` any (thing) available, etc '.
References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.
About the sound change from *ani̯os to *ali̯os see Debrunner REtIE. 3, 1 ff., about
angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.
See also: About ani̯os s. under S. 37 (an2

an2).
an2
Page(s): 24-26
Root / lemma: al-

al-2
Meaning: `to grow; to bear'
Material: Old Indic an-ala- ` fire ' (' the glutton ', W. Schulze KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);
gr. νεᾱλής ` cheerful, strong ' (νέος + al-; about φυταλιή see below);
Latin alō, -ere, -ul, -itum ` to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up '; alēscere ` grow up,
prosper ', coalēscere 'grow together', adolēscere 'grow up' (adultus ' grown up, adult,
mature '), abolēscere ' to perish ' (in addition appears aboleō, -ēre ` destroy, exterminate '
as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augēscō : (ad)augeō, esp., however,
after synonymous dēlēvī, dēleō;
the reminiscence in ὄλλυμι, ἀπόλλυμι would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Latin
indolēs ` native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents ', subolēs ` a
sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny ', prōles (*pro-olēs) ` offspring, descendants, posterity;
the young men of a race; of plants, fruit ' (of it prōlētārius à citizen of the lowest class,
serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with o from a before dark l, not
with Indo Germanic o- ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); alimentum `food, nourishment',
alimōnia,-ium ` food, maintenance ';
Old Irish alim `be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. alu, Middle Breton halaff, nbret.
ala `bear, give birth to', cymr. al f. àct of giving birth, progeny, people', alaf m. `wealth' =
Old Irish alam f. `herd', of it almae ds .;
Gothic Old English alan (ōl) ` grow up ' (intr. like Latin adoleō), Old Icelandic ala (ōl) ` be
nourishing, produce ', Gothic aliÞs ` fattened ' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan = Norwegian
dial. elja); Old Icelandic elskr ` inspired by love ', elska `love' (see to the meaning-
development Falk-Torp below elske).
With t- formant:
Gr. ἄν-αλτος ìnsatiable, gluttonous'; ῎Αλτις, ἄλσος (*αλτι̯-ος) n. ` holy grove ', Latin altus
`high' (i.e. `large-scale grown'), Middle Irish old `height; shores, coast', cymr. allt `side of a
hill, wooded hills', acorn. as, bret. aot, aod 'coast', Old Saxon ald, Old High German (etc.)
alt òld' (actually' grown tall '), Old High German altôn `put off, delay' (`make old');
maybe alb. geg (*n'alt ) nalt `high' > alb. Tosc (*nalt, lant) lart `high' [n/l allophones].
*alti also in Gothic alds f. ` period, lifetime ', Old English ield ` period, lifetime, age, old age
' (Pl. ielde, Old Saxon eldi `people, humans'), Old Norseǫld f. `time, age, Pl. people'; *alti̯o
in Oscan altinúm, thus ` food, provisions, aliment ' = Latin *altiōnum; Old Irish comaltae `
foster brother ' = mcymr. cyfeillt `serf, slave', ncymr. cyfaill `friend' (*komal-ti̯os), mcymr.
eillt (*alti̯os) `pupil, hero', Old Irish inailt (*eni-altī) ` servant ', Gothic alÞeis (*alti̯os) ` old ' =
Old Irish alt(a)e ` brought up ';
*altro- in Old Irish altram ` food ', altru `nursing father' (cymr. athraw `teacher' etc., see
Pedersen KG. I 137); Old Norse aldr m. (Gen. aldrs) àge, lifetime, old age', Old English
ealdor `life', Old Saxon aldar, Old High German altar òld age, age'.
With m- formant:
Gr. ἄλμα n. `grove', φυτάλμιος epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also Φυτάλιος, name of
Poseidon in isthmian Troy, Φύταλος, for what hom. φυταλιή `tree nursery' as an abstract
noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); Latin almus `nourishing, feeding (ager), blessing-donating,
sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FlN thrak. Almus, Illyrian (?) Almō (Rom), Almā
(Etruria), abrit. *Almā, engl. Yealm.
mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- `poison'.
obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-

al-2 : ` to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root /
el-3 : ol-
lemma: el- ol-: `to rot, poison'.
Maybe Illyrian Amalthea `the goat that nourished Zeus'.
Tocharian А ālym- ` life, mind '.
d- extensions: Old Indic íḍ-, íḍā ` refreshment, donation, oblation, gift '; gr. ἀλδαίνω `
allows to grow, strengthens ', ἀλδήσκω 'grows', ἀναλδής ` not thriving; growth restraining ',
ἄλδομαι ` brings forth, produce, create ' (καρπούς).
Maybe alb. Geg ardh- [dh- extension as in satem languages] `come, (*climax), be born',
ardhuna Pl. `yields, profits'.
dh- extensions: Old Indic r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati `prospers, succeeds, does
succeed, manages', Avestan arǝdat̃ ` he allows to prosper ', ǝrǝdāt- ` cause prospering ',
Old Indic árdhuka- ` thriving ' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);
gr. ἀλθαίνω, ἄλθω `heals', ἄλθομαι ` grows, heals '; Old Swedish alda ` fruit-carrying oak ',
Old Icelandic aldin ` tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) '.
References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.

Page(s): 26-27
Root / lemma: al-

al-4
Meaning: `to burn'
Material: Old Indic alātam n. ` fire, blaze, coal ' (also úlmukam `fire'); Latin adoleō ` to
worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell ',
adolēscō, -ere ` flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or
perhaps to burn ' (o from a as in etymological-different adolēscere ` to grow up, come to
maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn ' to alō, see below *al-
*al-2 `grow'), altāre `fire
altar' (with difficult o ablaut Umbrian uṙetu ` toward turning to vapor ');
New Swedish ala ` blaze, flame ' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lithuanian);
but in question gr. ἀλάβη ἄνθρακες Hes.; view also from Latin alacer `quick, lively,
animated', Gothic aljan n. `zeal' etc. was possible as ` igneous, quick-tempered '
(Johansson aaO.); about Old English ǣlan ` burn ' see *aid
*ai h-.
Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, Middle Irish alad ` multicolored, dappled, striped '
(if originally 'burnt') = nir. aladh `trout' (alā̆to-).
Maybe alb. alle `red color'.
References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.

Page(s): 28
al-5 (*hel-)
Root / lemma: al-
Meaning: `to grind'
Material: Old Indic áṇu- ` fine, thin, very small ' (*al-nu-), Hindi and Bengali āṭā ` flour '
(below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125).
Avestan aša (*arta-) ` crushed, ground' (Hübschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9,
178 A. 1).
Armenian aɫam ` grinds', aɫauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ', aleur- ` flour ' (in spite of l instead of ɫ
not borrowed from ἄλευρον, Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aɫaxin ` servant ', aɫij ` young
girl ' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).
Note:
The inanimate suffix -ur

ur : Armenian aɫauri (*alatrio-) ` mill ' : Ἰλλῠ
ur- ριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρί
υρία
, ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρ
υρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of
υρικό
Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υρίζω , speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστ
υρί υριστί.
υριστί
Gr. ἀλε: ἀλέω ` grinds, crushes ' *, ἀλέται λίθοι ` millstone, grindstone ', ἄλετος and
ἀλετός ` the milling, the grinding ', ἀλετών `mill', ἀλετρεύω `grind', ἄλε[F]αρ, Pl. ἀλείατα
(stretched from ἀλέατα; Schulze Qunder ep. 225) `flour' (from it contracted *ἀλῆτα called
out of the new sg. ἄλητον ἄλευρον Hes.; ἀλητο-ειδής Hippokr., ἀλήτων ἀλεύρων Rhinthon),
ἄλευρον (*ἀλε-Fρ-ον) ` wheat flour', ἀλῑνός ` flimsy ' ( ` pulverized, crushed, ground'), ἄλιξ
` miller who grinds the spelt, wheat ' (from it Latin alica `spelt, or a drink prepared from
spelt' ds).
----------------
*) Also ἔλυμος `millet', ὄλυρα `spelt', οὐλαί, Attic ὀλαί `ground coarse grain' (*ολF-, not
after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *αλF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then
word root would be *el-, *ol-, *el-).

Page(s): 28-29
Root / lemma: alp-

alp-
Meaning: `small, weak'
Material: Old Indic álpa-, alpaka- small, slight, flimsy ' (alpēna, alpāt ` light, fast '); to unite
heavily in the definition with Lithuanian alpstù, alpaũ, al̃pti ` become unconscious ', alpùs `
weak ', Latvian el̃pe ` taking air, breath ', alpa ̀ ` one time, time, moment in time '.
apposition also from hom. ἀλαπαδνός (from Aeschylos λαπαδνός) 'weak', ἀλαπάζω `
exhaust, make tired, weaken; drain, empty '.
Zero grade in (under the influence of Illyrian) Attic λαπάζω ' despoil, pillage', λαπάττω `
empty (the body) ' is doubtful because of their to two-syllables root words compared with
the light ones Old Indic and Lithuanian words; also they suit, as well as to them, added to
λαπαρός ` slender, thin, having hollow body ', λαπάρα ` flank, swell of the body in the hip ',
λάπαθος ` cavity, pit ', λάπαθος ` sorrel, rumex ' in the meaning colouring (èmpty, sunken,
shrunken '). Quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps ` be tired of, sick of,
bored with '.
Maybe in e- grade alb. lëpjetë ` sorrel, rumex ' : gr. λάπαθος` sorrel, rumex '.
Maybe Latin lapso -are `to slip, stumble'.
On account of here Hittite al-pa-an-da- (alpant-) ìll, weak, small, flimsy'?
Proto-Altaic: *ălpa
Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms
Turkic: *ălp-
Mongolian: *alba-n
Tungus-Manchu: *alba-
Korean: *àrphằ-
Japanese: *apar-
Comments: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
Proto-Kartvelian: *ɣalp-
English meaning: weak
Georgian: Gur. ɣalp-
References: WP. I 92, Couvreur Ḫ 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 158.
Page(s): 33
alu- (--d-, -t-)

Root / lemma: alu-
Meaning: `bitter; beer'
Material: Gr. ἀλύδ(ο)ιμον πικρὸν παρὰ Σώφρονι Hes., ἀλυδμαίνειν [πικραίνειν?] Hes. (see,
however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); Latin alūta ` soft leather; a shoe,
purse or patch, beauty patch ' and alūmen ` alum ' are simply extensions from *alu-.
The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition ` beer, mead ' (compared to the
meaning difference Church Slavic kvasъ ` alum, beer '); in. ǫl n. ` Beer, carousal ', ǫldr n.
'Carousal' (*aluÞra-), Old English ealu(đ) n. `beer', Old Saxon in alo-fat, Middle High
German in al-schaf ` drinking vessel';
maybe alb. alle `red (color of beer?) '
hence from Root / lemma: al-
al-2 : (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root / lemma: alu-
alu- (--
d-, -t-):: (bitter; beer).
From it borrows Old Prussian alu n. `Mead', Lithuanian alùs (m. become as medùs =
Prussian meddo n .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic olъ (m. become like medъ)
` beer '. is also borrowed by Finnish olut ` Beer ' from Germanic

Page(s): 33-34
am hi, m̥bhi
Root / lemma: amb
Meaning: àround, from both sides'
Material: Armenian amboɫj ` entirely, unscathed ' (to oɫj ` healthy '), gr. ἀμφί ` around '
(ἀμφί-ς ` to both sides ', with the same adverbial -s as z. В. ἄψ, λικριφίς, s.Brugmann Grdr.
II2 2, 737);
Latin amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigō), am-, an- (before consonant, e.g. amputō, amiciō
from *am[bi]jaciō) inseparable prefix ` round about, around, all around ', Old Latin also
preposition am ` around ' m. Akk. (ambi - for the purposes of `both' also anceps which is
against late formation it points to ambō), Umbrian amb- (amboltu), a- (a-ferum ` to carry
round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by
carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp.to spread news '), an- (an-
ferener ` bearing round '), Oscan amvíannud ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution,
detour ', amnúd ` a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive,
inducement, occasion, opportunity ' (barely *amb-beno- : veniō, however no- derivation, s.
v. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension after praeter-eō, intereō (see v. Planta II 455, WH.
I 36); Umbrian ampretu, ambretuto ` ambit, circuit', maybe also Oscan amfret ` flanked '
(rather to Schulze KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent `they bear
round, περιάγουσι';
not Latin trails of the same -er- extension in amfrāctus ` a turning, a bend. Transf., legal
intricacies, circumlocution, digression ', rather from am-frāctus); about PN Amiternum s.
Schulze Latin Eig. 541;
with ti- extension (after pos-t, per-t, Buck Elementarbuch 65) Oscan ampt ` around ' (as
Umbrian ambr- at first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-); alb. mbi, mbɛ `
over, by, on, in ' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).
m̥bhi: Old Indic abhí-taḥ, Avestan aiwito ` to both sides, ringed ' (about Avestan aibiš,
Old pers. abiš more debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19,
Beiheft S. 106; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ἀμφίς?);
Old Indic abhí is possible the meaning ` around, circum ', Old pers. abiy, Avestan aibī, aiwi
in the meaning ` about, in regard to, from ' from derived *m̥bhi or Indo Germanic *obhi or
continuing in *ebhi ; gall. ambi- ` around, circum ' (e.g. ᾽Αμβί-δραυοι ` living on river Dravos
'),
cymr. am- (through i- umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-, Old Irish imb-, imm- àround';
Old High German Old Saxon umbi, Old Icelandic umb, Old English ymb, ymbe ` around '
(absorbed in Gothic from bi ).
bhi: Gothic bi in meaning àround', with final sound extension in stressed position Old
Saxon Old English be-, bī-, Old High German bi-, bī-, Modern High German bei (about
dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II ` space, period ', 73 and 1437
under billede ` image ').
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ambhe) mbë àt, in', (*ambhi) mbi òn upon'.
Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bil II ` space, period ', 73 and 1,437 under billede `picture').
amb ō(u ` both ':

am hō(u)
Gr. ἄμφω ` both ' (derivative ἀμφότερος ` each or both of two '); Latin ambō, -ae, -ō `
both ';
Maybe gr. ἀμφιφορεύς ` a large jar with two handles ' maybe Illyrian shortened ἀμφορεύς
[shortened for ἀμφιφορεύς,] I. an amphora, jar, urn, Hdt., etc.
Proto-IE: *ab-, *amb-

Proto-
Meaning: a k. of vessel
Old Indic: ambarī́ṣa- m.n. 'frying-pan'
Lithuanian: ãbrina-s, dial. ãbrē ' butter can, butter pot '
Lettish: abra, abris ' kneading trough '
Lettish:
Old Prussian: aboros ' laceration ' Voc. 228
Latin: obba, -ae f. ' a vessel large at the bottom '

Celtic: Ir uibne ' small drinking vessel'
References: Fraenkel s.v. ãbrinas
Old Indic ubhāu ` both ', Avestan uwa- ds.; Lithuanian abù, Old Church Slavic oba
ds.; Gothic bai m., ba n., Gen. *baddjē (bajōÞs, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. II2 2,
77; different - in the outcome to Latin nostrātes - òf our country, native' Fick III4 255), Old
Saxon bē thie, Old English bā, Þā, engl. both, Old High German beide, bēde, Old Norse
bāðer, Gen. beggja ` both ' (: Gothic *baddjē < bai̯iē
̯ ); Tocharian A āmpi, āmpe, В ant-api.
From these would be regarded Old Indic ubhāu, Avestan uwa yet as composition with u-
` two ' (Latin uīgintī); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the Aryan forms as
caused by the labial evaporation *abhāu = *m̥bhōu with reference to Old Indic Kubera-ḥ
from *Kabēraḥ (compare patronymic Kāberaka-ḥ; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lithuanian
abù, Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time,
as preposition *ambhi ` around ' was given up in favour of *obhi (ab. obъ, s. Latin ob `with
acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of').
The relation *ambhō (u), *ambhi: Gothic etc. bai, bi lets it be dubious barely that am-
(maybe from an-
an-4) is the first composition part, the second part is Indo Germanic *bhōu
`both'.
References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f., Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.
Page(s): 34-35
ames- or omes-
Root / lemma: ames- omes-
Meaning: `blackbird'
Note: (: mes- : ams- or *oms-)?
Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in Old High German
amusla, amsala, Old English ōsle ` blackbird ', full grade the second syllable in Latin
(*meisula) merula ` a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp ' (Kluge EWb.12 s. v.) and cymr.
mwyalch, acorn. moelh, bret. moualc'h `blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalkā or
*misalkā after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about Irish smōl, smōlach
`thrush').
Maybe through metathesis Welsh mwyalchen `blackbird', Irish smōl, smōlach `thrush' : alb.
mëllenjë `blackbird'.
Differently - because of Indo Germanic meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare2 367,
3II 140, Fick II4 205: merula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalkā, finally, with -
oi- Old High German *meisa, Old English māse, Old Icelandic meisingr ` titmouse '.
However, it will be covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70
probably more properly in the Adj. *maisa-` small, tiny ' because of Norwegian Dialectal
meis ` thin, frail person ', meiseleg ` thin and weak ', West Flemish mijzen ` crumble ',
mejzel ` a little bit, tiny bits '. The comparison of Latin with British words is most reliable.
References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.

Page(s): 35-36
Root / lemma: amǝ

amǝ-
Meaning: ` move forward energetically '
See also: see below omǝ
omǝ-.
Page(s): 36
Root / lemma: am-

am-1, mē-
mē-
Meaning: `to grab'
Material: Old Indic ámatram n. ` vessel, jug, big drinking bowl ', Armenian aman `vessel',
maybe to Latin ampla (*am-lā) ` handle, handhold ', amplus (*am-los) ` extensive, far,
spacious, considerabe '.

See also: S. under mē-
mē-1.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: am-

am-2, mē-
mē-
Meaning: ` mow '
See also: see below mē-
mē-2 ds.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: and er-, n̥dher-

an her- er-
Meaning: `stem, spike'
Material: Nur griechisch: ἀθήρ ` an ear of corn ', ἀνθέριξ ` stalk point, stalk ', ἀνθέρικος `
Stalk, stem of a plant ', ἀνθερεών ` chin ' as ` bearded, shaggy place ', ἀνθρίσκος ` the
common chervil ', named after his prickly fruit, ἀνθρήνη, ἀνθρηδών ` wasp, forest bee ',
word outcome after τενθρήνη ` corneous ';
τανθρηδών ` wasp ' (here maybe ἄνθρωπος from *ἄνθρο-ωπος ` with bearded face = man
', then ` man, person ', Güntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. X?; compare also Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 4264.
After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *ανδρ-ὡπός, the rough breathing of ὁράω etc
figurative?); from also ἀθάρη (*ἀθαρFᾱ), ἀθήρᾱ ` wheat gruel, Spelt miller ' (von Plin. n. h.
22, 121 however identified as ägypt. word)?

Page(s): 41
Root / lemma: and

an h-, aned
ane h-
Meaning: `to grow, bloom, blossom, young woman, young cow '
Material: Old Indic ándhaḥ n. ` Soma plants '; Armenian and ` field '; gr. ἄνθος n. ` flower,
bloom ', ἀνθέω ` blossoms ', ἄνθηρός (*-es-ro-) ` blossoming ' etc; alb. ënde (*andhōn) `
blossom, flower ', ë̄ndem ` blossoms ' (ë from present *ë̄ from *andhō); Tocharian A ānt, В
ānte ` open space, area '.
Middle Irish ainder, aindir ` young woman ', cymr. anner ` young cow ', Pl. anneirod,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), acymr. enderic ` a bull-calf; also of the young of other
animals ', cymr. enderig ` bull, ox ', bret. ounner (Trég. annouar, Vannes an̄noér) ` heifer,
young cow '; moreover French (l)andier m. ` fire goat, Aries ', also `poppy' (= ` young girl ',
compare Italian madona, fantina `poppy'), further to Basque andere `woman', iber. FN
Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus; maybe Celtic Origin? (*andero- ` blossoming, young '?).
According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. ἀν-ήνοθε ` came out, bubbled out; ', ἐπεν-
ήνοθε ` reside on top of ', κατεν-ήνοθε ' canopied, covered ', etc.
In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *n̥dh:
Old Indic ádhvan m. = Avestan advan m. ` way, road ', for what Old Indic adhvará-ḥ ̣ `
religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony ' (originally ' course of action, way' - `
ceremonious way ') from *n̥dhu̯ero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n̥dhuro-) isl.
ǫndurr m. ` a kind of snow shoe '.
References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.

See also: Here belongs probably: and er-, n̥dher-
an her- er-.
Page(s): 40-41
Root / lemma: and

an ho-
Meaning: `blind, dark'
Material: Old Indic andhá-, Avestan anda- ` blind, dark ', gall. andabata m. ` a gladiator
who fought with a helmet without openings ' (to Celtic loanword Latin battuō ` to beat,
knock ').
Page(s): 41
ǝ)-3 (*ḫenaḫ--)
Root / lemma: an(ǝ)
an(ǝ)-
Meaning: `to breathe'
Note:
ǝ)-3 : `to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root / lemma: anĝhen
Root / lemma: an(ǝ)
an(ǝ)- anĝhen-
hen- :
`smell, odour; person' as in Armenian anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin ` soul, being, person
': Old Norse angi m. ` odour, smell ' : alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj].
Material: Old Indic ániti `breathes' (also thematically ánati), ánila-ḥ ̣ `breath, breeze, wind',
āná-ḥ (maybe `breath' or ` mouth, nose ', āna-nam ` mouth, muzzle, face ' with Indic
Vr̥ddhi; `mouth' as `breath, the breathing '); prāṇiti `breathes';
Avestan ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya ` of the inhaling and exhaling ' (*anti- ` breathing ' with ā and
parā; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about ainiti- `mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.).
Gr. ἄνεμος ` breath, wind ', ἀνήνεμος (with stretch in the compound), νήνεμος `
windless, calm ', ἠvεμόεις ` rich in wind ' (ἠ- metrical stretch), ἀνεμώλιος (` windy ', i.e.:) `
trifling, in vain ' (dissimilated from ἀνεμώνιος, see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about
that probably from *μετ-ανεμώvιoς by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones μεταμώνιος `
in vain, without success '); different Risch 113;
compare Frisk Indog. 15; ἄνται ἄνεμοι ἀντάς πνοιάς Hes. are to change in ἀῆται, ἀήτας.
Maybe here νεᾱνίᾱς ` youth ' as νεFο-αν- ` new wheeze ', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4263;
also ἄσθμα ` breathlessness, suffocation ', aaO. 337.
Latin animus ` mind, soul ', anima ` wind, breath, soul, lives ' (Oscan anamúm ` air, a
current of air, breeze, breath, wind '), of it animal ` living being, animal ', hālō, - āre
`breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-; with phoney h, the sound value described here
attained and also penetrated in an(h)-ēlāre; about latter see *an 4).
4
Old Irish anāl, cymr. anadl `breath', Middle Breton alazn (metathesis), nbret. holan
(*anǝ-tlo-); mcymr. eneit, ncymr. enaid `soul' (*anǝ-tī-), abrit. PN Anate-mōros `
warmhearted, bighearted ';
Old Irish animm, nir. anam `soul', Gen. anman (stem *ana-mon; the i- color of the Nom. sg.
after neutr. -men-stem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with Latin anima f.
`breath, wind, Old Irish Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh.
10 69 f.), corn. eneff, Middle Breton eneff (Pl. anaffon) nbret. anaoun `soul' (umlauted
corn. and bret. forms probably loanword from Latin, see Vendryès De hib. voc. 112 f.,
Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);
in addition Old Irish osnad `sighs' (uss-anad), further (`catch one's breath = rest, relax ')
anaid ` remains, rests, stops ', con-osna ` desist, cease ' (com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen
KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anant Pl. ` bards, poets ', cyn-an in `word, praise ';
Gothic uz-anan (preterit uzōn) èxhale'; with t-formant: Old Norse ǫnd, g. andar f.
`breath, breath of life, life, soul ' (= gr. ἄνται), anda, -aða ` breathe, gasp ' = Old English
ōđian `puff strongly', Old Norse andi m. `breath, mind, soul', Old Frisian omma (*an-ma)
`breath', Old English oroð (*ŭz-anÞ-) `breath' *; maybe here Old High German unst, Old
Icelandic Old English yst f. `storm' from *n̥-sti-;
maybe alb. anda `taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd] : Old Norse anda, -aða `breathe,
gasp'.
---------------------
*) In addition also Old Saxon ando, Old English anđa, anođa èxcitement, rage, sorrow',
Old High German anado, ando, anto ànnoyance, rage', Middle High German ande
`feeling of insult', Old High German anadōn, antōn, Middle High German anden `let out
one's rage', Modern High German avenge under a mid definition `gasp before excitement'
(Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand; Schröder Аbl. 9). About second a from
Old High German anado, Old English anođa see Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.
-----------------------
Old Church Slavic vonja (*ani̯ā) `smell' (vonjati ` scent, smell '), *ǫchati `smell' in Old
Russian uchati etc. (-ch- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection
with s from Latin hālāre `breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-);
Maybe nasalized alb. (*unhati) nuhat, nuhas `scent, smell', huna, hunda ` nose'.
alb. Geg âj, Tosc ēnj Ì swell, impregnate ', Geg âjun `conceited, puffed' kënjem, gnem
ìncense' (*kɛ-(a)nemo- Jokl Stud. 37); (Clearly the initial meaning in alb. Geg âj, Tosc ēnj
Ì swell, impregnate' was `puff with air'.)
Note:
From Root / lemma: an(ǝ)

ǝ)-3 : `to breathe' derived in zero grade Root / lemma: nas-
an(ǝ)- nas-
(*andas):: `nose'.
Tocharian AB āñm- `life, mind', В āñme ìntention', A āñcām (* āntemo-) èxistence,

living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Tocharian 48); also В onolme, wnolme
`living being'?
Armenian holm `wind' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet Lithuanian 6, 3) (see
Lidén Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47, 246). - Old Indic ātmán `soul' rather to Old High
German ātum `breath', see ēt-
ēt-men.
men
Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indic ani-ti, ani-laḥ, Celtic*ana-tlo- etc,
and such like ἄνε-μος, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus Latin *an-slo- >
hālō, Old Norse ǫnd (etc).
References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f., Feist 538.

See also: ansu- antro-.
ansu-, antro-
Page(s): 38-39
ǝt- (*ang
Root / lemma: anǝt
anǝt- angʷh
angʷh-at-)
ʷh-at-
Meaning: `duck'
Material: Old Indic ātí-ḥ ātī f. ` water bird ' (or to Old Icelandic ǣðr, New Swedish åda f. `
eider duck ' from Germanic *ādī- ?);
Other Iranian: Sak āce, āci `water fowl', Osset occ `wild duck', Pamir Wakh. yōč `duck'
Greek: ὠτίς , ίδος, ἡ, ( [οὖς] ) A. bustard, Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al.,
Greek:
Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. οὐτίς, ὀτίς.
Germanic: *ēd-í- c.
Old Norse: ǟđ-r f. ` eider duck '
Old Swedish: äd, ä(r)-fugl
Swedish: ɔda
see Root / lemma: ētī-
ētī- : diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?)
gr. νῆσσα, Boeotian νᾶσσα (*νᾱτι̯ᾱ Old Indic ātí-ḥ) ` duck ';
common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
Note:
The abbreviated Greek form proves the Illyrian origin of the Greek cognates similar to alb.
medicus > mjek ` doctor ' hence Illyrian νᾶσσα ; alb. rosa : Rumanian raþã ` duck '.
Albanian -a feminine ending proves the Illyrian origin.
Latin anas f. (Akk. anatem and anitem: G. Pl. also-tium) `duck', Germanic *anud- and
*anid in Old High German enit, anut, NPl. enti, Old Saxon anad, Old English æned, Old
Icelandic ǫnd, Modern High German 'Duck'; Balto-Slavic * ānt- from *anǝt- in Lithuanian
ántis, Old Prussian antis, proto Slavic *ǫty, serb. ȕtva, Old Russian utovь (Akk.), klr. utjá `
duck'.
Latin anatīna (scil. caro) `duck's meat': Lithuanian antíena ds.
In occidental Romance languages and Illyrian the old laryngeal h2- became initial k-:
French canard, Wallon canard, Wolof kanara, Romagnolo zàcval ` duck'.

The initial k- of occidental Romance languages is present in some Slavic languages as
well:
Czech (*kant-ska) kachna : Slovak kaèica; kaèka : Ukrainian качка kachka : Yiddish
katshke : Polish kaczka `duck'.
Celtic cognates correspond to Basque one:

Venetian arna; anara, Paduan ànara; arna, Italian anatra; anitra, Calabrese anitra, Catalan
ànec, Galician ánade, Spanish ánade, Basque ahate, Breton (*angʷh-at-) houad, Cornish
hos, Welsh (*h
houad-en) hwyaden;
hw chwadan;
chw hwyad,
hw Valencian anet, Bergamasco nèdra,
Bresciano nedra, Reggiano nader; nadra, Greek gr. νῆσσα, Boeotian νᾶσσα, Albanian
(*ratsa) rosa, Furlan (*anrata) raze, Hungarian (*anrata) réce, Irish (*anracha) lacha,
Romanian (*anracha) raþã.
Maybe rhotacism n/r of alb. (*anracha) rosa ` duck ': Rumanian (*anracha) raţă ` duck '
Swedish anka < Finnish ankka `duck' are related to:
Proto-Turkic: *Ăŋ(k)ɨt
Proto-
Meaning: wild duck
Old Turkic: aŋɨt (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: aŋɨt (MK)
Turkish: angut 'огарь', ankɨt (dial.)
Middle Turkic: anqud (Sngl)
Uzbek: anɣirt 'red duck'
Sary-Yughur: aŋɨt
Sary-
Azerbaidzhan: anGut-boGaz 'длинношеий'
Turkmen: aŋk 'red duck'
Khakassian: āt
Karaim: anqɨt, ankit 'ostrich, vulture, dragon'
Kumyk: haŋqut
Page(s): 41-42
Root / lemma: anĝhen

anĝhen-
hen-
Meaning: `smell, odour; person'
Material: Armenian anjn (for older *anj), Gen. anjin ` soul, being, person ' = Old Norse angi
m. ` odour, smell '.
maybe alb. anj `swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj].
References: Lidén Arm. Stud. 38 f., WP. I 58, Meillet Esquisse 77 ff.
Page(s): 43
Root / lemma: anĝh enĝh

anĝh- (*ḫenĝh-)
Meaning: `narrow, *press'
Material: Verbal: Avestan ązaŋhē `to press', lengthened grade Avestan ny-āzata ` she
squeezes herself into her corset ', ny-āzayǝn ` to wedge oneself in ' (with ā = ă; ved.
ahēma possibly ` let us arm = gird on the sword ' is remote to the meaning; anāha RV. 8,
46, 5 is unclear);
Maybe zero grade alb. Geg (*anza-) zanë `to capture, grasp, press', Tosc zë : Avestan
ązaŋhē `to press' [common alb. -ĝh- > -z-].
gr. ἄγχω ` ties up, strangles ', Latin angō ` to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle,
throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious ';
Old Church Slavic as i- verb ǫžǫ, ǫziti ` restrain '; in addition with zero grade very
probable Old Church Slavic vęžǫ, vęzati ` bind ' (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see
Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe becomes steady through influence from viti ` coil, bind, wind'
which may also have influenced meaning?).
anĝhú-s ` narrow ': Old Indic only in aṁhu-bhēdī f. ` narrow lacuna ' and in the Abl. Sg.
anĝhú-
n. aṁhōḥ ` crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction ' (derivative aṁhurá- `
pressed, unhappy '); gr. in ἀμφήν (see below); Latin in angiportus (*angu-portus) ` narrow
alley, a narrow street ';
Gothic aggwus ` narrow ' (at first from *aggus, as manwus from *manus; w comes from the
oblique cases), Old Norse ǫngr, øngr, Old English enge, Old Saxon engi, Old High
German angi, engi ` narrow ', Middle High German bange Adv. (bi + Adv. ango), Modern
High German bange; furthur derivatives with g: Armenian anjuk ` narrow ', mit k Old
Church Slavic ǫzъ-kъ ` narrow '.
Cymr. e(h)ang (*eks-angu-, Indo Germanic *n̥ĝhu-) ` far, wide, extensive ', mcymr.
eingyaw ` be restricted, be contained in ... ', Old Irish cumcae (*kom-ingi̯ā) gl. `
compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble ', fairsing `
far, wide ' (*for-eks-ingi-), cumung (*kom-ingu-, Indo Germanic *n̥ĝhu-) ` narrow ', ing f.
(*n̥ĝhī) ` crowdedness, affliction ', from *kom-angi̯o- cymr. cyfyng, in this way yng (also ing,
Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 110) ` narrow ', Middle Breton encq (*angi̯o-) ` narrow '.
Maybe alb. eng `deaf and dumb (*narrowed)'
anĝhos anĝhes ` oppression, affliction, crowdedness ': Old Indic áṁhas- n. ` Fear,
hos-, anĝhes
anĝhos-
distress, need ' (as well as aṁhatí-ḥ f.), Avestan ązah- ` badgering, need, captivity ', ązō-
jata ` killed by strangulation ': Latin angor m. ` compression of the throat, suffocation; of the
mind, distress, anguish, trouble ', angus-tus ` narrow ' (from *anghos-to-s); angustiae `
narrowness; hence, of space, a strait, narrow place; 'spiritus', shortness of breath; of time,
shortness; of supplies, shortness, poverty; of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of
disposition, narrow-mindedness; of reasoning, subtlety ';
maybe zero grade in alb. (*angus-tus) ngushtë `narrow'.
about Celtic see above; Old Norse angr m. (maybe originally more neutrally es-stem, Fick4
III 12) ` Annoyance, loss, pity, affliction, frustration ', Old Frisian angost, Old High German
angust, Modern High German Angst (from *anghos-ti- changing the vowel after *anghu-);
Old Church Slavic ǫzostъ ` restriction, constriction, limitation, narrowing ';
Lithuanian añkštas ` narrow ' (k- insertion, not guttural change) cannot stand for *anž[a]s-
tas or *anž-tas.
Words for ` nape ' as ` the narrowest place between head and trunk ' ( the idea also
plays a role ` where one strangles one ' in light of this?): gr. Aeolic ἄμφην and αὔφην `
nape ' (after Schulze GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as *αγχF-ήν substantivization of u-Adj. *anĝhú-
s by means of forms -en-;
about αὐχήν see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296), Gothic hals-agga `nape', klr. vjazy Pl.
`Neck', Czech vaz ` neck, nape ' (to vęzati see above), Old Prussian (as Slavic loanword)
winsus ` neck ' (also Armenian viz ` neck, throat, cervix ' with preposition v-?), see
Pedersen KZ.38, 311; 39, 402, Vondrák Sl. Gr. I 184, Adontz Mél. Boisacq I 10, as well as
below under augh-
augh-, ugh.
Other formations: gr. ἀγχόνη ` cord, choking, strangling ' (from it Latin angina ` the
quinsy, as suffocating '), ἀγκτήρ m. ` braces, bandage ', ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ, ἀγχόθι ` close to '
(compare French près ` close to, near ': Latin pressus à pressing, pressure'), compounds
ἀ̃σσον ` nearer, very near ' (*ἄγχι̯ον; ἄσσον hence has changed after μάσσων = *μακι̯ων,
Osthoff MU. 6, 60 ff.); common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;
bret. concoez ` geode ' (*kom-angeid-; compare also dial. añcoe ` uvula in the throat ';
Ernault RC. 7, 314; 19, 314 ff.); Old Church Slavic ǫzota ` narrowness '.
Gall. PN Octodurus absents, because Irish ochte ` narrowness, straitness ' does not
exist.
Van Windekens (Lexique 5) puts here Tocharian A aṃc̨är ` weak. flimsy (?)'.
References: WP. I. 62 f., WH. I 47.

Page(s): 42-43
ʷ(h)i- (*eg
Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i
angʷ(h)i- egʷhi
egʷhi- ʷhi- and eĝhi
ʷhi-, ogʷhi
ogʷhi- eĝhi-
hi-)
Meaning: `snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Note: egʷhi
ʷhi-, ogʷhi
ogʷhi- eĝhi-
hi- ds.; at least two etymological different, but early the crossed
kinship whose relations still are often unclear.
Note:
ʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm, *fish' derived from an extended Root / lemma:
Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i
angʷ(h)i-
anĝh henĝh
nĝh- (*henĝh-):: `narrow, *press'
henĝ
Material: Latin anguis = Lithuanian angìs (f.), Old Prussian angis ` serpent, snake '
(Latvian ùodze f. ` snake '), Old Church Slavic *ǫžь, russ. už, poln. wąž ` snake ',
Armenian auj (Gen. -i) ` snake ' (Meillet Esquisse 154, Dumézil BSL. 39, 100);
Middle Irish esc-ung ` eel ' (*`water snake ', esc ` water ' + *angʷhō), cymr. llys-yw-en, Pl. -
yw-od ds. (Fick II4 15; to brit. zero grade from ŋg before u̯ see Pedersen KG. I 107).
In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in
the Latin and Balto-Slavic) Old High German unc ` snake, adder ', gr. (illyr). ἄβεις ἔχεις
Hes. (*n̥gʷi-). Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
To these forms with voiced-nonaspirated at first is ἴμβηρις ἔγχελυς, Mεθuμναῖoι Hes.

(*engʷ-ēri-: to ι compare Solmsen Beitr. 1215), where because of r- suffixes are to be
connected Balto-Slavic *anguria- in Slavic *ǫgorь m. russ. ug(o)rь, poln. węgorz, Czech
úhoř, serb. ȕgor, sloven. ogǫ́r ` eel ', Lithuanian ungurỹs ds.
(assim. from *angurỹs, compare Finnish ankerias), Old Prussian angurgis ` eel ' (Church
Slavic ągulja, jęgulja ` eel' probably from Latin). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these gr. and
Balto-Slavic eel names to an independent equation (nevertheless, compare the r-suffix of
Old High German angar etc, see below).
Another Indo Germanic equation for ` eel ' is perhaps gr. ἔγχελῦς f., Latin anguilla (see
esp. W. Meyer KZ. 28, 163, Johansson KZ. 30, 425, J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 369, Osthoff IF. 4,
270, 292, Hirt IF. 22, 67, Indo Germanic 619 f.), although the details are still unclear (in the
Gr. *ἀγχέλυος assimilated etc. to ἐγχέλυος, or ε and the pure gutural through the influence
from ἔχις; in Latin-illa instead of-ella after the fluctuation in real diminutive under
determining influence i of anguis?).
With r- suffix:
Gr. ἴμβηρις ` eel'
Maybe in -dz
dz > gj ending stem:
dz-
Maybe from Greek Illyrian ἔγχελυς ` eel ' > alb. ngjalë ` eel ' [common Albanian Slavic γχ-
> dz-] Illyrian TN Encheleae ` snake men? ' : Hungarian angolna èel' [from native Illyrian
TN Paeones].
In the meaning ` worm, maggot ' and with r-suffix (compare above ἴμβηρις etc) : Old High
German angar ` grain maggot' ' engirinc ` larva ', Modern High German Engerling,
Lithuanian ankštiraĩ̃ ` maggots, cock chafer grubs, grubs ' (and similar forms, see
Trautmann Old Prussian 301), Latvian anksteri ` maggots, cock chafer grubs ', Old
Prussian anxdris (i.e. anxtris), however, àdder' (about the -st- these Baltic forms compare
Mühlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 71), russ. ug(o)rь ` blister, raised bubble on the skin
that is filled with pus, fin ' (also ` eel', see above), poln. wągry ` blister, raised bubble on
the skin ' (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not better about angar, úgorь ders.
GGA. 1898, 554 f.).
Nasalized forms:
Gr. ἔχις m. (f.) `snake', ἔχιδνα ds. (for *ἐχίδνια, Specht Dekl. 377), Old High German
egala ` leech, bloodsucking worm ', Danish Norwegian igle ` a parasite sheet worm in the
viscera of the animals and in the skin and the branchia of the fish '.
Moreover gr. ἐχῖνος, Old High German Old English igil (Indo Germanic *eĝhinos),
Modern High German Igel, actually ` snake eater ', W. Schulze Gnomon 11, 407,
Lithuanian ežỹs, Church Slavic ježь ` hedgehog (snake eater) '.
Armenian iž ` snake, viper ' can be put as *ēgʷhis to ὄφις (Meillet Esquisse 75);
gr. ὄφις ` snake ' (*ogʷhis); cymr. euod (*ogʷh-) ` sheep worms ': Old Indic áhi-, Avestan
aži- ` snake '.
It is uncertain apposition from Old Saxon egithassa, Middle Low German egidesse, Old
English (corrupted) āÞexe, Old High German egidehsa, Modern High German Eidechse
mit ewi-, egi-, Indo Germanic *ogʷhi- = ὄφις (Zupitza gutturals 99 after Kluge; Falk-Torp
under øgle) + Germanic *Þahsiō, Old High German *dehsa ` spindle, newel '.
Whether in this variety so order is to be brought that *aŋgʷhi- and *eghi-, *oghi- (ĝh) an
intersection form would have caused *egʷhi-, *ogʷhi- , remains undecided. Taboo images
have also probably helped in it.
References: WP. I 63 ff.. WH. I 48, Specht KZ. 64, 13; 66, 56 f., Havers Sprachtabu 44 f.
Page(s): 43-45
Root / lemma: ank-

ank-1
Meaning: `need, necessity'
Material:
In e- grade:
Brugmann Grdr. I2382) wherewith Irish écht (*anktu- or *n̥ktu-, *enktu-) ` manslaughter' at
first is to be connected (see Falk-Torp 17, 1430), root-like with ank- ` compulsion ' (: `
press, kill '?) originally is same, or connected to *enek- ` kill ', as well as Hittite ḫi-in-kán,
ḫé-en-kán (ḫenkan) ` death, epidemic, plague '.
Maybe alb. Geg hekë àgony'.
Old Irish écen (éc- from *ank- or *n̥k-), mcymr. anghen, cymr. angen, corn. bret. anken
`need, necessity', in Irish also `spoliation, act of violence'.
In a- grade:
Gr. ἀνάγκη ` necessity, compulsion ' (normally as reduplicated respectably), Ionian
ἀναγκαίη ds. (from ἀναγκαῖος ` indispensable, necessary ', ἀναγκάζω ` compelled, forced,
obliged ');
Although ` compulsion' from ` hostile distress, pursuit ' were comprehensible, it makes
does gr.-Celtic meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically
correspondent Old High German āhta ` hostile pursuit ', Modern High German Acht, Old
English ōht (proto Germanic *anχtō), Germanic EN Āctumērus (i.e. n. Āχtumēraz, 1. year
A.D.;
References: WP. I 60. Pedersen Hittitisch 183 f., Hendriksen Unters. 28, Benveniste
References:
Origines 155.
Page(s): 45
Root / lemma: ank-

ank-2, ang-
ang-
Meaning: `to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'
Material:
Old Indic añcati (Middle Persian ancītan) and (zero grade) ácati ` bent, crooked ', participle
-akna- (with ā-, ny-, sam-),-akta-(with ud-, ny-) 'crooked, bent'; aŋká-ḥ m. ` bend, hook,
bend between breast and hip ', áŋkas- n. ` Bend, inflection, curve, crook ' (= gr. τὸ ἄγκος `
valley, gulch, canyon, gorge '), aŋkasám ` side, points '; aŋku- in aŋkūyánt- ` curvatures,
bends, searching side ways ';
Avestan anku-pǝsǝmna- ` with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps ';
Old Indic ankuc̨á-ḥ ` hook, fishhook, elephant's sting ', aŋkurá-ḥ ` young shoot, scion
(originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell ' (= gr. ἀγκύλος `
crooked ', German Angel ` fishing rod ', Old Norse ōll, āll ` cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud ' see
below);
Avestan Aka m. ` hook, bait ', ąxnah (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, Airan. Wb. 359) `rein';
gr. ἀγκών ` bow, elbow ' (D. Pl. ἀγκάσι to ἀγκή = ἀγκάλη), ἐπ-ηγκεν-ίδες ` fixed planks in
the ribs of the ship ' (Döderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), ἄγκοινα ` all writhed, humped, curved,
stooped ', ἄγκιστρον ` fishhook '; ἀγκύλος ` crooked ', ἀγκύλη ` strap, thong, brace ' (= Old
Norse ōl, āl ds.), ἄγκυρα ` anchor '; ἀγκάλη ` elbow, bay, all stooped '; τὸ ἄγκος (see
above).
maybe Ancyra -ae f. capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor. (ancient district in central Anatolia - a
Celtic, (Illyrian?) settlement).
With o: ὄγκος ` barbed hook ' = Latin uncus ` hooked, curved; Subst. hook ' (ὄγκῑνος =
uncīnus ` hook, barbed hook '); ungulus ` a finger-ring, a ring ' Pacuvius, from Festus 514
L. as Oscan called, ungustus `hook-shaped stuff ' Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under
ang-); ὄγκη ɣωνία Hes.;
ang-
Maybe from also Latin unguiculus -i m. à finger or toe-nail', unguis -is m. à finger or toe-
nail; of animals, claw, hoof', ungula -ae f. à hoof, claw, talon' : Rumanian unghie `nail' and
in zero grade alb. (*nguilist), glisht `finger, toe' : Latin ungulus ` a finger-ring, a ring '
[common alb. -s > -st shift].
Latin ancus `somebody having a crooked arm', ancrae ` an enclosed valley, valley,
gorge' (` curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet ' as τό ἄγκος = Germanic *angra-);
Old Irish ēcath ` fish hook ' = cymr. anghad ` clutch, hand ' (to craf-anc ` claw ') from
*aŋkato- = Old Church Slavic ǫkotь ` hook ';
Maybe zero grade alb. (*ncus) thua ` nail, claw '.
gallorom. ancorago, ancora(v)us from *anko-rākos ` Rhine salmon, hook salmon '
schwd. Anke ` Lake of Constance trout ' (gall. *anko- ` curved, hooky ' and *rāko- ` in front '
from *prōko-, cymr. rhag ` before ');
Old High German ango, angul ` fish hook, sting ', Old Icelandic angi, Old English onga `
point, sting ' (*aŋkón-; about Gothic halsagga ` cervical bend, nape ' see rather anĝh-);
*angra (up to gender = Latin *ancrae) in Old Norse angr ` bay, curve ' (in local names like
Harðangr),
Maybe zero grade alb. (*angul) ngul `jab, stick, hook'
Old High German angar, Modern High German Anger (Germanic VN Angrivarii);
synonymous Old Icelandic eng (*angiō-) ` grassland, meadow '; Old High German awgul
(= gr. ἀγκύ-λος, see above), Middle High German angel `the part of a blade that is
connected to the handle (of a sword) by a tang ', Old Norse ǫngoll ` fishhook ', Old English
ongel ` a fishing-hook. Also, a rod and line '.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ngelos) ngec, ngel 'be stuck, be hooked' : ngul ` to jab, claw '.
Much puts here Latin-Germanic VN Anglii, Old English Angel, Ongel as ` resident of the
Holsteiner bay ' to Old Icelandic PN Ǫngull, which did not cover meaning ` angle, bay '
(Hoops Reallex. I 61);
with original initial stress Old Norse ōll, āll ` cotyledon, germ, bud ' (*anhla-, Noreen Ltl. 25;
to meaning compare except Old Indic aŋkurá-ḥ yet Norwegian dial. ange ` germ, point,
prong ' from *ankón-), Old Norse ōl, āl f. ` long strips, thongs, riems ' (basic form *ánhulō,
compare ἀγκύλη, or at most *anhlō, standing near gr. ἀγκάλη);
Slavic jęčьmy ` barley ' as ` thistly, thorny, spiky ' (Berneker 268), compare the above
words for ` point, sting, cusp ';
Lithuanian anka f. ` noose, snare, loop ' (= gr. ὄγκη γωνία Hes.); Old Church Slavic
ǫkotь ` hook ' (see above);
Tocharian A añcäl ` bow, arch, curve ', āṅkar- ` fangs, bulwark '; also A oṅkaläm, В
oṅkolmo ` elephant '? Van Windekens Lexique 6, 13, 82.
ang-, esp. to the name of extremities (compare Gothic liÞus ` limb, member ': *lei- `
ang-
bend '):
Old Indic áŋgam ` limb, member ', aŋgúli-ḥ, aŋgúri-ḥ f. ` finger, toe ' (thereof aŋgulīyam `
a finger-ring, a ring '), aŋguṣ̌ṭhá-ḥ ` big toe, thumb ' = Avestan angušta- m. ` toe ',
Armenian ankiun, angiun ` angle ' and añjalí-ḥ m. `two cupped hands held together';
gr. ἄγγος n. ` Bucket, bowl ', ἀγγεῖον (*αγγεσ-ιον) ` vessel ', actually ` twisted vessel ';
Middle Irish aigen ` frying pan ' is dial. additional form of *aingen ds.;
Old High German ancha, enka f. ` neck ' and ` thigh, osseous tube, bone tube '
(*ankiōn-), Old Norse ekkja ` ankle, heel '; Demin. Old High German anchal, enchil
(reinterpreted anklão m., anchala, enchila f., Middle High German Middle Low German
enkel, Old Frisian onkel, onklēu, Modern High German Enkel,
Maybe in -e
e- grade Illyrian TN Encheleae (Enchelleae) Illyrian TN associated with the coils
of the snake, Ilirus and Kadmos.
Old English (reinterpreted) ancléow, engl. ankle, Old Norse ǫkkla (*ankulan-) ` ankle on
the foot '; also Latin angulus (which is unrelated to Old Church Slavic ǫg(ъ)lъ ` angle, nook
') ` m. a corner, angle; nook, esp. either a quiet corner, retired spot or fig., an awkward
corner, strait ' (besides with o- grade Latin ungulus, ungustus see above).
References: WP. I 60 f., WH. I 46, 49 f., Meringer WuS. 7, 9 ff.

References:
Page(s): 45-47
an-1 (*ḫan
Root / lemma: anan 1)
an-1
Meaning: `male or female ancestor'
Note: babble-word
an-1 (*ḫan-) : `male or female ancestor' derived from zero grade of Root /
Root / lemma: an-
lemma: ĝen-
en-1, ĝenǝ
enǝ-, ĝnē- nō- : `to bear (mother, father)' [origin of the old laryngeal ĝ- >
nē-, ĝnō-
ḫ-]
Material: Armenian han `grandmother', gr. ἀννίς μητρὸς ἤ πατρός μήτηρ Hes., compare
Inschr. ἀνώ; Latin anna f. ` nursing mother '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-), Illyrian EN ῎Ανα, ῎Αννύλα, Annaeus etc, as well as Messapic Illyrian ana =
πότνια Illyrian origin (W. Schulze KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.);
compare furthermore Latin anus, -ūs àn old woman; also used like adj., old', also Anna -
ae f. sister of Dido; 'Anna Perenna', an Italian goddess.
Note:
Armenian, gr. and Illyrian have preserved old laryngeal ḫ-;
Illyrian and Latin display common -ila diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin.
Maybe alb. Tosc aneja `mother', alb. anë `side, bloodline' similar to Germanic Ahnenreihe
`genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor', alb. anoj `to incline, like'.
Old High German ano, Middle High German ane, an, ene, Modern High German Ahn `
grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather '; Old High German ana, Middle High German
ane ` grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress '. diminutive formations are: Old Norse
Āli (*anilo), Old English Anela, Old High German Anelo family names; Middle High German
enel ` grandfather, grandson '. Further Old High German eninchil, Middle High German
enichlīn, Modern High German Enkel (`the young ancestor'). The grandson was looked by
Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare gr. ᾽Αντίπατρος. Against
this represented view of W. Schulze KZ. 40, 409 f. = Kl. Schr. 67 f. endorsed Hermann,
Nachr. d. Ges. d. Wiss. to Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse 1918, 215 f., the bayr. enl, änl,
österr. ǣnl, ānl etc the meaning ` of grandfathers ' and ` grandson ' carry and the one here
with same occurance has to do like with Modern High German Vetter (originally ` of the
father's brother ', then also ` of the brother's son '); the salutation is returned by the
grandfather to the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by
Hermann aaO.).
Prussian ane òld mother'; Lithuanian anýta `mother-in-law'.
Hittite an-na-aš `mother'; ḫa-an-na-aš (ḫannaš) `grandmother', Lycian χñ̃na ds.

(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 Armenian aner ` father of the woman '
moreover. It is similar formation like in Latin matertera `mother's sister, maternal aunt ',
cymr. ewythr ùncle', acorn. euitor; bret. eontr (proto Celtic *aventro-, see Pedersen Celtic
Gr. I 55). *anero- had the original meaning ` anything like the forefather '.
It is unsafe Old High German hevianna from which reshuffled Middle High German
hebamme. Because Old High German*anna `woman' is not to be covered, Kluge11 238
origin from *hafjan (d) j ō accepts ` the lifting ' from which the later close interpretations
have originated. However, compare PBB. 30, 250.
References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 26, 66.
Page(s): 36-37
Root / lemma: an-

an-2
Meaning: there, on the other side
Material: Gr. ἄν ` probably, possibly, in any other trap ' (ἐάν from εἰ ἄν, Ionian ἤν from *ἠ
ἄν, ἄν from αἰ ἄν); Latin an ` conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether
', secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne, Old Irish an-d ` here ', (common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic an ` then, now '; Lithuanian an-gu ` or ', Old Prussian anga-anga `
whether = or whether '.
maybe alb. (*ane) andej `there' : Old Irish an-d `here' [rather common alb. shift n > nd].
Thereof derived:
ani̯os
os ` other ' in:
Old Indic anyá- ` other ', Avestan anya-, ainya-, Old pers. aniya- ds. compare above S.
26.
anteros òther' (from second) in:
maybe zero grade in alb. (*anteros) ndërroj `change, alter', ndërresë `change, the other
thing';
Old Indic ántara-, oss. ändär òther', Gothic anÞar ds., Old Icelandic annarr òther,
second', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German andar,
Old English ōÞer òther', Old Prussian anters, antars (*antras) òther, second', Lithuanian
añtras, Latvian ùotrs beside Lithuanian añtaras, East Latvian ũtors ds., Slavic *ǫterъ,
*ǫtorъ in Czech úterý m. ` Tuesday ', Upper Sorbian wutory òther, second'. About Old
Church Slavic vъtor-ъ `second' s. u̯i- ` asunder, apart '.
Note:
It seems Root / lemma: an-

an-2 : `there, on the other side' is a zero grade of the extended
Root / lemma: al- ol- : `besides; other' into *alny-, *any-.
al-1, ol-
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*nyátra) tjetër òther' [common alb. n > nt > t] : Old Indic anyátra
`somewhere else'.
Perhaps alb. dial. (*hetër) jatër, jetër, alb. [ attribute të òf' + anter], tjetër òther, second';
similar to formation in alb. Geg (*të mel = of milk) tamli `milk' where të is the alb. attribute
particle. Initial alb. j- seems to have substituted the old laryngeal form ḫ-.
References: WP. I 56, 67, II 337, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10/11, Debrunner REtlE. 3, 1 ff.
Page(s): 37-38
Root / lemma: an4, anu, anō, nō

Meaning: a preposition ("along a slanted surface, etc.")
Note: (compare the summary by Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., also about the syntactic).
Material: Avestan ana, Old pers. anā (Proto Aryan *ana or *anā) ` about there ' (m. Akk. or
Instr.), ` along, on ' (m. Akk.), Avestan anu, Old pers. anuv ` after, according to; up there '
(m. Akk.), ` lengthwise, along ' (m. Lok.), also preverb;
maybe alb. anës àlong'
Old Indic ánu ` after (timewise m. Akk., Аbl., Gen.), after (order), after there, along,
behind, according to, with regard to, against ' (m. Akk.), Adv. ` on it (auslaut-u appears to
be comparable in Lesbian Thessalian ἀπύ beside Attic ἄπό. Against Wackernagels
explanation from Indo Germanic *enu ` along, according to ' see WH. I 677; to-u see below
ap-u); Armenian am- in am-baṙnam ham-barnam ` I raise, uplift ', ham-berem ` I endure '
maybe from -an (the h by mixture with a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- ` together ';
Ionic-Attic ἄνα, ανά ` on, upwards, along ', Doric Boeotian Arcadian Cypriot ἀν, Lesbian
Thessalian Arcadian, z. Part Cypriot ὀν, isolates Arcadian Cypriot ὐν (from ὀν) ds. (the
monosyllabic form appears the original and to be extended ἀνά only after κατά; compare
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622; it is likely according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 275 ὀν originated from
ἀν; Adv. ἄνω ` upward, up ';
A Latin remainder appears an-hēlō ` breathes strongly and with difficulty ' (an +
*anslō); Umbrian an-, (with en ìn' become synonymous and with it alternately, hence, en-
tentu beside:) an-tentu ìntendito', anseriato òbservatum', anglar òscines' (*an-klā to
clamo) etc
Maybe here Old Irish an-dess ` from the south ' etc;
Gothic ana (m. dat. mid Akk.) ` on, in, against, because of, about ', Old Norse ā Adv.
and preposition m. dat. and Akk. ` on, in ', m. dat. ` on, in, up, by ', m. Akk. ` after, up, on,
against ', Old Saxon an, Old English on, Old High German aua, an, Modern High German
an (*ana or *anō, *anē) preposition m. dat. and Akk. and Instr. ` on, up, in, to, against ';
maybe zero grade in alb. (*ana) në ` on, in '.
Lithuanian anóte, anót m. Gen. ` accordingly, according to '; about the first on proto
Slavic *on going back to Slavic Slavic vъ(n)- ` in, on ' see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 828 and
*en ìn'.
With zero grade of the first syllable, thus initial sound n:
Lithuanian nuõ m. Gen. ` from down, from away ' (these where from meaning only
from the connection with the ablative originated anew), as a Nominal präf. nuo-, as a
Verbal präf. nu- (proklit. abbreviation as in pri- beside priẽ), let. nùo m. Gen. ` from', as
prefix nuo-;
Old Prussian no, na m. Akk. ` on (where), against, about there ', as prefix ` after; from
away ' (see also BezzenbergerKZ. 44, 304); Old Church Slavic na m. Akk. and Lok. ` on
there; up, on, in ' (in addition after prě : prě-dъ neologism na-dъ ` upside, above, about ' m.
Akk. and Instr. and preverb); Old Indic nā- perhaps in nādhitá ` pressed ', see below nā-
nā- `
help '.
Here presumably Lithuanian -na, -n ` in (direction where) ', postal position with verbs of
the movement, Avestan na-zdyah-, Old Indic nḗdīyas- ` closer '(' * moved near '); root sed-
` sit '; presumably similarly Gothic nēƕ, Old High German nāh Adv. ` near' as ` looking
near, turned near ' (with root oq ʷ- as 2nd part); see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 798 f., where
also about the ambiguous Old Indic ádhi ` about, on', ap. adiy ìn' (*-n̥dhi or *edhi, *odhi?).
maybe alb. (*nāh) nga `from' [common alb. n > ng shift]
About Gothic anaks adv. ` suddenly, straight away ', supposedly to Old Bulgarian
naglъ ` suddenly, abruptly ' (?), s. Feist 42.
References: WP. I 58 f., WH. I 43 f., 49, 677, Feist 41 a, 373, Trautmann 200.
References:
Page(s): 39-40
Root / lemma: ansā, ansi-
ansi-
Meaning: noose, snare
Material: Latin ānsa ` clutch, handle, a handle; (hence), occasion, opportunity ', ānsae
crepidae ` the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were
pulled ' = Lithuanian ąsà f. (Akk. ą̃są) ` pot handle, loop with the knot apron ' (compare
also Latin ansātus = Lithuanian ąsótas ` (furnished with or having a handle) with a handle
'), Latvian uosa ` handle, loop, eyelet ', next to which i-stem Old Prussian ansis ` hook, pot
hanger, kettle hanger ', Latvian ùoss (Akk. ùosi) ` handle ';
Maybe alb. (*ues) vesh ` handle, ear '
Old Icelandic ǣs f. (*ansjō) ` hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through
of the straps ' = Middle Low German ȫse f. `ring-shaped handle, loop' (out of it Late Middle
High German Modern High German Öse; or West Germanic word to Ohr according to
Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.?); Middle Irish ē(i)si Pl. ` rein ', gr. ἡνία, Doric ᾱνία ds.
(*ἀvσιᾱ).
Maybe truncated alb. (*enha) ena `pot (*pot handle)' [common alb. -s- > -h-].
Page(s): 48
ansu-, n̥su-
Root / lemma: ansu- su- (*ḫenku
su enku-r- in centum languages)
enku-
Meaning: ghost, demon
Meaning:
Note:
ansu-, n̥su-
Root / lemma: ansu- su- (*ḫenku
su enku-r-):: ghost, demon, derived from Root / lemma: ank-
enku- ank-2,
ang- : `to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'.
ang-
Material:
In e- grade:
Lycian eśa- ' grandchild, grandson '; Lycian B qzze, qezm̃mi, ẋzzãtã (Shevoroshkin),
Lycian A qehñ ' offspring, descendants, progeny ' (Tischler 191 ff)
In a- grade:
Hittite: ḫas- (II,I) ' testify, bear ', ḫassa- ' grandson, granddaughter ', ḫassu- c. 'king, ruler,
sovereign'; h.l. ḫas(a)- 'create, engender, breed', ḫasmi- ' offspring, descendants, progeny
', ḫasusara- ' queen '; (Tischler 191 ff).
Comments: ' grandchild, grandson ' in Hittite may be a result of contamination: cf. Hittite
hammasa- ' small child ', Luvian hamsa-, h.l. hamasa- ' grandchild, grandson ' (see
Tischler ibid. and 141-142).
Old Indic ásu-, Avestan aŋhu- ` breath of life, breath, life, spirit, world ', ásu-ra-, Avestan
ahura- ` ruler, lord ' (*n̥su-); Venetic ahsu- (= āsu-) ` cult effigy, cult figure ' = Germanic
*ansuz ` god, ace ' in Old Icelandic āss, Runic a[n]suR, Old English ōs ` ace ', Gothic-Latin
anses ` demigods '.
Note:
ur : Old Indic ásu

ur- ra-, Avestan ahura
u-ra- ura ` ruler, lord ' : Ἰλλῠ
ura- ριοί , οἱ,
ῠριοί
Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
υρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρίς , ἡ, Adj. Ἰλλυρικ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region
υρικό
or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρία:--hence Adv.
υρί
Ἰλλυριστ
υριστί.
υριστί
References: H. Güntert Der Aryan Weltkönig 102, Feist 52 b.
See also: Perhaps to an(ǝ)- ` breathe '.
Page(s): 48
Root / lemma: ans-

ans-
Meaning: favourable
Material: Gothic ansts f., Old High German anst and (zero grade) unst, Middle High
German gunst from *ge-unst, Old English ēst ` favour, mercy ', Old Norse ōst, ǭst ` favour,
love ', Old High German abanst, abunst, Old Saxon avunst, Old English æfest `distrust,
resentment, disfavor '; Middle High German gund m. ` favour ', Old Norse ǫf-und f. `
disfavor '; preterit present Old High German an, unnum (Inf. unnan, preterit onsta, onda) `
grant ' (gi-unnan), Old Saxon Old English unnan ` grant, concede, wish ', Old Norse unna
(ann, unnom, preterit unnan from *unÞa) ` love, grant, concede '. un-nu-m (from *unz-nu-
m-) is an old present the neu-, nu- class, wherefore the new Sg. ann. (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Which root beginning as Germanic an-, un-, has in ansts the suffix compound -s-ti- to see
(see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 437), while Middle High German gund, Old Norse ǫfund the
easier one contained -ti-.
However, is because of basic Germanic *anst(s) root probably as Germanic ans-, uns- to
begin (Kluge ZfdtWtf. 9, 317, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 332), unnum consequently originated
from *unz-num (Indo Germanic *n̥s-nu-me), whereupon then Sg. ann, and new weak
preterit *un-Þa (Old High German onda, Old Norse unna) beside Old High German onsta,
Old Saxon gi-onsta; then also Middle High German gund, Old Norse ǫfund (suffix-ti-) new
creations have become after s- part to unnum, unnan.
Also gr. προσ-ηνής `friendly', ἀπ-ηνής ` unkind, hard ' (: ab-unst) is the most likely =
*προσ-, ἀπ-ανσής (see Brugmann aaO.).
In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 gr. - ᾱνής on neutr. Subst.
*ănos whose suffixale zero grade lies as a basis Germanic *an-s-ti-.

Page(s): 47
Root / lemma: antro-

antro-m
Meaning: cave, hole
Material: Armenian ayr, Gen. Pl. ayric ` cave, hole ', gr. ἄντρον ds.
References: WP. I 561, Schwyzer Mel. Boisacq II 2341, KZ. 68, 222, Gr. Gr. I 532, Pisani
KZ. 68, 161 f.
See also: Perhaps to an(ǝ)
ǝ)-` breathe ', as originally ` vent, air vent '.
an(ǝ)-
Page(s): 50
Root / lemma: ant-

ant-s
Meaning: forward, before, outer side
Material: Old Indic ánta-ḥ ` end, border, edge ' (therefrom antya-ḥ ` the last ');
Alb. (*ánta) ana `side, end'.
gr. Gen. Sg. κάταντες (= κατ' ἀντες) ` down the forefront ', Dat.-Lok. ἀντί (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 5486, 6225), Akk. εἰσ-άντα ` in the face ' (*ant-ṃ), ἔν-αντα, ἄν-αντα, κάτ-αντα etc (W.
Schulze, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 632under), adverbal ἄντα ` towards, opposite ',
thereafter ἀντάω ` meets '; about ἄντομαι see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722 under.; about ἄντην
s. Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 687;
Old Irish étan (*antono-) ` forehead '; perhaps here mcymr. enhyt, cymr. ennyd ` time,
moment ' (*ant-iti- to Old Indic ití- ` gait, way '), mcymr. anhaw ` old ' (*ant-au̯o-), nir. éata `
old; age ' (*ant-odi̯o-?), compare Loth Rc. 48, 32; 50, 63; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Hittite ḫa-an-za (ḫant-s) ` forefront ', therefrom ḫa-an-te-iz-zi-iš (ḫantezziš)= *ant-eti̯os;
Lycian χñtawata ` leader ' (Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 17);
Tocharian A antule ` outside, to ... before ', antus àlso'.
Hittite: ḫant- c. 'forehead', ḫanta 'towards', ḫandai- (I) ' order, lead '; Luvian ḫantili- 'former,
previous, prior, first ', ḫanda(i)- ' decide, order ', Lycian ẋñtawata ' leader, king ', Lycian
ãnTẽ- ' prescribe, determine ' (Tischler 149ff)
Tokharian: A ānt, B ānte ' forehead, front ' (PT *ānte) (Adams 43)
Maybe alb. hunda ` nose' : Hittite: ḫant- c. 'forehead'.
see also under anti̯os.
In addition as pristine cases:
anti ìn the face of'> ` towards, opposite, against ', etc.
Old Indic anti Adv. òpposite itself, before itself, near', from what antiká-ḥ `near', n.
`nearness'.
Armenian and `there', ǝnd preposition `for, instead of ' m. Gen. and ` along, about (in,
on) somewhere there ' m. Akk. (compare Gothic and), in meaning 'aside' m. Abl. and `
with, by ' m. Lok. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; anl. ǝ-
from a-), as preverb 'on'; in addition andranik ` firstborn, the first (earliest) ' (Bugge KZ. 32,
2; compare to meaning Latin ante ` before, of place or time ' and the above mentioned
words for 'forehead' as a 'front'), probably also anc̣anem ` to go past ' (Pedersen KZ. 39,
425, compare gr. ἄντομαι; c̣ from t + the aoristic s, compare the Aor. ē-anc̣).
Maybe alb. andej `there, in the other side, opposite'.
Gr. ἀντί ` in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of ' m. Gen., also preverb,
e.g. ἀνθίστημι; hom. κατ' ἄντηστιν ` in the opposite point of view, against ' is fine to Bechtel
Lexil. 46 from *ἄντι-στι-ς reshuffled after ἄντην ἵστημι; ἀντικρύ, Attic ἄντικρυς ` almost,
against ' (ambiguous ending), ἀντιάω, ἀντιάζω ` meets '.
Latin ante (from *anti, compare antistō, as well as antīcus, antiquus) preposition m. Akk.
spatially ` against, before ', timewise `before', also preverb (e.g. antecedō), antid-eā, -hāc `
before ', antid-īre ` lead the way ' (-d after prōd); in addition anterior ` earlier ', antārium
bellum ` war before the town ', antīcus ` the front ' (c after posticus ` behind '), antīquus `
old ' (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus; Indo Germanic *anti
+*okʷ- ` looking '), antēs, -ium ` rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines)', originally possibly `
fronts ' (about antae see, however, under *anǝtā ` door post ').
Hittite ḫa-an-ti (ḫanti) ` in front, esp., in particular '.
anta àgainst there ' (direction); to -a see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622 f.
Gothic and preposition m. Akk. ` up there, about there, along '. With therefrom more
divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix Germanic anda-, and àgainst,
opposite', also in verbs normally ` from - away ': Gothic anda-, and (e.g. andniman ` accept
', andanēms ` agreeable, pleasant ', andbindan ` unbind, untie, be confined '), Old Norse
Old Saxon Old English and, Old High German ant-, int-, Middle High German Modern High
German ant-, (e.g. create Antlitz, Antwort).
compounds Old Norse endr, enn ` earlier, formerly, again, after ' (endr = Gothic andiz-
uh ` either '), Old English end `before' (*andis), Old High German enti ` earlier, yore '
(Germanic *andiaz), Middle High German ent, end Konj. ` previous, before ' (e.g. Falk-Torp
192, 1455).
Lithuanian añt, older anta m. Gen. ` after-there, up, on '.
About gr. ἄντα see above.
n̥titi
A weaker ablaut form (*n̥t-) shows Gothic and m. dat. ` ἀντί, for, around ', unÞa- (*n̥to-)
in unÞa-Þliuhan ` escape', Old English ođ- (*unÞ-) in ođgangan ` escape', ūđgenge `
fleeting' = Old Norse unningi, undingi (*unÞ-, *and-gangia-) ` escaped slave ' (Brugmann
Grdr. II2, 803).
Other meaning points Gothic und m. Akk. ùntil, to', Old High German unt in unt-az ùntil,
to' and unzi (= untzi) ùntil, to', Old Saxon und ùntil, to', unti, unt (and + te ` to '), unto (and
+ tō), engl. unto ` to, until ', Old Norse unz (and es) ùntil, till that ', Old English (with
grammatical change) ođ ` in addition, besides, until, to ', Oscan ant m. Akk. ` up to'
(likewise from *n̥ti, see Walde Kelten and Italiker 54; because of Germanic and not to
place exactly attuning meaning = Latin ante ` before', e.g. v. Planta II 443), Lithuanian iñt
àfter' (rather contamination from in and ant).
The fact that these forms show an extension preposition *en, *n̥ ìn' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
629 f., where also about gr. dial. ἔντε), is possible as then Lithuanian iñt with į̃ àfter'
corresponds in the application. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as
a result of the sound resemblance and Indo Germanic *n̥t (-i, -a?) ` until, to ' belong as ` up
against there, on the opposite side over ' to anti; also the words for the ènd' (see below)
are originally the purpose waving on the opposite side, and with Old Saxon unt is also ant
(and + te) preposition m. Akk. ` wholly, completely ' synonymous what, even if only new
intersection are from unt with and-, however, the concept relationship of both explained.
anti̯os
os àgainst, recumbent before ' (formed from the adverb anti):
*anti̯ó- (Germanic *andja-) in Gothic andeis, Old Norse endir, Old Saxon endi, Old
English ende m., Old High Germananti, enti m. and n., Modern High German Ende; also
gr. ἀντίος àgainst' (in addition ἐναντίον ds., ἐναντίος ` situated against; opponent ')
probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr.I 379) to *ἀντιός.
Against it is from *anto- (see above) derived ánti̯o- in Old Norse enni n., Old High
German andi, endi n. ` forehead ' = Latin antiae ` the hair growing upon the forehead,
forelock '.
A quite different word is Modern High German and, Old High German unti, anti, enti , Old
Saxon endi, Old English engl. and ànd', Old Norse en(n) ` and, but ', with Old Indic áthā̆ `
thereupon, thereon, then, ditto ', Avestan aϑā̆ ` also ', Oscan ant m. Akk. ` all the way to,
up to, towards ', Lithuanian iñt m. Akk. àfter' (however, see above), Tocharian В entwe
àlso' belongs to *en, n̥ ìn'.
Maybe alb. in (*ende) edhe ànd, also', zero grade (*ende) dhe ànd, but'.
References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f., Feist 46, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f.,
722, 726, II (B V 2 b d 3).
Page(s): 48-50
Root / lemma: apelo-

apelo-
Meaning: strength
Material: Gr. ἀν-απελάσας ἀναρρωσθείς Hes., Ionian εὐηπελής ` strong ', hom. ὀλιγηπελίη
` swoon, Ionian ἀνηπελίη ἀσθένεια Hes., Elis: MN Tευτί-απλος (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214
ff., Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here ᾽Απέλλων, ᾽Απόλλων, with vocal gradation Thessalian
῎Απλουν; after Sommer IF. 55, 1762 rather pregreek); Illyrian MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Aplo,
Aplis, -inis, FN Aplo, -onis; gall. VN Dī-ablintes ` the powerless, the weak ' (from *-
aplentes); Germanic GN Matronis Aflims, Afliabus ` effective magic ', Old Icelandic afi n.,
Old English afol, abal n. ` strength '.
Note:
Note
The Root / lemma: apelo-
apelo- : `strength' seems related to Root / lemma: abhro-
ro- : `strong,
mighty' [the shift l > r].
r
References: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250.
Page(s): 52
ap-1 (proper ǝp-) : ēp-

Root / lemma: ap- ēp-
Meaning: to take, grab, reach
Note:
From the reduced Root / lemma: gha h- : `to grab, take', derived Root / lemma: ap-
lemma: ghab ap-1 (exact
ǝp-) : ēp-
ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root / lemma: ēpi-
ēpi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma:
ai-3 : `to give'.
ai-
Maybe alb. Tosc (*ḫe-ip-mi) ep, jap, Geg nep (*na ùs' + ep `give') `give us (*take)' : Hittite
e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω ` give a hand.
Material:
In e- grade:
Hittite e-ip-mi (ē̆pmi) ` takes ', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi).
hom. ἤπαφον ` cheat'.
Maybe alb. Tosc (*ḫ2ap) jap, nasalized alb. Geg (*ḫ1enp) nep ` give' common ḫ > j- Slavic
Albanian.
In a- grade:
Old Indic āpnṓti ` achieved, attained ', more recently āptá-ḥ ` clever, suitable, trusted ';
Avestan apayeiti ` achieved, reached ', 3. Pl. āpǝnte from *āpu̯antai;
About Old Indic āpí-ḥ ` friend ', gr. ἤπιoς ` friendly' see below ēpi-
ēpi-.
Armenian unim ` own' (*ōp-n-?), ǝnd-unim àttain'; (common arm. Celtic alb.
abbreviation).
gr. ἅπτω ` give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle ', ἅπτεσθαι ` touch ', ἁφή `
touch, adherence etc. ' will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352
assumes influenced by ἕπω; hom. ἀφάω (ἁφάω) ` touch, palpate, feel, finger ', Ionian
ἀφάσσω ds., common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;
hom. ἀπαφίσκω, ἤπαφον (with Aeolic o: ἀποφεῖν ἀπατῆσαι Hes.) ` cheat, barter, exchange
', ἀποφώλιος ` phantasmic, delusive, fallacious ', κατηφής `low-spirited' (actually ` got
down ').
Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with gr. ἅπτω Armenian ap` ` the hollow hand ' (o-stem,
however, Lok. y-apì as -i-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together, which word
should correspond to gr. ἅψος ` joint, hinge '; because of p` (= Indo Germanic ph)
nevertheless, uncertain (compare Meillet BSL. 36, 110);
Latin apīscor ` touch, reach, attain, come to, come by ', adipīscor ` to come up to,
overtake; hence to obtain. Perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained ', coēpi ` has
begun, commenced ', later coepī.
The connection with Latin *apiō, *apere ` to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie
round ' (imper. ape ` hinder, prevent, restrain '), aptus ` as partic. fitted, fastened,
connected. Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with,
with abl. (2) as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. Adv. apte ', cōpula (co-apula) ` a link,
bond, tie, connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels ' is probably certain. Maybe is derived
from a common primary meaning ` touch, summarize '.
Also Latin apud àt, near, by, with, in' will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning
would be ` in close connection ' (compare juxtā). One has derived from the part. Perf.
neutr. *apu̯od (from *apu̯ot ` having reached '). Additional form apor, apur (mars.-Latin
apur finem) points on originally-d;
Latin apex, -icis ` cusp ', esp. ` the top of the conical cap of the Roman 'flamines', or the
cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark
over a vowel ', maybe belongs to *apiō; compare also EM. 60;
In o- grade:
Tocharian A oppäc̨c̨i `clever' (Van Windekens Lexique 82);
References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hittite 128, Couvreur H̯ 93.
Page(s): 50-51
Root / lemma: ap-

ap-3, āp-
āp-
Meaning: old; damage
Material: Old Indic apvā́ ` illness, failure ', Avestan (from an -es-stem) afša- m. ` damage,
evil '; Lithuanian opū́s ` weak, sore, frail ' (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably gr.
ἠπεδανός `frail, weak' (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 530).
Page(s): 52
Root / lemma: apo- pō̆, ap-

apo- (p pu (*ḫ2apḫ
ap-u, pu) ap 3o-)
Meaning: from, out, of
Note:
Root / lemma: apo- pō̆, ap-
ap-u, pu) ap 3o-):: `from, out, of' derived from Root / lemma:
abh- (*ḫ2abh-):: `quick, abrupt' < Root / lemma:
lemma: abhro-
ro- (*ḫ2abhro-
ro-):: `strong, mighty' < root
m̥bh-(ro
ne h-, emb
Gradually Root / lemma: apo- pō̆, ap-
ap-u, pu) ap 3o-):: `from, out, of' became the prefix
pḫ1e-, pḫi-, pḫ2a-, pḫ3o-.
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite: ḫapparnuwasḫa- c. 'sunbeam, rays of sunshine', ḫappin(a)- ' open flame '.
References: Tischler 162, 165.
Old Indic ápa ` off, away, back ' as adnominal Рräp. m. Abl. ` away from ', Avestan ap. apa
` away from '; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gr. see Schwyzer ZII. 6, 230 ff.; gr. ἄπο,
ἀπό m. Gen. (= *ablative) ` away from, ex, from '; maked. ἀπ-, ἀβ-;
alb. prapë ` again, back ' (*per-apë); Latin ab m. Аbl., ` prep. with abl. (1) of motion or
measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation,
difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of
part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands
of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of : 'a tergo', in the rear; hence in connection
with, as regards ' (before voiced consonant from ap, still in aperiō from *ap-u̯eri̯ō; perhaps
also in aprīcus, s. WH. I 59; about Latin af s. just there 1; abs = gr. ἄψ ` back, again '; out
of it as- before p-, as-portō; ā before voiced consonants), Umbrian ap-ehtre ` from without,
from the outside; on the outside, outwardly ' (about other, unsafe Oscan-Umbrian Belege
s. v. Planta I 209, 426, II 454 f.);
Gothic af prefix and preposition m. dat. ` from, away from, from here ', Old Norse af Adv.
and preposition m. dat., Old English æf, of, Old Saxon af, Old High German aba, ab- `
from, away from ', Modern High German ab-.
compare also Lithuanian apačià ` the lower part ' (as ` turned away part ', *apoti̯ā, to Old
Indic ápatya- n. ` progeny ' and Hittite ap-pé-iz-zi-ia-aš (appezii̯as) ` back '.
As Celtic derivatives are taken up from *apo acymr. ncymr. o ` ex-, from, of ', a.-mcorn., a.-
nbret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound brit. form rather affiliation to Old Irish ō,
ua in consideration (Thurneysen Gr. 524), so that of all Brit. it remains quite unsafe.
In Hittite a-ap-pa (apa) ` behind, back ' (compare gr. ἀπο-δίδωμι ` give back, return ')
have maybe collapsed Indo Germanic apo and epi (Pedersen Hittite 188, Couvreur H̯ 94 f.,
Lohmann IF. 51, 324 f.).
Derivatives: apо
apо-tero-
tero-, ap-
ap-ero- ap-i̯i̯i̯o-, ap-
ero-, ap- ōko- and above apoti̯ā,
ap-ōko- ā, apeti̯o-.
Old Indic apataram Adv. ` farther away ', ap. apataram Adv. ` apart, somewhere else
', gr. ἀπωτέρω ` farther distant ' (ἀπωτάτω ` very far away '); maybe Gothic aftarō ` from
the back, backward ', aftuma, aftumists ` the last ', Old English æftemest ds. and Gothic
aftra ` back, again ', Old High German Old Saxon aftar Adv. ` behind, after ' and Рräp. m.
Dat. ` after, behind, according to ', Old English æfter ds..
In e- grade:
Old Norse eptir Adv. and Рräp. m. Dat. and Akk. ` after ', aptr Adv. ` back, backward '.
For this Germanic However, words relationship also stands with gr. ὄπιθεν, Indo
Germanic *epi, *opi to the consideration (Schulze KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still
Gothic afta `behind', Old English æft ` behind, later ', Gothic aftana `from the back', Old
Norse aptan, Old English æftan, Old Saxon aftan, Middle High German aften ` afterwards'.
Old Indic ápara- ` back, later, following, other ', Adv. -ám ` after, later ', Avestan ap.
apara- ` back, later, following ', Adv. -ǝm, -am, Sup. Old Indic apamá-, Avestan apǝma- `
the one farthest away, the most distant, the last ';
Gothic afar Adv. and preposition with dat. and Akk. ` after, afterward ', Old High German
avar, abur (latter from *apu-ró-m, as Old Norse aur- ` bottom, lower, nether, back ' in
compound, see Falk-Torp, 11 f.) ` again, once more, against it ' (Modern High German
aber), Old Norse afar ` esp., very much ' (compare to meaning Old Indic ápara- also `
outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary ', Lidén Stud. 74 ff.; Old English eafora, Old
Saxon aƀaro ` descendant '). see still * āpero- ` shore '.
maybe alb. (*apar) parë `first, top', afër `*away, close', afërm `relative, descendant', (*āper-
) prej `from'.
Gr. ἄπιος ` remote, far '
In e- grade:
(probably also Old Norse efja f. ` bay in a river in which the current runs back ', Old English
ebba m. ` low tide ', Old Saxon ebbia f., mndd. ebbe, where borrows from Modern High
German Ebbe, as ` ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards
the sea ').
Old Indic ápāka- ` recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front ', Armenian haka- as
1. composition part ` against ', hakem ` piegare ad una parte, inclinare ', Old Church Slavic
opaky ` again ', Church Slavic opako, opaky, opače ` back, inverted ', in which, admittedly,
forms can be partly also related to *opi, gr. ὄπιθεν (compare Latin opācus ` shaded, shady;
dark, shadowy, obscure ' = ` turned away from the sun ';
Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 482). Besides Old Norse ǫfugr ` after, turned
backward ', Old Saxon aƀuh, avuh, Old High German abuh, abah ` turned away, inverted,
wicked ' (Modern High German äbig, äbicht), Old English *afoc in engl. awkward, from
*apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : ὄπιθεν, so that in the ablaut to Gothic ibuks ` being on the
decline ', Old High German ippihhōn ` roll back '? Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the
consonant relegating to πυ-γή, see also Falk-Torp under avet).
pō̆:
Avestan pa-zdayeiti ` let to move away, scare off '; Latin po-situs, pōnō `to put down, set
down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit' from *po-s[i]nō, po-liō, po-lūbrum, pōrcet `to keep
off, keep back, to hinder, restrain' from *po-arcet; alb. pa m. Akk. ` without ', pa- ùn-' (Gl.
Meyer Alb. Wb. 317); Old Frisian fån ` from, of ', Old Saxon fana, fan, Old High German
fona, fon m. Dat. (= *Abl.) ` from, of ' (Old High German -o- is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to
derive from Indo Germanic *pu beside *po).
A similar form pursues Trautmann Old Prussian 389 in Old Prussian pan-s-dau
`thereafter'. Is totally unsafe whether Armenian oɫork ` polished, slippery, smooth '
contains according to Lidén Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.
Maybe suffixed alb. pas `behind, back' pastaj `later, thereafter'.
Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 808 considers
absorption from Indo Germanic *upo, and for Slavic po in meaning ` behind, after ' m. Lok.
probably properly origin from *pos): Old Church Slavic po ` after, in, with, about a little bit
there ' (Lithuanian pō with Gen. under dat. àfter', with Instr. ùnder'), as essential only
more perfective verbal prefixes Lithuanian pa-, Old Church Slavic po- (as nominal prefix
Old Church Slavic pa-, Lithuanian pa and pó-, compare e.g. Old Church Slavic pamьněti `
remember ', pamętь ` memory');
Maybe alb. nominal prefix pain pḫ2ë-lor, plor ` ploughshare ', pḫ2ë-rrua ` stream '.
Old Prussian pa- essential in nominal, pō- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203,
Meillet Slave comm.2 505.
About Slavic po-dъ ` below, under ' see Brugmann Grdr. II2 2, 733 f. - S. still Indo
Germanic *po-
*po-ti and *po-
*po-s.
Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë `below, under' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic
po-dъ `below, under ' from Root / lemma: apo- pō̆, ap-
apo- (p pu : (from, out, of) not from Root
ap-u, pu):
/ lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).
ap-u stands beside *apo (Lithuanian see below *pu) in Arcadian Cypriot Lesbian
ap-
Thessalian ἀπύ, in Old High German abo = aba, Old Norse au-virđi n. ` contemptuous
person ' (Falk-Torp 11 f.), compare also above *apu-ro- beside *apero-, *apu-ko-, and *pu
beside *po. That -u maybe enclitic Particle ` and, also ' (Feist Зa, 508a, WH. I 87).
compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 182.
pu (see оbove *apu) mostly in meaning (` turned away ' =) ` behind, back ':
Old High German fona (see above), Old Indic punar ` again back ', gr. πύματος ` the last
'; quite uncertain Latin puppis ` the poop or stern of a vessel; poet. the whole ship '.
maybe alb. pupa ` the poop or stern of a vessel ' : poln. pupa `bottom'.
References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist За, Trautmann 11.
Page(s): 53-55
Root / lemma: appa

Meaning: father
Material: compare gr. ἄππα, ἀπφά, ἄπφα, ἀπφῦς (Theokrit) ` dad '; Tocharian В appakke `
father ' (this -(a)kke from ammakki `Mutter').
See also: compare also pap(p)a.
pap(p)a
Page(s): 52
Root / lemma: apsā

Meaning: asp
Material: Old High German aspa, Modern High German Espe, Old English æspe, Old
Norse ǫsp f. ds., Latvian apse (from *apuse), Old Prussian abse ds., North Lithuanian
apušìs f., Lithuanian apušė̃, epušė̃ f. ` aspen, trembling poplar ' (after Bezzenberger BB.
23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsā), russ. osína (*opsīna) ` aspen ',
poln. osa, osika, osina ` aspen '.
The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm
among others türk.-osm. apsak ` poplar ', tschuw. ėwës ` aspen ' as a loanword from the
proto Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of gr. ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος,
ὅ ἐστι εἰ̃δος δένδρον Hes. a root noun ap- .
Page(s): 55
Root / lemma: ar 4 (er, or?), r̥

er, or?
Meaning: now, also, interrogative particle
Material: Gr. ἄρα, ἄρ, ῥα (from r̥) ` now, thus, consequently ', Cypriot ερ, ἀ̃ρα interrogative
particle (*ἦ ἄρα; γάρ, maybe from γ' ἄρ); likewise zero grade Lithuanian ir̃ ` and, also ',
Latvian ir àlso', Old Prussian ir ànd, also' (= gr. ῥα, zero grade Lithuanian ar̃, Latvian ar
as an introduction of an interrogative sentence, Old Lithuanian also er with the same Baltic
vacillate from a- and e- as between Latvian ar ` with, in ' and Old Prussian er ` to ';
Tocharian В ra- emphat. particle.
References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 342, 622.
Page(s): 62
Root / lemma: ard

ar h-
Meaning: pole
Material: Armenian ardn ` lance, spear ': Lithuanian ar̃das m. ` pole scaffold for drying flax
', old ardamas ` a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves
to make it taut) ' (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)'? Petersson KZ. 47, 245
(Lithuanian words not better according to Leskien Abl. 329 to ardýti ` split, distinguish ',
see below er-
er- ` rare, loose, crumbly ').

Page(s): 63
ardi-, r̥di-
Root / lemma: ardi- di-
di
Meaning: point, edge
Material: Old Indic ali ` bee, scorpion ' (from *aḍi, Indo Germanic *r̥di) = gr. ἄρδις ` head of
the arrow, sting '; Old Irish aird (*ardi-) ` sharp, peak, point of the compass ', Old Norse
erta (*artjan) ` stir up, stimulate, tease ' (another interpretation from erta under erer-d- `
er-, er-
set in motion ').
References: WP. I 83 f., Lüders Schriften 429.
Page(s): 63
Root / lemma: areg-

areg-
Meaning: to lock
Material: Old Indic argala-ḥ, argalā ` latch, bolt ', maked. ἄργελλα ` bathing hut, bath hut ',
from which borrows alb. ragál f. ` cottage, hut '; kimmer. ἄργιλλα (*arg-el-i̯ā) ` subterranean
dwelling '; Old Saxon racud, Old English reced m. ` building, house '.
References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.
See also: compare *areq-
*areq- ` protect, close '.
Page(s): 64
ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ
Root / lemma: ar( arĝ-
arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- (*her-(e)-ĝ-)
Meaning: glittering, white, fast
Note:
Old Indic r̥ji-pyá ` darting along ' epithet of the bird śyená- (èagle, falcon'), Avestan ǝrǝzi-
fya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) èagle'
prove that from Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or-
or- : èagle, *fast' derived extended Root / lemma:
ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ
ar( arĝ-
arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma:
reĝ-
reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.
(*a)reĝ
Material:
In e- grade:
e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for

Gothic unaírkns ` impure, unclean ', aírkniÞa ` cleanness, genuineness ', Old High German
erchan ` right, just, real, true, genuine ', Old Norse jarknasteinn, (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English eorcnanstān ` precious stone, jewel ' (in
addition also Old Norse jarteikn n. ` emblems ' from *jar[kn]-teikn, Lidén by Noreen Old
Icelandic Gr.3 ̨p. 281, 6); compare also Feist 25b.
Maybe alb. (*ḫerg-) jargë `white saliva' Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic
Tocharian.
As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of Germanic words, however, was
concerning the vocalism intersection from Germanic *ark- = Indo Germanic *arĝ- with *erk-
= Old Indic árcati, Indo Germanic *erk- at least conceivable.
In a- grade:
Hittite ḫar-ki-iš (ḫarkis) `white'.
Tocharian A ārki, В ā̆rkwi `white' (*arĝu̯io

̯ -), ārcune ` epithet of the royal title ', A ārki-śoṣi
` white world ' (compare cymr. elfydd S. 30);
Maybe alb. harc, harca Pl. `rocky landscape'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
Old Indic árju-na-ḥ ` bright, white '; rajatá- ` whitish ', rajatám híraṇyam ` whitish gold,
i.e. silver ', rajatám ` silver ' with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero grade r̥
(or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with Avestan ǝrǝzata- n., Old pers. ardata- `
silver ' (r̥-) : TN Illyrian Ardiaei common alb. - Illyrian -ĝ- > -d-.
Maybe Albanian argjend : Bresciano arzent : Romagnolo arzént : Zeneize arzento `silver'
(common Avestan Slavic g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-).
Latin argentum, Oscan aragetud `silver', Old Irish arggat, Middle Irish airget, cymr. arian(t),
corn. Middle Breton argant, nbret. arc'hant ` silver ', gall. PN Arganto-magus; arcanto-dan `
coin minter, mint-master, the master or superintendent of a mint ', Armenian arcat` `silver',
Tocharian A ārkyant N. Pl. f.; with other formation gr. ἄργυρος `silver' (in spite of these
equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure, see about
that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II2 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39, 235 f.,
Festschr. Streitberg 228), Messapic argorian (: ἀργύριον) ds., argora-pandes (*arguro-
pondi̯os) `quaestor, state treasurer '.
Thrak. ἄργιλος ` (*white) mouse ', FlN ῎Αρζος (*Argi̯os).
Gr. ἀργός ` white, fast ', in compounds ἀργι- : ἀργι-κέραυνος ` with shining thunderbolt ',
ἀργι-όδων ` with brilliantly white teeth ' (thereafter also *ἀργινός for ἀργεννός, further
formation to ἀργινόεις, epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains);
ἀργαίνω ` is white '.
ἀργός probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from *ἀργρός dissimilated,

wherefore i-stem ἀργι- of compounds behaves as Avestan dǝrǝzi-raϑa- ` possessing
steady chariot ' to dǝrǝzra- ` solid '. With ἀργός phonetically same Old Indic r̥jrá- connotes
also ` shining ', is in this meaning with ἀργός `white' etymological identical (in addition also
Old Indic ŕ̥jīti-, r̥jīka- ` radiating '). Old Indic r̥jrá- ` fast ', Ṛji-śvan- ` the allied Indras ordering
about fast dogs ' = gr. ἀργός `fast' (likewise of dogs, also already proto linguistic epithet,
see Schulze Kl. Schr. 124), ἀργί-πους ` fleet-footed ', horses Πόδ-αργος, upholds Persson
Beitr. 828 from ἀργός (r̥jrá-) ` white ' different word (to the root reĝ- ` straight, right, directly
' in Old Indic r̥jīšá- ` rushing straight for ', r̥ji-pyá ` darting along ', etc), against Bechtel
Lexil. 57, the concept of the lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement
(compare ` as quick as a flash, at lightning speed ') as well as Schulze aaO. Sides of the
same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the color, and
quickness of the movement (compare Latin micāre `move rapidly to and fro, vibrate,
flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle').
ἄργεμον, ἄργεμα n. ` the whiteness (in the eye, nail)', ἀργήεις, Doric ἀργᾶς (*ἀργᾱFεντς
`shining'; es-stem in ἐναργής ` perspicuous, clear ', ἀργεσ-τής epithet of νότος, `
elucidative, brightening ' (see lastly Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5001), ἀργεννός ` white sheen,
white luster, white-gleaming ' (*ἀργεσ-νός); maybe also in ἀργειφόντης epithet of Hermes
(` in slaying brilliance '?).
On account of es-stem Avestan аrǝzah- ` afternoon and evening ' so that belongs
together etymologically, at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae
Airan. Wb. 202, Bechtel aaO.
Maybe alb. (*аrǝz-) errët `dark', err `darken' : Avestan аrǝzah- ` afternoon and evening '
ἀργής, -ῆτος, -έτι, -έτα ` white-gleaming '; ἄργιλλος and ἄργῑλος ` white clay ' (Latin
loanword argilla, argīla): ἄργυ-ρος see above, ἄργυ-φος, ἀργύ-φεος ` shining white ' (in the
word ending probably to root bhā- ` shine ', Prellwitz BB. 22, 90, Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).
Maybe Galician arxila : alb. argjilë `white clay, mud' ` white clay ' (common Avestan Slavic
g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-).
Latin argentum see above; arguō `to put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse,
blame, expose, convict ', argūtus `to the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear,
piercing, shrill, noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since
Cicero also:) beaming, shimmering ' and ` shrewd '.
About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for Lithuanian áržuolas, ąžuolas,
dial. áužuolas, East Lithuanian dial. úžolas ` oak ', see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263,
Trautmann Old Prussian 301, whereupon anž- (compare Old Prussian ansonis) the
original form is (different Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Germanic gutturals 214).
By Hirts (Abl. 124) basic *ar(e)ĝ- cause Germanic words difficulty, however, see above.
The basis of a 2th root vowel (areĝ-) is given only by Old Indic rajatám ` whitish ', thus
dubious.
References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 260, 447,
481, Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.
Specht (Dekl. 1141) places because of gr. ἄρμη λευκή Hes. a color root in ar-, he
equates with al-
al- (see above S. 31).
Page(s): 64-65
Root / lemma: arenko-

arenko-
Meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain
Material:
Latin arinca ` variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt) ' (`Galliarum propria' Plin. n. h.
18, 81; foreign, presumably gall. word, despite Niedermann ĕ and ĭ 30 not genuinely Latin),
gr. ἄρακος ` leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants ', ἄρακοι ὄσπριόν τι.
τὸ δε αὐτὸ καὶ λάθυρον Hes.
Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure
enough the not sufficing confirmation from ἄρακος in ὄροβος ἐρέβινθος. Non-related in
spite of Fick II4 16, 17 are gr. ἄρτος ` bread ' (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), Middle Irish
arbar ` grain ' (see *ar- ` to plough, plow '), arān ` bread '.

Page(s): 66-67
Root / lemma: areq-

areq-
Meaning: to guard, lock
Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lithuanian
Armenian argel ` hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle,
hindrance, balk, impediment ', denomin. argelum ` resist, hold from, hold back '; maybe
with o- gradation orm ` wall, mural ' (*ork-mo-?);
gr. ἀρκέω ` resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be

enough ' (ἀρκέσω, ἤρκεσα) probably from *ἀρκέι̯ω; ἄρκος n. ` protection, cover, shelter '
(Alkman); ἄρκιoς ` sufficing, enough ', αὐτ-άρκης ` oneself enough ', ποδ-άρκης ` with
sufficing feet, fast ' (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.);
Maybe alb. (*ἄρκος) argësh `crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of
crossbars, harrow', zero grade in alb. (*argo-) rrogë àlpine meadow (to be guarded)'.
Latin arceō, -ēre ` to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away ', arca ` a
chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell ' (actually ` fastener, shutter ', compare
arcānus ` shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential '; from Latin derives Gothic etc
arka ` boxes, money boxes, ark ';
maybe alb. arkë ` box, money boxes, ark '.
Old High German arahha, archa ` ark ' and from Germanic again Old Church Slavic raka `
burial cave', Old Prussian arkan Akk. Sg. àrk'), arx ` fortified hill, castle, fort ', arcera `
canopied chariot ' (suffix after cumera, compare WH. I 63) Oscan trííbarakavúm ` to build,
erect, establish; to create, frame ' (constitutes beforehand *trēbark- ` to enclose a house,
to put up a fence around a house ');
Old High German rigil, Middle High German rigel ` latch, bolt ', Middle English rail (Old
English *reogol), Güntert Kalypso 136;
Lithuanian rãktas `key', rakìnti ` to lock, shut ';
Hittite ḫar(k)- ` hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them) ', Götze and Pedersen
Muršili 50.
Note:
Note
Maybe alb. (*ḫark-) varg `row, chain, ring'; common prothetic alb. v- before bare initial
vowels.
Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of cymr. archen ` clothes, shoe ',
bret. arc'henna ` wear shoes ' (Middle Irish acrann ` shoe, clothes ' probably reconverted
with metathesis from arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as ` castle hill ' interpreted Old pers. mountain names
arkadri- see Justi IA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadriš ` mountain ravine, mountain gorge
'), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altiran. Wb. 105 Anm. 1, 116.
Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from Slavic račiti
` want, grant '.
As form mit o-gradation (or at most with or = r̥) covers Latin Orcus ` Orcus, the infernal
regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead ' (uncertain ` lock,
seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up '?).
References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.
See also: Similarly aleq-
aleq- ` refuse, protect ' and areg
eg- (see d.).
areg-
Page(s): 65-66
Root / lemma: ar(ǝ)

ar(ǝ)-
ǝ)-
Meaning: to plough
Material: Armenian araur ` plow ' (*arātrom; Hübschmann Arm. stem I 21);
gr. ἀρόω (ἤροσα, ἄροτος) ` plough, till ', ἀρότης, ἀροτήρ ` plowman ', ἄροτρον ` plow ';
with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. αρά̄ςοντι, gortyn. ἄρατρον. ἀρόω etc
placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an Indo Germanic *aro- besides *arǝ- ahead (compare
Tocharian āre), or appeared instead of ἀράω at the same time with the reshuffle many
denominative causatives in -άω to such in -όω after in addition basic o- formation, under
special influence from νεόω ` plow up the land anew '.
Latin arō, -āre ` to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow
the sea ' (for the older *arǝ-mi), arātor ` ploughman, husbandman ', arātrum ` plow ' (-ā- for
*-ă- after arāre);
Middle Irish airim ` to plough ', cymr. arddu (from *arj-) ` to plough ', arddwr ` plowman ',
Middle Irish ar n. ` arable land ', cymr. ar f. ds., Middle Irish ar-án ` bread ', arathar
(*arǝtrom), cymr. aradr, corn. aradar, Middle Breton arazr, nbret. arar ` plow '; Middle Irish
airem (*ari̯omō), Gen. aireman ` plowman ', also PN Airem-ón;
Gothic arjan, Old Norse erja, Old English Old Saxon erian, Old High German erran,
Middle High German ern ` to plough, till ', Old Norse arđr ` plow ', Old High German art `
furrowed land ', Old English earđ, ierđ f. ` furrowed land, yield ' (see also under *ar-
*ar- ` yield,
acquiesce ' about Modern High German Art), Middle High German arl, Modern High
German Arl, Arling `plow' (from loanword from Slavic *ordlo? genuinely Germanic after
Meringer IF. 17, 121);
Lithuanian ariù, árti `to plough', árklas (*arǝ-tlom) ` plow ', arklỹs ` horse ' (as ` a plow
animal '); artójas ` tiller, plowman ' (*arǝ-tāi̯a-), Old Prussian artoys ` tiller ' (with secondary
zero grade Lithuanian orė̃ ` ploughing time ', compare gr. πολύηρος πολυάρουρος Hes.),
Latvian ar'u ` to plough ', ara, āre ` arable land '; Lithuanian armenà ` superficially furrowed
layer of earth ';
Maybe alb. ara ` arable land '.

Old Church Slavic orjǫ, orati `to plough'; ralo (serb. rȁlo, poln. radɫo) `plow' (*ar(ǝ)-
dhlom: Lithuanianárklas), ratajь ` plowman '; about Slavic *ora- s. Trautmannn 13;
toch AB āre `plow'. concerning this pertains:
ar(ǝ)u̯-:
ar(
Armenian haravunk` ` arable land ' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), Latin arvus, -a, -um `
plowed, plowed land ', esp. arvum ` plowed land, a field; in gen., a region ', Umbrian
arvam-en ìn plowed land' (= Latin fem. arvas A. Pl.), ar(u)via ` crops, field crops ';
Middle Irish arbor (*aru̯r)̥ ` grain ', Dat. arbaim, Gen. (already Old Irish) arbe (*aru̯ens), Pl.
N. A. arbanna (r/n-stem: Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom
airmnech ` the man who owns a lot of grain ', Corrnac's Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ.
38, 458); (common alb. Celtic -v- > -b-), gr. ἄρουρα ` arable land ' (formally not yet clearly;
probably after Benveniste Norns 113 from *ἀρο-Fρᾱ, extension of ἀρο-Fαρ from *aro-u̯r,̥
compare Middle Irish arbor. Unglauhhaft Otrębski KZ. 66, 78).
Through its old e- divergence cymr. erw f. ` field ', Pl. erwi, er-wydd, corn. erw, ereu ds.,
abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. ero ` furrow ' belong against it to Old High German ero `
earth ', gr. ἔρα, Armenian erkir ` earth ' (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197
likewise *eru̯- as a basis), however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one
*ar(ǝ)u̯o-.
From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance
with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.
References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 683.
After Specht KZ. 68, 422 furthermore to root *erǝ- (er

er-5) ` disjoint, sever ' as ` tear the
er-
ground open '?
Page(s): 62-63
Root / lemma:
lemma: ario-
ario-?
Meaning: master, lord
Note:
ario-? : master, lord, derived from Root / lemma: ar-
Root / lemma: ario- ar-1*, themat. (a)re-
(a)re-,
schwere Basis arǝ rē- und i-Basis (a)rī̆-, rēi-
arǝ-, rē- rēi- : to move, pass: gr. ἄριστος ` best in birth
and rank, noblest'.
Material: Old Indic ar(i)yá- ` mister, convivial ', ā́r(i)ya- ` Aryan ', āryaka ` venerable man ';
Avestan airyō, Old pers. ariya- ` Aryan ';
gall. PN. Ario-mānus (GIL, III 4594); Irish aire (gl. primas) besides airech, where is to be
formed *arjo- and *arjako-, which to Old Indic āryaka behaves as gr. μεῖραξ `youth' to Old
Indic maryaká- `male' (Pedersen Celtic Gr. II 100). Against it belongs Middle Irish ruire not
here, but from ro + rī ` king of kings '.
About Old Indic aryamán n. ` hospitality ', m. ` guest's friend ', Avestan airyaman-,
npers. ērmān ` guest ', see above under al-
al-1.
W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly Proto Norse arjostēR N. Pl. ` the
most distinguished, the noblest ', thus would have to be attached indeed an Proto Norse
*arjaR ` posh, lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately,
highbred, exclusive ' and an Indo Germanic *ari̯o-, in the Old Indic phonetically with a
derivative from arí- ` alien, stranger ' would have collapsed.
Celto-Germanic PN Ario-vistus however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for
*Hario-. Also Old Irish aire, airech ` suitor ' are ambiguous, see above under al-
al-1.
Maybe Arrianes Illyrian TN.
Page(s): 67
ar-1*, themat. (a)re-

Root / lemma: ar- (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ rē- and i-basis (a)rī̆ī̆ī̆-, rēi-
arǝ-, rē- rēi-
Meaning: to move, pass
Note:
Root / lemma: ar- (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆ī̆ī̆-, rēi-
arǝ-, rē- rēi- : `to move,
pass'
and Root / lemma: er-
er-3 : or-
or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up,
be born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or-
or- : èagle'.
Material:
In e- grade:
*) E.-M. 74 determine because of Armenian eri ` horse’s hock or point of shoulder,

shoulder of animals ', y-eriurel ` fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust;
accommodate; readjust; bring into line; mate ' posit a basic form *er- . But Armenian eri
derives after Liden Mél. Pedersen 88 f. back to Indo Germanic *rēito-, *rēiti ! compare
Trautmann 242.
In a- grade:
Hittite: ara- n. ' wealth, welfare, well-being, happiness, prosperity, fortune, right, propriety ',
c. ' friend ' (Tischler 50).
Avestan arānte ` they settle, get stuck ', Old Indic ará-ḥ ` wheel spoke ', aram, álam
Adv. (áraṃkar-, alaṃkar ` prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink ' and `
be in service; serve; do one's service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of
use ', for what probably аrа-tí- ` servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower ' and rā-tí-
` willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating ', Avestan rāiti ` compliant, servant ') `
suitable, enough '; Avestan arǝm ` suitable, accordingly ' (arǝ̄m-piϑwā ` midday ' = ` the
time suitable for the meal ', next to which ra-piϑwā ds. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-,
from what arǝm Adv., Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu- m., ` judge, arbitrator ' and
` period (of time) ' (common primary meaning possibly ` the act of arranging something
(neatly) ', from which ` the act of arranging the law ' and ` right time '); Old Indic ar-p-áyati `
puts, fixed, clamps, cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies'; about Hittite ḫar-ap-
(ḫarp-) ` to arrange, situate, put down '? compare Couvreur Ḫ 114 f.;
Armenian aṙnem ` produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out;
volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down ',
y-ar ` , I consent, conjoin, continue, press so ' (arar ` has done, has made ' = gr. ἄραρε),
whereof yarem ` add, subjoin, splice ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), č̣ar ` bad; poor; unsavory;
unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable;
decayed; wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt;
off; unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick ' with negative č̣ [= oč̣] ` not suitable ' (Bugge aaO. 23);
gr. ἀραρίσκω, Perf. ἄρᾱρα ` join together ', ἄρμενος ` annexed, appended, attached,
appendaged, suitable ', ὄαρ ` wife ' (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root*ser- or root *u̯er-, ἀ-Fείρω); in addition ὀαρίζω
` have close relations with '; also ` chats confidentially '; χαλκο-άρας ` ironclad, armoured ',
also χερι-άρας τέκτων Pind., ἄρ-θρον ` limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle) ', ἀρθμός `
connection; connexion; contact; touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction;
conjunction; coupling; communication; link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination;
association; incorporation; compound; relation; relationship; marriage; wedding;
society; union; juncture, friendship ', ἄρθμιος ` joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct,
collective '; with t- suffixes homer. δάμ-αρ-τ- ` housewife ' (` the woman in charge of the
house '), Aeolic δόμορτις Hes.; πυλάρτης ` Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the
underworld ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 451, 5); ἀρε- in ἀρέσκω ` even out, ease, reconcile, settle,
redress, compensate for, equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction ',
ἀρέσκει μοι ` It suits me, I like it ', ἀρέσκεσθαι, ἀρέσσασθαι ` come to an agreement, come
to an agreement with somebody; make oneself inclined, reconcile ', common gr.-Illyrian -
ks- > -ss-; ἀρετή ` ability; competence; efficiency ', ἀρείων ` better ' (in respect probably
stands ἀρι- ` very much, very ' in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also Old
Indic ari-gūrtá-, -ṣ̌tutá- as ` keenly praised ' would like to compare; uncertain because of
gr. ἐρι- ` very much, very ' see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); ἄριστος ` better, best ',
ἀριστερός ` left, on the left '.
With lengthening θυμ-ήρης ` appealing well, complacent ', ὅμηρος ` husband; hostage,
pledge ', ὁμηρέω ` to meet '; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was ῎Ομηρος actually ` companion,
the blind person who goes with his leader '.
From Slavic perhaps poln. ko-jarzyć ` attach, connect, combine, remember ' (e.g.
Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31, 532).
Maybe alb. kujtoj ` attach, remind, remember ' an early Slavic loanword.
About maybe related gr. ἄρα, Lithuanian ir̃ s. 4. ar ` now, thus '.
Tocharian A ārwar, В ārwer, ārwar ` ready ', А аräm, В ere ` face ' (compare Latin
figura à form, shape, figure'). Van Windekens BSL. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the
same place 173.
t-formations: r̥t-, art-

art- ` joint together '.
Old Indic r̥tá- n. ` suitable, right ', r̥tám n. ` well attached, holy order ' (to meaning see
Oldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not ` sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering '), r̥tēna ` rite ',
Avestan arǝta-, ǝrǝta- n., Old pers. arta- (in compound) ` law, right, holy right '; Avestan
aša- under, ` what is sure, true ', Old Indic r̥tāvan(t)- ` proper, fair ', Avestan ašā̆van/t/-; Old
Indic r̥tú-ḥ ` certain time, order, rule ', r̥tí-ḥ f. ` kind, way ' (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9,
193; see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), Avestan aipi-ǝrǝta- `
appoints, destines, firmly assigned ';
Armenian ard, Gen. -u (= gr. ἀρτύς, Latin artus, -ūs, compare also on top Old Indic r̥tú-ḥ)
` structure, construction, ornament ' (Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), z-ard
àpparatus, ornament '; ard ` just now, now, currently ' (= gr. ἄρτι) (Bartholomae Stud. II
23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar ` fair, just, right ' (Hübschmann Arm. stem I
21, Arm. Gr. I 423; Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also Indo Germanic dh; compare
Avestan arǝdra- ` faithful, reliably, loyal to belief, pious, godly ' and the other
undermentioned dh- derivatives), ardiun `struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);
gr. ἁμαρτή `(at the same time) simultaneous ' (Instr. *ἁμ-αρτός ` joint together,
concurring, coincidental '), ὁμ-αρτέω ` connect oneself to somebody, accompany ' (due to
*ὅμ-αρτος); ti-stem in ἀρτι-Fεπής (`well versed in word structure '), ἀρτί-πο(υ)ς ` with
healthy feet ', ἀρτί-φρων ` able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind ' (presumably
also in ἄρταμος ` butcher, slaughterer; murderer ', whereof ἀρταμέω ` slaughter, cut up,
divide ', after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from *ἀρτι- or at most *ἀρτοταμος ` workmanlike cutting
', compare Old Indic r̥ta-nī- ` justly leading ', r̥ta-yuj ` properly harnessed '); probably also
ἀρτεμής ` fresh and healthy ', probably dissimilated from *ἀρτι-δεμής to δέμας ` with a well-
built body '; ἄρτι ` just ' of the present and the most recent past (compare above Armenian
ard ` just now, now ' and ard-a-cin ` newborn ' as gr. ἀρτι-γενής; morphologically not yet
quite clear, perhaps Locative); ἀπ-αρτί ` exact, just ', ἄρτιος ` adequate, just, complete ',
ἀρτιάζω ` plays rightly or oddly ', ἀρτίζω ` finishes, prepares ', ἄρσιον δίκαιον Hes.,
ἀνάρσιος ` hostile ', ἐπαρτής ` prepares ';
ἀρτύν φιλίαν καὶ σύμβασιν, ἀρτύς σύνταξις (= Latin artus `narrow, tight') Hes., ἀρτύω,
ἀρτύνω ` joins, prepares ', ἀρτύ̄νας, ἄρτῡνος, ἀρτῡτήρ title of a public servant or official of
Argos, Epidauros, Thera.
Latin artus ` narrow, tight (in space and time), close; 'somnus', fast, sound; of supplies,
small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing ' (Adv. artē, originally instrumental as
ἁμαρτή); ars, -tis ` skill, method, technique; 'ex arte', according to the rules of art. (2) an
occupation, profession. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method
of acting; 'bonae artes', good qualities ' (actually ` articulation, assemblage, pack a gift
properly ' = Middle High German art), in addition the compounds in-ers ` unsophisticated,
sluggish, untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid ',
soll-ers ` clever, skilful ', allers, alers ` taught, learned '; artiō, -ire ` insert tightly, wedge,
crowd, join fast, press together ' (more recently artāre); artus, -ūs ` the joints; 'dolor
artuum', gout; poet., limbs ', articulus ` in the body, a small joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of
time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point ';
Lithuanian artì ` near ' (Lok. ti-stem);
Middle High German art f. ` kind, manner and way ', Old Norse ein-arđr ` simple,
sincere', einǫrd ` reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness ';
Tocharian В ar(t)kye ` rich, valuabe ' (?).
m-formations:
A. From the light basis ar-

ar-.
Armenian y-armar ` suitable, adequate ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);
gr. ἁρμός ` seam, assemblage, joint ', ἁρμοῖ ` just, recently ' (ἁρμόζω ` connect, join,
adapts, orders ', ἁρμονία ` connection, alliance, regularity, harmony '), ἅρμα ` chariot '
(about these words see Sommer Gr. Lautst. 133, Meillet BSL. 28, c.-r. 21 f. [*arsmo-?],
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 306; farther Lithuanian by Boisacq 79), ἁρμαλιά ` assigned food,
provisions ';
Latin arma, -ōrum ` defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers,
military power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment ', armentum ` herd of horses or
cattle, cattle for plowing '.
Hence sounds in Old Norse jǫrmuni ` bovine animal, horse ' and the PN Gothic
*Aírmana-reiks, Old English Eormenrīc, Old Icelandic Jǫrmunrekr, Middle High German
Ermenrīch; the same first part to the name from a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri ` great
Thuringia ', Old Norse jǫrmungrund ` the wide earth ' = Old English eormengrund, Old High
German irmindeot, Old Saxon Irmin-sūl, and in the short form Herminones.
However, Brückner KZ. 45, 107 rightly challenges, that ` cattle, horses ' is the original and
` large ' out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for ` large, serene' a starting
point because of Slavic raměnъ ` immense, strong, violent, sudden ' (from here Lithuanian
er̃mas ` immense , monstrous ', Latvian ęr̃ms ` monkey, clown, strange appearance '?), as
` shot up ' to *er-, *or- (orior etc; compare formal ὄρμενος), not as ` sturdy, stout, well built,
massive ' belongs to *ar- ` to join, connect '.
Old Church Slavic jarьmъ ` yoke ' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31), sloven.
jérmen ` yoke strap, strap '; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: Old Church
Slavic remenь, serb. rè́mēn etc ` strap '; Specht Dekl. 149 f.
Tocharian В yarm, AB yärm ` measure '.
mo-: r̥̄-mo-
В. From the heavy base аrǝ-mo- mo- ` arm '.
Old Indic īrmá-ḥ àrm, shoulder' (originally ` shoulder joint ', compare ἄρθρον, Latin
artus `joints') = Avestan аrǝmа- ` arm ', osset. ärm ` cupped hand ', älm-ärịn, ärm-ärịn `
elbow ',
Latin armus ` shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part
of the upper arm, scapula ' (from *ar/ǝ/mos), gall. aramō ` bifurcation, point of separation ',
(Wartburg I 119, Jud by Howald-Меуеr Röm. Schweiz 374 ff.), Old Prussian irmo f. ` arm ',
Lithuanian ìrmėdė (`gout ', i.e.:) ` gout in the joints ', irm-liga ` gout, arthritis ' (see
Trautmann Old Prussian 347);
zero grade Lithuanian žem. Pl. tant. armaĩ ` Vorderarm am Wagen ' (ibd.), Old Church
Slavic ramo, ramę, serb. rà́me `shoulder', Gothic arms, Old High German etc arm ` arm ',
аrm. armukn ` elbow ' (Hübschmann Arm. Stud. I 21).
Root form rē-

rē-, rǝ-:
Latin reor, rērī ` to think, suppose, judge ' (the most primitive metering and counting is
accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted),
participle ratus ` in the opinion, sense ', but also ` determined, settled; calculated, certain,
valid, legal ', ratiō ` a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive,
ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine,
science; the reasoning faculty '; after EM. 793 here (prō)portiō from portiōne =prō ratiōne;
Gothic *garaÞjan (only participle garaÞana) ` to count ', Old Norse hundrađ, Modern
High German Hundert (*rađa n. ` number ' = Latin rătum `to ratify, confirm, make valid'; s.
Fick III4 336); Old High German girad ` even (only from numbers) ', Modern High German
gerad (only from numbers divisible by 2; different from gerad = straight ahead), with new
ablaut Old Norse tī-rø̄đr actually ` count after tens ' (Fick III4 336); Gothic raÞjō ` number,
bill, account ', Old Saxon rethia ` account ', Old High German radja, redea ` account,
speech and answer, story ', Old Frisian birethia ` accuse ', Old Saxon rethiōn, Old High
German red(i)ōn ` talk ' (determines the precise correspondence from raÞjō with Latin ratio
à reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation' e.g. Kluge11 s. v. `
speech ' to the assumption of borrowing Germanic words under influence from garaÞian;
more properly Falk-Torp 886 raÞjō to determine as primary -i̯ōn-derivative from Germanic
root *raÞ-[garaÞjan]).
Whether here also Old Norse rǫđ ` row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file,
turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining
along the shore ', Middle Low German rat f. ` row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier,
battery, file, turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank '? (Fick III4
337; ` row; line; series; chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession;
rank; order; progression; number; set; bank ' as ` added on each other, stratified '?).
Old High German rāmen ` strive for something, strive, aim ', Old Saxon rōmon `strive ',
Middle High German Middle Low German rām ` aim, purpose, target ' our *rē-maybe suit
as ` to arrange in one's mind, calculate ', if, besides, this (the previous newer proves)
Subst. rām must have been as formation with formants-mo- starting point.
dh-extension rē-
rē-dh-, rō-
rō-dh-, rǝ-dh-:
Old Indic rādhnṓti, rā́dhyati ` prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with
which has luck; contents, wins somebody ', rādhayati ` manages, gives satisfaction ',
rādha-ḥ m., rādhaḥ n. ` blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity ';
Maybe alb. radha `row', radhit `count'.
Avestan rāδaiti ` makes ready ', rāδa- m. ` social welfare worker ', rādah- n. ` appropriate
for oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard) ', Old pers. rādiy
(Lok. Sg.) ` weigh ' (compare Old Church Slavic radi see below), npers. ārāyad, ārāstan `
decorate; adorn; bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish '; Old
Irish imm-rādim ` considers, thinks over ', аcуmr. amraud ` suppose, think, mean ', ncymr.
amrawdd ` conversation ' with ders. meaning as Old Irish no-rāidiu, no-rādim ` says, tells ',
mcymr. adrawd ` tell ' and Gothic rōdjan, Old Norse rø̄đa ` talk ' (compare further also
placed above Modern High German Rede, reden; no-rāidiu and rōdjan, like Slavic raditi,
kaus.-iter. *rōdhei̯ō ); Gothic garēdan ` whereupon be judicious, take precautions ', urrēdan
` judge, determine ' (compare to meaning esp. Latin rērī), undrēdan ` procure, grant ', Old
High German rātan ` advise, confer, contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to
look after something, procure, provide, get ', Old Saxon rādan, Old Norse rāđa, Old
English rǣdan (latter also ` read ', engl. read), Subst. Old High German rāt m. ` available
means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention, precaution, stock, supply
', similarly Old Saxon rād, Old Norse rād, Old English rǣd; Old Church Slavic raditi ` take
care; be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater;
fend; ensure; insure ' (serb. râdîm, ráditi ` work, strive ', rad ` business, work '; see
Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi ` weigh ', next to which *rǝdh- in Old Church Slavic nerodъ `
neglect (of duty?) ', sloven. rǫ́dim, rǫ́diti ` provide, take care '.
Maybe (*rąd) alb. Geg randë `heavy (weight)', randonj `weigh'. aor. ra `fall, strike'
[nasalized form], , re `care, attention', roje `guard', ruanj `to guard'.
Root form (a)rī̆ī̆ī̆-, rēi-
rēi- (see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741):
Gr. ἀραρίσκω (if not neologism, see above S. 56), ἀριθμός `number', νήριτος `
countless ', Arcadian ἐπάριτος `ἐπίλεκτος, select; choice; exquisite ', ἀριμάζει ἁρμόζει
Hes.;
Latin rītus, -ūs ` conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner ',
rīte ` in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly
' (Lok. one beside rī-tu-s lying conservative stem *rī-t-);
Old Irish rīm `number', āram (*ad-ri-mā) ds., do-rīmu ` counts ', cymr. rhif `number', Old
Norse rīm n. ` reckoning, calculation ', Old Saxon unrīm ` immense number' ', Old English
rīm n. `number', Old High German rīm m. ` row, order, number ' (the meaning ` verse,
rhyme ' from Old Norse and Middle High German rīm probably after Kluge10 s. v. Reim
from French rime, which has derived from rythmus).
Maybe also *rēi- ` thing ' (Latin rēs à thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance' etc) after
Wood ax 226 must be added as root noun meaning ` stacked up goods, piled-up
possessions '.
Maybe is to be added also *rēi- ` thing ' (Latin rēs etc.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun
meaning ` having stacked up property '.
In addition probably as dh-extension rēi-

rēi-dh- (compare above rē-dh- besides rē-):
Gothic garaiÞs ` arranged, certain ', raidjan, garaidjan ` prescribe, determine ', Old
Norse g-reiđr ` ready, easy, clear ', greiđa ` disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay,
disburse, remit ', Middle High German reiten ` get everything set up, prepare, arrange,
count, calculate, pay ', reite, gereite, bereite, Old High German bireiti ` ready ', antreitī `
series, ordo ', Latvian riedu, rizt ` order ', raids ` raring, ready ', ridi, ridas ` device, clamp '.
Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from Old
Church Slavic orądije ` apparatus, instrumentum ' (from Old High German ārunti `
message ', see Pedersen concentration camp. 38, 310), rędъ 'order', Lithuanian rínda `
row ', Latvian riñda ` row, number '. On condition of that these continue Indo Germanic d,
not dh (*re-n-d-), one adds (e.g. Fick I4 527, Pedersen aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the
following kin in: ὀρδέω ` put on a fabric ', ὀρδικόν τὸν χιτωνίσκον. Πάριοι, ὄρδημα ἡ τολύπη
τῶν ἐρίων Hes.,
Latin ōrdior, -īrī, ōrsus sum (from weaver's language, Bréal MSL. 5, 440) ` to begin a web,
lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake ', exōrdior ` to
begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave ', redōrdior ` to take apart, unweave, unravel
', ōrdo, -inis à series, line, row, order' (also Umbrian urnasier seems to be = ordinariis òf
order, usual, regular, ordinary', Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection
agrees with ar- `put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree', which would have been
needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes.
under artus, -ūs), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-ei̯ō as a causative iterative
vocalism.
Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as k-extensions of the bases arǝ-,
ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:
Maybe alb. (*arānea) arnoj `to repair, mend, sew, weave', arnë `patch, piece of fabric' from
Latin arānea, -eus ` spider '?
Gr. ἀράχνη ` spider ', Latin arāneus ` of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb ', arānea, -eus `
spider ' (*arǝ-k-snā; the word ending to *snē- ` to spin; weave, interweave, produce by
spinning ' as ` a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net '?); supposedly
in addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) gr. ἄρκυς ` net ', ἀρκάνη τὸ ῥάμμα ᾡ
τὸν στήμονα ἐγκαταπλέκουσιναἱ διαζόμεναι Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after
Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 Latvian er'kuls ` spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum
(for spinning)' (which can stand for *arkuls). Lidén IF. 18, 507 f. puts it better ἄρκυς to
Slavic *orkyta, serb. ràkita ` red pasture ' and Latvian ẽrcis, gr. ἄρκευθος ` juniper ' as
shrubs with branches usable against lichen.
References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.

See also: S. unten arqu-
arqu- and erk-
erk-.
Page(s): 55-61
ar-2 or er-
Root / lemma: ar- er-
Meaning: to distribute
Grammatical information: with Indo Germanic nu-present
Material: Avestan ar- (present ǝrǝnav-, ǝrǝnv-, preterit Pass. ǝrǝnāvī) ` grant, allow to be
given; do guarantee ', with us- and frā `( as an allotment) suspend and assign ', frǝ̄rǝta- n.
` allotment (of sacrifices ), offering ' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.);
Armenian aṙnum ` I take ', Aor. aṙ (Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; meaning from medial ` I
allot to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself ' compare Old
Indic dálāmi ` give ': ā datē ` to take something, to accept something '; also in:)
gr. ἄρνυμαι ` acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage ',
durative compared with ἀρέσθαι ` acquire, win ', Aor. ἀρόμηv, ἠρόμην; μισθάρνης,
μίσθαρνος ` potboiler, day laborer, wageworker ', ἄρος n. ` usefulness, profit, use '
(Aesch.);
Hittite ar-nu-mi ` I bring ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) belongs probably rather than a
causative to 3. er- ` start to move '.
Hittite: (ar-nu-zi) arnuzi ` take there, bring here'.
The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent.
Page(s): 61
Root / lemma: ar-

ar-3
Meaning: nut
Note: (extends by -ēi- ōi-, -u-)
ēi-, -ōi-
Material:
In a- grade:
G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines gr. ἄρυα τὰ ΏHρακλεωτικὰ κάρvα Hes., alb. arrë f. `
walnut-tree ', For the relation to Lithuanian ríešutas, ruošutỹs ` hazelnut ', Latvian rieksts `
nut, hazelnut ', Old Prussian buccareisis ` beechnut ' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 314)
accepts Specht Dekl. 62.
In o- grade:
Old Church Slavic orěchъ ` nut '.
Page(s): 61
Root / lemma: ar-

ar-5
Meaning: to refuse; to lie
Note: (with n- formant)
Material: Gr. ἀρνέομαι (*ἀρνε-F-ομαι) ` refuses ', ἄπαρνος, ἔξαρνος ` refusing, denying
everything ', ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει βοᾳ Hes.;
alb. rrêm ` false ', rrêmë, rrênë ` lie ', nërrój (from *rrënój) ` denies everything ' (rr from rn;
Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether Armenian uranam ` denies
everything, refuses ', urast ` denial ' would be used (with ur- from ōr-).
References: WP. I 78, Meillet BSL. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142.
See also: see also ōr- ǝr- `reden, rufen'.
ōr-, ǝr-
Page(s): 62
ĝher-,
aro-m (*ĝ
Root / lemma: aro- er ĝhel-
el )
Meaning: reed
Material: Gr. ἄρον n. ` bistort, kind of reed ', ἀρί-σαρον ` therefrom a small kind ';
Latin harundō à reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for
catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd's pipe; a flute; a
weaver's comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse'; to formation compare hirundō à
swallow' and nebrundines : νεφροί `the kidneys'.
Note:
Maybe alb. (*ghalandus) dalëndyshe à swallow' : Latin harundo -inis f. à reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f.
`swallow'.
Common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-.
Similar phonetic setting alb. dimën `winter' : Latin hiemo -are `to winter, spend the winter'
[see Root / lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2 : ĝhi-
hi- : `winter; snow'
Latin and alb. prove that the original Root / lemma: aro- ĝher-,
aro-m : `reed' was (*ĝ er ĝhel-
el-). Only
Latin, alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
There is no doubt that from Illyrian-alb.- Latin (*harundinis ) dalëndyshe à swallow'
[common alb. ĝh- > d-] derived gr. χελιδών `swallow', therefore from Root / lemma: ghel-
ghel- :
`to call, cry' derived Root / lemma: aro- ĝher-)
aro-m : `reed' (*ĝ er where r/l allophones.
From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added Latin arista ` the beard of an ear of grain;
hence the ear itself; also a harvest ', aristis ` holcus, a green vegetable ' is defeated
because of his suggesting to genista f. ` the broom-plant ' suffix strongly to the suspicion
to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).
From Mediterranean language?
References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.

Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: arōd-
arōd-, arǝd
arǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: a kind of waterbird
Material: Gr. ῥωδιός, ἐρωδιός ` heron ' (ἐρῳδιός folk etymology in ending after -ίδιος), Latin
ardea à heron' ds. (*arǝd-), Old Norse arta, Old Swedish ärta ` teal ', Demin. Old Norse
ertla, Norwegian erle ` wagtail ', serb. róda ` stork ' (*rǝdā́).
Maybe truncated alb. (*ῥωδιός) rosa, rosë `duck', rika `duckling, duck', Rumanian (*rada)
raţă `duck'.
Note:
Note
Alb. and Rumanian prove that from Root / lemma: anǝt
ǝt- : (duck) derived Root / lemma:
anǝt-
arōd- ǝd- : (a kind of waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r]
arōd-, arǝd
arǝd-
References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.
Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: arqu-

arqu-
Meaning: smth. bent
Material: Latin arcus, -ūs (stem is in -qu- from, compare Old Latin Gen. arquī, further
argues, arquitenēns) ` a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow ', arquātus, arcuātus (morbus) `
icteric, yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer
from jaundice ', probably actually ` rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking ' (compare
Thes.); arcuātus also ` arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered
(carriage) '; Umbrian arc̨lataf ` a round cake; acc.pl. ', wherefore v. Planta I 341, Götze IF.
41, 91 (*arkelo- with loss of the labialisation); Gothic arƕazna f. ` dart, arrow ' (arƕa-zna,
compare hlaiwazna), Old Norse ǫr (Gen. ǫrvar) f. ` dart, arrow ', Old English earh f. ds.
(engl. arrow), Germanic *arhvō.
Maybe alb. hark `bow' [alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-]
For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu̯-) would speak russ. rakíta, Czech rokyta,
serb. rokita etc ` a kind of willow tree ', where *arqūta (Miklosich EWb. 226, Torbjörnsson
BB. 20, 140) forms the basis, and gr. ἄρκευθος ` juniper ', which word with with all
likelyhood concerning this is to be drawn Lidén IF. 18, 507; in addition ἀρκευθίς ` juniper
berry '.
Indeed, Lidén takes relationship with gr. ἄρκυς `net' (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for
what one compares under ar-
ar-1, S. 61.
Another connection for gr. ἄρκευθος and russ. rakíta etc seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff.,
which more properly compares Latvian ẽrcis, ẽcis (*ẽrcis) ` juniper ';
further ẽrcêties ` torment oneself, grieve, straiten ', ẽrceša ` a very quarrelsome person ';
Latvian ẽrkš(k')is ` thorn shrub ' would be to Endzelin mixture from *erkīs and Lithuanian
erškė̃tis ` a thorn plant ' corresponding as regards the root of the word form; gr. ἀρ- then
would have to contain zero grade from *er-. S. under erk-
erk-.
References: WP. I 81, WH. I 64, EM. 69.

Page(s): 67-68
Root / lemma: aru̯ā (*he

heru̯ā)
heru̯
Meaning: intestines
Material: Gr. ὀρύᾱ f. ` bowel ', Latin arvīna f. ` grease, fat, lard, bacon ', originally `
intestinal fat '? (compare Old High German mitta-garni ` recumbent fat in the middle of the
bowels '); ἀρβίννη κρέας. Σικελοί Hes. is Latin loanword
Note:
Gr. (*horua) ὀρύα, alb. (*ĝhorna) zorrë `bowel' [common alb. ĝh- > z-] prove that Root /
lemma: aru̯ā (*he
heru̯ā):: ìntestines' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-
heru̯ her-5, ĝhor-
hor-nā : `bowels'.
This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.
References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.
Page(s): 68
Root / lemma: ast(h)-

ast(h)-
Meaning: ` bones '
See also: s. ost(h)-
ost(h)-.
Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: ati, ato-

ato-
Meaning: over, etc.
Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. II2, 844 f. the colouring of
the beginning vowel stands firm through Latin-Celtic (Greek) as Indo Germanic a-, and it
gives no good reason before, Balto-Slavic, Germanic (and Aryan) forms can be attributed
to Indo Germanic *o-, by the book - following rules in a (very) strict way just because it
would be a textbook example of ablaut to e- formed from *eti bildete. With eti (see there)
at least equality meaning and exchange existed in the use. Is ati reduction grade to eti?
Material: Old Indic áti àbout- onto (adnominal m. Akk.), exceedingly, very much ' (Adv.
and preverb), Avestan aiti-, Old pers. atiy- ds. Adv. (as 1. compound part and preverb
(before i- ` go ' as ` go by, pass by ' and bar- ` carry, bear ' as ` bring over again, to carry ');
Aryan ati can also represent Indo Germanic *eti.
Gr. presumably in ἀτ-άρ ` however ' (compare αὐτάρ from αὖτ ᾽ἄρ; Brugmann-Thumb
623, KVG. 616; by connection with ἄτερ, Gothic sundrō, the Attic it remained kind of
unexplained). Latin at ` but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection,
but, you may say ' from increasing - to opposing ` beyond it ', what latter meaning in at-
avus, at-nepos (not in apprīmē , see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).
Gall. ate- (from *ati-) in Ategnātus (= Middle Breton (h)aznat, nbret. anat ` acquainted,
known ') , abrit. Ate-cotti ` the very old ', Old Irish aith-, preceding ad- ` against, un- ',
mcymr. at-, ncymr. ad-, ed- (Belege e.g. by Fick II4 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);
here as *ate-ko-n probably Middle Irish athach n. ` a certain time ', cymr. adeg m. ds.,
compare gall. ATENOVX (name of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358?
Gothic аÞ-Þan ` but, however ' (very doubtful is against it derivation from Gothic Old
Saxon ak, Old English ac ` however ', Old High German oh ` but, however ' from *aÞ- + ke
= gr. γε; differently, but barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = gr. ἄγε, Latin age ` go!
well! ').
Lithuanian at-, ata-, more recently also ati-, in nominal compound atō- ` back, off, away,
from, up ' (see Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 844 f.), Old Prussian et-, at- (probably only from
Baltic at-, Trautmann 46);
Old Church Slavic ot-, otъ ` away, since, ex, from ', adnominal m. d. Gen.-Аbl.,
introduces Meillet Ét. 155 f. back to gen.-ablative *atos (in front of, before; in return for;
because of, from = Old Indic ataḥ ` thenceforth '? rather Pron.-stem *e- with ablat. Adv.-
forms -tos); Indo Germanic *ati (and *eti) would be in addition Lok.; both remain very
unsafe.
The double aspect Lithuanian ata-: atō- reminds in pa-: pō (see *apo), (see *apo),
and it is doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atōd a kind of o-stem formation.
In the Slavic the form on long vowel is formed further in russ. etc. otáva ` grommet ', as
Old Prussian attolis, Lithuanian atólas, Latvian atãls, atals ` grommet ' speaking for Indo
Germanic older short vocalized form Lithuanian ată- = Indo Germanic *ato- (compare to
ending *apo, *upo):
Old Irish do-, to- prefix `to' with (Indo Germanic?) zero grade of anl. vowels (Meillet
aaO., Stokes BB. 29, 171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also Illyrian to-, alb. te ` to, by '
(Skok by Pokorny Urill. 50).
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.

Page(s): 70-71
Root / lemma: at-

at-, *atno
*atno-
atno
Meaning: to go; year
Note:
Gr. ἔνος `year' : Latin annus `year' (*atnos ) `year' : Old Indic hā́yana- `yearly', hāyaná- m.
n. `year' prove that Root / lemma: en-
en-2 : `year' : Root / lemma: at- atno : `to go; year' :
at-, *atno
*atno-
Root / lemma: u̯et-
et- : `year' [prothetic u̯- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root /
et
lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2, ĝhi-
hi-, ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-
hei-men- heimn- : `winter; snow'.
Material: Old Indic átati ` goes, walks, wanders '. Moreover Latin annus `year' from *atnos
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) = Gothic Dat. Pl. aÞnam `year'.
compare Fick I2 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (meaning
development like with Germanic *jēram `year' to i̯ē- ` go ').
Maybe alb. Geg (*ant) vajt, Tosc vete, vajti aor. `to go', (*iti) viti `go around, year, all year
around' [common alb. prothetic v- before initial bare vowels - proof of ancient laryngeal ḫ.
Latin has followed alb.s t > nt > n, clearly Latin annus ` year ' derived from Old Indic
(*antanti) átati]
Note:
Note
Etruscan follows alb.s Etruscan Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly

: // derivated from Avil,
Avil by
adding a adjectival suffix -xva
xva.
xva
Oscan-Umbrian corresponds akno- `year, festival time, sacrificial time ' (with -tn- to -kn-,
Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Received the word is durable in compounds Latin perennis ` the
whole year; continuously ' [perennis -e `lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial',
perennitas -atis f. `duration, perpetuity', perenno -are `to last many years'.], sollennis `
festive, annual, customary, returning or celebrated annually, solemn, ceremonial,
ritualistic; usual ' (additional form sollemnis absolutely analogical results; Thurneysen AflL.
13, 23 ff., after omnis?); Umbrian sev-acni-, per-acni- `sollennis', Subst. ` victim, sacrifice,
sacrificial offering '.
References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.

Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: augh-

augh-, ugh-
ugh-
Meaning: nape
Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together Old Indic uṣṇíhā f. ` neck ' (only Pl.) and
gr. αὐχήν ` nape, throat, straits '.
In uṣṇíhā before lies diminutive suffix -ihā̆-, gr. -ιχα- . The beginning is *ugh-s-n-íghā the
first gh is reduced being produced by dissimilation. To *ugh-s-no stands *au̯gh-enin gr.
αὐχήν compared with here Armenian awj ` throat ', awji-k ` cervical collar '; Aeolic ἄμφην `
nape, neck ', Aeolic αὔφεν ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
296; about gr. δάφνη: Cypriot δαύχνα ` laurel ' better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43
and Hoffmann Gr. Dial. II 500, Meister Gr. Dial. I 120).
References: WP. I 25, Adontz Mél. Boisacq 10.
Page(s): 87
Root / lemma: aug-

aug-
Meaning: to glance, see, dawn
Note:
Note
aug- : ` to glance, see, dawn ' derived from Root / lemma: au̯es-
Probably Root / lemma: auges- : `
es
to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.'.
Material: Gr. αὐγή ` shine, ray, daylight; eye ', αὐγάζω ` shines, illuminates; sees ', ἐρι-
αυγής ` shining very much ';
alb. agój ` dawns ', agume ` aurora, morning, dawn ' (see Persson Beitr. 369);
It seems Albanian cognate has wrong etymology.

Maybe Basque N egunsenti : Estonian : N agu : Albanian : N agu, agim : Turkish : N
ağarma ` dawn, daybreak'.
Turkish V gün ağarmak : alb. agon : ` to dawn '
Estonian N aeg : Turkish N gün, gündüz, dönem, zaman : Basque egun ` day '
Turkish N güneş : Basque eguzki N ` sun '.
from also Slavic iugъ ` south ' (Fick KZ. 20, 168), russ. užinъ, užina?
Probably wrong etymology since Slavic iugъ `south' : alb. jug `south' must have derived
from Latin iugum -i n. à yoke' - a constellation in the southern night skies. see Root /
lemma: i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-2, i̯eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g- : to tie together, yoke
eu
Page(s): 87
Root / lemma: au1

Meaning: interjection of pain
Material: Old Indic o, Latin au Òh! ', Old English ēa, Middle High German ou(wē), Modern
High German au, Latvian aũ, àu (disyllabic au, avu with displeasure, refusal,
astonishment, surprise), poln. au, Czech ounder
References: WH. I 78.
Page(s): 71
Root / lemma: au-2, au̯-es-

lemma: au- es-, au-
au-s-
Meaning: to spend the night, sleep
Material: Armenian aganim `spends the night ', vair-ag ` living in the country ', aut ` spend
the night, night's rest, station '.
Gr. ἰαύω ` sleeps ' from redupl. *i-ausō, Aor. ἰ-αῦσαι, next to which unredupl. Aor. ἄεσα,
Inf. ἀFέσ(σ)αι; αὖλις, -ιδος ` place of residence, camp, stable, night's lodging ', αὐλίζομαι `
is in the court, spends the night ', ἄγραυλος ` spending the night outside ', αὐλή ` court,
courtyard, dwelling ' (originally probably ` the fenced in space around the house in which
the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime '); from ἰαύω comes except ἰαυθμός ` Night's
lodging ',
μηλιαυθμός ` sheep stable ', ἐνιαυθμός ` place of residence ' (: hom. ἐνιαύειν ` have his
rest accommodation ') also gr. ἐνιαυτός actually ` rest, rest station ', therefore the solstices
as resting places in the course of the sun (solstitium), then ` year, solstice, anniversary '
(different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 15, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 4245, s. also en- ` year ').
A heavy base *au̯ē-, *au̯ō- probably to be added hom. ἀωτεῖς ὕπνον (from Schulze
Qunder ep. 72 directly to ἰαύω put under formal comparison from ἐρ(F)ωτάω : εἴρομαι from
*ἔρFομαι) and ἄωρος (Sappho), ὦρος (Kallimachos) `ὕπνος' (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298),
wherefore Old English wērig, engl. weary, Old Saxon wōrag, wōrig ` tired, weary ', Old
High German wuorag ` inebriates '; about Old Indic vāyati ` gets tired '; see however, root
au̯ē- ` strive oneself, exert '.
References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 690.

See also: Über u̯es-
es- `verweilen' see below besonderem Artikel.
es
Page(s): 72
Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-

au-lo- ēu-l-) [*heu
heu-l-]
heu-
Meaning: tube, hole, *street
Material: Gr. αὐλός m. ` pipe flute, long cavity ', ἔν-αυλος m. ` riverbed ', αὐλών m. f. `
mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait ';
Old Church Slavic ulьjь, Lithuanian aulỹs and secondarily avilỹs ` beehive ', originally the
cavity in the tree in which the swarm settles;
Note:
Note
[probably Old Church Slavic avilỹs ` beehive ' < vaulỹs; but prothetic v- before bare initial
vowels has been attested in Illyrian, alb. and Slavic tongues; maybe through metathesis au
> ua alb. Tosc (*hau-lo-) huall, Geg huell, hoje Pl. ` beehive, cavity ' = Latin alvus '
beehive, cavity' [common alb. shift l > j], alb. hollë `narrow, thin', alb. is the only language
to have preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-. Clearly the Latin cognate derived from Illyrian and
Slavic cognates.
From (*halvus, alhwus) Latin alvus `beehive, cavity' derived Rumanian albină `bee',
Portuguese abelha `bee', Spanish abeja `bee', French abeille `bee' [common Italic and
Greek -hw- > -b-.
Old Church Slavic ulica f. ` street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass
', Lithuanian aũlas f., Old Prussian aulinis ` bootleg ', Old Prussian aulis ` shinbone '.
Maybe zero grade in alb. Tosc udhë ullë 'road, street' [the common alb.-Illyrian-Latin -dh- >
-ll-, -d- > -l- shift]
Maybe Root / lemma: au-lo-s (: ēu-
au-lo- ēu-l-) : `tube, hole, *street' derived from Root / lemma:
u̯eĝh- : `to move, carry, drive' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d-]
Armenian uɫ, uɫi ` way ' and (compare the meaning ` belly ' from Latin alvus) yɫi `
pregnant ' (with ablaut ū, Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives uɫarkem and ylem ` send in
')*);
----------------------
*) Armenian word with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic ū̆. from with the same Latvian
ula, ulá ` wheel hub '? (would be the ` tubularly hole ' in which the axis is inserted; Lidén
IF. 19, 321).
----------------------
New Norwegian aul, aule and (with Indo Germanic ēu- as a high step to au-) jōl `
angelica silvestris ', Old Norse (huann-) jōli ` the hollow stems of angelica archangelica ',
both plants call in Norway also sløke, whose basic meaning likewise ` tube, pipe ' is (Falk-
Torp 474 and 1492 under jol and from Schroeder to Germanic ablaut 58 f. likewise boat
name jolle `dinghy').
Here with Latin metathesis of aul- to alu̯- also alvus m. f. ` belly, womb, stomach; hold of
a ship, beehive ', alveus ` a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship;
bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table ', although time and limitation of the
metathesis are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21, 177, Sommer Hdb.2 78).
References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.

Page(s): 88-89
au̯e); u̯ē̆-
au-3 (au̯
Root / lemma: au-
Meaning: from, away, of
Material: Old Indic áva ` from, down ', mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely
preposition m. Abl., Avestan ap. ava prefix ` down' and (while more the purpose than the
starting point of the movement came to the consciousness) ` whereupon to, to what, near '
(e.g. avabar- ` to take there, carry away ' and ` to take there, procure, supply, get '), also
preposition m. Akk. ` there, there in '; therefrom Old Indic ávara- ìnferior' and Avestan
aorā ` after, below, down ' (after parā extended from avarǝ);
Avestan avarǝ Adv. ` below, down '= Old Indic avár RV. I 133, 7; Old Indic aváḥ (avás) `
down ', whereof avastād ` under '; without auslaut vowel (compare Avestan ao-rā̆) Old
Indic ō- e.g. in ō-gaṇá-ḥ ` single, pathetic ' (: gaṇá-ḥ ` troop, multitude '; Wackernagel Old
Indic Gr. I 54);
gr. αὐ- probably in αὐχάττειν ἀναχωρεῖν, ἀναχάζεσθαι Hes. (Schulze Qunder ep. 60);
Illyrian au- ` (of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at ' in proper names? (Krahe IF.
49, 273);
Latin au- ` away , off, gone ' in auferō `to take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw,
remove' (= Avestan áva-bharati, Avestan ava-bar-), aufugiō `to flee away, run away,
escape';
gall. au-tagis `διάταξις?' (Vendryes BSL. 25, 36);
Old Irish perhaps ō, ūa ` from, with, by ', as a preposition m. dat., acymr. hou, more
recently o ìf', o preposition `from';
Old Prussian Lithuanian Latvian au- ` away, from ' (e.g. Latvian au-manis ` not- sensical,
nonsensical '), Old Church Slavic u prefix ` away, from ', e.g. u-myti ` to give a wash, wash
away ' (u-běžati ` flee from '), as preposition m. Gen. ` from ' (with verbs of the desire,
receive, take) and, with fading of the concept of the starting point, ` by, from ';
maybe alb. particle of passive u `by, from' used before verbs in passive voice.
Hittite preverb u- (we-, wa-) ` here ', a-wa-an ` away ' (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.).
thereof with t-forms aut(i)o-

aut(i)o-: gr. αὔτως ` unavailingly, in vain ', αὔσιος ds. and Gothic
auÞja- (N. Sg. *auÞeis or *auÞs) ` desolate, leave ' (*`remote '), auÞida ` desert ', Old High
German ōdi, Modern High German öde, Old Norse auđr ` desolate '; Old Irish ūathad `
item, particular, sort '. - goes to the frightening wilderness, wilderness also Middle Irish
ūath ` fright, terrible ' (are to be kept away cymr. uthr ` terrible ', corn. uth, euth, bret. euz `
fright ')? At least is their connection with Latin pavēre ` to quake with fear, panic; transit. to
quake at, tremble ' everything rather than sure, see pou-
pou- ` fear '.
Beside aut(i)o- steht perhaps changing through ablaut u-to-

to- in alb. hut ` in vain, blank,
vainly ', u̯e-to-
to- (see unten *u̯ē̆-) in gr. οὑκ ἐτός ` not free of charge, not without reason ',
ἐτώσιος (F by Homer) ` in vain, without success, pointless '.
Maybe truncated alb. (*hot) kot ` in vain, without success, pointless '; alb. is the only IE
language to preserve the old laryngeal ḫ- > k-.
*u̯ē̆- with *au̯- probably under *au̯e-:

to combine *u̯
Latin *vĕ- in vēscor `to eat, feed on; to use, enjoy' originally ` whereof to eat up ' (:
esca), from which back formation vēscus ` greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling
off); underfed ';
again alb. eshkë `fungus' : Latin esca `food, victuals, esp. as bait'. Prothetic v- added to
bare initial vowels is an alb.-Illyrian.
vē- to indication faulty too much or too little, vē-cors ` senseless, mad, moves, treacherous
', vē-grandis ` diminutive, not large, tiny ', vēsānus ` mad, insane; of things, furious, wild ',
Vē-jovis, Umbrian ve-purus (Abl. Pl.), wheather `(ἱερὰ) ἄπυρα'.
Note:
Note
Also in alb. vē- to indication faulty too much or too little: alb. vështirë `difficult, hard' from
(vē- shtirë (participle of alb. shtynj `push with difficulty') see Root / lemma: (s)teu-
(s)teu-1 : `to
push, hit'.
u̯o-: Gr. Fο- in Arcadian Fο-φληκόσι, Attic ὀ-φλισκάνω, ὀφείλω, Lesbian ὀ-είγην ` open ',
Attic οἴγω, more recently οἴγνυμι (Prellwitz2 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913,
159).
es-: With Old Indic avás `down' attached together formant Germanic wes- in Modern
u̯es-
es
High German West, Old High German westar ` westwards ', Old Norse vestr n. ` westen ',
Adv. ` in the west , against west ' (*u̯es-t(e)ro-, compare Old Norse nor-đr), Old High
German westana ` from west ' etc (Brugmann IF. 13, 157 ff.; about the explanation of the
Wisigothae as ` West-Goths, Visigoths ' s. Kretschmer Gl. 27, 232).
Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, Indo Germanic
u̯esperos and u̯eqeros, see there.
Relationship from Indo Germanic *au̯-, u̯ē-̆ with the Pron.-stem au-, u- ` yonder, over
there ' as ` on the other side, from there ' is conceivable.
References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.

Page(s): 72-73
au-4, u- (: u̯ē̆-, u̯o-)

Root / lemma: au-
Meaning: that; other
̯ : Old Indic Avestan Old pers. ava- ` that '; Old Church Slavic Old Russian
Material: au̯
auo
ovъ- - ovъ- ` on the one hand - on the other hand which appears - other ', ovogda - ovogda
` one time - the other time ' (from this correlative use only poln. ów corresponds to English
deictic "I" and serb. òvaj a deictic word meaning "that", also New Bulgarian -v [*u̯o-s]
developed).
u-: Old Indic amú- (Akk. Sg. amúm etc) `that, yonder', arise from Akk. Sg. m. *am (=
Indo Germanic *e-m èum') + *um (Akk. Sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III
550 f.
Tocharian A ok, В uk ` still ', A oki ` as, and ', A okāk ` up to ', perhaps only *u-g (zero
grade to Gothic auk); from in addition В om(p)ne, omte ` there '?
Particle Old Indic u ` thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it ', emphasizing
esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles (nō ` and not, not ' = ná́ u, athō = atha u), gr. -υ
in πάν-υ ` even very much ',
Gothic -u interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uh from -u-qʷe, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173);
this u also in Old Indic a-sāú m. f. `that, yonder', Avestan hāu m. f., ap. hauv m. `that,
yonder', Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.
Particle Old Indic u-tā, in both parts ` on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon,
- as ', or only in the second part, a little bit opposing ` and, thus ' (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-
uta, praty-uta),
Avestan uta, ap. utā ànd, and also'; gr. ἠύτε ` just as ' from *ἠF(ε) + υτε (originally ` as on
the other hand ', ` as, also '), but hom. εὖτε `ὅτε' from εὖ + τε after Debrunner IF. 45, 185
ff.; δεῦτε is formed in addition to δεῦρο; also οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο most probably from ὁ, ἁ, το
+ υτε with additional final inflection;
West Germanic -od in Old Saxon thar-od, Old High German thar-ot ` thither, there ', Old
Saxon her-od, Old High German her-ot ` here ', whereupon also Old Saxon hwarod `
whither, where ', Old High German warot ` whither, where ' (from *ute? or from *utā̆? Also
*aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).
Here Avestan uiti, Gatha-Avestan ūitī ` so ', but not Latin ut and utī, Old Latin utei.
Beside u, utā etc. stands with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic au-
au-:
gr. αὖ ` on the other hand, again ', *αὖτι ` again' (extended to Ionian αὖτις, gort. αὖτιν,
after antique grammarians for ` right away, there ', where from αὐτίκα ` at the moment,
straight away ', αὖ-θιòn the spot, here, there ', αὖτε ` again, thus, further '; Latin aut (*auti)
` or', autem ` however ' (to the form see WH. I 87), Oscan aut, auti ` or ' and ` but, on the
other hand, on the contrary, however ' (to meaning see v. Planta II 465);
maybe alb. Geg o òr' from Italian o òr'
Umbrian ute, ote àut'; perhaps Gothic auk ` then, but ', Old Norse auk àlso, and', Old
English ēac, Old Saxon ōk, Old High German ouh ` and, thus, but ', Modern High German
also = gr. αὖ-γε ` again '.
Pedersen Pron. dém. 315 supposes gr. αὖ suitable form in the initial sound of from
alb. a-që ` so much'. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in gr. αὐ-τός as ` (he) himself
- (he) of his own, self '; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613 f.
Maybe alb. (*aut-) vetë `self' [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].
With r-forms airan. avar ` here', Lithuanian aurè ` see there! ', zero grade Umbrian uru
` that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former
', ura-ku àd illam', ures ìllis' (orer ose rather with ŏ = ŭ as = Lithuanian au); perhaps
δεῦρο ` here, well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now") '
(δεύρω after ὀπίσσω , inschr. δεῦρε after ἄγε) from *δέ-υρο (δε ` here ' + αὐρο ` here '),
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612, 632.
u̯ḗ-, u̯o-: meaning òr' (= ` on the other hand ') esp. in Old Indic vā ` or ' (also ` even,
yet; meanwhile; probably, possibly '; also confirming vāi), Avestan ap. vā ` or ' (particle of
the emphasis and assurance),
Old Indic Avestan vā - vā ` either - or ', gr. ἠ-(F)έ, ἤ (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress
for ἦ-(F)ε, as yet in the second part of the double question),
Latin -vĕ òr' (also in ceu, sīve, seu, nēve, neu), also probably Irish nó, abret. nou òr' (if
from *ne-u̯e ` or not ' ' with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences,
Thurneysen Grammar 551;
not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative *neu̯e of the verb Irish
at-nói ` he entrusts with him ', gr. νεύω); Tocharian В wa-t ` where'.
compare also Old Indic i-vá (: va = ἰ-δέ: δέ) ` just as, exactly the same way ', ē-vá ` in
such a way, exactly the same way, just, only ', ēvám ` so, thus ' (behaves to be confirmed
vāi and vā - vā as ē-na- ` this ' to nā - nā ` in different way ', originally ` thus and thus '; with
ē-vá corresponds gr. οἶ(F)ος ` only' (` * just only '), Avestan aēva-, Old pers. aiva- àn,
one' (compare with no- demonstrative Indo Germanic *oi-no-s ` an, one ').
References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II2 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m.
Lithuanian II2 3, 987,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. αὖ, etc
WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.
Page(s): 73-75
ʷ(h)- : uqʷ(h)
Root / lemma: auqʷ(h)
auqʷ(h)- ʷ(h)- and beside it probably as andere lengthened grade
uqʷ(h)-
u̯eqʷ(h)
eqʷ(h)-
eqʷ(h)-
Meaning: cooking pot
Material: Latin aulla, aula, vulg. ōlla ` jar, pot ' from *auxlā, Demin. auxilla (Faliscan olna in
ending after urna); probably alb. anë f. ` vessel ' (from *auqʷnā? Jokl. Stud. 3); Old Indic
ukhá-ḥ m., ukhā́ ` pot, saucepan '; Gothic aúhns m. (*ukʷnós) ` oven, stove ', with gramm.
variation Old Norwegian ogn, Old Swedish oghn ds.
Maybe alb. (*ahna) ena `dish' : Indic AnvA òven, furnace'.
Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: gr. gr. ἰπνός, older ἱπνός `
stove' (after Fick III4 29 between, Oštir WuS. 5, 217, Güntert Abl. 25 from *u̯eqʷ-nós; not
*uqʷnós, s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *ὑκFνός through
dissimilatorischen sound change?? (W. Schulze GGA. In 1897, 908);
Note:
Common gr. - celt. -kʷ- > -p-, -gʷ- > -b-.
bret. offen f. ` stone trough ' in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from *uppā; Old English
ofnet ` small vessel ', ofen, Old High German ovan, Old Norse ofn ` stove, oven ' (likewise
leadable back in *ueqʷnos; beginning u̯- caused as in wulfa- ` wolf ' the development from -
lv- to -f-, during Gothic etc auhns goes back to Indo Germanic *uqʷ-nós; then the loss of w-
in Ofen then must be explained indeed from influence of this sister's form *uhna-).
From the assimilated form Old Swedish omn, mundartl. umn `stove' is probably borrowed
Old Prussian wumpnis òven', umnode ` bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove '. S. Meillet MSL. 9,
137, Meringer IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Germanic loanword studies, Falk-Тоrp under ovn,
weigand herdsman and clever under Ofen.
To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.
References: WP. I 24, WH. I 84, 850, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 258.
aug-: u̯eg-, oldest au̯eg-)
See also: (compare S. 84 f. aug-
Page(s): 88
Root / lemma: aus-

aus-
Meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood
aus- : `to draw (water), ladle' derived from the stem: au̯/е/-, au̯ent-
Root / lemma: aus- ent-: of Root /
ent
lemma: au̯(e)-
(e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) ed-, au̯er-
ed er- : `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'.
er
Material: Gr ἐξαύω ` scoops, extracts, takes from ' (simple αὔω), ἐξαυστήρ μέτρου ὄνομα,
καταῦσαι ἐξαντλήσαι, καταδῦσαι, καθαῦσαι ἀφανίσαι (Spritus asper after the former
present tense *αὕω from *αὔσω, Sommer Gr. Lautst. 2 f.)
with zero grade *us-
us- ἀφ-ύω, ἀφ-ύσσω (latter from Aor. ἀφύσσαι) ` scoops ', common gr.-
Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;
ἀφυσμός ἀπάντλησις Suidas and ἀρύω ` scoops ', originally *Fᾱρ (: Old Indic vār ` water
')*ὔ[σ]ω ` scoops water ', ἀρυστήρ ` vessel for ladling '.
Old Norse ausa ` to scoop ', austr ` scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake ', ndd. ūtoesen
` to draw (water), ladle, scoop ', schwäb. Öse ` vessel for ladling '.
Lat hauriō, -īre, hausī, haustum ` to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb,
swallow; to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to
exhaust, weaken, waste ', then also ` slurp, tie, suffers ', poet. ` wounds ', with secondary h
as casual in humerus.
References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
6444.
Page(s): 90
Root / lemma: au̯eg-

eg-, u̯ōg-
eg ōg-, aug-
ōg aug-, ug-
ug-
Meaning: to magnify, increase
Meaning:
Note: with s-forms au̯ek-
ek auk-s-, u̯ek-
ek-s-, auk- ek-s-, uk-
ek uk-s-
Material: Old Indic ugrá- ìmmense' (compounds Sup. ṓjīyas-, ṓjiṣ̌ṭha- ` the stronger one,
strongest ') = Avestan ugra- ` strong, hard ' (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojišta-).
Latin augeō, -ēre ` to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', auctor (= Umbrian
uhtur) ` a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc', auctiō ` an increasing; hence,
from the bidding, an auction ', augmen(tum) ` an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake
' (= Lithuanian augmuõ ` increase, growth ', Old Indic ōjmán- m. ` strength '), augur ` a
seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur ' from *augos ` aggrandizement ' (WH. I 83);
Gothic aukan (preterit aíauk), auknan ` increase ', ana-, bi-aukan ` to append, subjoin,
add on ', Old High German ouhhōn, Old Saxon ōkian ` increase ', Old English ēacian `
increase ', īecan ` increase ', Old Norse auka (preterit jōk and aukađa) ` increase ', stem
participle Old English ēacen, Old Saxon ōkan ` increased, pregnant ';
Lithuanian áugu, áugti (lengthened grade) ` increase, grow ', auginù, -ìnti ` allow to
grow, educate, bring up ', changing through ablaut pa-ūgė́ti ` grow up ', ũgis ` growth,
annual growth ', Latvian aûdzêt, aûdzinât ` gather ', Old Prussian auginnons particle Perf.
Akt. ` drawn, pulled ', Old Latvian aukts ` high ' = Latin auctus `to increase, augment,
enlarge, spread, extend', Latvian aũgt ` grow ', as also thrak. Αὐθί-παρος ` high ford ', Old
Prussian Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan ` authority ', aucktimmien ` chief ',
next to which with s of -es-stem (see below) Lithuanian áukštas, Latvian aûksts `high' (:
Latin augustus ` consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified '), Old Prussian auck-timmiskan f.
(Akk.) ` authority ', Old Prussian aūgus ` costive, constipated ' (as ` increasing '),
Lithuanian áugumas, Latvian aûgums ` increase, growth ';
es-stem
es Old Indic ṓjas- n. ` vigorousness, strength ', Avestan aojah-, aogah- (also r-
stem aogarǝ) ` vigorousness, strength ', Latin augustus see above (also Lithuanian etc
áukštas); in addition with s in the verb:
Common Satem Slavic Illyrian hau- > va- phonetic mutation in:
Old Indic vákṣaṇa-m ` strengthening ', vakṣáyati ` allows to grow ', Avestan vaxšaiti `
allows to grow ', next to which with the weakest root grade Old Indic úkṣati ` 'gains
strength ' (Perf. vavákṣa), Avestan uxšyeiti ` grows '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Gothic wahsjan `grow' (= Old Indic vakṣayati, Indo Germanic Iter.-Kaus. *u̯okséi̯ō; with it
that combined ō- gradation Perf. wōhs to the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);
gr. ἀ(F)έξω ` grow, increase ', ἀέξομαι ` grows '; αὔξω, αὐξάνω ` grow, increase ', Latin
auxilium ` help, aid, assistance, support, succor ' (originally Pl. -iа ` strengthening,
reinforcements ', N. Pl. auxilis ` auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power ');
Old Norse vaxa, vexa `grow', Old High German wahsan, Modern High German
wachsen, wuchs, wherefore e.g. Gothic wahstus ` accretion, growth, body size ', Old High
German wa(h)smo ` growth ' ;
Tocharian A oksiš ` grows ', A okšu, В aukšu ` old '; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also
here AB oko ` fruit ', A okar ` plant '; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Here with zero grade u̯ōg-

ōg-: Gothic wōkrs m. ` interest ', Old English wōcor f. ` progeny,
ōg
interest ' (compare gr. τόκος in the same meaning), Old High German wuohhar m. ` yield
of the ground, fetus, progeny, profit, interest, usury ' (in addition steir. wiech ` extensive,
excessive, rich in leaves ' as umlaut?
A little bit differently Schroeder Abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form au̯eg- the
grade u̯eg- is covered in Old Irish fēr, cymr. gwair ` grass, herbage '; probably with the
same ablaut Old Indic vā́ja-ḥ ` strength, property, wealth, the prize (won in a contest) [The
Greeks gave a wreath of laurels to winners in the Pythian games], race ', originally ` quick,
successful, energy ', Oldenberg ZdMG. 50, 443 ff.
References: WP. I 22 f., WH. I 82 f., 850, Feist 67, 541, 572, Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Page(s): 84-85
Root / lemma: au̯ei-
ei ǝu̯ei-
ei- (ǝ ei-?) (*ḫe
ei ʷei-)
ekʷei-
Meaning: bird, *water bird
Note:
Both Root / lemma: au̯ei-
ei ǝu̯ei-
ei- (ǝ ei-?) (*he
ei hekʷei-):: bird, *water bird : Root / lemma: akʷ
hekʷei- akʷā- (*ǝ
ǝkʷā):
ēkʷ- : water, river, derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh
ēkʷ ʷh- : young of an animal
hāgʷh-
or bird; common gr. gh- > h-.
Material: Old Indic víḥ, vḗḥ m. `bird' (Gen. vēḥ, Akk. vim), Avestan vīš ds. (G. Pl. vayąm,
also with themat. case from stem vaya-), Middle Persian vāi, vāyandak `bird', Old Indic
vayas- n. ` fowl, bird', vāyasa-ḥ ` bird, crow '; verbal Avestan ā-vayeiti ` flies up ' (from
divinities), Old Indic vēvīyatē ` flutters '.
Gr. αἰετός ` eagle ', Attic ἀ̄ετός, αἰβετός, ἀετός Περγαῖοι Hes. (*αFι̯-ετός);
alb. vi-do, vito, vidheze ` dove ';
Latin avis f. `bird' (therefrom auca `bird, esp. goose ';
Back-formation from Demin. aucella from *avicella; false by WH. I 79) = Umbrian avif Akk.
Pl. ` birds ' (aviekate D. Sg. ` the taken auspices ', aviekla ` relating to an augur or augury
');
cymr. hwyad, acorn. hoet, bret. houad ` duck ' from *au̯ie
̯ tos? (Pedersen KG. I 55).
Armenian hav ` bird, cock, hen ' can have indeed suggestion -h, but also as *pǝu̯- belong
to *pōu̯- ` the young, boy ' (Slavic pъta ` bird ' etc).
References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.

See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for ègg', see below ōu-
ōu-.
Page(s): 86

(e)-10, au̯ē(o)-
(e) ē(o)-, u̯ē-
ē(o)
Meaning: to blow
Grammatical information: participle u̯ē-nt-
nt-
Note: in Slavic languages often from the ` throw dice ', i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of
Note:
the chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind.
Material: I. belong to light root form au̯(e)-
(e)-:
(e)
a. Gr. ἄος (if not late neologism), -ᾱής (see below II a).
b. Mcymr. awyđ ` violent gust of wind ', acorn. awit ` air ' (*au̯eido-);
c. u̯e-dhro-
ro- presumably in Old Norse veđr n. `wind, air, weather', Old Saxon wedarr n. `
weather, bad weather ', Old High German wetar ` weather, scent, free air, wind (of
animals)' and Old Church Slavic vedro ` cheerful weather ', vedrъ ` jovial, merry (from the
weather) ';
u̯ĕ-d- perhaps in gr. ἑδαν

νός ` fragrant '; in u̯ĕ-dh- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting
still ἐθμή ἀτμός, καπνὸς λεπτός, ἀτμή Hes.).
ρα ` aerial breath, draft ' (places light root form au̯ĕ- ahead, as
d. r-, l- derivatives: gr. αὔρ
ἄελλα, ἀετμόν, Wetter, see below); but ἀήρ, Gen. ἠέρος ` smoke, fog, air ' stays away, see
below u̯er-
er- ` bind, hang up '.
er
Also Albanian ajër : Furlan ajar : Latvian ârija : Maltese arja : Sardinian Campidanesu àiri;
aria àir'.
Gr. ἄελλα, Aeolic αὔελλα ` storm ' (*ἄFελ-ι̯ᾰ); cymr. awen ` inspiration ', awel f. ` wind,
breath ', acorn. auhel àura, heaven, breeze ', mcorn. awel ` weather ', brit. loanword
Middle Irish ahél (h hiatus sign), aial ` wind, breath '. According to Thurneysen Grammar
125 Old Irish oal ` mouth ' from *au̯elā.
e. au̯-et-
et- in gr. ἀετμόν τὸ πνεῦμα Hes., ἄετμα φλόξ Et. M., ἀτμός (contracted from
ἀετμός) ` vapour, smoke, smoke ', with zero grade, but analogical absorption of ἀ-: ἀυτμή `
breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire ', ἀυτμήν ds.
II. belong to heavy root form:
uē-, uǝ-: Old Indic vāti, Avestan vāiti ` blows ', gr. ἄησι ds., Cypriot ζάει (read ζάη with
a. uē-
ζ from *dj-) Hes. (that α in ἄησι perhaps prothetic; from light root form come gr. ἄος
πνεῦμα Hes.;
maybe alb. (***u̯ē-nts)

nts vesh `strike, blow, hit'.
ἀκρᾱής ` sharp blowing ', δυσᾱής ` adverse blowing ', ὑπερᾱής ` excessive blowing ' with
stretch in compound); besides the participle *u̯ē-nt-
nt- ` blowing ' (Old Indic vānt-, gr. Akk.
ἄεντα) stand *u̯ē-nto-
nto-s ` wind ' in Latin ventus, Gothic etc winds, Old High German wint,
cymr. gwynt ` wind ', wherefore Latin ventilāre `(*expose to a draught, brandish, fan),
oscillate, vibrate', ventilābrum ` throw shovel ', Gothic diswinÞjan ` separate the grain (the
wheat) from the chaff ', winÞiskaúrō ` throw shovel ' (Germanic Þ, next to which with
gramm. variation d in:) Old High German wintōn ` winnow, fan ', winta, wintscūvala `
winnowing shovel ', Old English windwian ` to expose to the hoist, winnow, fan ' (engl.
winnow); Tocharian A want, В yente ` wind '. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).
About Hittite hu-u-wa-an

n-te-eš (h(u)u̯anteš) ` hoist ' (?) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the
word as ` (hurrying) clouds ' to hu-wa-a-ii ` runs, flees ', which also belongs here; see
Couvreur Ḫ 119 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6804 .
n- present: gr. αἱνω from *ἀFά-ν-ι̯ω (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694)
and ἁ̄νέω from *ἀFανέω ` clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves ', Fᾶναι
περιπτίσαι Hes. (delivers γάναι περιπτύσαι; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on
such zero grade n- present, but in meaning `blow', thus Old Prussian wins àir', Akk.
winnen `weather'? (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
i̯o-present (or from root form *u̯ēi- ?): Old Indic vāyati ` blows ', Avestan fravāyeiti ` goes
out' ', Gothic waían waíwō, Old English wāwan, Old High German wājan, wāen ` blow ',
Old Church Slavic vějǫ, vějetъ `blow' and ` winnow, fan ' (therefrom russ. vě́jalo, sloven.
vėvnica, poln. wiejaczka ` winnowing shovel, a winnowing-fan '); nominal: Lithuanian vė́jas
` blow '; Old Indic vāyú-ḥ, Avestan vāyuš ` blow, wind, air '.
For root-like value of -i- leads the sound grade *u̯ī̆- to the following words in which give
space, however, partly to other views: Old Church Slavic vijalь, vijalica ` storm, weather ',
russ. vьjálica ` snow flurry ' (also vějálica!), vьjuga ` blizzard, snowstorm ', zavьjátь ` snow-
covered, covered with snow ', Czech váti (*vьjati) ` blow ' (only Slavic developments from
vortonigem věj-?);
r.-Church Slavic vichъrъ (*u̯ēisuro-) ` whirlwind ' (in any case, at first to russ. vichatь `
shake, move ', vichljatь ` toss, fling ', s. Brugmann Grundr. II1 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70,
and probably as ` whirl, swing in the circle ' to *u̯eis- ` turn ');
Lithuanian výdra, vidras ` gale ' (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lithuanian very rare forms -dra -
compare really Lithuanian vė́tra ` storm ' - urges to caution);
hom. ἄιον ἦτορ, θυμὸν ἄισθε, αίσθων from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last
meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), gr. root ἀFισ-; mcymr. awyđ s. 82 above.
b. au̯ē-d-: Old High German wāzan, wiaz, Middle High German wāzen ` blow, exhale,
inflate ', wāz ` gust of wind ', Lithuanian vėdìnti ` ventilate, cool '; at most gr. ἀάζω `
breathes ' from *ἀFάδ-ι̯ω (rather, however, gr. neologism of after other verbs in -άζω);
presumably also (from *au̯ǝ-d-ro-) Lithuanian áudra m. ` storm ', n. ` thunderstorm ', Old
Prussian wydra ` blow '. About Old Indic ūdhar n. ` chillness, cold ', Avestan аоδarǝ, aota
ds. compare Persson Beitr. 11.
c. u̯ē-lo-
lo- perhaps in Latin ēvēlātus ` scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly',
whence vēlābra `something winnowing the grain' (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in Old High
German wāla m. n. ` fans ' (if not from *wē-Þla, see below)?
d. u̯ē-s-: Old Indic vāsa-ḥ, vāsaka-ḥ ` fragrance ', vāsayati ` fills with fragrance ',
saṃvāsita-ḥ ` makes stinking '; isl. vās ` frigid aura ', væsa ` exhale, blow, breathe ', Dutch
waas ` white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance ', Lithuanian vė́stu, vė́sti ` cool off, become chill or
become aerial ', vėsà ` chill air, coolness ', vė́sus ` chilly, aerial '.
e. t- further formations: Old Indic vāta-ḥ, Avestan vātō ` blow ', Old Indic vātula-ḥ (see
below), gr. ἀήτης ` blowing, wind ', ἀήσυρος ` windy, aerial ' = Old Indic vātula ` windy '
(also ` mad; crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced '; in
addition also perhaps gr. ἀήσυλος ` sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked ' after
Brugmann BSGW. 1901, 94; in spite of αἴσυλος ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to Old Indic
yātu-ḥ ` spook, ghost ');
Latin vannus ` winnowing-fan ' (from *u̯at-nó-s, compare the Demin. vatillum originally ` a
small winnowing shovel '; from Latin comes Old High German wanna, Old English fann `
winnowing-fan ', also Modern High German Wanne); (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Old Norse vēl, vēli ` whisk, tail ' (about syncopated *veÞla- from *vaÞila-), Old High
German wedil ds.; Old High German wadal ` tail, fan ', Adj. ` wandering, fickle, beggar ',
wadalōn ` sweep in a curve, rove ' (proto Germanic *waÞla-, Indo Germanic *u̯ǝ-tlo-), Old
English waÞol ` wandering ', wǣdla ` beggar, poor ', wǣdl ` poverty ', wǣdlian ` beg, be
poor ' (proto Germanic *wēÞla-), next to which Old High German wallōn ` wander, gad
about, pilgrimages ', Old English weallian ` wander; roam; travel; journey; drift; float;
rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp ' (from *wāđlṓ-ja-n); Old High German
wāla ` fans ' (from *wē-Þla- or *wē-la-, see above); Lithuanian vė́tra ` storm', thunder -
storm', Old Church Slavic větrъ àir, blow', Old Prussian wetro `blow'; Lithuanian vė́tyti
`winnow, fan'.
About Old Indic úpа-vājayati `make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)'
(composed from Pāṇini as Kaus. to vā-) see Wackernagel KZ. 43, 292.
Maybe alb. vatra, vatër `hearth, (place where one blows the fire)'
Maybe here gr. ἄεθλος (see au̯ē-11 ` strive oneself ') as ` gasp, pant, wheeze '?
References: WP. I 220 f., Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.
Page(s): 81-84

(e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) er- (*ḫ2aḫ1u̯e > au̯e-)
ed-, au̯er-
ed er
Meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.
Note:
The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:
common Armenian Celtic *ḫu̯e- > gw- > g-.
Material: a) (*ḫ2au̯ent-
ent-) au̯/е/-, au̯ent-
ent ent-:
ent
Note:
The following mutations have taken place: Root: akʷā- > aku̯/е/-, aku̯ent- > au̯/е/-, au̯ent-:
avo Avo[s] > span. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga; gall. FlN Aveda > prov. Avèze
Hisp. FlN (*ḫ2avo-)
(Gard), Avisio portus (Alpes-mar.);
avo avatá-ḥ m. `fountains, wells' (*au̯nt̥ os), avaṭá-ḥ `cistern, tank' (with
Old Indic (*ḫ2avo-)
prakrit. ṭ from t), Italian FlN Avēns in Sabine land (therefrom Aventīnus m. hill of Rome?),
Aventia (Etrurian), gall. Aventia, spring nymph of Aventicum > French Avenches
(Schweiz), numerous FlN Avantia (*au̯nt̥ iā) > French Avance, La Vence, abrit. *Avantīsā >
cymr. Ewenni; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),Old Lithuanian FlN Avantà, Latvian avuõts
(*au̯ontos) ` sources, wellspring, spring '.
b) (*ḫ2au̯ed-
ed-) au̯ed-
ed aud-, ū̆d-;
ed-, aud-
ed
Note:
The zero grade of Root / lemma: akʷ
akʷā- `water, river' has been suffixed in nasalized -(n)dor,
-(n)tor: *(a)ku̯/е/-, *(a)ku̯entor, *(a)ḫu̯entor) >*(a)ḫu̯ed-, (a)u̯ed-, (a)ud-, ū̆d-:
n-stem u̯édōr,
heteroklit. r/n dōr, u̯ódōr (Nom. Sg.), udén(i)
udén(i) (Lok.Sg.), udnés
udnés (Gen. Sg.) ` water ',
compare J. Schmidt Pl. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273.
Old Indic ōdatī ` the soaking, the flowing ', ōdman- n. ` the waves, floods ', ōda-ná-m `
mash boiled in milk ', Avestan (*ḫ2au̯od-
od-)aoδa- m. ` wellspring, fount '.
od
natti-)unátti (*u-n-ed-ti), 3. Pl. undáti ` soaked, moistened '; Avestan
Old Indic (*ḫ2au̯natti-
natti
vaiδi- f. ` water run, irrigation canal '.
Old Indic udán(i) Lok., udnáḥ Gen., udā́ Nom. Akk. Pl. ` water ' (Nom. Akk. Sg. udaká-
m); from r-stem derived samudra-ḥ ` sea ', anudra-ḥ ` waterless ' (= gr. ἄνυδρος);
(*ḫ2au̯dro- udro-s ` water animal ': Old Indic udrá-ḥ ` a water animal ' = Avestan udra- m.
dro-)udro
dro udro-
` otter ' (= gr. ὕδρος, Old High German etc ottar, compare also Latin lutra and with ū
Lithuanian údra, Old Church Slavic vydra ds.);
Maybe nasalized alb. (*lutra) lundra ` otter' a Latin loanword
from -(e)s-stem
(e)s Old Indic (*ḫutsa-) utsa-ḥ ` spring, well ', compare Old Irish (*ḫudeski̯o-)
uisce (*udeski̯o-) ` water ';
Note:
The followings have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)ku̯ent- > gu̯et, zero grade in Slavic
(a)ḫu̯eda- > voda, zero grade in Phrygian (a)ku̯edu > βεδυ [common Greek gʷ> b, kʷ> p]:
Armenian (*gwet) get ` river ' (basic form *u̯edō, Sandhi form to u̯edōr, compare under
Slavic voda; it corresponds also Phrygian βεδυ `water', i.e. *vedū from *u̯edō, Kretschmer
Einl. 225).
Maybe alb. (*gu̯et) det `sea' : Armenian get ` river ' common alb. gu̯- > d-.
Note:
Note
Maybe Phrygian βεδυ `water' : nasalized Illyrian Bindus `water god' [common Illyrian gu̯- >
b-].
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; gw- > b- Illyrian Greek.
Gr. ὕδωρ
ρ, ὕδατος (*υδ-n
n̥-τος) `water' (with metr. elongation ῡδωρ
ρ); from r-stem derived
ἄνυδρος ` waterless ', ὕδρ
ρος, ὕδρᾱ ` water snake ', ἐνυδρίς f. ` otter ', ὑδαρής, ὑδαρός `
watery ' (ὑδαλέος ds. with suffix exchange; similarly ὕλλος ` water snake, ichneumon ' :
ὕδρ
ρος = lak. ἑλλ
λά̄ : ἕδρ
ρα), ὕδερ
ρος ` dropsy ', ὑδρ
ρία ` water bucket ' (: Latin uterr); from n-
ης ` watery ') derived ΏΑλοσύδν
stem (compare ὕδνη νη actually ` sea wave, wave, the billow
' (?),epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117;
from also ὑδν
νον ` truffle ' as ` juicy '??), as well as probably Καλ-υδών, -ύδν
να (-ύμνᾱ),
νιοι, -ύμν
Καλύδν νιοι (see Boisacq 998 a)?
es-stem
es τὸ ὕδος `water' is only late poet. Nom. Akk. to Dat. ὕδει.
α from *u̯edesi̯ā, Kretschmer RIEt Balc. 1, 383. common gr.-Illyrian -

Maked. PN ῎Εδεσσα
ks- > -ss-.
Alb. ujë `water' (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from *ud-ni̯ā, but from *ud-; or,
nevertheless, from *udō?).
The shift -dn- > nj > j of possibly alb. (*udna-h) ujë, ujna Pl. ` water ' has also been attested
in alb. shtynj, shtyj `poke, push' (*studni̯ō); see Root / lemma: (s)teu-
(s)teu-1 : `to push, hit'
Luwian wida-
wida- `watery'
D-LPl ú-i-da-an-za: 45 ii 6.
See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild. 376. Cf. perh. witam[ ] at KBo
XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, StBoT 31.567f, witi, ˚witaš and
witaz are Hittite!
Latin unda, f. ` water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people ' (with n- infix from the
present; compare Old Prussian (*gwundan) wundan n., unds m. `water' and Old Indic
unátti, undáti as well as Lithuanian (*gwanduõ) vanduõ, -eñs, vándenį, žem. unduo,
Latvian ûden
ns m. f. `water', and in addition Schulze EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. II2 3, 281,
283, Trautmann 337); uterr, utrris ` hose, tube ' (*udri-s `* water hose ', compare gr. ὑδρία),
lutra ` otter ' (l- after lutum ` mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle ').
Umbrian utur n. `water' (= ὕδωρ), Abl. une (*udn

ni).
Old Irish u(i)sce `water' (*udeski̯o-), odar ` brown ' (*udaros), coin fodorne ` otters '
(`water dogs ').
Note:
Old Irish u(i)-sce : alb. (*u-i-) uj-ë, uj-i `water' : Luwian ú-i-ta-an-ta-al-li-an òf the water(s)'
genitive intervocalic -ii- vowel.
Gothic watō (n-stem), Dat. Pl. watnam `water'; Old Swedish vætur (æ = Indo
Germanic e? rather umlaut from Germanic a in the -in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),
Old Icelandic vatn n. (takes o-stem, compare Gothic Dat. Pl. watnam), vatr, nord. sea
name Vättern; Old High German wazzar, Old Saxon watar, Old English wæter (*u̯odōr)
`water';
Old Icelandic otr, Old English otor, Old High German ottar m. òtter, water snake', in
addition FlN Otter, old Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to Latin
unda) probably Gothic wintrus, Old Icelandic vetr, Old English winter, Old High German
Old Saxon wintar ` winter ' as ` wet season ' (Lidén PBrB. 15, 522, Falk-Тоrp under vinter;
not better to Irish find ` white ', see below su̯eid-
eid- ` shine ');
eid
perhaps to Wasser also Old High German Old English wascan, Old Icelandic vaska,
Modern High German waschen, wusch (*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade ē of the root
shaped from Old Icelandic vātr, Old English wǣt, engl. wet ` wet, soaked '.
In Germanic also with Þ Old English wađum m. ` wave ', zero grade Old Icelandic unnr,
uđr, Pl. unnir ` wave ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon
ūthia, ūđia, Old English ȳđ, Old High German undea ` wave, billow, flood ', like from a root
variant *u̯et-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the t
of the type Old Indic yakr̥-t.
Lithuanian vanduõ etc (see above); Lithuanian údra, Old Prussian udro f., East
Lithuanian údras, Latvian ûdris m. ` otter '; Old Church Slavic vydra, Serbo-Croatian vīdra
(Balto Slavic ūd- : Lithuanian vánd-eni; see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lithuanian; to ū
compare Pedersen Ét. Lithuanian 54 f.);
Maybe alb. vidra `sea otter' Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic voda `water' (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for Indo
Germanic -ō[r]); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic vědro `κάδος, σταμνος' (with ὑδρία
attuning well in the meaning, s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);
Hittite wa-a-tar (*wātar ) `water', Gen. úе-te-na-aś (e-grade as Phrygian βεδυ, a of Nom.
from e?). Nom. Pl. ú-wi-ta-ar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hittite 167.
Note:
The origin of labialized Old laryngeals as in: Hittite ḫuek-, ḫuk- ` adjure ' : Tocharian A wak
f., В wek `voice'
common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ḫue- > gw- > g- [see Root / lemma: u̯ekʷ
ekʷ- : to speak].
ek
Therefore the original Hittite root was as in Genitive Gen. úе-te-na-aś òf water' (*ḫúе-te-
na-aś) which became the zero grade wa-a-tar (*ḫwātar ) `water'.
c) (*ḫ2au̯er-
er-) au̯er-
er er- ` water, rain, river ' (u̯ēr- : ūr-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm.
er
2).
1. u̯ēr-
ēr-, u̯er-
ēr er-: Old Indic vā́r, vā́ri n. `water', Avestan vār n. `rain' (with themat. inflection
er
iran. Avestan vār ` to rain ', med. ` allow to rain, let rain '), Old Indic vārī f. `water', Avestan
vairi- m. `sea';
Truncated Tocharian (*ḫwātar ) A wär, В war `water';
Armenian gayṙ ` marsh, mud ' (*u̯eri̯o-);
Note:
common Armenian Celtic Illyrian *ḫue- > gw- > g-.
gr. perhaps in ἀρύω ` scoops ', if *Fὰρ ὔ[σ]ω (see *aus- ` scoop, draw water, ladle ');
alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) (*gvrëndë) vrëndë ` light rain ' (nt-
participle);
Note:
alb. hur-dë, hurdhë ` pond, tank, marsh ' (*ūr-), shurë ` urine ', shurrë (*surna) (postverbal)
f. ` urine ' (prefix sh from Latin ex or Indo Germanic *sm̥ + ūr-në; or + gr. οὐρέω?);
Note:
ote
Albanian preserved the old laryngeal ḫ- > s- like satem languages alb. (*sūrīna) shurra `
urine ' : Hittite šehur ` urine ' : Latin ūrīna ` urine '. But in alb. hur-dë ` pond, tank, marsh '
alb. preserved ḫ- laryngeal like centum languages.
cymr. gwer m. ` suet, sebaceous, tallow ';
Note:
Maybe zero grade (*ḫ2au̯er-

er u̯er-
er- > *ḫu̯ er-) in cymr. gwer m. ` suet, sebaceous, tallow ' :
er
Armenian ջուր (ǧour) ` water ' : alb. (*ur) ujë ` water '.
Old Norse vari m. ` liquid, water '.
2. (*ḫ2au̯er-
er ūr-, au̯er-
er-) ūr- er-: Latin ūrīna ` urine ' (in which meaning influenced by οὖρον?),
er
ūrīnor, -ārī ` to dive ', ūrīnātor ` a diver ';
Maybe alb. urela `water-pit' : Basque ura `water'.
Old Norse ūr `fine rain', ȳra ` to rain subtly ', ūrigr ` dew-covered', Old English ūrig ds.;
perhaps Old Norse ūrr, Gen. ūrar (u-stem), Old English ūr, Old High German ūro,
ūrohso, Latin loanword ūrus ` a kind of wild ox ', Swedish Dialectal ure ` randy bull, a bull
in heat ' (`*one that scatters, drops, one that inseminates ' as Old Indic vr̥šan- etc, see
below);
root form (*ḫ2au̯er-

er-) au̯er-
er erin thrak. FlN Αὔρας, gr. (Persson IF. 35, 199) *αὔρα `water,
er
spring ' in ἄναυρος ` without water, of brooks ' (about gr. θησαυρός and Κένταυρος
compare Schwyzer Gr.Gr. I 267, 444);
in FlN: Italian Met-aurus (Bruttium), Pisaurus (Umbrien), gall. Avara > French Avre, Aura
> French Eure, Aurana > Modern High German Ohrn (Württemb.), Ar-auris > French
Hérault, Vi-aurus > French Le Viaur; Old Prussian Aure, Lithuanian Aur-ytė; Old Norse
aurigr ` wet ', aurr ` wet, water ', FlN Aura, Old English ēar ` sea ';
Old Prussian wurs (*ūras) `pond, pool', iūrin Akk. Sg., iuriay Pl. fem. `sea', Old Latvian
jūri- m., Latvian jũ'ra, Lithuanian jū́rės, jū́rios Pl. fem. `sea, esp. the Baltic Sea ' (see above
to Latin ūrīna; j- presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);
Lithuanian jaurùs ` swampy, marshy ', jáura, jáuras `marshy place, marshy ground,
swamp bottom' from *eu̯ǝr- (see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lithuanian).
3. Verbum: Lithuanian vérdu, vìrti ` bubble, surge, cook ', versmě ` wellspring ', vỹrius `
whirlpools ', atvyrs ` counterstream on the shore ', Latvian ver̂du, vir̂t ` soak, bubble, boil,
cook ', atvars ` whirl ',
Old Church Slavic vьrjǫ, vьrěti ` stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook ', virъ ` whirlpool ', izvorъ
` wellspring (bubbling water) ', wherefore with from ` cook ' developed meaning ` heat ',
Latvian wersme ` glow ', Old Church Slavic varъ ` heat '.
About possible affiliation of *u̯er/

er/e/nā ` alder ' see there.
4. extension (*ḫ2au̯ers- er-s- ` rain, dew ': Old Indic varśá- n. ` rain, rainy season, year
ers-) u̯er-
ers er
' (varšati ` it is raining '), gr. οὖρον ` urine '; ἔρση, ἐέρση ` dew ', Ionian Attic οὐρέω `
urinates ' (kausativ *u̯orseiō, F- proved by the augmentation ἐούρησα), οὐρία ` a water bird
';
Middle Irish (*gwrass) frass `rain' is older fross (u̯ros-tā, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44);
Hittite wa-ar-ša-aš `rain'(?)seems an Old Indic loanword.
Maybe alb. (*varśá-) vesa `dew' : (*ḫeverse) ἐέρση ` dew'.
(*ḫ2au̯rsen- sen- ` discharging semen = virile ', Old Indic vr̥šán- `virile', m. ` manikin,
rsen-) u̯r̥sen-
rsen sen
man, stallion '.
thereof derived Avestan varǝšna- `virile', Old Indic vŕ̥ṣ̣a-, vr̥ṣabhá- `bull', vŕ̥ṣṇi- `virile', m.
Àries, ram' (= Avestan varǝšni- ds.), vŕ̥šaṇa- m. ` testicles ';
Specht (Dekl. 156) places here (from Germanic *gwrai-njan-) without s-extension Old
High German reineo ` stallion ', Old Saxon wrênio ds., Old English wrǣne ` horny, lustful ';
Old High German wrenno ` stallion ' is back-borrowed from Middle Latin (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
ersē/i-: Latin (*gverrēs) verrēs, -is `boar', Lithuanian ver̃šis `calf', Latvian versis òx,
u̯ersē/i-
ersē/i
rother, cattle'.
References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418,
IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of u̯ers- with ers-). About
Finnish vesi, stem vete `water' s. Mikkola Mél. van Ginneken 137.
WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Dekl. 18 f.,
Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, 548, 838.
Page(s): 78-81
Root / lemma: au̯es-

Root es- (*ḫ2au̯ḫ1es-
es es-)
Meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.
Note:
Root / lemma: au̯es-
es- : to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. derived from Root / lemma: aug-
es aug- :
to glance, see.
Material:
Old Indic uṣā́ḥ f. Akk. uṣā̆ś am, Gen. uṣásaḥ ` aurora ', Avestan ušā̊, Akk. ušā̊ŋhǝm, Gen.
ušaŋhō ds. (ušas-tara- ` eastern '), next to which Old Indic Gen. Sg., Akk. Pl. uṣáḥ,
Avestan Lok. Sg. uši-[δā̊, s. *demā-
*demā-` to build '] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s- to
s-stem; Old Indic uccháti = Avestan usaiti (*us-sk̂éti) ` shines in (from the morning) ', Perf.
Old Indic uvāsa, Aor. avasran ` they shone '; uṣar-, usr ` dawn, aurora, early morning,
prime of the day, red sky ', uṣar-búdh- ` early awake ', usrá- ` early morning, reddish ', also
figurative ` cow ', m. `bull' (Frisk, nominal formation 3);
u̯es-
es-, u̯ōs-
es ōs- in Old Indic vasar-hán- `striking in the morning, early morning', vāsará- èarly
ōs
morning', m. ` day ' (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword
r/n-stem *u̯es-
es-r-, u̯es-
es es-n- ` springtide, spring ');
es
gr. hom. ἠώς *(āusōs), Gen. ἠοῦς (ἠόος), Attic (with accent innovation) ἕως, Doric ἀ̄ώς,
ἀFώρ, changing through ablaut Aeolic αὔως ` aurora ' (proto gr. αυ[σ]ώς), Boeotian ἄα and
Αἰαίη (*ἀαίη);
ἄγχαυρος ` near the morning ', αὔριον ` tomorrow ' (*αυσρ-); hom. ἤιε Φοῖβε ` radiative
morning '; ἠι-κανός ` rooster, cock ' (*āusi- ` singing in the morning early morning ');
Latin aurōra f. àurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak ' (for *ā̆usōsā); auster (*aus-t(e)ro-
= Germanic *austra-) ` souther, southerly wind ', austrālis ` southern ';
presumably also aurum, sabin. ausom `gold' as `*reddish'; to Lithuanian áuksas (k -

unexplained), Old Lithuanian ausas, Old Prussian ausis `gold';
Maybe Italian oro : Spanish oro : French or : Bresciano or : Breton aour : Calabrese oru :
Catalan or : Corsican oru : alb. (*oru) ari `gold' [similar to alb. ahu, ahi ` beech '] :
Papiamentu oro : Reggiano or : Irish ór : Lombardo Occidentale òr : Sardinian
Campidanesu oru : Sardinian Logudoresu oro : Scots Gaelic òr : Valencian or : Venetian :
oro : Galician ouro : [Hungarian arany : Basque urre loanwords] : Ligurian ouru : Manx oar
: Occitan aur : Portuguese ouro : Romagnolo àur : Romanian aur : Romansh aur : Welsh
aur `gold'.
perhaps Tocharian A (*gwäs) wäs `gold', but compare Armenian os-ki `gold', Finnish vas-ki
` copper '; perhaps Vesuvius (differently under eus- ` burn ');
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Tocharian gw- > w-.
(*gwawr) Middle Irish fāir ` sunrise ', cymr. gwawr àurora', bret. gwere laouen `morning
star ' (*u̯ōsri-, Pedersen KG. I 82);
Germanic *austrō in Old English ēastre ` spring goddess ', ēastron Pl. ` Easter ' = Old
High German ōst(a)ra, ōstarūn; against it with Indo Germanic -t(e)ro-, Old High German
ōstar èastern' and Adv. ` the after east ', Modern High GermanÖster-reich, Old Norse
austr n. ` East ' and Adv. ` eastwards ',
Old English compounds ēasterra ` more to the east ', in addition Ostrogothae, older
Austrogoti as ` the eastern Goths '; Old High German ōstan ` from the east ', Old English
ēaste f. Èast', Old Norse austan ` from the east '; *āusōs in Old English ēarendel `
morning star ', Old High German MN Orendil;
Lithuanian aušrà f. àurora', aũšta ` day is breaking', Latvian àust ds.; Lithuanian
auštrìnis (vějas) ` north-east wind ', Latvian àustra f. ` daybreak ', àustrums m. Èast'; in
ablaut žem. apýūšriai m. ` daybreak ';
Old Church Slavic za ustra `τὸ πρωΐ' (about utro, jutro `morning' from *aus(t)ro- compare
Trautmann 19, Mikkola Ursl. Gr. 179 and Berneker 462 f. m. Lithuanian, wherefore
Brückner KZ. 46, 212, auspoln. ŭścić ` shine ' reconstructs Slavic *usto `lustre, shine'),
ustrъ ` relating to summer ' (see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).
compare to ablaut J. Schmidt KZ. 25, 23 f., Hirt Abl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39, 69.
References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Dekl. 10, Wackernagel-
Debrunner Old Indic Gr. Ill 213 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231; Leumann IF. 58, 121
ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 514, 557.
Page(s): 86-87
Root / lemma: au̯ē-11 (u̯

u̯e-d(h)-
d(h)-?)
Meaning: to try, force
Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects Old Indic vāyati, -tē ` gets tired, is exhausted,
tires ' with gr. ἄεθλος ` drudgery, contest ' (*ἄFε-θλος), ἄεθλον, ἀ̃θλον ` fight, cut-throat
price, battlefield ', whereby ἀ- assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form
*au̯ē-̆ besides *u̯ē-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing the gr.
words with Middle Irish feidm ` effort ',
fedil ` persistent, persevering ', Old Irish ni fedligedar ` (he, she) does not stay ' (whereby
formal measure relationship would be comparable as *mē- ` (apportion by measure), allot,
(*cut) ' : *med-, *u̯ē- `blow' : Old Norse veđr, Modern High German Wetter), wherefore
Pedersen KG. I 110, cymr. gweddil ` remnant, leavings ' (out of it Middle Irish fuidell)
places; here Tocharian В waimene ` difficult, hard '?
However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vāyati ` exert itself ' as
basic meaning in would put the question through the meaning ` dry up ' from vāna ` dry ',
upa-vāyati ` be extinguished by drying up, dry up ',
upavāta- ` become dry '; and in ἄεθλος takes turns most of course - θλο-as suffixal, while
the dental Irish words root-like d or dh is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.
References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.

Page(s): 84
Root / lemma: au̯iĝ-

ĝ-
Meaning: a kind of grass, oat
Material: Latin avēna ` oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe,
shepherd's pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw ' (presumably after arēna, terrēnus to occurred
suffix exchange for *avīna from *au̯iĝ-snā);
Lithuanian avižà, Latvian (Pl. f.) àuzas, Old Prussian wyse ` oat ', Old Church Slavic
ovьsъ, russ. ovësъ òat' (s from z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the
word in conservative Nom. *ovьz), but αἰγίλωψ ` a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise '
barely as *αFιγιλωψ here.
After Specht Dekl. 298 would be assumed rather Indo Germanic *au̯i- besides *au̯es-
(*au̯esnā > avēna).
Page(s): 88
Root / lemma: au̯-5, au̯ē-

Meaning: to weave
Material: Unextended in: Old Indic ṓtum, ṓtavē (from der set-basis vā́tavē) ` to weave ',
Perf. ūvuḥ, participle ūtá-, vý-uta- (also das present váyati ` weaves ' can be after
Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 94 an -ei̯o-present v-áyati, so that Fut. vayišyati, vāya-
`weaver' only in addition one would be new-created), ṓtu- m. ` woof of fabric ', vāna- n. `
the weaving '.
To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vā́tave

` weave, twist ', vānam (W. must understand ūtá- as neologism to váyate after hūtá- :
hváyate).
au-dh-, 2. (a)u̯-ē̆dh-, u-dh-:

dh-extension 1. au-
1. Armenian z-aud ` strap ' (z-audem ` connects, ties together '), y-aud `strap, limb, joint
' (y-audem ` join together '), aud `shoe';
Lithuanian áudžiau, áudžiu, áusti `to weave', ataudaĩ Pl. ` woof ', ũdis ` a unique fabric, the
weaving ', ũdas ` eel line ' (vowel as with áugu ` increase, sprout ': ūgỹs ` annual growth ');
russ. uslo ` fabric ' (uzda ` bridle '?), see below eu-
eu- ` pull '. It goes back to the image of the
weaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess:
au h- ` luck, possession, wealth ': Illyrian PN Audarus, Audata (: Germanic Audo-berht),

aud
paion. PN Audō-leōn (Krahe IF. 58, 132), cymr. udd (*audos) ` master, mister ' (different
Lewis-Pedersen 14), bret. ozac'h ` landlord ' (*udakkos), Loth RC. 41, 234; Old Saxon
ōdan, Old English ēaden, Old Norse auđinn ` granted from the destiny, grants ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Norse auđna ` destiny, luck ', auđr `
wealth ', Old English ēad ` possession, wealth, luck ', Old Saxon ōd ` possession,
prosperity ', Old High German al-ōd ` full and free possession ' (Middle Latin allodium),
Middle High German klein-ōt ` jewel ', Gothic audahafts ` makes happy ', audags `
blessed, fortunate ', Old High German ōtac ` happy, rich '.
2. Old Norse vāđ f. ` fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net ', Pl.vāđir
` gowns, clothes ', Old English wǣd (*wēđi-) f. ` clothes, rope ', Old Saxon wād ` clothes ',
Old High German wāt, Gen.-i ` clothes, armament ';
Old Norse vađr m. ` rope, string, fishing line ', Swedish Norwegian vad n. `drag net' (Old
Norse vǫzt f. ` spot for fishing at sea from *wađa-stō), Middle High German wate, wade f.
`drag net, trawl net ', Middle High German spinne-wet ` spinning web '.

See also: Maybe here u̯ebh- `to weave', u̯edh- ` bind, connect ' (wherefore as nasal form
probably u̯end
en h-),see there; also perhaps u̯ei-
en ei- ` twist, spin ', (a)ueg-
ei u̯er-
(a)ueg- `to weave etc' (u̯ er- ``
er
twist, spin '?), u̯es-
es- ` wrap '.
es
Page(s): 75-76
Root / lemma: au̯-6, au̯ed-

ed-
ed
Meaning: to speak
Material: Gr. hom. αὖε Imperf. ` (he, she) called (out), shouted ', ἄβα τροχὸς ἤ βοή Hes.
Old Indic vádati ` lets the voice resound, talks ' (Perf. ūdimá, participle uditá-), vádanam
` the sounds, talking, mouth ', úditi-ḥ f. `speech', vādayati ` allows to sound, plays (a music
instrument), allows to speak ', vāditram ` musical instrument, music ', vāda- ` sound letting,
m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words ';
in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next Old Church Slavic vada `
calumny ', vaditi ` accuse ';
nasalized Old Indic vandate, -ti ` praises, praises, greets with respect ', vandanam `
praise, price, reverential greeting ', vandāru- ` appreciative, praising '; see still Uhlenbeck
Old Indic Wb. under vallakī ` a kind of sounds ', vallabha-ḥ ` minion, favourite '.
Gr. γοδᾶν [i.e. Fοδᾶν] κλαίειν Hes., ΏΗσί(F)οδος `qui ἵησi Fόδαν, i. e. ἀοιδήν`, γοδόν
[i.e. Fοδόν] γόητα Hes.;
zero grade ὑδέω, ὕδω (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) ` sings, glorifies ',
ὕδη φήμη, ᾠδη (Theognostos καν. 19, 26) (ὕμνος ` ballad, song ' rather to the wedding call
ὑμήν: other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.2 under suō, Boisacq s. v., again different
Risch 50).
Lithuanian vadinù, vadìnti ` shout, call '.
au̯-ē-d- in ἀ(F)ηδών ` nightingale ' (ἀβηδόνα ἀηδόνα Hes., Aeolic ἀήδων and ἀήδω, the
zero grade ἀυδ- in αὐδή ` sound, voice, language ' (Aeolic αὔδω Sappho), αὐδάω ` shouts,
speaks ', αὐδήεις, Doric αὐδά̄εις ` speaking with human voice '.
ei-d- in ἀ(F)είδω (Attic ᾄδω) ` sings ', ἀ(F)οιδή (Attic ᾠδή) ` song ', ἀοιδός ` singer ',
au̯-ei-
ἀοίδιμος ` singer '. Differently Wackernagel KZ. 29, 151 f.
Tocharian В watk-, AB wätk-, В yaitk- ` command, order '.
References: WP. I 251 f., Specht KZ. 59, 119 f., Van Windekens Lexique 155.
Page(s): 76-77
Root / lemma: au̯-7, au̯ē-, au̯ēi-
ēi-
ēi
Meaning: to like; to help, *desire
Material: Old Indic ávati ` desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes ' = Avestan
avaiti ` provides, helps ' = Old Irish con-ōi ` protects '; Messapic αFιναμι ` I bid (s.o.)
farewell? (to wish s.o. to be strong to be healthy) ';
Old Indic ávas- n. ` satisfaction, favour, assistance ' = Avestan avah- n. `help' (in addition
probably Old Indic avasá- n. `nourishment'), compare gr. ἐν-ηής `favorable' (*εν-ᾱFής); Old
Indic ōman- ` favorable, helping ' = Avestan aoman- ` supporting, helping ', Old Indic
ōmán- m. ` favour, assistance, protection ',
ōma-ḥ ` comrade '; Old Indic avitár- m. ` patron, sponsor, patronizer ' (from which 2-
syllable root form as Fut. avišyati, Perf. 2. Sg. āvitha, as well as participle ūtá- and:) ūtí-ḥ `
delivery, help';
Armenian aviun ` violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate
passion, lust ' (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);
gr. -ᾱFονες in 2. part of Greek family names ( ᾽Ιάονες)? compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232
f., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 487, 3; 521; ἀί̄τᾱς (Theokrit) ` friend, lover ';
Latin aveō, -ēre (basis au̯ē[i]- as in preceding) ` be eager, have a wild desire, long for,
desire ', avidus ` desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious ' (therefrom
audeō, -ēre ` to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to '), avārus ` covetous, greedy ';
Old Irish con ōi `protects', cymr. ewyllys `favor, wish desire', corn. awell ` desire', abr. a-
iul ùnaided, wantonly, voluntarily', Middle Breton eoull, youll ` favor, wish desire ', as a
name component in gall. Avi-cantus (=abret. Eucant), acymr. Euilaun , also in Old High
German names as Awileib, Awo; compare Gothic awi-liuÞ `χάρις, εὐχαριστία'; mcymr. ri-m-
aw ` he grants to me ', cymr. ad-aw (with negat. at-) ` leave ', abret. di-eteguetic
àbandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute' (*di-at-aw-etic).
Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: Old High German ōdi, Old Saxon ōthi, Old English Adj.
īeÞe, Adv. ēaÞe ` easy, comfortable ', Old High German ōdmuoti, Old Saxon ōthmōdi
`modest', Old English ēaÞmōd `modest', Old Norse auđmjūkr ` to move easily, willing,
modest ',
auđkendr ` to recognize easily '; basic meaning is ` willing ', from which ` to make easy ';
formal Germanic to-participle-formation to awi- (example Germanic auÞia- ` deserted; flat;
waste; empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull;
tedious '?). Rather uncertainly.
If also Old Lithuanian auštis ` refresh oneself ', ataušimas ` refreshment ', Latvian ataust
` recover, refresh ', ataũsêt ` invigorate, refresh ' are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus
- of in Old Indic ávas-, gr. ἐν-ηής present as a basis es-stem . Or = Lithuanian áušti ` get
cold ', áušyti ` cool '?
Tocharian B au-lāre, A olar ` comrade '; as dubious В omaute ` longing ', w-är(īn)- `
crave, long for', A w-aste ` protection ' with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- `
give ', A 1.Sg. wsā (Pedersen Tochar. 186).
References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.
Page(s): 77-78
Page(s):
Root / lemma: au̯o-s (*oḫuḫḫaš)

Meaning: grandfather
Note:
The original root was Hittite ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather' branched into Root /
lemma: au̯o-s: grandfather in centum languages and Root / lemma: sūs-
sūs-: parent : alb.
(*ḫuḫḫaš) gjysh `grandfather' in satem languages; old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem
ḫ- > s- ;
Material:
Armenian hav `grandfather' could go back also to *pap-, would be au̯os only north - west
Indo Germanic On account of here Hittite (*ḫouḫḫaš) ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather'?
Lycian *χuga ` grandfather on the maternal side ' appears to speak rather of Asia Minor
origin.
Note: common Hittite ḫou- > ḫu- (vowel -o

o- was absent in Hittite).
Armenian hav, Gen. havu `grandfather', Latin avus ` grandfather; poet., in gen., an
ancestor '; fem. Latin avia `grandmother' (see finally Leumann-Stolz5 204), dubious gr. αἶα
as ` primordial mother earth ' (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473;
Latin also -ḫu̯- > -v-.
different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avītus ` of a grandfather,
ancestral ' is probably shaped after marītus, older i-stem in Lithuanian avýnas ` brother of
the mother ';
differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avītus ` large-scale
fatherly, angestammt ' is formed probably after marītus, old i-stem in Lithuanian avýnas `
brother of the mother ';
i̯o-derivative Old Prussian awis ùncle', Old Church Slavic *ujь ds. (ujka àunt'), Old Irish
(h)áue ` a grandson, a nephew ', Middle Irish ó(a), úa ds.; en-stem: Gothic awō
`grandmother', Old Norse afi `grandfather', āi ` great-grandfather ', Old English ēam, Old
Frisian ēm, Old High German ōheim,
Modern High German Oheim, Ohm (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz ` the one
who lived in grandfather's home '), after R. Much Germanic 205 from *auhaim < Indo
Germanic *au̯os k̂oimos ` dear grandfather', compare cymr. tad cu [*tatos koimos]
`grandfather'),
Latin avunculus ` brother of the mother ' (probably caressing diminutive an *avō, -ōnis);
cymr. ewythr, acorn. euitor, bret. eontr ùncle' (*au̯en-tro-).
The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the
words for ùncle or aunt on the maternal side ' probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f.
Note:
Latin avus ; avos > Italian avolo, Galician avó, Catalan avi, Portuguese avô ; vovô,
Spanish abuelo, French aïeul, Albanian (*güelus) gjysh, Asturian güelu, Caló tesquelo
esquelo,
esquelo
Judeo-Spanish agüelo, Leonese guelu ; güelu, Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*yayu)
giaggiu, Sardinian Campidanesu abu ; avu ; ayayu, Sardinian Logudoresu avu ; abu ;
yayu, Valencian yayo `grandfather'
Clear influence of a substrate Anatolian Hittite (*ḫouḫḫaš) ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš)

`grandfather'? Lycian *χuga ` grandfather on the maternal side '.
A early borrowing from Estonian (*avana-isa

isa vana-isa
isa) isa > Finnish iso-isä
isä Hungarian
iso isä,
(*vana-gy-papa) nagy-apa ; nagy-papa `grandfather'.
References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 25 f., Risch Mus.
Helv. 1, 118 ff.
Page(s): 89
Root / lemma: ā̆bel-

bel-, ā̆bōl-
bel bōl-, abel-
bōl
Meaning: apple
Note:
Root / lemma: ā̆bel-
bel-, ā̆bōl-
bel bōl-, abel- : àpple' derived from Root / lemma: om-
bōl om- (*ḫamel):: `raw,
bitter, *sweet'.
Material:
Maybe Old Indic: abalá- m. `the plant Tapia Crataeva' {`Crataegus roxburghii' (H. Ebel KZ
VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].
Latin Abella (Oscan town, city in Campanien) malifera àpple-bearing', after Verg. Aen. 7,
740, might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic
form *ablonā. The apple is not named possibly only after the town.
In the Celtic the names are to be distinguished for àpple' (*ablu) and ` apple tree '
(*abaln-). Gall. avallo ` fruit ', Aballō (n-stem) PN, French Avallon, abrit. PN Aballāva, gallo-
rom. *aballinca ` Alpine mistletoe ' (Wartburg);
Maybe Illyrian PN Aulona
Old Irish ubull (*ablu) n. àpple', ncymr. afal, Pl. afalau, corn. bret. aval m. àpple', but
Middle Irish aball (*abalnā) f. àpple tree', acymr. aball, mcymr. avall Pl. euyill (analogical)
f., acymr. aballen, ncymr. afallen àpple tree' (with singulative ending).
The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:
Crimean Gothic apel (Gothic *apls?), Old High German apful, afful, Middle High German
apfel, Old English æppel (engl. apple), Old Norse epli n. (apal-grār àpple-gray') àpple'.
Germanic probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further Old Norse apaldr àpple tree', Old English
apuldor, æppuldre, Old High German apholtra (compare Modern High German Affoltern
PN), Middle High German apfalter àpple tree' (*apaldra-).
The Baltic shows clear tracks in Indo Germanic completely isolated l- declension *ābōl,
G. Sg. *ābeles.
lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for àpple': East Lithuanian
obuolỹs, Latvian âbuolis (-ii̯o-stem), West Lithuanian óbuolas, Latvian âbuols (o-stem)
from Indo Germanic *ābōl-;
Normal grade mostly in the word for àpple tree'; Lithuanian obelìs (fem. i-stem), Latvian
âbels (i-stem), âbele (ē-stem) from Indo Germanic *ābel-; but Old Prussian woble f. (*ābl-)
àpple', wobalne (*ābolu-) f. àpple tree'.
Old Bulgarian ablъko, jablъko, poln. jabɫko, slov. jábolko, russ. jábloko àpple' (*ablъko
from *āblu-) etc; Old Bulgarian (j)ablanь, sloven. jáblan, Old Czech jablan, jablon, russ.
jáblonь àpple tree', from Indo Germanic*āboln- (influences the sound form of *ablo
àpple').
Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both Latin Celtic
Germanic Balto Slavic forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing
act. With respect to Latin abies ` fir' etc. very uncertain.
Note:
Note
The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *šamlu(wa)- àpple-(tree)'; Attestations: [HittErgSg] ša-

ša-
ma-
ma-lu-
lu-wa-
wa-an-za 145 iii 18. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-
an-za: UR-an-
UR za XLIV 4+ Vo 26. GIŠH̲AŠH̲UR-
an-za: UR-lu-
UR lu-wa-
wa-an-
an-za:
za
XLIV 4+ Vo 28.
Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luvian nt. nom.-
acc. sg. šamluwan=za also possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.
From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *šamlu(wa)- > Root / lemma: ā̆bel-
bel-, ā̆bōl-
bel bōl-,
bōl
abel- : àpple' in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon
Illyrian alb. sa > zero, Luvian *šamlu(wa)- àpple-(tree)' > Latin malum -i n. àn apple, or
other similar fruit'; alb. Geg mollë àpple'.
Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemelъ; jьmela; jьmelo {2} [Page in Trubačev: VI
26-27]: Russ. oméla `mistletoe' [f ā], Old Russ. imela `mistletoe' [f ā], Czech omela (dial.)
`mistletoe' [f ā]; omelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; jmelí, melí (dial.) `mistletoe' [f iā], Slovak
jemelo (dial.), hemelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o]; imelo, jmelo (dial.) `mistletoe' [n o], Poln.
jemioɫa, jamioɫa `mistletoe' [f ā]; imioɫa (dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā], Upper Sorbian jemjel
`mistletoe' [m o], Lower Sorbian jemjoɫ, hemjoɫ `mistletoe' [m o], Serbo-Croatian òmela
(dial.) `mistletoe' [f ā]; ìmela, mèla `mistletoe' [f ā], Slovene jemę́la (dial.), omę́la (dial.)
`mistletoe' [f ā]; imę̄la, mę̄la `mistletoe' [f ā], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel-; Lith.
ãmalas, ẽmalas `mistletoe' [m o] 3b, Latv. amuols; ęmuols (BW); amuls; āmals; āmuls
`mistletoe, clover' [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. emelno (EV) `mistletoe'.
Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135
Notes: {1} The forms with ā- may show the influence of âbuõls àpple, clover'. {2} This
plant name is probably a borrowing from the Illyrian Venetian substratum language. The
Slavic forms with *jьm- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe's sap is used to
produce bird-lime), cf. OCS imati `to take'. An etymological connection with PIE *h1m- `to
take' is doubtful, as is the connection with *H3eHm- `raw' .
maybe gr. Compounds: ἁμάμηλίς plant growing in the same time as the apple-tree,
`medlar', = ἐπιμηλίς.
Probably Tocharian B: māla* 'a kind of intoxicating drink'; Paradigm: [-, -, māla//]
Examples: se ṣa[māne] mot māla trikelyesa śakse yokäṃ pāyti `whatever monk drinks
alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, pāyti' [māla = BHS
maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumeṃ pärwettsai mālasa yokalle `then it
[is] to be drunk with an aged drink' (W-33a5).
Derivatives: mālatstse* `drunken': aräñcacu epreta Mārä[nts]= ādañc mālatsai ...
ṣpyarkatai-me Ò courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Māra's drunken bite'
(241a2/3).
References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.
Page(s): 1-2
Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-

her-, ā̆ĝhen-
hen-, ā̆ĝhes-
hes- (or ōĝher etc) (*d
dā̆ĝhen)
hen
Meaning: day
Grammatical information: Heteroklit. Neutrum.
Material: Old Indic áhar, áhaḥ, Gen. áhn-as, Avestan Gen. PI. asn-ąm `day'. In Germanic
is found anlaut. d- by influence from proto Germanic *đā̆ʒwaz (Indo Germanic *dhō̆gʷho-, s.
ʷh- ` burn ') ` warm season ' (: Lithuanian dãgas ` summer heat '): the o-stem Gothic
*dhegʷh
egʷh-
dags,
Old Icelandic dagr, Old High German tac m. `day' is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (Gothic
PN Δαγίσ-θεος = *Dagis-Þius, Old High German Dagi-bert etc), also in ablaut, Old English
dǽg (*dōʒiz), Pl. dōgor n. `day' (Gothic fidur-dōgs `fourth day '), Old Icelandic døgr n. `day
or night ' besides there is n-stem Old Danish døgn n. `day and night'.
Note:
ʷh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-
From Root / lemma: dhegʷh
egʷh- her-, ā̆ĝhen-
en-, ā̆ĝhes-
hes-
(or ōĝher etc):: `day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru
ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma:
dak̂ru-
ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root /
ru
del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà,
lemma: del-
Latvian il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš
(dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan
migration from the Baltic region to North India.
References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-
Debrunner III 310 f.
Page(s): 7
Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ-

Meaning: goat
Note:
digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh
Root / lemma: digh- deiĝh- : `to prick;
tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh
deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ-
aiĝ- :
`goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common Baltic - Illyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence
the gr. cognate derived from proto Illyrian
Material: Old Indic ajá-ḥ `he-goat', ajā́ ` she-goat ', Middle Persian azak `goat', npers. azg
ds.;
alb. dhī́ `goat' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from *adhi, as
sii èye' from asii);
Note:
Note
Maybe a zero grade in alb. (*ā̆ĝhi) dhī́ ` goat ' [the common alb. shift -ĝh- > -d-], older alb.
Geg (*ā̆ĝhi) edha `goats, sheep'.
Lithuanian ožỹs (*āĝi̯os) `he-goat', ožkà `goat', Old Prussian wosee `goat', wosux `he-
goat';
Old Indic ajína-m `fur, fleece';
Lithuanian ožìnis ` belonging to he-goat ', ožíena ` billy goat's meat ';
Church Slavic (j)azno (*azьno) ` skin, leather '.
References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aiĝ-.

Page(s): 6-7
Root / lemma: ā̆ier-

ier-, ā̆ien-
ier ien-
ien
Meaning: day, morning
Note:
Root / lemma: ā̆ier-
ier-, ā̆ien-
ier ien- : `day, morning' derived from a reduced Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-
ien her-,
ā̆ĝhen-
hen-, ā̆ĝhes-
hes- (oder ōĝher etc.):: `day'.
Material: Avestan ayarǝ, Gen. ayąn n. `day'.
Gr. Lok. *ἀ(ι̯)ερι- in ἄριστον (from *ai̯eri-d-tom, to ed- èat') ` breakfast ' (uncontracted
ἀέριστον still produceable Hom. Ω 124, π 2); lengthened grades *ἀ̄(ι̯)ερι in the derivative
ἠέριος ` early morning ', contracts in ἦρι ìn the morning '. Different Risch 105.
Gothic air, Old Icelandic ār, Adv. ` early ' (likewise Lok. *ai̯eri), in addition Kompar.
Gothic airiza ` earlier ', Adv. airis = Old English ǣr, Old High German ēr, Modern High
German eher, ehe; Superl. Old English ǣrest, Old High German ērist, Modern High
German erst.
References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.

Maybe to ā̆i-4.
Page(s): 12
Root / lemma: ā(i)ĝh- : īĝh-

Meaning: to need
Material: Avestan āzi-š m. ` desire ', np. az ds., Avestan āza-š m. ` striving, eagerness,
zeal '; changing through ablaut Avestan izyati ` strives, striving for ' and ī̆žā ` striving, zeal,
success, prosperousness ' Old Indic īhā `desire', īhatē ` strives whereupon';
gr. ἀ̄χήν `poor' = ἠχῆνες κενοί, πτωχοί Hes. (by support of words, with ἀ- privative out of
it ἀεχῆνες πένητες Hes., and ἀχενία ` lack, poverty '), κτεανηχής πένης Hes., changing
through ablaut ἰχανάω `longs for ', ἶχαρ ` desire ';
Tocharian A ākāl, В akālk ` wish, longing '. Different Pedersen Tocharian 42.
References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BSL. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae IF. 5,
215.
Page(s): 14-15
Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂-

Meaning: spear, pike
Note:
Note
Both Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike' are
reduced roots of an older root *heĝʷ-el created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna
**helĝʷa. This older root was solidified by Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla `needle' [f ā]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zero from the older Baltic-Germanic
languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root / lemma: del-
del-
5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs,
Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-
lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.
Hence from Root / lemma: dhelg-
elg- : `to stick; needle' derived the alledged Baltic Root/
lemmna **helĝʷa from which Church Slavic: (*heĝʷ-el) igla `needle' [f ā], then Both Root /
lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root / lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike'.
Material: Gr. αἶκλοι αἱ γωνίαι τοῦ βέλους Hes., gr. ἰκτέα ἀκόντιον Hes., Cypriot ἰκμαμένος or
ἰχμαμένος (in the latter pitfall from *ἰκσμαμένος) ` wounds ', gr.αἰχμή `spear, spit ' (*aik-
smā), Old Prussian aysmis ` spit, broach ', Lithuanian iẽšmas, jiẽšmas ` spit, broach ',
(basic form *aik̂mos or Gr. exact congruent *aik̂-smos); from moreover Old Prussian
ayculo, Church Slavic igla etc `needle', with g instead of ž (compare S.181)?
Maybe a borrowing in alb. halë `needle, fishbone, awn' from Ukrainian: hólka `needle' [f
ā]; ihlá (dial.) `needle' [f ā]
Proto-Slavic form: jьgъlà
Proto-
Accent paradigm: c
Page in Trubačev:
Trubačev: VIII 213-214
Church Slavic: igla `needle' [f ā]
Russian: iglá `needle' [f ā]
Ukrainian: hólka `needle' [f ā]; ihlá (dial.) `needle' [f ā]
Czech: jehla `needle' [f ā]; ihɫa (dial.) `needle' [f ā]
Slovak: ihla `needle' [f ā]
Polish: igɫa `needle, pin' [f ā]; jegɫa (dial.) `needle, pin' [f ā]
Slovincian: jìe̯glă `needle' [f ā]
Lower Sorbian: gɫa `needle' [f ā]
Polabian: jḁglă `needle' [f ā]
Serbo-Croatian: ìgla `needle' [f ā], ȉglu [Accs]; jìgla (dial.) `needle' [f ā]; jàgla (dial.) `needle'
Serbo-
[f ā]; Čak. iglȁ (Vrgada) `needle' [f ā], ȉglu [Accs]; Čak. iglȁ (Novi) `needle' [f ā]; Čak. ȉgla
(Vrgada) `needle' [f ā], ȉglo [Accs]
Slovene: ígla `needle, kingpin' [f ā]; jǝ̀gla (dial.) `needle, kingpin' [f ā]
Old Prussian: ayculo `needle' [f ā]
also alb. Geg gjilpanë n. f. `needle' is a compound of (Nominative) *gjil- `needle' +
(Genitive) peni `thread'; alb. common zero grade *ilga > *gil- `needle' corresponds to zero
Serbo-Croatian: ìgla `needle' [f ā].
grade in Serbo-
Latin īcō (analogical īciō), -ĕre ` hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain ', ictus `
slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat ', probably also Avestan išarǝ ` instant, (very short
space of time) ' = gr. ἴκταρ ` near ' (as ` adjoining, adjacent ') and ἴγδη, ἴγδις ` mortar ' (also
ἴξ, ἴκες ` worms damaging the vine ', from which ἶπες ds. could be reshuffled after the
related to meaning κνῖπες, σκνῖπες, θρῖπες; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.
Here possibly Old Norse eigin n. ` a sprout that has just emerged from a seed ' (`point,
cusp'), Swedish Dialectal äjel m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and Low German īne ` awn, ear of corn'
(Bezzenberger Federal Railway. 27, 166).
References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.
Page(s): 15
Root / lemma: ā̆i-4

Meaning: to burn
Material: from Old English āfor ` sharp, violent ', Old High German eibar, eivar ` harsh,
bitter, pungent, rough, shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage;
unpolished, uncouth; frightful, horrible ' derived from *aibhro- not is to be connected
certainly.
Maybe but here gr. ἰαίνω `warms up ' from *i(i̯)-ani̯ō; see below eis-
eis-1 ` move, shake
violently '.
ai-dh-, ā̆i̯er-
See also: S. under ai- er-, ai̯os-
er os-, aisk-
os aisk-, ai-tro-.
ai-tro-
Page(s): 11
Root / lemma: ā̆l-3

Meaning: to wander, roam
Material: Gr. ἄλη `the vagrancy, the wandering about ', ἀλάομαι (horn. Pf. ἀλάλημαι),
ἀλαίνω ` wanders about ', ἀλήτης ` beggar ', ἀλητεύω ` wander, begging around ', ἅλιος ` in
vain ' (Spiritus asper admittedly, still unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the
assumption of anl. F-);
from a basis alu- aleu- gr. ἀλύω ` to be deeply stirred, excited, from grief, to be distraught,
alu-, aleu-
beside oneself, from perplexity or despair, to be at a loss, perplexed, wander, roam about
', ἀλύσσω ds. (Hom.; Fut. ἀλύξει Hippokr.), ἀλύκη ` restiveness, worry, concern, fear,
alarm ', ἄλυσις (from ἀλύω) ` angst ', ἄλυς, -υος (Plut.) ` idly hanging around, boredom ';
common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; with the concept ` wander around, not to come near to,
around a dangerous place or thing ', also ἀλεύομαι, ἀλέομαι ` avoid ', ἀλύσκω (*αλυκ-σκω,
compare Aor. ἤλυξα) ` escape ', ἀλυσκάζω ` avoid, flee ', ἀλεείνω ds., ἀλεωλή ` defense '
(*ἀλεFωλή formation as φειδωλή).
Hittite: halluwai- c. ' squabble, quarrel ', Luvian halwat- 'protest?'.
-------------------
*) ἀλαζών ` fibber, boaster, bragger ' (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank),
derives after Bonfante (BSL. 37, 77) from thrak. VN ᾽Αλαζόνες.
**) ἀλύ̄ω, ἀλυίω from *ἀλυʒι̯ω compare Schulze Qunder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. gr.
Lautg. 89 with Old Indic roṣati, ruṣyati ` be cross with, be angry ', but from Uhlenbeck Old
Indic Wb. 256 is placed more right to Lithuanian rústas ` unfriendly, unkind '.
--------------------
Mit ā-: ἠλάσκω ` wanders around ', ἠλαίνω `be demented ', Med. ` wander around ',
ἠλέματος (Doric ἀ̄λέματος Theokr.) ` foolish, futile, vain ', ἠλίθιος `trifling, in vain, brainless',
ἠλεός ` confuses, beguiles; bewildering ', (besides Aeolic equivalent ἆλλος an *ά̄λιος in:)
hom. ἆλλα φρονέων `φρένας ἠλεός' ` dazed, unconscious ' (from Doric *ᾱλεός derives
Latin ālea ` a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck ').
Latin ambulō `to walk, go for a walk, travel, march' (Umbrian amboltu à walk, a stroll');
(Latin alūcinor `to wander in mind, dream, talk idly' is probably borrowed from ἀλύω under
formal support in vāticinor ).
In addition Latvian aluôt, aluôtiês ` wander around, get lost ', with ā Latvian āla ` half-
mad person ', āl'uôtiês ` behave foolish, gestures clownish '.
Tocharian AB āl- ` distinguish, remove '.
References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambulō to gr. ἐλαύνω, stem el-
el-).
Page(s): 27-28
Root / lemma: ālu- ālo- (*ḫālu

ālu-, ālo- ālu-)
ālu
Meaning: a bitter plant
Material: Old Indic ālú-ḥ, ālukám- ` bulb, onion, round esculent radix '; Latin ālum, ālium `
garlic ', Oscan *allō from *ali̯ā probably as foundation of gr. ἀλλᾶς ` sausage (*stuffed
tubular casing)'; Latin ālum or ālus ` Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort ' a plant
appreciated for its roots (perhaps gall. word? s. Thesaurus).
Maybe alb. helm `bitter; poison'
Note alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
Note:

See also: Probably to alu-
alu-.
Page(s): 33
āmer- (āmōr, āmr̥)

Root / lemma: āmer-
Meaning: day
Material: Gr. horn. ἦμαρ, -ατος, Attic ἡμέρᾱ (Asper probably after ἑσπέρα, Sommer Gr.
Ltst. 123), otherwise ἀ̄μέρα `day' (with Lenis, hence not to Indo Germanic *sem-
*sem- ` summer
';
Lithuanian bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Fick KZ. 43, 147); Armenian aur `day' (from *āmōr
about *amur, *aumr; Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt Pl. 195
f., to Ionian μεσᾰμβρίη ` midday ' Boisacq under μεσημβρίᾱ. Van Windekens (Lexique 80)
places here Tocharian A omäl, В emalle `hot', from Indo Germanic *āmel-.
References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 305, 481, 518.
Page(s): 35
Root / lemma: āno-

āno-
Meaning: ring
Material: Armenian anur ` neckband, ring ', Latin ānus ` circle, ring ', Old Irish āinne
(*ānīni̯o-) m. ` ring, anus '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Latin annulus > Bolognese anèl : Bresciano anèl : Furlan anel : Galician anel : Portuguese
anel : Paduan anèo : Provençal anèu : Wallon anea : Reggiano : anél : Romagnolo anèl :
Romansh anè : Romanian : inel : Italian anello : Spanish anillo ; anilla : Catalan anell :
French anneau : Aragones aniello : Asturian aniellu : Corsican anellu : Leonese aniellu :
Lombardo Occidentale anell : Napulitano aniéllo : Calabrese 'neddu ; aniellu ; aneddu ;
anìaddru : Pugliese anìadd : Sardinian Campidanesu aneddu : Sardinian Logudoresu
aneddu : Sicilian aneddu : Viestano nidd' ` circle, ring ' [common Calabrese, Pugliese,
Sardinian, Sicilian, Viestano -ll- > -dd-] > through metathesis Albanian (*aneddu) unazë `
circle, ring ' common alb. d- > z- similar to alb. gaz ` joy' < Latin gaudium ` joy'.
References: WP. I 61, WH. I 55, Pedersen Litt. 2, 80.
Page(s): 47
Root / lemma: āpero-

āpero-
Meaning: shore
Note:
āpero- : ` shore ' derived from Root / lemma: apo-
Root / lemma: āpero- pō̆, ap-
ap-u, pu) ap 3o-
):: ` from, out, of ' < Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 : ` water, river ' < Root / lemma: ab-
ab- : ` water, river '
< Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-
abō-):: ` ape, *water demon ' < Root / lemma: abh- (*ḫ2abh-):: `
quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: abhro- ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' < root m̥bh-(ro
ro- (*ḫ2abhro- ro-): < with
ro-
l-formant (ne
neb elā < Root / lemma: (ene
eneb em h-, m̥bh- : ` wet, damp; water;
ne h-, emb
clouds '.
Material: Gr. ἤπειρος, Doric ἄπειρος f. ` shore; mainland '; Old English ōfer, Middle Low
Material:
German ōver, Middle High German (md.) uover, Modern High German Ufer; but Armenian
ap`n ` shore ' requires Indo Germanic ph and hence, stays away.
relationship to *apo `since, from, ex', Old Indic ápara- ` back, later ' as lengthened grade
formation becomes adopted by Specht Dekl. 23.

Page(s): 53
Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 (*ḫā̆

ā̆p-2)
Meaning: water, river
Note:
Root / lemma: ā̆p-2 (*ḫā̆
ā̆p-2):: ` water, river ' derived from Root / lemma: ab-
ab- (*ḫ2abh-):: `
water, river ' < Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-
abō-):: ` ape, *water demon ' < Root / lemma: abh-
(*ḫ2abh-):: ` quick, abrupt ' < Root / lemma: abhro- ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' < root m̥bh-
ro- (*ḫ2abhro-
(ro
ne h-, emb
Material:
Hittite: ḫap(a)- ' river ', Pal. ḫapnas, Luvian ḫapinni- (Tiscḫler 159-160)
Tokḫarian: A, B āp 'water, river' (Adams 44)
Tokḫ
Old Indic ā̆p- f. `water', e.g. Pl. Norn. ā́paḥ, Akk. apáḥ, Gen. apā́m, Avestan Nom. Sg. āfš,
Akk. Sg. āpǝm, Instr. Sg. apā(-ca), Old Indic ā́pavant- `watery', in older contraction with
reduplication-stem in -i, -u auslaut prefixes (Kretschmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137
f.) pratīpá- ` directed against the stream ', nīpá- ` low lying, deep-recumbent ', anūpá- `
situated, lying in water ', dvīpá- ` island, sand bank in the river ', antarīpa- ìsland'; the
same contraction with in -o ending 1. part in gr. river names Ἰνωπό
νωπός ` name of a stream on
Delos', ᾽Ασωπός ( : ἰνόω, ἄσις; Fick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. `Ᾱπία `Peloponnes', Μεσσ-απία
ds., lokr. Μεσσ-άπιοι, Illyrian Μεσσά̄πιοι (different Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common gr.-
Illyrian -ks- > -ss- and Āpuli of Lower Italy, river names ᾽Απιδών (Arcadia), ᾽Απιδανός
(Thessaly), thrak. (*ḫ2ā̆pos)
pos ῎Απος (Dacia), Illyrian (*ḫ2ā̆psos)
pos psos ῎Αψος, Apsus, apul. PN Sal-
psos
apia (`saltwater '); here as vestiges Venetic-Illyrian immigration part of the West German
apa- names, as Erft (*Arnapia), and all FlN with -up-, as Modern High German Uppia-Bach
(Tirol), French Sinope (Manche), brit. harbour Rutupiae, sizil. Κακύπαρις (compare
Lithuanian Kakupis), compare the thrak. FlN ῝Υπιος, ῝Υπανις;
Old Prussian ape `river', apus `spring, fountain, stream, brook', Lithuanian ùpė, Latvian
upe `water' (u is perhaps reduplication-stem from Indo Germanic o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb.
11; or belongs up- rather to Old Church Slavic vapa `sea'?). Here Ach- (*aps-) in cymr.
FlN, gall. Axona?
Besides Celtic-Latin ab-, see below ab-.
Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the b-form from through ᾽Απιδών,
᾽Απιδανός as well as by Old Indic ábda-ḥ m. `cloud' and with āpaḥ paradigmatic welded
together Instr. Dat. Pl. Old Indic adbhiḥ, adbhyaḥ, presumed stem *ap(ǝ)d- (perhaps `
giving water ', with dō- ` give ' belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abdō(n), Gen. *abdnés,
from which *abnés; from obl. case arose from Latin amnis, was compensated during in
Celtic *abdō(n) : *abnés to *abā (Middle Irish ab), *abonā (hence Middle Irish abann).
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130
f., Krahe Würzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.
Page(s): 51-52
Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd-

azd-, azg(h)-
azg(h)-
Meaning: to burn
Material:
In e- grade:
Old High German essa f., Modern High German Esse (*asi̯ōn), Proto Norse aRina, Old
Icelandic arinn ` exaltation, elevation, hearth, fireplace ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
Old High German erin ` floorboard, ground, bottom ' (*azena);
In a- grade:
Hittite ḫa-aš-ši-i (ḫaši) Lok. ` on the hearth ' (ḫašaš).
Tocharian AB as- present, ās- Perf. and causative ` dry up ', A āsar ` to dry ';
Hittite: ḫassa- c. ' hearth, stove, fireplace ', Luvian ḫassaniti 'heartḫ' (Tischler 196-197)
Old Indic ā́sa-ḥ ` cinder, dust ' (about ásita-ḥ ` black ' s. *n̥si-
si- ` dirt-color, dark color ');
si
Latin āra ` altar; hence refuge, protection; 'arae', plur., name of certain rocks at sea ' (=
Oscan aasaí ìn the altar', Umbrian are ` altars ' etc), āreō, -ēre `to be dry', āridus `dry,
arid, dry, parched, thirsty' (therefrom ardeō ` to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to
gleam; of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze ', participle
Pass. assus ` dried, roasted; n. pl. as subst. a sweating bath '), ārea ` a level or open
space, site, courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play ' (actually `
burnt-out, dry place ');
Perhaps here Middle Irish ān ` igneous, radiant, noble ' (*ās-no-). About gr. διψά̄ω,
πεινά̄ω s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 724.
Because r in Hittite a-a-ri (āri) ` becomes hot ' does not belong to the stem, it must be
distinguished Latin āreō `to be dry, be parched' not from āra à structure for sacrifice,
altar'.
Formant extensions:
azd- in gr. ἄζω (*az-d-i̯ō) ` parch, dry ', ἄζα f. ` dehumidifier, dirt ', ἀζαλέος ` dry,
azd-
inflaming ', ἄδδαυον ξηρόν. Λάκωνες Hes. (-δδ from -zd-); Czech apoln. ozd ` a device for
drying malt or a room for drying malt ', Czech slov. ozditi ` to dry malt '.
azg- Armenian ačiun àsh' (Meillet Esquisse 29), gr. ἄσβολος (*ἄσγ-βολος) `soot' (àsh -
azg-
throw ').
Maybe truncated alb. (*ἄσγ-βολος) blozë ` soot' a Greek loanword.
Germanic *askōn in Old Icelandic aska, Old English asce, æsce, Old High German asca,
Modern High German Asche.
Maybe zero grade Latin cinis -eris m. f. àshes' < Armenian ačiun àsh'; alb. (*(a)ski) hi
àsh' [common alb. ski- > hi-].
Note:
Root / lemma: ken-
ken-2, kenǝ
kenǝ-, keni
keni- kenu- : `to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from
ni-, kenu-
zero grade of an extended Root / lemma: ā̆s-, therefrom azd- azg(h)- : `to burn' into ā̆sk-
azd-, azg(h)- sk-
sk
en with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. Geg (*askini) hini àsh' [common
alb. ski- > hi-].
azgh-? in Armenian azazim `dries' (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), Gothic azgo àsh'
azgh-
(*azgōn). About the difficult relation from Germanic *askōn : *az-gōn s. Feist 72b; again
different Specht Dekl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness Armenian examples are not quite
flawless.
References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.
Page(s): 68-69
Root / lemma: āt(e)r-

āt(e)r-
Meaning: fire, *blow the fire
Note:
āt(e)r- : `fire, *blow the fire' derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: au̯(e)-
Root / lemma: āt(e)r- (e)-10,
(e)
au̯ē(o)-
ē(o)-, u̯ē- : `to blow' with common IE formant -ter.
ē(o)
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite: ḫat- (II,I) ' wither, wilt, become shriveled, dry out' (Tischler 213)
Avestan ātarš (Gen. āϑrō) m. `fire', wherefore Old Indic átharvan- ` fire priest ', loanword
from Avestan aϑaurvan-, aϑaurun (das ϑ from āϑrō) ds.;
Armenian airem ` burns, lights ' (due to from *air from *ātēr); serb. vȁtra `fire', klr. vátra `
fire, stove ', poln. vatra `straw cinder ' are borrowed after Jokl WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from
Rumanian vatră ` stove ', these again from Alb. (Geg votrë, votër with v-suggestion before
alb. ot- from *āt-, viell. iran. loanword).
Perhaps as `burnt' also Latin āter ` dead black, dark; poet. clothed in black. Transf., dark,
gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous ' = Umbrian atru, adro ` black, coal-black, gloomy, dark
'; but Latin Ātella = Oscan Aderl[ā] (*Ātrolā, e.g. v. Planta I 551), Latin Ātrius = Oscan
Aadíriis (v. Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1А. 4, 38, Schulze Latin Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly
Etruscan origin.
Maybe Illyrian Adria `deep, dark water, sea'.
Possibly affiliation from Irish áith (Gen. átho) f., cymr. odyn f. ` oven, stove ', s. Fick II4 9.
References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.

Page(s): 69
Root / lemma: ā̆tos,

tos, atta (ḫatta)
Meaning: father, mother
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite at-ta-aš (attaš) `father'.
Old Indic attā `mother, older sister ', atti-ḥ ` older sister ', osset. äda, gr. ἄττα ` old man, old
fellow, father ', dial. Akk. ἄτειν, ἄττειν `grandfather', Latin atta m. `father; term of
endearment of the children towards the father ', Gothic atta `father' (Demin. Attila), Old
Frisian aththa ds., Old High German atto `father, forefather, ancestor' (tt by running always
besides unpostponed neologism), alb. (*h2at) at, Pl. etër `father'.
In e- grade:
Demin. Old High German Ezzilo `father'.
In o- grade:
Old Church Slavic оtьcъ `father'; alb. (*h3ot-si̯ā) joshë ` (on the maternal side)
grandmother'.
Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
In a- grade:
A similar *ā̆to-s in Germanic *aÞala, *ōÞela appears the basis from Old High German
adal ` sex, gender ', Modern High German Adel, Old Saxon athali, Old English æđelu N.
PL ` noble parentage ', Old Icelandic ađal ` (the rudimentary basis of an organ or other
part, esp. in an embryo) anlage, sex ', Tocharian A ātäl ` man '; here also Avestan āϑwya-
` name of the fathers Θraētaona's' as ` from noble parentage '?
The affiliation from gr. ἀταλός ` in a juvenile manner, childish ', ἀτάλλω ` gathers, waits
and is in habit ' and ` jumps cheerfully like a child ', Redupl. ἀτιτάλλω ` draws up (Redupl.
under influence from τιθήνη ` nurse '?), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154.
In e- grade:
Adj. Old High German edili, Old Saxon ethili, Old English aeđele ` noble, aristocratic '
In o- grade:
lengthened grade Old High German uodal, Old Saxon ōthil, here Gothic haimōÞli n. `
genotype ', compare with the same vocal length Old High German Uota (actually ` great-
grandmother '), Old Norse ōđal `(fatherly) genotype ' (compare also Old High German
fater-uodal, Old Saxon fader-ōđil ` property inherited from a father, patrimony ');
In e- grade:
Old English ēđel, Old Frisian ēdila ` great-grandfather ';
One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word
(e.g. elam. atta, magy. atya `father', türk. ata, Basque aita ds.). Similarly tata.
tata
References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 71
Root / lemma: ā
Meaning: interjection
Note: often new-created
Material: Old Indic ā exclamation of the meditation;
gr. ἆ exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; ἆ, ἀά exclamation of the

surprise and complaint; in addition ἄζειν ` groan ';
Latin ā, āh exclamation of pain, the displeasure;

Lithuanian à, aà exclamation of the surprise, the reprimand or mockery, ā exclamation
of the astonished question (of loud new creations);
Gothic ō exclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; Old High German ō

exclamation of pain; Middle High German ō exclamation of pain, the admiration,
suspended thus to the vocative.
References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.

Page(s): 1
baba-, (*bal
Root / lemma: baba- *bal-bal-)
*bal-bal-
Meaning: barbaric speech
Note: also bal-
bal-bal-
bal-, bar-bar- with multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words
bar-bar-
Material: Old Indic bababā-karōti from the crackle of the fire; gr. βαβαῖ, παπαῖ ` upon my
soul, damn it all! ' (out of it Latin bаbае, pаpае ds., as babaecalus perhaps ` fop, dandy '
from *βαβαίκαλος), βαβάζω ` chats, talks indistinctly ' (different is the sound conceivability
from βαβράζω ` chirps ');
Latin babit (gloss.) `he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless', babiger (gloss.) `stupid';
Italian babbo `father' (cymr. baban `kid, child' is engl. loanword);
Maybe alb. baba `father' : bebe `child'
alb. bebë ` the newborn kid, child'; engl. baby `kid, child', Swedish Dialectal babbe `kid,
child, small boy ' (see also unter bāxmb- ` swell '), Middle High German bābe, bōbe `
missis; old woman, mother' (about buobe ` boy ' see below bhrātēr `brother'); Lithuanian
bóba, Old Church Slavic baba ` old woman '; serb.-Church Slavic bъbl'u, bъbati ` stammer
', serb. bòboćem, bobòtati ` clatter with the teeth ' etc; Latvian bibināt ` babble, murmur ',
Old Prussian bebbint ` mock '.
balbal- (babal
balbal- babal- bambal-, from which bam-b-, bal-b- ):
babal-, bambal-
Old Indic balbalā-karōti `stammers'; Bulgarian blаbо́l'ъ, bъlból'ъ ` chats ', Lithuanian
balbãsyti ` babble ', serbokr. blàbositi ` stammer ', russ. bolobólitъ ` chat, drivel ', Czech
beblati `stammer'; Latin babulus ` chatterbox, a babbler, fool '; Modern High German
babbeln, pappeln, engl. babble, Norwegian bable, Swedish babbla, Old Icelandic babba
`chat';
Latin balbus ` stammering, babbling ', balbūtiō ` to stammer, stutter; hence in gen.to
speak obscurely ', Old Indic balbūthá-ḥ name (actually ` stammerer ');
Mayne alb. (*balbus) belbëzoj `babble'

Czech blb ` gannet, gawk ', blblati, bleptati `stammer, stutter'; serb. blebètati, Lithuanian
blebénti `babble'; gr. βαμβαλύζω (out of it Latin bambalō), βαμβακύζω ` my teeth are
chattering', βαμβαίνω ` stammers '.
Mit -r-: Old Indic barbara-ḥ ` stammering ', Pl. name of non-Aryan people (provided that
here r on Indo Germanic r and Old Indic l in balbalā goes back to Indo Germanic l), gr.
βάρβαρος ` not Greek, speaking an unintelligible / incomprehensible language ' (from
which Latin barbarus) `βαρβαρόφωνος ` from incomprehensible language ' (barely after
Weidner Gl. 4, 303 f. from babylon. barbaru ` stranger, foreign, alien '), serb. brboljiti,
brbljati `babble' (see also under bher- ` to drone, buzz, hum '), Latin baburrus ` foolish, silly
', gr. βαβύρτας ὁ παράμωρος Hes. (about Latin burrae `trifles, nonsense' s. WH. I 124).
Here perhaps also Old Indic bāla-ḥ ` young, childish, simple ', possibly also Slavic
relationship from russ. balákatь ` twaddle ', balamútь ` babbler, stunner, head turner '. -
Unredupl. presumably also gr. βάζω ` talks, patters ', βάξις `speech', βάσκειν λέγειν,
κακολογεῖν Hes.;
but gr. βάσκανος ` invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading
malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous ', βασκαίνω ` bewitches,
envies ' has derived as magic word through borrowing from nördl. language, perhaps
Thrak. or Illyrian, from to bhā- ` speak ' belonging to present *bha-skō ` speaks, discusses '
(φάσκω; this also in Hesychs βάσκω?) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);
Latin fascinum ` giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (?)); the male
member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched ', fascināre ` enchant,
bewitch, envy ' are borrowed from gr. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fārī etc.
After Specht Dekl. 133 here Latin Oscan bl-ae-sus ` lisping, babbling '; different WH. I
107 f.
Maybe alb. (*phlas) flas `speak' not from Latin fābula à narration, narrative'.
References: WP. II 105 f., WH. I 90, 94, Trautmann 24 f.

Page(s): 91-92
Root / lemma: badi̯os

os
Meaning: gold, brown
Note: (only Latin and Irish; maybe from one, at most not Indo Germanic, language of
ancient Europe?).
Material: Latin badius ` brown, chestnutcolored, bay '; Old Irish buide `gold, yellow'
(compare to Lautl. Old Irish mag `field', Gen. muige; gall. Bodiocasses because of о rather
for boduo-, about which under *bhaut- ` hit '). Gr. βάδιος, βάδεος derives from Latin
References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.
Page(s): 92
Root / lemma: baitā or paitā?

paitā
Meaning: goatskin
Material: the relation from gr. βαίτη ` tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur ' to Gothic paida f.
` body skirt, petticoat ', Old Saxon pēda `skirt', Old English pād ` mantle ', Old High
German pfeit ` shirt, shirtlike vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel ' is decided there, that
Germanic word is borrowed from gr. words;
from Germanic again Finnish paita and perhaps alb. petkë, petëk ` clothes '; gr. βαίτη is
probably thrak. loanword or goes back to alb. forms in Illyrian *paitā ?
References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.
Page(s): 92-93
Root / lemma: bak-

bak-
Meaning: stick, to hit
Material: Latin baculum ` a staff, walking stick ' from *bac-(c)lom, older *bak-tlom; vestiges
of -cc- in Demin. bacillum, for which repeatedly delivers baccillum, compare also imbēcillus
`(without support) weak, frail ' from -baccillos. Pisani (REtIE. 3, 53) places baculum as
*bat-lo-m to battuō, that he considers as Oscan- Umbrian loanword (from *bakt-).
Maybe Latin baca (bacca) -ae f. à berry, fruit; a pearl', bacalis, bacale `berry-bearing
(designation of the female laurel), MFr. (*bacale) Bacoule, n.f. Belette `weasel' : alb. buklë
`weasel', bukur, bukurosh `good, pleasing, beautiful, slender (like a weasel)' : Rumanian
bucuros `glad' : Gr. βάκλα ` club ' : Sardinian Campidanesu buccameli ; bucchimeli
`weasel, slender animal'.
Similar to Slavic Polish formation las `forest, rod' : laska `slender, pretty girl'.
Note In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root.
Note:
Gr. βάκτρον, βακτηρία, βακτήριον ` a staff, walking stick ', βάκται ἰσχυροί Hes. (Contrast
from imbēcillus), probably also βακόν πεσόν Hes.
Gr. βάκλα τύμπανα (i.e. ` club ') Hes., otherwise ` club, shillelagh, stick ', is probably
borrowed from Latin
Middle English pegge, engl. peg ` pin, peg ', Modern High German pegel `pole'; but
Middle Low German pegel ` mark in a vessel for liquids (from a ring or small existing
plugs) ', Old English pægel m. ` wine pot ', engl. pail ` bucket ' from Middle Latin pagella `
col, column, yardstick '.
Lithuanian bàkstelėti ` bump, puff ', Latvian bakstît ` poke ' (or to onomatopoeic word
Lithuanianbàkst?).
Against it Old Irish bacc (nir. bac) ` stick, a crook ', cymr. bach ` corner, hook ', bret.
bac'h ` heel, stick ' (from ` clutch, crutch of the stick '), are in the Island-Celtic or already in
the occurred through Latin back-formations from baculum.
References: WP. II 104 f., WH. I 92.

Page(s): 93
Root / lemma: bal-

bal-bal-
bal-
See also: see below baba-
baba-
Page(s): 93
bal-, balbal-
Root / lemma: bal- balbal-
Meaning: to shake, dance
Note:
It seems Root / lemma: bal-
bal-, balbal-
balbal- : `to shake, dance' derived from Root / lemma: baba-
baba-,
(*bal
*bal-bal-):: `barbaric speech' through an Old Indic intermediary (see above).
*bal-bal-
Material: Old Indic balbalīti ` whirls ', balvá- ` crooked '; gr. (in Sicily) βαλλίζω ` dances ',
out of it borrows Latin ballāre ` dance '.
Maybe alb. (*bal-) valle ` dance' [common alb. b > v shift]
References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel Old Indic-Gr. I 181.
Page(s): 93
Page(s):
band- (*bḫend-)
Root / lemma: band-
Meaning: drop
Note:
Considering Phrygian βεδυ `water' : nasalized Illyrian Bindus `water god' Root / lemma:
band- (*bḫend-):: `drop' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: au̯(e)-
band- (e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) ed-, au̯er-
ed er-
er
(*aku̯ent-):: `to flow, to wet; water, etc.'
Material: Old Indic bindú-ḥ `drop' (probably for *bandú-ḥ under influence of índu-ḥ `drop'),
related to corn. banne, banna, bret. banne `drop' (from which is borrowed Middle Irish
banna, bainne ` drop, milk '), really Irish buinne ` to gush forth, spring up, flood ' (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); Illyrian FIG Bindus (*Bendus), apul. fons Bandusiae?
Note:
Old Indic (*bḫind-) bindú-ḥ `drop' : Illyrian FIG Bindus prove that Illyrian- Phrygian were the
intermediaries of satem and centum languages.
In Greek, between consonants and initially ḫ1 > e, ḫ2 > a, and ḫ3 > o. In Indo-Iranian
languages such as Sanskrit, each laryngeal becomes i,
References: WP. II 110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., А. Мауеr Gl. 29, 69 ff.
Page(s): 95
Root / lemma: bar-

bar-bar-
bar-
See also: see below ba-
ba-ba-
ba-
Page(s): 95
Root / lemma: bata-

bata-
Meaning: murmur, babble
Material: Old Indic bata interjection of the astonishment ` oh, blow ', batá-ḥ ` weakling? ';
abret. bat, nbret. bad ` numbing, dizziness ', bada, badaoui ` talk thoughtlessly ', bader,
badaouer `mouth monkey', acorn. badus ` moonstruck ', gr. βατταρίζω ` stammers ',
βαττολογέω ` chats pointless stuff ' (compare Blaß-Debrunner7 p. 40 appendices).
References: WP. II 105.
Page(s): 95
Root / lemma: bau

Meaning: sound of barking
Material: Gr. βαὺ βαὺ ` dog barking ', βαΰζω ` barks, blasphemes ', Βαυβώ ` bugbear,
Hecate ', Latin baubor, -ārī ` to bark gently or moderately '; a little bit differently uses
Lithuanian baũbti ` bawl, bellow ' from ox, baũbis cattle God as ` bawler ', serb. bau bau `
fright word ', baùkati ` get a fright ' etc
Maybe alb. (*baubi) bubi ` dog'.
Gr. βαυβάω `sleep' is, like βαυβών ` penis', folklike code word.
References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.

Page(s): 95
Root / lemma: baxb-, bhaxbh-, paxp-

Meaning: to swell
Note: (as baxmb-
mb-, s.d.)
Material: Old Indic pippala-ḥ ` berry, paradise fig tree ', pippalaka-ḥ ` breast nipple '. piplu-
ḥ ` pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witch's tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a
witch could use to suckle a demon) ' (probably actually ` blister, vesicle '); Latin papula ` a
pimple, vesicle ', papilla ds. ` nipple, teat, breast '; Lithuanian pãpas ` nipple, teat, breast,
tit ', popà ` ulcer ', pupuolo ` thick bud ' (u can be Redukt.-stem to a, or assimilated in
following uo, but also the root derived form pup- ).
Unchanged or neologism Swedish-Norwegian Dialectal pappe ` women's breast ',

Middle English pappe, engl. pap ` nipple, teat, breast '; besides u- forms see below p(h)ū̆- `
inflate, swell '.
Also besides under baba- combined babble and child words, like engl. baby, stand
Middle High German buoben Pl. ` feminine breasts ', West Flemish babbe `growth,
swelling, lump ' (Indo Germanic bh or in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will
belong from the image of the inflated cheeks in our circle.

Page(s): 91
Root / lemma: baxmb-

mb-
Meaning: a kind of noise
Material: Gr βόμβος m. (out of it Latin bombus) ` a boom, deep hollow noise ', βόμβῡξ, -
ῡκος ` fleas ', βομβύκια ` humming insects ', βομβύλη ` narrow-necked vessel ' (as `
gurgling '), βομβυλιός or -ύλιος ` bumblebee ' (and ` narrow necked vessel '); about
βαμβαίνω ` clatters with the teeth; stammer, lisp ' see below baba-
baba-;
Maybe Italian bombo : Spanish abejorro; bombo : French bourdon : Aragones bombolón :
Asturian babarón : Catalan borinot : Galician abellón : Latin Bombus terrestris : Valencian
borinòt ` bumble bee; humblebee ' : Lithuanian bim̃balas, bim̃bilas Albanian : bumballa `
gadfly, horsefly '.
alb. bumbulit ` it thunders ';
Germanic with by neologism prevented sound movement Old Icelandic bumba ` drum ',
Danish old bomme, bambe ` drum ', holl. bommen `to drone ' (compareauch Modern High
German bum bum; a little bit similarly Modern High German bammeln, bimmeln ` ring,
sound ');
Lithuanian bambė́ti ` hum ', in ablaut bim̃pti ds., bim̃balas, bim̃bilas ` gadfly, horsefly ';
russ.-Church Slavic búbenъ, bubonъ ` drum ', russ. bubnítь `chat, babble', poln. bęben `
drum '.
References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. I 111.

Page(s): 93-94
Root / lemma: bdel-

bdel-
Meaning: to suck
Material: Gr. βδάλλω ` sucks ', βδέλλα ` leech '; Modern High German zullen ` suck in a
sucking sac ', zulp ` piece of cloth used for soaking up liquid ', Dutch tullen ` drink, booze,
sup ', Modern High German tulken ` suck, drink with large gulps, quaff '? Kretschmer KZ.
31, 423;
very uncertain because of more similar Germanic words like Norwegian tūna ` drink a lot '
(see Falk-Torp under tylde). If the connection applies, was Indo Germanic initial sound bd-,
or it is gr. β - perhaps in child language? - from πι-= ἐπὶ shortened prefix (be- `suck'?).
Page(s): 95
Root / lemma: bed-

bed-
Meaning: to swell?
Material: Old Indic badva-m ` troop, heap; a certain high number '; Old Church Slavic (etc)
bedro ` thigh '; Armenian port (*bodro-) ` navel, belly, center '.
Wrong etymology, probably it derived from Root / lemma: bhedh-1 : `to pierce, dig see
there'.
Maybe here Swedish Dialectal patte ` woman's breast, nipple ', isl. patti ` small child ',
engl. pat ` small lump (from butter) '; the forms standing besides with Germanic b-, Old
Danish arsbatte `buttock',
Swedish Dialectal batt ` of small heaps ' then showed the same auslaut fluctuation as
b(h)eu-, b(h)ū̆- ` inflate, swell ', wherewith root b(h)ed- (: b(h)u-d-, -t-) had the origin from
the image of the inflated cheeks together.
Latin bassus ` stout, fertile, fat ', roman ` low, menial ', stays away.
References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f.
Page(s): 96
Root / lemma: bel-
bel-1
Meaning: to cut off
Material: Perhaps Armenian pelem ` excavates, digs ', at most also Middle Irish belach `
cleft, gap, pass, way ' and Celtic *bolko-, -ā in cymr. bwlch m. ` fissure ', bret. boulc'h ds.,
Middle Irish bolg f. (das g after tolg ds.)?
References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes Old Indic bāra `Öffnung' s. Wackernagel
under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f.
Page(s): 96
Root / lemma: bel-

bel-2
Meaning: strong
Material: Old Indic bála-m n. ` force, strength, power ', bálīyān ` stronger ', báliṣṭha-ḥ ` the
strongest '; gr. βελτίων, βέλτερος ` better ', βέλτιστος, βέλτατος ` best ' (this -τ- by
reorganization from *βελί̄ων, *βέλιστος after φέρτερος etc);
Latin dēbilis ` feeble, weak '; Old Church Slavic (*bol-(i̯)is-ios) boljьjь `greater', bolje Adv. `
more, rather, to a greater extent, plus ' and ` very, more '. Uncertain Dutch-ndd.-Frisian pal
` motionless, steadfast '.
With lengthened grade Old Indic bālá-ḥ ` young, childish ', m. ` boy, kid, child', f. ` girl '.
Maybe in i- grade alb. (*bālá) bila ` girl ', bir 'son, boy' : Old Indic bālá-ḥ, where l/ r are
allophones.
References: WP. II 110 f., WH. I 326 f.

Page(s): 96
bend-, bn̥d-no-
Root / lemma: bend- no-
Meaning: spike, needle, penis, nail, horn etc.
Note: perhaps in following Celtic and Germanic words:
Note:
Material: Middle Irish benn ` horn, summit ' (*bn̥d-no- or *bend-no-?), bennach ` pointed ',
cymr. bann m. ` hill, summit, horn (*bn̥d-no-)', Middle Breton ban ` eminence, overhang,
haughtiness, pride ', gall.*ande-banno- > French auvent ` (*protection roof) canopy, shield,
shelter ' (actually ` big horn '), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., gall. dial. lacus Bēnācus, if for
Bennācus, ` the horned ' (Sirmione), from *benno- (Indo Germanic *bend-no- or*bn̥d-no-);
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), West- Flemish pint ` cusp, point ', Middle Low German
pint `penis', Middle High German (Middle Low German) pinz ` awl ', Old English pintel
`penis' (engl. pintle also still ` peg '), Norwegian pintol `penis', wherefore probably with
ablaut Modern High German-Bavarian pfouzer, pfunzer ` sharpened cudgel, club '; with
Celtic forms to suitable n-suffix (*penn- from *bend-n-) Old Low German pin ` wooden pin,
peg, small stake ', Middle Low German pin, pinne ` pin, point, nail, peg ', Middle High
German pfinne f. ` nail ', Old English pinn ` peg, staff, stick', Late Old Icelandic pinni m.
ds., ablaut. *pann- in East Frisian penne = pinne, ndd. pennen ` latch a door (with a bolt) ',
Old English on-pennian ` open (*the pen)', engl. pen ` enclose so as to prevent from
escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen) ', Old English penn m. ` pen, fold '.
Maybe alb. pendë `pair of oxen tied together' [common alb. n > nd shift] homonym to alb.
pendë `feather' : Latin penna `feather'.
References: Johansson KZ. 36, 347 f. (also against borrowing of Pinne from Latin pinna, in
which Kluge11 sticks).
WP. II 109 f.
Page(s): 96-97
b(e)u-1, bh(e)u-
Root / lemma: b(e)u- (e)u- (*bheHu- > bhHu-iH-t)
Meaning: expr. sound of hitting
Material: Npers. būm òwl'; Armenian bu, buēč òwl' (without consonant shift in
onomatopoeic word), gr. βύᾱς m., βῦζα f. èagle owl ', βύζειν ` cry like an 'eagle owl ', Latin
būbō ` eagle owl ', Bulgarian buh ` eagle owl ', russ. búchatь ` shout vaguely and
persistently long ';
Maybe alb. (*buph) buf òwl' : Rumanian bufniţă; buhă òwl'
Lithuanian baublỹs ` great bittern ', baũbti ` roar, bellow ', bubenù ` drones vaguely '; Latin
būtio ` great bittern ', būteo ` a falcon's kind '; gr. βοή ` call, cry, shout ', βοάω ` shouts,
cries ' (out of it Latin boāre ` shout, cry '), βωστρέω ` call, cry for help ' (*βοFαστρέω),
seem to be shaped from such bū̆- as rhyme words to γοή, γοάω (see root gō̆u-).
With ending in a guttural sound: Old Indic búk-kāra-ḥ ` roar of the lion ', bukkati ` barks '
(Avestan bučahin- ` he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing ', buxti- ` howl,
hissing '?), gr. βύκτης ` howling '.
Maybe Hungarian bagoly òwl (*horned bird?)'
Perhaps Middle Irish bōchna `sea' (`*roaring breaker'; basic form *boukaniā); Lithuanian
bùkčius ` stammerers ', Latvian bũkšk̨êt ` resound vaguely '; Slavic buk- (from zero grade
of *bouk-) in russ.-Church Slavic bučati `drone, roar ', serb. bûčēm, búkati ` roar ', búčīm,
búčati ` roar (from the sea) ';
Maybe alb. (*bučati) buças ` roar (from the sea) '
*būk- in russ. etc byk `bull (*roar of the bull)'; about angebl. *bŭk- in Old Church Slavic
bъčela, bьčela `bee' (compare russ. byčátь ` hum, from bees ') see below bhei- and WH. I
555; nasalized poln. bąkać ` talk in a low voice, murmur ', bąk ` great bittern ', old `cry like
a great bittern (bird that booms/ roars like an ox during mating '; in the application to vague
blow push russ. búkatь, búchatь (*bouk-s-) ` bump, hit that resounds ', buch ` fall! ', serb.
búhnuti ` break out', bušiti ` hit, throw, fall, fall with noise ', Lithuanian bukùoti, Latvian
baũkš ` description of sound produced by a strong blow ', presumably also buka `punch'
(also Lithuanian bukùs ` dull' here as ` become dull through hitting '?); Middle High
German buc ` blow, push ' (without sound movement by continual running beside
neologism), puchen, buchen, Modern High German pochen, Dutch beuken ` hit, bump ',
Swedish boka, bauka, buka ds. (however, also ` dig, spade, thrash about ', as Old
Icelandic bauka; this versch. word? see also WH. I under faux), engl. to poke ` bump, sting
', Norwegian pok, pauk ` crude cudgel, club ', perhaps Middle Irish būalaim `hit' (*bougl ...,
or to bhāu-d- `hit').
Maybe from the extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-

b(e)u-1, bh(e)u-
(e)u- : èxpr. sound of hitting' derived
Root / lemma: bheg-
eg-, bheng-
eng- : `to break' in: alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian βεκός
`bread', actually `crumb'.
References: WP. II 112 f., WH. I 111, 119, 124, 470.
Page(s): 97-98
b(e)u-2, bh(e)ū̆- (*bheHu- > bhHu-iH-t)

Root / lemma: b(e)u-
Meaning: to swell, puff
Note: Explosive sound of the inflated cheek, like pu-
Note: pu-, phu see d .; running beside primeval
creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. Germanic forms with pu- from
Indo Germanic bu-, but from unpostponed Indo Germanic or new pu- are explainable.
From the concept of the inflated cheek the meaning ` swell, plump bloated (then convex)
of the most different kind ', also ` make bulge, stuff, darn ' and ` blow, cough '. Originally
differently the onomatopoetic words b(e)u-
b(e)u-1 for vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu-
bu- ` lip,
kiss '.
Material: Gr. βῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου ἐλέγετο καὶ Σώφρων βύβα, ἀντὶ τοῦ μεστὰ καὶ πλήρη καὶ
μεγάλα ΕΜ; presumably here also βουνός ` hill ' (dialect), βουνιάς ` a turnip kind ', βουvίζω
` piles up ', βούνιον ` any plant of the Umbelliferae family '; redupl. βουβών ` the groin,
glands near the genitals, part. in morbidly swollen state '; nisl. pūa ` blow, breathe '.
Reduplicates as βύβα, βουβών also Lithuanian bubsù, bubsė́ti ` throw up bubbles ' (from
water or fermenting dough), Middle Low German bubbeln ` throw up bubbles, surge ',
Swedish bobba ` bombast, grandiloquence, fin, insect ', bubba ` louse ' and ` Trollius
europaeus ' (with Indo Germanic bh or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of
b), Old Norse bȳfa (*bhūbhiōn-) ` big, lumpy foot ', Norwegian dial. būve, būva ` thicker,
uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word for male member '.
With certain bh-: Old Indic bhū́-ri-ḥ ` rich, a lot, immense ', compounds bhū́yas-,
bhávīyas-, Superl. bhū́yišṭha-ḥ, Avestan būiri- ` plentiful, full, complete ', compounds-Adv.
baiyō ` (more, timewise =) longer, on longer than ', Superl. bōištǝm ` most, greatest
number of things, very much, most possible '; Armenian bavel, bovel ` suffice '; Lithuanian
būrỹs ` heap (houses), amount (sheep, birds, also rain)', Latvian bũra ` heap (people)';
without r-suffix: Old Church Slavic bujь (*bhou̯io

̯ -) ` wild, cruel, brainless ', russ. bújnyj `
growing vehemently, wildly, excessively '; from here ndd. bö, böje, Dutch bui ` gust, gust of
wind, shower '?;
Maybe alb. bujë `fuss' a Slavic loanword.
gr. φόα ἐξανθήματα ἐν τῷ σώματι Hes.; with lengthened grade *bhōu- gr.-Ionian φωΐδες,
Attic φῷδες ` blisters '; gr. φαῖσιγξ, φαῦστιγξ ` blister, bubble ' (with Abl. ǝu besides ōu).
Also the root bheu- ` become, originate ' is probably developed from ` swell ', compare
the meaning of Old Indic prábhūta-ḥ ` rich, numerous ' (: bhávati) with that of bhū́ri-ḥ.
extensions with l are perhaps: Old Indic buri-ḥ, buli-ḥ (unbel.) ` buttock, vulva ' =
Lithuanian bulìs (also bùlė, bulė̃) ` buttocks ', gr. βυλλά βεβυσμένα Hes., Middle Low
German poll ` head, point, treetop ' (*bulno-), Middle Low German pull, poll `(bloated) shell,
pod ', engl. pulse ` legume '; changing through ablaut Middle Low German puyl ` bag ',
puyla `swelling, lump, growth'; with bh-: Gothic ufbauljan, only in participle ufbaulidai `
(*inflated), conceited, haughty ', Old High German paula f. ` a pimple, bubble ', Old English
bȳle, Old High German pūlla, Middle High German biule `swelling, blister', Old Norse beyla
` hump, outgrowth ', Old Swedish bolin, bulin ` swollen '; Old Irish bolach `swelling, blister'
(*bhulāk-, at most bhol- to bhel- `to swell'); Armenian boil, Gen. Pl. bulic̣ ` crowd, amount,
herd ', serb. búljiti ` open the eyes wide in a stare, to goggle '.
Dental extensions: gr. βύτανα κόνδυλοι, ὁι δε βρύτανα Hes. (but βυτίνη λάγυνος ἤ ἀμίς.
Tαραντινοῖ Hes., origin Germanic-rom. kinship of Modern High German Bütte, Latin buttis `
barrel, cask, keg, cask', corresponds gr. πῡτίνη ` demijohn, wickerbottle, carboy ', see pū̆- `
inflate, bloat '); here probably poln. buta ` pride ', bucić się ` brag, boast '.
Old Indic budbuda-ḥ ` blister, bubble ', gr. βυζόν πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα
Hes. (*budi̯o-, perhaps ` distended, bloats '? Yet see below βύζην S. 101); Norwegian pūte
` pillow, cushion ', pūta ` bulky woman ', Swedish puta ` be inflated ', puta `pillow, cushion'
(dial. ` female pudenda '; with the same application perhaps gr. βύττος γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον
Hes.), engl. to pout ` push the lips forward, usu. as an expression of displeasure,
sullenness, or flirtatiousness; show displeasure, sulk ' (`*to swell'), pout ` a young domestic
fowl, a chicken, a young turkey, pheasant, pigeon, guinea-fowl ', Old English æle-pūte ds.
(capitō, actually ` big-head '), Dutch puit ` frog ';
with Germanic -d- (-Þ-): ndd. puddig ` swollen ', Old English puduc `swelling, lump,
growth, wart ', Middle English ndd. podde ` toad ' with not yet cleared meaning
development Old English pudd ` water ditch ', Middle English podel,engl. puddle, Modern
High German Dialectal Pfudel ` a small pool of muddy water, esp. one formed on a road or
path after rain ', as also (with Germanic t) Norwegian Dialectal pøyta, westf. pōt (*pauta) `
slop, puddle, pool '; as a convex curvature in addition perhaps Old English pott, Old Frisian
Middle Low German pot ` pot, pan ' (different Kluge11 under Pott);
compare Armenian poytn, Gen. putan ` pot, soup pot, jug ' from *beud-n- or *boud-n-.
With Germanic b-: Old High German būtil, Middle High German biutel `sac, bag, pocket';
isl. budda `sac, bag, purse', Old English budda ` dung beetle ', Middle English budde ` bud
' and ` beetle, chafer ', budden ` redound ' (`*to swell'), engl. bud `bud', to bud `redound',
Middle Low German buddich ` thickly inflated ', nndd. budde ` louse, cock chafer grub;
fright picture '; Middle Low German buddelen, bod(d)elen ` throw bubbles, foam ',
Norwegian Dialectal boda ` roar, bubble, from the water '; Old Norse bođi ` breaker, surge,
breakers, surf '; Middle High German butte, Modern High German Hagebutte;
besides with Germanic -tt-

tt-: Middle Low German botte, Dutch bot `bud', Middle High
German butze ` lump, mucus; goblin, fright figure ', Modern High German Butze(n), Butz `
fright figure; lumps, mucus, crowd; cores ', etc, ndd. butt ` clumsy, dull, coarse ', Middle
High German butzen `to swell';
besides with -t- after long vowel or diphthong Middle High German buzen ` swell, jut out,
bulge (from the belly, the eyes) ', Old High German bōzo ` a bundle of flax ', Middle High
German bōze ` ds.; ridiculous person, knave, boy ';
perhaps Lithuanian budėlė̃ ` a kind of mushroom ', Slavic *bъdъla in Czech bedla ` a
saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrella-like cap with gills on the
underside ', bedly Pl. ` oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity '; from Armenian here
besides poytn (see above) also ptuɫ, Gen. ptɫoy ` fruit ' and ptuk, Gen. ptkan ` green
branch, young shoot ' and ` breast, nipple, teat '.
Old Irish buiden `troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. byddin, abret. bodin ds. has root-like u
and belongs likewise here.
Labial extension: Old English pyffan `blow out, puff out', engl. puff ` puff, blow, be
inflated ', Norwegian puffa, ndd. puffen.
guttural extensions:
Latin bucca ` the cheek, esp. when puffed out. Transf., a declaimer, bawler; a parasite;
a mouthful '; Middle High German pfūchen, Modern High German (p)fauchen (can contain
unpostponed Indo Germanic p, compare Lithuanian pũkšti ` pant, gasp, wheeze ');
Swedish puk ` swelling, lump, growth, tubers ', Old Norse poki m. `sac, bag, sack, bag',
engl. poke ds., Modern High German dial. Pfoch `sac, bag', Old English pohha, pocca
`sack, bag, sac, bag', engl. pocket `pocket', mndd. nndd. pogge, pugge `frog, toad;
swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares ', Old English pocc `blister',
Modern High German (actually ndd.) Pocke, dial. Pfoche `blister'; Old Norse pūki m. ` devil
', Old English pūca, pūcel, engl. puck ` fairy demon, ghost ' (from Germanic derived Irish
pūca ` ghost ', perhaps also Latvian pūk'is `dragon'); zero grade ndd. pōk ` subnormal
person in growth ', Norwegian Dialectal pauk ` small, weak person, knave, boy ' (about
Gothic puggs `sac, bag, purse', Old Norse pungr, Old English pung ds. and scaz-(p)fung
`purse' s. though Feist 385).
With Germanic b: Middle English nengl. big (*bugja-) `thick, big, large, conceited ';
Norwegian Dialectal bugge ` mighty man ', Middle English bugge (engl. bug) ` a lump of
(semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger; chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman ', Modern
High German Dialectal bogg(e) ` booger, the core in fruit or the carpels of an apple or a
pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman '.
Here presumably Germanic *buh- (Indo Germanic *bhuk-) in Old High German buhil `
foreland, hill ', Old Icelandic bōla f. `swelling, blister, shield boss ' (*buhlōn-) and *bū̆k-
(Indo Germanic *bhū̆g-) in Swiss Bücki ` keg ', engl. buck ` bucket, pale ' and Old Icelandic
būkr ` belly, body '; Old English būc `belly, crock, pitcher', Old High German būh, Modern
High German Bauch, in addition Latvian bugarains ` tubercular ', buga ` hornless cow ',
budzis `swelling, blister, unripe Fruit '; but Lithuanian baũžas `hornless', bužỹš `
scarecrow, bogie, spectre ', būžỹs `bedbug, louse', búože ` club, mace, joint, pinhead ' (úo
probably from ōu, compare above S. 99 φωΐδες) can contain Baltic ž as single-linguistic
forms and are based on the unextended root.
s-extension:
Gr. βῡνέω > (*βῡνέσω, to υ: s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 692), βύω (*βυσω), βεβυσμένος,
βυστός ` to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up ', βύστρα, βύσμα ` bung, clot, thrombus ', βύζην
(βυσ-δην) ` crushed, thrusted, thronged, full '; alb. mbush ` fill '; Middle Irish būas ` sac,
bag, pocket, belly' (*bhousto-, compare Old Icelandic beysti ` ham '),
Note:
alb. mbush ` fill ' [common alb. shift b- > mb-].
Old Norse pūss `pocket, sac, bag', isl. pose, Old English pusa, posa, Old High German
pfoso `sac, bag'; with the more originary meaning ` blow, inflate, bloat, to swell', Old
Swedish pȳsa ` pant, sniff, snort ', Middle High German pfūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze ',
sich pfūsen ` self inflating, inflated ', Modern High German Dialectal pfausen, Old English
pos ` catarrh, waterfall ', engl. pose ` a cold in the head, catarrh ', mndd. pūsten `pant,
sniff, snort', pūster ` bellows ', Modern High German pusten (actually ndd.) Dialectal
pfausten, Old Norse pūstr ` slap in the face, box on the ear ' (as French soufflet to
souffler); Norwegian pūs `swelling, lump, growth', peysa, pūsna ` to bloat, bulge, swell ',
Swiss pfūsig `swollen', Modern High German Pfausback, with ndd. anlaut Pausback
(besides Bausback with Germanic b-, see below); Norwegian Dialectal pusling ` toddler,
fairy demon, ghost, goblin ', Swiss Pfosi `toddler, clumsy, stupid person ' (`short and
thick'); Norwegian pūs, pøysa ` mud puddle ', Old Norse pyss ds. (in place names).
Mit Germanic b (= Indo Germanic bh, partly perhaps unpostponed or the new b): Old
English bōsom (Germanic*būs-mo(n)-), Old High German buosam, Middle High German
buosem, buosen, Modern High German Busen, Middle High German būs ` vanity,
arrogance, pomposity, flatulence, bloatedness, inflatedness, bumptiousness,
conceitedness, vaingloriousness, swelling fullness ', būsen ` indulge oneself ', Modern
High German bausen ` to booze, bouse, quaff, tipple, carouse, swell', Baus ` abundance,
tumor, inflation ', Bausback, Bausch ` swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion, stuffed breast ',
Middle High German būsch ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper ',
Old Norse busilkinna ` woman ( with chubby cheeks), (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), a chubby-cheeked woman ', Norwegian baus ` proud, rollicking,
wanton, violent, quick-tempered ', Old High German bōsi ` stonyhearted, bad ', Modern
High German böse, Middle English bōsten, nengl. to boast ` brag, boast ' (`*blow up '),
Modern High German beysinn ` thick, wide and large (from clothes)', būstinn ds., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Icelandic beysti `ham', Modern High
German Dialectal Baust ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ', bauste(r)n `to
swell', Old High German biost, Modern High German Biest-milch (actually ` fat milk '), Old
English bēost, bȳsting, engl. beastngs, biestings ds., Norwegian Dialectal budda (*buzdōn-
) ds. (insecure is, whether Swedish Dialectal buska ` fresh, fermenting beer ' and
associated with it as *beuza- is to be added Old High German bior, Old English bēor `
beer ' as ` frothing at the mouth, foaming, bubble-throwing, blistering '; about other
interpretations of beer see Kluge11 and Weigand-Hirt).
Russ. búchnutь `to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up', sloven, bûhnem, búhniti `to bloat,
bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat', búhor ` vesicle, blister ', kasch. bucha ` pride, hauteur '
(*bauṣā).
There is used probably the following group which meaning ` blasting forth, sallying forth '
from `swell' can be developed: Old Icelandic bysia ` stream out with big power ';
Norwegian Dialectal bøysa ` storm forth '; Swedish busa ` dismay, hurtle out '; East Frisian
būsen ` be violent, roar, make a noise, attack ' (and ` live the high life, high on the hog / or
high off the hog, have a luxurious lifestyle ', compare above Middle High German būsen
ìndulge oneself'), būsterig ` stormy ', Old Church Slavic bystrъ ` board up; strand; take
away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash ', russ. býstryj ` fast, sharp sighted, rapid from the
current ' (*bhūs-ro-).
References: WP. II 114 f., Trautmann 28, 39.

Page(s): 98-102
Root / lemma: bē, bā

Meaning: sheep's bleating
Material: Gr. βῆ, Latin bēbō, -āre ` bleat, shout, from a young deer', bālāre and Vulgar
Latin bēlāre ` bleat ', Modern High German bäh, Slavic (e.g. klr.) békati ` bleat ', Latvian
bę̃, bęku, biku Interj. ` bleating, grousing, blatant ', Old Icelandic bekri ` Aries, ram ', Swiss
bäckeln `(*from the alpine chamois)'; similarly Old Irish béiccithir ` bellow, roar ', cymr.
beichio `bellow', perhaps also Old Indic bēkurā `voice, sound, tone', all single-linguistic
neologisms. Similarly Old Irish béiccithir `roars', cymr. beichio `mugire', perhaps Old Indic
bēkurā ` voice, tone ', all single-linguistic new formations.
References: WP. II 121, WH. I 95, 99.
Page(s): 96
Root / lemma: bhabhā

Meaning: bean
Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn Kltpfl.8 221, 570,
Schrader RL.2 159 f.
Material: Latin faba (Faliscan haba) ` the broad bean ' (in addition the PN Fabius, Fabidius
Material:
etc and the island Fabāria),
Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift
russ. etc bobъ, Old Prussian babo ds. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as ìnflated,
bulged pod, tumescence ' related to gr. φακός m. `lentil': alb. bathë f. `broad bean'
(*bhak̂ā).
Note: common alb. shift -kh > -th also -gh > -dh
Also Old Icelandic baun, Old English bēan, Old High German bōna `bean' (Baunonia
Frisian island by Plinius) have originated probably through dissimilation from *baÞnā to
*ƀaunā.
Note:
The assumption of a duplicated Root / lemma: bhabhā (bha-bhā) seems to be wrong.
Common Latin kʷ > p corresponds to common gr. gʷ > b : gr. φοῖβος `clean, gleaming',
φοιβάω, φοιβάζω `clean', ἀφοίβαντος ` smudges ' (*bhoigʷ-o-), ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ-)
ìmpure, unclean'. That means gr. φακός m. `lentil' and alb. bathë f. `broad bean' derived
from an intermediary root (*bhak̂ʷā) and that one from Root / lemma: bheigʷ
eigʷ- : `to shine'.
Obviously Germanic forms *baÞnā derived from Illyrian *bathna (alb. bathë f. ` broad bean
'); common alb. nasalization t > nt > n.
Page(s): 106
Root / lemma: bhag-

ag-1
Meaning: to divide
Material: Old Indic bhajati ` allocates, apportions, divides ' = Avestan bag- (bažat̃) ` be
determined as an interest ', Old Indic bhaga-ḥ ` property, luck ', Avestan baga-, baγa- n. `
favorable interest, attractive lot '; Old Indic bhaga-ḥ ` allocator, master, mister, epithet of
Savitar and another Āditya ' = Avestan baγa- ` master, mister, god ', npers. baɣ ` god ' :
Old Church Slavic bogъ `god' (formal also = gr. -φάγος);.
Maybe suffixed alb. (*baɣ-) bagëti `sheep (animal god)'
Proto Indian (Mitanni) PN Bagarriti (= *bhaga-rīti- ` blessing stream '), GN Bagbartu (=
*bhaga-bhr̥t- ` blessing donator '), klein Old Saxon VN Βαγαδά(F)ονες (= *bhaga-dā-u̯on- `
making a donation '), Kretschmer KZ. 55, 95, Gl. 18, 232;
Old Indic bhaktá-m `repast, meal' = Avestan baxta- participle às alloted lot '. n. ` assigned
lot, fate determination, esp. bad luck '; Old Indic bhakšati ` enjoys, consumes ' = Avestan
baxšaiti ` has or gives lot ', Desid. Old Indic bhikšate ` requests ';
Phrygian Βαγαῖος Ζεὺς Φρύγιος Hes. (perhaps of Iranian origin); or from to gr. φηγός `
oak '? S. under bhāgó-s;
gr. φαγεῖν èat', στο-φάγος ` eating grain ', etc; because of gr. φαγόνες σιαγόνες, γνάθοι
Hes. perhaps here (Much Zfdt Wtf. 2, 283) Old Saxon (kinni-) bako, Modern High German
Backe;
Slavic *bogъ `lot' in Old Church Slavic ubоgъ, nеbоgъ ` poor ', bogatъ `rich', Old Church
Slavic bogъ `god' (proto extension or iran. loanword); GN Daždi-bоgъ ` bestowing wealth ';
Tocharian A pāk, В pāke `deal, portion', A pāc̨iṃ `treasure, tribute'.
References: WP. II 127 f., W. Schulze KZ. 60, 138 = Kl. Schr. 469.
Page(s): 107
Root / lemma: bhag-

ag-2
Meaning: sharp
Material: Cretan φάγρος ` whetstone ', ἀκόνη, φοξός ` pointy heads, pointedheads,
pointheads ' (from *φαξός after λοξός ` crooked *(with a pointed angle'?) would compare
from Lidén Arm.-stem 57 ff. with Armenian bark (could be = φάγρος) ` bitter, sharp from
taste; violent, angry ' compared, yet bark could belong also to Indo Germanic *bhorgʷo-s .
Page(s): 107
lemma: bhard
Root / lemma: ar hā (*bharĝheh2 > bhardheh2)
Meaning: beard
Note:
Root / lemma: bhard
ar hā : `beard' derived from the fussion of suffixed Root / lemma: gʷer-
ʷer-1,
ʷerǝ- : `to devour; throat' + zero grade gʷ(h)i
gʷerǝ- ʷ(h)i- `snake, worm, fish' Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i
gʷ(h)i- ʷ(h)i- :
angʷ(h)i-
snake, worm, *fish'.
Material:
Maybe alb. Geg (*gʷer- gʷha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish' Latvian bārda `gill of fish' :
Latvian: bā̀rda `beard' [f ā]; bārzda (dial.) `beard' [f ā] : Greek βράγχια, βαράγχια ` gill of
fish' = Root / lemma: gʷer-
ʷer-1, gʷerǝ-
ʷerǝ- : ` to devour; throat ' + zero grade of Root / lemma:
ʷ(h)i- (*eg
angʷ(h)i
angʷ(h)i- egʷhi
ʷhi-, ogʷhi
ogʷhi- eĝhi-
hi-):: `snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Latin barba `beard' (assimil. from *far-ba);
Old High German bart, Old English beard `beard' m., therefrom Old High German barta,
Old Saxon barda, Old Icelandic barđa ` hatchet, beards ', because the iron stands like a
beard in the handle; from the Germanic Old Church Slavic brady ` axe, hatchet ';
Old Church Slavic brada `beard', russ. borodá ds., also `chin', Serbo-Croatian bráda,
Akk. brâdu `beard' etc;
Old Prussian bordus `beard' (unclear after Trautmann 27);
Latvian bā̀rda and (see to zd under) bārzda, Lithuanian barzdà, Akk. bar̃zdą `beard';
Latin (*bharĝhʷeh2-to-) barbātus, Old Church Slavic bradatъ, Lithuanian barzdótas

`having a beard, bearded'. [common Latin-Illyrian ĝhʷ > b-, Bakltic ĝhʷ- > dz-].
Maybe Rumanian bărbat `man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded man?)'.
Lithuanian and partly Latvian -zd- is probably through the analogy the Baltic correlation
(*barzdā) caused from Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozdá ` furrow '.
Maybe alb. brazda ` furrow ' a Slavic loanword.
just as Slavic *bъrъ ` millet, sorghum ' (see below bhar-

ar- ` bristle ear ') will be based
also Indo Germanic *bhar-dhā `beard' on *bhar- ` bristle, stand up ', next to which extension
*bhares- ds.
References: WP. II 135, WH. I 96, Specht Dekl. 87.

Page(s): 110
Root / lemma: bharekʷ

arekʷ- or bherekʷ
rekʷ-
Meaning: to stuff
Material: Gr. φράσσω, φράττω (*φρακι̯ω from *bhr̥kʷ-) ` encloses, crams into, crowds
together ', common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;
φρακτός ` locked in ', with secondary γ: Aor. ἐφράγην (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 760), φραγμός
etc, epid. φάρχμα from *φάρκσμα, δρύ-φ[ρ]ακτος ` wooden shack, shed ', in addition
φύρκος τεῖχος Hes.;
Latin farciō, -īrе ` to fill full, stuff full, cram ', fartus ` stuff, fill up, gorge oneself, cram into
', perhaps frequ-ēns, -tis `crowded, numerous, full; of places, full, frequented, populous; of
time, repeated, frequent, constant; of persons, often doing a thing; of things, often done or
used ';
Note: common Latin ph > f shift
Middle Irish barc f. ònrush (esp. the waves, billows)'; whereas derives Middle Irish barc
f. ` fortress ' probably from gallo-rom. *bar(i)ca ` framehouse, a wooden house ' (compare
Bollelli L'It. dial. 17, 147 f.);
Tocharian A prākär, В prākre ` firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable '
(Van Windekens Lexique 100).
References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f., Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.
Page(s): 110-111
Root / lemma: bhares-

ares- : bhores-
ores-
Meaning: point, stubble (with formants)
Note: With s-extension
Material: bhars-
ars-
Latin fastigium (*bharsti-) ` the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or
down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank,
dignity; principal point in a subject ', here perhaps fastus, -ūs m. ` pride, haughtiness,
arrogance ' (tu-stem), in addition fastīdium ` loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike;
hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain ' (from *fasti-tīdium, to taedium); s. also Pisani Rc. R.
Ist. Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;
Old Irish barr ` top, point, summit, foliage ', cymr. corn. bar, bret. barr ds., abrit. PN
Cuno-barros ` fierce, furious like a battle dog ', gall. *barros ` bush, treetop ' (M.-L. 964).
bhors-
ors-
Middle Irish borr `stout, proud, swollen', mcymr. bwrr ds., corn. bor `fat';
Old High German parrēn ` stand up stiffly ', parrunga `pride', Old Icelandic barr- `needle,
conifer ', Old English bærs, bears, Middle High German bars, Modern High German
Barsch, Old High German bersich ` barse, perch '; ablaut. Swedish agh-borre (*borzan,
Indo Germanic *bhr̥s-) ds.;
ndd. (out of it Modern High German) barsch (*bhors-ko-) `coarse, stern, rough'; Middle
English burre, borre ` burdock, roughness in the throat ', engl. bur(r) ds., Danish-Swedish
borre `burdock', Swedish sjö-borre ` hedgehog ', Norwegian dial. borren, byrren `stout,
proud'.
Maybe alb. Geg burrë `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be
proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb].
Note:
Maybe alb. Geg burrë `man, valiant man, proud man', burrni `pride, bravery' mburr `be
proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb] proves that Root / lemma: bhares-
ares- : bhores-
ores- : `point,
stubble' derived from an extended Root / lemma: bher-
er-1 : `to bear, carry' (see below).
bhr̥sti-
sti-, bhorsti-
sti rsti-
Old Indic bhr̥ṣṭí-ḥ f. ` prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point ' = Germanic *bursti- in Old
Icelandic burst f. `bristle, ridge of the roof ', Old English byrst f. `bristle', Old High German
burst, borst m. n., bursta f. `bristle', Middle High German burste ` bristle brush ' (from Pl.
from burst ` bristle mass '); Slavic *bъrsti̯o- in russ. borščь ` acanthus ', boršč ` red turnip
soup ', etc
With formants -dho-, -dhā-:
bhrezd
rez h-
Old English breord, breard m. èdge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area '
(*brerdaz), besides briord (*brerdia), Old Swedish brædder ds., New Swedish brädd, etc
bhrozd
roz h-
Alb. breth, bredhi `fir';
Maybe alb. (*bhrez) brez ` belt, edge, border '.

Old Irish brot ` sting, prick ', acorn. bros, bret. broud ds., compare Middle Irish brostaim `
spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse ' from *bhros-t- (Loth RC. 42, 70), mistakenly
O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 169 f.; Old High German brart èdge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post
', Swedish dial. bradd.
bhrezdh-, bhrozdh-
Middle Irish brataim ` loots, robs ' (in addition bratán ` salmon ') = cymr. brathu ` sting,
bite, drill through '; *bhrozdh- or *bhr̥zdh- to Germanic *bruzd- in Old High German brort
èdge, border', Old English brord m. `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf ', wsächs. brerd
(*brozdi-),
Old English bryrdan ` sting, goad, stir, tease, irritate ', Old Icelandic broddr ` cusp, peak,
grain germ, cutting edge ', Old High German gibrortōn ` to hem, gird, border '; = Balto-
Slavic *bruzdā- in Old Church Slavic brъzda, russ. brozdé `bridle, rein',
Lithuanian bruzdùklis, old `bridle, rein', currently` peg, plug, toggle '. Whereas is Lithuanian
brìzgilas, Old Prussian bisgelan `bridle, rein' probably borrows from proto Germanic
ƀriʒđila- (Old English brigdels `bridle, rein', bregdan ` flax, wattle, braid '). Different Specht
Dekl. 142.
References: WP. II 131 ff., WH. I 461 f., 546.

Page(s): 109-110
Root / lemma: bhares-

ares-
Meaning: barley
Material: Latin far (actually farr), farris n. ` spelt, grain, meal ' from *far(o)s, *far(e)zes
(respectively *fars, *fars-es) = Oscan far, Umbrian far; Latin farīna ` meal, flour ' (from
*farrīna), farreus = Umbrian farsio, fasiu ` made of spelt or wheat, meal ';
Note: common alb. ph- > f- shift
maybe alb. farë `seed, barley seed'
Gothic bariz-eins (= Latin farīna) `from barley', Old Icelandic barr m. ` corn, grain, barley',
Old English bere `barley' (*bar(a)z-, respectively *bar(i)z-); but Slavic *barsina- in Old
Church Slavic brašьno ` nourishment, food ', Serbo-Croatian brȁšno `meal, flour', russ.
bórošno ` rye flour ', after Jokl Miletič-Festschr. (1933) 119 ff. rather to bher-
er-1 ` bear, carry
'.
Maybe alb. bar ` grass, pasture, fodder' : Old Icelandic barr m. `corn, grain, barley'.
References: WP. I 134, WH. I 455 f., 864.
See also: compare also bhares-
ares S. 109.
Page(s): 111
aru-, -u̯o-
Root / lemma: bharu-
Meaning: fir-tree, tree, forest
Material: Old Icelandic bǫrr m. `tree', Old English bearu, Gen. bearwes m. ` wood, forest,
shrubbery, bush ', Old High German bara-wāri ` forest ranger...a keeper of a park, forest,
or area of countryside, priest '; Slavic *borъ in russ.-Church Slavic borъ, Pl. borove ` fir,
spruce, spruce forest ', Serbo-Croatian bȍr, Gen. bȍra ` pine tree ', Czech bor m. `
pinewood '.
References: WP. II 164, Trautmann 26 f., Hoops Waldbäume 362.
Page(s): 109
Root / lemma: bhar- or- : bhr̥-

ar- : bhor-
Meaning: bristle, stubble, sharp point
Material: Mit vokal. formant:
Gothic baíra-bagms ` mulberry tree ', engl. black bear-berry ùva ursi', Norwegian
bjørneber `rubus caesius' are reinterpreted after the bear's name *bara- ` shrub, bush ' = `
briar ';
from proto Slavic. *bъrъ (*bhor-) derive russ. dial. borъ, kir. bor, Gen. bru `kind of millet,
sorghum', Serbo-Croatian bȁr ds.
Other formations with g are:
Old Irish bairgen f. `bread' (*barigenā or *barigonā), cymr. etc bara m. ds. (*barag-,
compare Latin farrāgō ` mixed fodder for cattle, mash; a medley, mixture ').
With formants -ko-:
Middle Irish barc ` spear shaft ', cymr. barch f. `spear, javelin', Slavic bьrkъ in Serbo-
Croatian brk `cusp, peak, germ, sprout, whisker, moustache ', Czech brk ` keel, pinion of
birds, primary feather, quill-feather ', also probably russ. bérce, bérco ` shinbone ', dial.
`pole' (Berneker 119).
Perhaps here (with consonant increase) *brokko- ` badger ', Middle Irish brocc, cymr.
mbr. broch ds., whether originally ` pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking,
spiky ' to Latin (Celtic) broccus ` to with protruding teeth ', gall. *broccos `cusp, peak,
spiky', French broche `spear' etc Unclear is, to what extent Middle Irish brocc ` smut ',
Gaelic brocach ` mottled, speckled, *tabby ', cymr. broch ` rage, fury, din, fuss, noise,
scum, froth, foam ', nbr. broc'hed ` mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten)' are to be owed to
secondary semantic change or belong to different stems.
It is striking poln. (Venetic-ill). FlN Brok, perhaps signifies ` river badger'.
References: WP. II 134, 163, 164, WH. I 455 f.

Page(s): 108-109
Root / lemma: bhasko-

asko- (*bhedh-sko)
sko
Meaning: bundle, heap
Note:
Root / lemma: bhasko-
asko- : `bundle, heap' is a truncated formation of an older root *bhedh-sko
from which derived both Root / lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: bhasko-
asko-
: `bundle, heap' (see below). The alledged root *bhedh-sko derived from bhegh-
egh- [common
Illyrian -gh- > -dh-].
Material: Maked. βάσκιοι δεσμοὶ φρυγάνων and βασκευταί φασκίδες (these genuine gr.
vowel form), ἀγκάλαι Hes.; perhaps here gr. φάσκωλος ` leather sack ';
Latin fascia ` bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe ', fascis ` alliance, bundle,
parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power ';
Maybe alb. bashkë `together, bound', bashkonj `put together, unite', bashkë `fleece (a
bundle of wool)'.
Note:
Note
Alb. proves that from an early root *bhegh-

egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root /
lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: bhadh-sko-
sko- : `bundle, heap' (see
below).
Middle Irish basc ` collar, neckband ', abrit. bascauda ` brazen rinsing boiler ' (perhaps
originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket),
cymr. baich ` burden, load ', Middle Breton bech, nbret. beac'h ds.; gallo-rom. *ambi-
bascia `load', alyonn. ambaissi ` kneader for the sheaves ' (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.).
References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.

Page(s): 111
Root / lemma: bhā̆d-
Meaning: good
Material: Old Indic bhadrá-ḥ ` joyful, gratifying, lucky, good ', n. ` luck, salvation', sú-
bhadra-ḥ ` lovely, superb, pretty, splendid ' = Avestan hu-baδra- ` lucky ';
Gothic batiza `better', batista `best', Old Icelandic betre, betstr, Old English bet(e)ra,
betst, Old High German bezzir(o), bezzist, Modern High German besser, best; in addition
das Adv. of Kompar. Old Icelandic betr, Old English bet (*batiz), Old High German baz
(*bataz, congealed Neutr. ` benefit ');
Old Icelandic bati m. ` improvement, salvation', Old Frisian bata m. ` benefit, advantage ',
Middle High German bazze ds.; Gothic gabatnan ` acquire benefit ', Old Icelandic batna `
become better ', Old English batian, Old High German bazzen ds.;
with ablaut Gothic bōta f. `benefit', Old Icelandic Old English bōt ` improvement,
replacement ', Old High German buoz(a) f. ìmprovement, penance, atonement '.
References: WP. II 151 f., Feist 83, 103, 174, J. Weisweiler Buße (1930).
Page(s): 106
Root / lemma: bhāghú-

ghú-s
Meaning: elbow, arm
Material: Old Indic bāhú-ḥ m. àrm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot ', Avestan bāzāu-š
àrm', Gen. bāzvō (Armenian bazuk from dem Iran.);
gr. πῆχυς, Aeolic-Doric πᾶχυς ` elbow, forearm ', Old Icelandic bōgr, Akk. PL bōgu àrm,
shoulder', Old English bōg `shoulder, arm; twig, branch', Old High German buog (Modern
High German Bug) `shoulder, hip, haunch, point of shoulder of animals ';
Tocharian А В poke, В pauke àrm'.

Page(s): 108
Root / lemma: bhā̆gh-

gh-
gh
Meaning: ` mud, marsh '
See also: s. bhō̆gh-.
Page(s): 108
Root / lemma: bhāgó-
gó-s
Meaning: beech
Grammatical information: f.
Material: Gr. φηγός, Doric φᾱγός f. òak' (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); Latin fāgus f. `
beech ';
Maybe alb. ahu ` beech ' : Spanish haya, French hêtre, fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye,
Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano fò, Breton favenn, Calabrese fagu,
Catalan faig, Furlan fajâr, Galician faia, Irish feá, Manx faih, Piemontese fò, Portuguese
faia, Romagnolo fàz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian faig, Venetian fagaro, fagher,
Welsh ffawydden ` beech '.
gall. bāgos in PN Bāgācon, Bāgono-; Old High German buohha `beech' (bōkōn-, compare
silva Bācenis ` resin ' by Caesar and Middle Latin Bōcōnia ` Rhön -an area in Germany '),
Old Icelandic bōk f., Old English bōc, bēce (bōkjōn-), in addition Gothic bōka f. ` alphabetic
letter ', Old Icelandic bōk, Old English bōc, Old High German buoh f. n. ` book (as the
wood of rune-tablets) ', Old High German buohstap àlphabetic letter', actually ` beech
stick for scratching '.
Nisl. beyki n. `beech forest' is (because of bæki ds.) writing variant from *bӧ̄k̥ i, a late
collective to bōk; also is to define perhaps nisl. beykir ` cooper '. Unclear is mir Old
Icelandic buđkr, bauđkr ` first aid kit, medicine box ', after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a
loanword from Middle Latin apotheka ` bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket ' is soil?
Slavic *buza- : *bъzъ- ` elder ' in russ. buz m. : slov. bɛz, russ. dial. boz stay away
probably; also Kurdish būz ` a kind of elm ', goes back to older vūz (from Indo Germanic
*u̯igós).
Middle High German būche, biuche ` lye ', biuchen, būchen ` boil or wash in lye ' belongs
rather to root bheug(h)- ` clean, sweep '.
Indo Germanic side by side from bhāug- (:bhǝug-: bhū̆g-) and bhāg- is extremely unlikely;
compare W. Schulze KZ. 27, 428 = Kl. Schr. 55.
Perhaps after E. Leumann (KZ. 57, 190) to Avestan baga- ` interest, portion, lot, fate ',
also ` fortune cookie tree ', because marks were scratched into it by pilgrims.
References: WP. II 128 f., WH. I 445 f., 863 f., E. Passler in `Frühgesch. under Sprachw.'
(Wien 1948).
Page(s): 107-108
Root / lemma: bhā-1, bhō-, bhǝ- (*bheh2-1)
Meaning: to shine
Material: Old Indic bhā (in compound) ` shine, light, lustre ', bhā́ti ` shines, (he) appears ',
bhā́ti-ḥ `light', bhā́na-m n. ` the shiners, apparition ' (compare Old Irish bān `white', Old
English bōnian `polish'), bhānú-ḥ `light, ray, sun' (: Old Saxon banu-t), bhā́ma-ḥ `light,
shine';
Avestan bā- `shine, appear, seem' only with ā- (avā̊ntǝm ` the resembling, the similar '),
frā (fra-vāiti ` shines out ') and vi- (vi-bā- ` gleam, shine ', Benveniste BSL. 32, 86 f.), vīspō-
bām(y)a- ` all gleaming ', bāmya- `light, gleaming ', bānu- m. `light, ray';
Armenian banam (*bhā-n-) ` open, reveal, divulge, uncover, expose ' (if actually ` point,
allow to become visible '), Aor. ba-t`si, compare gr. φαίνω and alb. bâj;
gr. πεφήσεται ` will appear ', *bhǝ-n- in present φαίνω (*φανι̯ω instead of *φά-νω
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694) ` makes visible, points ', φαίνομαι ` appear, seem, shine, gleam '
(ἐφάνην, Aor. ἔφηνα);
φᾰνερός ` obvious, apparent, clear ', φανή ` torch '; φάσις ` rising of a star ' (see also under
bhā-2), φάσμα, -ατος àpparition, face, omen, sign ' (compare πεφασμένος);
ἀμφαδόν, ἀμφάδιος ` apparent, manifest, obvious ' (ἀνα-φ-); φάντα λάμποντα Hes. (to
*φᾱμι = Old Indic bhā́ti); compare ἀργύ-φεος, ἄργυφος ` glossy white';
alb. Geg bâj, Tosc bënj (= φαίνω) ` make, seem ' (originally probably ` bring to an
apparition ');
Note:
Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate.
Old Irish bān `white', oíb f. (*opi-bhā) àpparition, beauty';
Old Saxon banut ` touchwood, tinder '; Old English bōnian `polish' (i.e. `make
gleaming'), ndd. (and out of it Modern High German) bōnen ` scour, rub, clean, beans ',
Middle High German büenen ` beans (*white) ' (from Gothic bandwa, -wō ` mark, token,
sign ', bandwjan, Old Icelandic benda ` give a mark, token, sign ' here belong - perhaps as
u̯-derivative of participle bhā-nt- ` shining, seeming ' -, is doubtful. Lithuanian by Feist 79
f.);
Upper Sorbian baju, bać so ` burn indiscernibly, gleam ', Lower Sorbian bajom, bajaś se
`gleam, flicker';
Tocharian A paṃ `clear, bright' (*bhǝno-), pañi `beauty', В peñijo ds. (Duchesne-
Guillemin BSL. 41, 164); A pākär, В pākri, a-pākärtse òpen, distinct'; A pā-tsänk, В pa-
tsäṅk ` window ' (-tsänk etc `gleam, shine'), Van Windekens Lexique 78 f.; В pate, A pāt (in
compound) àpparition' (*bhā-ti-), Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lornb. 78, 2, 28.
s-extension bhō-s-: Old Indic bhā́s- n. (ved. also disyllabic), Instr. bhāsā́ `light, shine,
glory, magnificence, power ', subhā́s- ` having beautiful shininess ', bhā́-sati ` glares,
gleams ', bhā́sant- `gleaming', bhā́saḥ n. `light';
gr. φώσκει διαφάνει Hes., διαφώσκω ` begins to shine' are perhaps (from πι-φαύσκω)
reshaped after φῶς, also φωστήρ `lustre, shine, shiner'
Doubtful is, whether Middle Irish basc `red', Old English basu, baso `purple' (*bhǝs-ko-, -
u̯o-) are to be connected, to Gothic weina-basi ` grape ', Old High German beri ` berry ',
actually ` red berry '? In addition the full grades MN Old High German Buoso, Old Icelandic
Bōsi etc?
u̯-extension bhā-u-: Old Indic vi-bhā́va-ḥ, vi-bhā́van- ` radiating, shining, seeming';
gr. hom. φάε (*φαFε) ` gleamed, appeared ', φαέθων, -οντος `gleaming', φαεσί-μβροτος,
Pind. φαυσί-μβροτος ` for the bright people shining ',
φάος (Aeolic φάυος, pamph. φάβος) Attic kontr. φῶς, Gen. φωτός, φάους, `light, salvation',
whereof *φαFεσ-νός in Lesbian φάεννος, Ionian φαεινός, Attic φᾱνός `gleaming',
hom. φαείνω ` gleams '; πιφαύσκω ` allows to shine; points, shows, evinces; make known
'. Different Specht KZ. 59, 58 f.
Is Germanic *baukna-, in Old Frisian bāken ` emblem, landmark, mark, fire signal ', Old
Saxon bōkan `mark, token, sign, emblem, landmark', Old English bēacen `mark, token,
sign, banner, ensign, flag', Old High German bouhhan `mark, token, sign' from such
Germanic *bau- shaped after *taikna- `mark, token, sign'?
References: WP. II 122 f., WH. I 454 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 709.
Page(s): 104-105
Root / lemma: bhā-2 (*bheh2-2)

Meaning: to speak
Material: Old Indic probably in sabhā ` congregation, meeting ' (`*conversation,
discussion'; bhā- in Old Indic indeed otherwise - up to bhánati, see below - only in the
meaning `shine, appear, seem, shine');
Armenian ban (*bhā-nis), Gen. -i `word, speech, reason, judgement, thing', bay, Gen.
bayi `word, verbalism ' (*bhǝ-ti-s = gr. φάτις); bay particle ` (he, she) says ' (= φησί, also
bam = φημί, bas = Lesbian φαι from *bhāsi);
gr. φημί, Doric φᾱμί `say', φήμη, Doric φάμᾱ ` knowledge, shout, call, revelation ' (=
Latin fāma à report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition'; ἀφήμονες ἄρρητοι, οὐκ ὀνομαζόμενοι
Hes. and only with Apuleius meeting affāmen ` harangue, speech ' needs to be no old
equation);
φάσκω ` say, believe ' (also βάσκανος, Latin fascinum, see below *baba onomatopoeic
word), φάτις f. ` rumor ', φάσις ` language, speech, assertion, announcement '; with ablaut
φωνή `voice';
Latin for, fārī (from *fā-i̯ō(r) = Church Slavic baju, Old English bōian) `speak';
Latin fācundus ` eloquent, fluent, ready of speech ', fātum ` an utterance, esp. a divine
utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god ', fāma ` a report, rumor, saying, talk,
tradition ' (Denom. Oscan faamat perhaps ` calls '), fābula ` talk, conversation; a tale,
story, fable, drama, myth ' (*bhā-dhlā), fās actually `divine command or law; sometimes
fate, destiny; in gen. right, that which is allowed, lawful', probably from (ne)fās is with
infinitive fās (s-stem) ` it is (not) to be pronounced ' (different EM 333);
in addition diēs fāstus ` day on which the praetor could administer justice, court-days.
Transf. a list of these days, with festivals, etc., the Roman calendar; a register, record; a
list of magistrates ', fāsti ` the list of these days, calendars '; as derivative of a participle
*bhǝ-tó-s, Latin fateor, -ērī, fassus ` to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known ' =
Oscan fatíum ` speak ', Latin Fātuus `speaking by inspiration', epithet of ` foretelling
Faunus';
Maybe alb. (*fateor) fajtor `guilty (*confess, admit guilt)', then truncated alb. faj `guilt'.
Old Icelandic bōn, bøn ` request, prayer ', Old English bäen ` request, soccage ' (*bhā-
ni-s; or with ō-gradation as gr. φωνή?); Old English bōian `brag, boast' (as Latin fōr from
*fāi̯ōr, Slavic bajǫ);
russ.-serb.-Church Slavic baju, bajati `tell, discuss, heal, cure', Church Slavic basnь `
fable, spell, charm ', Old Church Slavic balьji, Gen. -ьję ` physician, medicine man,
magician '.
At a present *bh-en- based on Old Indic bhánati ` speaks '; from *bhǝn-u̯- (or in Germanic
reshuffling after spannan) Old High German bannan redupl. verb. ` summon by
proclamation (esp. to arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon ', Old
English bannan redupl. verb ` summon, order ', Old Icelandic banna schw. Verb. ` forbid ',
whereof Old High German ban, PL banna ` order under penal threat ' (Modern High
German Bann, Bannwald), Old English gebann, Old Icelandic bann n. ` forbid, ban '.
Tocharian A pā-, pā-c̨- ` beg ' (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.).
After Kuiper (АО. XII 262) here (*bhǝ-s-) Old Indic bhiṣ̌ákti `heals', bhiṣ̌áj- `physician,
medicine man, magician', jav. -biś- ` healing '; about Avestan bišazjāt̃ compare Kuiper
Nasalpras. 44 f.
References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674 f.
Page(s): 105-106
Root / lemma: bhāso-

āso- or bhēso-
ēso-
Meaning: a kind of a large bird of prey
Material: Old Indic bhāsa-ḥ ` a certain bird of prey '; gr. hom. Attic φήνη ` an eagle kind,
probably Vultur monachus ', was possible from *bhās-nā or *bhēs-nā; also *bhānā (to bhā-
1).
Page(s): 111
Root / lemma: bhāt-

āt- : bhǝt-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Latin fatuus ` foolish, idiotic, silly, awful, tasteless from taste ' (*from beaten the
head, dull); gall. loanword Latin battuō, -ere, more recently battō ` to beat, knock ', out of it
back-borrowed cymr. bathu ` strike coins, mint ',
Illyrian Batto àppellation for rebellion leaders', alb. batoj `rock the boat'
compare also gall. anda-bata ` blind combatant, gladiator fights with a helmet without
openings ' with ā: russ. batъ ` oaken stick, cudgel, club ', Serbo-Croatian bátati ` hit, knock
', perhaps also (with ă) russ. bótatь ` trample, swing ' etc;
perhaps Old Danish bad ` fight, struggle, damage, pity ', Middle Low German bat `damage,
pity, misfortune', Modern High German Blutbad.
Unclear is the relationship to *bhāu-t- (see below); it must be assumed instead of *bhāt-
is perhaps *bhu̯āt-, or lies a root *bhā- with variant formant the basic, which is perhaps
present in Latin fāmex, -icis ` a bruise, contusion, bloodshot ' (*haematoma, effusion of
blood resulted from blow)?
References: WP. II 126 f., WH. I 46, 99, 452, 464.

Page(s): 111-112
Root / lemma: bhā̆u-1 : bhū̆-

Meaning: to hit
Material: a) With present formation -d-:
Latin fūstis (*bhūd-sti-s) ` a knobbed stick, cudgel, staff, club ' (= gall. būstis in aprov.
bust ` tree stump ' etc), fūsterna ` knot, burl, burr, stump, snag ';
Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift, maybe alb. fut, fus `hit, insert, copulate'
Old Irish bibdu `culpable, fiend ' (*bhe-bhud-u̯ōts), Middle Irish búalaim `hit' from *bhāud-
l- ... (or *boug-l- ... to Modern High German pochen above S. 98); probably also Old Irish
bodar `deaf, stuns, dazes, deafens, baffles', cymr. byddar `deaf' (*budaro-);
Old Icelandic bauta (-ađa) `hit, bump, poke', Old English bēatan (bēot), Old High
German boz(z)an (biez or schw. Verb) ds., Middle High German boz, bōz, būz m. `blow,
knock', Modern High German Amboß, Old English býtel `hammer',
Middle Low German botel ds., Middle High German bæzel `beetle, hammer', Old Icelandic
bøytill ` penis of horses '; Old Icelandic butr ` short piece of a tree trunk '; with expressivem
tt: ndd. butt `dull, clumsy' (in addition the fish name Butte),
Middle High German butze ` truncated piece, clump ', Old English buttuc `bottom, piece
land', Norwegian dial. butt `stump, clot, chunk' (also wood skid). But Old English bytt `
flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp. for wine, ale, or beer ' derives from Latin buttis `
barrel, vat, cask ', also cymr. both `flask';
Old Icelandic beysta `knock, hit' (*bhaud-sti-, compare Latin fūstis); with -sk-suffix
perhaps Middle High German būsch `cudgel, club, blow, knock' (*bhūd-sko-), perhaps
different from būsch ` wad, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ', see above S.
101.
b) with t-formants:
Alb. mbüt, mbüs `suffocate, drown', skut. müs `slay, kill', compare përmismë `
downfallen ';
Note:
Note
Common alb. b > mb
Alb. mbüt, mbüs `suffocate, drown' : Old Irish bā(i)dim ` go under, dive, submerge; sink,
drown', cymr. boddi ` drown, flood ', corn. bedhy, Middle Breton beuziff ` drown '; cymr.
diffoddi ` extinguish, annihilate, erase ' from *di-spad- (*dī-eks-bad-).
From Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh- : to sink, submerge, derived Root / lemma: bhā̆u-1 : bhū̆- : to hit.
Latin confūtō, -āre ` to check, repress; by speech, to put down, silence ', refūtō, -āre ` to
drive back, check, repress; to refute, disprove ' (mit ū from previously au), probably also
fūtuō, -ere ` have sexual relationshs with (a woman), to sleep with';
maybe alb. (*fūtuō) fut `have sexual relations with (a woman), penetrate, insert, cheat'
Old Irish fo-botha (*butāt) `threatens', verbal noun fubthad; Gothic bauÞs `deaf, dumb,
mute'.
References: WP. II 125 ff., WH. 1 259 f., 573 f.

Page(s): 112
Root / lemma: bhāu-

āu-2
See also: s. bhā-1
Page(s): 112
Root / lemma: bhebhru-

Root ru-, bhebhro-
ro-
See also: s. bhē̆r- `braun'
Page(s): 113
Root / lemma: bhedh-1 (bhedh-1 > *bhedh-r)
Meaning: to pierce, dig
Material: Latin fodiō, -ere, fōdī ` to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod,
jog ', fossa `ditch, trench, channel', fodicāre ` sting repeatedly, dig, jog ';
gall. bedo- `canal, ditch, trench, channel' (Wartburg I 313), cymr. bedd, corn. bedh, bret.
béz ` grave '; gall. *bodīca ` fallow field ' (M.-L. 1184);
Gothic badi n. `bed', Old English bedd ds., Old High German etc betti `bed, a garden-
plot (to be) filled with plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown ', Old Norse
beđr m. ` bedspread, eiderdown ' (Indo Germanic *bhodhi̯o-), originally ` a bed burrowed in
the ground ', compare Modern High German Flußbett, Beet, engl. bed also ` garden bed,
garden plot ';
Maybe The connection with Ukr. dial. bedrá `large pit, valley, swamp', Pl. ubiedrze `slope,
steep bank' and Lith. bẽdrė `swamp, valley', Latv. bedre `pit' > Armenian port (*bodro-) `
navel, belly, center ' > Old Church Slavic (etc) bedro ` thigh ' (taboo Slavic cognate) [Root
Root /
bed- : to swell?].
lemma: bed-
Lithuanian bedù, bedžiaũ, bèsti `prick, bore, dig', badaũ, badýti `prick, bump, poke',
bãdas `hunger', bẽdrė f. ` pit, pothole ', Old Prussian boadis ` prick, sting ', em-badusisi `
he/she sticks ';
Old Church Slavic bodǫ, bosti (s-Аor. basъ) `prick', bodl' m. `thorn, backbone ' (*bod-lь);
Alb. boshti ` spindle' a Slavic loanword.
Tocharian A pat-, pāt- `to plough';
perhaps also Hittite píd-da-i (can also be read pádd-da-i ) ` makes a hole into the earth ',
compare Pedersen Hittite 77.
Perhaps here gr. βόθρος, βόθῡνος m. `pit, pothole', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 262, Zus. 2.
Different Petersson Heterokl. 128 ff.
Probably in addition Celto-Germanic bodu̯o-, -ā `fight, struggle' in gall. PN Ate-boduus, -

uā, Boduo-gnātus, Old Irish bodb f. `crow, battle goddess in the form of a crow ';
Old Icelandic bođ f. (*badwō), Gen. bǫđvar, Old English beadu f., Old Saxon Badu-, Old
High German Batu- (in PN) `fight, struggle'.
References: WP. I 126 ff., 188, WP. I 99, 521 f., 866, Trautmann 29.
Page(s): 113-114
Root / lemma: bhedh-2

Meaning: to bow, bend
Material: Old Indic bā́dhatē `throngs, presses, plagues', Desid. bī́bhatsatē ` is shy of
something, feels disgust ', jñu-bā́dh- ` bending knee ';
alb. bint, med. bindem ` be bent (*be convinced, pressured) ', bashkr ` together ',
bashkonj ` unite, assemble ';
Note:
Note
Alb. proves that from an early root *bhegh-

egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root /
lemma: bhedh-2 : `to bow, bend' and Root / lemma: bhadh-sko-
sko- : `bundle, heap' (see
above).
Gothic bida `prayer', Old High German beta f. `request', Gothic bidjan (sek. -bidan) ` bid,
beg, ask, pray ', Old Icelandic biđja, Old English biddan, Old High German bitten, Old
Icelandic knē-beðr m. ` knee pad ', Old English cnēow-gebed n. `prayer' (compare Old
Indic jñu-bādh-);
Maybe alb. Geg me u betu `to vow', Tosc betohem Ì vow, swear'
Lithuanian bodùs ` unsavory, distasteful ', bodė́tis ` nauseate before ';
Tocharian В peti, A poto ` worship, veneration '.
References: WP. II 130 f., 140, 185, WH. I 461, 495, Feist 89 b; different Kluge12 60.
Page(s): 114
Root / lemma: bheg-

eg-, bheng-
eng-
Meaning: to break
Material: Old Indic bhanákti, Perf. babháñja `break, rupture' (only afterwards after
reshuffled the 7th class), bhaŋga-ḥ `break; billow' (compare Lithuanian bangà `billow'),
bhañji-ḥ ` diffraction, declension, crooked way, sale, step, wave ';
Armenian bekanem `break', bek `broke';
but Phrygian βεκός `bread', actually ` crumb ' (?)has unexplained k;

With -u- grade: also alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian βεκός `bread', actually ` crumb '
Note:
From an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-

b(e)u-1, bh(e)u-
(e)u- : èxpr. sound of hitting' derived Root /
lemma: bheg- eng- : `to break', Root / lemma: bhenĝh
eg-, bheng- enĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-
hú-s) : `thick,
fat', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-1 : `to flee, *be frightened', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-2, bheugh-
eugh- : `to
clear away, free', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-3, bheugh-
eugh- : `to bow', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-4 : `to
enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.
Old Irish bongid, -boing `breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains) ' verbal noun búain
(*bhog-ni-), enclitic -bach, -bech (*bhogo-m), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461; Pass. preterit
-bocht, perhaps = bocht ` poor ';
dropping the nasal the preterit buich has probably secondary u (compare Old Irish mag
`field', Dat. muig < *mages), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *bheug(h)- `bend';
mcymr. di-vwng ` inflexible '; to meaning `defeat, conquer' compare Old Irish maidid `
break out' = `defeat'. Toо grade point at also Middle Irish boimm `morsel, bite, mouthful'
from *bhog-smn̥;
Lithuanian bangà `billow, heap, lashings, pelting rains ', prabangà ` excess ', Latvian
buogs ` a dense crowd ', in addition Lithuanian bangùs `rash, hasty, violent' (from brooks
and downpours), bingùs ` gamy ' (of horses), bengiù, bengiaũ, beñgti ` finish ', pabangà f.
`termination'; Prussian pobanginnons ` moves, weighs '; in the meaning `finish, end' come
into being through ablaut derailment forms with ei, ai (compare Endzelin Latvian Gr. 60) in
Latvian beĩgas Pl. ` end, inclination, slope ', Lithuanian pabaigà ds., beigiù and baigiù
ènd', Latvian bèidzu ds.;
here Latvian buoga also stands for `stony place', here belongs probably also russ. búga `
flooded tract of forest '; different about beig- (to bhei- `hit') Kuiper Nasalpräs. 184.
The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of
meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:
Germanic *bang- `hit' in Old Icelandic banga `hit', bang `din, fuss, noise', engl. bang
`knock, hit', with ablaut Middle High German Middle Low German bungen `drum'; ndd.
bengel ` club, cudgel, boor ' = Modern High German Bengel, engl. dial. bangle ` gnarled
stick ', Old Norse epithet bǫngull.
In addition with intensive consonant increase:
Germanic *bank- in Old Swedish banka, abl. bunka `hit, knock', obd. bunken `knock,
bump, poke', Middle Low German bunken, Dutch bonken `hit, thrash'.
Latvian bungã `drum', bunga `blow, knock' derive probably from Middle Low German
Maybe alb. bungë, bunga Pl. `kind of oak, Quercus sessiflora (stick for beating?)'
References: WP. II 149 f., WH. I 503, 541, Trautmann 26.

Page(s): 114-115
Root / lemma: bhegʷ

egʷ-
Meaning: to run
Material: Hindi bhāg- `flee';
Material:
Maybe alb. mbath (bag-) ` flee ' common alb. k- > th-.
gr. φέβομαι, φοβέομαι `flee, be afraid ', φόβος èscape, fear', φοβέω ` startles', φοβερός
`frightening, timorous'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
lengthened grade Lithuanian bė́gu, bė́gau, bė́gti `run, flee', bėgas, bė̃gis m. èscape,
run', Latvian bêgu, bêgt `flee', with ablaut kausat. boginù, bogìnti ` flee something, to get
there quckly ';
Slavic *běgǫ in russ. běgu (Inf. běžátь), klr. bihú (Inf. bíčy) `run', in addition as
neologism Old Church Slavic priběgnǫ, priběgnǫti etc `flee', as well as Old Church Slavic
běžǫ, bežati `flee' etc;
Tocharian A pkänt (pkät) `remote, distant, apart, separated' (Van Windekens Lexique
96).
References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun2 220, 235, Schwyzer Gr.
References:
Gr. I 717.
Page(s): 116
Root / lemma: bheid

ei h-1 (*bheidh- > bhoidh-eh2)
Meaning: to advise, force
Material: Gr. πείθομαι ` lets me persuade, follow ' (Aor. ἐπιθόμην, hom. πεπιθεῖν, πιθέσθαι;
Perf. πέποιθα `trust'), Akt. (sek.) πείθω, Aor. ἔπεισα `persuade, convince', πειθώ, -οῦς `
persuasion ', πιστός (for *φιστος) `reliable, loyal, faithful, relying', πίστις, -ιος, -εως `loyalty,
reliance', hom. ἐν πείσῃ ìn reassurance ' (*πειθ-σ-);
e- grade in:
alb. (*bḫ1eidḫ1e) bē f. òath, vow, pledge' (*bhoidhā = Old Church Slavic běda `need'),
East Geg per-bej `curse, hex' (in addition neologism (*bḫ1eidḫ3a) besa f. `faith, belief, pact,
covenant, loyalty');
Phonetically Old Church Slavic běda `need' = alb. besa `faith, belief, pact, covenant,
loyalty'.
Maybe TN Illyrian Besoi : alb. besoj `believe, have faith'.
Latin fīdō, -ere, fīsus sum ` to trust, believe, confide in ' (fīsus is to- participle), fīdus
`reliable'; foedus (*bhoidhos), by Ennius fīdus (*bheidhos) n. ` trusty, true, faithful, sure ',
fidēs ` trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith ', Dius Fidius ` the god of faith, a surname of
Jupiter '; Umbrian combifiatu (*bhidhiā-) `you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be
assured'; about Oscan Fiisiais, Umbrian Fise, Fiso, Fisovio- s. WH. I 494;
Note:
Alb. alb. fē, fēja `religion', fejonj `perform engagement ceremony (marriage vows?)' :
Reggiano fèid `religion' : AN fed, OFr. feid, feit : Latin fides ` to trust, believe, confide in '.
Gothic baidjan `constrain, oblige', Old Icelandic beiđa, Old English bædan, Old High
German beitten ùrge, press, push, arrogate' = Old Bulgarian causative běždǫ, běditi
`constrain, oblige', poběditi `defeat, conquer', běda f. `need';
here probably also Gothic beidan `wait, hold on', Old Icelandic bīđa, Old English bīdan, Old
High German bītan ds., Swiss beite = Old High German beitten, but in the meaning `wait,
hold on'. basic meaning àwait' from `trust' or òneself constrain, oblige'.
References: WP. II 139 f., 185 f., WH. I 493 f.

Page(s): 117
Root / lemma: bheid

ei h-2
Meaning: ` bind, twist '
See also: s. bhidh-.
Page(s): 117
Root / lemma: bheid-
eid-
Meaning: to prick, pierce
Material: Old Indic bhinádmi (participle bhindánt- = Latin findēns, bhinná-ḥ besides bhittá-ḥ
= Latin fissus), bhḗdāmi `split, carve, rupture etc', bhidyátē ` is split '; (Old Indic under the
probably gr. φείδομαι (redupl. Aor. hom. πεφιδέσθαι) ` with which are stingy, avoid
sparingly; spare; avoid a thing ' (basic meaning partly perhaps ` separate myself from
something = take myself away ', above all but ` pinch off, stingy, from what cut off oneself
only a little ');
Latin findō, -ere, fidī (probably Aor. as Old Indic Opt. bhidēyam, Old English bite, Old
High German bizzi ` to split, cleave, divide, halve '), fissum ` split, cloven ', fissum n.,
fissūra f. `cleft, fissure';
Gothic beitan `bite', Old Icelandic bīta `bite; penetrate (from sword )', Old Saxon Old
English bītan, Old High German bīzzan `bite' (= Old Indic bhḗdati, gr. φείδομαι); Kaus. Old
Icelandic beita ` allow to bite, allow to graze ', Old English bætan `rein, curb, restrain, hunt,
chase', Old High German Middle High German beizen `ds., corrode', Old Icelandic beizl `
set of teeth, bridle, rein' (*baitislan), Old English gebǣtu N. Pl., gebǣtel n. ` set of teeth ';
Old Icelandic biti m., Old English bita m. `morsel, mouthful', Old High German bizzo m.,
bizza f. `morsel, mouthful, nip'; Gothic baitrs `bitter' (`bitting from taste ');
changing through ablaut Old Icelandic bitr `biting, sharp, painful', Old English biter, bitter,
Old Saxon Old High German bittar `biting, sharp, bitter'; Old Icelandic beiskr ` sharp, bitter'
(*bait-skaz); Gothic beist ` sourdough ' (*bhei[d]-sto-); Old English bitela `biting', bitel
`beetle, chafer', engl. beetle;
Maybe alb. bisk `branch, twig (*beam?)'.
Old Icelandic beit n. `ship' (originally ` hollow dugout canoe ' to Old Icelandic bite `balk,
beam'), Old English bāt m. `boat', Middle English bōt, out of it borrows Modern High
German Boot and perhaps Old Icelandic bātr ds.; Middle Low German beitel, bētel `chisel',
Middle High German beizel `sting, prick' (: Old Indic bhēdurá-ḥ, bhēdirá-ḥ `thunderbolt').
Note:

ur : Old Indic bhēdurá-ḥ, bhēdirá-ḥ `thunderbolt' : Ἰλλῠ
ur- ριοί , οἱ,
ῠριοί
υρικό
υρί
Ἰλλυριστ
υριστί.
υριστί
The fact is that bheid- extension to *bhei(ǝ)- `hit' seems possible.
Page(s): 116-117
Root / lemma: bhei(ǝ)

ǝ)-, bhī- (*bheiH- > bhiH-ti̯o- > bhiH-tueh2)
ei(ǝ)-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Avestan byente ` they fight, hit' (H. Lommel KZ. 67, 11);
Armenian bir ` big stick , club, mace, joint' (*bhi-ro-);
gr. φῑτρός m. `tree truck, wooden log', φῑμός m. `toggle, muzzle';
Maybe alb. (*bheiH) bie `hit, strike', bie `fall, die', causative, subjunctive bjeri `strike' = bjer
`bring' : [Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian].
Alb. and Armenian prove that Root / lemma: bhei(ǝ)

ǝ)-, bhī- : `to hit' derived from Root /
ei(ǝ)-
lemma: bher-
er-1 : `to bear, carry' through an Illyrian -r > -j.
In o- grade:
Venetic PN φohiio-s-, Illyrian VN Bοιοί ` the combatants, fighters ' (: russ. boj), gr.-
Illyrian PN Bοῖον ὄρος, VN Βοιωτοί, Celtic-Illyrian VN Boii; Messapic βίσβην δρέπανον
ἀμπελοτόμων, βισβαῖα κλαδευτήρια Hes.;
Latin perfinēs ` break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter ' Hes.;
Old Irish ben(a)id `hits, knocks' (*bi-na-ti), ro-bīth ` was hit ', bīthe `beaten', fo bīth ` weel
' (= ` under the blow '), Middle Breton benaff ` cut, bite', acymr. etbinam ` to mangle ',
without n-Infix abret. bitat ` cut loose, cut off ', cymr. bidio ` cut a hedge ', bid ` thorn hedge
', Middle Irish fid(h)b(h)a `sickle' = acymr. uiidimm ` lignite ', ncymr. gwyddyf `scythe,
pruning knife' = gallo-Latin vidubium `hack, mattock, hoe ' (*vidu-bion ` wood hoe '),
compare Middle Irish PN Faíl-be ` (*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer'
(*vailu-bios); Old Irish binit f. `rennet, cleaver' (ìncisive', *bi-n-antī), Middle Irish bian `skin,
fell, fur', Old Irish bīáil `hatchet', acymr. bahell, ncymr. bwyell, bwyall ds., Middle Breton
bouhazl ds. (*bhii̯ǝli-), Old Irish bēimm n. `blow, knock' (*bhei-smn̥), corn. bommen ds., gall.
*biliā `tree stump', French bille;
Old Icelandic bīldr ` head of the arrow, bloodletting iron ' (*bhei-tlo-); Old High German
bī(h)al `hatchet' (*bheiǝ-lo-), hence probably Germanic *bilja- and not *biÞla- in Old High
German Old English bill n., Old Saxon bil `sword', Middle High German bil, billes `stone
mattock ', Modern High German Bille f. `hack, mattock, hoe', Middle High German billen `
to hoe, chip, trim ', Old High German bilōthi, bilidi, Modern High German Bild; Old High
German billa f. `sourdough'; with formants -li- Old English bile m. `bill, beak, neb',
additional form to engl. bill;
Old Church Slavic bijǫ (bьjǫ) biti `hit', Serbo-Croatian bȉjêm bȉti, russ. bьju bitь ds., Alb.
bije, bie ` strike, hit ' therefrom with formants -dhlo-: russ.-Church Slavic bilo n. ` a louse
rake or comb ', Serbo-Croatian bȉlo ` the transverse piece of wood at the front of a wooden
rake (to rake leaves with) ', Czech bidlo ` shaft, pole', russ. bíɫo `beetle, hammer'; (*bhiH-
tueh2)bítva `fight, struggle, blow, knock' (: Messapic βίσβη), Old Church Slavic bičь `whip,
scourge' (from Slavic Modern High German Peitsche); in ablaut Old Church Slavic (*bhoiH-
o-) u-bojь m. `murder', Serbo-Croatian bôj, Gen. bȍja `battle', russ. Czech boj ds. (: Illyrian
Boii).
References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Lidén KZ. 61, 12, Karstien KZ.
65, 154 f.
See also: S. above under bheid-.
Page(s): 117-118
Root / lemma: bheigʷ

eigʷ-
Meaning: to shine (?)
Note:
From Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ
oigʷ- : `to shine; star' derived Root / lemma: bheigʷ
oig eigʷ- : `to shine'
(sse above) common ĝhu̯- > Greek ph- > Old Indic bh-.
Material: Apers. *bigna- `lustre, shine'? in PN Bagā-bignа-, ᾽Αρια-βιγνης;
gr. φοῖβος `clean, gleaming', φοιβάω, φοιβάζω `clean', ἀφοίβαντος ` smudges ' (*bhoigʷ-
o-), ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*bhigʷ-) ìmpure, unclean'. Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
About Φοῖβος ᾽Απόλλων compare Kretschmer Gl. 15, 199.
References: WP. II 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.

Page(s): 118
Root / lemma: bhei-

ei-
Meaning: bee
Note: with n-, k- or t-extension
Material: The short form still in Old Icelandic bӯ-fluga, Alemannian bī, Bavarian beij;
besides forms with n (barely extracted only the weak Dekl.), as Old High German bini n.
`bee', ablaut. bīa f. (*bī-ōn- = Old English béo, engl. bee), bīna (Modern High German dial.
Bein);
Old Church Slavic bъčela, bьčela ds. (*bhikelā); cymr. bydaf ` beehive ', Old Prussian bitte,
Lithuanian bìtė, bitìs, Latvian bite `bee'.
Gall. *bekos `bee' (M.-L. 1014), Old Irish bech m. `bee', Gaelic speach `prick, sting',
cymr. beg-eg(y)r `drone' deviate of vowel (taboo causing distortion?).
References: WP. II 184 f., WH. I 555 f., Specht Dekl. 46.
Page(s): 116
Root / lemma: b(h)e1 eĝh (*bhe- ĝh)

eĝh
e1 and b(h)eĝ
Meaning: outside, without
Material: Old Indic bahiḥ (-š) ` outdoor, outward, outside from ' (m. Abl.);
Maybe alb. (*bhe-) pa ` without'.
Old Prussian bhe `without' (preposition m. Akk.), Lithuanian bè `without' (preposition m.

Gen., and nominal prefix), Latvian bez `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix);
Old Church Slavic bez etc (dial. also be) `without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal
prefix). Here also Lithuanian be `still, yet ' (`*in addition '), bèt ` however, but' (formation as
ne-t `but'), bė̃s, Latvian bē̆st ` possibly, perhaps' (*bhe + est, Endzelin Stud. Baltic 7, 32 f.).
On account of here Old Irish bés ` perhaps', vorton. from *béis < *bhe-esti?
References: WP. II 137, Trautmann 28, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 497 f.

Page(s): 112-113
Root / lemma: bh(e)lāg-

(e)lāg-
Meaning: weak, ridiculous
Material: *bhlāg- or *bhlōg- in wruss. bɫáhyj ` evil, bad, nasty ' (hence borrowed Latvian
blāgs, Lithuanian blõgas ` feeble, weak '), bɫažić ` romp ', gr., russ. blagój ` obstinate,
nasty ',
dial. blažnój `stupid', poln. bɫagi ` bad, nothing worth '; barely to gr. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεί,
ληρεῖ Hes., because in heavy Slavic word, which points gr. light basis; see below
(s)p(h)elg-.
Here (apparently with expressive Gemination), however, Latin flaccus ` flabby; of men,
flap-eared '.
References: WP. II 183 f., 680, WH. I 507 f.

Page(s): 124
Root / lemma: bheld-

eld-
Meaning: to knock, hit
Note: perhaps originally d-present of the onomatopoeic word bhel-
Note:
Material: From Germanic probably in addition Middle Low German bolte(n) ` bolt for a
door, dart, arrow', Old High German bolz, Modern High German Bolz, Bolzen, Old English
bolt ` bolt for a door, dart, arrow', Swedish bult ` bolt for a door ' (*bhl̥d-),
perhaps also Modern High German Balz, Vb. balzen and bolzen, Norwegian Dialectal bolt
m. ` male forest bird; tomcat, male-cat', Modern High German Bolze `tomcat, male-cat';
Norwegian Dialectal bolta `rumble, storm ahead',
Old Danish bolte ` curl up, roll oneself ', Swedish bulta `knock', Swedish Dialectal bultra
`wallow, romp', Norwegian Dialectal bultra `rant, roister, romp', abl. Norwegian Dialectal
baltra `wallow, romp';
Lithuanian beldù, -ė́ti and béldžiu, bélsti `hit, knock', ablaut. bildu, bildė́ti `din, drone,
rumble', báldau, -yti `knock, stark rumble', baldas `pestle'; Latvian bel̂zt `hit' (perhaps
contamination from *belžu = Lithuanian béldžiu with telz- `hit', Mühlenbach-Endzelin
Latvian-German Wb. 278).
References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.

Page(s): 124
Root / lemma: bheleg-

eleg-
Meaning: to shine
Note: extension from bhel- ds.
elg-: Old Indic bhárgas- n. `radiative lustre, shine' (*bhelgos); Bhŕ̥gavaḥ, Pl. `
Material: bhelg-
mythical priests of the flash fire '; Latvian bal̃gans `whitish';
Maybe alb. bardhë ` white'.
perhaps here Old Church Slavic blagъ `good', russ. (old and mtdarl.) bólogo Adv. `good',
actually `light' (contrast `dark': `mad, wicked, evil'); Tocharian AB pälk- `burn, gleam, shine,
get hot ', A pälk, В pilko `look', A polkāṃts `stars' (: Lithuanian bãlgans), В empalkaitte
`careless, neglectful' (Negation + *palk- `gleam, shine' besides pälk-);
bhleg-
leg-: gr. φλέγω `burn, singe, ignite ', φλεγέθω `singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in
flames', φλέγμα n. `blaze; inflammation; mucus', φλεγμονή f. ìnflammation, ignition;
ferventness, passion; rutting', φλεγύας ἀετός ξανθός Hes. (Adj. `fiery red') φλόξ, φλογμός
`flame';
Latin flagrō, -āre `to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with
passion; to suffer from ', wherefore probably flamma ` a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a
source of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring
flame, destruction ' as *flagmā, Oscan Flagiuí perhaps ` an interpreter of lightning ';
Maybe alb. (*flagrō ) flegra ` (*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils', flakëroj Ì shine',
flakë `fire';
besides flăg- (reduced- grades *bhlegró-, *bhlegmā́ or because of φλογμός, φλόξ rather
*bhlogmā) stand zero grades bhl̥l̥l̥g-, Latin fulg- in Latin fulgō and fulgeō, -ēre, fulsī ` to flash,
to lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine ', fulgor, -ōris `
lightning; in gen., glitter, brightness; fig., brightness, glory, lustre, shine', fulgus, -uris ` a
flash or stroke of lightning; sometimes an object struck by lightning; in gen., brightness ',
fulmen (*fulgmen) ds.;
Middle Irish imblissiu ` pupil (of the eye); orb ' (*m̥bhi-bhl̥g-s-, Vendryes RC. 40, 431 f);
Old High German blecchen (*blakjan), Middle High German blecken ` become visible,
allow to see ', Modern High German blecken ` show the teeth '; Old High German
blecchazzen, Middle High German blecken ` flash ', Middle Dutch Modern Dutch blaken `
flame, burn, glow', Old English blæcern, blacern ` candlestick, flambeaux ', Old Icelandic
blakra `blink, glitter, flash'; here probably as `burnt (compare Low German blaken from
blackening lamp flame), sooty ', Old English blæc `black', n. ìnk', Old High German blah
ds.;
nasalized Germanic *blenk-, *blank- in Middle High German Modern High German blinken,
Middle High German blinzen (*blinkatjan), Modern High German blinzeln (besides with
Germanic g older Danish blinge `blink, glitter, flash' , s. Falk-Torp under blingse); Old High
German blanch, Middle High German blank `blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white', Modern
High German blank, Old English blanca m. `steed' (actually from bright color, compare:)
Old Icelandic blakkr `sallow, paled', poet. `steed' (`dun horse, grey, *white horse '), Old
Swedish blakker `sallow, paled, dun (horse)', but also `black, dark' (from Germanic
borrows French blanc, Italian bianco). From this nasal form also Prussian blingis ` pallid ';
Lithuanian blágnytis ` sober oneself up; lighten up', Old Lithuanian blinginti `shine'.
A variant on -ĝ- perhaps in Latvian blãzt ` shimmer ', blãzma (blāĝ-ma) ` reflection of
moonlight on the water '.
References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Tocharian 162, 218, Van Windekens
Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.
See also: Beside bheleg- stands synonymous to bhereĝ-, see there.
Page(s): 124-125
Root / lemma: bheleu-

eleu-
Meaning: to hit; weak, ill
Material: Acorn. bal f., pl. -ow `disease, malady', mbr. baluent;
Gothic balwa-wēsei ` wickedness, malice, cowardice ', balwjan `torment, smite', Old
English bealo èvil, mad, wicked, evil', Old Icelandic bǫl, Dat. bǫlve `misfortune', Old High
German balo, Gen. balawes ` ruin'; Gothic bliggwan (*bleuu̯an) `hit', Old High German
bliuwan, Modern High German bleuen ds., Middle English blowe `blow, knock', Old
Icelandic blegðe m. (*blauu̯iðan-) `wedge';
Old Bulgarian bolъ `sicker', bolė́ti ` be ill '.
Proto-Slavic form: bolěti

See also: bōlь
Page in Trubačev: II 187-189
Old Church Slavic: bolěti `be ill, be in pain' [verb]
Russian: bolét' `be ill' [verb], boléet [3sg]; bolét' àche' [verb], bolít [3sg]
Ukrainian: bolíty `suffer pain, be ill' [verb], bolíje [3sg]; bolíty àche' [verb], bolít' [3sg]
Czech: boleti àche' [verb]
Slovak: boliet' àche' [verb]
Polish: boleć àche' [verb]
Slovincian: bùolĕć àche' [verb]
Upper Sorbian: boleć àche' [verb]
Lower Sorbian: bóleś àche' [verb]
Bulgarian: boljá `be ill' [verb]; bolí àche' [3sg]
Serbo-Croatian: bòljeti àche' [verb]
Slovene: bolẹ́ti àche' [verb]
Indo-European reconstruction: bhol(H)-eh1-tei
Page in Pokorny: 125
Other cognates: Go. balwjan `martyr' [verb]; OIc. bǫlva `curse' [verb]
Notes: {1} The possibility exists that we had *bhle(H)u- (Gk. φλαυ̃ρος ìnferior, bad', OIc.
blauδr `timid'?) alongside *bhel(H)- (cf. Pokorny 125, 159).
About Modern High German Block etc see below bhel-5.
References: WP. II 189, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Dekl. 133.
See also: Besides a root form bhlēu-: bhlǝu- : bhlū-, see there.
Page(s): 125
Root / lemma: bhelĝh

elĝh-
Meaning: to swell
Note: (extension of bhel- ìnflate, bloat' etc)
Material: Old Indic barhíš- n. ` sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw) ' = Avestan
barǝziš- n. `cushion, pillow, cushion', npers. bāliš `pillow, cushion'; Old Indic upa-bárhaṇa-
m, upa-bárhaṇī f. `cover, cushion';
Note:
Note
Clearly alb. bar `grass, straw' derived from Indian languages. Hence alb. is a direct
descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly alb. belongs to satem family.
Whether with Asp.-Diss. against forms -ha- here Old Indic bárjaha-ḥ ùdder'?
Irish bolgaim `swell', bolg f. `bubble', bolg m. `sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser ', Middle
Irish bolgach f. `swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox', bolgamm `gulp', cymr. bol, bola, boly
`belly, sack, bag', bul ` seed capsule, seminal shell ' (PL. of boly), bret. bolc'h ` linen pod ',
vann. pehl-en (from *pehl-) ds., gall. bulga `leather sack' (out of it Old High German bulga `
water container made of leather '); gall. Belgae ` the angry (*a warlike people in the north
of Gaul) ';
Gothic balgs m. `hose', Old Icelandic belgr m. ` stripped animal skin, bag, belly', Old
High German Middle High German balg `bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard ', Old
English bielg, byl(i)g `sac, bag', engl. belly `belly', bellows `bellows' (Germanic *ƀalʒi- m.,
compare Old Prussian balsinis; perhaps hat also Old Indic barhiṣ-, Avestan barǝziš- Indo
Germanic -i-s- as extension dieses i-stem);
Old Icelandic participle bolginn `swollen', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-), Kaus. belgja `make swell up', Old Saxon Old English belgan stem-V. ` be angry
', Old High German belgan `swell up', refl. `be angry with', Old Frisian participle ovirbulgen
àngers';
Old Icelandic bylgja `wave', Middle Low German bulge ds.; *bul(h)strain Old Icelandic
bolstr m. `pillow, cushion', Old Englishbolster n. `pillow, cushion', Old High German bolstar
ds., Dutch bolster `fruit skin, husk';
Old Prussian balsinis `pillow, cushion' (*bholĝhi-nos), pobalso ` feather bed ', Latvian
pabàlsts m. ` pillow ' (and `pad', see above S. 123); slov. blazína `pillow, cushion,
mattress, a downy or feather bed; pad, ball of the foot or ball of the thumb, heel of hand
[anat.] ' (and `roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion', see above S. 123),
Serbo-Croatian blàzina `pillow, cushion, feather-bed'; russ. bólozenь m. ` weal, callus,
swelling, blister, clavus, corn' (but russ. dial. bólozno `thick board').
Here probably as Venetic-Illyrian loanword Old Prussian balgnan n., Old Lithuanian
balgnas, Lithuanian bal̃nas `saddle' (probably from `pillow, cushion'). Further Balto-Slavic
forms see above S. 123.
References: WP. II 182 f., WH. I 122. compare about gr. μολγός `leather sack' Vendryes
BSL. 41, 134 f.
Page(s): 125-126
Root / lemma: bhel-

el-1, Balto-Slavic also bhelǝ
elǝ- (*bhēl-1 > bhēlH-o-)
Meaning: shining, white
Note: to bhā-1 standing in the same relationship, as stel- to stā- `stand', del- `split' to *dā(i)-
`divide'
Material: Old Indic bhālam n. `lustre, shine, forehead', sam-bhālayati `glances' (lengthened
grade); balākā ` a crane's kind ' with b- after baká-ḥ ` a heron's kind ';
Armenian bal ` pallidness, paleness ';
Maybe alb. balë `badger (animal with white spots in the snout)', balo à dog with white spot
on the forehead'.
compare Skt. bhālam `brightness, forehead', Welsh bal `having a white spot on the
forehead'
gr. φαλός `white' Hes., φαλύνει λαμπρύνει Hes., φαλι(F)ός `gleaming, white, white-
fronted ', φαληρός, Doric -ᾱρός ds., φαληρίς, Doric -ᾱρίς ` coot (*bald-headed) ', φαλακρός
` bald-headed '
Note: Doric φαληρός -ᾱρίς ` coot (*bald-headed) ', φαλακρός ` bald-headed ' related to alb.
alb. balë `forehead, (*shining forehead, *bold as a coot)'.
Doric παμφαλάω `look shyly around'; βαλιός `white, it is white-mottled ' is probably Illyrian
loanword;
Illyrian *balta `swamp, marsh, white clay', out of it Latin blatea f., èxcrement lump',
adalm. balta ` sea swamp '; Ligurian *bolā `swamp, marsh' (M.-L. 1191b), FlN Duria
Bautica (from *Baltica), perhaps here mare Balticum (Venetic-Illyrian?) `Baltic Sea '
(Einhard, 9. Jh), compare Bonfante BSL. 37, 7 f.;
Maybe Spanish barro : French boue : Albanian baltë : Czech bláto : Polish błoto : Venetian
paltan : Zeneize bratta ` mud ' : Romanian baltã ` bog, marsh' : Lithuanian balta ` white ' :
alb. (balāgā) bardhë ` white' common alb. -g > -dh.
Notes: Cf. also the Rythabalt meadow and the placename Namuynbalt is the equivalent of
Namoyumpelk (pelk `swamp'). For the semantics cf. Pol. dial. biel, bielaw, Bel. bel'
`swampy meadow' (Trubačëv II: 180). PSl. *bolto is sometimes considered an "Illyrian"
substratum word. In this connection not only the above-mentioned forms from the Balkan
Peninsula are adduced, but also Romance forms such as Lomb. palta, Piém. pauta.
alb. balë, ballë `forehead, (*bold as a coot?) ' (= Old Prussian ballo ds.), balásh ` white
horse or ox ', baltë f., balt m. `slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay';
Maybe alb. (*balakha) balluke `hair fringe'.
Latin fulica (compare Old High German belihha) and fulix f. `coot' (*bholik- with dial. u);
but whether fēlēs, -is f. ` a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief ' here belongs, is dubious
because of mēlēs, -is f. `marten, badger';
Celtic belo- `luminous, white' in cymr. beleu (*bheleu̯o-) `marten', Old Irish oíbell m.
`blaze, glow, heat' (f. `spark, glowing coal') = cymr. ufel m. `spark, fire' (*opi-bhelo-), Middle
Irish Bel-tene ` festival of 1st May ' (= beacon), gall. GN (Apollo) Belenos, (Minerva)
Belisama (Super Latin), FlN Belenā > French Bienne, (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Swiss Biel; Old French baille ` paleness ' (out of it Middle Breton
baill ds.) could on ablaut. gall. *bali̯o- go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil < *Bali̯o-i̯alon; gall.
belsa `field' from *belisā;
Gothic bala m. ` bald horse, horse with a blaze ' (from Belisar's steed [Belisar was a
Byzantine commander]), engl. dial. ball ` horse with white paleness ' (out of it cymr. bal
ds), Middle English balled, engl. bald, Danish bældet ` naked, bald, bleak ', Old High
German belihha (compare Latin fulica), Modern High German Belche `coot', BergN
Belchen (to suffix s. Brugmann Grundriß II 1, 511, Specht Dekl. 213 f.), lengthened grade
Old Icelandic bāl `flame', Old English bǽl ` pyres, funeral piles ' (*bhēl-).
Whereas are Germanic *pōl- in Old English pōl, engl. pool, Old High German pfuol
`pool', ablaut. Dutch peel (*pali-) `morass', Old English pyll, engl. pill (*puli̯a-, older *bl̥io
̯ -)
probably from Venetic-IH. borrows (see above *bolā); different Petersson Heterokl. 205;
Lithuanian bãlas `white' and ` snowdrop ', balà f. `white anemone' and m. `swamp,
marsh, moor, fen, pool', balù, balaũ, bálti `become white'; Latvian lengthened grade bãls `
pallid, pale, wan '; Old Prussian ballo f. `forehead' and *balo `swamp, marsh' in PN;
Maybe alb. balash ` white cow ' : Lithuanian: bãlas `white'.
Old Church Slavic lengthened grade bělъ `white' (*bhēlo-), f. `splint in wood', poln. dial.
biel f. ` marshy wood, forest', russ. dial. bil `swamp, marsh'; ablaut. bala (*bhōlā) in russ.
bala-ružina ` puddle, slop ', klr. balka ` marsh ';
Lithuanian báltas (*bholǝtos), Latvian bal̃ts `white', North Sea Baltin̨a ezers;
Slavic substant. neutr. Adj. *bolto- (*bholǝto-) `swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea' in Old
Church Slavic blato `sea', Serbo-Croatian blȁto `sea, ordure', russ. boɫóto `swamp, marsh';
Lithuanian bá'lnas `white' (with glottal stop, Indo Germanic *bholǝnos), balañdis `
baptism ', balánda ` orache ', russ. lebedá, serb. lobòda ds.;
Slavic (*bholH-neh2) *bolna f. (with trail tone, Indo Germanic *bholnā) in Czech slov.
blána ` membrane, skin, cutaneously', russ. boɫoná ` sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood,
(dial.) lump ', bóɫonь f., `splint in wood', originally identical with Czech blana `meadow,
grassland', poln. bɫoń f., bɫonie n. ds., russ. boɫonьje n. ` deeply situated meadows ';
perhaps Tocharian В palsk-, pälsk, A päl(t)sk ` cogitate ' (*see, compare Old Indic sam-
bhālayati);
whether here gr. φελλός (*bhel-so-), `cork, oak cork ', φελλεύς ` rocky ground ', ἀφελής
èven (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height) ', φολίς `
scale, flake (ones of reptile)'?
References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schulze Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr.
111, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Dekl. 116 f.
See also: Here further bhel-2; bheleg-; bhlei-, -g-, -k-; bhlendh-; bhles-; bhleu-, -k-, -s-; bhlēu̯o-
; bhl̥ndho-; bhlǝido-.
Page(s): 118-120
Root / lemma: bhel-

el-2 ( > *bhel-(e)-n-)
Meaning: in names of henbane
Note: probably with bhel-1 identical
Material: Gall. (Illyrian ?) belinuntia f., βελένιον n. ` hyoscyamus ', to names of Apollo
Belenos (see above bhel-1);
Old English beolone (*bhelunā), Old Saxon bilene, zero grade Old Danish bylne
(Germanic *bul-n-), bølme, Swedish bolmört, Modern High German dial. bilme; but Old
High German bil(i)sa is probably Celtic loanword (compare aprov. belsa);
Slavic *belena-, *belenā in r.-Church Slavic belenъ m., russ. belená f., Slavic *belnъ m.
in slov. blèn, Old Czech blén, zero grade Slavic *bьlnъ in Serbo-Croatian bûn.
References: WP. II 180, WH. I 99 f., Trautmann 30, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 97, Specht Dekl.
140.
Page(s): 120
Root / lemma: bhel-

el-3, bhlē-
lē-
Meaning: to grow, spread, swell
Material: Old Indic bhāṇḍa- n. `pot, pan, vessel' (*bhāln-da?); after Thieme (ZDMG. 92, 47
f.) here Avestan barǝ-s-man- ` bundle of branches ', Old Indic bársva m. Pl. ` bulge; bead;
lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, gums' (loanword from Avestan *barsman `cushion');
compare under Old High German bilorn.
Armenian beɫun `fertile' (: gr. φάλης), beɫn-awor ds. (: gr. φαλλός), Adontz, Mél. Boisacq
9.
Gr. φαλλός, φάλης `penis' (φαλλός from *bhl̥nós or *bhelnós; compare Old Irish ball,
Modern High German Bulle);
Maybe alb. Geg pallosh `penis' : gr. φαλλός `penis'
in addition φάλλαινα (formation as λύκαινα), φάλλη `whale' (compare that probably

borrowed through Illyrian mediation Latin ballaena; also Middle High German bullich calls
big fish kinds;
identical is φάλλαινα `moth', about ἀφελής and supplementary see above Z. 1; about
ὄφελος see below phel-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also φλόμος (φλόνος) Great mullein,
plant with thick woolly leaves, as *bh (e)lo-mo-s?
Probably Phrygian βάμ-βαλον, βά-βαλον `αἰδοῖον' Hes., also βαλλιόν `penis'; thrak. VN
Τρι-βαλλοί.
Latin follis ` a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek ' (*bhl̥nis or
*bholnis, compare the Germanic words with -ll- from -ln-);
cymr. bâl f. èlevation, rise, mountaintop ' (*bhl̥ā);
Maybe alb. mal [common alb. mb- > m-].
zero grade Old Irish ball m. `limb, member, part, body part ', then `deal, portion, place,
spot, mark' (also in the body), hence perhaps also cymr. ball èpidemic', balleg `sack, bag';
changing through ablaut bol, boll in cymr. dyrn-fol ` glove ', arfolli ` become pregnant ',
ffroen-foll ` with swollen nostrils ' (: φαλλός);
Maybe alb. bole `testicle'
zero grade with formants -ko- and meaning as Old High German bald (see below): nir.
bale `strong', cymr. balch, bret. balc'h `stout, proud, hubristic, overbearing'.
bhl̥l̥l̥- (bhel-) in Old Swedish bulin, bolin `swollen', bulde, bolde, byld ` hump, ulcer'; Old
Icelandic bulr, bolr m. `tree truck, trunk', Middle Low German Middle High German bole f.
`plank' (Modern High German Bohle); Old Icelandic boli `bull', Old English bula ds., bulluc
`young bull', engl. bull, Middle Low German Modern High German Bulle (as *bull-ōn = gr.
*φάλλων from a stem *bulla- = φαλλό-ς); Hessian bulle `vulva'; Old Icelandic bolli m.
drinking bowl ' (`*spherical vessel'; Middle Irish ballán ` drinking vessel ' probably from
Nord.), Old English bolla m. `bowl', hēafodbolla ` brain box, cranium ', Old Frisian strotbolla
`larynx', Old Saxon bollo `drinking bowl', Old High German bolla f. `vesicle, blister, fruit
skin or knot of the flax ', Middle High German bolle f. `bud, spherical vessel', Old High
German hirnibolla `cranium', Modern High German Bolle, Roßbollen, Middle High German
bullich, bolch ` big fish among others cod ' (compare φάλλαινα), compare also Old High
German bolōn, Middle High German boln `roll, throw, toss, fling' and with the meaning
swollen = `thick, big, large', Swedish Dialectal bål, bol ` thick and large, strong, very daring
', Old Icelandic poet. bolmr `bear'; here probably Old Icelandic bulki `ship load', Swedish
Danish bulk ` hump, nodules, tubers';
in heterokl. paradigm (?) *bhelr̥, Gen. *bhelnés interprets Old High German bilorn m. f.
`gums' (*bilurnō `swelling, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb '), whether not from
*beluznō;
Germanic *bel-n- also in Hessian bille `penis' (: bulle), Middle Low German (ars-)bille,
Dutch bil `buttock', Swedish fotabjälle `ball of the foot';
also alb. bili `penis', bole `testicle'
changing through ablaut Old High German ballo, balla, Modern High German Ball,
Ballen, Old High German arsbelli m. Pl. `buttocks', Old English bealluc m. `testicles' (*bhol-
n-), Old Icelandic bǫllr `ball, sphere, testicle'; Old Icelandic bali èlevation along the the
edge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level '; with formants -to- and the meaning
`swollen, inflated' = ` arrogant, bold ', Gothic bal-Þaba Adv. ` boldly ', balÞei f. ` boldness ',
Old Icelandic ballr `dreadful, dangerous', baldinn `defiant', (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English beald `bold, audacious', Old High German bald `bold,
audacious, quick, fast', Modern High German bald Adv.; in addition Old English bealdor
`prince, lord, master, mister', Old Icelandic GN Baldr.
With coloring gradation *bhōl- probably Norwegian bøl ìn heat, rutting, of the sow '
(changing through ablaut bala ` rutting, be in heat ').
root form bhlē-

lē-:
Gr. φλήναφος `gossip, talkative', φλην-έω, -άω `be talkative'; ἐκωφλαίνω as φαίνω
from bhā-, Aor. ἐκφλῆναι `bubble out';
Latin flō, flāre ` to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instruments; transit., to blow,
blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin ' (probably from *bhlǝ-i̯ō), but
flēmina ` varicoses ' is probably loanword from gr. φλεγμονή; Norwegian dial. blæma ` bleb
on the skin, skin vesicle '; Old Swedish blæmma ds.; Old High German blāt(t)ara, Old
Saxon blādara `blister, bubble', Old English blǣdre ds., reduplication-stem Old Icelandic
blaðra `vesicle, blister, bubble', Old High German etc blat `leaf'; Old Icelandic blā- in Zs.
èxcessive, very'; with prevalent meaning `blow' Old High German i̯o-present blājan, blāen
`blow, swell, blow out', Old English blāwan `blow' (here w from Perf.), Old High German
blāt, Old English blæd `blow, breath, breeze, gust of wind', Old Icelandic blǣr `gust of
wind'; with -s- Gothic ufblēsan ìnflate, bloat', Old Icelandic blāsa `blow, pant, gasp, inflate,
bloat; unpers.: `swell up', Old High German blāsan `blow', blāsa `bubble', blāst `blast,
breath, breeze', Old English blǣst, Old Icelandic blāstr (*blēstu-) `blast, breath, breeze,
snort, rage, fury';
Maybe alb. plas `blow'
Latvian blèn̨as `prank' derives from russ. loanword blèdis `confidence trickster, swindler
'.
Maybe alb. Geg blenj Ì buy, bargain, strike a deal)' similar meaning shift as Latin īcō -ĕre `
hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain '
Here perhaps Gothic blōÞ `blood', s. bhel-4.
References: WP. II 177 f., WH. I 515, 524 f.

See also: In addition bhel-4 `bloom' etc and the extensions bhelĝh-, bhlē̆d-, bhlegʷ-, bhlei-,
bhleu- `to swell' etc
Page(s): 120-122
Root / lemma: bhel-

el-4 and bhlē-
lē-, bhlō-
lō-, bhlǝ-
Meaning: leaf; bloom
Note: probably from bhel- `to swell' in sense of `vegetable lushness ' and `swelling = bud'
Material: Gr. φύλλον `leaf' (*bhul̥i̯om), Latin folium ds.; Middle Irish bileóc `leaf' (from *bile <
*bheli̯o-); moreover probably Old Irish bile n. `tree';
Maybe alb. (*φύλλον) pyll `forest' [common alb. shift u > y]
bhlē-
lē-, mostly bhlō-
lō- in: Latin flōs, -ris m. ` a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of
anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down '; flōreō, -ēre ` to bloom, flower.
Transf., to be in one's prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in,
swarm with '; Oscan Fluusaí ` the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on
the 28th of April, often with unbridled license ', Fluusasiaís ` of the festivals of Flora ',
sabin. Flusare ` of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia '.
Middle Irish blāth m. `bloom, blossom, flower', cymr. blawd, acorn. blodon `bloom,
blossom' (*bhlō-t-), Middle Breton (with -men-suffix) bleuzven, nbret. bleun̄(v)enn ds.,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with s-derivative Middle High German bluost `bloom,
blossom', Modern High German Blust, Old English blōstma, blōsma, blōstm `flower,
blossom', Old Norse blōmstr ds., Dutch blōsen `bloom' (= Middle Low German blōsen
`blush', see below bhles- `shine');
Gothic blōma m., Old High German bluomo m. `flower, blossom', Old Icelandic blomi m.
ds., blōm collective `flower, blossom'; Old High German bluojen, bluowen, Old Saxon
blōjan, Old English blōwan `bloom'; Old High German bluot f. ` blossoming, bloom,
blossom' = Old English blēd f. `scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom, fruit'; but Gothic
blōÞ n., Old Icelandic blōð, Old Saxon Old English blōd, Old High German bluot `blood'
probably to *bhelē- èffervesce'.
With ē: Old English blǣd m. `breath, breeze', n. `bubble', f. `bloom, blossom', Old High
German blāt `bloom, blossom' (compare also Old English blǣd, Old High German blāt
`life, breath, breeze' and bhel- ìnflate, bloat');
with ǝ: Old High German blat, Old Saxon blad, Old English blæd, Old Icelandic blað n.
`leaf'; Tocharian A. pält ds.
References: WP. II 176 f., WH. I 518 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351.
Page(s): 122
el-5 , mostly with -ĝ- (--k̂-) suffix: bhelǝĝ-, bhelǝ-n-ĝ-, bheleĝ-

Root / lemma: bhel- eleĝ-; bhl̥k̂-
Meaning: balk
elin Old Indic bhuríjāu Du.` arms, arms or shafts of the cart's pole'; gall.
Material: Basic bhel-
*balākon `(wall) projection ', cymr. balog `pinnacle' (M.-L. 890).
With guttural extensions:
Gr. φάλαγξ, -γγος f. `stem, balk, beam; battle row, array ', φάλαγγαι `planks, planking'
(if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in -γξ, so *φαλαγ- = Old Indic
bhurij-; yet perhaps with bhelǝ-ĝ- only parallel ĝ-extension from a n-stem *bhelǝn- from);
with -k-: φάλκης m. `balk, beam plank in ship'.
Latin fulciō, -īre, fulsī, -tum (*bhl̥ki̯ō) ` to prop up, support; to strengthen, secure; morally,
to support, stay, uphold ' (actually `through balk, beam'); fulcrum (*fulc-lom?) ` the post or
foot of a couch (prop, rack, rest camp) '.
Perhaps also sufflāmen ` a brake, drag, hindrance ' (*flăg- = Indo Germanic *bhlǝĝ-
smen);
Old Icelandic bialki (*belkan-) `balk, beam'; ablaut. (*balkan-): Old English balca, bealca;
Old High German Old Saxon balko `balk, beam'; Old Icelandic balkr `partition wall, dividing
off, partitioning off', bǫlkr `dividing off, partitioning off';
zero grade Old English bolca m. `gangplank'; but Old High German bloh(h), Middle High
German bloch, Modern High German (ndd.) Block `clot, chunk, balk, plank' contains Indo
Germanic u, also from Indo Germanic *bhluko- or, whether with Germanic consonant
increase, from *bhlugo-, to Middle Irish blog `piece, fragment', further perhaps to Gothic
bliggwan, Old High German bliuwan, Modern High German bleuen `hit', from Indo
Germanic *bhleu̯-ono-; see below bheleu-.
Whereas belong probably to *bhelĝh- `to swell' from a meaning mediation `thick,
tumescent' from:
Lithuanian balžienа ` long beam in the harrow ', balžíenas `crossbar, crossbeam',
Latvian bàlžiêns, bèlziêns m. `prop', East Latvian bòlgzds m. ` props connected in the
wood sledge level ', Latvian pabàlsts m. `prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow ', bàlzît,
pabàlstît `prop, sustain';
russ. Dialectal (Gouv. Olonez) bólozno `thick board', slov. blazína `roof beam,
crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion'; kašub. bɫozno `the runners connecting the
sledge skids '.
References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.

Page(s): 122-123
Root / lemma: bhel-

el-6
Meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic bhaṣá-ḥ `barking, baying' (*bhel-s-), bhāṣatē `talks, speaks, prattles';
bhaṇḍatē (Dhatup.) `speaks, jeers, rebukes' (*bhel-n-dō), bháṇati `talks, speaks' (*bhel-nō)
are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. not Indo Germanic
Old Icelandic belja `roar, bellow', Middle Dutch belen `bark, bay'; Old Icelandic bylja,
bulda `threaten, drone, roar', bylr `gust of wind', Old English bylgan `roar, bellow', Middle
High German boln `cry, roar, bellow';
with Germanic ll (consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words), Old High German
bellan `bark, bay', Old English bellan `roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt'; Old High German
bullōn `howl (from the wind), bark, bay, roar, bellow', isl.-Norwegian bulla `babble, chat';
Old Icelandic bjalla, Old English belle, engl. bell, Middle Low German belle `bell', Modern
High German (actually ndd.) Bellhammel `bellwether (with bell)';
with Germanic ld (probably from a present dh- and perhaps with Lithuanian bìldu to
compare, because latter contains most probably Indo Germanic dh) Danish baldre,
Norwegian Dialectal baldra, schwed Dialectal ballra `rant, roister' Middle Low German
Dutch balderen ds., Danish buldre, Swedish bullsa, Middle Low German Dutch bulderen,
bolderen, Middle High German buldern, Modern High German poltern; Old Prussian billit
`say, speak', Lithuanian bìlstu, bilaũ, bìlti `to start to talk ', bīlu, biloti `talk', bilóju, -óti `say,
talk', byl-aũ, -óti ds., bylà `speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment', Latvian
bil̂stu, bil̂žu, bil̂st (in Zs.) `talk, address, speak to', bil̂dêt àddress, speak to'; Latvian bil̨̃l̨ât
(from *bil̨na
̨ ) `weep, cry'; with formants -so- Lithuanian bal̃sas `voice, sound, tone';
Tocharian AB päl-, pāl- `praise, laud' (Van Windekens Lexique 89).
References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.

See also: From this derived *bhlē- `bleat'.
Page(s): 123-124
lemma: bhend
Root / lemma: en h-
Meaning: to bind
Material: Old Indic badhnā́ti, only later bandhati `binds, fetters, captures, takes prisoner,
put together ', Avestan bandayaiti `binds', participle Old Indic baddhá-, Avestan ap. basta-,
Old Indic bándhana- n. ` ligation ', bandhá-ḥ m. ` ligation, strap',
Note:
Note
Probably from Avestan ap. basta- n. ` ligation ' derived alb. besë `pact, covenant, faith,
belief, armistice', previously Illyrian TN Besoi [common alb. shift st > s]; clearly Illyrian
displays simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the
split of Indo European family. Because the institution of besa is the most important pagan
medium that surpasses monotheistic religions in alb. psyche, that means alb. are the
descendants of Illyrian Only alb. and Indic languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The
institution of besa marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or
the blood line of the father.
Avestan banda- m. `band, manacle' (: Old Icelandic Old Saxon bant, Old High German
bant n., Modern High German Band; Gothic bandi, Old English bend f. ds.; Lithuanian
bandà `cattle', see below); Old Indic bándhu-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (as πενθερός).
Gr. πεῖσμα `rope, hawser, rope, cable' (from *πενθσμα, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 287,
compare Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for πέσμα and πάσμα), πενθερός `father-in-law'
(*`linked by marriage ');
here after Pedersen (REtIE. 1, 192) also πάσχω `suffer' as ` is bound, is entrapped ', as
also Latin offendō `to strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend,
displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give
offence (with dat.); also to take offence', dēfendō ` (*release from the entanglement) to
repel, repulse, ward off, drive away (2) to defend, protect; esp. to defend in court; in
argument, to maintain a proposition or statement; to sustain a part '; πάθνη (covers late,
but old), with sound metathesis hom. Attic φάτνη `crib' (*bhn̥dh-nā; under a basic meaning `
twisted, woven basket' as Celtic benna ` carriage basket ') (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
);
thrak. βενδ- `bind' (compare Kretschmer Einl. 236); alb. besë `pact, covenant, faith, belief,
armistice';
Illyrian TN Besoi
Latin offendimentum, offendix ` the knot of a band, or the band itself, chin strap under
priest's cap, apex ( a Roman priest's cap), fastened with two strings or bands';
gall. benna `kind of vehicle', Galatian Ζεὺς Βέννιος, cymr. benn `wagon, cart' (out of it Old
English binn, and through roman. mediation Modern High German dial. benne `carriage
boxes', Dutch ben `basket, trough'; basic form *bhendh-nā); Middle Irish buinne `strap,
bangle ' (*bhondhiā); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Gothic Old English bindan, Old Icelandic binda, Old High German bintan `bind', Gothic
andbundnan ìs unfastened ', Gothic bandi etc see above;
Lithuanian beñdras `partner, comrade' (formant associated with gr. πενθερός), bandà `
herd of cattle ' (actually `the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle ').
Here also Gothic bansts m. `barn' (*bhondh-sti; compare in other meaning Old Frisian
bōst ` matrimonial union' from *bhondh-stu- `bond';
ndd. banse ` silo, garner, barn', Old English *bōs, engl. boose `cattle shed', Old English
bōsig `crib', Old Icelandic bāss m. `room for keeping, cattle stall' (*band-sa-);
jüt. bende ` divided off room in cattle shed' erases probably every doubt about the
relationship of above group with binden.
References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.

Page(s): 127
Root / lemma: bhend-
end-
Meaning: to sing, rejoice
Material: Old Indic bhandatē `receives cheering shout, is praised, glares, gleams',
bhándiṣṭha-ḥ ` in loudest cheering, shrilly, screaming, best of all praising ',
bhandána-ḥ `cheering', bhandánā `merry tintinnabulation, cheer' (doubts the meaning
partly); zero grade Old Irish Middle Irish bind `melodic', abret. bann `melodious,
harmonious'. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. II 151 f.
Page(s): 126-127
lemma: bhenĝh
Root / lemma: enĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-
hú-s)
Meaning: thick, fat
Material: Old Indic bahú- `dense, rich, much, a lot of' `compounds Sup. baṁhīyas-,
baṁhišṭha- (= gr. παχύς);
bahulá- `thick, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of' (= gr. παχυλῶς Adv.
by Aristot., if these not newer formation); báṁhatē (uncovered) ` increase, multiply ',
bháṁhayatē ` clamps, fastens, strengthens';
Avestan bązah- n. `height, depth', bąšnu- m. ds., Baluchi bāz `much, a lot of', baz
`dense';
gr. παχύς `thick, dense, fat, obese' (compounds πᾰσσων), πάχος n. `thickness,
fatness' (occurs after παχύς for *πέγχος = Avestan bązah-), πάχετος `thick; thickness,
fatness';
Old Icelandic bingr `heap', Old Swedish binge ds., Old High German bungo `tuber, bulb',
Modern High German Bachbunge; in addition with intens. consonant-sharpening Old
Icelandic bunki ` stowed away shipload', Norwegian bunka (and bunga) `small heap,
swelling, blister', Dutch bonk `clump, lump' ;
Note:
Alb. bungë ` kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -u- grade alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian
βεκός `bread', actually ` crumb ' prove that from an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-
b(e)u-1,
bh(e)u-
(e)u- : èxpr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: bheg-
eg-, bheng-
eng- : `to break', Root /
lemma: bhenĝh
enĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-
hú-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: bheug
eug-1 : `to flee, *be
frightened', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-2, bheugh-
eugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-3,
bheugh-
eug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.
Latvian bìezs `dense, thick', bìezums `thickness, fatness';
Latin pinguis ` fat; oily; rich, fertile; n. as subst. fatness, fat. Transf. thick, dense; heavy,
stupid; easy, quiet ' has perhaps originated through hybridization of *fingu-is = παχύς,
bahú- with that to opīmus, πίων respective words;
Tocharian В pkante, pkatte `greatness, bulk, extent' (Van Windekens Lexique 96);
Hittite pa-an-ku- (panku-) ` all, in general '.
References: WP. II 151, Couvreur H̯ 177.

Page(s): 127-128
Root / lemma: bhen-

en-
Meaning: to hit, wound
Material: Avestan bąnayǝn ìt makes me sick', banta- `sickens, waste away';
Gothic banja `blow, knock, wound, ulcer', Old Icelandic ben, Old English benn f., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon beni-wunda `wound'; Old
Icelandic bani m. `death; murderer', Old English bana, Old High German Old Saxon bano
`killer, murderer', Old High German bano, Middle High German bane, ban `death, ruin';
perhaps also Middle High German bane, ban f. and m. `pathway, way, alley' as `* by all
means through an wood, forest' or `* a (well-) beaten track, a way used often '; Middle Irish
epit f. `scythe, pruning knife' from *eks-bhen-tī; corn. bony àxe'; but cymr. bon-clust `slap
in the face, box on the ear' contains bon `stick'.
Avestan bata-, if ` ground coarsely, from the grain ', could be related as *bhn̥-to-, but
because of the uncertain meaning is only to name with reservation.
References: WP. II 149, Feist 80.
Page(s): 126
Root / lemma: bhered

ere h-
Meaning: to cut; board
Note:
ere h- : `to cut; board' derived from Root / lemma: bhereĝh
Root / lemma: bhered ereĝh- : `high;
mountain, *sharp' [common Illyrian - balt -ĝh- > -dh-].
Material: Old Indic bardhaka-ḥ `cutting, clipping', m. `carpenter', śata-bradh-na-ḥ ` having
100 metal points '; perhaps gr. πέρθω `destroy, smash', πορθέω `destroy, smash,
devastate';
bhred os- in Old Saxon Old English bred `board', Old High German bret n., therefrom Old
re hos-
High German britissa, Modern High German Pritsche;
bhr̥dho- in Gothic fōtu-baúrd n. ` splint ', Old Icelandic bord n. `board, table, desk', Old
English bord n. ds., Old High German bort ds. = Umbrian forfo- ds. in furfant ` they lay on
the board '; probably with it identical Old Icelandic borð èdge, border, ship's rim ', Old High
German Middle High German bort ds. (Modern High German Bord from Ndd.), Old English
bord `board, edge, shield'; Old English borda m. èdge, ornament, decoration', Old High
German borto, Modern High German Borte;
bhord
or ho- in Old Icelandic barð èdge, border', Norwegian dial. bard ds.
From Germanic *burð- derive Serbo-Croatian bȑdo, russ. bërdo etc ` weaver's reed ' and
Latvian birde f. ` weaver's rack '.
References: WP. II 163, 174, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 227 f., Meillet Slave commun2 75.
Page(s): 138
Root / lemma: bhereg-

ereg-
Meaning: expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice
Note: compare bher- ds. as well as that by bhreg- `break, rupture' and `crack, creak'
encountering onomatopoeic sounds
Note:
Root / lemma: bhereg-
ereg- : èxpr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice' derived from Root /
lemma: bhereĝh
ereĝh- : `high; mountain, *sharp'.
Material: Old English beorcan stem-V., bearkian (*barkōn), engl. bark `bark, bay', Old
Icelandic berkja `bark, bay, rumble, rage, clamor';
Lithuanian (žem.) burgė́ti `drone, grumble, quarrel, squabble, be unfriendly ', burgèsus `
crosspatch, grouch '; presumably also Serbo-Croatian br̀gljati `mumble, murmur, chat',
brgalica `turtledove'.
ereq-: Latvian brę̀cu, brèkt `cry', russ. brešú, brechátь `yelp, cry,
Besides similar bhereq-
quarrel, squabble, lie', brechnjá èmpty gossip', Serbo-Croatian brȅšēm, brèhati `pant,
gasp, loud cough' (*bhreq-s-), brȅkćēm, brèktati `pant, sniff, snort'.
Somewhat different because of the clear onomatopoeic words are the following words,
which in their partial i- and u-vocalism in these by bher(e)ĝ- `roast' remind present vocal
differences, which are explained from different sound imitation:
gr. φρυγίλος à small bird' (metathesis from *φριγύλος: Latin frig-?);
Latin frigō, -ere `squeak (of small children)', friguttiō, -īre `chirp, twitter (from birds),
lisp', later fringuliō, fringultiō ds., frigulō, -āre `cry (from the jackdaw)', fring(u)illa `finch,
sparrow';
maybe alb. (*fringuilla) fërgëlloj `shiver, tremble (like a bird?)'
russ. bergléz `goldfinch', Serbo-Croatian br̀glijez ` Sitta syriaca ', Czech brhel ` Eurasian
golden oriole, golden oriole ', mähr. ` woodpecker ', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse '.
Similar ones, but indeed new onomatopoeic words are Latin merulus frindit, Lithuanian
briz-gė́ti `bleat, grouse, drone, hum, grumble'.

Page(s): 138-139
Root / lemma: bhereĝh

ereĝh- (*bherĝh-o-)
Meaning: high; mountain
Note:
Root / lemma: bhereĝh
ereĝh- : `high; mountain' derived from Root / lemma: bherǝ
erǝĝ-, bhrēĝ
rēĝ- : `to
shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm'
Material: Old Indic Kaus. barháyati ìncreases', br̥ṁháti `makes fat, obese, strengthens,
uplifts', presumably barha-s, -m `tail feather, tail of a bird, esp. from a peacock'; br̥hánt-
`big, large, high, convex, elevated, noble, sublime', also `high, loud (of the voice)', fern.
br̥hatī (= Irish Brigit, Germanic Burgund), Avestan bǝrǝzant- (npers. buland), f. bǝrǝzaitī
`high', in compound bǝrǝzi- (: *bǝrǝzra-), bǝrǝz- `high' and `height, mountain' (= npers.
burz ds., Irish bri ́; the Nom. Avestan barš Subst. could contain Aryan -ar-, but also Aryan -
r̥-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261), zero grade Avestan uz-barǝzayeni Ì shall allow to grow up ' (in
addition Σατι-βαρζάνης ` improve luck ', iran. *barzana-), barǝzan- m. barǝzah- n. `height',
barǝšnu- m. èlevation, height, sky, heaven, head', barǝzyah- `higher', barǝzišta- ` the
highest, the most suitable '; npers. bāl-ā `height' (*barz-), burz (see above);
Old Indic br̥hánt- stands for also `big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive' and br̥ṁhati
`makes fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers', bŕ̥háṇā Adv. `dense, tight,
firm, strong, proficient; very, absolutely', paribr̥ḍha-ḥ `standing firm, dense, solid'.
Armenian berj `height' in erkna-, lerna-berj `sky-, mountainous' (*bherĝhos), barjr `high'
(*bhr̥ĝhú-), (ham-)baṙnam (*barjnam, Aor. barji) `lift up' etc.
Berg- in PN the Mediterranean countries: thrak. Βεργούλη, maked. Βέργα, Illyrian

Berginium (Bruttium: Bergae), Ligurian Bergomum, Celto-Ligurian Bergusia, hisp.
Bergantia etc about p- in klein Old Saxon Πέργη, Πέργαμος, maked. Cretan Πέργαμος
suppositions by Kretschmer Gl. 22, 100 f., Krahe ZNF. 19, 64.
Formations in i- grade:
Latin for(c)tis, Old Latin forctus, dial. horctus, horctis ` physically, strong, powerful,
robust; morally, brave, courageous, steadfast, bold, audacious ' (from *forg-tos, Indo
Germanic *bhrĝh-tos = Old Indic br̥ḍháḥ).
Cymr. bera `heap' (= Modern High German Berg), acorn. bret. bern ds. (-rĝh-n-? s.
Pedersen KG. I 105), gall. PN Bergusia, zero grade Middle Irish brí, Akk. brig `hill' (see
above), cymr. bry `high, above', fem., cymr. corn. bret. bre `hill', gall. Litano-briga among
others PN; gall. Brigantes, Βρίγαντες people's name (either `the sublime, noble' or `
troglodyte, cave dweller, cliff dweller '; Old Indic br̥hant-), Brigantia PN `Bregenz (western
Austria)' and name of a feminine divinity, Old Irish Brigit (*bhr̥ĝhn̥tī) `name of a famous
saint and generally women's name' (also Old Indic br̥hatī́ is used as woman's name, also
Old High German Purgunt), cymr. braint `privilege, prerogative' (actually `highness'), pl.
breiniau, in addition mcymr. breenhin, ncymr. brenin `king', corn. brentyn, bryntyn ds.
(*brigantīnos).
Gothic baírgahei ` mountain range, mountainous region ', Old Icelandic bjarg and berg,
Old High German Old Saxon berg `mountain', Old English beorh, beorg `height, burial
mound', engl. barrow `burial mound' (compare Armenian -berj, cymr. bera, Old Indic
barha-);
Germanic *burgundī (= Old Indic br̥hatī, Celtic *brigantī, Irish Brigit) in Burgund, oldest
name of Bornholm (Danish island) (actually ` the high-rising ') and name Danish and
Norwegian islands, Old High German Purgunt women's name, in addition Burgundiōnes,
family name.
Gothic baurgs f. `town, city, tower', Old High German burg etc `castle' is genuine
Germanic equivalent of Avestan bǝrǝz-, Celtic brig- with the meaning `fortified height as
refuge'; With it is coincident though Latin burgus `castle, fort', that is borrowed from gr.
πύργος `tower', an oriental loanword from urart. burgana `palace, fortress' derives (820 v.
Chr., s. Adontz REtIE 1, 465), whereof would have also derived Armenian burgn, aram.
burgin, burgon `tower' etc. after Kretschmer though πύργος Germanic loanword
Maybe alb. burgu `prison' a Latin loanword.
This contemplates *berĝhō `save, hide, shelter', originally ostensibly ` providing

sancturay for someone at a refuge ' as retrograde derivative to *bherĝh- `mountain' (Gl. 22,
113); s. above S. 145.
Old Church Slavic brěgъ `bank, border, shore, slope', Serbo-Croatian brȉjeg `hill, bank,
border, shore', russ. bēreg ds., is probably not Germanic loanword, but rather Venetic-
Illyrian origin; Brückner KZ. 46, 232, Persson Beitr. 927;
Maybe alb. bregu `bank, border, shore, slope' is a Slavic loanword not from Illyrian
Berginium.
from latter with brěgъ as genuine Slavic words related klr. o-boříh, Czech brah `haystack'
etc belongs rather to Old Church Slavic brěgǫ `care' (*preserve, save, hide, shelter), as
stogъ : στέγω.
Maybe alb. brengë `care, sadness, sorrow', brengos `sadden, worry' Slavic loanwords.
With other vowel gradation *bhregh- perhaps in Old English brego, breogo `master,
mister, ruler, prince, lord', Old Icelandic bragr `best, most exquisite, most distinguished,
leader, chief, prince', Middle High German brogen ` rise, direct upwards, wanton brag'.
Tocharian AB pärk- ` arise, rise, come up ', A pärkānt, В pirko ` the rising ', A pärkär, В
parkre, pärkre `tall';
perhaps A prākär, В prākre `tight, firm, solid' (compare Latin fortis); Hittite pár-ku-uš
(parkus) `high' (: Armenian barjr).
Hittite: parku- ' high ', parganu- (I) 'make high', pargatar n. (r/n) 'height ', parkija-, park- (I)
'stand up' (Friedricḫ 160-161)
References: WP. II 173 f., WH. I 124, 535 f., 853, Feist 75 f., 85 f., Trautmann 30 f., Van
Windekens Lexique 90, Couvreur H̯ 178.
Page(s): 140-141
Root / lemma: bherem-

erem-1
Meaning: to stick out; edge, hem
Material: bhorm-
Material: orm-:
Old Icelandic barmr èdge, hem', ey-barmr ` the edge of an island ', Norwegian dial.
barm ` extremity, border, brim, edge, rim ' (e.g. in the sail), ndd. barm, berme ` a ledge at
the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to
strengthen the bank; a narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch
'.
bhrem-
rem-: bhrom-
rom- :
Perhaps Latin frōns, frondis f. ` a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves '
(*bhrom-di-, as glāns from *glan-di-);
Old Norse brum n. `leaf buds ', Old High German brom, brum ds., Swiss brom ` flower
bud, young twig, branch', ablaut. brāme ds.
In a basic meaning `bristly, thorn' go back: Old English brōm m. `broom' (*bhrēmo-),
Middle Low German brām ` blackberry bush, broom', Old High German brāmo m., brāma f.
`briar, blackberry bush ', brāmberi, Modern High German Brombeere, Old English brēmel,
engl. bramble (proto Germanic *brāmil), ablaut. mnl. bremme, Old High German brimma
`broom' and Middle Low German brēme, brumme ds.
With the meaning èdge, border': Middle High German brëm n. `border, edging, edge',
Modern High German verbrämen, changing through ablaut Middle English brimme, engl.
brim èdge'.

Page(s): 142
Root / lemma: bherem-

erem-2
Meaning: to buzz, drone
Material: Old Indic bhramará-ḥ `bee';
In -nt
nt suffix:
Maybe nasalized alb. (*blę-të) bletë ` bee' : gr. βροντή f. `thunder' [common alb. r- > l-].
gr. φόρμινξ, -γγος f. `zither', because of suffixes loanword? Initial sound variant *brem-
*brem-
probably in βρέμω `boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster', βρόμος m. `noise, crackling
', βροντή f. `thunder' (*βρομ-τᾱ);
Latin fremō, -ere ` roar, murmur, growl; with acc. to murmur out something, grumble,
complain '; frontēsia `thunder and lightning ' is loanword from gr. βροντήσιος (to βροντή);
Maybe alb. frymë `breath, exhalation', frynj `blow'.
cymr. brefu `bleat, roar, bellow'; Old High German breman `drone, grumble, roar,
bellow', Old English bremman `roar, bellow', brymm n. `flood, sea', Middle High German
brimmen ds., ablaut. brummen `drone, grumble' (in addition brunft ` heat, rut, rutting
season '); Middle Low German brummen and brammen ds., Old High German Old Saxon
bremo `gadfly, brake', Middle High German breme, Old Saxon bremmia, Old High German
brimisse, Modern High German Breme and (from dem Ndd.) Bremse;
poln. brzmieć `sound, clink, buzz' (*brъm-), Bulgarian brъmčъ́ `buzz, drone, hum',
brъ́mkam ds., brъ́mb-al, -ar, -ъr `bumblebee, beetle, chafer'.
Maybe alb. Geg diminutive (*brum-el) brumull, Tosc brumbull ` bumblebee, beetle, bug'
[common alb. m > mb]
mb
As extensions *bhrem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: Old Indic bhr̥ŋga-ḥ `giant
black bee'; poln. brzęk `sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake', russ. brjákatь `clang, clink,
clatter', Czech brouk `beetle, chafer'; Lithuanian brį́nkterèti ` fall chinking ' etc;
Lithuanian brenzgu, brengsti `clang, clink, knock', ablaut. branzgu, brangsti `sound,
clink'; Slavic bręzgъ in russ. brjázgi Pl. èmpty gossip'; russ.-Church Slavic brjazdati
`sound, clink'.
References: WP. II 202 f., WH. I 544 f., Trautmann 37.

Page(s): 142-143
Root / lemma: bheres-

eres-
Meaning: quick
Material: Latin festīnō, -āre ` to hasten, hurry; transit., to hasten, accelerate ', Denom. von
*festiō(n)-, -īn- `haste, hurry', Erweit. to *festi- (from *fersti-) in cōnfestim ` immediately,
without delay ' (from *com festī `with haste, hurry');
Middle Irish bras `quick, fast, stormy' (*bhresto-), cymr. brys ds. (*bhr̥sto-), Middle Breton
bresic, brezec `hasty';
Lithuanian bruz-g-ùs `quick, fast', bruz-d-ùs `movable, nimble', besides burz-d-ùlis

ds., burz-dė́ti ` run to and fro ';
Slavic *bъrzъ in Old Church Slavic brъzo Adv. `quick, fast', Serbo-Croatian br̂z `quick,
fast', russ. borzój `quick, fast, fiery', besides *bъrzdъ in wruss. bórzdo Adv. `quick, fast',
Serbo-Croatian brzdìca f. `rapids, speed in stream'.
Perhaps here Ligurian FlN Bersula, Swiss FlN Birsig (Krahe ZONF 9, 45).
Maybe alb. (*bersul) vërsul, `rush forward, attack', truncated (*vërsul) sul `rush, attack'
[common alb. b- > v- shift].
References: WP. II 175, WH. I 259, 488 f., Trautmann 40, Specht Dekl. 192.
Page(s): 143
(e)reu- : bh(e)rū̆-
Root / lemma: bh(e)reu-
Meaning: to boil, to be wild
Note: extension from bher-2.
Material: A. ablaut bheru- (bheru-), bhrū̆-:
Old Indic bhurváṇi-ḥ `restless, wild', bhurván- ùncontrollable movement of water'.
Armenian bark `sharp, sour, cruel, savage' (barkanam ` I get angry '), which is very
much ambiguous, it is constructed here from Dumézil BSL. 40, 52 as *bhr̥-u̯-, likewise
berkrim ` I am glad ' as *bher-u̯-; very doubtful!
Gr. φαρυμός τολμηρός, θρασύς Hes. (*bher-u-) and φορυτός `mixture, rubbish, chaff,
crap, muck', φορύ̄νω, φορύσσω `knead, jumble, mingle, sully, besmirch', probably also
φρυ-άσσομαι ` gestures, behaves impatiently (esp. from wild horses); be rollicking, wanton
' common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-.
Thrak. βρῦτος (see below).
Alb. brum m., brumë f. `sourdough', mbruj, mbrünj `knead'.
Latin ferveō, -ēre, fervō, -ĕre `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in
er-2);
quick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage ' (about fermentum s. bher-
dēfrū̆tum ` leaven, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion ' (: thrak. βρῦτος, βρῦτον,
βροῦτος ` a kind of barley beer '; from thrak. *brūti̯ā (gr. βρύτια), derives Illyrian brīsa `skins
of pressed grapes', proto extension alb. bërsí ds., from which serb. bersa, bîrsa, bîrza `
mould on the wine'; Latin brīsa from dem Venet. or Messapic).
Note:
Note
Not only alb. is the direct descendant of Illyrian but Albans in Alba Longa brought their
beer formula from Illyricum (Albanoi Illyrian TN) to Italy. Slavic languages borrowed their
cognates from Illyrian
Middle Irish berbaim `cook, simmer, seethe', cymr. berwi, bret. birvi `simmer, seethe,
boil', bero, berv `cooked, boiled', gall. GN Borvo (from spa, mineral spring), compare with
other suffix Bormō above S. 133; perhaps also French bourbe `slime, mud' from gall.
*borvā `mineral water'; Old Irish bruth `blaze, glow, fury', Middle Irish bruith `cook',
enbruithe `broth, meat broth' (to en- `water', see below pen-
pen-2), acymr. brut ` courage,
spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance ', ncymr. brwd `hot' (cymmrwd `mortar' from *kom-bru-
to-, compare Middle Irish combruith `simmer, seethe, boil'), brydio `seethe, froth', acorn.
bredion `dealer, broker' (Umlaut), abret. brot ` jealousy ', nbret. broud `hot, fermenting'.
About Germanic bru-forms see below B.
B. ablaut bhrē̆u- and (partially again) bhrū̆-:
rēu̯r̥, bhrēu̯
At first in words for `wellspring' = ` bubbling over ' (r/n-stem, perhaps bhrēu̯ rēu̯n-,
bhrun-
run-); Armenian aɫbiur, aɫbeur (Gen. aɫber) `wellspring' (from *bhrēw(a)r =) gr. φρέαρ, -
ᾱτος `stream, brook' (*φρῆFαρ-, -ατος, hom. φρήατα, consigns φρείατα); Middle Irish tipra
f. `wellspring' (maybe from Old Irish *tiprar < *to-ek̂s-bhrēu̯r)̥ , Gen. tiprat (*to-ek̂s-
bhrēu̯nt̥ os); Old Irish -tiprai ` streams against ' (*to-ek̂s-bhrēu̯-īt?); from stem bhrun- the
case obliqui from as en-stem proto Germanic*brunō, *brun(e)n-, Gothic brunna, Old High
German brunno, Old English brunna, burna ` well, water hole, spring ' (Old Icelandic
brunn), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with metathesis Modern
High German (ndd.) Born.
Maybe alb. buronj `spring, originate', burim òrigin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if
boiling)' : russ. brujá `current'; also alb. (*bruth) burth `Cyclamen europaeum (burning of
donkey's mouth)' where -th is a diminutive alb. ending.
Note:
(e)reu- : bh(e)rū̆- : `to boil, to be wild' is an extended Root
Alb. shows that Root / lemma: bh(e)reu-
/ lemma: bher-
er-2 : `to boil, swell; to get high' (see below) while the latter root evolved from
Root / lemma: bher-
er-1
: `to bear, carry'.
With similar meaning russ. brujá `current', bruítь ` rapidly flowing, streaming in ', wruss.
brújić ùrinate, to make water ' (this meaning also in Middle High German brunnen (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) and in Modern High German dial. brunzen,
Bavarian brunnlen ùrinate, to make water ' from Brunnen), formal next to Lithuanian
br(i)áujs, br(i)áutis ` push forward with brute force ' (*bhrēu-), Latvian braulîgs `horny,
lustful'; also Old Prussian brewingi `conducive, helpful'?
bhre-
re-n-u- (present with nasal infix, compare Modern High German brennen) with
respect on licking flames lies before in Gothic Old High German Old Saxon brinnan, ais.
brinna, Old English beornan, birnan `burn', Kaus. Gothic brannjan, Old Icelandic brenna,
Old High German brennan, Old English bærnan `burn', wherefore among others Old High
German brant `blaze', brunst ` burn, blaze', Old Icelandic bruni, Old English bryne `blaze',
Old High German bronado, Old English brunaÞa ìtchiness, heat in the body ', Swedish
brånad `rutting';
bhréu̯- : bhruu̯- in: Old High German briuwan, Old English brēowan `brew', Old Swedish
bryggja (from *bryggwa) ds.; Germanic *bruđa- in: Old Icelandic Old English brođ, Old
High German prođ `broth' (: defrūtum, Old Irish bruth, thrak. βρῦτος; Middle High German
brodelen, Modern High German brodeln);
Germanic *brauđa- in: Old Icelandic brauđ, Old English brēad, Old High German brōt
`bread' (from the ferment); about Old High German wintes prūt ` storm; tempest, whirlwind
' s. Kluge11 692.
References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.

Page(s): 143-145
erǝĝ-, bhrēĝ
Root / lemma: bherǝ rēĝ-
Meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm
Note: equivalent with bherē̆k̂-, s. d. the groups bhereĝ-, bherek̂- shine, appear, seem to be
extensions to bher- `bright, brown'. Similar to extension bheleg- besides bhel- `shine'.
Material: Old Indic bhrājatē `glares, gleams, shines'; Old pers. brāzaiti ds. (*bhrēĝō), npers.
barāzīdan `shine', barāz `jewellery';
Balto Slavic *brēsk- from bhrēg-skin Lithuanian brė́kšta, brė́ško, brė́kšti `break, (dawn),
(from the day)', apýbrėškis ` time around daybreak '; slov. brę̂sk, Czech břesk, poln.
brzask `daybreak, dawn', poln. obrzasknąć ` become bright ', brzeszczy się ìt dawns, the
day breaks ', with Assimil. of auslauts -sk- to the sounding word anlaut Old Church Slavic
pobrězgъ `dawn, twilight, daybreak', russ. brezg, poln. brzazg ds.
With gradation bh(e)rōĝ- probably Swedish brokig `varicolored', Norwegian Dialectal

brōk ` a young salmon with transverse bands ( ', also as brōka f. ` large-scale mottled
animal '.
With lengthened grade the 1. syllable: Gothic baírhts `bright, gleaming, distinct', Old
High German beraht, Middle High German berht `gleaming' (also in names Old High
German Bert-, -bert, -brecht), Old English beorht `gleaming, radiating' (engl. bright), Old
Icelandic biartr `light, bright'; cymr. berth `gleaming, beautiful', PN bret. Berth-walart, Irish
Flaith-bertach; Lithuanian javaĩ béršt ` the grain becomes white '; probably also Norwegian
Dialectal bjerk `very bright' (compare noch berk ` white trout ', Swedish björkna Àbramis
blicca').
reduction grade alb. barth (bardh-i) ` white ' (*bhǝrǝĝo-).
In names of the birch (Slavic partly elm,

elm Latin ash tree ):
Old Indic bhūrjá-ḥ m. à kind of birch'; osset. bärz `birch'; dak. PN Bersovia; Latin farnus
àsh tree' (*fár[a]g-s-no-s, originally stuff adj. àshen', as well as:) frāxinus ds. (to begin
probably with ā, *bherǝĝ-s-enós); twofold development of -erǝ- in farnus and frāxinus would
be caused by old accent difference as in palma = gr. *πάλαμᾱ, παλάμη compared with
lātus = τλητός;
Maybe alb. Geg frashën àsh-tree' : Latin frāxinus àsh-tree';
Old High German birihha (*bherǝĝ-i̯ā), Old English beorc, birce, Old Icelandic bjǫrk
(*bherǝĝā) `birch';
Lithuanian béržas m., Pl. béržai `birch', ablaut. bìržtva f. ` birch forest '; bir̃žliai ` birch
twigs ', Latvian bęr̃zs m., Old Prussian berse `birch'; russ. berëza, Serbo-Croatian brȅza,
аčеch. břieza `birch' (the old color meaning still in Bulgarian brěz ` white spotted ' =
Norwegian bjørk s. о., slov. brę́za `name of a white spotted cow or nanny goat');
Maybe alb. brez ` strip, belt (white stripe?)' : Romanian brâu, brână ` belt ' Slavic loanword.
with formants -to- (= Gothic baírhts) and intonation change Slavic *berstъ in russ. bérest
m. èlm, framework ', Serbo-Croatian brȉjest, Czech břest ds., but with the meaning `birch'
against russ. berësta f., berësto n. ` birch bark ', Czech břesta ` upper birch bark '.
Old High German -brecht could, if this vocalization instead of -ber(h)t not a innovation is,
are applied to bherek̂-, as also in Gothic baírhts, cymr. berth, Hittite parkuiš.
References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Dekl. 57.
Page(s): 139-140
erǝk̂-, bhrēk̂
Root / lemma: bherǝ rēk̂-
Meaning: to shine
erǝĝ-, bhrēĝ
Note: equivalent with bherǝ rēĝ- ds. (see there, also because of ambiguous words)
Material: Old Indic bhrā́śatē `blazes, shines' (uncovered);
gr. φορκόν λευκόν, πολιόν, ῥυσόν Hes., compare but S. 134;
perhaps here Old Irish brecc `mottled, speckled, *tabby', cymr. brych ds., gall. PN
Briccius (from *bhr̥k̂-, with expressive consonant stretch);
uncertain suppositions about the origin of cymr. breuddwyd `dream', Middle Irish bruatar
ds. by Pedersen Litteris 7, 18, Pokorny IF. Anzeiger 39, 12 f.; whether from *bhrogʷhdh-eiti-
, -ro-?
Middle High German brehen `sudden and strong flash', Old Icelandic brjā, brā (*brehōn)
`flash', braga, bragða `sparkle, glitter, flame, burn', bragð `(*blink) moment ', with originally
bare präs. -dh- also Old Icelandic bregða, preterit brā `quick, fast move, swing, reproach',
Old English bregdan, brēdan stem V. `quick, fast move, swing', engl. braid `flax, wattle,
braid', upbraid `reproach', Old High German brettan, Middle High German bretten `pull,
tear, twitch, weave' (in addition Old High German brīdel, Old English brīdel, older brigdels
`bridle, rein');
with formants -u̯o- Gothic braƕ in in braƕa augins `ἐν ῥιπῇ όφθαλμοῦ, in a flash, at the
moment ' (compare Old Icelandic augnabragð n. `blink, winking the eyes ') and lengthened
gradees *brḗhwā, *brēʒwā́ in Old Icelandic brā f. èyelash', Old English brǣw, brēaw, brēg
m. èyelid', Old Saxon brāha èyebrow', slegi-brāwa èyelid', Old High German brāwa f.
`brow', wint-prāwa èyelash' (the meaning `brow' oriented from *ƀrū- `brow', Indo
Germanic*bhrū-); that in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I. 350, 4636 and Specht Dekl. 83, 162
Old High German brāwa could go not back to *bhrēu̯ā, is proved through the grammat.
variation in Old English, the form with -ku̯- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200).
Here probably a kind of fish Old High German brahs(i)a, brahsina, Old Saxon bressemo
` bream, freshwater bream ', Norwegian brasma, brasme ds., ablaut. Old Icelandic brosma
à kind of codfish'.
Hittite pár-ku-iš (parkuiš) `clean, pure', pár-ku-nu-uz-zi (parkunuzi) `purified, clean'.
References: WP. II 169, Feist 76 f., 103 f., Couvreur H̯ 327.

Page(s): 141-142
Root / lemma: bherĝh

erĝh- (*bherĝh-)
Meaning: to hide, keep
Material: Gothic baírgan `save, store, keep', Old Icelandic bjarga, Old English beorgan,
Old High German bergan, Old Saxon gibergan `save, store'; changing through ablaut Old
English byrgan `bury', byrgen (*burgiznō), byrgels,
Old Saxon burgisli `burial, funeral' and Old High German bor(a)gēn `spare, look after,
entrust, borrow', Old English borgian `look after, watch over, keep, borrow'.
Note:
Alb.-Illyrian and celt.- Slavic languages prove that from a zero grade of Root / lemma:
bhereĝh
ereĝh- : `high; mountain' derived Root / lemma: bherĝh
erĝh- : `to hide, keep'. Cognates
deriving from those two roots mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in
Europe.
Maybe alb. nasalized (*bergo) brengë `concern, sadness (for a dead person?)', brengos
`sadden' Slavic loanwords.
Slavic *bergǫ in Old Church Slavic (*bhergh-tei) brěgǫ, brěšti `care, worry' in nebrěšti
`neglect', russ. beregú, beréčь `beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare', Serbo-
Croatian older bržem, brijeći `guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities';
changing through ablaut klr. oboŕíh, gen. oboróha `haystack', Czech brah `haystack, heap',
poln. bróg `barn, haystack' (out of it Lithuanian brãgas ds.); zero grade Czech brh `cave,
cottage, tent'; East Lithuanian bir̃ginti `spare'.
Perhaps here gallo-rom. (rhät.-Illyrian) bargā `covered thatched hut ', whether from
*borgā; Tagliavini ZrP. 46, 48 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.
References: WP. II 172, Trautmann 31, Feist 76.

See also: compare above S. 141.
Page(s): 145
Root / lemma: bher-

er-1
Meaning: to bear, carry
Grammatical information: The root bher-, forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat.
present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor Perf. in Indo Germanic
Note: Beside bher-, with them. vowel bhere-
ere-, sees a heavy basis bherǝ
erǝ : bhrē-
rē-.
Material: Old Indic bhárati `carries', Avestan baraiti ds. (and `ride'), Old pers. barantiy 3. Pl.
ds. (= Armenian berem, Phrygian αβ-βερετ, gr. φέρω, Latin ferō, Old Irish biru, alb. bie,
Gothic baira,
Old Church Slavic berǫ); Old Indic bhárti (also as gr. φέρτε, Latin fert old unthem. form),
bibhárti, bíbharti, bibhr̥máḥ, bibhrati (compare that probably with πίφραμεν = bibhr̥me
derived ἐσ-πιφράναι `bring in, take in'), them. abibhran, bibhramāṇa-ḥ and Avestan -
bībarāmi;
Perf. babhāra and jabhāra (hybridization of babhāra with jahāra from hárti);
participle Old Indic bhr̥tá-ḥ, Avestan bǝrǝte-; Supin. Old Indic bhártum; Kaus. Old
Indic bhāráyati = Iter. Avestan bāraya-;
Sup. Avestan bairišta- `he cherishes best, cares, looks after' (= gr. φέριστος ` most
superior, best', probably ` he carries the richest, most fertile ');
Old Indic bhr̥tí-ḥ `carrying, sustenance, livelihood, food, wage ' = Avestan bǝrǝtis
`carrying' (= Latin fors, Gothic gabaúrÞs, Armenian bard); Old Indic bhr̥tyā́ `food,
nourishment, care, cultivation' (compare Gothic baúrÞei);
Maybe alb. bar ` fodder, grass'.
Old Indic bhárman- n. `preservation, nourishment, care, cultivation; load' (= gr. φέρμα,
Old Church Slavic brěmę), heavy basis in bharīman- n. ds.; bharítra-m àrm' (`*wherewith
one carries ');
Old Indic bhára-ḥ àcquiring, carrying off, profit, gain, booty; burden'
Maybe alb. barrë `burden' : Old Indic bhārá-ḥ `bundle, work, load';
npers. bar `fruit' (= gr. φόρος, Old Church Slavic sъ-borъ); Old Indic -bhará-ḥ `bearing,
carrying, bringing etc', Avestan -barō ds. (= Armenian -vor, gr. -φορος, e.g. δύσφορος =
Old Indic durbhara-ḥ);
maybe alb. bar `grass, herb' related to npers. bar `fruit'.
Old Indic bháraṇa-m `carrying, bringing, providing, support' (= Inf. Gothic baíran); Old
Indic bhártar-, bhartár- ` bearer, provider ', prábhartar- `carrier (of the sacrifice)', Avestan
fra-bǝrǝtar- ` carrier of things, secondary priest ' (compare Latin fertōr-ius, Umbrian
arsfertur), fem. Old Indic bhartrī́, Avestan barǝϑrī ` supporter, upholder, mother';
lengthened grade Old Indic bhārá-ḥ `bundle, work, load', bhārin- `bearing, carrying',
bhā́rman- (n.) `bringing, attendance', bhārya-ḥ `to bear, carry, support, nourish' (== Old
High German bāri or = *bhōrio- in gr. φωριαμός); ba-bhrí-ḥ `bearing, carrying, borne'.
Armenian berem `bear, bring' (Aor. eber = ἔφερε, ábharat), beṙn, Gen. beṙin `burden,
load' (compare gr. φερνή `dowry'), ber `yield, fruit, fertility' and `movement, run', -ber
`bringing, bearing, carrying', e.g. in lusaber ` light-bringing, morning star', secondary
instead of -vor, e.g. lusa-vor ` light-bringing ' (compare Latin Lūci-fer, gr. λευκο-φόρος);
bari `good', barv-ok `good, best'; bard `heap; compound', lengthened grade *bhōr- in buṙn
`hand, fist; force, might';
Phrygian (κακουν) αββερετ (also αββερεται) `( injury, evil) cause, carry ';
gr φέρω `bear' (only present system, once participle φερτός; Ipv. φέρτε), med. φέρομαι `
moves me fast ' (also Old Indic bharatē, Latin ferrī, compare above Armenian ber and
under Alb.), Iter. φορέω `bear etc' (= alb. mbaj); about φέριστος `the best, noble ', Kompar.
φέρτερος see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 3002, 535, 538; about ὄφρα s. Boisacq
s. v. and S. 132;
Note:
common alb. b- > mb- > m- as in alb. Geg maj `bear'
φέρτρον, with them. Vok. φέρετρον `bier, stretcher ' (Latin feretrum à litter, bier' from
Gr.); φέρμα `fruit, field crop, agricultural crop, unborn child; fruit of one's womb, fetus ';
φερνή `dowry', Aeolic with them. vowel φέρενα f. ds.; φόρος `yield, tax', -φόρος `bearing,
carrying', φορά: `carrying, plentiful yield, fullness, wealth'; ἀμφ[ιφ]ορεύς ` means:
container/vessel with two grips/handles '; φόρτος `burden, load, cargo'; φαρέτρᾱ ` quiver ';
δί-φρος ` the charioteer's and the combatants' holding part of the war chariot '; φώρ `thief'
(= Latin fūr), ἴσφωρες λησταί, κλέπται. Λάκωνες Hes.; from φώρ derived φωράω ` spy on
the thief ', then generally `spy on, track ', φωpά: ` house search '; φωριαμός ` box for the
storage of clothes ' due to *bhōrios `wearable, bearable'.
From the heavy basis bh(e)rē-

(e)rē- (?): Fut. -φρήσω, Aor. -έφρησα, -φρῆναι joined together
(with δια- `let pass', with εἰσ- ` let in, put in ', with ἐκ- ` bring out, let out, unburden ');
paradigmatic with (ἐσ)-πι-φράναι (see above to Old Indic bibhr̥máḥ).
Ligurian FlN Porco-bera ` guiding fish ', Gando-bera ` guiding scree '.
Mess. ma-
ma-beran, beram etc, tabara
ta `priestess' (*to-bherā), Doric-Illyrian βερνώμεθα
κληρωσώμεθα. Λάκωνες, Hes. (to gr. φέρνη `dowry'), doubtful ἀβήρ οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον,
Hes.
[common Messapian Albanian b- > mb-, m(a)b-, the intervocalic -a

a- under the influence of
Latin consonant + vowel + consonant order.]
Note:
Illyrian, Mess. and later alb. display satem characteristics the same as Old Indic and
Avestan Not only Illyrian shares with Old Indic and Avestan the cognates for `bear' but also
the institution of priesthood and earth fertility: Mess. ma-beran, beram etc, tabara
`priestess' : Avestan fra-bǝrǝtar- `carrier of things, secondary priest' (compare Latin fertōr-
ius, Umbrian arsfertur), fem. Old Indic bhartrī́, Avestan barǝϑrī ` supporter, upholder,
mother';
Alb. [causative bjer] bie (*bherō), 2. Pl. biṙni `bring, bear, lead, guide', also `fall, fail, hit ',
ber, beronje `dart, arrow'; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjer etc `fall, lose, destroy', ndzjer `bring out
', zbjer `fall, lose'; also bie in the meaning `fall' (compare φέρομαι etc), wherefore dzborë,
dëborë, vdorë etc `snow' (prefix dz(a)-, dë- and *bhērā actually ` the falling down, falling off
');
[Albanian prefix dz(a)-, dë-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-ástra, dzástra
` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during,
at, in, on' see Root / lemma: ĝhō : behind, towards].
Albanian dz(a)-bora f. ` snow' = Romanian f. ză-padă ` snow'.
o- grade Albanian dz(a)-bora f. ` snow, heap of snow ' : Old Church Slavic sъ-borъ
`congregation, meeting', alb. borica ` sleet ', suffix -ca
ca of Slavic origin.
Breton ober erc'h : Kurdish Kurmanji berf barîn : Romagnolo bofè : Welsh bwrw eira :
Latvian birt : Albanian bie borë ` to fall snow';
iterative alb. *bhoréi̯ō in Tosc mbanj, mbaj, older mba, Geg mba, mbaj `keep, tend, look
after, observe, bear', North East Geg also used from carrying pregnant animals, with
restored r also mbar, bar `bear, drag'; [common alb. b- > mb-] Kaus. *bhōrei̯ō in gr.-alb.
bonj, pass. bonem from mating of the mares and cows, actually `make bear, make
pregnant', and dzbonj (etc) ` chase away, drive out, drive away' (*`make fall away, make
flee');
[Albanian prefix dz(a)-, dë-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-ástra, dzástra
` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during,
at, in, on' see Root / lemma: ĝhō : behind, towards].
alb. mbarë `good, lucky', barrë `load' (*bhornā, compare Gothic barn n. `kid, child'); mberat
`pregnant', bark `belly' etc, bar `grass, herb' (*bhoro- `yield');
bir `son' (*bher-, compare Gothic baur `son'), bijë, gr. cal. bilë `daughter' (with diminutive
suffix -ëlë, -ëjë) : Old English byre `son'; Maybe Kurdish bere òffspring'.
burrë (*baur) `man, husband' (compare to meaning Old High German baro `man,
husband'; alb. basic form *bhornos, reduplication-stem besides Gothic barn); presumably
also mburr `praise', mbur̄em `boast, brag, be proud '.
Latin ferō, ferre `to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a
person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motion.
Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend ' (as gr. φέρω only
present system), Umbrian fertu ` you shall bear ' etc, Volscan ferom ` bear, carry ',
Marrucinian ferenter ` they are carried, they are born ' (compare from compound ad-,
afferō: Gothic atbaíra; efferō: ἐκφέρω, Old Irish as-biur); ferāx `fertile';
Latin ferculum ` a frame, litter, bier, tray; of food, a course or dish ', praefericulum `wide
offering vessel'; *fertor `the bearer ', assumed from fertōrius à sedan which serves for
carrying' and = Umbrian ař-fertur, arsfertur ` the priest of some particular god '; fertilis
`fertile', Paelignian fertlid Abl. Sg.; -fer in compound secondary instead of -for `bearing,
carrying, bringing'; forda f. `pregnant' (do- extension of Adj. *bhoró-s `bearing, carrying', s.
WH. I 527); fūr `thief' (= gr. φώρ, s.o.; to Latin ū s. WH. I 569);
fors Nom. (= Indo Germanic *bhr̥tis), forte Abl. ` chance, luck ' = Paelignian forte Pl.
`chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune ';
fortūna ` chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life;
property, possessions ' (from tu-stem *bhr̥-tu-s).
Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift.
Old Irish 1. Sg. biru, -biur, 3. Sg. berid `bear, carry', as-biur `tell', do-biur `give', cymr.
cymeraf `take' etc; Middle Irish bert m. `bundle, load', f. `feat, dead, act, plan, birth' etc, birit
`sow' = Old Indic bháranti `bearing, carrying';
Old Irish Middle Irish breth and (actually Dat. Akk.) brith, breith (Gen. brithe `carrying,
parturition (verbal noun to biru); birth; judgement' (*bhr̥tā); cymr. bryd `thought, notion'
(rather *bhr̥tu- as *bhr̥ti-, s. Lewis-Pedersen 345), corn. brys `thought, notion', brys `womb';
gall. uergo-bretus Office title, whether for *-britos;
Irish barn `judge', cymr. bret. barn `judgement' (probably *bhornos, compare above alb.
burre; Pedersen KG. I 51 nimmt -r̥̄-, i.e. erǝ, an);
Old Irish brāth, gen. -o `court', cymr. brawd `judgement', corn. bres ds., bret. breut `
address to the jury; summation; summing up; plea ', Pl. breujou ` the assizes of justice,
judgments of a court of law ', gall. Brātu-spantium PN, βρατουδε ` from judgment ' (*bherǝ-
tu-); gall. *com-boros ` the amassed ', out of it Middle High German kumber ` rubble, heap
of rubble ', Modern High German Kummer.
Gothic baíran `bear, carry, bring, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ' (bērusjōs
`parents');
Old Icelandic bera `bear, carry, bear, endure, bring, produce, give birth to children ',
Old English Old High German beran `bear, carry, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ',
Modern High German gebären;
Gothic Old Icelandic Old High German Old Saxon barn, Old English bearn `kid, child';
Gothic barms `breast', Swedish dan. barm `breast, lap', Old Icelandic baðmr `bosom', Old
High German Old Saxon barm `lap', Old English bearm ds. (= gr. φορμός? s. S. 137); Old
High German baro `man, husband';
Swedish Dialectal bjäre (*ƀeron-), bare (*ƀaron-) `( carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical
creature '; Old Icelandic Pl. barar, barir, bǫrur `barrow, bier', Old English bearwe, engl.
barrow, East Frisian barwe, Dutch berrie `barrow, bier';
lengthened grade Old High German -bāri, Modern High German -bar (e.g. fruchtbar =
bearing fruit, bearing, carrying), Old English bǣre (wæstmǣre `fertile'), Old Icelandic bǣrr
` capable for carrying, bearable';
Old High German Old Saxon bāra, Old English bǣr f. `barrow, bier' (also Old Icelandic
bāra, Middle English Middle Low German bāre `wave'? perhaps here as ` the lifting one ',
compare below the group from Old High German burian `soar, rise');
zero grade Gothic baúr ` the born ', Old Icelandic burr, Old English byre `son'; Gothic
gabaúr n. `money collected from people, (φόρος), tax', gabaúr m. `feast, festival ' (to
gabaíran ` collect, gather '), Middle High German urbor, urbar f. n. ` interest of a property ',
m. ` tax-payer'; Old High German bor f. ` upper space, height ', Old High German in bor(e)
àt the height, upwards ', Middle High German enbor(e), Modern High German empor, Old
High German burian, Middle High German bürn `raise, uplift'; here obd. borzen òverhang'
= Old English borettan `swing' (Germanic*-ati̯an), in addition Modern High German Bürzel
under purzeln; Old High German giburian, Middle High German gebürn ` occur, happen,
close juridically, to be due', Old Saxon giburian, Old English gebyrian, Old Icelandic byrja `
be proper, befit, be suitable', Old Icelandic byrja also `begin', actually * `lift, raise';
Maybe alb. buron `begins, springs, originates', burim ` spring'.
Old English byre, gebyre m. ` favorable occasion, opportunity ', Gothic gabaúrjaba adv.
`willing, fain, yearning ', gabaúrjōÞus ` lust, desire '; from the concept of àroused, lifted,
high' arose from the strengthening mode of Old High German bora-, e.g. in bora-tall `very
tall, very high', next to which o-grade Old Saxon bar- in barwirdig `very solemn, honorable,
noble'; presumably also Old Icelandic byrr m., Old English byre `favorable wind', Middle
Low German bore-los `without wind ' as `(the ship) bearing, carrying'.
Gothic gabaúrÞs f. `birth, parentage, ancestry, gender, sex', Old Icelandic burðr m. `
carrying, parturition, birth', byrð f. `birth', Old English gebyrd f., Old High German giburt,
Old Saxon giburd `birth', also `fate, destiny' (=Old Indic bhr̥tí-ḥ, Latin fors); Gothic baurÞei
`burden, load', Old High German burdī f. `burden', *bhr̥ti̯ōn-: -tīn; Old Icelandic byrdr, Old
English byrÞen, byrden ds.
Old Church Slavic (*bherdieh2) berǫ, bьrati (bъrati) `gather, collect, take', Serbo-Croatian
bȅrēm brȁti ds., russ. berú bratь ds. etc (Slavic *bъrati derived from an older *bъrti after
the preterite stem Balto Slavic *birā-), Old Church Slavic brěmę `load, burden', Serbo-
Croatian brȅme, russ. Dialectal berémja, ač. břiemě (*bherǝ-men-), Old Church Slavic sъ-
borъ `congregation, meeting'; Church Slavic brěždа `pregnant', russ. berëžaja `pregnant
(of the mare)', Serbo-Croatian brȅda ds. from cows (*bherǝ-di̯ā), in forms similarly Latin
forda; Old Church Slavic brašьno `dish, nourishment, food' see below bhares- `barley'.
Lithuanian bérnas ` youngling; farm laborer', Old Lithuanian `kid, child', Latvian bę̄̀rns
`kid, child'; probably Latvian bars `heap, bulk, mass'.
Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive Lithuanian beriù,
bėriaũ, ber̃ti `strew, distribute' (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), Latvian
beṙu, bèrt ds., in ablaut intransitive Lithuanian byrù, biraũ, bìrti `strew, distribute, fall out',
Latvian bir̃stu, biru, bir̃t `fall out, fall off, drop ', etc.
Tocharian А В pär- `bear, carry, bring, get, fetch', perhaps also in A kos-preṃ `how
much?' ku-pre ìf', täpreṃ ìf', tāpär(k) `yet', whether to gr. ὄ-φρα ... τό-φρα ` as long as '
(see129).
About Hittite bar-aḫ-zi `hunts, scuds, chases' s. Pedersen Hittite 185.
Specht will restore here also (Dekl. 148), with i- and u-forms, Old English bri-d, bird
`young bird', Germanic brū-tis `wife, woman, bride', Old Indic bhrūṇá- èmbryo', Latvian
braũna, čеch. brnka (*bhru-nka) ` placenta, afterbirth '. S. but under bh(e)reu- `gush, well
up, soak '.
References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann
Stud. Bait. 3, 65 f.
Page(s): 128-132
Root / lemma: bher-

er-2
Meaning: to boil, swell; to get high
erǝ- : bhr̥̄-, bh(e)rēi-
Note: often with m- forms; also as heavy basis bherǝ (e)rēi-, bh(e)rī̆ī̆ī̆-. compare
bher-
er-6.
Material: Old Indic bhuráti (*bhr̥̄-é-ti) ` moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders', Intens.
jár-bhurīti ds.; also: ` flickers, from fire'; bhuraṇyáti `shrugs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent
movement, stirs, stirs up' with m-forms Old Indic bhramati, bhrāmyati ` wanders around,
turns round ',
bhramá-ḥ ` whirling flame, whirlpool', bhr̥m
́ i-ḥ `movable, nimble; whirlwind' (see below Old
Icelandic brimi etc); bhū́rṇi-ḥ `violent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager', might be based as
*bhr̥̄ni- likewise on the heavy basis;
here probably Avestan avabaraiti `streams from', uzbarǝnte `they stream forth (?)',
barǝnti ayąn ` during one day, where it squalls, storms'.
From gr. πορφύ̄ρω (*πορφυρι̯(ω) ` boils up, surge up, be in restless stir ' (: Old Indic
járbhurīti); presumably also φύ̄ρω `mix up, mix' (if originally from bubbling up from cooking;
basic form *bhori̯ō with u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel),
wherefore φύρδην ` chaos, in a mess ', φυρμός `perplexity', φυράω `mix, mingle, stir
chaos, knead, bewilder'.
About Ligurian and Venetic names see below.
Alb. burmë ` fully ripe ' (*fully cooked) from *bhormo-.
Maybe alb. burim `spring, bubbling up', buronj `to spring, bubble'
From Latin probably fretum -i `n. a strait, sound, estuary, firth, channel; the sea in gen.,
usually plur.; fig., disturbance, turmoil', fretus, -ūs m. à strait; an interval, difference
(surging of the sea, esp. strait, stream, foaming, heat)', fretāle ` frying pan ';
fermentum ` leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion, ' (: Old
English beorma, engl. barm, Low German barme, from which Modern High German Burme
` brewer's yeast '); also fervēre S. 144;
Old Irish topur, nir. tobar `wellspring' (*to-uks-boro-), Middle Irish commar = cymr.
cymmer `confluence' (*kom-bero-); Ligurian FlN Comberanea; Middle Irish fobar
`wellspring, subterranean stream, brook' = cymr. gofer `stream, brook', bret. gouver ds.
(*u[p]o-bero-), cymr. beru `drip, trickle', Middle Breton beraff `flow', gall. FlN Voberā,
French Woevre, Voivre etc; with m-forms Celto-Ligurian aquae Bormiae, GN Bormō, hisp.
PN Bormāte, FlN Borma, dak. PN Βόρμανον, Venetic FlN Formiō (but gall. GN Borvō
belongs to bhereu- `boil'). Über Middle Irish brēo `flame' see below.
Old English beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *bh(e)rē-
(e)rē- : bh(e)rō-
(e)rō-: Old High
German brādam m. `breath, breeze, heat', Middle High German brādem `haze, mist',
Modern High German Brodem, Old English brǣð `haze, mist, breath, breeze, blow' (engl.
breath), Old Icelandicbrāðr `stormy, hot tempered, hasty', brāð ` tarred wood, creosoted ',
brāðna `melt', intrans., Old High German brātan, Old English brǣdan `fry'; ablaut. Middle
Low German bröien `singe, brood', Middle High German brüejen, brüen, Modern High
German brühen, Old English brōd f., engl. brood `brood, breed, breeding'; Middle High
German bruot f. `heat, Brut', Old High German bruoten `brood'; unknown origin are Old
High German brāto m. ` soft eatable meat ' (Braten previously are reinterpreted Middle
High German time to ` roasted meat '), Modern High German Wildpret, Old Norse brādo
`calf', late Latin borrows brādo `ham', Old English brǣde m., Old Icelandic brāð `raw meat'.
Beside the very productive root form bhereu-

ereu- (see there) has to be recognized probably
also bh(e)rē̆i-, bh(e)rī̆ī̆ī̆- . These are based on Old Indic jar-bhurī-ti, gr. *φυρι̯-ω, *πορφυρι̯-ω
(see above);
with m-formant presumably gr. φριμάω, φριμάσσομαι `makes me anxious, spring, snort'
common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;
Old Icelandic brimi `fire'; Middle English brim `blaze, glow', probably also Old Icelandic
brim n. `surf, surge, breakers', Old English brim n. `sea'; in brühen, Brodem, braten
present meaning colouring turns again in Norwegian prim à kind of cheese prepared from
sour wheys under strong cooking ' (also Modern High German Brimsenkäse), Dialectal
also brīm `ds.; also crust, sediment of boiled down liquid ' (Modern High German Bavarian
Brimsen, Brinzen ` what settles with the mush browned in the frying pan '); besides with
formant -u̯o- very probably Old High German brīo, Middle High German brī(e), Old English
brīw `porridge, mash' (as `*south, hot; cooked'), briwan `cook'; moreover also Middle Irish
brēo `flame' (*bhri-u̯o-).
An s-extension perhaps in Old Indic bhrḗṣati `wavers, staggers, sways ', Norwegian
Dialectal brīsa `blaze, flare, shine, show off; set on fire', brīs `fire, flame', brisk àgile, lively,
alert, awake, smart'.
Maybe alb. brisk `sharp, smart, keen; knife'
References: WP. II 157 f., WH. I 482 f., 546, 865.

See also: compare the related root forms bhereg- `cook', bhereu- `boil', bhreus- `to swell',
bhrīg-, bhrūg- `cook, fry'
Page(s): 132-133
Root / lemma: bher-

er-3
Meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.
Material: Old Indic (gramm.) bhr̥nāti (?) ìnjures, hurts, disables' = npers. burrad `cuts,
slices'; Avestan tiži-bāra- `with with sharp edge ' (= Armenian bir, compare also alb.
boríg(ë); perhaps here Old Indic bhárvati `chews, consumes' (Avestan baoirya- `what must
be chewed', baourva- `chewing') from *bharati is transfigured through influence of Old Indic
cárvati `chews up'.
Armenian beran `mouth' (originally `cleft, fissure, orifice '), -bir- ` digging up ' in getna-,
erkra-, hoɫa-bir ` digging up the ground, ransacking ' (*bhēro-), in addition brem (*birem) `
digs out, hollows out, drills out ', br-ič̣ `hack, mattock, hoe'; bah, Gen. -i `spade' (*bhr̥-ti-,
perhaps *bhorti- = russ. bortь), bor, Gen. -oy `scurf'.
Gr. *φάρω `split, cut up, divide' (φάρσαιv σχίσαι EM), φαρόω `plow' = Old High German
borōn), φάρος n. `plough, plow (?)', m. = φάρυγξ (*bheros), ἄφαρος ` plowed up ', φάραγξ `
cliff with gaps, gorge, ravine, gulch' (in addition rom. barranca `gorge, ravine, gulch', M.-L.
693a), jon. φάρσος n. ` ragged piece, deal, portion'; here perhaps φάσκος m. `moss villus'
as *φαρσ-κος. A k-extension in φαρκίς `wrinkle', φορκός `wrinkly' Hes.
Perhaps here (IJ. 13, 157 n. 100) mak. βίρροξ δασύ (compare βιρρωθῆναι ταπεινωθῆναι
Hes.), basic meaning `wool villus ', gr. Lesbian Thessalian βερρόν δασύ, Doric βειρόν ds.,
βερβέριον ` shabby dress ', Latin burra f. ` straggly garment ', respectively `wool', reburrus
` wool with bristling hair '.
Alb. bie (2. pl. birni, Imp. bierɛ) ` knocks, hits, plays an instrument; whether (hit there) '.
Alb. brimë `hole' (*bhr̥-mā), birë ds. (*bherā), Geg brêj, Tosc brënj ` gnaw, argue '; britmë
`September and October' (if actually `harvest, autumn', due to *bhr̥-ti- ` the reaping '); bresë
`bitter root, chicory' (`bitter' = ìncisive'; -së from -ti̯ā, boríg(ë)) `splinter, chip' (*bhēr- m.
form. -igë).
Maybe alb. mbresë `print, shock' [common alb. b- > mb- shift]
Latin feriō, -īre ` to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat
' (see also WH. 1481 to ferentārius ` a light-armed soldier, skirmisher '). About forma `
form, figure ' s. WH. I 530 f.
forō, -āre ` to bore, pierce ' (meaning as Old High German borōn, but in ablaut different;
denominative of *bhorā ` the drilling '), forāmen ` hole, opening, aperture '; forus, -ī ` the
gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive '; but
forum (Old Latin also forus) ` an open square, marketplace ' not as ` space surrounded by
planks ' here (Umbrian furo, furu `forum'); see below dhu̯er-
er-.
er
Middle Irish bern, berna f. `cleft, gap, slit', bernach `cleft';
probably also Middle Irish bairenn `cliff piece ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (in
addition bairnech ` mussel plate '); Old Irish barae, Middle Irish bara (Dat. barainn) `rage,
fury', bairnech àngry, irate', cymr. bar, baran `rage, fury'.
Old Icelandic berja (preterit barða) `hit, bump, poke', berjask `fight', bardage `battle', Old
High German berjan, Middle High German berjen, bern `hit, knock, knead', Old English
bered ` low-spirited' (Germanic*ƀarjan = Slavic borjǫ), Old Frisian ber àttack'; Middle High
German bā̆r f. `balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed land' (: Latin forus, -um), engl. bar
`bar, gate, barrier', Old Icelandic berlings-āss `balk, beam'; Germanic is probably (different
Wartburg I 260) also Middle High German barre `balk, beam, bar, bolt' and rom. family of
French barre, barrière etc (-rr- from -rz-);
*ƀaru-ha, -ga- `castrated pig' (perhaps with Slavic *borv-ъ based on *bhoru-s `castrated
animal' and ending in -ha-: -ga- after *farha- ` pork, pig ' extended) in: Old High German
barug, barh, Modern High German Barg, Barch (Borg, Borch);
Maybe alb. bariu `shepherd, herdsman (of pigs?)' phonetically equal to Latvian baṙu, bãru,
bãrt `scold, chide' (see below) or maybe a truncated gr. βώτωρ `herdsman, shepherd'.
Old English bearg, bearh, engl. barrow, Old Icelandic -bǫrgr à castrated boar' (in addition
also Old Icelandic val-bassi `wild boar' as *barh-s-an? s. Falk-Тоrp under basse N.); Old
High German Old Saxon borōn, Old English borian, Old Icelandic bora, -aða `bore' (see
above); Old High German bora `borer', Old English bor, byres ds.; Old Icelandic bora `hole'
(auga-, eyra-bora).
Lithuanian bãras, Latvian bars ` grain swath, strip of cut grain '; Lithuanian barù (and
bariù), bárti `scold, chide, vilify', refl. ` be quarrelsome', Latvian baṙu, bãru, bãrt `scold,
chide' (== Slavic borjǫ);
Maybe alb. (*bárti) bërtas `scold, yell, scream', mbaroj, èxtinguish, finish, end, make
ashamed', alb. Geg (*bar-) mbare , marre `shame, sth to be scolded', [common alb. b- >
mb- shift] : Latvian: bãrti `scold, blame' [verb]; bãrtiês `quarrel' [verb].
Lithuanian barnìs (Akk. bar̃nį) `quarrel' (=Old Church Slavic branь); Lithuanian burnà
`mouth' = Bulgarian bъ́rna `lip' (basic form *bhornā, compare above Irish bern and to
meaning Armenian beran).
Here with Baltic forms ž: Latvian ber̂zt `rub, scour, rub, clean', intrans. birzt ` crumb,
spall, crumble ', bìrze ` sowing furrow ', Lithuanian biržìs f. ` field furrow '.
With of a basic meaning `notch': Lithuanian bùrtai Pl. `lot, fate, charm, spell' = Latvian
burts `mark, token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter', Lithuanian bùrti `conjure, perform
magic', Latvian bur̃t `conjure, perform magic', bur̃tains ` perform wood-carving notch '; gr.
φάρμακον `remedy, magical cure, magic potion; philtre ' (probably not Indo Germanic) has
nothing to do with it.
Old Church Slavic borjǫ, brati `fight' (frequent reflexive), russ. borjú, borótь `subjugate,
prostrate', refl. `fight', poln. dial. bróć się `wrestle, struggle'; Old Church Slavic branь `fight,
struggle', Old Russian boronь `fight, struggle', russ. bóronь `forbid', Czech braň `weapon,
armament, armor' , russ. za-bór `fence, plank fence ';
maybe alb. (*broń) mbronj `defend', mburojë `shield, armour' : poln. brońić `defend'
[common alb. b- > mb- shift] Slavic loanword.
(as Latin forus on the concept `board' rejecting: compare russ. alt. zaborolo `wooden town
wall, scaffold, trestle', Czech zábradlo `handrail, parapet' ); russ. boroná `harrow', and with
Slavic -zda-forms Slavic *borzda in Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozdá `furrow';
maybe alb. brazda `furrow' a Slavic loanword.
russ. bórov ` hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull ', Serbo-Croatian brâv `
sheep, cattle ', Dialectal `castrated pig', slovak. brav `castrated pig', poln. Dialectal browek
` fattened boar, porker ' (see above Germanic *ƀaruha-); *bъrtъ `drilling, cavity' (*bhorti-) in
russ. bortь ` the hollow of the tree in what bees have nested ' etc.
References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, Mühlenbach-
Endzelin 354.
See also: compare the related root forms bheredh-, bhrēi- (bhrēig-, -k-, see there also about
bherĝ-), bhreu-, bhreu-q-, -k̂- `cut, clip', bhreus- `break, rupture', bherug- `gullet'.
Page(s): 133-135
Root / lemma: bher-

er-4
Meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words
Root / lemma: bher-
er-4 : to roar, buzz, derived from a truncated Root / lemma: baxmb-
mb-
(ba mbal : a k. of noise.
baxmbal):
Note: An extension at most in *bherem- `drone, grumble' and treated onomatopoeic words
under bherg- `drone, grumble'.
Material: Armenian boṙ, -oy `bumblebee, hornet' [from truncated klr. bombàr `cockchafer'],
to redupl. Old Indic bambhara-ḥ (unbel.) `bee', bambharāliḥ (unbel.) `fly', bambhā-rava-ḥ `
the bellow of the cows';
gr. πεμφρηδών `kind of wasp' (formation as ἀνθρηδών, τενθρηδών); similarly also Serbo-
Croatian bȕmbar `bumblebee', klr. bombàr `cockchafer'.
Maybe alb. (*bȕmbar) bumballa `bumblebee' a Slavic loanword.
Here at least partly (with fractured reduplication) also the Balto Slavic group from
Lithuanian barbė́ti `clang, clink', birbiù, -iaũ, bir̃bti `buzz', burbiù, burbė́ti `drone, grumble,
bubble, seethe' ;
Maybe Lithuanian (*boburužė) boružė : Romanian buburuză : alb. burbuqe `ladybug'.
klr. borborósy Pl. ` sullen talk ', Serbo-Croatian br̀blati `chat' , in which indeed the meaning
` talk indistinctly, stammer ' would go back to the group of Old Indic barbarāḥ etc (see
*baba).
References: WP. II 161 f., Trautmann 39 f.

Page(s): 135-136
Root / lemma: bher-

er-5
Meaning: shining; brown
Note: extensions of bher- `shine, appear, seem', bhereĝ-, bherek̂- `shine'.
Material: Old Indic bhalla-ḥ, bhallaka-ḥ bhallū̆ka-ḥ `bear' (-ll- from -rl-); Old High German
bero, Old English bera `bear' (*bheron-), Old Icelandic biǫrn ds. (*bhernu-, whose u as like
ū̆ from Old Indic bhallū̆ka-ḥ might have derived from the stem *bheru-) = Old English beorn
`warrior, chieftain';
Old Icelandic bersi `bear' (s as in Fuchs : Gothic fauhō Luchs ` lynx ': Swedish lo); ablaut.
Lithuanian bė́ras, Latvian bę̃rs `brown (from horses)';
Belarusian рысь (ryś), Russian рысь (rys'), Ukrainian рись (ris'), Bulgarian рис (ris),
Macedonian рис (ris), Serbian рис (ris), Croatian ris, Slovenian ris, Sorbian (lower) rys,
Sorbian (upper) rys, Czech rys, Polish ryś, Slovak rys, Albanian rrëqebull (ras ` lynx ') +
buall ` bull ', Romanian râs ` lynx '
Slavic cognates derived from Illyrian Romanian râs ` lynx ' < Lithuanian bė́ras `brown'.
gr. φάρη νεφέλαι Hes.? (*φαρε[σ]a or *φάρεFα? If finally exactly to:) φαρύνει λαμπρύνει
Hes., φρύ̄νη, φρῦνος `toad, frog' (* ` the brown one ' = Old High German brūn); if φάρη as
` blanket of clouds ' to 7. bher-?
nep. bhuro `brown' (*bhrūro-); Old High German Middle High German brūn `gleaming,
brown', Old English brūn, Old Icelandic brūnn ds.; (under the influence of common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), russ. Dialectal bryně́tъ `white, gray shimmer', changing through ablaut
bruně́tъ ds. (*bhrou-no-?) and (from *bhr-ono-, -eno-) russ.-Church Slavic bronъ `white;
varicolored (from horses)', russ. bronь (and Dialectal brynь), klr. breńíty `become dun (of a
dull or dingy brown colour, dull greyish-brown), ripen', Old Church Slavic brьnije (brenije)
òrdure, excrement ', slov. br̂n `river mud ';
Old Indic babhrú-ḥ ` reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind ', Avestan bawra-, bawri-
`beaver'; Latin fiber, fibrī `beaver' (also feber s. WH. I 491; probably i has changed for e, as
also) Celtic (only in names): *bibros, *bibrus in gall. PN and FlN Bibracte, abrit. VN Bibroci,
Middle Irish VN Bibraige (*bibru-rīgion), PN Bibar (*Bibrus) besides *bebros in gall. FlN
*Bebrā, French Bièvre; Bebronnā, French Beuvronne, Brevenne etc; (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German bibar, Old English beofor (oldest
bebr), Middle Low German bever, Old Icelandic biōrr ds. (Proto German *ƀeƀru-); compare
also Modern High German FlN Bever, old Biverna;
Lithuanian bẽbras, bãbras, bẽbrus ds. (dissimil. debrùs ), Old Prussian bebrus ds.;
about Lithuanian bruĩšis etc ` roach (Latin Leuciscus rutilus) ', Old Prussian brun-se ds. s.
Specht Dekl. 120;
Slavic *bebrъ in poln. FlN Biebrza, russ. etc bobr (zur o-reduplication s. Berneker 47;
besides perhaps *bъbrъ in Serbo-Croatian dȁbar `beaver' and Old Russian bebrjanъ `
from beaver fur '). compare noch Latin fibrīnus ` of the beaver, beaver ', Volscan Fibrēnus
brook name, Avestan bawraini- ` of the beaver '; Old High German bibarīn, gall. bebrinus
(Schol. Iuv.), Lithuanian bẽbrinis ds.;
Tocharian B perne, A parno `luminous', therefrom B perne, A paräṃ ` majesty, grandeur

'.
References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f., Van Windekens Lexique 93.
See also: compare further bhel-1 with similar meaning.
Page(s): 136-137
Root / lemma: bher-

er-6
Meaning: to roast, cook
Note: with g-extensions, before partly i-, u- vowels; it derived from bher-2 ` move violently,
surge, boil, cook'.
ereg-̂ :
Material: 1. forms without -i- or -u-: bhereĝ
Old Indic bhurájanta `cooking' (*bhereg-); bhr̥jjáti `roasts', bhr̥ṣ̌ṭa-ḥ `roasted', bhrā̆ṣ̌ṭra-ḥ
`frying pan', bharj(j)ayati `roasts, brät', bharjana-ḥ `roasting',
Middle Persian barštan ds.; presumably is *bhraž- (*bhoraž- in bhurájanta), *bharž- Aryan
root form and Indic -jj only in present *bhr̥ĝ-skō, from which derived *bhr̥(ĝ)sĝō, as gr.
μίσγω from *μιγ-σκω.
Latin fertum ` a kind of sacrificial cake ', Old Latin ferctum (firctum, s. Ernout Él. dial.
Latin 165), participle *fergō `bake', Oscan fertalis ` the ceremonies where sacrificial cakes
were needed '.
Note:
common Latin ph- > f- shift.
Maybe alb. (**fergō) fërgonj `bake'; also truncated alb. (*fertalis) fli `sacrifice'.
Lithuanian bìrgelas `basic, simple beer', Latvian bir̂ga `haze, mist, fume, smoke, coal
smoke ', Old Prussian aubirgo ` cookshop ', birgakarkis ` a big soup ladle ' (with Venetic-
Illyrian g).
2. forms with i, ei:
Npers. biriš-tan `fry', barēzan òven', Baluchi brējag, brijag `fry', npers. biryān (*briĝāna-)
`roasted', pam. (shifted) wirzam `roast' (Iran. *briǰ-, *braij-).
Latin frīgō, -ere `roast, dehydrate, desiccate', Umbrian frehtu `cooked, boiled'.
rūĝ-:
3. forms with ū: bhrūĝ
gr. φρύ̄γω `roast, dry', φρῡκτός `roasted; fire brand', φρύ̄γανον `dry wood', φρύ̄γετρον
` vessel for roasting barley '.
It is extraordinary that in the onomatopoeic words of gr. φρυγίλος à bird', Latin frigō `(*
roast, parch) squeak', poln. bargiel `mountain titmouse', russ. berglézъ `goldfinch' the
distribution of the forms with u, with i, and without either, is the same like in the words for
cook.
References: WP. II 165 f., WH. I 486 f., 548 f.

Page(s): 137
Root / lemma: bher-

er-7
Meaning: to weave
Material: Hom. φᾶρος = Attic φάρος n. (*φαρFος) `kerchief, cloth, canvas, fabric, velum,
cover'; φάραι (?) ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν Hes.; φορμός ` pannier, mat';
Lithuanian burva à kind of garment', Latvian burves Pl. `small sail' (-u̯- suffix as in gr.
*φαρFος), Latvian buras ds., Lithuanian bùrė `sail'. S. to vocalism Walde Streitberg-
Festschrift 176.
References: WP. II 164, Specht Dekl. 182.

Page(s): 137-138
Root / lemma: bhes-

es-1
Meaning: to smear, spread
Material: Old Indic bábhasti `chews up', 3. Pl. bápsati; bhásma- n. àsh' resulted through
verbal extensions of psā(i)-
psā(i)-, psō/i/-
psō/i/-, psǝ(i) psī- in Old Indic psāti `consumes', gr. ψάω,
ǝ(i)-, psī-
psǝ(i)-
ψάιω `rub', ψαίρω ds., ψαύω `touch', ψηνός ` baldheaded ', ψῆφος f., Doric ψᾶφος
`pebble', ψήχω `rub off', ψώχω `grind, pulverize';
Ψόλος, φέψαλος `soot, smoke'; ψάμμος f. `sand, beach, seaside' from *ψάφμος,
compare ψαφαρός `frail, breakable' (*bhsǝ-bh-) and Latin sabulum ` coarse sand, gravel '
(*bhsǝ-bhlo-?);
with already Indo Germanic sporadic alteration of anlaut. bhs- to s-: gr. ἄμαθος `sand' (=
Middle High German samt); through various contaminations ἄμμος and ψάμαθος ds., in
addition ψῑλός `naked, bald, bleak, bare', ψιάς `drop' etc;
alb. fšiṅ, pšiṅ, mëšiṅ `sweep, thresh';
Maybe alb. fšeh, pšef, mšef `cover, hide, sweep away' [common alb. p- > mp- > m-].
Latin sabulum `sand' (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares Armenian awaz ds.;
Middle High German samt (*samatho-) besides Old High German sant `sand'
(*samtho-, Germanic sanda-, out of it Finnish santa);
Tocharian A päs- `diffuse, sprinkle' (?).
References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge11 s. v. Sand, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 328 f.,
676; Specht Dekl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91.
Page(s): 145-146
Root / lemma: bhes-
es-2
Meaning: to blow
Note: probably onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic bábhasti `blows', bhástrā f. `bellows, hose', bhasát f. `rump', bháṁsas
n. àbdominal part';
gr. ψύ̄-χω `blow' (to suffix s. Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. 3, 256), ψῡχή `breath, breeze, soul'.
Here probably ψύ̄-χω `cools off' (originally through blast), ψῦχος `coldness', ψῡχρόs
`cold' etc in spite of Benveniste BSL. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329
onomatopoeic, as also ψίθυρος `lisping'.
References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck Old Indic W. 186, 198.
Page(s): 146
Root / lemma: bheud

eu h-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- (*bheudh-; bhoundh-)
Meaning: to be awake, aware
Material: Themat. present in Old Indic bṓdhati, bṓdhate ` awakened, awakens, is awake,
notices, becomes aware, observes, heeds ', Avestan baoδaiti ` perceives ', with paitī- `
whereupon direct one's attention ' (= gr. πεύθομαι, Germanic *biuðan, Old Bulgarian
bljudǫ); Aor. Old Indic bhudánta (= ἐπύθοντο), Perf. bubṓdha, bubudhimá (: Germanic
*bauð, *buðum), participle buddhá- àwakened, wise; recognized ' (== gr. ἀ-πυστος
ìgnorant; unfamiliar');
maybe alb. (*bubudhimá) bubullimë `thunder (*hear?)' [common alb. : Latin dh > ll shift].
Old Indic buddhí- f. ùnderstanding, mind, opinion, intention ' (= Avestan paiti-busti- f.
`noticing', gr. πύστις ìnvestigating, questions; knowledge, tidings '); causative in Old Indic
bōdháyati ` awakens; teaches, informs ', Avestan baoδayeiti ` perceives, feels' (= Old
Bulgarian buždǫ, buditi, Lithuanian pasibaudyti); of state verb in Old Indic budhyátē `
awakes, becomes aware; recognizes ', Avestan buiδyeiti `becomes aware', frabuidyamnō
àwakening'; Old Indic boddhár- m. ` connoisseur, expert ' ( : gr. πευστήρ-ιος ` questioning
'); Avestan baoδah- n. ` awareness, perceptivity ', Adj. ` perceiving ' (: hom. ἀ-πευθής `
unexplored, unacquainted; ignorant'); Avestan zaēni-buδra- ` watching keenly ' (:Old
Bulgarian bъdrъ, Lithuanian budrùs); Avestan baoiδi- ` fragrancy ' (= Old Indic bṓdhi- `
plenary cognition ');
gr. πεύθομαι and πυνθάνομαι (: Lithuanian bundù, Old Irish ad-bond-) ` to learn; to find
out, perceive, watch' (πεύσομαι, ἐπυθόμην, πέπυσμαι), πευθώ `knowledge, tidings ';
πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question';
maybe alb. (*peus) pyes àsk questions', pyetje `question' : gr. πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question'.
Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati èxamine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian:
Proto-
pytát' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' àsk' [verb], Polish: pytać àsk' [verb],
Serbo-Croatian: pítati àsk' [verb], Slovene: pítati àsk' [verb], Other cognates: Latin putāre
Serbo-Croatian:
`cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb].
Note:
From Root / lemma: bheud

eu h-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : `to be awake, aware' derived Root / lemma:
peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆- : `to clean, sift' , Root / lemma: peu-
peu- peu-2 : `to research, to understand' (see
below).
cymr. bodd (*bhudhā) ` free will, approval ', corn. both `volition' (: Old Icelandic boð), Old
Irish buide ` contentedness, gratitude '; here also Old Irish ad-bond- ` announce,
promulgate ', uss-bond- ` call off, cancel, refuse ' (e.g. verbal noun obbad); zero grade Old
Irish robud ` admonishment ', cymr. rhybudd `warning', rhybuddio `warn' (: russ. probudítь
` awaken ');
Gothic anabiudan òrder, dispose', faúrbiudan `forbid', Old Icelandic bjōða òffer, bid,
give recognition', Old English bēodan, Old Saxon biodan, Old High German biotan òffer,
bid, proffer ', Modern High German bieten `gebieten, verbieten, Gebiet actually ` (area of)
command '; Old Icelandic boð n., Old English gebod n., Middle High German bot n.
`commandment', Old High German etc boto `summoner', Old High German butil (Modern
High German Büttel), Old English bydel `summoner, court servant'; Gothic biuÞs, -dis
`table, desk'; Old Icelandic bjōðr, Old English bēod, Old High German beot, piot `table,
desk; dish ', actually ` which is offered on tray ' (in addition also Old High German biutta,
Modern High German Beute ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive ').
With ū (compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 96): Gothic anabūsns f. ` commandment ' (*-
bhudh-sni-), Old Saxon ambūsan f. ds., Old English bȳsen f. ` model, example', Old
Icelandic bȳsn n. `wonder, miracle' (from `*warning'), bȳsna ` foretoken, warn';
Lithuanian bundù, bùsti `wake up, arouse' and (without nasal infix) budù, budė́ti `watch',
bùdinu, -inti `waken, arouse, revive', budrùs `watchful, wakeful'; causative baudžiù, baũsti
`punish, curse, chastise, castigate '; refl. ìntend, mean, aim' (*bhoudh-i̯ō), baũdžiava
`socage, compulsory labour ',
Lithuanian bauslỹs `command, order', Latvian baũslis ` command ', Latvian bauma, baũme
`rumor, defamation ' (*bhoudh-m-), Lithuanian pasibaudyti ` rise, stand up, sally ', baudìnti `
to cheer up, liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awaken one's lust ', Old Prussian
etbaudints ` to raise from the dead, reawaken '.
Themat. present in Old Bulgarian bljudǫ, bljusti ` look after; protect, beware, look out',
russ. bljudú, bljustí òbserve, notice' (about Slavic -ju from Indo Germanic eu s. Meillet
Slave commun2 58).
causative in Old Bulgarian buždǫ, buditi `waken, arouse, revive', russ. bužú, budítь ds.
(etc; also in russ. búdenь `workday', probably actually ` working day ' or `day for corvée ');
stative verb with ē-suffix in Old Bulgarian bъždǫ, bъděti `watch', perfective (with ne-/no-
suffix as in gr. πυνθ-άνο-μαι, wo -ανο- from -n̥no-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 700) vъz-bъnǫ
àwake' (*bhud-no-, shaped from Aor. of type gr. ἐπύθετο, etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;
Maybe truncated alb. (*zbudzić) zgjoj àwaken' : Old Church Slavic: ubuditi àwaken'
[verb]; vъzbuditi àwaken' [verb]; phonetically equal alb. -gj- : poln. -dzi- sounds budzić
àwaken, arouse' [verb], perf. zbudzić àwaken, arouse'.
also about Serbo-Croatian bȁdnjī dân ` Christmas Eve ', bȁdnjāk `wooden log which one
lays in the in the fire of Christmas Eve' etc), Old Bulgarian sъ-na-bъděti `φυλάττειν'; Old
Bulgarian bъdrъ `πρόθυμος; willing, ready', bъždrь ds., russ. bódryj àlert, awake, smart,
strong, fresh', Serbo-Croatian bàdar àgile, lively'.
Tocharian В paut-, A pot `honour'? (Van Windekens Lexique 87).
References: WP. II 147 f., Feist 41, 97, Meillet Slave commun2 202 f.
Page(s): 150-152
Root / lemma: bheug-

eug-1
Meaning: to flee, *be frightened
Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to bheug(h)-2 (Avestan baog- in the intransitive
meaning ` escape ')
Material: Gr. φεύγω (Aor. ἔφυγον, Perf. πέφευγα) `flee', φυγή f. (= Latin fuga) èscape, a
fleeing, flight, running away ', hom. φύζα (*φυγι̯α) ds., Akk. φύγα-δε ` to flight, to flee ' of
consonant-stem *φυγ-;
perhaps in Venetic PN Φεύγαρον (Westdeutschl.) `refuge, escape castle ';
Latin fugiō, fūgī, -ere ` to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to
flee from, run away from, avoid; with infin., 'fuge quaerere', do not seek; of things, to
escape the notice of a person', fuga f. ` flight, running away; esp. flight from one's country,
exile, banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.)';
maybe alb. fugonj `run'
Lithuanian bū́gstu, bū́gau, bū́gti intr. `be frightened', kaus. baugìnti `jemd. get a fright ',
baugùs `timorous'.
References: WP. II 144, 146, WH. I 556 f., Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.
Page(s): 152

eug-2, bheugh-
eugh-
Meaning: to clear away, free
Material: Avestan baog-, bunja- `loosen, escape, they escape before' (bunjainti `release,
Material:
escape', būjayamnō `discarding', bunjayāt̃ `he escapes'), būjim Akk. ` cleaning, purification
', ązō-buj- ` from need of releasing ', baoxtar- `liberator';
Maybe alb. (*bhujissa) bujis, bujisa aor. `bloom', bujë `fuss' : pāli bhujissa- `released, free'
Pahlavi paz. bōxtan èscape, release', South Baluchi bōjag ` unbolt, loosen, unbind', as
pers. loanword Armenian bužem `heal, save, relieve ', boiž `healing, deliverance '; pāli
paribhuñjati `purifies, cleans, sweeps from'; but pāli bhujissa- `released (from previously
slave)' = Old Indic bhujiṣyà- `free, independent' (Lex., in the Lithuanian as ` exploitable ',
Subst. ` maid; maidservant, servant'), to bheug-4.
Illyrian PN Buctor, Venetic Fuctor (: Avestan baoxtar-), Fugonia, vhuχia, vhou-χontios,

etc
Note:
Note
Here Illyrian Buctor : Venetic Fuctor : Avestan baoxtar- `liberator' proves that Avestan a
satem language can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same Illyrian - Venetic
pattern in -tor,-tar suffixes. The tendency in Illyrian -g- > -ct- shows the intermediary phase
from centum to satem in later alb.: common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the
word.
Gothic usbaugjan `sweep up, sweep out, sweep away', Modern High German dial.
Bocht `rubbish, crap, muck'; moreover probably also Middle High German biuchen ` cook
in lye ', originally `clean', būche f. `lye' (with secondary ablaut).
The doubleness Germanic gh : Aryan g- also by bheugh- (Modern High German
biegen): bheug- (Old Indic bhujati etc) `bend'. Probably identical with it.
References: WP. II 145, WH. I 560, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.

Page(s): 152

eug-3, bheugh-
eugh-
Meaning: to bow
Material: Old Indic bhujáti `bends, pushes away ', bhugná-ḥ `bent, curved', bhúja-ḥ àrm',
bhujā ` twist, arm', bhōgá-ḥ ` coil of a snake; ring' (: Old High German boug); niṣ-bhuj-
`push', Pass. ` flunk, escape; to get away ';
perhaps bierher alb. butë `soft, flexible' from *bhug(h)-to- `pliable';
common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the word.
Irish fid-bocc `wooden bow', probably also bocc ` tender ' (`*pliable'), nir. bog `soft'
(from*buggo-), KZ. 33, 77, Fick II4; for abret. buc ` rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable,
flabby ', pl. bocion ` rotten, decayed ', nbret. amsir poug ` soft, mild weather ', allowed to
expect brit. -ch- = Irish -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Irish
In Germanic *bheugh-: Gothic biugan, Old High German biogan `bend', Old Icelandic
participle boginn `bent, curved'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
ablaut. Old English būgan ` be bent ', with fram `flee';
Kaus. Old Icelandic beygja, Old Saxon bōgian, Old English bīegan, Old High German
bougen, Modern High German beugen; Old Icelandic biūgr ` bent, curved ', Old High
German biugo `curve'; Old Icelandic bogi, Old English boga (engl. bow), Old High German
bogo, Modern High German Bogen (Old High German swibogo ` Christmas candle arcs
(which literally means „an arched buttress“) ' from *swi[bi-]bogo); perhaps in addition
Gothic bugjan ` let out, lend, buy ', Old Icelandic byggia ` obtain a wife', Old English
bycgan, Old Saxon buggian `buy' (compare Modern High German dial. ` be bent by
something ' = àcquire, take'); in addition probably Latvian bauga and baũgurs `hill'.
Intensive (with intensification) Germanic *bukjan in Middle High German bücken, Swiss
bukche; Middle Low German bucken, Old Frisian buckia ` to stoop, bend forward, bend
down ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 171, 181).
References: WP. II 145 f., WH. I 556, Feist 96.

Page(s): 152-153
eug-4
Meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite
Material: Old Indic bhuṅktḗ (with Instr., newer Akk.) ènjoys', compare bhunákti, bhuñjati
`grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes', bubhukṣā `hunger', bhṓga-ḥ ènjoyment';
about Old Indic bhujiṣyà- see above under bheug-2;
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
alb. bungë f., bunk, bungu m. ` kind of edible oak fruit ' (as ` nourishing or nutritious tree
', post-verbal = `food granter ');
Note:
Alb. bungë ` kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -u- grade alb. (*beuka) buka `bread' : Phrygian
βεκός `bread', actually ` crumb ' prove that from an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-
b(e)u-1,
bh(e)u-
(e)u- : èxpr. sound of hitting' derived Root / lemma: bheg-
eg-, bheng-
eng- : `to break', Root /
lemma: bhenĝh
enĝh-, bhn̥ĝh- (Adj. bhn̥ĝhú-
hú-s) : `thick, fat', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-1 : `to flee, *be
frightened', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-2, bheugh-
eugh- : `to clear away, free', Root / lemma: bheug-
eug-3,
bheugh-
eug-4 : `to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.
Latin fungor ` to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually
with abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer ', with Akk., later Abl., dēfungor ` to
perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive ', perfungor ` to perform fully,
execute, discharge; to go through, endure '.
References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.
Page(s): 153
eu-, bheu̯ǝ- (bhu̯ā-, bhu̯ē-) : bhō̆u- : bhū- (*bheu̯ǝ- > bhHu-eh1-t)

Root / lemma: bheu-
Meaning: to be; to grow
eu-, bheu̯ǝ- (bhu̯ā-, bhu̯ē-) : bhō̆u- : bhū- (*bheu̯ǝ- > bhHu-eh1-t):: to be; to
Root / lemma: bheu-
b(e)u-2, bh(e)ū̆- (*bheHu- > bhHu-iH-t):: to swell, puff.
grow, derived from Root / lemma: b(e)u-
Note: (probably = `to swell'), compare Old Indic prábhūta-ḥ with Old Indic bhūri-ḥ etc under
*b(e)u-, bh(e)u- ìnflate, bloat, to swell', from which òriginate, become, be', farther ` where
usually one is, live '; i̯i̯i̯o/ī-
o/ī- present bhu̯-ii̯ō,
o/ī ō, bhu̯-ii̯e-si, bhu̯-ī-si etc as verb `be' supplies often
paradigm of es- `be'; extended root bheu̯ī-, bhu̯ēi-
ēi-
ēi
Material: Old Indic bhávati ìs, there is, happens, prospers, becomes ' = Avestan bavaiti `
becomes, originates; happens; will be ', Old pers. bavatiy `becomes'; Fut. Old Indic
bhavišyáti,
Avestan būšyeiti participle būšyant- ` will come into existence ' (latter = Lithuanian bū́siu,
Church Slavic byšęšteje ` τὸ μέλλον ', compare gr. φύ̄σω); Aor. Old Indic ábhūt (= gr. ἔφῡ)
and bhúvat, Perf. babhū́va, participle Perf. Akt. babhūvā́n, f. babhūvúšī (: gr. πεφυώς,
πεφυυῖα, Lithuanian bùvo, Old Church Slavic byvati), Inf. bhávitum, Absol. bhūtvā́
(compare Lithuanian bū́tų passive `to be', Old Prussian būton Inf.);
Old Indic bhūtá-ḥ, Avestan būta- `become, being, Old Indic bhūtá-m èntity' (: Lithuanian
búta ` been ', Old Icelandic būð f. `dwelling', russ. bytъ èntity, way of life, lifestyle '; with ŭ
gr. φυτόν, Old Irish -both ` one was ', both f. `cottage', Lithuanian bùtas `house'); prá-
bhūta-ḥ `rich, numerous', npers. Inf. būdan `be';
Old Indic bhū́ti-ḥ, bhūtí-ḥ f. `being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing '
(Avestan būti- m. `name of daēva '? = Old Church Slavic za-, po-, prě-bytь, russ. bytь, Inf.
Old Church Slavic byti, Lithuanian bū́ti; with ŭ gr. φύσις).
Pass. Old Indic bhūyate; kaus. bhāvayati ` brings into existence; looks after and
nurtures, refreshes ', participle bhāvita-ḥ also ` pleasantly excited, in good mood ' (=Old
Church Slavic iz-baviti `free, release'), with ders. lengthened grade bhāvá-ḥ `being,
development, becoming, affection ' (: russ. za-báva f. `conversation, entertainment')
besides bhavá-ḥ ` development, welfare, salvation';
Maybe alb. zbavit ` amuse, entertain ' a Slavic loanword.
bhavítram `world' (ablaut. with gr. φύτλᾱ `nature, gender, sex' and Lithuanian būklà
`dwelling' etc, and with Germanic *buÞla- and *bōÞla-, next to which with formants -dhlo-
Czech bydlo); bhavana-m `the development, becoming; dwelling, house (: alb. bane, but
Middle Irish būan ùnwavering, steadfast' from *bhou-no-), ablaut. bhúvana-m èntity';
Old Indic bhū́- f. èarth, world', bhū́mī, bhū́miḥ-, Avestan ap. būmī-, npers. būm èarth',
Old Indic bhū́man- n. èarth, world, being' (= gr. φῦμα), bhūmán- m. `fullness, wealth, bulk,
mass, wealth '; pra-bhú-ḥ `mighty, salient ';
s-stem bhaviṣ-ṇu-ḥ `becoming, thriving', bhū́ṣati `makes thrive, strengthens', bhūṣayati `

bedecks, blazons ', bhūṣana-m àmulet, jewellery'.
(e)u̯ī-, as it seems, in Old Indic bṓbhavīti Intens. and bhávī-tva-ḥ `future';

The ī-basis *bh(e)u̯
about iran. bī-forms see below.
Armenian bois, Gen. busoy `sprout, herb, plant', busanim ` burst forth, spring forth ',
further perhaps boin, Gen. bunoi `nest' (*bheu-no-), zero grade bun, Gen. bnoi `stem'.
Thrak. PN Κασί-βουνον.
Gr. φύω (Lesbian φυίω as Oscan fuia, see below), `beget' (Aor. ἔφυσα), φύομαι
`become, grow' (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 686), probably neologisms to Aor. ἔφῡν
`was, became', besides (neologism?) ἐφύην; φυτόν `growth, plant, kid, child, ulcer', φυή
`growth; nature, character', φῦμα n. `plant, growth, ulcer', φύσις `nature', φῦλον n. `stem,
gender, sex, kind of', φῡλή ` municipality and from it located department ' (: Old Church
Slavic bylъ, l-participle bylьje); lengthened grades *bhō[u]lo- perhaps in φωλεός, φωλειός
`hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, den of wild animals', φωλεύω ` sleep in a cave ', φωλίς ` a
sea fish which is hidden in the mud ';
Maybe alb. foleja ` nest ' : gr. φωλ-εία , or φωλ-ία , ἡ, ` life in a hole or cave, of the
hibernation of bears, 2. of fishes, (pl.) ', alb. (*fole) flê ` sleep ' : gr. φωλεύω ` sleep in a
cave '.
but Old Icelandic bōl n. ` a camp for animals and people ', is not from bōl (probably from
*bōÞla) `dwelling' miscellaneous word; in addition zero grade Swedish Dialectal bylja, bölja
`small nest' from *bulja.
As 2. compound-part in ὑπερφυής, ὑπερ-φ[*F]ίαλος. About φῖτυ see below.
Illyrian VN Buni, PN Bοῦννος (: alb. bunë).
Messapic βύριον οἴκημα, βαυρία οἰκία Hes. (:Old High German būr);
Note:

ur : Illyrian Messapic βύ
ur- ύριον οἴκημα, βαυρ
υρία : Ἰλλῠ
υρί ριοί , οἱ, Illyrians,
ῠριοί
Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province
υρικό
of Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
alb. buj, bûj (*bunjō) `stay, stay overnight, spend the night ', burr, burrë (*buro-) `man,
husband', banë `dwelling, abode, residence, half dilapidated house ' (*bhou̯onā: Old Indic
bhavanam), banoj `stay, dwell'; bun(ë) `chalet' (*bhunā); perhaps also bōtë èarth, bottom,
world, people' (*bhu̯ā-tā or *bhu̯ē-tā).
Latin fuī (Old Latin fūī) Ì have been' from *fū-ai, metathesis of older Aor. *fūm (= gr. ἔ-
φῡν, Old Indic á-bhūt ` he was '), fu-tūrus ` future, about to be ', forem `would be', fore ` will
be ', Old Latin Konj. fuam, fuat `be' (*bhuu̯ām; compare Lithuanian bùvo `was' from *bhu-
u̯āt), besides -bam (*bhu̯ām : Oscan fu-fans ` they were ', Old Irish -bā ` I was ') in legē-
bam etc, compare Latin-Faliscan -bō (from *bhu̯ō) in amā-bō, Old Latin venī-bō, Faliscan
pipafÞ etc with Irish b- future (do-rīmiub ` I will enumerate ' from *to-rīm-ī-bu̯ō), intensive
futāvit ` he/she was ';
Oscan fu-fans ` they were ', fu-fens ` they were ', fusíd = Latin foret, fust (= Umbrian
fust) ` he/she will be ' and ` he/she will have been ', fuid Konj.-Perf. ` he/she will have been
'; but about futír `daughter' s. Vetter Gl. 29, 235, 242 ff. against WH. I 557, 867;
Umbrian fust `he/she is going to be', furent ` they are going to be ' (*fuset, *fusent),
fefure ` they will have been ', futu ` you will be ' (fuu̯etōd or fu-tōd).
A i̯o/ī- present to root *bhū̆- : *bhu̯-ii̯ō lies before in Latin fīō, fī̆erī ` of persons and things,
to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to
be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen ', the ī instead of ĭ is correlated to
fīs, fīt (*bhu̯-ī-si, *bhu̯-ī-ti); Oscan fiiet (*bhu̯ii̯ent) ` they become, they are made', Umbrian
fito ` good deeds, benefits?', fuia ` he/she will become, he/she will be made ', fuiest `
he/she will make ' (*bhu-i̯ō besides *bhu̯ii̯ō as in Lesbian φυίω, see above);
Latin nominal formation only in dubius `doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting;
uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful,
dangerous, critical ' (*du-bhu̯-ii̯o-s ` of double form, consisting of two parts ', compare
Umbrian di-fue ` split into two parts ' < *du̯i-bhui̯om), probus ` good, excellent, fine; morally
good, upright, virtuous, right ' (*pro-bhu̯os : Old Indic pra-bhú-ḥ ` salient, superb '), Oscan
am-prufid ` dishonest, lacking probity ', prúfatted ` has shown, marked, indicated,
manifested, proven ', Umbrian prufe ` upright, honest, proper '; Latin super-bus ` haughty,
exalted, proud; arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid '.
About Latin moribundus see Niedermann Mél. Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.
Old Irish baë `benefit' (*bhu̯ǝ-i̯om), būan `steadfast, good' (*bhouno-, in addition cymr.
bun `queen, wife, woman'); Middle Irish baile `home, place' (*bhu̯ǝ-lii̯o-);
Old Irish buith `be' (originally Dat. of ā- stem both < *bhutā = cymr. bod, corn. bos, bret.
bout = Old Irish both f. `cottage', cymr. bod f. `dwelling': Lithuanian bùtas `house';
moreover also Middle Irish for-baid ` burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier'), Fut. -bīa ` will be '
(= Latin fiat), preterit 1. Sg. bā (*bhu̯ām), 3. Sg. boī (*bhōu̯e), Pass. preterit -both ` one was
' (*bhu-to-); the paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es- and
bheu-, e.g. hat 1. Sg. present Konj. Old Irish bēu (*bh-esō) the anlaut related to bheu-;
Old Irish -bīu ` I care to be ', mcymr. bydaf, corn. bethaf, Middle Breton bezaff ds.
(*bhu̯ii̯ō = Latin fīō, besides *bhu̯ī- in Old Irish bīth, mcymr. bit ` ([Imperative Future Tense]
you will be ' = Latin fīt);
gall. PN Vindo-bios (*-bhu̯ii̯os), compare cymr. gwyn-fyd `luck' (`white world', byd), Old
Irish su-b(a)e `pleasure, joy' (*su-bhu̯ii̯o-), du-b(a)e (du = gr. δυς-) `mourning, grief';
Gothic bauan `stay, dwell, inhabit', ald bauan ` lead a life ', gabauan èrect a house'
(*bhōu̯ō, vocalism as in Old Indic bhāvayati, bhāva-ḥ, Slavic baviti),
Old Icelandic būa (bjō, būinn) `stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip ', Old English
būan and buw(i)an (būde, gebūen) `stay, dwell, farm' (besides Old English bōgian, Old
Frisian bōgia `stay, dwell', phonetic type based on Gothic stōja from *stōwijō and ō as
initial vowel), Old High German būan (būta, gibūan) `stay, dwell, farm', Modern High
German bauen; Old Icelandic byggja ` live at a place, farm, populate', later ` construct,
build' (from *buwwjan?*bewwjan?); Old Icelandic bū n. `domicile, household ', Old English
bū n. `dwelling' (Pl. by n. of i-stem *būwi- = Old Icelandic bȳr m. `dwelling, residential site,
court '; similarly Lithuanian būvis ` permanent stay, residence '), Old High German bū,
Middle High German bū, Gen. būwes m., seldom n. ` tilling of the field, dwelling, edifice',
Modern High German Bau;
Old Icelandic būð f. `dwelling, tent, cottage'; Old Swedish bōÞ, Middle Low German
bōde, Middle High German buode and būde ` cottage, tent ', Modern High German Bude
(*bhō[u]-tā); Middle Low German bōdel `fortune', bōl èstate', Old English bold and botl n.
`dwelling, house', *byldan, engl. to build `to build', Old Frisian bold and bōdel `house,
household utensil, household appliance, property' (*bōÞla- from Indo Germanic *bhō[u]tlo-
and *buÞla-, compare Lithuanian būklà and westsl. bydlo), also Old Icelandic bōl n.
`dwelling' [(see above also to bōl ` den (of animals) '];
Old Icelandic būr n. ` pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India)', Old English
būr m. `cottage, room', Old High German būr m. `house, cage', Modern High German
(Vogel-)Bauer, whereof Old High German nāhgibūr, Old English nēahgebūr, Modern High
German Nachbar, engl. neighbour and Old High German gibūr(o), Middle High German
gebūr(e), then būr, Modern High German Bauer ` farmer, peasant ';
Old English bēo ` I am ' (*bhu̯ii̯ō = Latin fīō, Old Irish -bīu), besides bēom, Old High
German bim etc after *im from *es- `be', as Old High German bis(t), Old English bis after
is.
Perhaps Gothic bagms, Old High German bōum, Old English bēam `tree' from
*bhou̯(ǝ)mo- `φυτόν' and Old Icelandic bygg n. `barley', Old Saxon Gen. PL bewō `sowing,
seed, yield', Old English bēow n. `barley' (*bewwa-) as ` the tilled, the sown '.
Maybe alb. (*bēam) bimë `plant', alb. Geg ba `ripen, become', bafsh sub. `be! '
Lithuanian bū́ti (Latvian bût, Old Prussian boūt) `be', bū́tų Supin. `to be' (Old Prussian
būton Inf.), participle bū́tas ` been ', Fut. bū́siu (Latvian bûšu), preterit bùvo `he was'
(compare also buvó-ju, -ti ` care to be ' and Old Church Slavic Iter. byvati); Opt. Old
Prussian bousai `he is', preterit bēi, be `he was' (from an expanded basis with -ēi-);
Lithuanian bū̃vis m. `being, life', buvinė́ti ` stay here and there a while ', Old Prussian
buwinait `live!';
Latvian bûšana `being, entity, condition ', Old Prussian bousennis `state, condition ';
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian bùtas, Old Prussian
(Akk.) buttan `house';
Lithuanian būklas (*būtla-) ` nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals ', pabū̃klas ` tool,
utensil; apparition, ghost', būklà, būklė̃ ` presence (of mind), dwelling', East Lithuanian
búklė ds. (see above; in addition buklùs `wise, sly, cunning');
Old Church Slavic byti `become, be', lo- participle bylъ ` been ' (therefrom bylьje `herb;
healthy herb ', compare to meaning φυτόν), Aor. bě `was' (*bhu̯ē-t);
Imperf. běaše, Fut. participle Church Slavic byšęšteje, byšąšteje `τὸ μέλλον', Kondiz. 3. Pl.
bǫ (*bhu̯ā-nt), participle za-bъvenъ `forgotten', besides miscellaneous participle *byt e.g. in
russ. zabýtyj `forgotten', compare in addition also Subst. russ. bytъ èntity, way of life,
lifestyle ' , apoln. byto `nourishment, food', Old Church Slavic iz-bytъkъ ` affluence,
remnant ' , bytьje ` the existence ';
maybe alb. mbetje `residue, leftover', mbetet ìs left', mbeturinë `trash' [common alb. b- >
mb- shift]
Old Church Slavic zabytь ` oblivion ', pobytь `victory', prěbytь àbode, residence', russ.
bytь èntity, creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact '; present Old
Church Slavic bǫdǫ `become, γίγνομαι', as Fut.: `will become' (if Latin Adj. in -bundus?);
maybe reduced alb. (*bǫdǫ) do Future: `will become'

Kaus. Old Church Slavic izbaviti `free, release' (: Old Indic bhāva-yati, compare to
vocalism also Gothic bauan and Old Church Slavic zabava ` stay, activity, pastime');
Czech bydlo ` whereabouts, dwelling', poln. bydɫo `cattle' (from *`state, prosperity,
possessions ').
Maybe alb. (*zabava) zbavit èntertain, (*pastime) '
Perhaps here (Pedersen Tocharian 2281) Tocharian В pyautk-, A pyotk-, AB pyutk- `

come into being ', med. ` bring about '.
From the basis bh(e)u̯ī-:
npers. Imp. bī-d `be!'; Old pers. Opt. bī-yāh is placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = Old
Indic bhū-yā́-ḥ, -t;
gr. φῖτυ n. `germ, sprout, scion, shoot' = φίτῡμα, φῑτύω ` produce, sow, plant';
Old Lithuanian bit(i) `he was', also Kondit. 1. Pl. (sùktum-) bime; Latvian biju, bija Ì was,
he was' (Latvian bijā- extended from athemat. *bhu̯ī-); ablaut. Old Prussian bēi, see above;
maybe alb. bujis `germ, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom'
Old Church Slavic Kondit. 2. 3. Sg. bi `were, would be' (*bhu̯ī-s, *bhu̯ī-t), wherefore
secondary 1. Sg. bi-mь with primary ending.
References: WP. II 140 f., WH. I 375 f., 504 f., 557 f., 865, 867, EM. 812 f., 1004 f.,
Trautmann 40 f., Feist 83 f.
Specht will place (KZ. 59, 58 f.) under citation of gr. φάFος `light, salvation' = Old Indic
bhava- ` blessing; benediction, boon, salvation', φαε-σί-μβροτος etc unsere root as *bhau̯ǝ-
, not as *bheu̯ǝ-. see also above S. 91.
Page(s): 146-150
Root / lemma: bhēgh-

ēgh- : bhōgh-
ōgh-
Meaning: to resist
Material: Gall. bāgaudae ` insurgent guerilla ' (suffix as in alauda, bascauda), Old Irish
bāgaid `fights, brags, threatens ', bāg f. `fight, struggle', mcymr. bwyo (*bāgi̯-) `hit',
kymwy (: Middle Irish combāg ds.) `fight', -boawc = Middle Irish bāgach ` warlike '; whether
cymr. bai `fault, error', beio `rebuke' in addition belongs, it must contain Indo Germanic
*bhǝgh-;
Old High German bāgan, (bāgēn?) `squabble, quarrel', Old Icelandic bāga, bǣgja `
oppose, resist', Old High German bāga `quarrel, fight', Old Saxon bāg m. ` vainglory,
boastfulness ', Middle High German bāc, -ges m. ` loud yelling, quarrel ', Old Icelandic
bāge, bāgi ` adversary ', bāgr `difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive'; it is presumed whether
Germanic family is not borrowed from Celtic, ablaut Germanic ē : Celtic ā (Indo Germanic
ō);
Latvian buôztiês ` be angry ' (*bhōgh-), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118;
russ. bazel ` bawler, crier ', bazgala `malicious' (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242);
perhaps Tocharian В pakwāre èvil, bad' (Adverb), A pkänt ` hindrance ' (*bhǝgh-), Van
Windekens Lexique 85, 96.

Page(s): 115
Root / lemma: bhē̆2, bhō̆ (*bhe, bho)

Meaning: a kind of particle
Material: Avestan bā, bāt̃, bē, bōit̃ (the latter, as Lithuanian beĩ, probably with
strengthening particle *id) particles of the protestation and emphasis, bāδa ` yea, in truth '
(ìf Old Indic baḍham?'Bartholomae Wb. 953);
Maybe emphasizing particle alb. bah àbsolutely not' [alb. preserved the old laryngeal -ḫ]
Armenian ba, bay emphasizing particle;
Gothic ba conditional particle (here i-ba, i-bai ` if, because?' Konj. ` that not ', ni-ba,
ni-bai ` possibly not yet?', Konj. ìf not', ja-bai ìf', Old High German ibu, oba, Middle High
German ob(e) ìf, whether' etc, s. Kluge11 422);
Lithuanian bà `yes, of course; certainly; sure ', ben ` at least, not only but also ', East
Lithuanian bè (= Old Prussian bhe), beĩ (see above) ànd', bè, bà, bès, baũ interrogative
particle, Old Prussian beggi `for'; Old Church Slavic (etc) bo `for', i-bo `καὶ γάρ', u-bo àlso',
ne-bo-nъ `for indeed '; changing through ablaut klr. ba `yes, of course; certainly; sure ',
Czech poln. ba ` trusted, yea, in truth'.
Maybe alb. po ìf, whether, yes' : poln. ba ` yea, in truth'.
References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.

Page(s): 113
Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō-
Meaning: to warm, fry, *bath
Note:
From Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō- : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: bhoso-
oso-s : `naked'
derived from Ossetic: bægnæg [adj] `naked' of Root / lemma: nogʷ
nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o
ʷod(h)o-, nogʷ
nogʷod(h)o- nogʷ-no-
no-
: naked' common Indo Iranian m-/n- > bh : gr.-Illyrian βαγαρόν χλιαρόν.
Material: Old High German bāen, bājan, Modern High German bähen (*bhēi̯ō) ` warm with
covers, bake bread ', in addition with Indo Germanic-to-suffix Old Icelandic bađ ` steam
bath ', Old Saxon bath, Old English bæÞ, Old High German bad `spa, bath'; in addition
also Norwegian dial. bara ` clean with warm water ', Swedish bara `warm up '.
Note:
The cognates Old Icelandic bađ ` steam bath ', Old Saxon bath, Old English bæÞ, Old
High German bad `spa, bath' are created according to alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d;
maybe euphemistic alb. mbath `get dressed, wear', zbath `get naked, get undressed (to
have a bath?)'
Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō- : `to warm, fry, *bath' : Root / lemma: bhoso-
oso-s : `naked' as in:: Old
High German bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), Modern High German bar, Old English bær, Old
Icelandic berr `naked, bare'; Lithuanian bãsas, Latvian bass, Old Church Slavic bosъ `
barefoot '; Armenian bok ` barefoot ' (*bhoso-go-).
thereof with g-extension bhōg-

ōg-
in gr. φώγω `roast, fry', Old English bacan, bōc, Old High German bahhan, Old Icelandic
baka, -ađa ds., Middle High German sich becheln ` bask, get warm, lounge in the sun ';
besides with intensive consonant-sharpening Old High German backan, Modern High
German backen;
gr.-Illyrian βαγαρόν χλιαρόν; Λάκωνες Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175);
In addition perhaps (as ` burning desire, ardent wish ') russ. bažítь, bažátь ` wish, want,
whereupon starve ', Czech bažiti, perf. zabahnouti ` ask for something '.

Page(s): 113
Root / lemma: bhidh-

Meaning: vessel, cauldron
Note:
From an early root *bhegh-
egh- [common Illyrian -gh- > -dh-] derived Root / lemma: bhedh-2 :
`to bow, bend', Root / lemma: bhadh-sko-
sko- : `bundle, heap' and in -i grade Root / lemma:
bhidh- : vessel, cauldron (see above).
Material: gr. πίθος n. `barrel, vat, cask, wine cask ', πιθάκνη, Attic φιδάκνη ds., Latin fidēlia
(*fides-liā) ` earthenware vessel, pot, pan'; presumably Old Icelandic biða f. `milk tub ',
Norwegian bide n. `butter tub' (*bidjan-), bidne n. `vessel'.
There from Latin fiscus ` a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under
the empire, the emperor's privy purse ', fiscina ` a small basket ' (from *bhidh-sko-) may be
reconstructed for its family a basic meaning ` twisted vessel ', it belongs probably to a root
bheidh- `bind, flax, wattle, braid'.
References: WP. II 185, WH. I 492 f., 506.

Page(s): 153
Root / lemma: bhili-

ili-, bhilo-
ilo-
Meaning: harmonious, friendly
Material: Middle Irish bil (*bhi-li-) `good', gall. Bili- in PN Bili-catus, Bilicius etc, Old High
German bila- `kind, gracious', newer bili-, bil- in 1. part of people's name; Old English bile-
wit `simple, just, innocent' = Middle High German bilewiz, bilwiz `fairy demon, ghost'
(actually `good ghost'); Old High German bil-līch `proper'; abstract noun *biliÞō in Old
Saxon unbilithunga ` unconventionality ', Middle High German unbilde, unbilede n. `
wrong; injustice, the incomprehensible ', Modern High German Unbilde, to adjective Middle
High German unbil ` unjust; unfair ', substantivized Swiss Unbill. About Modern High
German Bild see below bhei(ǝ)- `hit', wherefore R. Loewe (KZ. 51, 187 ff.) will place also
Unbilde .
Gr. φίλος ` dear, friend ' etc places Kretschmer (IF. 45, 267 f.) as pre Greek to Lydian
bilis `be'; against it Loewe aaO., which explains the stress of the first syllable from the
vocative.
References: WP. II 185, Kluge11 under Bild, billig, Unbill, Weichbild.

Page(s): 153-154
Root / lemma: bhlagh-

lagh-men-
men-
Meaning: priest
Note:
Root / lemma: bhlagh-men- : `priest' derived from the extended Root / lemma: bhlaĝ-
lagh-men- laĝ- : `to
hit', meaning Aryan priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through
immolation.
Material: Old Irish brahmán- m. `magic priest', bráhman- n. `spell, charm, devotion ';
Messapic βλαμινι `priest'; Latin flāmen, -inis m. `the priest of some particular god,
sacrificial priest' (not the old *-ēn).
Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and
Indic this is equation of the preferred explanation of flāmen from *bhlād-(s)men, angebl. `
sacrifice, immolation ' (to Gothic blōtan ` worship ', Old Norse blōta, Old English blōtan,
Old High German bluozan `sacrifice', Old Norse blōt n. `sacrifice, oblation' [-es-stem,
compare Finnish luote ` chant, incantation ' from proto Germanic *blōtes], Old High
German bluostar n. ds., etc). compare also Dumézil REtIE. 1, 377, still compares
Armenian baɫjal ` strive after '.
Maybe alb. lut `chant, pray' : Finnish luote ` chant, incantation '
References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a.
Page(s): 154
Page(s):
Root / lemma: bhlaĝ-

laĝ-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Latin flagrum `whip, scourge', flagellum ds. à whip, scourge; the thong of a
javelin; a young sprout, vine-shoot; plur. the arms of a polypus; fig. `the sting of
conscience', with lengthened grade probably flāgitō, -āre ` to entreat, ask, demand
earnestly; to demand to know; to summon before a court of justice ' (originally probably
with blows and threats), flāgitium ` a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace;
meton., scoundrel, rascal ' (originally ` public castigation and suppression '; conflages `
places exposed to all the winds, place blown by the winds' Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil
for conflūgēs);
Maybe alb. flak `hurl'
Old Icelandic and New Norwegian dial. blaka, blakra ` strike back and forth, fan, flutter,
flap ', Old Icelandic blak `blow, knock', Old Icelandic blekkja (*blakjan) `hit' (Norwegian
`flicker'), Swedish Dialectal bläkkta (*blakatjan), Middle Dutch blaken `fan, flutter, shiver'
(in Germanic phonetic coincidence with the family of Old Icelandic blakra `blink, glitter,
flash' etc, see below *bheleg- `shine'; so is e.g. Norwegian blakra `fan' as well as `shine').
Lithuanian blaškaũ and bloškiù (-šk- from -ĝ-sq-) ` fling sidelong, travel here and there,
run around here and there '.

Page(s): 154
Root / lemma: bhlegʷ

legʷ-
Meaning: to swell
Note: extension v. ìnflate, bloat'
Material: Gr. φλέψ, -βός f. `vein', φλεβάζοντες βρύοντες Phot.; Old High German bolca,
bulchunna (*bh l̥gʷ-) ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble '.
Page(s): 155
Root / lemma: bhlei-

lei-2
Meaning: to swell
Material: Norwegian dial. bleime, Old Swedish blēma ` bleb on the skin ' (compare
Norwegian bläema ds. under bhel-, bh(e)lē-); Danish blegn(e) `vesicle' (*blajjinōn), Old
English blegen f., engl. blain, Middle Low German bleine, Old Danish blen(e), Old Swedish
blena `vesicle' (*blajinōn).
That gr. φλῑά: ` door pillar, door post ' actually `(* tumid =) thick balk, beam' is required
only of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz2 and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *bhlī-u̯ā or -sā); τὰ
φλιμέλια `haematoma, effusion of blood' is corrupted from Latin flēmina à bloody swelling
or congestion of blood about the ankles'.
leis-: Old Icelandic blīstra `blow, whistle'? (compare Gothic -blēsan under bhel-, bh(e)l-
bhleis-
ē-; new variation with i to the imitation of the bright tone?); perhaps serb. blîhām, blíhati
`flood; spit; have diarrhea'; blîhnēm, blíhnuti `splash, spray', Bulgarian bličъ́, blíknъ,
blíkvam ` pours out of me, flows out ' (if not as proto Slavic *blychajǫ to u-variant from gr.
φλύω etc).
leid- (presumably d-present *bhli-d-ō).

bhleid-
Gr. φλιδάω ` overflow of humidity, thereof swell up ', ἔφλιδεν διέρρεεν Hes.,
διαπέφλοιδεν διακέχυται Hes., πεφλοιδέναι φλυκτανοῦσθαι Hes., φλοιδάω, -έω, -ιάω
`ferment, seethe, boom, blaster', ἀφλοισμός `scum, froth, foam, slobber' (α- = n̥ `ἐν');
presumably also φλοῖσβος ` surging of the sea, the tumult of fighting', πολύφλοισβος
θάλασσα (*φλοιδσβος, forms after onomatopoeic words as κόναβος, ἄραβος?); common
gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
perhaps here Middle Irish blāed ` bellowing, braying, roar ' (out of it cymr. bloedd ds.);
engl. bloat `to bloat, bulge, swell' (*blaitōn = φλοιδάω);
Latvian blîstu, blîdu, blîzt and bliêžu, -du, -st ` grow fat, put on weight '.

Page(s): 156
Root / lemma: bhleiq-

leiq- (*bhleik-)
Meaning: to shine
Note: extension from bhlē̆i- (:bhel-) ds., as bhlē̆iĝ-.
Material: Old English bǣlge (*blaigi̯ōn-) ` gudgeon (type of freshwater fish) '; mnl. Middle
Low German blei(g) and bleger, Modern High German Bleihe, Blei `fish names '; besides
Middle High German blicke ` carp ', Modern High German Blicke (Norwegian dial. blekka,
Modern High German Blecke `dace (*white fish)' from the e-root bhleg-?); in other meaning
change (`shine : glance, look') Old Icelandic blīgr ` looking staringly and rigidly ', blīgja
`stare'.
In addition russ. blëknutь `bleach, fade, wither, wilt', blëklyj `sallow, paled, faint, languid,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', blëkotъ ` fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium ', poln. blaknąć
` fade, expire '.

Page(s): 157
Root / lemma: bhlend

len h- (*bhlendh-i-)
Meaning: pale, reddish
Note: It belongs probably to bhel-
el-1.
Material: Old Indic bradhná-ḥ (*bhl̥ndh-no-) `reddish, dun';
Germanic *blundaz (*bhl̥ndh-o) in Middle Latin blundus, Italian biondo, French blond,
from which Middle High German blunt, Modern High German blond;
Gothic blinds `blind', Old Icelandic blindr `blind, undistinguishable ', Old Saxon Old
English blind, Old High German blint `blind', also `dark, cloudy, dull, not obvious'; Gothic
blandan sik ` mingle, diffuse, intermingle ', Old Icelandic blanda `mix' (blendingr ` mixture
'), Old Saxon Old English blandan, Old High German blantan, Middle High German
blanden `mix, tarnish ' (Modern High German Blendling ` hybrid, mongrel, half breed '); to
Germanic a compare the iterative-causative: Old High German blendan (*blandjan)
`darken, blind', Old English blendan `blind' (: blandýtis, Old Church Slavic (*bhlond-iH-tei)
bląditi); Old Icelandic blunda `close the eyes', blundr ` slumber ', Middle English blundren
`stir, bewilder', nengl. blunder ` be grossly mistaken, wander ';
Lithuanian blendžiù, blę̃sti `sleep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy ',
Latvian blendu, blenst ` have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted '; Lithuanian blandaũ̃s, -ýtis `
low the eyes down, be ashamed ', Latvian bluôdîties `ds.; roam, be ashamed ',
Maybe alb. Geg (*flenj) flê, Tosc fle `die, sleep'; [rare alb. ph- > f-, found in gr. and Latin]
Lithuanian blañdas `sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness ', blandùs ` dim, cloudy, thick
(soup), murky; dark'; Lithuanian blį́sta, blíndo, blísti ` dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark;
become cloudy, from water',
prýblindė (and prieblandà) `dusk, twilight'; here also bliñdė, blendìs, blùndė ` sallow ';
Maybe alb. Geg blî, blini, Tosc bliri `linden tree' n/r stem.
Old Church Slavic (*bhlend-o-) blędǫ, blęsti èrr; wander; πορνεύειν', blędь `gossip,
prank', slov. blé-dem, blésti `maunder, drivel, fantasize', Old Czech blésti (2. Sg. bledeš)
`maunder, drivel '; Old Church Slavic blǫdъ ` debauchery, depravity, adultery', poln. bɫąd `
mistake, delusion ', Old Church Slavic blǫždǫ, blǫditi ` err, indulge in debauchery ', Serbo-
Croatian blúdīm, blúditi èrr, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress ' etc.
Maybe alb. Geg blê, Tosc blenj `(*cheat), barter, buy' similar shift of the meaning in gr.
ἤπαφον ` cheat, barter, exchange '.
References: WP. II 216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Dekl. 58, 117.
Page(s): 157-158
Root / lemma: bhles-

les-
Meaning: to shine
Note: : up to now only in the Germanic provable extension from bhel-
el- `shine'
Material: Middle High German blas `naked, bald, bleak, pallid' (Modern High German blaß)
n. `torch, burning candle', Old English blæse `torch, fire', engl. blaze `blaze, glow; white
forehead spot ',
Old High German blas-ros `horse with with a bright spot' (with a bright spot on the
forehead), Middle Low German bles, blesse (*blasjō) `paleness', Old Icelandic *bles- in
blesōttr ` marked with a white spot ' and in compound on -blesi.
Page(s): 158
Root / lemma: bhleu-

leu-(k)-
(k)-, (-s-)
Meaning: to burn
Note: extension from bhel-
el- `shine'.
Material: *bhleu-s- in gr. περι-πεφλευσμένος πυρί ` blazed by the fire ', ἐπέφλευσε,
περιφλύ̄ω ` sear all around '; Old Icelandic blys n. `flame', Old English blȳsa m. `flame,
torch', Middle Low German blūs `torch', Old English blyscon `blush', engl. blush.
*bhleu-k- in Middle High German bliehen ` burning luminously ', Old High German
bluhhen.
The West Slavic forms as Czech blýštěti `shimmer', blýskati `shine' (besides Old Church
Slavic blъštati etc, see below *bhleiĝ-) are against it probably reshuffling after *lyskati, poln.
ɫyskać `flash, shine' etc - meaning not direct accordingly, respectively only from a
primordial meaning `shine' to justify, Trautmann GGA. 1911, 245 compares with Middle
High German bliehen: Lithuanian blunkù, blù̀kti ` become pale, lose one's color '.

Page(s): 159-160
Root / lemma: bhleus-

leus-
Meaning: weak, mild
Note: Perhaps to bheleu-.
Material: Swedish Dialectal bloslin `weak', norweg. blyr `mild, lukewarm', bløyra `weakling,
wimp ', Modern High German schwäb. blūsche(n) `slow, idle': Lithuanian apsi-blausti
`despond, despair, become sad '.
Page(s): 160
Root / lemma: bhleu-

leu-
Meaning: to blow; to swell, flow
Note: extension from bhel- `(inflate, bloat), swell up'
Material: Gr. φλέ(F)ω ` to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
brimful ', Φλεύς (*Φληυς, lengthened grade), ephes. Φλέως (*ΦληFος) epithet of Dionysos
as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also Attic φλέως, jon. φλοῦς
` reed plant ';
φλοίω (*φλοFι̯ω) `swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
in bloom, blossom', ὑπέρφλοιος ` growing excessively ' or ` exceedingly succulent ',
Φλοῖος, Φλοία èpithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities ' probably also
φλοιός, φλόος `bark, husk';
changing through ablaut φλύω ` surge up, bubble, chat; be fruitful ', ἀποφλύειν
ἀπερεύγεσθαι Hes. φλύος m. `gossip', φλύᾱξ `gossip, prank; buffoon ';
Lithuanian bliáuju, blióviau, bliáuti `roar, bellow, bleat', bliū́vauti `roar, bellow', Latvian
bl'aûnu, bl'aût ds.; Old Church Slavic (*bhleuH-tei) bl'ujǫ, bl'ьvati `spit, vomit' (based on old
preterite stem, compare Lithuanian bliùvo from Indo Germanic *bhluu̯ā-); in addition
perhaps also Old Prussian bleusky `reed' (would be correct in the meaning to gr. φλέως!).
With a s-extension Low German blüstern `violent blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort', engl.
bluster `boom, blaster, rant, roister' and Serbo-Croatian bljuzgati ` stream noisily, chat silly
stuff '; also Serbo-Croatian blíhati etc? (see below bhlei-s-).
With dental formant: Middle High German blōdern `chat, prate'? (rather new
onomatopoeic word; compare Kluge11 under plaudern); rather Swiss bloder `big bubble
etc', blodern èffervesce, surge, boil', Modern High German Pluderhosen; perhaps Serbo-
Croatian blútiti ` speak absurd, speak inappropriate ', Berneker 62; about Old High
German blāt(t)ara `bubble' (*blē-drō-) s. S. 121;
with -d- (originally present forming?): φλυδάω ` flows about, dissolves, become soft',
φλυδαρός ` muddy, sludgy, slushy, squashy, squishy, slobbery, sloppily', ἐκφλυνδάνειν `
break open, from ulcers '.
leugʷ- (compare the root form bhlegʷ

g-extension bhleugʷ legʷ-):
gr. οἰνό-φλυξ ` wine-drunken '; φλύζω ` to bubble up, boil up, surge up, overflow, also
with words'; φλυκτίς, φλύκταινα `bubble'; but πομ-φόλυξ `blister, shield hump ' stays away;
Latin fluō, -ere, flūxi, flūctum, newer flūxum `to flow; of a solid object, to flow, drip with
any liquid, stream, pour; of abstr. things, to proceed, issue, spread; of circumstances, to
tend; of language, to flow; to sink, droop', flūctus, -ūs `current, wave, a streaming, flowing.
Transf., commotion, disturbance', flūmen (*fleugsmen) ` flowing water; hence a river,
stream', conflūgēs Old Latin `confluence of two stretches of water', fluvius `river' (from
present fluō from), flustra Nom. PL ` calm (at sea) ' (*flugstrom); if here (with nasalization)
cymr. blyngu ` become angry ', blwng àngry, irate', bret. blouhi `rebuke'?
References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372.
Page(s): 158-159
Root / lemma: bhlē̆d-, bhl̥l̥l̥d-

Meaning: to boil; to chatter, boast
Material: Gr. φλέδων ` babbler ', φλεδών `gossip'; φληδῶντα ληροῦντα Hes.; παφλάζω
`bubble, seethe, foam'; moreover also Aor. φλαδεῖν (intrans.) `tear'; compare to meaning
Latin fragor à breaking; a noise of breaking, crack, crash';
with varying lengthened grade bhlōd-

lōd- Old Irish indlāidi `brags, boasts ', indlādud `
boasting ' (*ind-blād- ` puff oneself up or make inflated words ') and Latvian blādu, blāzt
`chat';
zero grade Old High German uz-ar-pulzit ` boil, bubble out ';
Modern High German platzen, plätschern are probably certainly of new onomatopoeic
word formation.
References: WP. II 210, 216, WH. I 515, 518.

See also: to bhel-3.
Page(s): 155
Root / lemma: bhlē̆iĝ- līĝ- (*bhleiĝ-)

ĝ-, bhlīĝ
Meaning: to shine
Note: extension from bhlē̆i- ds., as bhleiq-
Material: Old English blīcan `shine', as, blīkan `shine', Old High German blīhhan stem -V. `
become pallid ', Middle High German blīchen stem -V. `shine, blush', Old Icelandic blīkja,
bleik àppear, gleam, shine';
Old Icelandic bleikr, Old English blāc, Old High German bleih `pallid, pale, wan'; Old High
German bleihha ` dace, roach ', Norwegian bleikja and blika ds.; Old Icelandic blik n.
`bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating ', Old High German bleh `(*shiny) thin metal panel ',
Modern High German Blech, Middle Low German blick ds.; Old English blike m. (*bliki-)
`bare place '; Old High German blic, -eches ` quick highlight, flash, lightning', Middle High
German blic, -ekes `lustre, shine, look, lightning', Modern High German Blick, Old High
German blecchazzen (*blekatjan), Middle High German bliczen, Modern High German
blitzen; Old Saxon bliksmo `lightning', Old Swedish blixa `blink', New Swedish also `flash'.
Lithuanian blizgù, -ė́ti `flicker, shine', blýškiu, blyškė́ti `sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine',
blykštù, blyškaũ, blỹkšti `blanch, pale', ablaut. blaikštaûs, -ýtis `clear up, of the sky';
Latvian blaiskums `spot, mark', meln-blaiskaińš `dark grey'.
Russ.-Church Slavic (*bhloiĝ-sko-) blěskъ `lustre, shine' (*bhloiĝ-sko-); changing through

ablaut Old Church Slavic bliskъ `lustre, shine' and *blьskъ in Czech blesk, Gen. old blsku
`lightning', Old Church Slavic (*bhleiĝ-sk-eh2-tei) blьštǫ, blьštati `shine', Iter. bliscajǫ,
bliscati sę.
References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun2 133, Specht
Dekl. 144.
Page(s): 156-157
Root / lemma: bhlē̆i-1 : bhlǝi-

ǝi- : bhlī-
lī-
Meaning: to shine
Material: Germanic *blīÞia- (*bhlei-tio- or rather *bhlī-tio-) `light, cheerful, fair (of sky,
Material:
heaven, then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful ' in Gothic bleiÞs ` merciful,
mild',
Old Icelandic blīðr `mild (of weather), friendly, pleasant', Old English blīÞe `cheerful,
friendly', Old High German blīdi `cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly', Old Saxon blīthōn, Old
High German blīden ` be glad '.
Old Saxon blī n. `paint, color', Adj. ` coloured ', Old Frisian blī(e)n `paint, color', bli
`beautiful', Old English blēo n. `paint, color, apparition, form' (probably *blīja-).
On account of Germanic *blīwa `lead' (Old High German blīo, -wes, Old Saxon blī, Old
Icelandic blȳ) with Lithuanian blývas `purple, mauve, violet-blue ' corresponding color adj.
with formants -u̯o- of our root (to accept Modern High German blau congruent, indeed
unoccupied Celtic *blīu̯o- from *bhlē-u̯o- as wellspring, was conceivable), would be
debatable, but the most likely.
Here (after Specht Dekl. 117) russ. bli-zná ` thread break, flaw in fabric ', Czech poln.
bli-zna `scar'; because of the parallel forms under bhlēu-1 barely with WH. I 517 to bhlīĝ-.
Lithuanian blývas `purple, mauve, violet-blue '; perhaps Lithuanian blaĩvas `sober' (if not
as *blaid-vas to related *bhlǝido-s), blaivaũs, -ýtis ` clear up, become sober '; perhaps
Latvian blīnêt ` lurk, a furtive (glance), blink'.
Tocharian A. plyaskeṃ `meditation'?? (Van Windekens Lexique 97).

See also: see also under bhlēu-1 and bhlǝido-s.
Page(s): 155-156
Root / lemma: bhlēu-

lēu-1 : bhlǝu-
ǝu- : bhlū-
lū- (*bhlēu-1)
Meaning: to shine
Note: derivatives to bhel-1.
Material: Russ. blju-šč ìvy' (Specht Dekl. 117); poln. bɫysk (*bhlū-sk-) `lightning'; Sorbian
bl'u-zná `scar', wruss. blu-zná ` weaving flaw '; Latvian blau-zgas, blau-znas, Lithuanian
blù-zganos ` dandruff ', Latvian blū-zga ` peeling skin ', blu-zga ` small particles, drill dust '
etc
Maybe alb. bluanj ` grind, mill '
Proto-Slavic form: blizna; blizno
See also: blizъ(jь); blizъkъ(jь); blizъ; blizь
Russian: blízna (dial.) `missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [f ā]; blizná
`knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f ā]; bliznó `flaw in
fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o]; bljuzná `flaw in fabric' {1}
Old Russian: blizna `scar' [f ā]
Belorussian: bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]
Ukrainian: blýzna `wound, scar' [f ā]; blyzná `defect in linen' [f ā]
Czech: blizna `stigma (bot.)' [f ā]
Polish: blizna `scar, gash, seam, cicatrice, trace left by a fallen leaf' [f ā]
Old Polish: bluzna `cicatrice, stigma, stamp' [f ā] {1}
Kashubian: blïzna `cicatrice' [f ā]
Upper Sorbian: bɫuzna `scar, birth-mark' [f ā] {1}
Lower Sorbian: bluzna `scar, bruise' [f ā] {1}
Bulgarian: blizná `place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f ā]
Serbo-Croatian: blì ̀zna `two threads put into a reed (instead of one); ruptured thread in
weft or warp' [f ā], blīznī [Nomp]; blīzna `scar' [f ā]; blì ̀zno `gap' [n o]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bliʔź-n-
Lithuanian: blyžė̃ `rip in fabric' [f ē] 4
Latvian: blîznis2 `pile of broken trees in a forest' [f ē]
Indo-European reconstruction: bhliǵ-n-
IE meaning: scar
Page in Pokorny: 160
Bibliography: Sɫawski SP I: 264-265
Notes: {1} The forms that seemingly reflect *bl'uzna must be secondary.
References: Specht Dekl. 117.

See also: compare the parallel formation under bhlēi-1.
Page(s): 159
Root / lemma: bhlēu-

lēu-2 : bhlǝu-
ǝu- : bhlū-
lū-
Meaning: bad
Note: bh(e)lēu- is apparent, manifest, obvious parallel formation to bheleu- `hit'.
Material: Gr. φλαῦρος, φαῦλος (both dissimil. from *φλαῦλος) `slight, evil, bad';
Gothic blauÞian àbolish' (actually `make weak'), Old Icelandic blauðr `timorous', Old
English blēað ` daft, shy', with i̯o-suffix Old Saxon blōdi ` shamefaced ', Old High German
blōdi, Middle High German blæde `frail, breakable, shy, timid', Modern High German
blöde;
besides Indo Germanic *bhlǝu-to- stands a d- extension in Old Icelandic blautr ` mushy,
ǝu-to-
softish, delicate, mollycoddle, timorous', Old English blēat àrm, woeful, wretched,
miserable ', mndd. blōt, Middle High German blōz `bare', Modern High German bloß (Old
High German bloß with strange meaning `stout, proud');
lengthened grade bhlēu-

lēu- in Old English un-blēoh `fearless' (suffix -ko-), with gramm.
variation; Old Icelandic bljūgr `timid', blygð `the genitals' (*ƀleugiÞō), changing through
ablaut Old High German blūgo Adv., Middle High German blūc, bliuc `shy', Old High
German blūgisōn, blūchisōn `doubt', Old English blycgan (*blugjan) `frighten' (trans.);
compare Lithuanian blúkštu, -šti ` become limp '.
References: WP. II 208 f., Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 99, Specht Dekl. 133.
Page(s): 159
lē-u̯o-s
Root / lemma: bhlē-
Meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)
Note: also bhl̥-̄ u̯o-s, bhlē-ro-s, bhlō-
lē-ro- ro-s, derivatives from the root bhel-1, bhelǝ-
lō-ro-
Material: Latin flāvus ` golden brown, red-yellow, blond ', Oscan Flaviies G. Sg. òf or
belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family' (from Indo Germanic *bhl̥̄-),
besides fulvus ` red-yellow, brown-yellow ' from *bhl̥-u̯o-s; flōrus ` yellow ', also PN, from
*bhlōros = gall. *blāros (Wartburg), Middle Irish blār ` forehead with white spot, spot, field ',
cymr. blawr `gray', besides *bhlē-ro- in Middle Low German blāre `paleness, blessige,
white spotted cow'.
Maybe alb. bl̃erónj ` blossom, be green' (see below Root / lemma: bhlǝido-
ǝido-s : `pale')
Old High German blāo, Modern High German blau (Middle High German blā also `gold,
yellow'), Old English *blāw or *blǣw, Old Icelandic blār `blue' from *bhlē-u̯o-s; s. also S.
155;
Old Irish blā `yellowish?' is late Old English loanword? About Germanic *blīwa- `lead'
see below bhlei-1.
Lithuanian blãvas, Latvian blãvs ` bluish, gold, yellow' are Germanic loanword
References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.

Page(s): 160

lē- (*bhleh1-)
Meaning: to howl, weep
Material: Latin fleō, flēre (*bhlēi̯ō) ` to weep; to drip, trickle; transit., to weep for, lament,
bewail; flendus, to be lamented ';
Latvian blêju, blêt `bleat';
r.-Church Slavic blěju, blějati `bleat' (besides Serbo-Croatian bléjīm, bléjati `bleat' etc,
with ĕ); Middle High Germanblǣjen `bleat' (Germanic *blējan = Latin fleō); Old High
German blāzan, nnd. blässen, Old English blǣtan, engl. to bleat `bleat', Old English
blagettan, blǣgettan `cry', ndd. blage n. `kid, child'; Middle High German blēren, blerren
`bleat, cry';
Maybe alb. blegërij 'bleat' : Old English blagettan, blǣgettan `cry'.
Modern High German plärren, plären (also `weep, cry'), Dutch blaren `bleat', engl. to blare
`roar, bellow'; changing through ablaut Middle High German blürjen, blüelen (*blōljan),
dissimil. brüelen `roar, bellow'; zero grade Middle High German bral `shriek', schwäb.
brallǝ `cry'.
See also: compare bhel-6 and the onomatopoeic words blē-.
Page(s): 154-155
Root / lemma: bhlǝido-

ǝido-s (*bhleid-(u̯)o-)
Meaning: pale
Note: to bhlēi- `shine', from extension root form *bhlēi-d-
Material: Old Church Slavic blědъ `pallid, pale, wan' = Old English blāt `pallid, livid'; Old
High German bleizza `paleness'. Perhaps Lithuanian blaĩvas `sober' (if from *blaid-vas; or
from the an extension root bhlei-, s. d.), blaivaũs, -ýtis ` become sober; clear up, from the
sky '. Alb. bl̃erónj ` blossom, be green' from adj. *bl̃erë from *bled-rë (e = Indo Germanic ai
or oi), bl̃éhurë `pale, wan, pallid'.
Note:

ur : Alb. blehurë
ur- urë : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ, Illyria, also
υρί
Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υρικό υρίζω ,
υρί
speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρ
υρία:--hence Adv. Ἰλλυριστ
υριστί
In addition probably the Illyrian PN Blaedarus.
Maybe Lithuanian blindė ` goat-willow, sallow ' : Alb. (*blind) blini ` sturgeon, lime-tree,
lime, linden '.
Note:
Root / lemma: bhlǝido- lē-u̯o-s : à kind of colour (blue, gold)'.

ǝido-s : `pale' : Root / lemma: bhlē-
References: WP. II 217, Trautmann 34, Specht Dekl. 197.
Page(s): 160
līĝ- (:*bhlēig-
Root / lemma: bhlīĝ lēig-) (*bhlēiĝ-o-)
Meaning: to hit
līĝu̯- (gr. Celtic), to indicate from u̯o- present *bhlīĝ-u̯ō.
Note: also bhlīĝu̯
Material: Aeolic Ionian φλί̄βω `push, press, squeeze' (about θλί̄βω see below dhlas-
`contuse, squeeze '); cymr. blif m. `catapult, pallista', blifaidd `quick, fast';
Latin flīgō, -ere `hit, beat or dash down' (*bhlīĝō, or at most with through flīxi, flīctum
assesses u̯- loss from *fligu̯ō);
Maybe alb. (*bhlēīĝ-) mbledh ` squeeze, collect ' [common alb. -ĝ > -dh].
Latvian blaîzît `squeeze, clash, hit', bliêzt `hit'; Old Church Slavic blizь, blizъ Adv. ` nigh,
near ' (actually ` adjacent '). Although puzzling at first, the semantic transition from `to beat'
to `near' appears to have a few convincing parallels, e.g. Fr. près `near' : Latin pressus
`squeezed' (Trubačëv II: 122, with references).
References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.

See also: about russ. blizná see below bhlē̆i-1.
Page(s): 160-161
Root / lemma: bhlos-

los-q-; -g-
Meaning: expr.
Material: Irish blosc, Gen. bloisc `din, fuss, noise' (bhlosko-); compare also brosc ds. under
*bhres-;
Lithuanian blą́zgu, -ė́ti intr. `clatter', blą́zginti `clatter, rattle, clash'.

Page(s): 161
Root / lemma: bhlō̆k-

Meaning: wool, cloth?
Material: Latin floccus ` a flock of wool ' (*flōcos) to Old High German blaha f. ` coarse bed
linen (esp. to covers or substratums)', Modern High German Blahe, Blache, Old Danish
blaa ` oakum ', now blaar (actually Pl.), Swedish blånor, blår ds., Old Swedish blan, bla ds.
(Germanic *blahwō-), Old Norse blæja (*blahjōn-) ` linen, sheet'.
Page(s): 161
Root / lemma: bhog-

og- (*bhog-no-)
Meaning: running water
Material: Middle Irish búal f. `running water' (*bhoglā), búar m. `diarrhoea' (*bhogro-); proto
Germanic *baki-, Old High German bah, Modern High German Bach, besides *bakja- in
Old Icelandic bekkr, Old English becc m. ds.
With regard to Old Indic bhaŋgá-ḥ, Lithuanian bangà `billow' could be related to the root
bheg- ` shatter, break, rupture'.
References: WP. II 149 f., 187.

Page(s): 161
Root / lemma: bhok-
ok-
Meaning: to burn?
Material: Latin focus ` a fireplace, hearth; meton., house, family, home; sometimes altar-
fire or funeral pyre '; presumably to Armenian bosor `red' (`*fiery'), boc̣ `flame' (*bhok̂-s-o-).
Page(s): 162
Root / lemma: bholo-

olo-
Meaning: smoke, steam?
Material: it is associated perhaps Old Irish bolad, nir. boladh and baladh `smell, odor' and
Latvian buls, bula ` misty muggy air, height smoke, dryness ';
it could form the basis Indo Germanic bhol- (Irish): bhel- (Latvian); perhaps is with above
etymology also Peterssons Etym. Miszellen 34 connection of buls with combinable
Armenian bal ` fog, mist, darkness ' (if originally `haze, mist')?
Page(s): 162
Root / lemma: bhorgʷo

orgʷo-
ʷo-s
Meaning: unfriendly
Material: Armenian bark `violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste' (*bhr̥gʷos); Old
Irish borb, borp `crazy'; Middle Irish borb (*burbo-, Indo Germanic *bhorgʷo-) `raw,
ignorant'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latvian bar̂gs `stern, hard, unfriendly, pitiless '; Swedish Dialectal bark ` willful, unfriendly
person ', barkun `rough, harsh'.
References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.
See also: compare also bhag-2.
Page(s): 163
Root / lemma: bhoso-

oso-s
Meaning: naked
Note:
From Root / lemma: bhē- : bhō- : `to warm, fry, *bath' derived Root / lemma: bhoso-
oso-s :
`naked'.
Material:
Old High German bar `naked, bare' (*baza-), Modern High German bar, Old English bær,
Old Icelandic berr `naked, bare'; Lithuanian bãsas, Latvian bass, Old Church Slavic bosъ `
barefoot '; Armenian bok ` barefoot ' (*bhoso-go-).
Maybe alb. Geg (*bhas-) zbath- `barefoot', mbath `wear shoes' [common alb. -s > -th shift] :
Latvian bass ` barefoot '.
As gr. ψ-ιλός probably to bhes- àbrade, scrape ' (and ` grind '), also originally from
barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414.
References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.

Page(s): 163
Root / lemma: bhoud

ou hi-
Meaning: victory
Material: Old Irish búaid n. `victory', abrit. FN Boudicca ` the victorious ', cymr. budd `profit,
gain', buddig ` victorious ' (*bhoudhīko-) = Old Irish búadach ds.; Old Germanic GN Baudi-
hillia ` victory fighter '.
References: WP. II 186, Gutenbrunner Germanic Göttern. 43.
Page(s): 163
Page(s):
Root / lemma: bhoukʷos

oukʷos
Meaning: a kind of buzzing insect
Material: Latin fūcus, -ī m. ` a drone bee ' = Old English béaw m. `gadfly, brake', ndd. bau
ds.
Page(s): 163
Root / lemma: bhō̆gh-

gh- or bhā̆gh-
gh
Meaning: lowland, swamp
Material: Mnl. bagger m. `slime, mud', out of it Modern High German baggern ` drain the
mud '; russ. bagnó `low, marshy place', Czech bahno `swamp, marsh, morass', poln.
bagno ds.
References: WP. II 187, Petersson Heterokl. 123 f.
Page(s): 161
ōi- : bhǝi- : bhī- (bhii̯ǝ-) (*bheiH- > bhoiH(dh)-so-)

Root / lemma: bhōi-
Meaning: to fear, * keep away
Material: Old Indic bháyatē `be afraid ' (from *bhǝi̯etai = Slavic bojetъ), Avestan bayente,
byente `they are in fear', Middle Persian bēsānd ` they are in fear ' (Proto-Iranian *bai-sk̂-);
Old Indic bibhḗti ` be afraid ', sek. to initial Perf. m. Präsensbed. bibhā́ya Ì am in fear'
(bibhīyāt, bibhītana, abibhēt, participle bibhīvān = Avestan biwivā̊ ` were afraid '); Old Indic
bhiyāná-ḥ ` were afraid '; bhī́-ḥ f., bhīti-ḥ f. (: Latvian Inf. bîtiês) `fear', bhīmá-ḥ `dreadful',
bhītá-ḥ ` were afraid, horrified ', bhīrú-ḥ `timorous, shy, coward' (if r = Indo Germanic l,
changing through ablaut with Lithuanian báilė, bailùs); npers. bāk `fear' (from *bháyaka-);
with Indo Germanic simplification of āi to ā before consonant here Old Indic bhā́ma-ḥ
perhaps `fierceness, fury', bhāmitá-ḥ `fierce, grim'.
Gr. πίθηκος, πίθων m. àpe' (from *πιθος ùgly', zero grade *bhidh-).
Maybe taboo word alb. pidhi ` vagina '.
Latin foedus (*bhoidhos) ` foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting '.
Old High German bibēn, Old Saxon bibōn, Old English beofian, Old Icelandic bifa, -aða
and bifra (these in ending directed after *titrōn `tremble') to Proto German *ƀiƀai-mi; *ƀiƀōn
is probably only after to the other coexistence from -ōn- and -ēn- secondary verb besides
one from the Perfect form developed grade *ƀiƀēn .
Balto Slavic originally present *bhǝi̯̯ō-, preterit-stem *bhii̯ā-, Inf. *bhītēi; Old Prussian
biātwei `fear, dread', kausat. pobaiint `punish, curse'; Lithuanian bijaũs, bijótis (also not
reflexive) `be afraid', Latvian bîstuôs, bijuôs, bîtiês and bijājuôs, bijâtiês `be afraid';
Lithuanian baijùs `dreadful, terrible, hideous'; baidaũ, -ýti `frighten', Latvian baĩdu, baĩdŷt
and biêdêt `daunt, scare';
Maybe alb. Geg mbajt `be afraid', nuk ma mban Ì am afraid'.
in addition Lithuanian baisà `fright' (*baid-s-ā), baisùs `terrible, horrid', baisióti `smudge,
besmear' (and Old Church Slavic běsъ `devil', *běd-sъ); Lithuanian báimė `fear'; báilė ds.
(bailus `timorous').
Old Church Slavic (*bhoiH-eh2-tei) bojǫ, bojati sę `be afraid'.
Further formation *bhii̯-es- īs- in Old Indic bhyásatē ` be afraid ', udbhyása-ḥ `be
es-, *bhīs-
afraidd', Avestan Perf. biwivā̊ŋha (i.e. biwyā̊ŋha) ` stimulated fright, was dreadful'; Old
Indic bhīṣayatē `frightens', bhī́ṣaṇa-ḥ `causing fright';
Old High German bīsa `north-east wind', bisōn ` run around madly ', bēr `boar' etc lead
to a Germanic*bī̆s-, *bī̆z- ` storm ahead jumpily '; compare Wißmann Nom. postverb. 78.
References: WP. II 124 f., 186, WH. I 522 f., Trautmann 24, Kluge11 under Biese.
Page(s): 161-162
Root / lemma: bhrag-
rag- (better bhrǝ-g-)
Meaning: to smell, scent
Material: Latin fragrō, -āre `to emit a smell, esp. a sweet smell', denominative *bhrǝg-ro-s `
smelling '; Old High German bracko (Modern High German Bracke), Middle Low German
mnl. bracke ` beagle, sleuth, harrier, track hound' (out of it Italian bracco etc), in addition
Middle Latin barm-braccus `lap dog'; compare Middle High German brǣhen `smell' (*brē-
i̯ō); also anything for root bhrē, above S. 133.
It remains remote gall. brāca ` trouser '; see below bhreĝ-1 `break, rupture'.
References: WP. II 192, WH. I 540, Kluge11 under Bracke.

Page(s): 163
Root / lemma: bhrā́-ter-

ter- (*su̯e-loudhā--ter-
ter- ` member of clan, brother ')
Meaning: brother
Root / lemma: bhrā́-ter-
ter- ` member of clan, brother '):: brother, derived
from Root / lemma: bhrā́-ter-
ter- ` member of clan, brother '):: brother [Root
Root /
leu h-1 (*leugh-):: to grow up; people; free].
lemma: leud
Material: Old Indic bhrā́tar-, Avestan Old pers. brātar- `brother'; osset. ärvád `brother,
kinsman, relative'; Armenian eɫbair, Gen. eɫbaur ds.; (*bhrātēr, *bhrātrós);
Maybe truncated gr. ἐλεύθερος `free man' : (*su̯e-loudhā ` member of clan, brother ') vëla `
brother ' : osset. ärvád (*alvad) : Armenian eɫbair (*elvair), Gen. eɫbaur `brother, kinsman,
relative' : Etruscan (*äruvád) ruva `brother' from Eurasiatic: *ʔarV
Meaning: member of the clan
Uralic: *arV (*arwa)
Number: 1745
Proto: *arV (*arwa)
> Nostratic:
English meaning: relative on mother's side; (younger) brother of mother
Khanty (Ostyak): oĺi (V Vj.), orti (O), wǫrtĭ (Kaz.) ' Nephew, son of the brother (od. of the
sister), younger brother of the mother etc. ', oĺisakǝn (Vj.) ' Mother's brother and child of his
older sister together ', oĺisat ' Mother's brother and children of his older sister together ', i̮ĺt́i̮
(Vj.), åл́t́ (Trj.), ɔr`ne (Kaz.) ' Daughter of the older sister (father), daughter of the older
brother of the man etc. ', ar`sǝẋ (O) ' Child of the older sister, child of the sister of the
fathers', ɔrtĭweŋ (Kaz.) ' Man of the daughter of the older sister etc. '
Mansi (Vogul): oår (LM), ā̊r (N) ' related to the mother's side ', or ' relatives on a parent
line, ancestors on mother ', jäɣnor ōr-nor (K) ' parental disappointment '
Hungarian: ara ' Bride; (altung.) brother of the mother od. of the sister; daughter-in-law '
Maybe
Illyrian bra `brother! (vocative)' > alb. bre `brother! (vocative)'
maybe Kurdish bira `brother' : turk. birader `brother'.
New Phrygian βρατερε ` brother '; mys.-Phrygian braterais = φράτραις?, gr. φρήτηρ
(Ionian) ἀδελφός Hes., Attic φρά̄τηρ, φρά̄τωρ `member of a φρατρία (family, fraternity,
brotherhood)';
Venetic vhraterei ` brother ';
Maybe alb. Tosc v(ë)lla `brother' intervocalic (-ë-) [influenced by Latin order consonant +
vowel + consonant], older alb. Geg vlla ` brother', (*vhraterei) vllazëri `member of a
φρατρία (family, fraternity, brotherhood)';
Latin frāter `brother', Oscan fratrúm, Umbrian fratrum, fratrom ` brothers ' etc around
Late Latin frātruēɫis s. WH. I 542);
Old Irish brāth(a)ir `brother, member of a big family', cymr. sg. brawd, brodyr, acorn.
broder, Middle Breton breuzr, nbret. breur, Pl. breudeur ds.;
Gothic brōÞar, Old Icelandic brōðir, Old High German bruoder, Old English brōÞor
`brother';
Short forms in addition Old High German MN Buobo, Middle High German buobe `boy',
Old English MN Bōfa, Bōja (> engl. boy), Norwegian dial. boa `brother' etc; further Old
High German MN Buole, Middle High German buole `kinsman, relative, lover ', Middle Low
German bōle `kinsman, relative, brother' etc (see Kluge11 under Bube, Buhle); Old
Prussian brāti (Vok. brote) `brother', Lithuanian broterė̃lis, short form brožis, batis, brólis,
Latvian b(r)ãlis ` baby brother ', brātarītis ` dear brother!';
Old Church Slavic bratrъ, bratъ `brother', short form serb. baća, аčеch. bát'a ds., russ.
bátja, báčka `father, priest'.
Also alb. Geg bacë `father, leader' : serb. baća `father, priest'.
compare noch Old Indic bhrātrá-m ` brotherhood '; gr. φρά̄τρᾱ, jon. φρήτρη ds.; Old
Indic bhrātrya-m : gr. φρᾱτρία, Old Church Slavic bratrьja, bratьja ds., Latin frātria `wife,
woman of brothers'.
Tocharian A pracar (Dual pratri), В procer.

References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtIE 2, 6 f.,
Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118.
Page(s): 163-164
Root / lemma: bhred(h?)-

red(h?)-
Meaning: to wade, wander
Material: Thrak. PN Bρέδαι; Ligurian VN Brodionti; compare gall. FlN Bredanna, French La
Brenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), PN Bροδεντία (Bayern).
Alb. breth, Aor. brodha ` wander, roam '.
Lithuanian bredù (East Lithuanian brendù), bridaũ, brìsti `wade', Iter. bradaũ, -ýti `wade',
brastà, brastvà `ford (miry)', bradà `slime, mud', brãdas m. `fishing' (= Slavic brodъ), with
sek. ablaut brỹdis m. ` wading, way in the water ', Iter. braidaũ, -ýti ` wade around
continuously '; Latvian brìenu (Dialectal brìedu = East Lithuanian brendù), bridu, brist, Iter.
bradât `wade; tread with feet; speak foolishly ', braslis m. `ford', brìdis m. ` while, short
time'; Old Prussian Chucunbrast ` through the devil's way '; zero grade ir = *r̥ noch in
Lithuanian birdà `wet ordure', Old Prussian Birdaw, sea name.
Russ.-Church Slavic bredu, bresti ` wade through a ford ' (zero grade present *brьdǫ in
neprěbrъdomъ ` not wading through water ', Aor. pribrьde, compare Old Czech přěbrde `
will wade ', poln. brnąć `wade' from *brьdnǫti), russ. bredú, brestí ` go slowly, fish with the
train net ', bréditь ` chat nonsense, fantasize', bred, bredína ` willow ' (`standing there often
in the water '), r.-Church Slavic, russ. (etc) brodъ `ford', iter. r.-Church Slavic broditi `wade',
russ. brodítь ` go slowly, slink, wander around; ferment, seethe', Serbo-Croatian bròditi
`wade'.
References: WP. II 201 f., Trautmann 37, Mühlenbach-Endzelin 332 f.

Page(s): 164
Root / lemma: bhreĝ-

reĝ-1
Meaning: to break
Material: Old Indic giri-bhráj- ` bursting out from the mountains ';
Latin frangō, -ere, frēgi (: Gothic *brēkum), frāctum ` break in pieces, dash to pieces,
shiver, shatter, fracture ', fragilis ` frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile ' etc (*bhreg-
), fragor m. ` a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din '; with ā
(after frāctus etc): suffrāgium ` a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to
vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support'; suffrāginēs f. ` the hollows of the
knee (suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur,
that is, they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm) ', actually `bend, kink ';
Middle Irish braigid ` farts ', verbal noun braimm, cymr. corn. bram m. `breaking wind,
fart', Middle Irish t-air-brech `crash, blast'; but gall. brāca `breeches' (compare βράκκαι
αἴγειαι διφθέραι παρὰ Κελτοῖς Hes.) is Germanic loanword, Old Irish brōc ` trouser ' is Old
English loanword
Maybe alb. brekë ùnderwear' = gall. brāca `breeches';
Gothic brikan, Old Saxon brekan, Old English brecan, Old High German brehhan
`break, rupture' (Latin frēgimus = Gothic *brēkum, Modern High German brachen), ablaut.
Gothic brakja ` wrestling match '; lengthened grade Middle High German brache f. `
breaking in the ground, unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the harvest ', Old English
ā-brācian `press in', Old High German prahhen, brahhen, Middle High German braechen,
Modern High German prägen (*brēkjan), Causative to brechen; zero grade Gothic gabruka
f. `piece, fragment, gobbet ' (*bhreg-) == Old English bryce m. ` the break, lump ', Old High
German bruh `break, cracked '; Old English brocian `press', broc ` woefulness '; with
gemination Old High German brocco ` broken ', Modern High German Brocken;
here perhaps Norwegian brake m. ` juniper ' (as brisk ds. to bhres-
res- `break, crack,
cracking '), Middle High German brake m. f. `twig, branch', engl. brake ` brushwood, thorn
bushes, fern ', ablaut. Norwegian burkne m. ` fern ', compare also Norwegian bruk n.
`shrubbery, bush';
a nasal. form in Norwegian dial. brank n. ` affliction , defect', branka ` injure, break,
rupture'; with the meaning `din, fuss, noise' here Old Icelandic braka `crack, creak', brak n.
`row, din, fuss, noise', Middle High German Old English brach m. ds., Old High German
Middle High German Old Saxon braht `din, fuss, noise, clamor', with changed meaning
Modern High German Pracht; Old English breahtm m. àrgument, quarrel', Old Saxon
brahtum `din, fuss, noise, clamorous mass';
Germanic *brōk- `rump', newer `trouser' in Old English brēc Pl. ` buttocks ', engl. breech
ds., Old Icelandic brōk, Pl. brøkr `thigh, trouser', Old English brōc, Old High German
bruoh, Modern High German Bruch ds., Swiss bruech ` pubic region '; geminated Old
English etc braccas ` britches ';
here (rather to bhres-) belong Lithuanian braškù, braškéti `crack, creak' (*bhreĝ-sk̂ō),
Latvian brakšk̂ēt, brakstēt ds.
A parallel root *bhre(n)gh- seeks Wood (KZ. 45, 61) in Old Indic br̥háti `wrenches, tears
from ', Old Icelandic branga `damage'.
Old Indic br̥gala-m `piece, gobbet, lump ' is not Indo Germanic (Kuiper Proto-Munda 49).
References: WP. II 200, WH. I 113 f, 539 f., 541, Feist 104 ff., 176, Wißmann Nom.
postverb. 11, 58, 123, 181.
Page(s): 165
Root / lemma: bhreĝ-

reĝ-2
Meaning: to stick (?)
Note: extension from bher-
er- ` stand up, edge, bristle' etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in:
Material: Old Indic bhraj- `stiffness (of the member), rigor(?)'; isl. Norwegian brok `stiff
grass, grass bristles '; quite dubious also in Old Icelandic bǫrkr (*bhorĝu-s), Middle Low
German borke,
Modern High German (actually ndd.) Borke `rough, outer bark' (from the rough angularity?
Similar is gr. φορί̄νη `hard, rough skin, esp. pig's skin ' to un extension to place root bher-).
An analoge g-extension from of a i-basis bhrei-

rei- could at most exist in Norwegian brikja `
stick up high, to show off, shine', brik à tall woman keeping her head high ', briken `fresh,
agile, lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant', brikna `glory, magnificence, lustre, shine,
pleasure, joy' (Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps `shine, shine out' is the basis of this
meaning.
A bhrēi-
rēi-k- presumably in gr. φρί̄ξ, -κός ` shuddering, quiver, stare', φρί̄σσω, -ττω,
πέφρῑκα ` stare up; shiver (*flicker?)' common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-; cymr. bret. brig `
acme, apex ' (*bhrīko-).
Maybe alb. (*φρί̄ξ, φρίκός) frikë ` shuddering, fear', older (*φρίκός) frikësoj `make shiver,
scare'.

Page(s): 166
Root / lemma: bhrend

ren h-
Meaning: to swell, sprout
Note: Only for Celtic to cover Tocharian and Balto-Slavic
Note:
Material: Old Irish probably in brenn- (*bhrendh-uā-) `spring up, bubble, effervesce', e.g.
bebarnatar 3 Pl. preterit, with to-ess- : do-n-eprinn ` gushes forth ', Middle Irish to-oss- :
toiprinnit ` interior flow, flow into ', Kaus. Middle Irish bruinnid ` allows to gush forth,
streams out ' etc; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare also Thurneysen Grammar
461;
Maybe alb. brenda, përbrenda ìnside, inward, (*inward inflow)'.
Lithuanian brę́stu, bréndau, brę́sti `swell, ripen', participle bréndęs `ripening', brįstu,
brìndau, brį́sti `gush, well up (e.g. from peas)', brandà ` ripeness, rich harvest ', brandùs `
grainy '; Latvian briêstu, briêžu, briêst `gush, well up, to swell, ripen', bruôžs `thick, strong';
Old Prussian pobrendints ` weighted ', sen brendekermnen `pregnant', i.e. ` with body fruit
';
Slavic *brędъ in Old Czech ja-břadek, apoln. ja-brząd `twig, branch of grapevine '
(besides one verschied. Slavic *brědъ in kašub. břod ` fruit-tree '); relationship to bher-
(bhren-) òverhang, protrude ' is absolutely agreeable;
Tocharian A pratsak, B pratsāk- `breast'.
References: WP. II 205, Trautmann 35 f., Van Windekens Lexique 99.

Page(s): 167-168
Root / lemma: bhrenk-

Root renk-, bhronk-
ronk-
Meaning: to bring
Material: Cymr. he-brwng `bring, glide, slide, guide, lead' (*sem-bronk-), hebryngiad
`guide, leader', acorn. hebrenchiat `leader', mcorn. hem-bronk `will guide, lead', hem-
brynkys, hom-bronkys `guided', Middle Breton ham-brouc, nbr. am-brouk `guide, lead';
Gothic briggan, brāhta, Old High German bringan, brāhta, also Old Saxon (wo also
brengian), Old English bringan and breng(e)an preterit brōhte (from *branhta) `bring';
Tocharian B praṅk-, AB pränk- `depart'.
Angebl. contaminated from root bher- and enek̂-; finally E. Fraenkel KZ. 58, 2861 f.; 63,
198.
Maybe alb. geg me pru, aor. prura `to bring'
References: WP. II 204, Lewis-Pedersen 40, Feist 105, Van Windekens Lexique 99.
Page(s): 168
re(n)k̂-
Root / lemma: bhre(
Meaning: to err
Material: Old Indic bhráṁśate, bhraśyate ` falls, overthrows ', participle bhraṣṭá-ḥ,
bhraṁśa-ḥ `fall, loss', but in RV. only from nasal basis bhrāśáyan (Kaus.), mā́ bhraśat
(Aor.), áni-bhr̥ṣṭa-ḥ ` not succumbing '; also bhraṁśa- with originally only present, then
further grown exuberantly nasalization? or old double forms? Old Irish brēc `lie, falsity'
(*bhrenkā) is the half meaning not so certain to compare with Old Indic bhraṁsá-ḥ, that it
would decide the latter sense.
Kuiper (Nasalpras. 141 f.) builds *bhrek̂-mi next to *bhre-n-k̂ō; nevertheless, his
etymological comparisons are not persuasive.

See also: To bhreĝ-
reĝ-1?
Page(s): 168
Root / lemma: bhren-

bhren-to-
to-s
Meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn
Material:
Messapic βρένδον (from *βρέντον) `ἔλαφον' Hes., βρέντιον `deer head' Hes., brunda ds.,
short form (besides Brenda) to PN Brundisium, older Βρεντέσιον `Brindisi', Illyrian VN
Βρέντιοι; Venetic FlN Brinta `Brenta'; still today in Italian mountain names and plant names
(Bertoldi IF. 52, 206 f.);
compare in addition alb. brî, brîni `horn, antler' (*bhr̥-no-), Plur. Geg brîena; raetorom.
brenta ` pannier ';
maybe alb. brinjë `rib, bone'
Note:
Clearly alb. is an Illyrian Dialect; alb. bredh `wander' suggests that there is a link between
Root / lemma: bhred(h)-
red(h)- : `to wade, wander' and Root / lemma: bhren-to-s : `herdsman,
ren-to-
*wanderer'.
New Swedish dial. brind(e), Norwegian (with g from d) bringe `male elk ' (*bhrentós),
ablaut. Norwegian brund `baby male reindeer ' (*bhrn̥tós);
Latvian briêdis ` deer, deer stag ', whether from of a Indo Germanic additional form
*bhrendis, must be the origin of Lithuanian bríedis, Old Prussian braydis m. èlk'; if
Germanic loanword?
Note:
Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and
alb. is of Illyrian origin.
Perhaps to bhren-
ren- òverhang, edge'; different Specht Dekl. 120.
References: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe
Bulle 191 f.
Page(s): 168-169
Root / lemma: bhren-

ren-
Meaning: to stick out; edge
Note: as bher-
er- ds.
Material: Ir. braine ` front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border', corn. brenniat ds.
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
With formants t: Latin frōns, -tis m., new f. ` the forehead, brow, front '; Old Icelandic
brandr ` sword ' (*bhron-tó-); in wider meaning `stick, board; sword' against it probably from
*bhrondho- to bherdh- `cut, clip'.
With formants d: Old English brant, Old Icelandic brattr `high, sharp' (*bhrondos), Latvian
bruôdin̨š `ridge of the roof'.
ren-q-: Germanic *branha- in Old Swedish brā-, New Swedish brå- `sharp' in PN; Old
bhren-
Icelandic bringa `breast, thorax, breastbone of birds', nisl. bringr `small hill';
maybe alb. (*bhren) brinjë `rib, chest bone, hillside'
Note:
Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: bhren-to-s : `herdsman, *wanderer, *horn' derived from
ren-to-
an extended Root / lemma: bhren-
ren- : `to stick out; edge'.
Lithuanian brankà `the swelling', brankšóti, branksó́ti ` jut out stiffly (of bones, laths)';
ablaut. brìnkstu, brìnkti `to swell'; Slavic *bręknǫ, *bręknǫti in russ. nabrjáknutь `to bloat,
bulge, swell' etc.
bhren-
ren-g- perhaps in Old Icelandic brekka (*brinkōn) ` steep hill', Old Danish brink, brank `
upright ', Middle English nengl. brink èdge, border, bank, shore', Middle Low German
brink èdge of a field, field margin, meadow', Middle Dutch brinc, Modern Dutch brink
èdge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field '.
References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.
Page(s): 167
Root / lemma: bhres-

res-
Meaning: to break
Material: Middle Irish brosc, broscar m. `din, fuss, noise'; compare also blosc under bhlos-
q-;
Old High German brestan `break, crack, break, rupture', unpers. `lack, defect ', Old
English berstan ds., Old Icelandic bersta `break, crack, creak'; Old High German brest(o) `
disability, defect ',
Modern High German Gebresten; Old High German brust `break, defect ', Old English
byrst m. `damage'; Old High German brastōn ` crackle ', Old Icelandic brasta `rant, roister,
brag, boast'; without -t- Norwegian bras n. `clatter, brushwood ';
with -k-: Norwegian brisk ` juniper '; Middle High German braschen `crack, creak, cry, brag,
boast';
Lithuanian braškéti etc, see below bhreĝ-1.

Page(s): 169
reu-k̂- (--k-)
Root / lemma: bhreu-
Meaning: to strike; to throw
Note: only Balto-Slavic, probably extension from bhrē̆u-1. For -k- compare above S. 18
Anm.
Material: Lithuanian braukiù braukiaũ braũkti `whisk, stroke; move slowly '; Latvian bràucu
brā̀uču bràukt `move';
ablaut. Lithuanian brukù brukaũ brùkti ` wave flax, wedge ', Latvian brukt ` crumble ',
brucinât àbrade, stroke the scythe';
Iterat. Lithuanian braukýti, Latvian braũcût `stroke' (with unoriginal intonation) and
Lithuanian brũkis m. `stripe, line', Latvian brùce f. ` scratch, scar', in addition Lithuanian
brùknė, bruknìs f., Latvian brùklene f. ` cranberry ';
Slavic *brušǫ *brusiti (originally iterative) in Bulgarian brúsja (brusich) `shake off, get rid
of, beat off, chop, cut, reject', Serbo-Croatian brûsim brúsiti `whet', Czech brousiti ds., in
addition Old Church Slavic ubrusъ ` veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed
by some to be miraculously made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face
as he went to his crucifixion; the cloth used for this) ', Serbo-Croatian brûs (Gen. brûsa),
russ. brus (Gen. brúsa; mostly brusók) `grindstone, whetstone'; russ. etc brusníka `
cranberry ' (`lightly strippable '); ablaut. r.-Church Slavic brъsnuti `scrape, shave', russ.
brosátь (dial. brokátь), brósitь `throw', brósnutь `peel flax', bros òffal' etc in ablaut to
Bulgarian brъ́šъ `rub off'. With ū the iterative grade: Old Church Slavic sъ-brysati ` scrape
', brysalo à painter's brush or pencil; style '.
Perhaps here Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic brutъ `nail', Bulgarian brut ds. as *bruktъ,
compare to meaning Lithuanian brùkti ` put by force ', to form Latvian braukts `knife for
cleaning the flax'.
Maybe alb. (*breuks) pres `cut, peel', mpreh `whet, sharpen', mbreh `harness, yoke, put by
force ' [common alb. p- > mp-, b- > mb- shift], mbres `bruise, beat'.
Perhaps here the Illyrian VN Breuci, PN Breucus and the gall. PN Bρευκό-μαγος, today
Brumath (Alsace); in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) Illyrian VN Βρεῦνοι: Breones
(from *Breu̯ones).
Note:
Illyrian VN Βρεῦνοι: Breones (from *Breu̯ones) evolved according to alb. phonetic laws -t >
-nt > -n hence *Breu̯ones < *Breu̯ontes. But only alb. displays the common -k > -th, -t shift
found in Illyrian VN Breuci : Illyrian VN Βρεῦνοι (from *Breu̯ones), hence alb. is a dialect of
Illyrian Both alb. and older Illyrian display centum and satem characteristics.
Finally gall. PN Bρευκό-μαγος, today Brumath (Alsace); has evolved according to Illyrian
alb. phonetic laws -g > -th as alb. (mag-) math `big'.
About russ. brykátь `kick, reject' etc s. Berneker 93.
References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119.

Page(s): 170
Page(s):

reu-s-1
Meaning: to swell
Note: (compare above bhreu-)
Material: Old Irish brū f., Gen. bronn `belly, body' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (*bhrus-
ō[n]: -n-os), brūach ` big-bellied ' (*brusākos), cymr. bru m. ` venter, uterus ' (*bhreuso-);
Old Irish bruinne `breast' (*bhrusni̯o-), acymr. ncymr. bronn f. `breast', bret. bronn, bron ds.
(*bhrusnā) in place names also `round hill', mcymr. brynn, ncymr. bryn m. (*bhrusni̯o-) `hill'
(from Celtic derives Gothic brunjō f. `(breast)-armor', Old High German brunja, brunna `
coat of mail ');
Maybe alb. (*bryn) brinjë `rib, side' : alb. Geg (*bryn) brini, Pl. brina, alb. Tosc brirë ` horn' :
Gothic brunjō f. `(breast)-armor'.
Old Irish brollach `bosom' (*bhrus-lo- with formants-āko-); Middle Irish brūasach `with large,
wide breast' (from bhreus-to- = Old Saxon briost).
Middle High German briustern `swell up', Old Icelandic ā-brystur f. Pl. ` beestings ' (also
broddr ds. from *bruz-da-z), Swiss briescht ds. (besides briesch ds. from *bhreus-ko-); Old
Saxon briost N. Pl., Old English brēost, Old Icelandic briōst `breast', zero grade Gothic
brusts f. Pl., Old High German brust, Modern High German Brust; Old Saxon brustian `bud'
(Slavic *brъstъ `bud'), Modern High German Brös-chen (from md.) `mammary gland of
cows', schwäb. Brüste, Bavarian Brüsel, Briesel, Bries ds., Danish brissel, Swedish
kalfbräss, with k-suffix Danish bryske, engl. brisket ` breast of the animals '.
Old Icelandic briōsk `gristle', Middle High German brūsche, Modern High German
Brausche `swelling, blister', Modern High German dial. brausche, brauschig ` swollen; of
style, turgid, bombastic, torose ', brauschen `swell up'.
Russ. brjúcho `lower abdomen, belly, paunch', dial. brjúchnutь ` yield, gush, well up, to
bloat, bulge, swell', Czech alt. břuch, břucho, nowadays břich, břicho `belly' etc (*bhreuso-
s, -m);
here also klr. brost' f. dial. brost m. `bud', Bulgarian brъs(t) m. ` young sprouts', Serbo-
Croatian br̂st m. ds., br̀stina `foliage, leaves'.
here klr. brost ' f. dial. brost m. ` bud ', Bulgarian Brъs (t) m. ` younger shoots ', Serbo-
Croatian br ̂ ^ st m. ds., br̀stina ` foliage '.
References: WP. II 197 f., Feist 107 f., 108 f.

Page(s): 170-171

reu-s-2
Meaning: to break
Note: extension from bhrē̆u-1.
Material: Alb. breshën, breshër `hail', if actually `granule, mica' (e = Indo Germanic eu);
Latin frustum ` a bit, piece, morsel, gobbet ' (from *bhrus-to-);
Old Irish brūu `shatter, smash' (*bhrū̆si̯ō, gall. brus-, French bruiser), Middle Irish brūire,
brūile `piece, fragment', bruan ds., bruar `fragment, broken piece', brosna (*brus-toni̯o-) `
faggot, brushwood bundle ', gall. *bruski̯ā ` undergrowth, brushwood ', Old French broce
ds., Middle Irish brusc `tiny bit' etc; Old Irish bronnaim `damage' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-), (*bhrusnāmi) (subjunctive robria from *bris- `break, rupture' borrows, see below
bhrēi-
rēi-); mcymr. breu, ncymr. brau ` frail, easily broken ', mcorn. brew ` broken ' (*bhrōuso-);
Middle Breton brusun `tiny bit' (*brous-t-);
Old English briesan (*brausjan), brȳsan (*brūsjan) `break, rupture trans., shatter', engl.
bruise ìnjure', probably also Old High German brōsma, Middle High German brōsem,
brōseme, brōsme `bit, flake, crumb'; Old English brosnian ` molder '.

Page(s): 171
reus-3, bhrū̆s-
Root / lemma: bhreus-
Meaning: to boil; to sound, etc.
Note: esp. in Germanic words; perhaps to bhreu-
reu-s-1; also a new onomatopoeic word could
have helped (similarly akr. brújīm, brújiti `buzz, hum from an swarm of bees', Berneker 89).
Material: Middle High German brūsen `boom, blaster, roar', brūs `the boom', ndd. brūsen
`boom, blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty (from people); spread out, grow new shoot
(from plants); sprinkle, besprinkle ' (compare Modern High German Brause) (out of it
Danish bruse ds.), Dutch bruisen, previous bruischen `foam, froth, bubble, roar, boom,
blaster', ndd. brūsken ds., Middle High German brūsche ` douche, shower, spray, sprinkler
', Old Swedish brūsa ` storm ahead ', Norwegian Dialectal brŏsa ` storm gust ', Old
Icelandic brusi `he-goat, billy goat ', isl. bruskr ` tussock, besom ', engl. brush `bristle
brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes)', brushwood `shrubbery, bush, shrubbery ', Middle
English bruschen, engl. to brush `comb with a brush', Norwegian dial. brauska, bruska and
brausta, brusta ` make room, rush out forcefully '; Swedish bruska `rustle, rant, roister'.
With Germanic *bruska-z ` brushwood ', *bruskan ` crackle, rustle ' (-sk- could be Indo
Germanic zg) one compares the Balto-Slavic groups Lithuanian brũzgai Pl. ` brushwood ',
briauzgà ` babbler ', bruzgù, -ė́ti `rustle', russ. brjuzgáju, -átь `mumble, murmur', brjužžátь
`drone, grumble, murmur, growl ' etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only Balto-Slavic
onomatopoeic word formation. Because of the Germanic meaning `spray' is perhaps on
the other hand to be compared with russ. brýzgaju, -atь `spray, sprinkle, bubble ' etc.
References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.

Page(s): 171-172

reu-, bhreu-
reu-d-
Meaning: to swell, sprout
Material: Latin frutex, -icis m. ` a shrub, bush; as a term of reproach, blockhead ' based on
Material:
probably on a participle *bhrūtós ` sprouted out'; Old Irish broth àwn, hair'; here d-present:
Middle High German briezen, brōz `bud, swell', Old High German Middle High German
broz `bud, sprout '.
See also: compare bhreu-s-1 `to swell', bhrughno- `twig, branch'.
Page(s): 169
rēi-, bhrī̆-
Root / lemma: bhrēi-
Meaning: to pierce, cut with smth. sharp
Note: extension from bher-.
Material: Old Indic bhrīṇánti `be hurt' (Pf. bibhrāya Dhātup.), Avestan pairibrīnǝnti ` be cut
all around ', brōiϑrō-taēža- ` dashing sharply ', Middle Persian brīn ` determined, fixed'.
Maybe alb. Geg pre- ` pierce, cut'
Thrak. (?) βριλών `barber'.
Latin friō, -āre `rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble', fricō, -āre `to rub, rub down, rub off'
(from *fri-co-s `rubbing, scraping'), refrīva faba ` ground bean', frīvolus (from *frī-vo-s `
triturated '), ` breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pl. as subst. sticks of furniture '.
Maybe alb. (**frico-) fërkonj `rub' possible Latin loanword.
With frīvolus to be compared cymr. briw `broke; wound'; briwo `break, rupture, injure';
with s-extension here gall.-Latin brīsāre ` break, shatter ', French briser etc gallorom.
*briscāre ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Swiss bretschi ds. (Wartburg), Old Irish brissid
`breaks' (from participle Pert. *bristo-), Middle Irish bress f. `din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle',
breissem ds., Old Irish PN Bres-(u)al (*bristo-u̯alos), corn. Middle Breton bresel `fight',
bret. bresa `quarrel', Middle Irish brise `frail, breakable', br. bresk ds.; compare the parallel
formation under bhreus-2.
Hereupon probably also cymr. brwydr `fight, struggle', Old Irish briathar `word,
*argument' as *bhrei-trā ` quarrel, argument ' (to cymr. brwyd `torn, perforates '), compare
Lithuanian bárti `scold, chide', refl. `be quarrelsome', Old Church Slavic brati `fight', s. bher-
2.
Maybe alb. Geg brit, Tosc bërtas `to scold, chide, quarrel, yell' : Lithuanian bárti `scold,
chide'.
Here presumably Middle Dutch brīne, Modern Dutch brijn, Middle English brīne,
nengl. brine ` salted water, salt brine ' (from the sharp taste like partly Slavic bridъ).
Maybe alb. brinjë ` rib', alb. Geg brini, Tosc briri ` sharp horn '.
Old Church Slavic britva `razor', russ.-Church Slavic briju, briti `shave, shear', bričь
`razor'; Old Church Slavic bridъ ` δριμύς ', russ.-Dialectal bridkój `sharp, cold', Serbo-
Croatian bridak `sharp, sour'; Old Church Slavic brъselije `shards', russ.-Church Slavic
brъselije, brъselъ `shard' (proto Slavic. also probably* brъselъ) as *bhri-d-selo-.
Maybe alb. brisk `razor' a Slavic loanword.
ĝ-extension bhrei-
rei-ĝ- presumably in Lithuanian brė́žiu, brė́šti `scratch, scrape', Iter. braiž-,
-ýti ds., and Old Icelandic brīk f. `board, low wooden wall, low bar'; compare with *bhrei-ĝ-
parallel ĝ-extension the einf. root bher- in Latvian beriu, berzu, berẑt `rub, scour, clean' and
gr. φοργάνη ἡἀραιότης Неs. and auf a k-extension *bhrei-
rei-k- traceable gr. φρίκες χάρακες
Неs.; brė́šti not better with Indo Germanic b- to Old English prica `point', Middle Low
German pricken, Middle High German pfrecken `prick' etc, besides that with other root
auslaut Norwegian Dialectal prisa `prick, stir, tease, irritate', preima, preina `banter, stir,
tease, irritate' etc (about age and origin Germanic words nothing is certain).
References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.
Page(s): 166-167
Root / lemma: bhrē̆u-1, bhrū̆-

Meaning: to pierce, break
Note: extension from bher-
Material: Old Indic bhrūṇá-m èmbryo' (named after the burst caul);
Middle High German briune, brūne `lower abdomen, vulva'; Old High German brōdi
`frail, breakable' (*bhrou-ti̯o-), Old Icelandic broma `piece, fragment' (*bhrumōn); a t-present
in Old English breoðan `break, rupture'; probably d- present based on Germanic family of
Old English brēotan `break, rupture', Old Icelandic briōta `break, rupture', broti m. ` heap of
felled trees, barrier ', braut f. `way, alley' (compare Modern High German Bahn brechen,
French route from rupta), breyta (*brautjan) ` alter, change, modify ', breyskr `frail,
breakable, brittle '; Old High German bruzī, bruzzī ` fragileness '; Old Icelandic brytia = Old
English bryttian `divide, share, allot, distribute'; Old Icelandic bryti m. ` colter, plough
coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager,
land agent ' = agsl. brytta m. ` dispenser, distributer '.
To Germanic *ƀreutan perhaps also Old Irish fris-brudi ` reject '.
Latvian braũna, braũṅa `scurf, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul,
entrails' (basic meaning ` scrapings ', compare Slavic brъsnǫti `scrape, stripe ' under bhreu-
k̂-);
Czech br-n-ka (*bhrun-) ` placenta, afterbirth '.
See also: S. the extension bhreu-k̂-, bhreu-s-2.
Page(s): 169
Root / lemma: bhrēu-

rēu-2, bhrū-
rū-
Meaning: edge
Note: The group is extended from bher- `stand up; edge'.
Material: Old Irish brū èdge, bank, border, shore', bruach ds. (*brū-āko-);
Old Icelandic brūn èdge', whereof brȳna `whet', brȳni `whetstone'; Old English Middle
High German brūn `sharp' (from weapons).
Lithuanian briaunà èdge, border, cornice ' (*bhrēunā), ablaut. with Old Icelandic brūn.
Maybe alb. brini ` horn ', brinjë ` side, rib, edge '.
Page(s): 170
Root / lemma: bhroisqo-

roisqo-, bhrisqo
risqo-
Meaning: bitter
Material: Russ.-Church Slavic obrězgnuti, obrьzgnuti ` become sauer ', Czech břesk `
sharp taste', poln. brzazg ` unpleasant, sharp taste; bad mood',
russ. brezgátь (old brězgati) ` nauseate, feel disgust ';
Maybe alb. Geg (prezi-) përzi ` to nauseate, feel disgust '
at first to Norwegian brisk `bitter taste', brisken `bitter, sharp'; probably to bhrēi- `cut, clip'
(as Middle Dutch brīne `salt water, brine').
Maybe alb. brisk, brisqe Pl. `sharp, bitter; razor', brisqe Pl. `razors'
Page(s): 172
Root / lemma: bhrugh-

rugh-no-
no-
Meaning: twig
Note: perhaps in relationship to bhreu- ` sprout'
Material: Cymr. brwyn-en f. ` bulrush', acorn. brunnen gl. `juncus, bulrush', bret. broenn-
enn ds. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from Proto Celtic*brugno-); Old English brogn(e)
f. `twig, branch, bush', Norwegian dial. brogn(e) ` tree branch, clover stalk, raspberry bush
'.
Page(s): 174
Root / lemma: bhrūg-

rūg-
Meaning: fruit
Note: perhaps oldest ` to cut off or peel off fruit for eating ' and then to *bhreu- `cut, clip'
(compare there to meaning Old Indic bhárvati `chews, consumes', also Balto Slavic *bhreu-
q-, -k̂- `graze over, chip')
Material: Latin frūx, -gis f. `fruit' = Umbrian Akk Pl. frif, fri ` fruits ', Latin frūgī (Dat. *` useful,
honest, discreet, moderate' =) ` fruitful ', fruor, -i, frūctus and fruitus sum ` relish ' (from
*frūgʷor, which has entered for *frūgor ?), frūniscor ` relish ' (*frūg-nīscor), frūmentum `
corn, grain ', Oscan fruktatiuf (*frūgetātiōns) `frūctus'.
Maybe alb. (*frūg-) fruth `measles, breaking of the skin (disease of fruit and humans?)', frut
`fruit' [common alb. -k, -g > -th, -dh shift]
Gothic brūkjan, Old High German brūhhan, Old Saxon brūkan, Old English brūcan
`need, lack', Gothic brūks, Old High German brūhhi, Old English brȳce ùsable'.

Page(s): 173
Root / lemma: bhrū-

rū-1 (*ḫebhrū-
rū-1)
Meaning: brow
Note:
rū-1 (*ḫebhrū-
rū-1):: brow, derived from the animate suffixed -ru
ru of Root /
okʷ- : to see; eye. According to gr.s -kʷ > -p, -gʷ > -b;
lemma: okʷ
Note: partly with initial vowel, Indo Germanic o- or a- (full root form?); after Persson Beitr.
17 lies a dark composition part *okʷ- èye' (with. consonant-Assimilation) before.
Material:
In e- grade:
npers. ebrū, brū ds. (Hübschmann IA. 10, 24); (*ḫ1ebru-)
In zero grade:
Old Indic bhrū́-ḥ f., Akk. bhrúv-am `brow', Avestan brvat- f. (Du.) ` brows '.
Maybe zero grade alb. vrenjt (*vrenk-) `frown' common alb. -kh > t. : Khotanese: brrauka-lä
`brow' : Sogdian: (Buddh.) βr'wkh èyebrow' (*brū-kā-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar.
(')βrwc [pl.tantum] èyebrow'; San. vrīc èyebrow'.
In o- grade:
gr. ὀφρῦς, -ύος f. `brow', figurative ` raised edge, hill edge ' (after Meillet BSL 27, 129 f.
with gr. vocal prosthesis?); maked. ἀβροῦτες ` on the brow or edge of a steep rock,
beetling ' (changed from Kretschmer Einl. 287 in ἀβρούFες; held on from Meillet, s.Boisacq
733 Anm. 3, because of the otherwise stated form ἀβροτες and because of Avestan brvat-
);
Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic obrъvъ, Serbo-Croatian ȍbrva etc `brow'.
In zero grade:
Old English brū, Old Icelandic brūn, Pl. brynn `brow' (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (conservative stem, from *ƀruwūn-).
Lithuanian bruvìs m. `brow', žem. also brū̆nės Pl., Old Prussian wubri f. èyelash'
(seems a metathesis from *bruwi);
Old Bulgarian brъvь (originally Nom. *bry, as kry : krъvъ).
An e- Abl. bhru̯ē- with syllabic become r regards Trautmann KZ. 44, 223 in Lithuanian
birwe = bruvìs.
In a- grade:
unclear are Middle Irish Pl. abrait (*abrant-es or *abrantī) ` eyelids, brows ', likewise mbr.
abrant `brow', cymr. amrant èyelid'
In zero grade:
Middle Irish brūad Gen. Du., brāi, brōi Nom. Du. f. ` brows ' (to diphthong s. Thurneysen
Grammar 199), Old Irish forbru Akk. Pl. (*bhrūns : Akk. ὀφρῦς), forbrú Gen. Pl. ` eyebrows
'; Specht (Dekl. 83, 162) would like to put to Latin frōns ` the forehead, brow, front '; but
vocalism and meaning deviate;
Tocharian A pärwān-, В pärwāne (Dual) ` eyebrows '

Page(s): 172-173

rū-2, bhrēu-
rēu-
Meaning: beam, bridge
Material: Old Icelandic brū f. `bridge'; Old Icelandic bryggia ` wharf, pier ' ndd. brügge ds.,
Old High German brucca, Old Saxon -bruggia, Old English brycg `bridge', Bavarian Bruck `
Bretterbank am Ofen ', Old English brycgian ` pave ' (originally with thrashed wood), Swiss
brügi (Old High German *brugī) ` wood scaffolding ', brügel `wooden log', Middle High
German brügel `cudgel, club', Modern High German Prügel (`bridge' is also `balk, rod;
track made of beams ');
gall. brīva `bridge' (*bhrēua);
Old Bulgarian brъvъno `balk, beam', Serbo-Croatian br̂v f. `balk, beam, bridge made of
beams ' (etc, s. about Slavic forms Berneker 92).
Unclear is the guttural in the Germanic forms: *brugī- from *bruu̯ī-, or k- suffix? S.
Kluge11 under `Brücke = bridge' and Specht Dekl. 2113 f., accepts the connection with
bhrū-1.

Page(s): 173
Root / lemma: bhudh-m(e)n

Meaning: bottom
Note: single-linguistic in part to *bhudh-mo-, partly to *bhudh-no-, besides with already Indo
Germanic metathesis *bhundho- > *bhundo- ?
Material: Old Indic budhná-ḥ `ground, bottom'; Avestan bū̆nō ds. (*bhundhno-), out of it
borrows Armenian bun ds., during Armenian an-dund-k` àbyss' from *bhundh- seems
assimilated. From proto iran. *bundhas derives tscherem. pundaš `bottom, ground '.
Gr. πυθμήν (*φυθ-) m. `bottom, sole, base of a vessel', πύνδαξ m. ds. (for φύνδαξ after
πυθμήν Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 71, 333).
Maked. PN Πύδνα (*bhudhnā), dissimil. Κύδνα?
Latin fundus, -ī m. ` ground; the bottom or base of anything; a farm, estate' (*bhundhos),
profundus `deep' = Middle Irish bond, bonn m. `sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad,
prop '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Maybe alb. (*fundus), fund `bottom, end', fundos `sink ' Latin loanwords.
Old High German bodam, Modern High German Boden, Old Saxon bodom, Old English
*boðm > Middle English bothem m. besides Old English botm m. > engl.bottom and Old
English bodan `bottom, ground',
Maybe alb. (bod-) botë ` bottom, ground, earth, world'
Old Norse botn `bottom', Old English byðme ` bilge, floor, bottom ' besides bytme, bytne
ds., Old Icelandic bytna ` to come to the bottom ', with unclear dental change; it seems to
lie a basic proto Germanic *buÞma- , probably is to be explained analogically; compare
Petersson Heterokl. 18, Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge11 under siedeln. About Modern High
German Bühne, originally ` wooden floor (made from floorboards) ', angebl. from Germanic
*bunī, Indo Germanic *budhniā, s. Kluge11 under Bühne.
References: WP. II 190, WH. I 564 f., 867, Porzig WuS. 15, 112 ff. (against it Kretschmer
Gl. 22, 116); compare also Vendryes MSL. 18, 305 ff.
Page(s): 174
Root / lemma: bhū̆ĝo-s, nickname bhukko-

ukko-s
Meaning: goat
Grammatical information: (fem. In -ā `goat, nanny goat ')
Material: Zigeun. buzni `goat'; Avestan būza m. `he-goat', npers. buz `goat, he-goat; billy
goat ';
Armenian buz `lamb';

Middle Irish bocc, pocc, nir. boc, poc, cymr. bwch, corn. boch, bret. bouc'h ` he-goat;
billy goat ', in addition Middle Irish boccānach `ghost, bogeyman ';
Germanic *bukka- (after Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f. borrowed from Celtic?) in Old

Icelandic bukkr, bokkr, bokki, Old English bucca, nengl. buck, Old High German Middle
High German boc, -ekes, Modern High German Bock.
The aberrant consonant in Old Indic bukka-ḥ `he-goat' (uncovered) is probably from
bukkati ` barks ' (see below beu-1, bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *bhūja- =
Avestan būza-. Also npers. dial. boča `young goat', pām. buč, büč seem to be a result of
similar reorganization.
References: WP. II 189 f., Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f., Martinet Gémination 182.
Page(s): 174
Root / lemma: bherug-

rug-, bhrug-
rug-, bhorg-
org-
Meaning: throat
Material: Armenian erbuc `breast, brisket of killed animals ' (*bhrugo-); gr. φάρυξ, -υγος,
later (after λάρυγξ) φάρυγξ, -υγγος ` windpipe, gullet'; Latin frūmen n. `(a gruel or porridge
made of corn, and used in sacrifices) larynx, gullet' (*frū̆g-smen); without u Old Icelandic
barki ` neck ' (bhor-g-, formally closer to φάραγξ `cleft, gap, abyss ')
Similar to Lithuanian burnà, Armenian beran `mouth' (actually ` orifice ') to bher-
er- `cut,
clip' under conception `cleft, gap = gullet'.
References: WP. II 171, WH. I 482, 551 f., 866, Lidén Mél. Pedersen 92, Specht Dekl.
162.
Page(s): 145
Root / lemma: bis-

bis-(t)li-
(t)li-
Meaning: gall
Material: Latin bīlis (*bislis, older *bistlis) f. `gall, bile'; cymr. bustl m., acorn. bistel, bret.
bestl (*bis-tlo-, -tli-) `gall'; gallo-rom. *bistlos (Wartburg).
Page(s): 102
Root / lemma: blat-

blat-
Meaning: to chat
Material: Latin blaterō, -āre ` chatter, babble, empty gossip; also from shout of the camel,
ram, frog', blatiō, -īre `babble, prattle ';
mndd. plad(d)eren `chat, prate', nndd. pladdern `splash, besprinkle ', Swedish pladder `
loose gossip', Danish bladre `spread lose gossip ', older also `splash', lacking of consonant
shift in onomatopoeic word.
Similar to onomatopoeic words are ndd. plapperen (Modern High German plappern),
Middle High German plappen and blappen, Old High German blabizōn `babble' and mndd.
plūderen `babble' (Middle High German plūdern, Modern High German plaudern).
compare with partly similar meaning bhlē̆d- ` to bubble up, chat', bhel- `sound' and bal-,
bal-bal- under baba- (e.g. Lithuanian blebénti with Modern High German plappern similar
formation).

Page(s): 102
blē- (*bhleh1- > bhle- > bhlek-o-; bhlek-ot-o-)

Root / lemma: blē-
Meaning: to bleat
lē- : ` to howl, weep' > Root / lemma: blē-
blē- : ` to bleat'; hence the support
for the glottal theory bh- > b-.
Note: imitation of the sheep sound with different guttural extensions; in the Germanic with
Note:
consonant shift omitted as a result of continual new imitation.
Material: Gr. βληχάομαι `bleat', βληχή ` the bleating '; russ. (etc) blekati (old), blekotátь
`bleat'; mndd. bleken, blöken `bleat, bark, bay' (out of it Modern High German blöken),
Norwegian Dialectal blækta (*blēkatjan) `bleat'; alb. bl'egërás ds.
Note:
in -m
m- formant:
alb. blegërimë ` the bleating ' : Gr. βληχάομαι `bleat' [common gr. χ > alb. g-].
Proto-Slavic form: blekъ; blekotъ; blekota
Russian: blëkot (dial.) `henbane' [m o]; blekótá (dial.) `chatterbox' [m/f o]
Belorussian: blëkat `henbane, hemlock' [m o]
Ukrainian: blékit `poison hemlock' [m o]; blékot `henbane' [m o]; blekotá `poison hemlock,
henbane' [f ā]
Czech: blek `bleating' [m o]; blekot `shouter, babbler' [m o]; blekota `grumbler' [f ā]
Old Czech: blekot `chatter, grumbling, chatterbox, grumbler' [m o]
Slovak: bl'akot `bleating, bellowing' [m o]
Polish: blekot `fool's parsley, henbane, (arch.) stammerer, chatterbox' [m o]
Upper Sorbian: blek `henbane' [m o]; blik `henbane' [m o]; blekot `muttering, babble' [m o]
Bulgarian: blek (dial.) `henbane' [m o]
Serbo-Croatian: blēk `bleating' [m o]; blè ̀kēt `bleating' [m o]
Slovene: blę́k `flock (sheep)' [m o]
See also: compare also bhlē- `howl' etc
Page(s): 102
blou- (bhlou-
Root / lemma: blou- lou-?), plou-
plou- (*bhlou-ks-eh2)
Meaning: flea
Note: With k- and s-suffixes and taboo metathesis and anlaut alteration.
Note:
Material: With p: Old Indic plúši-, Armenian lu (*plus-), alb. plesht, Latin pūlex , Indo
Germanic*plouk- in Old High German flôh, Old English fléah.
Note:
Common Armenian Celtic (often alb.) initial pl- > l-, see Root / lemma: plab-
plab- : to babble,
etc.. Old Irish (*plabar) labar ` talkative '.
Notes: In Polish dialects, we find a large variety of forms, e.g. pcha, pɫa, pɫecha, bɫecha,
bɫcha.
Formations in e- grade:
alb. plesht : Polish pɫecha ` flea'.
With b (or bh?): afgh. vraža, gr. ψύλλα (*blusi̯ā), Balto-Slavic *blusā in Lithuanian blusà,
Latvian blusa, Prussian PN Blus-kaym, russ.-Church Slavic blъcha, Serbo-Croatian bùha,
russ. bɫochá.
References: Meillet MSL. 22, 142, 539 f., Trautmann 35, Specht Dekl. 42 f., 203, 235.
Page(s): 102
Root / lemma: bol-

bol-
Meaning: tuber
Material: Armenian boɫk ` radish ', gr. βολβός ònion, bulb' (also βόλβιτος, dissimilated
Attic βόλιτος `crap, muck, dung ', , if possibly originally from nanny goats or horses?),
βῶλος, βῶλαξ `clod of earth'; Old Indic bálba-ja-ḥ Èleusine indica, a type of grass', if `
nodules coming out from the root '?, Latin bulbus ònion, bulb, tuber ' is borrowed from
βολβός.
Redukt.-grade or with Assimil. in Vok. the 2. syllable Armenian palar ` pustule, bubble '.

Page(s): 103
Root / lemma: brangh-

brangh-, brongh-
brongh-?
Meaning: hoarse?
Material: Gr. βράγχος ` hoarseness ', βραγχάω `be hoarse', Old Irish brong(a)ide `hoarse';
but gr. Aor. ἔβραχε `cracks' probably stays away.
References: WP. I 683 f., II 119.
Page(s): 103
Root / lemma: breuq-

breuq-
Meaning: to jump, *throw, thrust, poke, touch, run
Material: Perhaps combined so gr. βροῦκος, βρεῦκος (βραῦκος), βρύκος ` locust,
grasshopper '(βροῦχος probably after βρύ̄χω ` crunches with the teeth ', and sloven.
br̂knem, bŕkniti, br̂kam, bŕkati, bŕcati ` bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the
fingers, touch ';
Maybe Illyrian TN Breuci : so gr. βρεῦκος ` locust, grasshopper (mythological monster?)';
alb. (*breuk ) prek ` touch, frisk, violate ', pres ` crunches with the teeth, cut ' [taboo word] :
Slovene: bŕsati `lead, touch' : Lithuanian: brùkti `poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb];
Russian: brosát' `throw, (dial.) scutch flax' [verb]; brokát' (dial.) `throw' [verb]; Serbo-
Serbo-
Croatian: bŕcati `throw' [verb];
russ. brykátь ` kick with the back leg ', klr. brykáty ` frisk mischievously, run ' etc
Note:
Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - Illyrian origin: Lithuanian: braũktas `wooden
knife for cleaning flax' [m o], braũkti èrase, scutch (flax)', brùkti `poke, thrust, press,
scutch (flax)' [verb]
References: WP. II 119, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 f.
Page(s): 103
Root / lemma: bronk

bronk-
Meaning: to lock
Material: Gothic anapraggan `press' to *pranga- ` restriction, constriction ' in Old Swedish
prang `narrow alley', Middle English prange `narrowness', engl. dial. proug ` menu fork ',
Maybe alb. pranga ` restriction, fetter, chain, handcuff' : germ Pranger ` pillory '
mndd. prangen `press', pranger `pole', Middle High German pfrengen ` wedge ', Old High
German pfragina `bar, gate, barrier', to Lithuanian brañktas m. ` pole for hanging
(*gallows)', Latvian brankti (Lithuanian loanword) ` fitting tightly '.
References: WP. II 119, 677 f.. Feist 43, Kluge11 under Pranger.
Page(s): 103
Root / lemma: bu-

bu-
Meaning: lip, kiss
Note: as an imitation of the kiss sound, bursting of the sucking lip fastener from inside,
Note:
bu-, bhu- ` inflate ' with normal spraying after outside.
thus actually differently from bu-
bu- : `lip, kiss' derived from Root / lemma: ku-
Root / lemma: bu- ku-, kus-
kus- (*kʷukʷh-):: `to kiss'
common Celtic - Greek kʷ- > p-.
Material: Npers. bōsīdan `kiss'; alb. buzë `lip';
Maybe alb. (*pus) puth `kiss' [common alb. -s > -th shift] : Swedish puss `kiss'.
Middle Irish bus, pus `lip', busóc, pusóc `kiss' (in addition presumably gall. PN
Bussumāros and buđđutton `mouth, kiss');
Modern High German Buss `kiss', bussen `kiss', Busserl `kiss', engl. buss, Swedish (with
regular consonant shift) puss `kiss'; Lithuanian bučiúoti `kiss', buč the onomatopoeic word,
sound of the kiss dental interjection. poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss'.
Note:
The same phonetic construction for poln. buzia `mouth, face; kiss' : alb. buzë, buza `lip' :
Rumanian buză `lip'.
References: WP. I 113 f., WH. II 98.
Page(s): 103
Root / lemma: dak̂ru-

ru-
ru
Meaning: tears
information: n.
Grammatical information:
Material:
Gr. δάκρυ, δάκρυον, δάκρυμα `tears'; out of it borrows Old Latin dacruma, Latin
lacruma, lacrima ds. (with sabin. l?);
Note:
Common Latin dh- > ll-, d- > l-.
Maybe alb. (*lok-) lot `tear' [common alb. -k > -th, -t similar to alb. (*mag-) math `big'.
Old Irish dēr n., cymr. deigr (could go back to Pl. *dakrī the o-Dekl.), Pl. dagrau, abret.
dacr-(lon) ` moist, damp, wet ', corn. dagr `tears' (Island-Celtic *dakrom `see, look'
Thurneysen KZ. 48, 66 f); Germanic *táhr- and tagr- : Gothic tagr n. `tears', Old Norse tār
n. (from*tahr-), Old English tæhher, tear, teagor m., Old High German zahar m. (Modern
High German Zähre from dem Pl.; whether in Germanic still from old u-stem or it has
changed out of it? o-stem has gone out, is doubtful).
Indo Germanic *dak̂ru is probably from *drak̂ru dissimilated because of Old High
German trahan, Old Saxon Pl. trahni `tears', Middle Low German trān ds. and `( from fat of
squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil', Middle High German traher ds. (-er
probably after zaher has changed) and Armenian artasuk` ` tears ', Sg. artausr from
*drak̂ur.
On the other hand one searches connection with Old Indic áśru, aśra-m `tears', Avestan
asrūazan- ` pouring tears ', Lithuanian ašarà, ãšara `tears', Latvian asara ds.; probably
sheer rhyme word, so *ak̂ro- ` acer, sharp, bitter ' as epithet of the tears (`bitter tears ')
partially used in place of dak̂ru, whereby it took over its u-inflection? compare also
Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 142 f.
Note:
From early Italic, Illyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *lī́gà ( ˜ *ĺ-)

Meaning: to weep, cry
Turkic protoform: *jɨ̄g-(la-)
Tungus protoform: *ligi-

See also: see above S. 23 under ak̂ru.
Page(s): 179
dāiu̯ēr,
Root / lemma: dāiu̯ ēr Gen. daiu̯rés
ēr és
Meaning: brother-in-law
Material: Old Indic dēvár-, Armenian taigr, gr. δᾱήρ (*δαιFηρ), Latin lēvir (in ending
reshaped after vir; the l for d probably Sabine), Old High German zeihhur, Old English
tācor (presumably through hybridization with an equivalent from Lithuanian láigonas
`brother of wife'), Lithuanian dieverìs (for *dievė̃ = Old Indic dēvár-; older conservative
Gen. diever̃s), Latvian diẽveris, Old Church Slavic děverь (i-, i̯o- and conservative stem).
Note:
The Baltic cognate Lithuanian láigonas `brother of the wife' proves the Balkan origin of
Baltic languages inheriting Latin d- > l-.
References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.
Page(s): 179
ǝu-, dū̆-
dāu-, dǝu-
Root / lemma: dāu-
Meaning: to burn
Note: uncertainly, whether in both meaning originally identical (possibly partly as ` burning
Note:
pain ', partly ` destroy by fire, burn down hostile settlements '?)
Material: Old Indic dunṓti `burns (trans), afflicts', dūná- `burnt, afflicted ', Pass. dūyatē
`burns' (intr.), kaus. dāvayati `burns' (trans), dāvá-ḥ (with ablaut change davā-ḥ) `blaze', dū
f. àffliction, pain', doman- `blaze, agony' (-ǝu- as in δεδαυμένος);
Note:
Old Indic and alb. prove that Root / lemma: dāu- ǝu-, dū̆- : `to burn' derived from Root /
dāu-, dǝu-
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-) : `to
lemma: dheu-
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.
Armenian erkn (to δύη) `throes of childbirth';
Note: common Baltic-Illyrian d- > zero reflected in Armenian
gr. δαίω (*δᾰF-ι̯ω) `set on fire, inflame', Perf. δέδηε `be in flames, be on fire' (: Old
Indic dudāva), participle δεδαυμένος (δαῦσαι ἐκκαῦσαι Hes., ἐκδαβῇ ἐκκαυθῇ Λάκωνες
Hes.), δάος n., δαΐς, -ίδος f. `torch' (to ᾳ: von Attic δᾱͅς, δᾱͅδός s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 266),
δᾱνός ` easily ignitable = to dry' (*δαεινός from *δαFεσ-νός), δᾱλός ` burning piece of
wood' (*δαFελός = lakon. δαβελός); δήιος `hostile', Doric (Trag.) δᾱΐος, δᾳος àfflicted,
woeful, wretched, miserable'; hom. δηΐοω `slay, kill, murder' (Attic δῃόω `ds., devastate'),
δηιοτής, -τῆτος `tumult of war, fight, struggle', hom. δᾰΐ Lok. ìn the battle' (to Nom. *δαῦς,
Indo Germanic *dāus Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 578), δαι-κτάμενος ` killed in the fight'; probably
δύη àffliction', δυόωσι `fall in the misfortune' (ἀνθρώπους, Od.), δυερός ` unlucky '.
About ὀδύνη (mostly Pl.), Aeolic ἐδύνας Akk. Pl. `pain', ὀδυνᾶν ` cause pain, afflict,
sadden' see below ed- èat'; perhaps here δαῦκος ὁ θρασύς (`stormy, hot tempered') Hes.
Alb. dhunë (*dus-n-) àffliction, pain, force, violence, horrible action; disgrace, insult'
(dhunon `revile, violate'; dhun `bitter', originally ùnpleasant'? or as Slavic gorьkъ `bitter':
gorěti `burn'?) with *du-s- (presumably as zero grade of -es- stem = or as gr. δά(F)ος);
Tosc derë `bitter' (*deu-no-);
Latin presumably duellum, bellum `war, fight' (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix.
Note: common Latin dw- > b-
Old Irish dōīm `singe, burn' (about Old Irish dōīm `get, exert' see below deu̯(ǝ)-),
Verbalnom. dōud = Old Indic davathu-ḥ `blaze, fire '; atūd `kindle, inflame' from *ad-douth,
cymr. cynneu `kindle, inflame' , (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), also bret. devi, cymr.
deifio `burn' (with v from w before i̯) here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); Old
Irish Gen. condid, Middle Irish connad, condud `firewood', cymr. cynnud ` firing', corn.
kunys, bret. keuneud `firewood' (Pedersen KG. I 108, II 39, basic form perhaps*kom-
dauto-); cymr. etewyn ` firebrand ' (*ate-dau̯-ino-), bret. collective eteo ds.
Old High German zuscen `burn'; after φρύ̄νη : braun here also Old English tosca `frog',
Swedish Dialectal tosk ds.; perhaps (with *eu, see below) Old Norse tjōn n. `damage,
wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule', Old English tēona m., tēone f. `damage', Old Saxon
tiono èvil, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity', whereof Old Norse tȳna `destroy, lose', Old
English tīenan `plague, anger, slander', Old Saxon gitiunean ` act wrong against
somebody '.*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) In spite of Osthoff IA. 1, 82 has kept away the family of Modern High German zünden,
Gothic tundnan ìs ignited', tandjan ìgnite, set on fire', Middle High German zinden,
because of that i and a would not be probably first ablaut neologism in u; after Thurneysen
IA. 83, 32 as t-andjan to Old Irish ad-and- `kindle, inflame'.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Berneker IF. 10, 158 places here also Lithuanian džiáuti ` place down in order to dry ',
Latvian žaut `dry, burn incense, smoke ' as *dēu-ti, as also alb. and Germanic eu- forms
can contain Indo Germanic ēu; the relationship of this *dēu- to *dāu- is unclear; or to di̯eu-
`sky, heaven'?

Page(s): 179-181
Root / lemma: dā-
dā-
Meaning: to flow; river
Material: Old Indic dā-na- n. ` liquid flowing from the temples of the elephant for the rutting
', dā́-nu- n. f. ` every dripping liquid, drop, dew', Avestan dā-nu- f. `river, stream', osset.
don `water, river'; russ. FlN Don, (Greek) skyth. FlN Τάναις;
Also typical intensive reduplication Illyrian (*don-don) Dodona Epirus
russ. FlN Dniepr and Dniestr, old Danapris and Danastius from skyth. *Dānu apara ` back
river' and *Dānu nazdya- ` front river'; Avestan VN Dānavō Pl. ` river inhabitant ' (become
in R̥gveda water demons, fem. GN Dānu-), skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence
(?) gr. VN Δαναοί, ägypt. Danuna; with formants -mo-
mo- Armenian tamuk `humid, wet, moist',
tamkanam ` wet, mositen; of water, collect in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet,
moistened, soaked ' and presumably gr. δημός (proto gr.ᾱ or η?) `fat of animals and
people', wherewith alb. dhjamë `fat, bacon, tallow, suet' is not connected in a cleared way
yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly growing ones (compare Old Church
Slavic loj ` soft fat, lard, grease ' : lijati `pour'). Here also Celtic Dānuvius ` Danube river',
gall. ON Condāte ` the confluence of two rivers; as a place-name Confluentes '; six engl. Fl
Don (*dānu-), cymr. FlN Donwy (*dānuu̯iā).
Benveniste places to Armenian tam-uk yet Hittite dame(n)k- `fall like rain' (BSL 33, 143).
References: WP. I 763, M. Förster Themse 145 f., Kretschmer Gl. 24, 1 ff., 15 ff., Mél.
Pedersen 76 ff., Benveniste BSL 33, 143.
Page(s): 175
Root / lemma: dā : dǝ- and dāi- ǝi- : dī̆ī̆ī̆-

dāi- : dǝi-
Meaning: to share, divide
information: originally athemat. Wurzelpräsens.
Material: Old Indic dā́ti, dyáti `clips, cuts, mows, separates, divides', participle diná-ḥ, ditá-
ḥ, composes ava-ttaḥ ` cropped, truncated, cut off ', díti-ḥ `the distributing',
dā́nam `the abscission, trimming', dānám n. `distribution, deal, portion', dā́tu n. `deal,
portion', dātár- m. (= δαιτρός) `reaper, mower', dātrám ` allotted share ', dā́tram n. `sickle',
npers. dāra ` remuneration ', dās `sickle'; Old Indic dayā́ ` communion, concern,
commiseration ' = dáyate (*dǝi-etai) `divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs '.
Maybe nasalized form in alb. (*dáyate) ndanj `cut, separate, allot, share'.
gr. δαίομαι med. `divide, allot, share' with probably after Fut. δαίσω and and the
following words preserved ι (phonetic laws δάηται Konj. Ф 375 ` is destroyed '); δαίς, -τος,
δαίτη,
hom. also δαιτύς, -ύος `share, meal, sacrifice, oblation' (: Old Indic dā́tu); δαιτυμών `guest'
(as `serving the meal'), δαιτρός ` colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. ' (: Old Indic dātár-),
δαιτρόν `share' (: Old Indic dātrám; this αι of these gr. words is partly according to phonetic
laws - āi, ǝi - partly analogical, as in Cretan Perf. δέδαισμαι to δατέομαι, compare also
Cretan δαῖσις `division', καρποδαισταί ` distributor of fruit '), δαίνῡμι `host', probably also
δαίμων m. `god, goddess; fate, destiny, person’s lot in life' (actually ` prorating; or `god of
the dead as a corpse eater', Porzig IF. 41, 169 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 14, 228 f.; about of
*dens ` high mental power '); δαΐζω, Fut. -ξω,
Archilochos δαίμων `δαήμων' see below *dens-
Aor. -ξα `divide, carve, slit, destroy' (due to *δᾰFό-ς ` sliced, destructed'), ἄ-δατος
ἀδιαίρετος Hes., δάνος n. ìnterest, usury' (due to a participle *dǝ-nó-s = Old Indic diná-ḥ,
compare δάνας μερίδας);
gall. arcanto-danos ` minting ' as `distributing silver'.
With formants -mo-

mo- : dāmos f. `people': gr. δῆμος, Doric δᾶμος m. `( people's division)
people, area; the single region in Athens ', Old Irish dām f. ` retinue, troop, multitude,
crowd', acymr. dauu ` boy, serf, servant ', ncymr. daw, dawf `son-in-law'; apparently older
fem. o-stem; in addition Hittite da-ma-a-iš (damaīš?) àn other, foreigner, stranger', from
`*foreign people', originally `*people', Pedersen Hittite 51 ff.
lo- perhaps Old Church Slavic dělъ `deal, portion' (*dǝi-lo-) (see below
With formants -lo-
*del
del- `split'); about Old Irish fo-dālim etc s. just there. Here belongs probably also Gothic
del-
dails `deal, portion', runeninschr. da[i]liÞun `divide', Old Icelandic deill, Old English dǣl,
Old High German teil m. `deal, portion';
Maybe alb. dallonj `separate, distinguish'
Old Icelandic deila f. `division, disunion', Old High German teila f. `division'; Old Icelandic
deila, Old English dǣlan, Old High German teilan `divide' etc It could hardly derive from
Slavic, probably it derives from Venetic-Illyrian, because the root form *dǝi- is attested in
South Illyrian PN Dae-tor. An additional form Indo Germanic dhǝi- besides dǝi- would be
unplausible.
With zero grade dī-

dī- : Armenian ti, Gen. tioy àge, years, days, time' (* < dī-t(i)- or *dī-to-,
*dī-tā), Old High German zīt f. (n. Isidor), Old Saxon Old English tīd, Old Norse tīð f. `time,
hour' (*tīÞ-, Indo Germanic*dī-t-, ursprgl `period of time'), in addition Old Norse tīðr ` usual,
ordinary, frequent, often', Old English tīdan òccur', Old Norse tīða ` aspire, strive'; Old
Norse tī-na ` to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove, clean';
About Gothic til ` fitting' etc see below ad-

ad-2, but Gothic dails under del-
del-3; here against it
Old High German zila ` sequence, row, line', westfäl. tīle ` sheaf row ', Modern High
German Zeile, probably from *tīð-lá-.
p- extension dāp-
dāp-, dǝp-
ǝp-; dǝp- ni- ` sacrificial meal ':
no-, -ni-
ǝp-no-
Old Indic dāpayati `divides'; Armenian taun (*dap-ni-) `festival'; gr. δάπτω (*δαπι̯ω) `tear,
rend, mangle, lacerate, disassemble ', with intensive reduplication δαρδάπτω `tear, rend,
(κτήματα) squander, dissipate in luxury', δαπάνη f. èxpenditure, esp. arising from
hospitality (: daps) ',
δάπανος ` lavish, wasteful ', δαπανάω ` consume' (out of it Latin dapinō `serve up (as
food), provide for'), δαψιλός (Empedokles), δαψιλής `(* wasteful) exuberant, rich, generous
'; Latin daps `(*share) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet ',
damnum `loss, damage, defect, fine', damnōsus ` ruinous ' (*dap-no- : δαπάνη, different
Pedersen Hitt 42);
maybe Illyrian Epidamnos (Eppi- '*horse' + *dap-no '*sacrifice'), also alb. Geg dam (*dap-
no) `damage': Latin damnum.
Old Norse tafn (*dap-no-) ` sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal ', compare den Germanic GN
Tanfana (Tacit.), if from *tafnana, Marstrander NTS. 1, 159.
From Germanic one still adds a lot, what was a meaning-development from `split up, cut
up, divide' to `tear, pluck, shortly touch, make short clumsy movement ' would assume; in
following the meaning from δαπανᾶν, damnum derives aschw. tappa and tapa ` put an end
to, lose', Old Icelandic tapa ds.; Old Frisian tapia `pluck', Old English tæppe f. ` cloth
stripes ', Middle English tappen (engl. tap) `hit lightly', Middle Low German tappen, tāpen
(lengthening in open syllable?) ` pick, pluck'; Old Norse tǣpr ` barely touching ', isl. tǣpta
(*tāpatjan) ` just touch ', Norwegian Dialectal tæpla `touch lightly, tread quietly'; but
Norwegian Dialectal taap(e) m., Danish taabe `fool, rogue, awkward; clumsy person',
Norwegian taapen `weak, feeble, ineligible ', tæpe n. ` insignificant; unimportant thing', Old
Norse tǣpiligr `concise', with other labial grades Swedish Dialectal tabb, tabbe ` gawk ',
tabbet ` oafish ', are probably onomatopoeic words, also as ndd. tappe, Swiss tāpe,
Modern High German Tappe ` paw ', as well as tappen, täppisch etc; s. also under dhabh-
1.
Likewise are to be kept away Old High German zabalōn, Modern High German zappeln,
as well as Old High German zapfo, Modern High German Zapfen, Old Englishtæppa ds.
(Germanic *tappon-); also only Germanic words with i and u (compare Specht Dekl. 152
f.):Middle English tippen, engl. tip ` touch quietly, bump quietly ', Modern High German
tippen, Middle High German zipfen `(in swift movement) trip, scurry ', Old Norse tifask `
walk on tiptoe; trip ', Middle High German zipf `tip, cusp, peak', nasalized Middle Low
Germantimpe f. `tip, end', Old English ā-timplian `hold with nails'; on the other hand
Norwegian Dialectal tuppa, Modern High German zupfen, Old Norse toppr ` tuft of hair,
summit, acme, apex ', Old English topp m. `cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip ', toppa m. `
filament ', Old High German zopf ` pigtail, braid, plait, end of a thing '; Middle Low German
tubbe, tobbe ` spigot ', tobben `pluck, rend ', South German zöfeln ` waver ' (as zapfeln);
perhaps here also Old High German zumpo `penis', Middle High German zumpf(e),
Modern High German Zumpt, whereat under dumb-.
Here Tocharian A tāp ` ate ', Van Windekens Lexique 187.
t-extension dǝ-t- (compare but das participle dǝ-tó-

tó-s):
gr. δατέομαι `divide, tear, rend, consume' (Fut. δάσσεσθαι, Aor. hom. δάσσασθαι, Attic
δάσασθαι), wherefore δασμός `division', δάσμα `lot', common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
δατήριος `dividing, splitting' (this certainly from *δᾰ-τήρ: Old Indic dā-tár- `reaper, mower'),
ἄδαστος ` undivided '; δατέομαι is gr. neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676) and not Indo
Germanic *dǝ-t-;
Gothic ungatass ` disarrayed, disorderly ' (compare ἄ-δαστος), Middle Dutch getes `be
submitting, suitable '; Old High German zetten `(distributing) strew, outspread ', Modern
High German verzette(l)n, probably also Old Norse teðja ` outspread dung ', tað n. `(*
outstretched) dung'; Old High German zota, zata f. ` tuft of wool, hair hanging down
together, filament or wool ' (therefrom zaturra ` a harlot, prostitute '), Old English tættec
(expressives tt) `scrap, shred, tatter, rag ', Old Norse tǫturr `scrap, shred'; Old Danish
tothae, Old Danish and Danish Dialectal tøde, taade `, retard, delay, hinder'.
Besides with u-Vok. Old Norse toddi `small piece', holl. todde `scrap, shred', Old High
German zota, zotta ` topknot ', Modern High German Zotte, Zote; Middle High German
zoten `go slowly', Modern High German zotteln, East Frisian todden `pull, tear, drag ' ;
about Modern High German zaudern s. Kluge11 704.
Tocharian A tät-k `divide, carve, slit'.
s-extension d-es-
es-:
Old Indic dásyati ` suffers lack, swelters, languishes ', upadásyati ` goes out, is
exhausted ';
Norwegian dial. tasa `wear out', Swedish dial. tasa ` pluck wool, outspread hay ', ndd.
tasen `pluck', Modern High German Zaser, older Zasel ` fibre, filament ', Norwegian dial.
tase m. `weak person', tasma `languish', tasa ` become feeble '; ablaut. Danish Dialectal
tæse ` work slowly ', ndd.täsen ` work heavily', identical with Norwegian Danish tæse `
disentangle, wear out, pull out'; compare in similar meaning Norwegian tasse ` go quietly ',
taspa ` go slowly and sluggishly', Middle High German zaspen `scratch, go sluggishly ',
Old High German zascōn ` seize, snatch, tear away ' (actually `drag') = Modern High
German dial. zaschen, zäschen `drag, pull, tear, work slowly ', zäschen f. ` a train in the
dress '; about Old High German tasca `pouch, pocket' s. Kluge11 612.
Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*zascōn) me zanë ` to seize, snatch, tear away '
Hittite tešḫā- `keep oneself away from' (3. Sg. preterit ti-eš-ḫa-aš).
Maybe alb. Geg (*tešḫā) tesha Pl. `clothes, belongings, rags', teshë `speck of dust, little
splinter, torn piece'
Besides with i-vocalism (Indo Germanic *di-s as extension to dī̆-? Or only Germanic
neologism?):
Swedish dial. teisa, tesa ` pull to pieces ', Danish dial. tese `pluck (e.g. wool)', Old
English tǣsan ` pull to pieces ', Old High German zeisan, zias ` ruffle; tousle, pluck wool ';
East Frisian holl. teisteren ` rend ', Old English tǣsel, Old High German zeisala ` teasel ',
Norwegian Dialectal test `willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock ', with ī Norwegian tīst ` fibre,
filament ', tīsl ` shrubbery ', with ĭ Middle High German zispen `go sluggishly' (as zaspen),
probably also (?) Old English teoswian `plague, disparage ', teoso ìnsult, deceit, malice'.
Finally with u-vocalism: Norwegian dial. tosa `rub, wear out, pluck', also `flub, work
slowly ', tose `frail person', tos ` fibers, ragged rigging ', tossa `strew, distribute, outspread
', Middle English tōtūsen `tousle, ruffle', Middle Low German tōsen ` rend, pull', Old High
German zirzūsōn `tousle, ruffle', Middle High German zūsach ` brushwood ', zūse f. `
brushwood, hair lock ' ; perhaps to Latin dūmus ` a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub'
(*dū̆s-mo-s) and Old Irish doss `bush'.
From PIE this root passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *dàma
Meaning: ill, sick, bad
Turkic protoform: *jAman
Tungus protoform: *dam-
Japanese protoform: *dàm-
Note: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic
form (MC ja-mạn 'savage, barbarian' is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman
for a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original
meaning of the root was 'ill(ness), sick(ness)').
References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.
References:
See also: out at least basically as extensions from dā- `cut, split' agreeable root del-
del- `split',
del- ` whereupon it is split apart ', der-
del- der- `split, flay' see below see below its own headwords.
Page(s): 175-179
Root / lemma: deiĝh

deiĝh-
Meaning: to prick; tick
Material: Armenian ti `tick';
Middle Irish dega, Akk. degaid (*digāt-) ` stag-beetle ';
Germanic *tīkan-, with intensive sharpening *tikkan-, in Old English ticia m. (lies tiica or
ticca), engl. tike and tick `wood tick, sheep louse ', Middle Low German Zecke m. f. `wood
tick', Modern High German Zecke; besides a mediation form *tīkan- in Middle Low German
teke, Middle High German Zeche, engl. teke ds.;
Norwegian dial. tikka, ndd. ticken ` stumble lightly ', Middle High German zicken ds.; Old
High German zechon ` pulsate, banter, skirmish'; engl. tickle ` titillate '; nasalized Old
English tindian ds.
A connection with dhēig- `prick' is not provable.

References:
Page(s): 187-188
Root / lemma: deik̂-

Meaning: to show
Note: from which Latin and Germanic partly ` point to something with words, say',
developed plural also ` show the right, point to the culprit, accuse '
Material: Old Indic dídeṣṭi, diśáti, dēśayati `shows, point at', Avestan daēs- Aor. dōiš-
`show' (daēsayeiti, disyeiti, daēdōišt) `show; assign something to somebody, adjudge ',
participle Old Indic diṣṭá- (= Latin dictus); diṣṭi-ḥ ` instruction, regulation ', Avestan ādišti-š
`directive, doctrine' (= Latin dicti-ō, Old English tiht ` accusation ', Old High German in-, bi-
ziht ds., Modern High German Verzicht), Old Indic diś- f. ìnstruction, direction', diśā
`direction' (= δίκη `right, justice', from which probably Latin dicis causa ` for form's sake, for
the sake of appearances '), deśá-ḥ `(direction), region' = Old Norse teigr see below;
gr. δείκνῡμι, secondary δεικνύω `points, shows, evinces', Cretan προ-δίκνῡτι

`ἐπιδείκνυσι', δεῖξις ` the display ' (with secondary lengthened grade), δίκη see above,
δίκαιος, δικάζω, ἄδικος; the Perf. Med. δέδειγμαι, and δεῖγμα ` averment, proof, example'
not with Indo Germanic g, but gr. innovation;
Latin dīcere `to indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in
pass. with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean,
refer to', dīcāre ` announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer
', Oscan deíkum `say', Umbrian teitu, deitu `(Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare', changing
through ablaut Oscan dicust ` will have said ', Umbrian dersicust ds., Oscan da-díkatted `
to dedicate, consecrate, set apart ', Latin dīciō ` power, sovereignty, authority ', indīcāre
ìndicate, display, show, offer', index ` an informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a
touchstone ' (as also Old Indic deśinī ` forefinger '), iūdex ` a judge; in plur., a panel of
jurors ', vindex (vindicāre = vim dicere), causidicus; about proto Irish *Eku̯o-decas,
Lugudec(c)as (Gen. Sg.) see below dek̂-1.
Gothic gateihan ` indicate, promulgate ', Old Norse tēa, newer tiā `show, depict,
represent, explain, announce ', Old English tēon ` indicate, promulgate ', Old High German
zīhan àccuse, blame', zeihen';
Maybe alb. Tosc zihem `quarrel, argue', truncated Geg (*zīhan) zanë ` to quarrel '.
wherefore Old Norse tīgenn `(*show, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), tīgn f. `rank; noble man, husband'; Old High
German zeigōn `show', whereof zeiga ìnstruction'; inziht etc see above; further Old Norse
teigr m. ` linear part of meadow ' (`*direction' = Old Indic deśá-ḥ `region, place, land'),
changing through ablaut Old English tīg, tīh `meadow, pasture ', Middle Low German tī(g)
m. public collective place of a village ', Old High German zīch `forum'.
Here presumably with the meaning `finger' (= `*pointer') and secondary, but already old
`toe', Old High German zēha, Old English tāhe, tā, Old Norse tā `toe' (*dóik̂uā
̯ ), Middle
Low German tēwe, Modern High German and südd. zēwe ds. (*doik̂-u̯ā), and that probably
from *dicitus through dissimilation against the toneless t resulted Latin digitus `finger, toe'.
Hittite tek-kuš-ša-nu-mi ` makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces' here after

Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204.
Hittite: tekkussai- (I) ' indicate, show, present, display ' (Friedrich 220)
Besides Indo Germanic doiĝ-

doiĝ- in Gothic taikns f. `mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle',
taikn n. ds., Old High German (etc) zeihhan n. `mark, token, sign', Old English tǣcan,
engl. teach ìnstruct', Old Norse teikna `show, signify, designate', Old High German
zeihhonōn ` draw, depict, sign ', Gothic taiknjan `show', Old High German zeihinen ds.
From Germanic *taikna derives Finnish taika- òmen, sign'.
Whether deik̂- and deiĝ- from dei- `bright shine' (also `see') are extended as ` allow to
see, allow to shine '?
References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351, 860, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696 f., Feist 204, 472.
Page(s): 188-189
dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-

Root / lemma: dei- dī-, di̯ā- (*stḫei- : zdḫei-)
Meaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god
Note: (older `*dart rays'?)
Material:
Old Indic dī́-dē-ti ` seems, shines', 3. Pl. dīdyati, Impf. 3. Sg. ádīdēt, Imper. 2. Sg. didīhí,
su-dī-tí-ḥ) ` having nice brilliance ', Kaus. dīpáyati ` ignites, illuminates', dī́pyate `blazes,
shines, seems ' (about dīvyati see below), dīdi- `shining, seeming' (due to from dī́-de-ti);
similar *doi-d-o- (broken Redupl.) in Old Norse teitr `cheerful, blithe, glad' (actually
`radiating'), Old English tǣtán `caress', tāt- (in names) `blithe, glad', Old High German zeiz
`tender, graceful' (compare heiter and `clear, bright' as `blithe, glad'; Uhlenbeck Old Indic
Wb. 126); perhaps here also Lithuanian dìdis `big, large' as ` handsome, considerable ';
gr. hom. δέατο (Imperfect) `he saw, discerned, perceived ', δεάμην ἐδοκίμαζον,
ἐδόξαζον Hes., Arcadian Konj. δεά̄τοι, hom. Aor. δοάσσατο `to appear ', Konj. δοάσσεται,
compared with Arcadian Aor. δεά[σε]τοι with ο after ἔδοξε, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6816;
common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-
hom. δέελος `visible' (*δει̯ελος; with metr. lengthening εὐδείελος), δῆλος ds. (from *δέι̯αλος,
from which also Hesychs δίαλος; hom. ἀρίζηλος `very distinct, clear, bright' (from *δι̯η-λός);
*doilo- presumably in Old English sweo-tol (from *tāl) àpparent, manifest, obvious,
*doilo-
distinct, clear, bright' and in Middle Irish dōel `beetle, chafer' (`shining black insect') as well
as in Irish river names Daol (*doilā) as `the shining'. Here probably also Lithuanian dailùs
`dainty, pretty', dáilinti `smooth, adorn'.
With formants -tlo-

tlo- presumably here being found only in the compound Germanic *tīÞla-
: zīdal-, Modern High German Zeidel-, Low German tīl- `honey '(' clearness, shine - clear
honey ').
Against Pedersens raising from Hittite (*stḫe-)te-eš-ḫa- `dream' (Muršilis 69) s.

Couvreur H̯ 53 and above S. 178.
u̯-extension: dei̯
dei̯i̯i̯eu-
eu- (: di̯éu-, diu̯-, di̯u-) `bright, divine revered sky and bright day:
eu
Diphth. stem Nom. di̯ēus dii̯ēus),

ēus (dii̯ ēus Akk. di̯ēum,
ēus ēum, Vok. di̯ĕu, Lok. di̯éu̯i and di̯ēu,
ēum ēu, Dat. diu̯éi,
Gen. diu̯-és, -ós; di̯ēus- ǝtēr `sky father, heavenly father'.
ēus-pǝtēr
ēus
Old Indic dyā́uḥ (diyā́uḥ) `sky, heaven', Akk. dyā́m, Lok. dyáví, diví, Dat. divḗ, Gen.
diváḥ (and dyōḥ), Instr. Pl. dyú-bhiḥ;
gr. Ζεύς (= dyāú-ḥ), Akk. Zῆν (= dyā́m), Vok. Ζεῦ (*di̯ĕu), Gen. Δι(F)ός, Dat. (Lok.) Δι(F)ί
(Ζῆν lengthened Ζῆνα, Ζηνός, Zηνί; about Ζάς by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 5774); the Gen. *diu̯es in Thessalian Διες-κουριάδεω, prien. Διες-κουρίδου (Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 547);
Maybe Rumanian zeu `god' : alb. zot, Pl. zota `god' : Rumanian zeiţă, zeitate, zână
`goddess' : alb. zana f. `nymph, goddess' : gr. Ζῆνα [common alb. n > nt > t].
in Latin the old paradigm has split in two names which designate the name of the
uppermost God and the `day'; similarly in the Oscan and Umbrian:
Note: common Latin Illyrian d- > l-:

Latin Iuppiter from Iū-piter, Umbrian Jupater Vok. = Ζεῦ πάτερ, to Nom. Old Indic
dyā́ušpitā́ `father of the sky, heavenly father', Ζεὺς πατήρ, Dat. Umbrian Iuvepatre, Illyrian
(Hes.) Δει-πάτυρος;
Note:

ur : Illyrian (Hes.) Δει-πάτυρος
ur- υρος : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ,
υρί
Illyria, also Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή, the region or province of Illyria,
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
In Illyrian and Albanian the attribute noun or adjective comes after the noun.
Latin Gen. Iouis (Old Latin also Diovis, also as Nom.), Oscan Diúveí ` Jove ', íuvilam, older
diuvilam `* iovilam ', iúvilas `* iovilae ' etc, compare GentilN Latin Iūlius (*Iovilios);
Maybe -l- suffix, (typical in Old Indic and Illyrian): alb. die-lli ` sun ' : Latin Diālis `relating to
Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis'.
Maybe alb. (*Jove-di, *jeudi) enjte 'Thursday' : French jeudi ' Thursday ', Italian jovedi '
Thursday'.
Latin Diēspiter (whereof Diālis `relating to Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis', the priest of Jupiter')
with Akk. d(i̯)i̯ēm has changed after Nom. diēs, otherwise would prevail in the meaning
`day', while to the name of ` sky God ' the ablaut grade *di̯ou̯- from *di̯eu- would be
accomplished under the pressure of Vok. *di̯eu- (up to Diēspiter, also Umbrian Di, Dei
`[masc acc. sing.] god, [neut voc. sing.] god', contracted from diē-, so that Di(m) = *diēm);
the old Nom. *diūs from *di̯ēus still standing in addition toVēdiovis, Vēiovis, Vē-diū̆s òld-
röm. Underworld God ';
in the meaning `day' Latin diēs see above (m.; as f. in the meaning `date, day month
year (according to the calendar), period, time' presumably after nox), yet besides the older
ēus still in nu-diū̆s tertius `now is the 3. day', further diū ` by day' (Lok. *di̯ēu̯ or
Nom. di̯ēus
*di̯ōu), ` for a long time ', ` a long time ago' out of it `long'.
Maybe in -e
e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie (*peren-dies) ` on the day after
tomorrow ' : Albanian (*peren-diem) perëndim m. ` sunset, end of the day ', perëndimi `
west ', (*peren-desha) perëndesha ` upper goddess ' (*peren-dea) perëndia ` divinity '.
Albanian (-dea, -desha ` goddess ' : Latin dea : Italian dea : Spanish diosa : French
déesse : Portuguese deusa ` goddess '. [see Root / lemma: per-
per-2 : to go over; over].
diminutive Latin diēcula ` a little day, a short time ', Oscan [d]iíkúlús `days', zicolo m. `day';
Old Irish dīe, proclitic dīa `day' (from after the Akk. *dii̯ēm has changed *dii̯ēs), cymr.
dydd, corn. deth, dyth, bret. deiz `day' (also); Old Irish in-dīu `today', cymr. etc he-ddyw
`today' (at first from *-dii̯ū, probably = Latin diū).
Maybe Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `here'), k̂(e)i-
(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯i̯i̯o- : this + Root / lemma:
(e)i
dei- dī-, di̯ā- : to shine, day = , cymr. etc he-ddyw : alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' :
Latin hodie, Latvian šodiena, Lithuanian šiandien `this day, today'.
Maybe Latvian diena : Lithuanian diena : cymr. dydd : Wallon djoû : alb. dita : Spanish día
: Asturian día : Catalan dia : Piemontese di : Leonese día : Valencian dia : Venetian dì :
Bergamasco dé : Bolognese dé : Bresciano dé : Breton deiz : Frisian dei : Galician día :
Ladin dé : Lombardo Occidentale dì : Mantuan dì : Portuguese dia : Romagnolo dè :
Romanian zi : Romansh di : Sardinian Campidanesu di > Italian (*diorno) giorno : Furlan
dì; zornade : French (*diour) jour : Calabrese 'iornu; juarnu : Catanese jornu : Caterisano
jornu : Sicilian iornu : Triestino giorno : Mudnés dè; giorèn : Napulitano juorno : Occitan
jorn; dia : Parmigiano gioren : Reggiano giouren; dè : Viestano jurn' : Zeneize giorno <
Latin diēs `day'.
From the ablaut grade diu̯- in the meaning `day';
Old Indic dívā `during the day', divḗdivē `day by day' (divám Nom. otherwise `sky,
heaven'), naktáṁdivam `night and day', sudivám à nice day', sudivá-ḥ ` having a nice day
', Armenian tiv `day', gr. ἔνδῑος ` in the middle of the day (appearing)' (due to *ἐν διFί,
compare ἐννύχιος); Latin dius, interdius òf the day, in the daytime, by day ' (with Latin
syncope from Gen. *diu̯ós); bi-, tri-duum (*diu̯om) ` period of two, three days ';
es- es- presumed from Old Indic divasá-ḥ `day', formal to dak. διεσεμα `
es-stem diu̯es-
es
common mullein, high taper ', probably from *diu̯esemā `luminous plant' (Detschev, Dak.
Pflanzenn. 14 ff.); but gr. εὔδῐος (*εὔ-διFος) `clear, cheerful', older εὐδία `clear weather', to
Old Indic su-divám (above); compare Sommer Nominalkomp. 73 ff.
ios in Old Indic divyá-, diviá- ` celestial ', divyā́ni ` the heavenly space', gr. δῖος (from
*diu̯ios
*διFιος, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 472a) `divine, heavenly ', Latin dīus ` divine, god-like; hence
fine, noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air ' (different from dīvus!), dīum
òpen space of heaven', sub dīo; Diāna deriving from *Diviāna, ` the virgin goddess of the
moon and hunting' *Diviā (?); compare etr. Tiv `moon', tives ` months ', after Kretschmer
Gl. 13, 111 f. from Italian *diviā, and orph. Πανδῖα `Selene (goddess of the moon)' from
*παν-διFιᾰ ` all kinds of illuminators '.
ablaut grade di̯u- in Old Indic dyu-mnám ` splendor of the sky ', dyu-mánt- `bright, light',
verbal dyut- `gleam, shine' in dyṓtatē, Aor. ved. ádyaut `shines' (with t probably after śvit-
`be bright'); compare also Old Church Slavic dъždь `rain', russ. dožd', Old Czech dešč,
etc, from *dus-di̯u- `bad weather', Trubetzkoj Z. sl. Ph. 4, 62 ff.
o-stem déiu̯o-s `god, the divine':
Old Indic dēvá-ḥ `god' (dēvī́ `goddess'), Avestan daēva- `demon';
Latin deus and dīvus, by of from the paradigm *deiu̯os (> deos), Gen. *deiu̯ī (> dīvī);
Oscandeívaí `goddess' (Oscan deivinais = Latin dīvīnis; Umbrian deueia ` [fem. Acc. sing.]
of a deity, goddess ';
Maybe alb. dif `giant' a Latin loanword.
Oscan deiuatud ` to swear an oath ' = Latvian dievâtiês `swear, vow'; Latin dīves ` rich,
wealthy; with abl. or genit., rich in ', actually `standing under the protection of the Gods', as
Slavic bogatъ, s. Schulze KZ. 45, 190);
gall. GN Dēvona, PN Dēvo-gnāta, Old Irish dia, Gen. dē `god', acymr. duiu-(tit)
`goddess, deity', mcymr. ncymr. duw, acorn. duy, bret. doué `god';
Old Norse tīvar Pl. `gods' (*deiu̯ōs) as well as Old Norse Tȳr (Old Germanic teiwaz) `the
god of war', Old English Tīg, Gen. Tīwes `Mars', Old High German Zīo, Zio;
Maybe alb. zana `goddess, ghost', zota `gods' > zot `god'.
Old Prussian deiw(a)s, Lithuanian diẽvas `god' (deivė̃ `goddess, ghost' from *deiu̯i̯ā,
diẽvo sūnẽliai `sons of the sky', Finnish loanword taiwas `sky, heaven'), Latvian dìevs
(verbal derivative lies before in Lithuanian deivótis `say farewell ', Latvian dievâtiês see
above), compare Trautmann 50, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 484, 485 f. Against it are Old
Church Slavic divъ m. `wonder, miracle', divo, -ese n. ds. (-es-stem probably previously
after čudo, -ese ds), divьnъ ` wonderful ', didn't derive from concept `god, deity ', but (as
θαῦμα from θεάομαι) position itself to klr. dyvl'ú, dyvýty sja `see, look, show', Czech dívam
se `look, see, observe', which behaves to Old Indic dī́-de-ti `shines' in the meaning as e.g.
Middle High German blick `lustre, shine, lightning' and `look of the eyes', Modern High
German glänzen : Slavic ględati `see, show'.
en-stem *deien-
en- *deien- (thematic deino- dino-) only in the meaning `day':
deino-, dino-
Note:
The extension en-

en-stem *deien-
*deien- (thematic deino- dino-) is of Illyrian origin. The attribute
deino-, dino-
nouns that derived from adjectives in Illyrian alb. take -ta, -nta suffix which was then
reduced to common alb. n > nt > t. (see alb. numbers)
originally conservative still in Old Church Slavic dьnь, Gen. dьne `day'; Old Indic dína-m
(esp. in compounds `day', Latin nundinae ` the market-day held during every ninth day ',
Maybe alb. (*dína) dita `day' : Old Indic dína-m (esp. in compounds `day' : < Lithuanian
dienà, Latvian dìena, Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan `day' [common alb. n > nt > t].
Old Irish denus à period of time', trēdenus ` three days' time, three days '; alb. gdhinj
`make day' from *-di-n-i̯ō;
maybe alb. gëdhinj `the day breaks' is a compound of zero grade *ego Ì' + dína Ì make
the day'.
zero grade Lithuanian dienà, Latvian dìena, Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan `day'
(Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f., Būga Kalba ir. S. 227 f.); Gothic sinteins `daily, perpetual,
everlasting'; perhaps here Old High German len(gi)zin `springtime' from *langat-tin as `
having long days '.
Kretschmer leads back to gr. Tιν-δαρίδαι `sons of Zeus', etr. Tin, Tinia `Juppiter' of a
pre-Greek Tin- `Diespiter (Zeus father)', respectively Italian *Dinus (Indo Germanic *din-
`day, sky, heaven') (Gl. 13, 111; 14, 303 ff., 19, 207; s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 65); but the
older form is Τυνδαρίδαι!
r-extension dēi-ro-, dī-

dēi-ro- ro- in:
dī-ro-
Germanic *tēra- (*dēi-ro-) and *tīra- (*dīro-) in Old High German zēri, ziari `precious,
lovely, delightful, nice, superb, pretty, splendid, beautiful', ziarī `beauty, ornament,
adornment', ziarōn àdorn, embellish', Middle Low German tēr `lustre, shine, fame,
prospering; flourishing, good constitution ', tēre and tīre ` habit, kind and way ', Old English
Old Saxon tīr `honour, fame', Old Norse tīrr ds.; Norwegian dial. tīr àlertness, lookout,
peering, light, lustre, shine', tīra `peek, sparkle, glitter';
in addition Lithuanian dyrė́ti, dýroti `gawk, lurk', dairýtis, Latvian daīrîtiês `stare about',
Old Prussian endyrītwei (, see Būga Kalba ir. s. 227 f., Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f.)
`watch, see' (but Bulgarian díŕъ `search, seek' absents, s. Berneker 201);
Tocharian A tiri ` kind and way '.
About Hittite šiwat- `day', šiwanni- `god' (from *di̯ēu-?), Hieroglyphic-Hittite tina- `god',
šijāri àppears' (*di̯ā-?) s. Pedersen Hittite 57, 175 f.
Hittite: ? šiu-, šiun-, šiuni-, šiwann-, šiwanni- c. 'god', šiwatt- c./n. 'day' (Friedrich 194, 1950
[perhaps to 'sun'?]
Maybe Etruscan Tina `god'. -a

a- feminine ending proves it meant `goddess
goddess'.
goddess
Note:
(Just like Albanian masculine t-ij ` his', feminine s-aj ` her' Hittite verb masculine ending -ti
ti
` you', feminine ending -š
ši ` you')
Hence Hittite šiwanni- meant `goddess

goddess not `god' because Hittie differentiation š- means
goddess'
feminine, t- masculine.
To Old Indic dī́vyati `plays, shows, throws dice ' (supposedly ` throws the eye ') compare
with other ablaut dyūtám `dice game', further dēvanam `the game, dice game', and above
dyṓtate `shines', dyutiḥ `lustre, shine', dyumánt- `bright, light'. Whether here also Avestan
ā-dīvyeinti ` bestir oneself, strive for ' as ` whereupon it is split apart '? compare
Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f.
The fact that our root as ` vibrating light' originally one has been from deiǝ
deiǝ- `hurry,
whirl', seems conceivable.
References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer
References:
Gr. Gr. I 576 f.
Page(s): 183-187
Root / lemma: dei̯ǝ-2 (di̯

di̯ā-, di̯ǝ-, dī-
dī-)
Meaning: to swing, move
Material: Old Indic dī́yati `flies, hovers'; gr. δῖνος m. `whirl, whirlpool; round vessel, round
threshing floor ', δί̄νη (Hom.), Aeolic δίννα (compare Διννομένης, Hoffmann Gr. D. II 484)
`whirl, whirlpool',
δινέω, δῑνεύω, Aeolic δίννημι `spin in whirl or circle, swing, brandish'; intr. ` turn me by
dancing in circles'; pass. ` roam around, reel around, roll (the eyes) whirl (from river), spin
dancing around', δί̄νω Aeolic δίννω `thresh'; hom. δίω `flee', δίομαι ` chase away' (with
ostentatious distribution the intr. and tr. meaning in active and Medium), hom. δίενται `to
hurry', δίεσθαι `flee', ἐνδίεσαν `rush', διερός (πούς) ` fleeting ' (after ἵετε, ἵεται: ἵενται to
thematic δίεται analogical δίενται instead of *δίονται neologism?),
διώκω `pursue' (contaminated from Fιώκω and δίεμαι, Meillet MSL. 23, 50 f., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 702); hom. δίζημαι (Fut. hom. διζήσομαι) ` strive for, be troubled about, search, seek',
nachhom. also ` investigate ' (*δι-δι̯ᾱ-μαι), next to which due to *διᾱ-το- Attic ζητέω ` strive
for, let me be concerned with '; here with originally *di̯ǝ- : ζάλη `storm, violent movement,
particularly of the sea', ζάλος `whirlpool, violent movement of water'?
compare about gr. words containing the ζ Schwyzer Gr. Or. I 330, 833.
Old Irish dīan `quick, fast', dēne ` quickness '; Latvian deju, diêt `dance', dìedelêt `go
idly'. About Lithuanian dainà `folk song' (to dejà ` lamentation?') compare Mühlenbach-
Endzelin I 432 with Lithuanian
Quite doubtful cymr. dig `mad, wicked, evil', russ. díkij `wild', Lithuanian dỹkas `minxish,
wanton, bratty, unengaged, leisured, unemployed, idle, lazy', Latvian dīks `free of work',
Old Church Slavic divьjь `wild' (Berneker 203 f., Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 478, Trautmann
54).
Not here gr. δόναξ `reed' (new Ionian δοῦναξ and occasional Doric δῶναξ metr.
lengthening? Schulze Qunder ep. 205, Boisacq 196), δονέω `shake', ἁλίδονος ` rove about
in the sea' and Latvian duonis, duõńi `reed, bulrushes '.
References: WP. I 774 ff.

Page(s): 187
Root / lemma: dek̂-1

Meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom
Material: Old Indic daśasyáti `proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious' (Denomin. of
*daśas- = Latin decus), daśā́ f. `state, status, fate, destiny'; Avestan dasǝm n. `property,
belongings piece '; Old Indic Desiderat. dīkšatē ìs consecrated', dīkšā́ `consecration' (*di-
dk̂-s- with secondary ī), dákšati ìs proficient, makes it right, is compliant', dákša-ḥ
`proficient, skilful' (but Avestan daxš- ìnstruct, teach, instruct', npers. daxš ` business, toil'
stay away because of the Gutturals), lengthened grade Old Indic dāśnṓti, dā́šṭi, dā́śati
òffer a sacrifice, give, proves honour, grants', dāśvás- `honoring the Gods, godly, pious';
Avestan dāšta- `receive, obtains, attains ' (participle);
after Frisk Etyma Armen. 25 f. here Armenian ǝncay `gift' from *ǝnd-tisāti- (proto-
Armenian -tis- from *dēk̂-); whether tesanem Ì behold '? (compare under δοκεύω);
different Meillet Esquisse 135;
gr. (Ionian Aeolic Cretan) δέκομαι `take in, accept', Attic δέχομαι, athemat. hom. 3. Pl.
δέχαται (χ after *δέχθω, Infin. δέχθαι), Aor. δέκτο, participle δέγμενος, compare
προτίδεγμαι προσδέχομαι Hes. (γμ instead of κμ); κ is preserved in δοκός `[absorption]
beam ', δοκάν θήκην Hes. (out of it Latin doga à sort of vessel (perhaps a measure)'),
δοκάναι αἱ στάλικες Hes., δεζάζω ` to captivate, fascinate, be impressive ', δωρο-δόκος
`the take of presents', δεξαμενή (participle Aor.) `water container, water carrier ', ἀρι-
δείκετος ` distinguished ' (ει metr. lengthening); nasal present *δεικνvμαι (: Old Indic
dāśnṓti) in participle δεικνύμενος `rendering homage, honoring, greeting ', to δεικανόωντο
`to greet'; intensive δειδέχαται ds., δει-δίσκομαι `greet' (for *δη-δέ(κ)-σκομαι after the
present auf -ίσκω); δει- could be read δη- (Indo Germanic ē), δεικν- also δεκν-, and δεικα-
could be metr. lengthening for δεκα- (Schwyzer Gr Gr. I 648, 697); causative δοκέω (=
Latin doceō `to teach, instruct (with acc. of person or thing); with clause, to inform that or
how; 'docere fabulam', to teach a play to the actors, to bring out, exhibit', δοκεῖ μοι ìt
seems to me' (ìs suitable to me'); δόξα f. òpinion, fame' (*δοκ-σα), δόγμα n. `decision',
δόκιμος ` respectable, approved '; δοκεύω ` to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,
suppose, imagine, expect ', προσ-δοκάω ` anticipate, expect'; about διδάσκω see below
dens-1.
dens-
Maybe alb. Geg doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', (*deuk-) dukem àppear, seem'.
Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma:
lemma:
tong-1 (*teng
tong- *teng-) : `to think, feel'.
*teng-
alb. ndieh `to feel' (*dek̂-skō-?); ndesh `find, encounter' probably Slavic loanword? S.
under dēs-;
Latin decet, -ēre ìt is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally)', decus, -oris n.
`distinction, honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory ', dignus `
worthy, deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having,
deserved, suitable, fitting ' (from *dec-nos, actually ` adorned with'); Umbrian tic̨it decet'
(see in addition EM. 257); causative doceō, -ēre ìnstruct' (`lets accept something '); discō,
-ere, didīci ` to learn, get to know; 'discere fidibus', to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to
receive information, find out; to become acquainted with, learn to recognize ' (from *di-elk̂-
skō);
Old Irish dech `the best ' (= Latin decus); also in PN Echuid (*ek̂vo-dek̂-s), Gen.
Echdach, Luguid, Gen. Luigdech (proto Irish Lugu-deccas with cc = k), whether does not
stand for e for older i; then to deik̂- `point', in the meaning òrder'.
Perhaps here Germanic *teh-u̯ōn in Old English teohhian, tiohhian `mean, decide,
define, ordain, determine', teohh, tiohh `troop, multitude, crowd, group of people ', tēon
(*tehōn) `decide, define, ordain, determine', Old High German gizehōn ` bring in order ',
Middle High German zeche ` alignment, guild, brotherhood, colliery, association ', Modern
High German Zeche, Middle High German zesem (*teksma-) ùninterrupted row',
wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade (*tēʒ-u̯ō) Gothic tēwa òrder', gatēwjan
`dispose'; s. above also under deu̯ā- ` move spatially forward '.
Doubtful Old Church Slavic dešǫ, desiti `find', Serbo-Croatian dȅsîm dèsiti `meet', refl. `
meet somebody ', Czech po-desiti and u-desiti `catch up, catch'; changing through ablaut
russ.-Church Slavic dositi `find, meet'; s. also under dēs-
dēs-.
Tocharian A täk- àdjudicate, decide, determine'; dubious A tāskmāṃ (*tāksk-māṃ)

`similar', Van Windekens Lexique 137; Pisani Rč. R. 1st. Lomb. 76, 2, 30.
For es-stem Old Indic daśas(yáti), Latin decus the words stand for `right' (Specht KZ.
62, 218).
dek̂s- with variant suffixes:
Old Indic dákṣiṇa-, dakṣiṇá- òn the right, to the south, skilful', Avestan dašina- `right',
Lithuanian dẽšinas ds., dešinė̃ `the right hand', Old Church Slavic desnъ `right'; gr.
δεξιτερός = Latin dexter, -tra, -trum (compounds dexterior, Superl. dextimus), Oscan
destrst (abbreviated from *destrust) ìt is on the right ', Umbrian destrame ` on the right
side '; gr. δεξιός `right, heralding luck, skilful, adroit' (from δεξι- with formants -Fo-,
compare gall. Dexsiva dea); (the suffix -u̯o- probably after *lai-u̯os, skai-u̯os `links') Old
Irish dess òn the right, to the south', cymr. deheu (*deksovo-) ds., Gothic taíhswa, Old
High German zeso `right', Gothic taíhswō- Old High German zes(a)wa `the right hand'; alb.
djathtë `right' (that from G. Meyer identical with it Church Slavic destъ is probably
corruption for desnъ, s. Berneker 187).
Note:
Note
The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common alb. -k̂- > -th- similar
as Latin dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take'. The
-ter,-tra suffix has been attested in Avestan Illyrian alb. and Latin Hence before -tra, -ter
suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence alb.
(*dek̂-) djath-të `right' evolved from the common alb. -k- > -th- like in alb. (mag-) math `big'
while -të is the common alb. suffix as in alb. maj-të `left' from Latin male `badly, ill, wrongly,
wickedly, unfortunately, extremely'.
References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f,, Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648,
678, 684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff.
Page(s): 189-191
Root / lemma: dek̂-2 (: dok̂-, dēk̂

dēk̂-)
Meaning: to tear
Material: Old Indic daśā ` protruding sheet filaments at the end of fabric, fringes '; Irish dūal
`lock, curl of hair'(*dok̂lo-); Gothic tagl n. `single hair', Old Norse tagl n. `the hair in the
horse's tail', Old English tægl (engl. tail) m. `tail', Old High German zagel `tail, sting, prick,
male member, rod';
Gothic tahjan ` rend, pull, tear, tug ', distahjan `scatter', isl. tæeja, tāa ` teasels ',
Norwegian dial. tæja (*tahjan) and taa (*tahōn) `fray, tear';
Old Norse tāg, Pl. tǣger and tāgar f. ` fibre, filament ', Middle High German zāch, zāhe f.
`wick, slow match (wick) '; in other meaning (`tugging - lugging, pulling out ') Norwegian
Dialectal taag `slow and enduring',
maybe alb. tegel `sewing'
Middle Low German tēge, East Frisian tāge `stringy, tenacious' and Old High German zag
` hesitating, undecided, shy, timid' wherefore zagēn ` be desperate and undecided ';
perhaps here as ` from which one tears himself ' or ` ragged, rimose piece', Middle High
German zacke m. f., Modern High German Zacke, Middle English takke ` fibula, clasp, a
large nail ', engl. tack `peg, small nail', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. ` jutting cusp,
peak, prong, spike'; or belongs Zacke to Latvian dęgums `nose, shoe point'?
Maybe alb. takë `shoe heel (spike?)'
perhaps here as ` in which one tears himself ' or ` ragged, cracked piece ', Middle High
German zacke m. f., Modern High German Zacke, Middle English takke `fibula', engl. tack
` pencil, small nail ', with other final sound tagg, tagge m. ` excellent point, point '; or Zacke
to Latvian dęgums hear `nose, shoe point '?

See also: see also under denk̂-.
Page(s): 191
Root / lemma: dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- (*du̯

du̯e-k̂m̥-t)
Meaning: ten
Note:
Root / lemma: dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- (*du̯

du̯e-k̂m̥-t):: `ten' is an extended Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u)
du̯ei-
(*du̯ u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī : `twenty' and k̂m̥tóm
ei-):: `two'. The subsequent roots *u̯
ei óm `hundred' are mutated
du̯e-k̂m̥-t : `ten'. They both reflect the common Illyrian- balt d- > zero.
forms of the root *du̯
Comments:
The root number (*k̂em-t-ō) for 10, 20, 30, 40, 100 derived from the name of deer counted
by PIE hunters. see Root / lemma: k̂em-
em-2 : hornless, young deer.
em
Material: Old Indic dáśa, Avestan dasa; Armenian tasn (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from
*dek̂-, as russ. (tri)dcatь `30' from (tri-)dьseti), gr. δέκα, Latin decem (dēnī `per ten' from
*dek-noi; PN Decius = Oscan Dekis, Gen. Dekkieis), Oscan deketasiúí, Nom. Pl.
degetasiús ` manager of the tithes ' (*deken-tāsio-),
Umbrian desen-(duf) ` twelve ', Old Irish deich, cymr. deg, corn. bret. dek, Gothic taíhun (-
n as in sibun, niun), Old Norse tiu, Old English tien, tyn, Old Saxon tehan, Old High
German zehan (a probably from den compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18),
Tocharian A śäk, B śak; Finnish deksan `10' is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay
104 borrows from Indo Germanic).
In the substantive number dek̂m̥-t(i),

t(i), actually `decade', go back:
Old Indic daśat-, daśati- f. `decade', alb. djetë, gr. δεκάς, -άδος (to α s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 498, 597), Gothic táihun-tēhund `hundred' (actually `ten decades '), Old Norse tiund f.
ds., Old Prussian dessīmpts `ten', Lithuanian dẽšimt, old dẽšimtis, Latvian old desimt,
metath. desmit, old desmits (compare desmite m. f. ` ten '); Old Church Slavic desętь
(conservative stem in -t, Meillet Slave comm.2 428);
dek̂u- probably in Latin decuria ` a body of ten men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a
party, club' (out of it borrows Modern High German Decher ü.. `ten pieces'; late Latin
*teguria is assumed through Swiss Ziger ` ten pounds of milk'; probably identical with
Middle High German ziger `curd') = Umbrian dequrier, tekuries ` decuries, feast of
decuries '; compare Oscan-Umbrian dekvia- in Oscan (vía) Dekkviarim `( a way)
appropriate to a decury ', Umbrian tekvias à way to a decury'; in addition probably
Germanic *tigu- `decade' in Gothic fidwor-tigjus `40', Old Icelandic fjōrer-tiger, Old English
fēower-tig, Old High German fior-zug ds. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150.
see also under under centuria under Kluge11 under Decher.
Maybe alb. tek òdd number'
Changing through ablaut (d)k̂m̥t- (Dual), (d)k̂ō̆mt-

mt- (Plur.) in figures of ten (only
mt
formations up to 50 are provable as Indo Germanic), e.g. Old Indic triṃśát `30', Avestan
ϑrisąs, Armenian ere-sun, gr. τριά̄κοντα (from *-κωντα; further details by Schwyzer Gr. Gr.
I 592), Latin tri-gintā (with unexplained g), gallo-Latin Abl. Pl. TRICONTIS, Old Irish trīcho
(with ī after trī `3'), bret. tregont (*tri-k̂omt-es), acymr. trimuceint (in the ending after uceint
`20'); s. also under u̯ī-̆ k̂m̥tī̆ `20'.
mo-s and dek̂m̥-to-

ordinals dekê mo- to-s:
mo-s in Old Indic daśamá-ḥ, Avestan dasǝma-, osset. däsäm; Latin decimus,
dekê mo-
therefrom decumānus ` of the tenth.(1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst.
the farmer of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pl. as subst. its members. (3)
belonging to the tenth cohort ', later `considerable ', Oscan Dekm-anniúís `*Decumaniis',
compare also EN Decumius, out of it entl. etr. tecumnal, latinized back Decumenus; gall.
decametos, Old Irish dechmad, mcymr. decvet, corn. degves.
to-s in gr. δέκατος (see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 595); Gothic taíhunda, Old Norse
dek̂m̥-to-
tīunda, Old High German zehanto, zehendo, Old English teogeða; Old Prussian dessīmts,
Lithuanian dešim̃tas, Latvian desmitais, older desimtaiš; Old Church Slavic desętь;
Tocharian A śkänt, B śkante, śkañce (linguistic singles Armenian tasn-erord, alb. i-dhjetë);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) èight' : alb.
teta èight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived
from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old
Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoða, Lithuanian septiñtas; also Old Indic saptatí-, Avestan
haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic
cognates. The attribute ta (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language
alone.
Therefore alb. teta èight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) èight'. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuāgintā `80'].
Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'.
Alb. gjashta (sek̂s-ta) `six' [common alb. s- > gj-] : Old Indic ṣáṭ `six', ṣaṣṭhá- `sixth' was
initially an ordinal number.
Hence alb. die-ta `ten' derived from a proto Romance cognate *die + common alb. -ta
suffix used in attribute nouns; similarly in: Portuguese dez, Galician dez, Spanish diez,
Ladino dies, Asturian diez, Aragonese diez, Auvergnat dié, Limosin die, Rumantsch
Grischun diesch, Sursilvan diesch, Vallader desch, Ladin díesc, Italian dieci, Venetian
diese etc.
Here k̂m̥
mt̥ óm
óm `hundred' from *((d)km̥tóm
óm `(ten) dekades':
Old Indic śatám, Avestan satǝm (out of it Finnish sata, Crimean Gothic sada);
gr. ἑκατόν, Arcadian ἑκοτόν (from dissimil. *sém k̂m̥tom à hundred'? compare Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 592 f.), abbreviated *κατον in *τετρά-κατον etc (in τετρακάτιοι τετρακόσιοι, 400', `
four hundred ');
Note:
Gr. ἑκατόν (*hekaton) < *((d)km̥tóm

óm `(ten) dekades' is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause
of old laryngeal ḫ appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initlal
d- in IE. Gr. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common Illyrian- balt d- > zero.
Latin centum (in addition ducentum, ducentī `200', compare Old Indic dvi-śatam from
*du̯i-k̂mtóm; trecentī `300', quadringentī `400', etc; centēsimus `the hundredth' after
vīcēsimus, trīcēsimus from*u̯ei-, *trī-k̂m̥t-temo-s);
Old Irish cēt, cymr. cant, bret. kant, corn. cans;
Gothic Old Saxon Old English hund, Old High German hund `100' (in compounds from
200), but Old Norse hund-rað (to Gothic raÞian `count') ` 120 pieces (10 dozens) ' (`120'),
out of it Old English hundred; Middle High German Modern High German hundert from Old
Saxon hunderod;
Lithuanian šim̃tas, Latvian sìmts;

Old Church Slavic etc sъto is barely iran. loanword (Meillet Slave commun.2 63);
Tocharian A känt, B känte.
Alb. Geg dü, Tosc di `two' hence alb. (*hünt) alb. një-qind òne- hundred' [common alb. ü >
i], hence alb. displays centum characteristics while Rumanian sută à hundred' displays
the satem nature of Rumanian
In addition a r-derivative in Latin centuria f. ` a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a

century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius ' (as decuria), Old
Norse hundari, Old High German huntari n. à division of 100, administrative district', Old
Bulgarian sъtorica ds., Lithuanian šimteriópas `characterized by a hundred', šimtér-gis `
hundred-year-old '.
References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.
Page(s): 191-192
Root / lemma: del-

del-1
Meaning: to put by; to count, tell
Material: Perhaps Armenian toɫ `line, row', toɫem ` line up ';
gr. δόλος àrtifice, bait', δολόω ` outwit, circumvent ', δόλων ` small dagger of the
assassinator ' (about δόλων `sprit' see below del-
del-3);
from Gr. have been borrowed Latin dolus à device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap
artifice, deception ', dolō ` a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail ', Oscan Akk. dolom, Abl.
dolud ` a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap ';
maybe alb. (*tāl) tall `tease, trick': Old Norse tāl f. `deceit, guilefulness'.
Old Norse tal n. `bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech'
(Old English tǣl n. `calculation, row', gital `number'), therefrom Old Norse telja `recount,
narrate, relate', Old English tellan, Old High German zellen (Fem. Old Norse tola `speech,
number, bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation '), Old English talu
`narration, row', Old High German zala `number, report, account' (therefrom Old Norse tala
`talk', Old English talian `reckon, consider, think, tell', Old High German zalōn ` calculate,
count, pay'); g-extension in engl. talk `talk'; from s-stem *talaz- n.: Gothic talzian ìnstruct',
un-tals ` indocile, disobedient ', in addition Old English getǣl `rash, hasty, quick, fast', Old
Saxon gital Old High German gizal `quick, fast'; with the in dolus à device, artifice; fraud,
deceit, guile; a trap' present coloring of meaning lengthened grade Old Norse tāl f. `deceit,
guilefulness ', Old English tǣl f. `reprimand, slander, derision ', Old High German zāla `
pestering, temptation; snare, danger', zālōn `tear away, rob'; zero grade Old English tyllan
àllure, entice' (*dl̥n-).
Original resemblance with del- `split' is doubtful; perhaps from the hatchet being aimed
at the wood to be split or from the technique of runes (number marks as incision)?
About *dil- in Gothic ga-tils ` fitting', etc, see below ad-

ad-2; probably barely from of an
additional form *dai-l- here. An association with *del- Persson attempted root extension
115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, while they, deriving from dā-, dāi- ` divide ', *de-l- and *dai-l-,
dī̆-l- grasped as parallel extensions.

Page(s): 193
Root / lemma: del-

del-2
Meaning: to shake
Material: Old Indic dulā́ f. `the wavering ', with secondary lengthened grade ō: dōlayatē `
swings, sways ', -ti ` swings, whirls up ', dōlita- ` fluctuating, moves by oscillating ';
Lithuanian del̃sti ` tarry, hesitate', dulinė́ti àmble, bum';
with d-extension doubtful (?) Old Indic duḍi- f. à small turtle, tortoise' (`waddling'), rather
Old Englishtealt `doubtful, uncertain, wavering', tealt(r)ian `waver, wobble, sway, be
doubtful, uncertain', engl. tilt ` incline ', Middle Dutch touteren `waver, wobble, sway,
swing', Norwegian Dialectal tylta ` tread quietly, like on toes ', Swedish tulta ` walk with
small, insecure steps, like children ';
with t-extension Old High German zeltāri, Middle High German zelter, md. zelder `
pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ', Modern High German Zelter, Old Norse tjaldari ds.
(influence of Latin tolūtārius ` pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting '; compare isl. tölta `
march in step, match in tempo ' from *talutōn; the relationship to that mentioned by Plinius
span. words thieldones ` pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ' is unclear), Old Norse tjaldr
`Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian oystercatcher' (` the trudger '); but rather with -ll- from -
ln- Old Norse tolla `hang loose', tyllast ` toddle, walk on tiptoe; trip'. compare Falk-Torp
under kjeld, tulle.
Maybe alb. tul `boneless meat, pulp, leg meat (also meat hanging lose)'
References: WP. I. 809.

Page(s): 193-194
del-3 (dol
Root / lemma: del- dol-), delǝ
dol- delǝ-
Meaning: to split, divide
Material: Old Indic dā̆láyati `splits, makes break, crack', dálati `cracks' (meaning influenced
by phálati ` broken in two ', Güntert Reimw. 48), dalitá-ḥ `split, pull apart, blossomed,
flourished ',
dala-m n. `deal, portion, piece, half, leaf', dalí-ḥ f. `clod of earth'; but Prakr. ḍālā, -ī `bough',
probably also daṇḍá-ḥ, -m `stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment' are after Kuiper Proto-
Munda 65, 75 not Indo Germanic;
Armenian probably taɫ ìmprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave', taɫem `stamps,
brands' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *del-);
gr. δαίδαλος, δαιδάλεος ` wrought artificially ', Intens. δαι-δάλλω `work skillfully,
decorate' (dissimil. from *δαλ-δαλ-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 647); δέλτος (changing through
ablaut Cypriot δάλτος) `(*writing board) a writing-tablet ' (`wood fissure, smoothly slammed
wood board ', s. Boisacq 174 m. Lithuanian and to meaning esp. Schulze KZ. 45, 235;
compare to the form under Modern High German tent); perhaps here δόλων `sprit, small
sail' (out of it Latin dolō m. ` a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail '); quite doubtful whereas
δαν-δαλ-ίς, δενδαλίς ` cakes of the flour of roasted barley ' δεν-δαλ-ίδες ἱεραὶ κριθαί as `
crushed, coarsely ground ' (= `*split'?? Prellwitz2 104 between); lengthened grade
δηλέομαι `destroy, smash, damage' (not to Latin dēleō `to blot out, efface; in gen., to
destroy, annihilate'); reduced grade Ionian πανδάλητος ` annihilated ', φρενο-δαλής `
disturbed senses ' Aisch.; el. κα-δαλήμενοι with el. ᾱ from η (see Boisacq 182; against it
Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change `( the heart?) tear, maltreat, cause pain
' gr. δάλλει κακουργεῖ Hes. (*deli̯ō), δαλῇ κακουργῇ (δαλήσασθαι λυμήνασθαι. ἀδικῆσαι,
δάλαν λύμην); compare also Latvian dēlīt `torment, smite, agonize' and Latin doleō ` to
suffer pain, physical or mental, to be pained, to grieve; of things, to cause pain ', dolor `
pain, physical or mental; esp. disappointment, resentment. Transf., cause of sorrow; rhet.,
pathos ';
alb. dalloj ` separate, distinguish, divide', djal `kid, child, offspring (*offshoot)' (*delno-;
compare Middle Irish del `rod');
Latin dolō, -āre ` to hew with an axe, to work roughly ', dolābra ` a pick-axe, mattock,
hoe', lengthened grade dōlium à wine-jar, cask, barrel, vat' (as proto Slavic*dьly `barrel,
vat, cask' see below); doleō, dolor see above (but dēleō is because of Perf. dēlēvi
probably new formation from dē-lēvi ` has erased, effaced, obliterated, blotted out ');
Old Irish delb f. `shape, form', acymr. delu, ncymr. delw ` image, figure, effigy ', corn.
del, as with causative ablaut Old Irish dolb(a)id `shaped', doilbthid ` a worker in clay, potter
' (to Celtic *delu̯ā, *dolu̯-, compare ū-stem Slavic dьly); perhaps Old Irish fo-dālim `discern,
separate, exclude' (etc, s. Pedersen KG.II 502 f.), acorn. didaul `having no part in, not
sharing in; wanting in, destitute of ' (compare Old Indic and Baltic-slav, words for `deal,
portion'), perhaps Old Irish fo-dālim ` discerno, sejungo ' (etc., see Pedersen KG.II 502 f.),
acorn. didaul ` expers' (compare Old Indic and Baltic-slav, words for ` part '), cymr. gwa-
ddol à portion or dowry' as o-forms besides δηλέομαι (just as well but as *dā-l- correlate to
*dā(i)- `divide'); probably Middle Irish del `staff, rod' (as `split piece wood'), corn. dele
àntenna' (or to θάλλω Indo Germanic *dhā̆l-, whose certain attachments indeed point only
a-vocalism?; with meaning- transfer alb. djalë `kid, child, youth, youngling ' ? see below
dhā̆l-);
Middle Low German tol, tolle `point of twig, branch', holl. tol `spinning top' (`*peg, plug'),
Middle High German zol(l) m., zolle f. ` cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle', zol
as measurement of length ìnch', īs-zolle ìcicle', Old Norwegian horntylla ` yoke, wood
piece connecting the horns of two oxen going in the bottom plate ' (*dl̥-n-); but Middle High
German zulle, zülle, Modern High German Zülle ` riverboat, barge' is probably in spite of
Persson Beitr. 174 not genuine Germanic, but loanword from Slavic, s. Kluge11 under Zülle
` riverboat, barge'; other formations holl. tolk `stick, rod, chopstick', Swedish tolk `wedge',
Middle High German zolch `clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber ' (whether Old Norse
tālkn n. ` gill of fish' as `the split'? Falk-Torp under tōkn); with -d ndd. talter `rag, scrap,
shred' (Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292);
with t-suffix Germanic *telda- `* stretched tent pole ' (: gr. δέλτος) in Old Norse tiald
`curtain, cover, rug, tent', Old English teld n. `tent', Old High German Modern High German
zelt, actually ` stretched cover'; in addition Old High German zelto, Modern High German
Zelten, Zeltkuchen; or better as ` shredded, ground ' (see above δενδαλίς) to Tocharian B
tselt-, tsālt- `chew'; from Germanic Lidén aaO. still ranks Old Swedish tialdra, tiældra `
cairn ' in (*tel-Þrōn- or -ðrōn `* shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker '?);
Lithuanian dylù, dìlti (delù, dil̃ti), Latvian dęlu, dilstu, dil̃t ` wear out, polish ' (from `*to
plane'), dèlît `wear out, torment, smite'; Lithuanian pùs-dylis (mė́nuo) ` moon in the last
quarter ', delčià `decreasing moon', causative Latvian dèldêt `wear out, liquidate, rub off,
destroy', diluot `skive, abrade, polish';
out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of
Lithuanian délna (by Juszkiewicz also dáɫna), Latvian del̃na ìnner flat hand', Old Church
Slavic dlanь `palm', russ. old dolonь, nowadays reconverted with metathesis ladónь `palm;
flat place on the threshing floor, threshing floor ' (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51, different
Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 454);
Lithuanian dalìs, East Lithuanian dalià `deal, portion, inheritance; alms' (= Old Indic dalí-
ḥ `clod of earth'), dalijù, dalýti `divide', Latvian dala `deal, portion, lot', dalît `divide', Old
Prussian dellieis `divide, share!', dellīks `deal, portion' (e from a, Trautmann Old Prussian
100), russ. (etc) dólja `deal, portion, lot' (in addition Old Church Slavic odolěti `defeat,
conquer' = `*have, obtain the best part', Berneker 206). compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I
435.
Doubtful Old Church Slavic dělъ `deal, portion': either as *dēlo-s here, or rather with
Indo Germanic ai as *dai-lo- to root dā(i)- `divide'; about Gothic dails, Modern High
German Teil see above under dā-, dāi-.
Proto Slavic ū-stem *dьly, Gen. *dъlъve (: Old Irish delb from *delu̯ā) in russ.-Church
Slavic delvi (*dъlъvi) Lok. Sg., N. Pl. `barrel, vat, cask', Middle Bulgarian dьli (*dьly), Lok.
Sg. dьlьvi `barrel, vat, cask', New Bulgarian delva (*dьlъva) ` big clay vessel with two
handles ';
Tocharian A tālo, B tallāwo ùnlucky', Van Windekens Lexique 136 (?); rather B tsalt-,
tsālt- `chew', Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 18 f.
extension del-
del-gh-
gh-, dl-
dl-egh- dolgho- etc `sickle, blade'.
egh-; dolgho-
Indo-iran. *dargha- (dolgho

dolgho-) is assumed through Mordovian loanword tarvas `sickle';
dolgho-
compare pamirdial. lǝrégūś ds.;
Old Irish dlongid `he splits', dluige (*dlogi̯o-) ` the fissured ', Middle Irish dluigim `split';
Old Norse telgja `hew, cut out', talga `the cutting, carving', talgo-knīfr ` slice knife ', also
Old Norse tjalga ` thin twig, branch, long arm', Old English telga m. `twig, branch, bough',
telgor m. f., telgra m. `twig, branch, scion ', Middle High German zelge, zelch `bough, twig,
branch', Old High German zuelga `twig, branch' (whose zw- probably previously is taken
over from zwig);
about Lithuanian dal̃gis, Gen. -io m., Latvian dalgs, Old Prussian doalgis `scythe' see
below dhelg-;
dolghā in serb. dlaga ` board for the splint of broken bones ', poln. Dialectal dɫožka `
flooring from planks ', Czech dláha (dlaha) ` board, splint, base of the ground ', dlážiti
(dlažiti), dlážditi ` pave, hit the screed ' (Berneker 207).
As for *del- ` whereupon it is split apart ' is also for that with it perhaps originally
resemble*del- `split' given the possibility, that d-elis an extension from dā[i]- `divide,
share '.
References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Lidén KZ. 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg.
18 f.
Page(s): 194-196
Root / lemma: del-

del-4
Meaning: to rain
Material: Armenian teɫ ` heavy rain ', teɫam, -em, -um `to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate ',
tiɫm (*teɫim?), Gen. tɫmoi;
Middle Irish delt m. `dew'; also FlN; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist ';
Germanic *dol-kó- or *dol-gho- in dan. Swedish Norwegian talg `tallow, suet', Old
English *tealg, Middle English talgh, engl. tallow, nnl. talk, Modern High German Talg
(from Ndd.); ablaut. Old Norse tolgr (*tl̥-kó-) ds.
Note:
Middle Irish delt m. `dew'; bret. delt `humid, wet, moist ' display alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t
subsequents.
References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge11 under `tallow, suet'.
Page(s): 196
Root / lemma: del-

del-5
Meaning: long
Note: to put away more confidently only for Slavic, but probably the basis for the
widespread extension delēgh-
delēgh- and (d)longho-
(d)longho- (see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1)
Material: Perhaps here Old Norse talma `hinder', Middle Low German talmen `loiter, be
slow in talking and at work, stupid talk', Norwegian Dialectal tøla `hesitate, wait, hold on',
tøle `rogue, fool ' (Persson Beitr. 889);
Old Church Slavic pro-dьliti `μηκῦναι', russ. dlitь ` protract, hesitate', dliná f. `length',
Czech dle f. `length', dlíti `hesitate', etc (Berneker 252); perhaps vъ dalję ` far, aloof'
(Meillet MSL.14, 373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements).
delēgh-, dḹghó-
delēgh- dḹghó-:
zero grade Old Indic dīrghá- = Avestan darǝga-, darǝɣa-, Old pers. darga- `long', zero
grade compounds Superl. drā́ghīyas-, drā́ghiṣṭha- ` longer, for a long time ', Avestan drājyō
Adv. `further', drājištǝm Adv. ` longest ', npers. dirāz (actually comparative) `long', Old
Indic drāghimán-, drāghmán- m. `length, duration', Avestan drājō n. `stretch, length';
gr. ἐνδελεχής `continuous, persistent, enduring' (`*drag out'), ἐνδελεχέω ` continue ',
δολιχός `long' (to i s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 278, different Specht Dekl. 126), δόλιχος `the long
racecourse ';
about alb. glatë etc see below;
Note:
Clearly alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long' derived from Hittite da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n.
`length': Old Church Slavic dlъgota `length' (= Old Indic dīrghatā): proto Slavic. *dlgostь,
poln. dɫugość etc ds.
Alb. and Baltic forms agree in dropping the initial d- > zero, which means that Baltic
cognates originated from proto Illyrian:
Alb. (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long, tall, high': Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old
Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. is the only IE lang. where (*da-lu-ga-aš-ti) glatë `long'
means also `tall, high' hence the name Alba Longa capital of Etruscan settlers is an alb.
concept of building fortresses on hilltops of future Rome.
Latin presumably indulgeō ` to be forbearing, patient, indulgent; to give oneself up to,

indulge in; grant, allow, concede' (: ἐνδελεχής, basic meaning then `be patient to
somebody compared with, hold on patiently') from *en-dolgh-ei̯ō.
Maybe alb. (*en-dolgh-ei̯ō ) Geg. ndigjoj, Tosc dëgjoj ` listen, hear, be submissive ', gjegj `
answer', Tosc ndëlej, ndëjej, ndjej ` feel', ndiej ` feel, hear'.
cymr. dal, dala, daly `hold, stop', bret. dalc'h ` possession ', derc'hel `hold, stop' (r diss.
from l, compare participle dalc'het) presumably with the meaning-development as Modern
High German ` after which last ' to `long' (basic form*del(ǝ)gh-; Zupitza BB. 25, 90 f.,
Pedersen KG. I 52, 106);
Maybe nasalized alb. ndal `hold, stop' : cymr. dal, dala, daly `hold, stop'.
Gothic tulgus `tight, firm, steadfast' (`*long, persistent, enduring '), Old Saxon tulgo Adv.
`very', Old English tulge, compounds tylg ` better, rather ', Superl. tylgest `best';
Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old
Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long';
Old Church Slavic dlъgъ, serb. dȕg, Old Czech dlúhý, russ. dóɫgij `long' (= Old Indic
dīrghá-), in addition serb. dûž f. `length'; Old Church Slavic dlъgota `length' (= Old Indic
dīrghatā); proto Slavic. *dlgostь, poln. dɫugość etc ds.;
Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.
/d/longho-
/d/longho-s:
a) Middle Persian drang, npers. dirang `long' (but alb. glatë, gjatë, gjat `long' at first from
*dlagh-t-);
b) Latin longus `long; spacious; of time, long, of long duration; esp. too long, tedious; of
persons, prolix, tedious', Gothic laggs, Old English Old High German Modern High
German lang (Old High German langēn `become long, seem long, long, want', etc); but
Old Irish etc long `ship' seems to be borrowed from Latin (navis) longa; nevertheless,
because of second meaning `vessel' and Middle Irish coblach `fleet' (*kom-u̯o-log- or *-lug-
) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds that word for genuine Celtic; compare also abrit. FlN
Λόγγος (Ptol.) and gall. VN ΛΟΓΓΟ-
ΛΟΓΓΟ-ΣΤΑΛΗΤΕΣ (Aude); anlaut. dl- remains preserved
otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would display an already common West Indo Germanic
simplification, might be connected with the d-loss of Baltic ilgas . compare also Specht
Dekl. 126.
Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of Illyrian - Etrus. : Illyrian Albanoi TN
References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hittite 34 f.
Page(s): 196-197
Root / lemma: demel-

demel-
Meaning: worm
Material: Epidaur. δεμελέας f. Akk. Pl., δεμβλεῖς βδέλλαι Hes.;
perhaps alb. dhemjë `caterpillar, inchworm' (could stand for *dhemli̯ë), dhëmíze,
dhimízë ` meat maggot '.

Page(s): 201
Root / lemma: (dem

demǝ-), domǝ
demǝ domǝ-, domǝ-
Meaning: to tame
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic dāmyáti ` is tamed; tamed ' (*dm̥-̄ i̯eti), dāṁtá- ` tamed ' (*dm̥-̄ tós); Kaus.
damáyati `tames, overmasters ' (*domei̯ō), participle damita-; damitár- `tamer'; damitvā `
taming ', damāyáti `tames' (*domā-i̯o = Latin domo); damá-ḥ ` domesticating ', dáma-ḥ `
taming ';
osset. domun `tame', npers. dam `domesticated animal'; after Pisani Crest. Indeur.2 113
here (as *dm̥-̄ so-s) dāsá-ḥ `fiend, non-Aryan ', actually `slave', but because of the
incredible stem formation;
gr. δάμνᾱμι, Ionian -ημι, Aor. ἐ-δάμα(σ)σα (for *ε-δέμασα) `tame', various secondary
reshaped, as δαμνάω etc, πανδαμάτωρ ` the all-subduer, all-tamer ', Doric δμᾱτός `tamed'
(*dm̥-̄ tós), hom. ἄδμητος and ἀδμής, -ῆτος ` untamed, unrestrained, unwed, unmarried ',
Ionian Perf. δέδμημαι, δμητήρ `tamer', δμῆσις ` taming, domestication';
forms with root vowel o are missing in Gr.;
Latin domō (*domā-i̯ō = damāyáti), domās (*domā-si = Old High German zamōs) ` to
domesticate, tame, break, subdue, master ', Perf. domuī (from *domǝ-u̯ai), participle
domitus (reshaped after domuī and domitor from *dmātos, Indo Germanic *dm̥-̄ to-s),
domitor `tamer' (= Old Indic damitár-); domitus, -ūs m. `taming' (compare Old Indic
damitvā);
Old Irish damnaim `bind (tight, firm), tame (horses)', Verbalnom. damnad and domnad
(probably = gr.δάμνημι); phonetic mixture with damnaim from Latin damnō, also the
unruled m has probably arisen from participle dammainti; Old Irish dam- ` acquiesce,
endure, grant' (e.g. daimid ` admitted to' probably = Old Indic dāmyáti, composes ni-daim
`not enduring, not suffering'; Perf. dāmair from lengthened grade *dōm-), with ad- àdmit'
(e.g. 3. PL ataimet), with fo- èndure' (e.g. 1. Sg. fo-daimim), cymr. addef, bret. añsav
àdmit', acymr. ni cein guodeimisauch Gl. `have not endured well', ncymr. go-ddef `suffer,
endure, allow', corn. gothaf `bear, endure', bret. gouzañv, gouzav us. (but cymr. dofi
`tame', acymr. dometic ` domesticated ', ar-domaul ` docile ', cymr. dōf, bret. doff `tame,
domesticated' stems from Latin domāre, so that native forms with o were absent in Celtic);
Gothic ga-tamjan, Old Norse temja, Old English temian, Middle Low German temmen,
Old High German zemmen `tame' (Kaus. *doméi̯ō = Old Indic damáyati); Old High German
zamōn ds. (= Latin domā-re), Old Norse tamr, Old English tam, Old High German zam `
domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered ' (unclear, whether back-formation from verb, or
if the pass. meaning has arisen from `domestication = the tamed', so that in historic
connection with Old Indic dáma-ḥ ` taming ').
Because of Old Indic damya- `to tame' and `young bull, which still should be tamed ' and
because of gr. δαμάλης on the one hand ` overmastering, taming' ( ῎Ερως, Anakreon), on
the other hand `young (still to be tamed) bull', wherefore δαμάλη `young cow', δάμαλις
`ds.'; also `young girl', δάμαλος `calf', is probably alb. dëntë, dhëntë, Geg dhë̂nt `small
cattle, sheep and goats, sheep' (*dem-tā or *dem-to-s, respectively *dom-tā, -to-s), dem `
bovine animal, cattle, young bull' (= Old Indic damya-), as well as also gall. GN Damona f.
and Old Irish dam òx' (*damos), dam allaid `deer' (`*wild ox'), as well as cymr. dafad,
acorn. dauat, bret. dañvat `sheep (then = gr. ἀ-δάματος) to add (originally appellation of
domesticated bovine animal); Latin damma or dāma is probably borrowed from Celtic or
from elsewhere; unclear is Old English dā f. `roe deer' (out of it acorn. da ` a fallow-deer,
chamois, antelope '), engl. doe, Alemannian tē ds., compare Holthausen Altengl. etym.
Wb. 68; from Old French daim `fallow-deer' derives bret. dem ds.; Germanic additional
forms s. by Falk-Torp under daadyr m. Lithuanian; corresponding to niederösterr. zamer,
zamerl `young ox' (Much ZfdA.42, 167; proto Germanic *a or *o?).
Hittite da-ma-aš-zi ` thronged ', preterit 3. Pl. ta-ma-aš-šir, Pedersen Hittite 95 f.
Maybe those cognates derived from Tumuzi the shepherd in Sumerian.
References: WP. 1 788 f., WH I 367 f., 861, Meillet BSL. 33, 110.
Page(s): 199-200
dem-, demǝ
Root / lemma: dem- demǝ-
Meaning: to build; house
Material: Gr. δέμω `build', from the heavy basis participle Perf. Pass. δεδμημένος, Doric
(Pindar) νεόδμᾱτος ` newly built',
δέμας n. ` physique, shape' (μεσόδμη, Attic inschr. -μνη ` spanning crossbeams in the
middle of the building ', yet η [ᾱ] could also be suffix).
The meaning ` settle, fit' in Gothic ga-timan, Old Saxon teman, Old High German zeman
`suit, fit', wherefore lengthened grade Gothic ga-tēmiÞa Adv. ` befitting ', Middle Low
German be-tāme ` fitting', Old High German gi-zāmi `proper' and abstract zero grades Old
High German zumft, Middle High German zumft, zunft ` propriety, rule, association, guild '
(*dṃ-ti-) = Middle Irish dēt ` disposition, temperament ' (Old Irish dētlae `bold, daring'),
mcymr. dant ` temperament, character' (mostly Plur. deint), basic form *dṃ-to-, Loth RC
46, 252 f. compare mcymr. cynnefin ` trustful ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (*kom-
dam-īno-).
ro-stem
ro Old Icelandic timbr `timber', Old Saxon timbar, Old English timber `timber,
edifice, building, building', Old High German zimbar `timber, building, dwelling, chamber',
whereof Gothic timrjan `build', Old Norse timbra, Old High German zimberen and zimbaron
` build, do carpentry, do woodwork '.
root nouns dē̆m-, dō̆m-, dm-

dm-, dṃ-
dṃ- `house'.
Old Indic pátir dán ` householder ', Avestan dǝ̄ng patoiš ` master of (*lord of the house)'
with Gen. *dem-s, as also gr. δεσ-πότης `master, mister' (see Risch IF. 59, 12, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 547 f.), Old Indic dám-pati-ḥ `lord, master' (new shifting together from *dán pati-
[= Avestan dǝ̄ng pati-], less probably with Lok. Aryan *dam as `master in the house');
Avestan Lok. dąm, dąmi ìn the house', Lok. Pl. dāhv-ā, Nom. -dā̊ from proto Aryan *-
dās in uši-δā̊ name of a mountain range (`having one's house by the aurora '), wherefore
probably Avestan ha-dǝmōi Lok. ìn the same house';
Armenian tun Nom. Akk. `house' (*dōm), Instr. tamb (*dṃ-bhi), whereupon Gen. Dat.
tan;
gr. ἔν-δον Lok., originally ìnside in house' (also reshaped to ἔνδο-θι, -θεν, ἔνδοι),
perhaps also δῶ (*dō[m]) as Nom. Akk. Sg. n. or Lok.; δῶμα, δώματος originally Akk.
Sg.mask. *dōm-ṃ with structure in Neutr. after στρῶμα ; derivative Δμία, Μνία, Δαμία
(`mistress of the house');
as 1. composition part in δάμ-αρ `wife' (*dǝm-r̥t ` governing of the house '), δάπεδον ` floor
(originally of the house)' from *dṃ-pedom (ζάπεδον out of it after the concurrent of δα- and
ζα- as intensive prefix; so perhaps also Ionian ζάκορος ` temple male servant, temple
female servant' for *δά-κορος) = Swedish tomt, Old Icelandic topt `place for edifice,
building' in Norwegian Mdarten `loam' (Germanic *tum-fetiz, Indo Germanic *dṃ-ped-),
compare also Lithuanian dim-stis ` courtyard, property; courtyard ' (2. part *sto-s to *stā-
`stand').
domo-s: Old Indic dáma-ḥ `house, dwelling ', gr. δόμος `house' (δομή `τεῖχος
o-stem domo-
etc? Hes), οἰκο-δόμος (*-δομός) ` builder ', Latin Lok. domī `to a house' (= Old Indic dámē
ìn a house, to a house'), dominus `master, mister' from *domo-no-s.
u-stem domu-
domu-s (Brugmann Grdr. II2 1, 180 presumes an adv. Lok. *domū as originator):
Latin domus, -ūs f. à house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace' (out of it is Middle
Irish dom-, dam-liacc `stone house', aur-dam ` pronaos (the space in front of the body of a
temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls) ' undertaken with the thing
together);
Old Church Slavic domъ m. `house', russ. dóma àt house' (*domō[u]); *domovь: Old
Russian domovь àfter the house'; presumedly also through Old Indic dámū-nas-
`housemate' and Armenian tanu-tēr `householder';
Maybe alb. dhoma `room' : Old Indic dáma-ḥ `house'.
a stem *dmōu- in Ionian δμώς, Gen. δμωός ` prisoner of war, farm laborer', δμῳή `
bondmaid ', Cretan μνῴᾱ f. `people in slavery, population in serfdom ';
Aryan *dm-ā̆na- in Avestan dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- n. `house', also Old Indic mā́na-ḥ èdifice,
building, dwelling';
Lithuanian nãmas, Pl. namaĩ `house, dwelling' is dissimilated from *damas, in

compounds as namũ-darỹs ` homemaker ', s. WH. I 861.
Note:
It is a common trait of alb. and Lithuanian to drop the initial da- as in Root / lemma: del-
del-5 :
`long': Baltic with unexplained d loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs, Old
Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long'; alb. glatë 'long' Baltic and Albanian languages often drop
the initial da- > zero. This is a common Baltic-alb.. Hence Lithuanian nãmas derived from a
nasalized form *ndãmas.
Old Irish damnae `material', cymr. defnydd, Middle Breton daffnez could have originally
signified `timber'.
Tocharian B tem-, A tam-, AB täm- `create, beget, be born ' and B tsam-, AB tsäm-, A
śam-, śäm-, perhaps after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 217 here;
in addition also B c(o)mel, A cmol (*cmelu) `birth', Van Windekens Lexique 51.
An old branching of the root is demā- `tame', originally probably `tie up in the house,
domesticate'.
Note:
demǝ- : `to build; house' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-

dem-, demǝ
Root / lemma: dem- hei-2 : ĝhi-
hi- :
ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-
hei-men- heimn- : `winter; snow'. But the ĝh > d has been recorded in Illyrian alb.
alone. This makes proto Illyrian the oldest IE branch.
References: WP. I 786 ff.; WH. I 367, 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 480, 524, 547 f., 625,
Trautmann 44.
Page(s): 198-199
Root / lemma: denk̂-

Meaning: to bite
Note:
Root / lemma: denk̂- : `to bite' derived from Illyrian derivative of Root / lemma: ĝemb
em h-,
ĝm̥bh- : `to bite; tooth' common Illyrian ĝ- > d-.
Material: Old Indic dáśati ` bites' (*dn̥kéti), Perf. dadáṃśa (thereafter also a present
dáṃśati), Kaus. daṃśáyate `makes bite ', dáṃśa-ḥ `bite, gadfly, brake',
daṃśana-m `the bitting ', daṃṣ̌ṭra-ḥ, dáṃstrā ` sharp tooth, fang' = Avestan tiži-dąstra-
`with sharp teeth, toothed ' (for -dąštra- s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 653);
gr. δάκνω `bite' (*dn̥k-̂ nṓ), Aor. ἔδακον (= Impf. Old Indic ádaśam), wherefore Fut.
δήξομαι (but Ionian δάξεται), Perf. δέδηγμαι, δεδηχώς (as well as δῆγμα `bite') with ablaut
neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 770); δακετόν, τὸ δάκος ` biting animal'; in addition probably
ὀδάξ `with biting teeth ', perhaps originally `tooth' or `bite' (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 620, 723), probably hybridization of *δάξ `biting' with ὀδούς, therefrom derived
όδάξω (ἀδάξω with Assimil. of o in α), ἀδαχέω etc `scratch, itch', ἀδαγμός ` the scratch ';
alb. Geg danë (*donk̂-nā), Tosc darë `pliers';
Old High German zangar `biting, sharp', Middle Low German tanger `ds., vicious,
strong, fresh'; Old Norse tǫng (Gen. tengr and tangar), Old English tang, tange, Old High
German zanga `pliers' (*donk̂ā)́ , i.e. `the clenching of the teeth '; with further shifting to `to
press (lips) together', probably Old Saxon bitengi `moving close to, oppressive', Old
English getang ds., getenge ` near to, close to, oppressive, thronging, pressing ', Old High
German gizengi ` passing by, moving nearby', Adv. gizango, wherefore Old Norse tengja
(*tangjan) `join', Old English tengan àssail, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward',
getengan `make adhere, be obedient ' (Old English intinga m. `weary, weak', sam-tinges
àt once', getingan, stem V., `press in' after Fick III4 152 neologism?);
besides in gramm. variation Germanic *tanhu- àdjoining tightly, appendant, tough' in Old
English tōh ` tough '; Middle Low German tā ` abiding, tough ', Old High German zāhi,
Modern High German zäh; Old Norse tā n. `stamped place before the house' (Finnish
loanword tanhua `corral, pen, fold');
perhaps originally different from the root *dē̆k- `tear', although *denk̂- perhaps as
nasalized form to *dē̆k and `bite' could be understood as `tear with the teeth'.

Page(s): 201
Root / lemma: dens-

dens-1
Meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn
Material: densos n.: Old Indic dáṁsas- n. `powerful wonder, wise feat' = Avestan daŋhah- `
Material:
dexterity, adroitness ' (in addition Old Indic daṁsu- ` powerful wonder ', daṁ- ` very
powerful wonder ' = Avestan dąhišta- `very wise, the wisest '); Old Indic purudā́ṁsas- `rich
in miracles' (= gr. πολυδήνεα πολύβουλον `much-counselling' Hes), dáṁsana-m, daṁsánā
`magic power, witchcraft '; in gr. after zero grade forms with*δα[σ]- = *dṇs- to *δάνσος
unvocalized: hom. δήνεα N. Pl. ` pieces of advice ', Sg. δῆνος by Hesych, (Doric) ἀδανές (-
ᾱ) ἀπρονόητον Hes. = (Ionian) ἀδηνής ἄκακος, Adv. ἀδηνέως Chios.
dṇs-ró́-s `sensible, very wise': Old Indic dasrá- ` miraculous ' = Avestan daŋra- `skilful';
dṇs
doubtful gr. δάειρα epithet of Persephone, perhaps ` the knowing or the power of wonder ';
δαΐφρων ` wise ' to hold as *δα[σ]ί-φρων to Old Indic das-rá- as κῡδι-άνειρα to κῡδ-ρό-ς, if
it not originally if it has not signified originally only `the sense of direction during the fight'
(compare δαι-κτάμενος ` slain in battle ', ἐν δαί: ìn the battle'; s. finally Bechtel Lexil. 92)
and only, after this the meaning was forgotten, the ambiguous connection came through in
δαῆναι, see below, to come into usage in sense of `wise'.
dṇs mo-: Old Indic dasmá- ` power of wonder (from Gods)' = Avestan dahma- ` expert,
dṇs-mo-
inaugurated in religious questions '.
Maybe alb. dasma `wedding, ceremony (religious rite?)'
Verbal forms: partly reduplicated `handle knowledge, instruct, teach':

Avestan dīdaiŋhē ` I am instructed ' (in addition zero grade dąstvā f. ` apprenticeship,
doctrine, dogma');
perhaps gr. δέδαε Aor. `taught', Aor. Pass. δαῆναι, δαήμεναι `learn', participle Perf.
δεδαώς èrudite, expert, skillful', δεδάασθαι π 316 ` examine, question ', ἀδαής (Soph.)
ìgnorant, wherein inexperienced '; in addition δαήμων (Hom.) `sensible, wise', ἀδαήμων
ìgnorant, wherein inexperienced ', δαήμεναι ἔμπειροι γοναῖκες Hes. By Archilochos frg. 3,
4 is unclear δαίμων (?) ` skillful, experienced '.
Debrunner Mel. Boisacq 1, 251 ff. has shown that διδάσκω ìnstruct, teach' belongs to
δέδαε and not to Latin discō `to learn, learn to know, acquire, become acquainted with'
(see above under dek̂-). The fact that also δα- (as *dṇs-) is to be put to ours root, can be
explained best of all by the fact that one accepts, from διδάσκω (*δι-δασ-σκω) has been
abstracted an erroneous root *δα- (M. Scheller briefl.);
compare finally Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307 and see below dens-2.

Page(s): 201-202
Root / lemma: dens-

dens-2
Meaning: dense
Material: Gr. δασύς `dense' : Latin dēnsus ds.; the direct derivation from *dn̥sús does not
contradict the explanation of *δάω from *dn̥sō (see above under dens-1); indeed from W.
Schulze (Kl. Schr. 116 f.) the stated examples of -σ- from Indo Germanic -n̥s- are
absolutely not proving. On the other hand δαυλός `cover with dense vegetation' could go
back to δα-υλός (: ὕλη), but δασκόν δασύ etc would barely be formed by abstraction to δά-
σκιος ` (*densely) shady ' (*διά-σκιος). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define σ in δασύς as
expressive gemination σσ (?) common gr.-Illyrian -ks- > -ss-. About phok. PN Δαυλίς s.
WH. I 468.
About alb. dënt, dend `make dense', etc see below dhen-3. common alb. n > nd.
Latin dēnseō, -ēre (Perf. dēnsī only by Charisius Gr.-Latin I 262, 4) ` to make thick,
condense, press together ', denominative of dēnsus `dense' (*densos or *dn̥sos, event.
*dénsu̯os).
Hittite dassuš (Dat. Sg. ta-aš-śu-u-i) `strong (*thick)'.
References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307.
Page(s): 202-203
Root / lemma: deph-

deph-
Meaning: to stamp, push
Material: Armenian topèl (-em, -eci) `hit'; gr. δέφω `knead, drum; tumble ', argiv.
δεφιδασταί `fuller', with s-extension δέψω (Aor. participle δεψήσας) `knead; tan, convert
hide into leather' (out of it Latin depsō `to knead'), δέψα `tanned skin'; διφθέρα `leather'
(*διψτέρα); serb. dȅpîm, dȅpiti `bump, poke, hit', poln. deptać `tread'.
maybe alb. dëboj `drive away'
Note:
It seems that Root / lemma: deph- : `to stamp, push' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1,
lemma: deph-
nasalized dhamb(h)-
amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless'
References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 298, 351.
Page(s): 203
Root / lemma: derb

der h-
Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub
Material: Old Indic dr̥bháti `joined, patched together, winded ', participle sándr̥bdha- `group
of shrubs planted together', dr̥bdhí- f. ` convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', Avestan
dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles' Pl. `flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indic darbhá- m. ` hassock,
clump of grass, grass', darbhaṇa- n. `netting';
Maybe truncated alb. dredha `convolution', dredh `curl' : Old Indic dr̥bdhí- f. `convolution',
Avestan dǝrǝwδa- n. `bundle of muscles ' Pl. `flesh (of muscles)'.
Armenian toṙn `σχοινίον, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*dorbh-n-);
gr. δάρπη `basket' is contaminated from *δάρφη and τάρπη ds. (Güntert IF. 45, 347);
Old English tearflian (*tarbalōn) ` roll oneself ', Old High German zerben, preterit zarpta
refl. ` turn, turn round '; e-grade Middle High German zirben schw. V. ` turn in circles,
whirl', Modern High German Dialectal Swiss zirbeln ds., Modern High German Zirbeldrüse,
Zirbelwind (probably also Zirbel ` pineal ', see below deru-
deru-); zero grade Old English torfian
`throw, lapidate' (compare drehen : engl. throw), as Old Norse tyrfa `cover with turf', Old
Norse torf n. `turf', torfa f. ` peat clod ', Old English turf f. `turf, lawn', Old High German
zurba, zurf f. `lawn' (Modern High German Torf from Ndd.); Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike,
afflict';
maybe alb. diminutive (*turfel) turfulloj `snort, blow' : Old English ge-tyrfan `to strike, afflict'.
wruss. dórob `basket, carton, box ', russ. old u-dorobь f. `pot, pan', dial. ú-doroba `low
pot, pan'(`*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), wruss. dorób'ić `crook, bend'; zero grade
*dьrba in russ. derbá `Rodeland, Neubruch', derbovátь ` clean from the moss, from the
lawn; uproot the growing', derbítь `pluck, tear, rend', serb. drbácati `scrape, scratch',
Czech drbám and drbu, drbati `scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade russ.
derébitь `pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a bh-extension from der-
der- `flay',
Slavic derǫ dьrati eingemischt). S. Berneker 211, 254 with Lithuanian

Page(s): 211-212
Root / lemma: der(ep)-

der(ep)-
Meaning: to see, *mirror
Note:
der(ep)- : `to see, *mirror' derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look'.
The Root / lemma: der(ep)-
Material: Old Indic dárpana- m. `mirror'; gr. δρωπάζειν, δρώπτειν `see' (with lengthened
grade 2. syllable??).
References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.
See also: compare also δράω `sehe' and derk̂
derk-`see'.
Page(s): 212
derǝ-, drā-
Root / lemma: derǝ drā-
Meaning: to work
Material: Gr. δράω (*δρᾱιω) `make, do', Konj. δρῶ, Aeolic 3. Pl. δρᾱίσι, Aor. Attic ἔδρᾱσα,
hom. δρηστήρ `worker, servant', δρᾶμα àction', δράνος ἔργον, πρᾶξις . . . δύναμις Hes.,
ἀδρανής ìnactive, ineffective, weak';
Maybe alb. nasalized form nder (*der-) `hang loose';
hom. ὀλιγοδρᾰνέων `make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and Ionian (see
Bechtel Lexil. 104) δραίνω `do';
Lithuanian dar(i)aũ, darýti, Latvian darît `do, make'; in spite of Mühlenbach-Endzelin s.

v. darît not to Lithuanian derė́ti ` be usable', Latvian derêt ` arrange, employ, engage' etc,
because the meaning deviates too strongly.
References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6757, 694.
Page(s): 212
Root / lemma: dergh-

dergh-
Meaning: to grasp
Material: Armenian trc̣ak ` brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc̣-ak, *turc̣- from *dorgh-
so-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);
gr. δράσσομαι, Attic δράττομαι ` grasp ', δράγδην ` griping ', δράγμα ` handful, fascicle,
sheaf ', δραγμεύω ` bind sheaves ', δραχμή, Arcadian el. δραχμά, gortyn. δαρκνά̄ (i.e.
δαρχvά̄; s. also Boisacq 109) ` drachma ' (`*handful of metal sticks, ὀβολοί'), δράξ, -κός f.
`hand', Pl. δάρκες δέσμαι Hes.;
Middle Irish dremm, nir. dream `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' (*dr̥gh-smo-),
bret. dramm `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ' (false back-formation to Pl. dremmen);
Old High German zarga `side edging a room, edge', Old Norse targa f. `shield', Old
English targe f. (nord. loanword) `small shield' (actually ` shield brim '), elsäss. (see
Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (käs-)zorg m. `vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. δραχ-);

Page(s): 212-213
Root / lemma: derk̂-

Meaning: to look
Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indic and intrinsic in Irish linked suppletively with a
cursive present other root
Root / lemma: derk̂- : to look derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-
her-3 und ĝherǝ
herǝ-, ĝhrē-
hrē- : to
shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root / lemma: okʷ
okʷ- : to see; eye
Material: Old Indic [present is páśyati] Perf. dadárśa `have seen', Aor. adarśat, adrākṣīt
(ádrāk), participle dr̥ṣṭá-, kaus. darśáyati `make see'; Avestan darǝs- ` behold ', Perf.
dādarǝsa, participle dǝrǝšta-; Old Indic dṛ́ś- f. `sight', ahardŕ̥ś- ` looking day ', upa-dŕ̥ś- f.
`sight', dŕ̥ṣṭi- f. `sight', Avestan aibīdǝrǝšti- ds. (Gen. Sg. darštōiš), Old Indic darśatá-
`visible, respectable ', Avestan darǝsa- m. `sight, gaze, look';
gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open, be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision'
(with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indic dr̥šṭi-), δέργμα `sight', δεργμός
`look, gaze', δυσ-δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. òne
looking up from below' (*-δρακ = Old Indic dr̥c̨-, or from *-δρακ-τ), δράκος n. èye', δράκων,
-οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. δράκαινα;
alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);

Note:
Maybe alb. darkë `supper, evening meal, evening' : drekë `dinner meal, midday' : Old Irish
an-dracht ` loathsome, dark'.
after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbrian terkantur ` seen, discerned, perceived '
(that is to say ` shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');
Old Irish [present ad-cīu] ad-con-darc `have seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.;
present adrodarcar `can be seen'), derc èye', air-dirc ìllustrious', bret. derc'h `sight', abret.
erderc èvidentis', zero grade Irish drech f. (*dr̥k̂ā) `face', cymr. drych m. (*dr̥ksos) `sight,
mirror', cymr. drem, trem, bret. dremm `face' (*dr̥k̂-smā), Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome,
dark' (an- neg. + *drecht = alb. dritë);
Gothic ga-tarhjan ` make distinct ' (= Old Indic darśayati); Germanic *torʒa- `sight' (==
Old Indic dr̥ś-) in Norwegian PN Torget, Torghatten etc, Indo Germanic to- suffix in
Germanic *turhta- : Old English torht, Old Saxon toroht, Old High German zoraht, newer
zorft `bright, distinct'.

See also: Perhaps with der(ep)-
der(ep)- (above S. 212) remote, distant related.
Page(s): 213
der-1 (: dōr-
Root / lemma: der- dōr-, der-) or dōr-
dōr- : dǝr-
ǝr-
Meaning: hand span, *hands
Material: Gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), ὀρθόδωρον ` the
distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος `16 spans long ', zero grade
Arcadian Akk. δά̄ριν σπιθαμήν Hes. (lak. δάρειρ Hes. is false spelling for δάρις, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 506);
alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' from *dōrom (M. La Piana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of
plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]
Phonetic mutations: alb. (*du̯or-) dorë `hand' : gr. δῶρον `palm, span of the hand' : Latvian
(*du̯or-)dùre, dûris `fist'; proto Illyrian alb. du̯o- > do- , gr. du̯o- > do-, Latvian du̯o- > dù-.
Note:
Note
Clearly Root / lemma: der-

der-1 (: dōr-
dōr-, der-) or dōr-
dōr- : dǝr-
ǝr- : `hand span' derived through Root /
lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm' through Illyrian
intermediary. The phonetic shift kh > t, ĝh > d is a unique alb.. Hence alb. dorë `hand'
derived from truncated ĝhesor. The source of Root / lemma: der-
der-1 (: dōr-
dōr- :
ǝr- : `hand span' is of Illyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.
dǝr-
That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of Illyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many
Illyrian cognates of the Illyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that gr. δῶρον `hand
span' is a suffixed Illyrian dora `hand' consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages
by Illyrians.
Old Icelandic tarra ` outspread ', terra ds.
Also Armenian ǳeṙḳ ` hand '.
Only under a beginning du̯er- : dur- or du̯ōr-: du̯ǝr : dur- to justify major key-phonetical
comparison with Celtic dur-no- in Old Irish dorn `fist, hand', cymr. dwrn `hand', dyrnod
(mcymr. dyrnawt) `slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid (mcymr. dyrneit) ` handful ',
bret. dorn `hand', dournek ` who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in
the coloring of meaning `pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that
they do not demand an association with them.
On the other hand for Celtic *durno- one considers relationship with Latvian dùre, dûris
`fist'; this is to Latvian duŕu, dũru, dur̃t `prick, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus :
pungo); if so also Celtic dur-no-? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see below der-
der-
4.
Note:
From alb. Geg (*du̯ōr), dorë hand, (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' it seems that the oldest root
was alb. Pl. (*du̯ǝr), duer Pl. `hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic
trait)]. Hence the original of proto Illyrian - gr. idea was Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two'
meaning two hands. That means both Root der-1 (: dōr-
Root / lemma: der- dōr-, der-) or dōr-
dōr- : dǝr-
ǝr- :
`hand span, hands' and Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two, *two hands' derived from older
Anatolian languages Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand' because of the common alb.
ĝh- > d-.
Page(s): 203
Root / lemma: (der

der-2), redupl. der-
der- der-, dr̥dor-, broken redupl. dor-
der-der- dor-d-, dr̥-d-
Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)
Material: Old Indic dardurá-ḥ `frog, flute'; Old Irish deirdrethar `raged', PN Deirdriu f. (*der-
der-i̯ō); Bulgarian dъrdóŕъ `babble; grumble', serb. drdljati `chatter', sloven. drdráti `clatter,
burr ';
Maybe alb. dërdëllit `chatter, prattle' a Slavic loanword.
Maybe Dardanoi (*dardant) Illyrian TN : gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes : Lithuanian dardė́ti,
Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak' probably `talk indistinctly '; common Illyrian alb. n > nt > t.
with fractured reduplication: gr. δάρδα μέλισσα Hes., Irish dord ` bass ', fo-dord ` growl,
bass ', an-dord `clear voice' (`not-bass '), cymr. dwrdd `din, fuss, noise' (cymr. twrdd `din,
fuss, noise' t- has taken over from twrf ds.), Old Irish dordaid `bellow, roar' (from deer);
Lithuanian dardė́ti, Latvian dardêt, dārdêt `creak'; Tocharian A tsārt- `wail, weep, cry'
(Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization śert- (Van Windekens
Lexique 145).
References: WP. I 795, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

er-3.
See also: The Celtic, tochar. and Balto-Slavic words could also belong to dher-
Page(s): 203-204
Root / lemma: (der

der-3), drā-
der- drā-, dreb-
dreb-, drem-
drem-, dreu-
dreu-
Meaning: to run
drā-:
Material: drā-
Old Indic drā́ti ` runs, hurries ', Intens. dáridrāti ` wanders around, is poor ', dári-dra- `
wandering, beggarly ';
gr. ἀπο-διδρά̄σκω ` run away ', Fut. δρά̄σομαι, Aor. ἔδρᾱν; δρᾱσμός, Ionian δρησμός
èscape', ἄδρᾱστος `striving not to escape', δρᾱπέτης ` fugitive ', δρᾱπετεύω ` run away,
splits, separates from' (compare to -π- Old Indic Kaus. drāpayati ` brings to run ', Aor.
adidrapat [uncovered] `runs');
Old High German zittarōm (*di-drā-mi) `tremble (*ready to flee)', Old Icelandic titra
`tremble, wink' (originally perhaps ` walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly ');
perhaps here Slavic *dropy ` bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. Czech drop, older
drop(i)a etc, out of it Middle High German trap(pe), trapgans.
dreb-
dreb-:
Lithuanian drebù, -ė́ti `tremble, quiver';

poln. (etc) drabina `ladder';
Old English treppan (*trapjan) `tread', Middle Low German Dutch trappen `stomp', ndd.
trippen, Modern High German (Low German)trappeln, trippeln, Middle High German (Low
German) treppe, trappe f., Modern High German Treppe, Old English træppe f. `trap',
Modern High GermanTrappel, East Frisian trappe, trap `trap, splint, staircase, stairs ';
through emphatic nasalization, as in Modern High German patschen - pantschen, ficken

- fiencken (see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:
Gothic ana-trimpan àpproach, beset', Middle Low German trampen `stomp', Middle
High German (ndd.) trampeln àppear crude', engl. tramp, trample `tread', Middle High
German trumpfen `run, toddle'.
drem-
drem-:
Old Indic drámati ` running ', Intens. dandramyatē ` runs to and fro ';
gr. Aor. ἔδραμον, Perf. δέδρομα `run', δρόμος `run';
Old English trem, trym ` Fußtapfe ', Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon' (see above), Middle
High German tremen `waver', Danish trimle `roll, fall, tumble', Swedish Dialectal trumla ds.,
Middle High German trame ` rung of a leader, stairs';
here probably Modern High German FlN Dramme (Göttingen), Dremse (Magdeburg),
from *Dromi̯ā and *Dromisā (probably North Illyrian), in addition poln. (Illyrian) Drama
(Silesia), Bulgarian Dramatica (thrak.); s. Vasmer ZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny Urillyrier 3, 37,
127;
Maybe alb. dromcë `piece, chip (of a blow)'
insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb dȑmati `shake', dȑmnuti ùpset, allow to
shake ', sloven. dŕmati `shake, jiggle', drámiti ` jiggle from the sleep ', drâmpati ` ungentle
jiggle ';
maybe alb. dremit `sleep', dërrmonj èxhaust, tire, destroy' Slavic loanwords.
Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-

der-, heavy basis derǝ
derǝ-, drē-
drē- : `to cut, split, skin'
derived Root / lemma: (der
der-3), drā-
der- drā-, dreb-
dreb-, drem-
drem-, dreu-
dreu- : `to run'.
Czech drmlati ` flit, stir; move the lips, as if one sucking', drmoliti ` take short steps ' (these
in the good suitable meaning; `shake' from ` stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti `chat, prate'
(probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).
der-der-
dreu- (partly with ū as zero grade, probably because of *dreu̯āx-), FlN (participle)
dreu-
dr(o)u(u̯)entī/
entī/i̯i̯i̯ā:
Old Indic drávati ` runs, also melts ', FlN Dravantī, drutá- `hurrying', Avestan drāvaya-
`run' (being from daēvischen), draoman- n. àttack, onrush', aēšmō-drūt(a)- ` calling from
Aēsma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indic dráviṇa-m, dráviṇas- n. `blessing,
fortune', Avestan draonah- n. ` bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermögensanteil '
perhaps as `traveling fortune'?);
Illyrian-Pannonian FlN Dravos (*drou̯o-s), out of it serbokr. Dráva, compare apoln.

Drawa (Illyrian loanword); Indo Germanic *drou̯ent- `hurrying' > Illyrian *drau̯ent- (: above
Old Indic Dravanti), out of it dial. *trau̯ent- in FlN Τράεντ- (Bruttium) > Italian Trionto; Indo
Germanic *druu̯ent-, Illyrian *druent- in poln. FlN Drwęca, Modern High German Drewenz;
Italian *truent- in FlN Truentus (Picenum);
maybe alb. (*druent-) Drinos river name `hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n.
gall. FlN (from North Illyrian?) Druentia (French la Drance, Drouance, Durance, Swissla
Dranse); *Drutos, French le Drot; Drutā, French la Droude;
Lithuanian sea name *Drùv-intas (wruss. Drywiaty); Old Prussian stream, brook Drawe.
Auf dreu-
dreu-, participle *dru-to- based on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Gothic
*dru-to-
trudan `tread', Old Norse troða, trað ds.; Old English tredan, Old High German tretan
`tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of ablaut neologism), Old High German trata `tread, spoor,
way, alley, drift, trailing', Old Saxon trada `tread, spoor', Old English trod n., trodu f. `spoor,
way, alley' (engl. trade `trade' is nord. loanword), Old High German trota, Middle High
German trotte f. ` wine-press ', Intens. Old High German trottōn `tread'; Modern High
German dial. trotteln ` go slowly '.
Here also Germanic root *tru-s- in East Frisian trüseln `lurch, stumble, go uncertainly or
staggering ', trüsel ` dizziness, giddiness ', Dutch treuzelen ` to be slow, dawdle, loiter',
westfäl. trūseln, truǝseln ` roll slowly ', Middle High German trollen (*truzlōn) `move in short
steps constantly', Modern High German trollen, Swedish Dialectal trösale `fairy demon,
ghost', Norwegian Dialectal trusal ìdiot, fool', trusk ` despondent and stupid person';
Maybe through metathesis alb. (*trusal) trullos, trallis `make the head dizzy', tru `brain'
as well as (as *truzlá-) Old Norse troll n. `fiend, demon', Middle High German trol, trolle m.
`fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel in same meaning; the
Wandals called the Goths Τρούλους, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way
besides Germanic tre-m- (see below) Old Norse tramr `fiend, demon'.
In Germanic furthermore with i-vocalism Middle Low German trīseln, westfäl. triǝseln
`roll, lurch', holl.trillen `tremble' (from which Italian trillare `quiver, trill hit') etc against
association of Old Indic drávati with Avestan dvaraiti `goes' see below *dheu- * heu̯er-
eu-, *d er-
er
`flee'.
References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f., Feist 45.
Page(s): 204-206
deru-, dō̆ru-
Root / lemma: deru- ru-, dr(e)u-
ru drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-
dr(e)u-, drou- drū-
Meaning: tree
Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f., Hoops Waldb. 117 f.; in addition
words for various wood tools as well as for `good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht
(KZ. 65, 198 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *dṓru `das
Harte', from which previously `tree' and òak': dṓru n., Gen. dreu- dru-nó-
dreu-s, dru-nó-s
Material: Old Indic dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen. drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ, Instr. drúṇā, Lok. dā́ruṇi; dravya-
`from tree'), drú- n. m. `wood, wood tool ', m. `tree, bough', Avestan dāuru `tree truck, bit of
wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draoš), Old Indic dāruṇá-
`hard, rough, stern' (actually `hard as wood, lumpy '), dru- in compounds as dru-pāda- `
klotzfüßig ', dru-ghnī ` wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-drú-ḥ `good wood'; dhruvá- `tight, firm,
remaining ' (dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- `hold, stop, prop, sustain' =
Avestan dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva `fit, healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic sъ-
dravъ); Avestan drvaēna- ` wooden ', Old Indic druváya-ḥ ` wooden vessel, box made of
wood, the drum', drū̆ṇa-m `bow, sword' (uncovered; with ū npers. durūna, balučī drīn `
rainbow '), druṇī ` bucket; pail ', dróṇa-m `wooden trough, tub'; drumá-ḥ `tree' (compare
under δρυμός);
Old Indic dárvi-ḥ, darvī́ `(wooden) spoon';
Armenian tram `tight, firm' (*drū̆rāmo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Lidén Arm.
stem 66) targal `spoon' from *dr̥u-̯ or *deru̯-.
Gr. δόρυ `tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. hom. δουρός, trag. δορός from
*δορFός, δούρατος, Attic δόρατος from *δορFn̥τος, whose n̥ is comparable with Old Indic
drúṇaḥ);
Cretan δορά (*δορFά) `balk, beam' (= Lithuanian Latvian darva);
sizil. ἀσχέδωρος `boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *ἀν-σχε-δορFος or -δωρFος `
standing firm to the spear '), Arcadian Doric Δωρι-κλῆς, Doric Boeotian Δωρί-μαχος ,
Δωριεύς ` Dorian ' (of Δωρίς ` timberland ');
Note:
Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they
were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and Illyria). The caste
of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike
sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.
δρῦς, δρυός òak, tree' (from n. *dru or *deru, *doru g.*druu̯ós become after other tree
name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), ἀκρό-δρυα ` fruit tree ',
δρυ-τόμος ` woodchopper ', δρύινος ` from the oak, from oak tree ', Δρυάς ` dryad, tree
nymph ', γεράνδρυον òld tree truck', ἄδρυα πλοῖα μονόξυλα. Κύπριοι Hes. (*sm̥-,
Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.), ἔνδρυον καρδία δένδρου Hes.
Hom. δρῠμά n. Pl. `wood, forest', nachhom. δρῡμός ds. (the latter with previous
changed length after δρῦς); δένδρεον `tree' (Hom.; out of it Attic δένδρον), from redupl.
*δeν(= δερ)-δρεFον, Demin. δενδρύφιον; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;
δροF- in arg. δροόν ἰσχυρόν. ᾽Αργεῖοι Hes., ἔνδροια καρδία δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον Hes.,
Δροῦθος (*ΔροF-υθος), δροίτη ` wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *δροFίτᾱ,
compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); δοῖτρον πύελον
σκάφην Hes. (diss. from *δροFιτρον), next to which *dr̥ui̯ o- in δραιόν μάκτραν. πύελον
Hes.
PN Δρύτων: Lithuanian Drūktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne (E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa

16, 1633); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
in vocalism still not explained certainly δρίος `shrubbery, bush, thicket '; maked.
δάρυλλος f. òak' Hes. (*deru-, compare Old Irish daur); but δρίς δύναμις Hes., lies δFίς
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4955);
alb. dru f. `wood, tree, shaft, pole' (*druu̯ā, compare Old Church Slavic drъva n. pl.
`wood'); drush-k (es-stem) òak'; ablaut. *drū- in dri-zë `tree', drüni ` wood bar ';
Note:
Alb. definite form Nom. dru-ni = alb. Gen. dru-ni òf wood': Old Indic dā́ru n. `wood' (Gen.
drṓḥ, drúṇaḥ òf wood'; but a pure Slavic loanword is alb. druvar ` woodcutter,
woodchopper '
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]
thrak. καλαμίν-δαρ `sycamore', PN Δάρανδος, Τάραντος (*dar-ant-) ` Eichstätt a district

in Bavaria ', Ζίνδρουμα, Δινδρύμη ` Zeus's grove ', VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι, Δρόσοι, Dru-geri (dru-
`wood, forest');
Maybe VN ᾽Ο-δρύ-σ-αι : Etruria (Italy)
from Latin perhaps dūrus ` hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes,
rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere,sometimes brazen, shameless; of things,
hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about dūrāre ` to make hard or hardy, to inure;
intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain,
continue ' see below S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as `strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree '
dissimilated from *drū-ro-s (*dreu-ro-s?);
Maybe alb. duroj èndure, last', durim `patience' .
but Latin larix `larch tree', loanword is from an Indo Germanic Alpine language, Indo
Germanic *derik-s, is conceivable because of heavy l;
Note:
Common Latin d- > l- hence Latin larix (*derik-s) `larch tree'.
Maybe Pelasgian Larissa (*dariksa)
Old Irish derucc (gg), Gen. dercon `glans', cymr. derwen òak' (Pl. derw), bret. deruenn
ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. place name Dervus (òak forest'), abrit.
Derventiō, place name, VN Dervāci ; Old Irish dērb `safe '; reduced grade Old Irish daur,
Gen. daro òak' (deru-), also dair, Gen. darach ds. (*deri-), Old Irish daurde and dairde
òaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia òak' (Wartburg III 50); maked. δάρυλλος f. òak'; zero
grade *dru- in intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: òak-': dru- in
Galatian δρυ-ναίμετον ` holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos (`*with big forehead'),
Druides, Druidae Pl., Old Irish drūi `Druid' (`the high; noble ', *dru-u̯id-), Old Irish dron
`tight, firm' (*drunos, compare Old Indic dru-ṇa-m, dāru-ṇá-, dró-ṇa-m), with guttural
extension (compare under Modern High German Trog) Middle Irish drochta `(* wooden)
barrel, vat, cask; barrel, tub', drochat `bridge'; here also gallorom. drūtos `strong,
exuberant (: Lithuanian drūtas)', gr. PN Δρύτων, Old Irish drūth `foolish, loony' (: Old
Icelandic trūðr `juggler, buffoon'?), cymr. drud `foolish, loony, valiant' (cymr. u derives from
roman. equivalent);
deru̯- in Germanic Tervingl, Matrib(us) Alatervīs, Old Norse tjara (*deru̯ōn-), Finnish
loanword terva, Old English teoru n., tierwe f., -a m. `tar, resin' (*deru̯io
̯ -), Middle Low
German tere `tar' (Modern High German Teer); Old Norse tyrvi, tyri `pinewood', tyrr `pine'
(doubtful Middle High German zirwe, zirbel ` pine cone ', there perhaps rather to Middle
High German zirbel `whirl', because of the round spigot);
dreu̯- in Gothic triu n. `wood, tree', Old Norse trē, Old English trēow (engl. tree), Old
Saxon trio `tree, balk, beam'; in übtr. meaning `tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr.
ἰσχῡρός `tight, firm': ἰσχυρίζομαι ` show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), Gothic triggws
(*treu̯ua
̯ z) `loyal, faithful', Old High German gi-triuwi `loyal, faithful', an: tryggr `loyal,
faithful, reliable, unworried ', Gothic triggwa ` alliance, covenant ', Old English trēow `faith,
belief, loyalty, verity', Old High German triuwa, Modern High German Treue, compare with
ders. meaning, but other ablaut Old Norse trū f. `religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge',
Old English trŭwa m., Middle Low German trūwe f. ds., Old High German trūwa, Old
Icelandic trū f., besides trūr `loyal, faithful'; derived Old Norse trūa `trust, hold for true' =
Gothic trauan, and Old English trŭwian, Old Saxon trūōn, Old High German trū(w)ēn `trust'
(compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly Old Norse traustr `strong, tight, firm', traust n.
`confidence, reliance, what one can count on', Old High German trōst `reliance,
consolation' (*droust-), Gothic trausti `pact, covenant', changing through ablaut engl. trust
`reliance' (Middle English trūst), Middle Latin trustis `loyalty' in Old Franconian `law',
Middle High German getrüste `troop, multitude, crowd';
maybe alb. trüs, trys `press, crowd'
(st- formation is old because of npers. durušt `hard, strong', durust `fit, healthy, whole';
Norwegian trysja `clean the ground', Old English trūs `deadwood', engl. trouse, Old
Icelandic tros `dross', Gothic ufar-trusnjan `disperse, scatter'.
*drou- in Old English trīg, engl. tray `flat trough, platter', Old Swedish trö à certain
measure vessel' (*trauja-, compare above δροίτη), Old Norse treyju-sǫðull (also trȳju-
sǫðoll) à kind of trough shaped saddle';
*drū- in Old Icelandic trūðr `jester', Old English trūð `merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom.
*drūto-s, etc)?
*dru- in Old English trum `tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' (*dru-mo-s), with k-extension,
respectively forms -ko- (compare above Middle Irish drochta, drochat), Old High German
Modern High German trog, Old English trog, troh (m.), Old Norse trog (n.) `trough' and Old
High German truha ` footlocker ', Norwegian Dialectal trygje n. à kind of pack saddle or
packsaddle', trygja à kind of creel', Old High German trucka `hutch', Low German trügge
`trough' and with the original meaning `tree, wood' Old High German hart-trugil `dogwood';
maybe nasalized alb. trung (*trügge) `wood, tree'
Balto Slavic *deru̯a- n. `tree' in Old Church Slavic drěvo (Gen. drěva, also drěvese),
Serbo-Croatian dial. drêvo (drȉjevo), sloven. drẹvộ, Old Czech dřěvo, russ. dérevo, klr.
dérevo `tree'; in addition as originally collective Lithuanian dervà, (Akk. der̃vą) f. ` chip of
pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; ablaut, Latvian dar̃va `tar', Old Prussian in PN Derwayn;
lengthened grade *dōru̯-i̯ā- in Latvian dùore f. ` wood vessel, beehive in tree';*su-doru̯a-
`fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic sъdravъ, Czech zdráv (zdravý), russ. zdoróv (f. zdoróva)
`fit, healthy', compare Avestan dr(u)vō, Old pers. duruva ds.
Baltic *dreu̯iā
̯ - f. ` wood beehive ', substantive adj. (Old Indic dravya- ` belonging to the
tree ') : Lithuanian drẽvė and drevė̃ `cavity in tree', Latvian dreve ds.: in ablaut Lithuanian
dravìs f., Latvian drava f. ` wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawine f. `prey, bee's
load ' and Lithuanian dravė̃ `hole in tree'; furthermore in ablaut East Lithuanian drėvė̃ and
drovė̃ f. ds., Latvian drava `cavity in beehive';
proto Slavic *druu̯a- Nom. Pl. `wood' in Old Church Slavic drъva, russ. drová, poln. drwa
(Gen. drew); *druu̯ina- n. `wood' in klr. drovno, slovz. drẽvnø;
Slavic *drъmъ in russ. drom ` virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indic drumá-ḥ, gr.
δρυμός, adjekt. Old English trum);
Lithuanian su-drus àbundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indic su-drú-ḥ
`good wood');
Baltic drūta- `strong' (== gallorom. *drūto-s, gr. PN Δρύτων) in Lithuanian drū́tas, driū́tas
`strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-), PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwis m. `faith, belief',
druwi f., druwīt `believe' (*druwēti: Old High German trūen), na-po-druwīsnan `reliance,
hope'. Beside Lithuanian drū́tas also drū́ktas; see below dher-
er-2.
In ablaut here Old Church Slavic drevlje ` fore, former, of place or time; higher in
importance, at first or for the first time ', Old Czech dřéve, russ. drévle àges before';
adverb of comparative or affirmative.
Hittite ta-ru `tree, wood', Dat. ta-ru-ú-i;
here also probably Tocharian AB or `wood' (false abstraction from *tod dor, K.
Schneider IF. 57, 203).
Note:
The shift d- > zero is a Baltic-Illyrian inherited by Tocharian
References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.
Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der- derǝ-, drē-
drē-
Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)
Note:
Root / lemma: der- derǝ-, drē-
drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from
deru-, dō̆ru-
Root / lemma: deru- ru-, dr(e)u-
ru drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū-
dr(e)u-, drou- drū- : `tree'
Material: Old Indic dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar,
dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle
dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Kaus. dā̆rayati, Intens. dardirat, dárdarti (compare Avestan
darǝdar- `split'; Czech drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ
m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. δορός `hose', Latvian nuõdaras `dross of bast',
Church Slavic razdorъ), dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs, russ. dertь),
darmán- m. ` smasher ' (: gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman-
`destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρις), dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping,
splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. 1
20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-pers.
darīn-išn;
Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust,
tire'.
Dardani Illyrian TN
Note:
Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, Attic -ιη̃ς
The name Dardani Illyrian TN and [Latin
derive from the same root.
Dardanus
by Micha F. Lindemans
The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides.
He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near
Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).
Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.
DARA
DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the
frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian
(Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of
Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.
2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]
3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]
DARADAE
DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the
central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river
DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]
DARADAX
DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It
has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the
river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which
were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]
DARADUS
DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling
into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin.
v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]
DARAE
DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S.
steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls
Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii.
66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in
Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a
more southern locality. [V.]
DARANTASIA
DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.
DARAPSA
DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls
Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii.
66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in
Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a
more southern locality. [V.]
DARDANI
DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part
of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29;
Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves
under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]
Avestan darǝdar- (see above) `split', Inf. dǝrǝnąm (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), Iter. dāraya-,
participle dǝrǝtō (= Old Indic dr̥tá-);
Armenian teṙem ` skin, flay, make callous' (because of ṙ probably for root form *der-s-,
Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Armenian tar `foreign land', tara- `besides, without,
afar', taray Aor. `take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);
gr. δέρω `skin, flay', i̯o-present δείρω ds. (as Lithuanian derù besides diriù), Aor. Pass.
ἐδάρην, participle δρατός, δαρτός (= Old Indic dr̥tá-); δορός `hose' (= Old Indic dara-,
Latvian nuõ-daras); δάρσις `the skinning' (= Old Indic dr̥t́ i-), next to which with (has
changed) lengthened grade Attic δέρρις, -εως `skin, leathery dress, cover'; *δέρτρον, diss.
δέτρον ` the membrane which contains the bowels '; δέρας, -ατος n. `skin, fur' (heavy
basis?), δέρος n., δέρμα n., δορά `fell, fur'; lengthened grade δῆρις, -ιος (poet.) `fight,
struggle'(= Old Indic -dāri-); here probably also δαρ-δαίνω ` bedraggle ' instead of *δαρ-
δαίρω (: Old Indic dár-dar-ti)?
cymr. corn. bret. darn `piece, part' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-);

Gothic dis-taíran (= gr. δέρω) `break, pull apart', ga-taíran `tear, destroy', Old English
teran `tear', Old High German zeran, fir-zeran `tear, destroy'; Middle High German
(ver)zern, Modern High German (ver)zehren `consume', Middle English, Middle Low
German terren `quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, tarren `stir, tease, irritate, banter', Old High
German zerren `pull'; Gothic intrans. dis-, ga-taúrnan `tear' (: Old Indic dr̥ṇā́ti), holl. tornen
` unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal Old English Old Saxon torn, Old High
German zorn ànger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn `
cleavage, separation' (= Old Indic dīrṇá-, cymr. darn; also Old Indic dīrṇá- is named
besides `split' also ` confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade Old Norse
tjǫrn f. (*dernā), tjarn n. (*dernom) `small sea', originally probably ` water hole ' (compare
Old Indic dara-, darī `hole in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taúrnan (iterative) gatarnjan
`mug, rob' (but Old High German uozurnen ` despise ' Denom. of *uo-zorn); Gothic
gataúra m. `crack', gataúrÞs f. `destruction' (= Old Indic dr̥ti-, gr. δάρσις); Old Norse torð-
in compounds, Old English tord n. òrdure' (*dr̥-tóm ` separation ', compare Latvian dìrstu,
dìrst ` defecate ', dir̃sa ` buttocks ', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension
Middle High German zurch, zürch m. ` animal excrements ');
besides of the heavy basis Old Norse trōð n. `batten, lath, support from poles' (*drō-to-
m), Middle High German truoder f. ` slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; Old High
German trā̆da `fringe' (Modern High German Troddel), Middle High German trōdel (for
*trādel) ` tassel, wood fiber ';
actually to der-(e)u- (see below) with nasal infix belong *dr̥-nu̯-ō in Middle High German
trünne f. ` running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German abe-trunnig, ab-trunne ` apostate ', ant-trunno ` fugitive
', and *dren-u̯ō in trinnan ` seclude oneself ', Middle High German trinnen, trann ` be
separated from, depart from, run away ', Modern High German entrinnen (*ent-trinnen),
Kaus. Germanic *tranni̯an in Middle High German trennen `cut, clip', Modern High German
trennen, holl. (with metathesis) tarnen, tornen `separate' (the latter, in any case, more
directly to derive from *der- `split'; nn of Germanic *trennan from -nu̯-); certainly here
Swedish Dialectal trinna, trenta ` split fence rack ', further with the meaning ` split trunk
piece as a disc, wheel ' Old High German trennila `ball', trennilōn `roll', Middle Low
German trint, trent ` circular ', trent m. ` curvature, roundness, circular line ', Old English
trinde f. (or trinda m.) `round clump', Middle High German trindel, trendel ` ball, circle,
wheel '
With fractured reduplication or formant -d- (compare gr. δαρδαίνω and Czech drdati)
and from `tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here Germanic *trat-, *trut- in
Old English teart ` stern, sharp, bitter ', Middle Dutch torten, holl. tarten `stir, tease, irritate,
challenge, defy ', Middle Low German trot ` contrariness ', Middle High German traz, truz, -
tzes ` obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness ', Modern High German Trotz, Trutz,
trotzen, Bavarian tratzen `banter'; with the meaning-development ` fray ' - `thin, fine,
tender' perhaps (?)Middle Low German tertel, tertlīk `fine, dainty, mollycoddled ', Danish
tærtet ` squeamish ' (perhaps also Norwegian Dialectal tert, tart `small salmon', terta `
small play ball '); Old High German Modern High German zart (the last from *dor-tō-,
compare Middle Persian dart ` afflicted ', npers. derd `pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);
Lithuanian diriù (: δείρω), žem. derù (: δέρω), dìrti `flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy
basis compared with Old Indic dr̥t́ i-, gr. δάρσις, Gothic gataúrÞs), nudìrtas ` flayed ',
Latvian nuõdara ` pole with cut branches, bread slice ', Pl. -as ` dross, esp. of bast' (:
Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός), Lithuanian dernà `board, plank,
balk'; with u-colored zero grade Lithuanian duriù, dùrti `prick' (preterit dū́riau) = serb. ù-
drim (ù-driti) `hit' (russ. u-dyrítъ `hit' with iterative grade to *dъr-, compare Lithuanian
dū́riau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lithuanian dur̃nas ` frenzied, stupid', Latvian dur̃ns
borrowed from Slavic; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 519.
Slavic *derō and *diriō in Old Church Slavic derǫ, dьrati `rend, flay' and *dьrǫ (serb.
zȁdrēm, Czech dru); u-darjǫ, u-dariti `hit' (*dōr-, compare *dēr- in gr. δῆρις), with iterative
grade raz-dirati `tear', serb. ìz-dirati ` exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass
away, disappear ' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira `crack'; s. Berneker 201, whereas
also about the meaning-development of probably related family serb. díra ` hole, crack ',
Bulgarian dír'a ` track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', dír'ъ `search, seek, feel,
pursue'); about *dъr- in serb. ù-drim see above;
nouns: with ē-grade sloven. u-dę̂r `blow, knock', with ŏ-grade Old Church Slavic razdorъ
`crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indic dara-, gr. δορός, Latvian nuõ-daras), serb. ù-dorac àttack,
with zero grade (Indo Germanic *dr̥to-): serb Church Slavic raz-drьtь ` lacerate ', klr. dértyj
` torn, flayed ' (= Old Indic dr̥ta-); Indo Germanic *dr̥ti- : russ. dertь ` residue of crushed
grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indic dr̥t́ i- etc); russ. (etc) dërnъ `lawn, meadow' (: Old
Indic dīrná- etc, meaning as in Lithuanian dir̃ti `cut the lawn grass');
Maybe alb. (*dermó) dërrmoj èxhaust'.
russ. dermó ` rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), dërkij
`rash, hasty, fast ', dranь f. ` shingle, lath', drjanь = `dermó', dráka ` brawl ', drač `nail
puller, tool used to remove nails', o-dríny Pl. `chaff' etc.
With l- extended Lithuanian nu-dìrlioti `peel the skin', serb. dr̂ljām, dŕljati `harrow', dr̂ljīm,
dŕljiti `divest' (Berneker 255);
Tocharian AB tsär- `separate, split', tsrorye `cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Tocharian
Sprachg. 19).
d(e)rī- (: *derēi-
d(e)rī- *derēi-?) only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):
Gr. δρῑ-μύς `(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after ὀξύς
reshaped from *δρῑ-μός or -σμός), Latvian drīsme `crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not
derailment of ablaut to Lithuanian dreskiù because of whose zero grade drisk-) from
Latvian drìksna (*drīskna) ` scratch ', draĩska ` tearer ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I
488 f., 500;
remains far off δρῖλος ` bloodsucker, leech, penis', actually ` the swollen ', to δριάουσαν
θάλλουσανHes. (M. Scheller briefl.).
With u- forms of the light (der

der-
der-eu- derǝ-u-, dr̥̄-u-) ` tear, (the land)
eu-) and heavy basis (der
derǝ
ā: dr̥-̄ u̯ā `species of grain', deru-
dorǝ-u̯ā:
break, burst, erupt ': dorǝ deru-, de-dru- etc `lacerate skin'.
de-dru-
Middle Persian drūn, drūdan `reap';
about Germanic forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;
here Old Norse trjōna f. (*dreu-n-ōn-) ` proboscis of the pig' (`bursting, burrowing '), trȳni
n. ds., Middle High German triel (*dreu-lo-) m. `snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',
maybe alb. Geg (*trȳni) turini, Tosc turiri `mouth of animals, snout'
Norwegian Dialectal mūle-trjosk, -trusk (*dreu-sko-) `horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under

tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under trøg and trygle of
Old Norse trauða ` lack, come short ', trauðla Adv. `barely', trauðr ` querulous ' and - with
g-extension - Old English trū̆cian ` be absent, lack, come short ' (nengl. dial. to truck `to
fail', Middle Low German trüggelen `beg, cheat, deceive');
Latvian drugt ` diminish, collapse ' (Irish droch, cymr. drwg ` penurious, evil, bad' from k-
extension?, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505).
Old Indic dū́rvā ` millet grass ' (dr̥-̄ u̯ā);
compare gr. delph. δαράτα f., Thessalian δάρατος m. `bread' (*dr̥ǝ-), maked. δράμις ds.;
gall. (Latin) dravoca ` ryegrass ' (*drǝ-u̯-); bret. draok, dreok, cymr. drewg ds. are
borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 158);
Middle Dutch tanve, terwe, holl. tarwe `wheat', engl. tare `weed, ryegrass, vetch'
(Germanic *tar-u̯ō, Indo Germanic *dorǝu̯ā);
Lithuanian dìrva `farmland' (*dr̥-̄ u̯ā, with intonation change the ā-stem), actually ` freed,
cleared ', dirvónas ` virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning russ. Dialectal dor ` new tillage,
cultivated land ', rózdertь ` land made arable '), Latvian druva `the tilled farmland, sown
field ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), russ. (see Berneker 186) derévnja ` village
(without church); land property ', Dialectal `piece of field', pášet derévnju `tills the field';
with the meaning ` skin rash ' (`splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):
Old Indic dar-dru- m. `kind of skin rash ', dar-dū́- m. (uncovered), da-drú- m., da-dru-ka-
m. ` leprosy ';
Latin derbita f. `lichen' is loanword from gall. *dervēta (compare also Middle Irish deir,
Old Irish *der from *derā `lichen'), to cymr. tarwyden, tarwden (Pl. tarwed) (besides
darwyden through influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), Middle Breton
dervoeden, nbret. deroueden `sick of lichen '(*deru̯-eit-);
Germanic *te-tru- in Old English teter `skin rash', Old High German zittaroh (*de-dru-ko-
s = Old Indic dadruka-), Modern High German Zitterich `skin rash';
Lithuanian dedervinė̃ ` rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I

450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- Czech o-dra, Pl. o-dry ` prickly
heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra ` measles ', of the g-extension Bulgarian drъ́gnъ-se `
rub myself, itch myself, become scabby ');
dereg- :
dereg-
Middle Dutch treken stem V. `pull, tear' and `shudder', Old High German trehhan ` push,
poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in Middle Low German trecken
`pull, tear (tr. intr.)', Old English træglian `to pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal
position maybe is to be connected to Latvian dragât `pull, rend, upset, shake', draguls `
shivering fit ', drāga à strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; Latvian drigelts,
drigants, Lithuanian drigãntas `stallion' are loanword from poln. drygant; compare Būga
Kalba ir s. 128, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 498.
deregh- (see Persson root extension 26, Berneker 254 and 212 m. Lithuanian):
deregh-
Old English tiergan (Germanic *targi̯an) `banter, stir, tease, irritate', Middle Low German
tergen, targen `pull, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen, Modern High German zergen `pull,
tear, anger', Swedish Dialectal targa ` tug with the teeth or sharp tools ', Norwegian
Dialectal terga `banter'; Lithuanian dìrginu, dìrginti ` flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull
(the trigger of a gun) '; russ. dërgatь `pluck, pull, tear, rend ' (etc), sú-doroga `cramp'.
derek-:
derek-
Δρέκανον name of foreland in Kos (as Δρέπανον plural as name of forelands, Bugge
BB. 18, 189), δόρκαι κονίδες, δερκύλλειν αἱμοποτεῖν (actually `tear the skin open' as
analogous meaning δερμύλλειν) Hes.;
gr. δόρπος m., δόρπον n. `supper' (*dork- + u̯o-forms) = alb. darkë `supper, evening'
(unclear the ablaut relation in drekë `lunch, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr.
8591); perhaps to (North Illyrian?) PN Δρακούινα (leg. Δαρκούινα?) in Wurttemberg, as `
place to rest ';
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since alb. drekë `lunch, middle of the day' seems to have
derived from Root / lemma: derk̂- : `to look, light'; gr. δέρκομαι ` look, keep the eyes open,
be alive', δέδορκα, ἔδρακον, δέρξις `vision', δέργμα `sight', δεργμός `look, gaze', δυσ-
δέρκετος `heavy to behold' (= Old Indic darc̨ata-), ὑπόδρα Adv. òne looking up from
below', δράκος n. èye', δράκων, -οντος `dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look),
fem. δράκαινα; alb. dritë `light' (*dr̥k-tā);
According to alb. phonetic laws alb. dritë `light' derived from (dr̥ik-a) not (*dr̥k-tā) because
of common alb. -k- > -th-
th-s;
Maybe alb. (*darc̨ata-), darkë `supper, evening meal, evening'; (*drech), drekë `dinner
meal, midday, light of the day': Old Irish an-dracht ` loathsome, dark' (see above).
sloven. dr̂kam, dr̂čem, dr̂kati ` glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run ' (probably from
`clear off, run away, leave'), Czech drkati `bump, poke, jolt', Bulgarian dъ́rcam, drъ́cnъ `
pull, riffle flax, hemp ' (Berneker 255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).
deres-:
deres-
Armenian teṙem (see above under der-);

Middle Irish dorr ànger', dorrach `rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1);
presumably Old English teors, Old High German zers `penis', Norwegian ters `nail'; also
Old Norse tjasna f. `kind of nail' from *tersnōn-?, Norwegian trase `rag, clout', trasast `
become ragged', tras `deadwood', trask òffal, deadwood';
Maybe alb. trastë `bag, (ragged cloth?)', tras `pull (a boat on the coast) : Rumanian trage
`pull'
sloven. drásati ` disband, separate', Czech drásati `scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta,
drásta `splinter, scrap, shred; garment ', draslavý `rough, jolting ', zero grade drsen
`rough', drsnatý ` jolting '(compare above Middle Irish dorr).
dre-sk:
dre-sk:
Lithuanian su-dryskù, -driskaũ, -drìksti `tear', dreskiù, dreskiaũ, -drė̃ksti ` rend ',
draskaũ, draskýti iter. `tear', Latvian draskât ds., draska `rag', Lithuanian drėkstìnė lentà `
crafty slat, thinly split wood ' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulgarian dráskam,
dráštъ (*draščǫ) ` scratch, scrape; fit tightly ', perfective drásnъ (*drasknǫ); dráska `
scratcher, crack'; Czech old z-dřies-kati and (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding
anlaut) z-dřiezhati `break, rupture', dřieska, dřiezha `splinter, chip, splinter', nowadays
dřízha `chip, splinter'; poln. drzazga `splinter';
With formant -p-:
drep- drop-:
drep-, drop-
Old Indic drāpí-ḥ m. `mantle, dress', drapsá-ḥ m. `banner (?)' (= Avestan drafša-
`banner, ensign, flag, banner'), Lithuanian drãpanos f. Pl. ` household linen, dress', Latvian
drãna (probably *drāp-nā) `stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus `kerchief, cloth' (PN
Drappō, Drappus, Drappes, Drapōnus) is probably Venetic-Illyrian loanword; the a-vowel
from Indo Germanic o or, as das -pp-, expressive;
gr. δρέπω ` break off, cut off, pick ', δρεπάνη, δρέπανον `sickle', also δράπανον (out of it
alb. drapën `sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of δρεπάνη to *δραπάνη; o-
grade δρώπτω διακόπτω Hes. (= serb. drâpljēm), δρῶπαξ, -κος ` Pechpflaster, um
Haareauszuziehen ', δρωπακίζω `pull the hair out'; Old Norse trǫf n. Pl. ` fringes ', trefr f.
Pl. ds., trefja `rub, wear out', Middle High German trabe f. `fringe';
*drōp- in russ. drjápa-ju, -tь (with unclear ja), dial. drápatь, drapátь `scratch, rend ', serb.
drâpām, drâpljēm, drápati `tear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapać `scratch, scrape,
scrape, rub, flee'; dr̥p-, Slavic *dьrp- in Bulgarian dъ́rpam, perfective drъ́pnъ ` tear, pull,
drag ', serb. dr̂pām, dŕpati and dȑpīm, dȑpiti ` rend '; Balto Slavic dreb-, drob- `scrap, shred,
dress' in Latvian drė́be f. `stuff, dress, laundry', Lithuanian dróbė f. `canvas, fabric',
drãbanas m. `rag, scrap, shred', drabùžis, drobùžis m. `dress'; Upper Sorbian draby m. Pl.
` dress stuff ', Czech-mähr. zdraby m. Pl. `rag, scrap, shred' have probably through
influence the root *drob- (see below dhrebh-) `carve, slit, dismember ' -b- instead of -p-;
drip-:
drip-
Gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippia, Drippōnius (compare above Drappus etc);
Note: Alb. drapën `sickle' : (Venetic-Illyrian) PN Drippōnius
Bulgarian drípa `rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drîpam (drîpljem), drípati `tear, have
diarrhea', Czech dřípa `scrap, shred', dřípati ` rend, tear';
drup-:
drup-
Gr. δρύπτω ` scratch', ἀποδρύπτω, -δρύφω (with secondary φ instead of π, s. Persson

Beitr. 859) ` scrub, flay off the skin', δρυφή ` scratching, peeling ', δρυπίς à kind of thorn '.
For variation of a : i : u in ` popular words ' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia

162 ff.
References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.
Page(s): 206-211
Root / lemma: des-, dēs-

lemma: des- dēs-
Meaning: to find
Material: Gr. δήw `become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), ἔδηεν εὖρεν Hes.;
alb. ndesh `find, encounter', ndieh (*of-sk̂ō) `feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic
dešǫ, desiti `find', ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic dositi (udositi) `find, meet', whether not to
dek̂-; whereas is Old Indic abhi-dāsati ` is hostile, attacked ' rather Denomin. of dāsá-ḥ
`slave, fiend'.
About alb. ndesh s. also above S. 190.
References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780.
Page(s): 217
Root / lemma: deuk-
deuk-
Meaning: to drag
Material: Gr. δαι-δύσσεσθαι ἕλκεσθαι Hes. (*δαι-δυκ-ι̯ω with intensive reduplication as παι-
φάσσω). In addition perhaps also δεύκει φροντίζει Hes., wherefore hom. ἀδευκής `
inconsiderate '; unclear is Πολυδεύκης ` der vielsorgende ' (but Δευκαλίων is dissimilated
from *Λευκαλίων, Bechtel), and with zero grade ἐνδυκέως `keen, eager, painstaking '. The
meaning `care, worry, be considerate of ' arose from `pull, drag' perhaps about `bring up';
similarly stands for Old Norse tjōa (*teuhōn) `help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).
Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Latin dūcere as ` to draw; to draw
along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence,
mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to
esteem, consider'.
Alb. nduk ` pluck, tear out the hair ', dial. also ` suck out '.
Mcymr. dygaf `bring' (*dukami); about Old Irish to-ucc- (cc = gg) `bring' see below euk-
euk-.
Latin dūcō (Old Latin doucō), -ere, dūxī, dŭctum ` to draw; to draw along or away; hence
to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to
draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider ' =
Gothic tiuhan, Old High German ziohan, Old Saxon tiohan, Old English tēon `pull, drag'
(Old Norse only in participle toginn).
verbal compounds: ab-dūcō = Gothic af-tiuhan, ad-dūcō = Gothic at-tiuhan, con-dūcō =

Gothic ga-tiuhan, etc.
root nouns: Latin dux, ducis m. f. ` a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander '
(therefrom ēducāre `bring up, educate, rise '; linguistic-historical connection with formally
equal Old Norse toga, Old High German zogōn `pull, drag' does not exist), trādux `(here
guided) vine-layer '. Is Old Saxon etc heritogo, Old High German herizogo ` military leader
', Modern High German Herzog replication of στρατηγός? compare Feist 479.
ti-stem: Latin ductim `by drawing; in a stream', late ducti-ō `duct' (besides tu-stem
ductus, -ūs ` direction, leadership, duct, conduction ') = Modern High German Zucht (see
below).
Specially rich development form in Germanic, so: iterative-Kaus. Old Norse teygia `pull,
drag, pull out' = Old English tíegan `pull, drag' (*taugian); Old High German zuckan,
zucchen, Middle High German zucken, zücken `quick, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with
intensive consonant stretch; therefrom Middle High German zuc, Gen. zuckes m. ` twitch,
jerk'); Old Norse tog n. `the pulling, rope, cable', Middle High German zoc, Gen. zoges m.
`pull', whereof Old Norse toga, -aða `pull, drag', Old English togian, engl. tow `pull, drag',
Old High German zogōn, Middle High German zogen `pull, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull',
compare above Latin (ē)-ducāre; Old English tyge m. i-stem `pull', Old High German zug,
Modern High German Zug (*tugi-); Old High German zugil, zuhil, Middle High German
zugil, Modern High German Zügel, Old Norse tygill m. `band, strap, strip', Old English tygel
`rope'; Old Norse taug f. `rope', Old English tēag f. `band, strap, manacle, paddock '
(therefrom Old English tīegan `bind', engl. tie); with zero grade Old Norse tog n. `rope,
hawser'; Old Norse taumr m. `rope, cable, rein', Old English tēam m. ` pair of harnessed
oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny ' (therefrom tīeman ` proliferate, be pregnant ', engl.
teem), Dutch toom `brood', Old Frisian tām `progeny', Old Saxon tōm à strap or thong of
leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip', Old High German Middle High German zoum m.
`rope, cable, thong, rein', Modern High German `bridle, rein' (Germanic *tauma- from
*tauʒ-má-); Old High German giziugōn `bear witness, prove' (actually ` zur
Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden '), Middle High German geziugen ` prove from
evidence ', Modern High German (be)zeugen, Zeuge, Middle Low German betǖgen `
testify, prove ', getǖch n. ` attestation, evidence '; further with the meaning `bring out, bring
up, generate' Old High German giziug (*teugiz) ` stuff, device, equipment ', Modern High
German Zeug, Middle Low German tǖch (-g-) n. ` stuff, device ' and `penis', Middle High
German ziugen, Modern High German zeugen; Gothic ustaúhts ` consummation ', Old
High German Middle High German zuht f. `raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny ',
Modern High German Zucht (= Latin ductus see above); therefrom Modern High German
züchtig, züchtigen, Old English tyht m. ` upbringing, breed, breeding', Old Frisian tucht,
tocht àbility to procreate'.
Specially because of Zucht ` progeny ', Bavarian also ` breeding pig ' one draws Old
High German zōha, Middle Low German tӧ̄le (*tōhila), Modern High German schwäb.
zauche `bitch', neuisl. tōa ` vixen ' to the root; yet compare Middle High German zūpe
`bitch', Norwegian dial. tobbe `mare, small female creature ' and Germanic *tīkō and *tiƀō
`bitch'.
A simple root form *den- `pull, drag' perhaps in Old Norse tjōðr n. (*deu-trom) ` tether,
bandage rope ' = Middle English teder-, teÞer ds., Old High German zeotar `shaft', Modern
High German Bavarian Zieter ` front shaft ' (also Old English tūdor, tuddor n. ` progeny '?);
but Old Indic ḍōrakam `rope, strap' is dravid. loanword (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).
References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861.
Page(s): 220-221
Root / lemma: deu-

deu-1
Meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into
Material: Old Indic upā-du- ` to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person
of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear';
The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indic doṣā́, new dōṣa-ḥ ` evening,
darkness ', Avestan daošatara-, daošastara- ` situated towards evening, to the west ',
npers. dōš `the former yesterday night';
gr. δείελος (more properly δειελός) èvening' (metr. lengthening for *δεελός from
δευσελός? originally Adj. ` vespertine ', as still in hom. δειελὸν ἦμαρ); gr. δύω (Attic υ:, ep.
ῠ), trans. ` sink, dive, swathe ' (only in compounds: καταδύω `sink'), intrans. (in simplex
only in participle δύων; Aor. ἔδυν) `dive in, penetrate (e.g. αἰθέρα, ἐς πόντον), slip in, pull
in (clothing, weapons; so also ἐνδύω, ἀποδύω, περιδύω), sets (from the sun and stars,
dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. δύομαι and δύ̄νω (hom. δύσετο is old augment tense
to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); ἁλιβδύω, Kallimachos `sink in the sea' (β unclear,
s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[a]p[o]?); δύπτω `dip, dive, sink' (after βύπτω); ἄδῠτον ` the
place where one may not enter ', δύσις ` disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the
sun and stars ', πρὸς ἡλίουδύσιν ` towards evening ', δυσμαί Pl. ` setting of the sun and
stars '; unclear ἀμφίδυμος, δίδυμος ` coupled ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog.
16 f. here also δυτη `shrine'.

Page(s): 217-218
Root / lemma: (deu

deu-2 or dou-
deu- dou-) : du-
du-
Meaning: to worship; mighty
Material: Old Indic dúvas- n. ` offering, worship instruction ', duvasyáti ` honors, reveres,
recognizes, recompenses ', duvasyú-, duvōyú- `venerating, respectful '; Old Latin duenos,
then duonos, Classical bonus `good' (Adv. bene, Demin. bellus [*du̯enelos] `pretty, cute');
Note: common Latin du̯- > b-.
probably = Old Irish den `proficient, strong', Subst. ` protection'; Latin beō, -āre ` to bless,
enrich, make happy ', beātus ` blessed, lucky' (*du̯-éi̯ō, participle *du̯-enos); in addition Old
Saxon twīthōn `grant', Middle Low German twīden ` please, grant', Old English langtwīdig `
granted long ago', Middle High German zwīden `grant', md. getwēdic `tame, domesticated,
compliant ' (*du̯-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);
after EM2 114 perhaps still here gr. δύ-να-μαι ` has power '.
Perhaps also here Germanic *taujan `make' (from `* be mighty ') in Gothic taujan,
tawida `make', Proto Norse tawids Ì made', Old High German zouuitun èxercebant
(cyclopes ferrum)', Middle High German zouwen, zöuwen ` finish, prepare ', Middle Low
German touwen `prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore Old English
getawa ` an implement, utensils, tools, instruments ' (therefrom again (ge)tawian `prepare',
engl. taw ` make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec.
make (hide) into leather without tannin ') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) Old
English geatwe f. Pl. àrmament, armor, jewellery, weapons ' = Old Norse gǫtvar f. Pl. ds.,
Old Frisian touw, tow `tool, rope, hawser', Modern Frisian touw ` the short coarse fibres of
flax or hemp, tow ', Middle Low German touwe `tool, loom', touwe, tou `rope, hawser' (out
of it Modern High German Tau), Old High German gizawa ` household furniture, apparatus
' (but also `succeed', see above), Middle High German gezöuwe n. àppliance' (out of it
with Bavarian-dial. vocalization Middle High German zāwe), Modern High German Gezähe
(see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).
In addition with ē (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto Germanic
abridgement from *tǣwjan) perhaps Gothic tēwa òrder, row', gatēwjan `dispose', Old High
German zāwa ` coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zāwa ` row, division of certain
number, uniting', Old English æl-tǣwe ` altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole,
healthy, well ' (about possible origin of Germanic *tēwā from *tēʒ-wā́ see below *dek̂-
`take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with ō Gothic taui, Gen. tōjis
àction', ubiltōjis ` evildoer, wrongdoer ', Old Norse tō n. ùncleaned wool or flax, linen
thread material ' = Old English tōw `the spinning, the weaving' in tōw-hūs ` spinnery ', tōw-
cræft ` skillfulness in spinning and weaving ', engl. tow ` the short coarse fibres of flax or
hemp, tow '; with l-suffix Old Norse tōl n. `tool', Old English tōl n. ds. (*tōwula-), verbal only
Old Norse tø̄ja, tȳja ùtilize, make usable ', actually àlign', denominative to *tōwja- after
Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under tøie therein belonging to Gothic tiuhan
*tauhjan, *tiuhjan.
Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Gothic taujan to Old Irish doïd ` exert,
troubled '; the fact that this, however with doïd ` catches fire ' is identical and the meaning
`make' has developed from ` kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely.
About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

References: WP. I 778, WH. I 111, 324 f., 852.
Page(s): 218-219
deu-3, deu̯ǝ-, du̯ā-, dū-

Root / lemma: deu- dū-
Meaning: to move forward, pass
Material: Old Indic dū-rá-ḥ `remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also
chronologically), Avestan dūraē, Old pers. duraiy àfar, far there ', Avestan dūrāt̃ ` at a
distance, far, far there, far away ', compounds Sup. Old Indic dávīyas-, dávišṭha- `more
distant, most distant'; ved. duvás- ` moving forward, striving out ', transitive Avestan duye `
chase away ', avi-frā-δavaite ` carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indic dūtá-ḥ, Avestan
dūta- ` summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indic doṣa-ḥ m. `lack, fault, error' (*deu-s-
o-);
gr. Doric Attic δέω, Aeolic hom. δεύω (not *δευσ-, but *δεF-) `lack, err, miss', Aor.
ἐδέησα, ἐδεύησα; unpers. δεῖ, δεύει, participle τὸ δέον, Attic τὸ δοῦν `the needful '; Medium
δέομαι, hom. δεύομαι `lack' etc, hom. ` stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be
insufficient ', Attic ` please, long for '; ἐπιδεής, hom. ἐπιδευής ` destitute, lacking ', δέημα
`request'; in addition δεύτερος ` follow in the distance, the second one ', in addition Superl.
hom. δεύτατος.
Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indic doṣa-ḥ) Germanic
*tiuzōn in Old English tēorian `cease, languish' (*stay behind), engl. tire èxhaust'.
compare further md. zūwen (strong. V.) ` move in the front, move, proceed there ', Old
High German zawen ` proceed, go ahead, succeed', Middle High German zouwen `hurry,
somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe f. `haste, hurry'.
2. Apers. duvaištam Adv. `for a long time', Avestan dbōištǝm Adj. ` long, extended '
(temporal); about Old Indic dvitā́, Avestan daibitā, Old pers. duvitā-paranam see below
du̯ōu
ōu `two';
Armenian tevem ` last, endure, hold, hold off ', tev ` endurance, duration', i tev ` long
time through ', tok `duration, endurance ' (*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko-), ablaut. erkar `long'
(temporal) from *du̯ā-ro- (= gr. δηρόν), erkain `long' (spacial);
gr. δήν (el. Doric δά̄ν Hes.) ` long, long ago ' (*δFά̄ν), δοά̄ν (*δοFά̄ν) `long' (accusative
of *δFᾱ, *δοFᾱ `duration'), δηρόν, Doric δᾱρόν ` long lasting ' (*δFᾱ-ρόν), δηθά `long',
therefrom δηθύνειν `hesitate, stay long ', δαόν πολυχρόνιον Hes. (*δFᾱ-ι̯ον); about δᾱρόν
compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;
Latin dū-dum ` some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a
long time ' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) dūrāre èndure'
because of Old Irish cundrad `pact, covenant' (*con-dūrad); but cymr. cynnired `movement'
remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also Latin dum, originally ` short
time, a short while ', see above S. 181;
lengthened grade Old Irish doë (*dōu̯io

̯ -) `slow';
Old Church Slavic davĕ ` erstwhile, former ', davьnъ àncient', russ. davnó `since long
ago', etc;
Hittite tu-u-wa (duwa) ` far, away ', tu-u-wa-la (Nom. Pl.) `remote, distant' from *du̯ā-̆ lo-,
Benveniste BSL. 33, 143.
References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.
Page(s): 219-220
deup- (: kteup-
Root / lemma: deup- kteup-?)
Meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words
Material: Gr. hom. δοῦπος ` dull noise, din; sound of the kicks '; δουπέω ` to sound heavy
or dead '; the in hom. ἐγδούπησαν, ἐρίγδουπος ` loud-thundering ' (μασίγδουπον
...μεγαλόηχον Hes.) revealed treading original anlaut γδ- is maybe parallel with κτύπος
`blow, knock' besides τύπος or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its
age; after Schwyzer would be (γ)δουπέω intensive to zero grade κτυπ-; serb. dȕpīm, dȕpiti
`hit with noise', sloven. dûpam (dupljem) dúpati ` punch on something hollow, rustle
thuddingly ', dupotáti, Bulgarian dúp'ъ ` give the spurs to a horse ', Latvian dupêtiês `dull
sound' (Balto Slavic d- from gd-? or older as gr. γδ-?);
Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum (*dump) ` thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m]
after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Tocharian A täp- ` allow to sound, announce '
(*tup-) in Infin. tpässi, participle Pass, cacpunder
References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 7183.
Page(s): 221-222
de-, do-
Root / lemma: de- do-
Meaning: a demonstrative stem
Material: Avestan vaēsmǝn-da ` up there to the house ';
gr. -δε in ὅ-δε, ἥ-δε, τό-δε ` that here, this ' (I - deixis), ἐνθά-δε, ἐνθέν-δε, τεῖ-δε, hinter
Akk. the direction, e.g. δόμον-δε, οἶκον δε, οἶκόνδε, ᾽Αθήναζε (*Αθᾱνᾰνσ-δε), as Avestan
vaēsmǝn-da (Arcadian θύρδα ἔξω Hes., reshuffling of -δε after double forms as πρόσθε :
πρόσθα), also in δε-ῦρο (δεῦρο emulated Pl.) `here', Latin quan-de, quam-de ` as like ' =
Oscan pan, Umbrian pane às', also Oscan pún, Umbrian pon(n)e às well as' (*quom-de),
Latin in-de ` thence, from there ' (*im-de), un-de ` whence, from where '; gr. δέ `but'; gr. δή
` just, now, just, certainly ', ἤ-δη àlready', ἐπει-δή ` since, whereas, because '; δαί after
interrogative words `(what) then?';
Indo Germanic *de put also in Old Irish article in-d (*sind-os, Indo Germanic *sēm-de);
Italian -*dām in Latin quī-dam, quon-dam, Umbrian ne-rsa às long as' (probably
solidified Akk. f.*ne-dām ` not at the same time '; besides m. or n. in:);
Latin dum (*dom) `still', as Konj. `while, during the time that; so long as, provided that;
until', originally demonstratives `then', compare etiam-dum, interdum, nōndum, agedum (:
gr. ἄγε δή), manedum, quidum às so?' , then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in
dummodo, dumnē, dumtaxat; Oscan ísídum ` the same as' however, is to be
disassembled in ís-íd-um, as also in. Latin īdem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem is
not to be recognized with dum from *dom the changing by ablaut -dem; īd-em from *id-em
= Old Indic id-ám ` just this ', compare Oscan ís-íd-um, as quid-em from *quid-om = Oscan
píd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation i-dem would be sensed as -dem an
identity particle and would grow further);
but the primary meaning of dum is ` a short while ', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare
dūdum) and dum belongs to root deu̯ǝ- (EM2 288 f.).
Indo Germanic *dō originally `here, over here' in Latin dō-ni-cum (archaically), dōnec
(*dō-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique ` so long as, till that, to, finally ', but also `then' (dō-
equal meaning with ad-, ar- in Umbrian ar-ni-po ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-qʷom) and in
quandō `when' = Umbrian panupei ` whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other ';
Old Irishdo, du, acymr. di (= ði), corn. ðe `to' from *dū (in gall. du-ci ànd'), Thurneysen
Grammar 506; Old English tō, Old Saxon tõ (te, ti), Old High German zuo (za, ze, zi; the
abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously
proto Indo Germanic ablaut variants), Modern High German to (Gothic du `to' with Dat. and
preverb, e.g. in du-ginnan `begin', seems proclitic development from *tō(?), is marked from
Brugmann II2, 812 as unresolved); Old Lithuanian do preposition and prefix `to'; Old
Church Slavic da ` so, and, but; that ' (meaning-development `*in addition' - `still, and',
from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Tocharian 5.
Besides Indo Germanic *dŏ in Old Church Slavic do ùntil, to'.
Lithuanian da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and Latvian da ùntil - to', also verbal
prefix e.g.in da-iet `hinzugehen', derive from dem Slavischen.
en-do Old Latin endo, indu ìn', Latin only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-
en-do:
ōles, other formations in hom. τὰ ἔν-δ-ῑνα (right ἔνδῐνα) ìntestines, entrails ', Middle Irish
inne `ds.' (*en-d-io-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), against it wird Old Irish ind-
preposition and prefix ìn' von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- umgefärbte
Entsprechung von gall. ande contemplates and further von Pedersen KG. I 450 with
Gothic and ùntil', Old Indic ádhi connected; and gr. ἔνδο-θι ` indoors, in, within ', ἔνδο-θεν
` from inside ' are reshaped as Lesbian Doric ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θι, -θεν, -ι from ἔν-δον, s.
*dem- `to build'; Hittite an-da ìn' to *en-do(or *n̥-do?), Pedersen Hittite 166. Whereas it is
*dem-
the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns Old Irish in(d), abret. in, mcymr. yn
probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.
dē (as dō probably an Instr. extension) in Latin dē `prep. with abl. in space, down from,
away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a
material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source. in time, following
from, after; in the course of, during. about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a
standard', Faliscan de (besides Oscan dat `dē' (for *dād, with t after post, pert etc; Oscan-
Umbrian *dād is probably replacement for *dē after ehtrād etc, respectively after the
ablative transformed in Instr. -ē(d), ō(d):ād); as preverb in da[da]d ` give away, give up,
surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render ', dadíkatted ` dedicate, consecrate, set
apart ', Umbrian daetom ` a fault, crime '; in addition compounds Latin dēterior ` lower,
inferior, poorer, worse ', Sup. dēterrimus, dēmum (Old Latin also dēmus) ` of time, at
length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short; 'id demum', that and that alone ' (`*to
lowest ' - `lastly, finally'), dēnique ` at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally;
in short, in fine ';
Old Irish dī (besides de from Indo Germanic dĕ, wherewith perhaps gall. βρατου-δε `
from a judicial sentence ' is to be equated), acymr. di, ncymr. y, i, corn. the, bret. di ` from -
down, from - away ', also as privative particle (e.g. acymr. di-auc ` slow, tardy, slack,
dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy ', as Latin dēbilis; intensifying Old Irish dī-mōr `
very large ' as Latin dēmagis `furthermore, very much')
The meaning ` from - down, from - away ' these with gr. δή, δέ formally the same
particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German?
(Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: Old High German zādal `poverty, need' from *dē-tlom, of *dē `
from - away ', as wādal `poor, needy' : Latin vē ènclitic, or, or perhaps'?).
The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indic tadā́
`then', Avestan taδa `then', Lithuanian tadà `then'; Old Indic kadā́ `when?', Avestan kadā,
jav. kaδa `when?', Lithuanian kadà `when'; Old Indic yadā́ `when, as', Avestan yadā, jav.
yaδa `when', Old Church Slavic jeda `when' (compare also Old Indic yadi ìf', Old pers.
yadiy, Avestan yeδi, yeiδi às soon as' and Avestan yaδāt `whence'); Old Indic idā́ `now,
yet'; also the Slavic formations as russ. kudá `whereto, where';
Maybe alb. ku-do (*kudá)èverywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do (kądě) èverywhere'
Old Church Slavic kądu, kądě `whence', nikъda-že `never', poln. dokąd `whereto, where',
Old Church Slavic tądě ` from there ', sądu ` from here ' , but it could contain also Indo
Germanic dh.
A cognate stem *di perhaps in enclitic iran. Akk. Avestan Old pers. dim ` her, she ',
Avestan dit ès', diš Pl. m. f., dī Pl. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. din, dien ìhn, sie' (etc);
compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.
References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.
Page(s): 181-183
Root / lemma: dēg-

dēg-
Meaning: to grab?
Material: Gothic tēkan `touch';
Maybe alb. takonj `touch'
Additional cognates: [PN taka = WFris. take, EFris. tāken, MDu. tāken grasp, seize, catch,
rel. by ablaut to Goth. tēkan]
with ablaut Old Norse taka, (engl. take) `take'; Tocharian B tek-, tak- `touch', B teteka ` as
soon as '.
Maybe alb. takonj `touch' : Gothic tēkan `touch';
References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Latin
tangō `to touch'), Pedersen Tocharian 2071.
Page(s): 183
dē- : dǝ- and dēi-

Root / lemma: dē- dēi-, dī-
dī-
Meaning: to bind
Note:
dē- : dǝ- and dēi-
Root / lemma: dē- dī- : `to bind' derived from du̯ai
dēi-, dī- ai , du̯ei-
ei-, stems of Root /
ei
lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two' meaning `bind in two'
Material: Old Indic dy-áti (with ā-, ni-, sam-) `binds' (dy- zero grade of *dēi-, from 3. Pl.
dyánti, compare Avestan nī-dyā-tąm 3. Sg. Med. in pass. meaning ` it has made soil
holdback ', -ā-extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 761), Old Indic
participle ditá- ` bound ' (= gr. δετός), dā́man- n. `band, strap' (= gr. -δημα), ni-dātār-
`binder';
gr. (hom. Attic) δέω (*δέjω) `bind', δετός ` bound ', δετή ` shavings tied together as a
torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf ' (δε- for Indo Germanic *dǝ- as θετός : τίθημι),
ἀμαλλοδετήρ ` sheaf binder ', δέσις `the fastening, binding', δεσμός `band, strap', κρήδε-
μνον `head fascia', δέμνια Pl. ` bedstead '; hom. present δίδημι `bind' is to δήσω after
τίθημι: θήσω `neologism'; ὑπό-δημα (compare Old Indic dā́man-) `sandal', διάδημα ` a
band or fillet, turban, diadem ';
alb. duai ` fascicle, sheaf ' (about *dōn- from Indo Germanic *dē-n-), del `(*band, strap),
sinew, tendon, vein' (Indo Germanic*dō-lo-).
References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.
References:
Page(s): 183
Root / lemma: dǝĝh-mó-

mó-s
Meaning: slant
Material: Old Indic jihmá-ḥ ` slantwise, slant, skew' (Proto Aryan *źiźhmá- assimil. from
*diźhmá-), gr. δόχμιος, δοχμός `slant, skew' (assimil. from *δαχμός).
References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.
See also: Other possibilities see below gei-
gei- `turn, bend'.
Page(s): 222
Root / lemma: dhabh-2

Meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty
Material: Armenian darbin ` smith ' (*dhabhr-ino-);
Latin faber, fabrī `craftsman, artist', Adj. ìngenious, skilful', Adv. fabrē `skilful', affabrē `
skillfully ', contrast infabrē, fabrica ` dexterity, workshop ' (Paelignian faber is Latin
loanword); perhaps here Latin (Plaut.) effāfilātus ` exposed ', Denom. from *fāfilla,
`*acquiescence' (f dial.?);
Note:
common Latin d- > f-;
alb. Tosc thembërë `heel, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f-
>th-.
Gothic ga-daban ` occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable ', Perf. gadōb ` to be clearly
seen, to be conspicuous ', Adj. gadōf is ` it is suitable, proper, fitting' = Old English gedēfe
` fitting, mild' (*ga-dōbja), gedafen `proper', gedafnian ` be fitting, suitable' = Old Norse
dafna `proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive', Old English gedæfte ` fitting,
mild', gedæftan `sort, order, arrange';
Old Church Slavic dobrъ `good, beautiful, beauteous, fair ' (= Armenian darbin, Latin
faber), dobjь, dobljь `the best, assayed, examined, tested, strong ', doba (older r/n-stem)
`fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba òrnament, adornment, decorousness, decency ', u-
dobьnъ `light', u-dobь Adv. `light'; Lithuanian dabà ` quality, nature, habit, character ',
dabìnti àdorn', dabnùs `dainty' etc.
Maybe alb. i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) èmaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', dobi `profit,
advantage'.
Note:
Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1,
nasalized dhamb(h)-
amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below]
References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863.
References:
Page(s): 233-234
Root / lemma: dhanu-

anu- or dhonu-
onu-
Meaning: a kind of tree
Material: Old Indic dhánvan- n., dhánu- m., dhánuṣ- n. `bow', dhanvana- m. ` a certain fruit
tree ' : Old High German tanna `fir, oak' (*danwō), Middle High German tanne, Old Low
German dennia `fir'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Page(s): 234
Root / lemma: dhau-

au-
Meaning: to press
Material: Avestan dvaidī 1. Du. Präs. Med. ` we press ', davąs-činā (could stand for duvąs-
) ` although pressing oneself further '; Phrygian δάος . . . ὑπο Φρυγῶν λύκος Hes.
(therefrom the people's name Δᾶοι, Dā-ci), Lydian Καν-δαύλης (`κυν-άγχης ` Indian Hemp,
dogbane (plant poisonous to dogs)'), compare Καν-δάων, name of thrak. god of war,
Illyrian PN Can-davia; dhauno-s `wolf' as ` shrike ' in Latin GN Faunus (to gr. θαῦνον
θηρίον Hes.) = Illyrian Daunus (therefrom VN Δαύνιοι, inhabitant of apul. region of Daunia;
compare thrak. Δαύνιον τεῖχος); gr. Zεὺς Θαύλιος i.e. ` shrike ' (thessal.; s. also Fick KZ.
44, 339), with ablaut gr. θώς, θω(F)ός `jackal' (i.e. ` shrike ');
Maybe alb. dac `cat' : Phrygian δάος
Gothic af-dauiÞs ` rended, mangled, afflicted ';
Old Church Slavic davljǫ, daviti ` embroider, choke, strangle ', russ. davítь ` pressure,
press, choke, crush ', dávka `crush'.

See also: About dhāu- `be astonished, marvel ' see below dhei̯ǝ-.
Page(s): 235
Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(

amb h)-
Meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit
Note: presumably as `beaten, be concerned ' from a basic meaning `hit'
Probably common origin of Root / lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)- : to astonish, be
speechless, *hit; Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu-
eu- : `to harm', Root / lemma: (dhemb
em h-),
dhm̥bh- : `to dig', Root / lemma: dhem-
em-, dhemǝ
emǝ- : `to smoke; to blow'.
Material: Gr. τάφος n. ` astonishment, surprise ', Perf. ep. Ionian τέθηπα, participle Aor.
ταφών àstonish', θώπτω, θώπεύω (`gaze in wonder =) flatter ' (see Boisacq s. v. θώψ),
nasalized θάμβος n. ` astonishment, amazement, fright', θαμβέω `marvel, astonish,
frighten'; to β compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333, 833;
Gothic afdōbn `become silent!'.
Under prerequisite a basic meaning `hit' can the following Germanic family be added:
Old Norse dafla ` splash in the water ', Norwegian dial. dabba ` stamp, tread down,
trample, make a blunder ';
Maybe alb. Geg zhdëp `beat, strike'
Old Norse an(d)dø̄fa ` hold on a boat against wind and stream ', Middle English dabben,
nengl. dab `hit lightly', East Frisian dafen `hit, knock, bump, poke', Middle High German
beteben ` stun, wander about, press', ndd. bedebbert `reprimand, flog, embarrassed',
Modern High German tappen, Tapp ` flick ', Middle High German tāpe `paw' (Germanic ē,
but not to use for statement of Indo Germanic vocalism), Middle Dutch dabben `tap,
splash' . However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these words with Middle High
German tappe ` clumsy, awkward; clumsy person' etc correlates in a Germanic root dabb-,
dēb(b)-, daƀ-, dap- `thick, lumpy', from which `clumsy, stupid, doltish', under comparison
with Latvian depis swearword, perhaps ` fool ', depe ` toad ' (`*the awkward'), depsis
`small, fat boy' [maybe alb. djep `cradle (for a baby)']
and Germanic words, as Swedish Dialectal dabb ` tough lump of mucus ', dave `puddle,
pool, slop' (: Old Norse dafla `splash'?) etc (Latviandep- is perhaps a a change form to
*dheb- in Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick' etc, compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is
to be counted on merger of different word cognates in Germanic (see also under dāi-, dāp-
`divide');
after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places engl. dab `tap' to Lithuanian dóbiu, dóbti ` beat to
death ', Latvian dābiu, dābt `hit'.
maybe alb. dëboj (*dobët ) `chase away', i dobët (*u-dobьnъ) èmaciated, dainty, elegant,
(beautiful)', dobi `profit, advantage'.
Note:
Alb. proves that Root / lemma: dhabh-2 : `proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root /
lemma: dhā̆bh-1, nasalized dhamb(h)-
amb(h) : `to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see above]
Page(s): 233
Root / lemma: dhā̆l-

Meaning: to blossom, be green
Material: Armenian dalar `green, fresh';
gr. θάλλω ` blossom, be green, flourish', Perf. τέθηλα, Doric τέθᾱλα, whereof present
θηλέω, Doric θᾱλέω ds., θάλος n. `young scion, shoot', ἐριθηλής ` sprouting lusciously ',
εὐθᾰλής, Doric εὐθᾱλής ` sprouting or blossoming lusciously ', θαλλός `young scion, shoot,
young twig, branch', θαλία `bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. Pl. festive joy,
feast'.
Alb. dal (*dalnō), Aor. doɫa (*dāl-) ` arise, sprout, rise, extend ', participledalë (*dalno-)
etc (about djalë `kid, child, youngling ' see below del-
del-3).
There Alb. only arranges original ā̆-vocalism and hence also in gr. die grade ᾱ is not
perceived as neologism of ablaut in ᾰ, which could be developed in itself from l̥ are to be
covered at best by a parallel root *dhel- :
perhaps Armenian deɫ ` physic, medicine ' (whether from `*herb');
cymr. dail `leaves' (analogical Sg. dalen), acorn. delen `leaf' etc (i-umlaut of o), Middle
Irish duille (*dolīni̯ā) collective, f. ` leaves ', gall. πομπέδουλα `five leaves' (Dioskor.) : leg.
*pimpe-dola.
maybe alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper'
Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from Germanic *dilja in Old English dile, Old
Saxon dilli, Old High German tilli, dilli `dill, strongly smelling plant umbel ', changing
through ablaut Old English dyle, Old Danish dylle, Modern High German Dialectal tülle ds.,
with other meaning Old Norse dylla `Sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle '; at least very
doubtful of Old High German tola ` a cluster, esp. of grapes ', toldo m. ` treetop or crown of
a plant, umbel ', Modern High German Dolde ùmbel'.
Maybe alb. dyllë `wax'
A cognate being far off the meaning of the family is the form Old English deall
ìllustrious', see dhel-
el- `gleam, shine'.
References: WP. I 825 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302, 703, 714, 720, WH. I 524.
Page(s): 234
Root / lemma: dhebh-, dhebh-eu-

eu-
Meaning: to harm
Note: the nasalized forms (*dhembh-) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root
after containing n-.
Material: Old Indic dabhnōti ` damages, disables, cheats, Pass. gets damaged ' (*dhebh-n-
éu-ti), Perf. dadā́bha and (changed) dadámbha, participle Perf. Pass. dabdhá- and (from
the root form on -u:) á-dbhu-ta- Adj. ` wonderful ', actually `* the inaccessible deception,
untouchable '; dambháyati `makes confused, frustrated' (dambhá-ḥ `deceit'), Desid. dipsati
(= Avestan diwž-, see below), dabhrá- ` a little, slightly, poorly';
Avestan dab- ` cheat, defraud sb of sth ': davąiϑyā̊ G. Sg. f. `the cheating ', davayeinti
N. Sg-. f. `the dishonest ', dǝbǝnaotā 2. Pl. present (Aryan *dbhanau̯-mi, Indo Germanic
*dbh-en-eu-mi), Inf. diwžaidyāi (without more desiderative meaning, but = Old Indic dipsa-
ti), participle Perf. Pass. dapta- (innovation); dǝ̄bā-vayat̃ ` he shall beguile, infatuate ' (root
form *dbheu-), ā-dǝbaoman- n. ` infatuation '; osset. dawi̥n `steal';
Hittite te-ip-nu- ` esteem lowly, humiliate ', Pedersen Hittite 144.
Tokḫarian: A tsāw-, tsop-, B tsāp-, tsop- 'mash, crush, pierce; strike, jab, poke' (PT *tsop-,
Tokḫ
*tsāpā-) (Adams 743)
In addition very probably gr. ἀτέμβω `damage, rob, cut (θυμόν), bewilder, deceive ',
Pass. ` I am robbed ', with ἀ- probably from *ἁ-, *sm̥- and with to the same consonant
relationship as between πύνδαξ : Old Indic budh-ná-ḥ.
References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 147, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333.
Page(s): 240
Root / lemma: dheb-

eb-
Meaning: fat, heavy
Material: Old High German tapfar ` burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty ', Middle High
German tapfer `tight, firm, thickset, full, weighty, signifying ', late `valiant (tight, firm in the
battle)', Old High German tapfare `mole', tapfarī f. `moles', Middle Low German dapper `
heavy, weighty, vast, grand', Dutch dapper `valiant; much, a lot of', Norwegian daper
`pregnant', Old Norse dapr ` heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad'.
Perhaps Old Norse dammr, Modern High German Damm, Middle High German tam ds.,
Gothic faúrdammjan ` dam up, hinder', as dhobmó- here?
Old Church Slavic debelъ `thick', russ. Dialectal debëlyj ` corpulent, strong, tight, firm',
abl. dobólyj `strong' (etc, s. Berneker 182); Old Prussian debīkan `big, large'; perhaps also
Latvian dabl'š under dàbls ` luscious', dabl'i audzis ` lusciously sprouted ', dabl'îgs `
luscious' (Berneker aaO.; after Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Latvian
words probably to be connected with Old Church Slavic dobrъ);
Tocharian A tsopats `big, large', tāppo ` courage ', tpär `high', B tappre, täpr- ds.,
Pedersen Tocharian 243, Tocharian Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148.
doubtfully.

Page(s): 239
Root / lemma: dhegʷh

egʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: to burn, *day
Material: Old Indic dáhati, Avestan dažaiti `burns' (= Lithuanian degù, Old Church Slavic
žegǫ, alb. djek), participle Old Indic dagdhá-ḥ (= Lithuanian dègtas), Kaus. dāháyati; dāha-
ḥ `blaze, heat', nidāghá-ḥ `heat, summer', npers. dāɣ `burn brand' (in addition spätgr.
δάγαλος, -ις ` red-brown horse '?); Avestan daxša- m. `blaze';
gr. θέπτανος ἁπτόμενος Hes. (`kindled '; == Lithuanian dègtinas ` who or what is to be
burned '), τέφρᾱ àsh' (*dhegʷhrā);
alb. djek ` incinerate, burn ', Kaus. dhez, n-dez, ndez ` ignite ' (basic form *dhogʷhéi̯ō =
Latin foveō);
Note:
Common Latin d- > f-:
Latin foveō, -ēre `to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick
movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage', fōculum ` a sacrificial hearth, fire-
pan, brazier ' (*fou̯e-clom), fōmentum ` a poultice, fomentation. Transf., alleviation'
(*fou̯ementom), fōmes, -itis ` touchwood, tinder ' (*fou̯emet-, meaning as Latvian daglis),
favilla ` glowing ashes, esp. of the dead; a spark ' (probably from *dhogʷh-lo-lā); favōnius `
zephyrus, the warm west wind ' (from *fovōnios): febris `fever' (*dhegʷhro-; after Leumann
Gnom. 9, 226 ff. i-inflection after sitis).
Middle Irish daig (Gen. dega) `fire, pain' (from *degi-); about Middle Breton deuiff, nbret.
devi, cymr. deifio `burn' see below *dāu-
*dāu- `burn'; cymr. de ` burning '; go-ddaith `blaze'
(from *-dekto-); but Old Irish ded-ól `break of dawn' after Marstrander Dict. Ir. Lang. I 213
actually ` parting drink, the last drink '; nir. dogha `burdock' (: Lithuanian dagys see below);
about Gothic dags `day' etc see below *ā̆ĝher-

her- S. 7;
Note:
ʷh-: `to burn, *day' derived Root / lemma: ā̆ĝher-

from Root / lemma: dhegʷh
egʷh- her-, ā̆ĝhen-
hen-, ā̆ĝhes-
hes-
(or ōĝher etc):: `day' the same as Root / lemma: ak̂ru
ru : `tear' derived from Root / lemma:
dak̂ru-
ru- : `tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic. Compare Root /
ru
del-5 : `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà,
lemma: del-
Latvian il̃gs, Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš
(dalugaes) `long', da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan
migration from the Baltic region to North India.
Lithuanian degù, dègti `burn' (trans. and intrans.), dègtas `burnt', dègtinas ` what is to
be burned ', degtìnė f. ` brandy, alcohol ', ablauteud dagỹs, dãgis `thistle' (Latvian dadzis);
dãgas ` the burning; summer heat; harvest ', dagà `harvest', Old Prussian dagis `summer';
Lithuanian dãglas ` to brand ', dẽglas ` torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled '; Latvian
daglas f. Pl. `scorch', daglis `tinder'; Lithuanian nuodė́gulis ` firebrand ', dẽgis ` burner;
burning '; ablaut. atúo-dogiai (?) m. Pl. ` summer wheat, summer crops ';
sloven. dę́gniti `burn, warm', Czech old dehna `devil', ablaut. dahněti `burn'; russ.
dëgotь `tar' (from `* wood rich in resin '), as Lithuanian degùtas ` birch tar '; with Assimil.
(?) von *degǫ to *gegǫ: Old Church Slavic žegǫ, žešti `burn', ablaut. russ. iz-gága `pyrosis,
heartburn' (see Meillet MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann II2 3, 120).
Maybe alb. zheg `summer heat' a Slavic loanword.
Tocharian В teki `disease, malady' (= Irish daig); A tsäk-, В tsak- `burn', ts after ablaut.
tsāk- (*dhēgʷh-) `gleam, glow'; AB cok `light' (from `pinewood torch') : Balto Slavic *degut-
`tar' (see above).
References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen
Tocharian Sprachg. 23.
Page(s): 240-241
Root / lemma: dheiĝh

eiĝh-
Meaning: to knead clay; to build
Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.
Material: Old Indic dḗhmi ` coat, cement' (3. Sg. dḗgdhi instead of *dēḍhi), also participle
digdhá-, dēha- m. n. ` body, structure ', dēhī́ f. ` embankment, dam, curve, bay ', Avestan
pairi-daēzayeiti ` walled all around ' (= Old Indic Kaus. dēhayati) uzdišta 3. Sg. Med. ` has
erected (a dam) ', participle uz-dišta-, uz-daēza- m. ` pile, embankment ', pairi-daēza- m. `
enclosure, park ' (out of it gr. παράδεισος à royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word
brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise'), Old pers. didā `fortress' (from
*dizā-, root nom. in -ā), npers. diz, dēz ds.;
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan ae-
Armenian dizanem (Aor. 3. Sg. edēz) ` pile up ', dizanim ` be piled up ', dēz `heap';
Maybe nasalized alb. (*dheiĝh-) deng `heap' [common Latin -h- > -g-].
thrak. -δίζος, -δίζα `castle' (: Old pers. didā or *dhiĝh-i̯ā); also δέξιον, PN Δείξας, Burto-
dexion, Burtu-dizos; Δίγγιον (: Latin fingō); Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant ';
Note:
Illyrian Pannonian VN An-dizetes ` castle inhabitant ' displays satem characteristics

[common alb. -ĝh- > -d-, -z-].
gr. τεῖχος n., τοῖχος m. (formal = Old Indic dēha-) `wall'; θιγγάνω, Aor. θιγεῖν ` touched '
(meaning as Latin fingere also ` shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged ', voiced-
nonaspirated g previously original from the nasalized present form);
Note:
Common Latin d- > f-:
Latin fingō, -ere, finxi, fictum `to shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in
order; to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch
strokingly', figulus ` a worker in clay, potter ' (:Germanic *ðiʒulaz), fīlum (*figslom) `shape',
effigiēs `(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal ', figūra `
form, shape, figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature,
species ', fictiō ` forming, feigning; assumption ', fictilis ` shaped; hence earthen, made of
clay; n. as subst., esp. pl. earthenware, earthen vessels ' (to Latin g instead of h
s.Leumann Latin Gr. 133; after latter derives from forms as fictus also k from Old Faliscan
fifiked ` touched, handled ', Oscan fifikus perhaps ` you will have devised '); probably
Umbrian fikla, ficlam ` a gruel used at sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods ', Latin fītilla `
a gruel used at sacrifices ' (with dial. t from ct); Oscan feíhúss ` walls ' (*dheiĝho-);
about Latin fīlum (identical with fīlum ` filament ' ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other
hand EM2 360;
Old Irish digen `tight, firm' (`*kneaded tightly, compact '); Old Irish *kom-uks-ding- `to
build, erect' in 1. Sg. cunutgim, 3. Sg. conutuinc etc and perhaps also dingid, for-ding `put
down, oppressed ', see below 1. dhengh- `press, cover' etc;
Gothic Þamma digandin `the kneading ', kasa digana ` clay vessel ', gadigis (meaning
for gadikis, ànything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction', es-stem, similarly
τεῖχος à wall'); daigs m. `dough' (*dhoiĝhos), Old Norse deig (n.), Old English dāg, Old
High German teig ds.; Old Norse digr `thick, corpulent ' (meaning as Irish digen), Gothic
digrei `density, thickness, bulk, mass', Middle High German tiger, tigere Adv. `fully, entirely
', Norwegian Dialectal digna ` become thick ', diga ` thick, soft mass ' besides Middle Low
German Norwegian dīger; Old High German tegal, Old Norse digull ` glaze pot, crucible,
skillet ' seems to be a genuine Germanic word (*ðiʒ .. laz), however, this has sponged in
the meaning of Latin tēgula (from τήγανον à frying-pan, saucepan');
Maybe alb. tjegula ` roof-tile' : Latin tēgula `tile, roof-tile' [conservative definitive forms
versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].
Lithuanian díežti, dýžti `flay, flog' (`*knead, smear one down '), Latvian diezêt `
convince, offer' (`*to humbug sb '); Old Russian děža, klr. diža etc ` kneading trough, form,
mould ' (*dhoiĝh-i̯-ā; Berneker 198, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 487).
Maybe alb. (*dhoiĝh) dhoga `plank'
An adapted form (*ĝheidh-) is probably Lithuanian žiedžiù, žiẽsti `form, mould', Old
Lithuanian puod-židys ` a worker in clay, potter ', Old Church Slavic ziždǫ, zьdati `to build',
zьdъ, zidъ `wall' (Būga Kalba ir s. 184 f);
Tocharian A tseke ṣi peke ṣi ` figure, shape or painting ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 257 f.,
Indo Germanic *dhoiĝhos).
A parallel root *dheig- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in Middle High German tīchen
`make, create etc'; Old English diht(i)an ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be
written; hence to get written down ', Old High German tihton ` invent and create; versify '
derive from late Latin dictāre ` to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence
to get written down '.
References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.

Page(s): 244-245
Root / lemma: dhei̯ǝ- : dhi̯i̯i̯ā- : dhī-

Meaning: to see, show
Material: Old Indic ádīdhēt ` he looked ', Pl. dīdhimaḥ, Med. dī́dhyē, ádīdhīta, Konj.
dīdhayat (perhaps converted to present Perf., compare Perf. dīdhaya); dhyā-ti, dhyā́-ya-ti
(i̯o-present) ` looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects ', participle dhyā-ta- and dhī-tā́-, dhyā́ ` the
thinking, meditating ', dhyā-tar- `thinker', dhyā-na- n. `meditation, contemplation ',
dhyāman- n. (Gr.) `thought, notion'; dhī́-ḥ, Akk. dhíy-am `thought, notion, imagining,
discernment, understanding, religious meditation, devotion ', dhī-tí- ` awareness, thought,
notion, devotion ', dhī́ra- ` seeing, smart, wise, skilful', avadhīrayati ` disdains (despicit),
rejects, despises ', prakr. herai ` sieves '; s- formation Old Indic dhiyasāná- ` attentive,
observant, heedful '; presumably also dhiṣáṇa- if `sensible, wise, smart', dhiṣaṇyant- if `
observant, pious ', dhiṣā́ Instr. Adv. if ` with devotion, zeal, or lust ', yet compare on the
other hand that belong to Latin fēstus, fānum, Indo Germanic dhēs- `religious', dhíṣṇya- `
devout, religious ';
Note:
Avestan dā(y)- `see', e.g. ā-diδā'ti `contemplates', daiδyantō Nom. Pl. participle ` the
seeing ' (etc, s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 724); participle paiti-dīta- ` beholds ', -dīti- f. `the
beholding ', dāϑa- ` sensible, smart' (lengthened grade as -diδā'ti), -dā(y)-, -dī- f. as 2.
composition part `vision, look; discernment, intention'; -dāman- ` intention'; daēman- n.
èye, eyeball; look', dōiϑra- n. èye', daēnā `religion' and ` internal being, spiritual I '; npers.
dīdan `see', dīm `face, cheek';
gr. σῆμα, Doric σᾱμα `mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc' (*dhi̯ā-mn̥ = Old
Indic dhyāman-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 322; after E.
Leumann [Abh. Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch śśāma `mark, token,
sign'), σημαίνω ` mache durch ein Zeichen kenntlich etc';
alb. díturë, dítme ` wisdom, learning ', dinak `cunning'.
Also alb. di Ì know, discern'
It goes back to a synonymous *dhāu-

āu-:
Gr. θαῦμα ` what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment ' (*dhǝu-
mn̥) θαυμάζω ` be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire ', next to which with gradation
θῶ(υ)μα; compare Boeotian Θώμων, Doric Θωμάντας (Lithuanian by Boisacq under
θαῦμα; about θῆβος θαῦμα Hes. probably θῆFος, s. Boisacq under θάμβος m. Lithuanian);
Attic θέᾱ ` looking, sight; show' from *θᾱFᾱ, compare syrak. θάα, Ionian θηέομαι, Doric
θᾱέομαι `consider' (Attic θεάομαι reshaped after θέᾱ), etc, s. Boisacq under θέᾱ and
θεωρός (to latter still Ehrlich KZ. 40, 354 Anm. 1). Except gr. equivalents are absent.
References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 523.
Page(s): 243
Root / lemma: dhelb

el h-
Meaning: to bury
Note: Only german. and Balto-Slavic
Material: Old High German bi-telban, -telpan (participle bitolban) `bury', Old Saxon bi-
delƀan ds., mndd. Dutch delven, Old English delfan `dig, bury', Flemish delv `gorge,
ravine, gulch, ditch, trench, channel'; in addition Swiss tülpen `hit, thrash', Tirol dalfer `slap
in the face, box on the ear, blow, knock', ndd. dölben `hit';
Balto Slavic *dilbō ` dig, hollow out ': in Lithuanian délba and dálba f. ` crowbar ', Latvian
dil̃ba f., dilbis m. ` hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone', delbs ` upper arm, elbow', dalbs m.,
dalba f. ` fishing rod, hayfork '; perhaps Lithuanian nu-dil̃binti ` lower the eyes down ';
Slavic *dьlbǫ, *delti in Serbo-Croatian dúbēm, dúpsti `hollow out', dùbok `deep, etc
(ablaut. *delti in Serbo-Croatian dial. dlisti ` chisel, cut ', compare dlijèto `chisel'); Czech
dlubu, dlubati `hollow out, poke ', ablaut. *dolb- in Czech dlabati ` chisel, cut ', dlab ` seam '
(= Latvian dal̃bs), Old Russian nadolobъ m., nadolba f. ` town enclosure '; *dolb-to- `chisel,
sharp iron ' in Old Prussian dalptan ` press copy, impact break ', Slavic *dolto `chisel' in
Bulgarian dlató, russ.-Church Slavic dlato, russ. doɫotó ds.
maybe truncated alb. (*dolto) daltë `chisel'
References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 434.

Page(s): 246
Root / lemma: dhelgh-

elgh-, dhelg-
elg- (?)
Meaning: to hit
Material: Old English dolg n., Old High German tolc, tolg, dolg n. `wound' (`*blow, knock'),
Old Norse dolg n. ènmity', dolgr `fiend', dylgja ènmity', wherefore probably ndd. dalgen,
daljen `hit' (borrows Norwegian Dialectal dalga ds.), Modern High German (Hessian-
nassauisch, East Prussian) dalgen, talken `thrash, hit', Middle High German talgen
`knead'. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for gr. θέλγω ` enchant, beguile
etc', θέλκτωρ, θελκτήρ, θελκτήριος ` charming, tempting ', θέλξις ` enthrallment ' (Indo
Germanic *dhelg- besides *dhelgh-?) the basic meaning ` enchantment through a blow '
probably, as well as also Τελχῖνες, Θελγῖνες demons were damaging through blows the
health of the people and at the same time the smiths.
Everything quite uncertainly. Rather Tocharian A talke n., В telki `sacrifice, oblation' could
still belong to it.
Page(s): 247
Root / lemma: dhelg-

lg-
Meaning: to stick; needle
Material: Old Irish delg n. (es-stem) `thorn, cloth needle', corn. delc (i.e. delch) ` a
necklace, collar [for horses and other animals]', mcymr. dala, dal `bite, prick, sting';
Old Norse dalkr ` needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of
fish; dagger, knife ', Old English dalc m. `clasp, hairpin' (Modern High German Dolch, older
Tolch, ndd. dolk, after Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of Czech poln. tulich, sloven. tolih, is
namely borrowed at first from Latin dolō à pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane',
but perhaps reshaped after Germanic words as Old English dalc);
Lithuanian dilgùs ` pricking, burning ', dìlgė, dilgėlė̃ f. `nettle', dìlgstu, dìlgti ` get burned
by nettle '; dal̃gis `scythe' here, not to S. 196!
Here perhaps Latin falx à sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of

war', after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula, that derives from
Ligurian (?) *ðalkla (*dhal-tla), also as sizil. Ζάγκλη, Δανκλε̄ `Messina' (: δρέπανον).
maybe Illyrian TN Docleatae
However, one derive just as well from *dhalg-tlā ; if in that Italian dialekt would have
become Indo Germanic l̥ to al, the a-vowel can be also explained.
Late Latin daculum `sickle' could be in addition the Ligurian equivalent. Against it Terracini
Arch. Glott. Ital. 20, 5 f., 30 f.

Page(s): 247
Root / lemma: dhel-

el-1, dholo-
olo-
Meaning: curve; hollow
Note:
From Root / lemma: ĝhel- el-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ
hel-1 (and ghel
ghel- helǝ- : ĝhlē-
hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- :
ĝhlǝ
hlǝ- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma: dhel-
el-1, dholo-
olo- : `curve;
hollow', Root / lemma: dhel-
el-2 : `light, shining', Root / lemma: dhel-
el-3 : `to tremble' [common
alb.-Illyrian ĝh- > d-].
Material: Gr. θόλος f. ` dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium)'; sizil. θολία,
lak. (Hes.) σαλία ` round summer hat ', θάλαμος m. ` situated in the interior of house room,
bedroom, pantry ', θαλάμη `cave, den (of animals)', ὀφ-θαλμός èye' (*ὀπσ-θαλμός `* eye
socket ');
cymr. dol f. `valley', bret. Dol in PN;
Old Norse dalr `bow'; Gothic dals m. or dal n. `valley, pit, pothole', Old Saxon dal, Old
English dæl, Old High German tal n. `valley', Old Norse dalr m. `valley'; Gothic dalaÞ `
downwards ', dalaÞa ùnder', dalaÞrō ` from below ' (here as *DaliÞernōz ` valley
inhabitant ' the Daliterni of Avienus, German Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist.
Forschungen, Wien 1925), Old Frisian tō dele `down', Old Saxon tō dale, Middle Low
German dale, nnd. dal `down, low', Middle High German ze tal ds.; Old English dell, Middle
High German telle f. `gorge, ravine, gulch' (*daljō); changing through ablaut Old Norsedø̄ll
m. ` valley inhabitant ' (*dōlja-), Norwegian dial. døl ` small valley, long gully resembling
dent ' (*dōljō) = Old High German tuolla, Middle High German tüele `small valley, dent ',
mnl. doel `ditch, trench, channel'; Old Norse dǣla `gully' (*dēljō), dǣld `small valley'
(*dēliðō); ndd. dole `small pit, pothole', Middle High German tol(e) f. ` drainage ditch ' (Old
High German dola `gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe' probably actually ndd.),
Old High German tulli, Middle High German tülle, ndd. dölle `short duct, tube, pipe' (also
ndd. dal stands for `duct, tube, pipe');
Old Church Slavic (etc) dolъ `hole, pit, pothole, valley', dolu ` downwards ', dolě ùnder'.
References: WP. I 864 f., Loth RC. 42, 86.

Page(s): 245-246
Root / lemma: dhel-

el-2
Meaning: light, shining
Note:
From Root / lemma: ĝhel- ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhel
hel-1 (and ghel- helǝ- : ĝhlē-
hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- :
ĝhlǝ
el-1, dholo-
olo- : `curve;
Material: Perhaps Armenian deɫin, Gen. deɫnoy `yellow, sallow, paled, pallid' (*dheleno-);
Middle Irish dellrad ` radiance '; Old English deall `stout, proud, bold, illustrious', Old
Norse GN Heimdallr; Mar-dǫll èpithet of the light goddess Freyja ', Dellingr ` father of the
day ', Middle High German ge-telle `pretty, good'(?).

Page(s): 246
Root / lemma: dhel-

el-3
Meaning: to tremble
Note:
From Root / lemma: ĝhel- ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ
hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- :
ĝhlǝ
el-1, dholo-
olo- : `curve;
Material: Armenian doɫam `tremble'; Norwegian and Swedish dial. dilla `swing, swerve ',
Norwegian dial. dalla, dulla ` walk on tiptoe; trip ', Low German dallen àmble', Norwegian
dilte `trot, walk on tiptoe; trip ', dalte ds.
Doubtful; s. Falk-Тогp under dilte addendum.

Page(s): 246
em h-), dhm̥bh-
Root / lemma: (dhemb
Meaning: to dig
Note: only gr. and armen.
Material: Armenian damban `grave, vault, sepulchre, grave; grave, monument, tombstone
', dambaran ds.;
gr. θάπτω (*dhm̥bh-i̯ō), Aor. Pass. ἐτάφην `bury, entomb', ἄθαπτος ` unburied ', τάφος m.
`funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound', ταφή ` funeral, grave', τάφρος (*dhm̥bh-ro-s) f.
`ditch, trench, channel'; but Old Prussian dambo f. `ground' is amended in daubo (see
268).
Maybe alb. dhemb `pain, saddness'
Note:
em h-), dhm̥bh- : `to dig' derived from Root / lemma: dhem-
Clearly Root / lemma: (dhemb em-,
dhemǝ
emǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the
ritual of burial was born much later.

Page(s): 248-249
Root / lemma: dhem-

em-, dhemǝ
emǝ-
Meaning: to smoke; to blow
Material: Old Indic dhámati `blows' (dhami-ṣyati, -tá- and dhmātá-, Pass. dhamyatē and
dhmāyátē), Avestan dāδmainya- ` puffing up, swelling, of frogs ', npers. damīdan `blow',
dam `breath, breath ', osset. dumun, dịmịn `smoke; blow';
Maybe alb. Tosc tym n. `smoke': also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb `hurt, ache', dhimbje
`pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].
Note:
Clearly from Root / lemma: dhem-
em-, dhemǝ
emǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma:
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-):: `to reel,
dheu-
dissipate, blow, etc.'.
gr. θέμερος, σεμνός, θεμερῶπις ` somber, dark-looking ' (: Old High German timber
`dim');
Middle Irish dem `black, dark';
Norwegian daam (*dhēmo-) `dark', daame m. ` cloud haze ', daam m. `taste, smell, odor'
= Old Norse dāmr `taste';
with Guttural-extension: dhengu̯o-, dhengu̯i- ` misty ' in Old Norse dǫkk f. `dent in the
landscape ' = Latvian danga (*dhongu̯ā) ` faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud ',
further Old Norse døkkr, Old Frisian diunk `dark' (Germanic *denkva-); zero grade Old
Saxon dunkar, Old High German tunkal, Modern High German dunkel (originally and with
the meaning ` misty - humid, wet' Norwegian and Swedish Dialectal dunken `humid, wet,
dank, muggy', engl. dank, Dialectal dunk `humid, wet'); in addition cymr. dew m.
(*dhengu̯os) `fog, smoke, sultriness' etc, deweint `darkness' (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85;
43, 398 f), Hittite da-an-ku-i-iš (dankuiš) ` dark, black' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 142);
Old Norse dȳ `slime, mud, ordure, morass' from *dhm̥kio-, compare with gramm.
variation Danish dyng `damp, humid, wet', Swedish Dialectal dungen `humid, wet';
with Germanic -p-: Middle High German dimpfen, dampf `steam, smoke', Old High
German Middle High German dampf m. `vapor, smoke', Middle Low German engl. damp
`vapor, damp fog', ndd. dumpig `dull, humid, wet, musty ', Modern High German dumpfig,
dumpf (also = confused, scattered, sprayed); kaus. Old High German dempfen, tempfen,
Middle High German dempfen ` stew through steam, stew ';
with Germanic -b-: Swedish dial. dimba stem V. `steam, smoke, spray', dimba `vapor',
Norwegian damb n. `dust', Old Norse dumba `dust, cloud of dust' (besides with -mm- Old
Norse dimmr `dark', Old Frisian Old English dimm ds., Norwegian Dialectal dimma,
dumma ` lack of clarity in the air, fog cover ', Swedish dimma `thin fog'), Old High German
timber, Middle High German timber, timmer `dark, dim, black';
to what extent of background the s-forms Swedish Dialectal stimma, stimba `steam',
norw Dialectal stamma, stamba `stink' Indo Germanic have been newly created or only
after concurrence of Old High German toum : Old English stēam, German toben ` rage ' :
stieben (see below dheu-, dheu-bh- `scatter, sprinkle'), is doubtful;
Lithuanian dumiù, dùmti `blow', apdùmti ` blow with sand or snow (of wind) ', dùmplės
`bellows', dùmpiu, dùmpti `blow' (probably with p-extension), Old Prussian dumsle `
bladder';
Old Church Slavic dъmǫ, dǫti `blow' (to Balto Slavic vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m.
Lithuanian, Meillet Slave comm.2 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).

Page(s): 247-248
Root / lemma: dhengh-

engh-1
Meaning: to press; to cover
Material: Old Irish dingid, for-ding ` oppressed' (see also dheiĝh-); compare Pedersen KG.
II 506;
Lithuanian dengiù, deñgti `cover', dangà `cover', dangùs `sky, heaven', in addition diñgti
` disappear' (from `* be covered '), Slavic *dǫga `bow' (: Lithuanian dangà) in russ. dugá
`bow', old ` rainbow ', Bulgarian dъgá, serb. dúga, poln. dial. dęga ds., probably to:
Old Icelandic dyngia ` dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork ',
Old English dynge, Old High German tunga ` fertilization ', Old Saxon dung, Old High
German tung, Middle High German tunc ` the subterranean chamber where the women
weaved ' (originally winter houses covered with fertilizer for the protection against the
cold), Old English dung ` jail ', Old High German tungen ` depress, fertilize ', Old English
engl. dung ` manure ', Modern High German Dung, Dünger.
Maybe alb. dengu `heap'
References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.

Page(s): 250
Root / lemma: dhengh-

engh-2
Meaning: to get, gripe
Material: Old Indic daghnṓti (Aor. dhak, daghyāḥ etc) ` reaches up to, achieves ', -daghná-
` reaching up to something ' (*dhn̥gh-);
gr. ταχύς `quick, fast', Kompar. θάσσων (*dhn̥gh-);
Old Irish daingen `tight, firm, strong' = cymr. dengyn ds. (*dangino- or *dengino-);
Slavic dęgъ: dǫgъ ` strength, power, luck ' in russ.-Church Slavic djagъ ` strap, leather
belt ', russ. djága ` leather belt ', djáglyj `strong, fit, healthy', djágnutь `grow, become
strong '; ablaut. Old Bulgarian ne-dǫgъ `disease, malady' (but russ. dúžij `strong' belongs
rather to dheugh-, under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an
intermingling with Slavic tęg- `pull, drag, draw ' (Brückner KZ. 42, 342 f).
References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.

Page(s): 250
Root / lemma: dhen-

en-1
Meaning: to run, *flow
Material: Old Indic dhanáyati `runs, set in movement', npers. danīdan `hurry, run', Old Indic
dhánvati `runs, flows ', Old pers. danuvatiy ` flows ', Old Indic dhánutar- `running, flowing ';
Messapic river name ardannoa (*ar-dhonu̯-ā) ` situated in the water ' (?),(under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), apul. PN Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17,
102);
Latin probably fōns, -tis ` a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin,
source '; perhaps hybridization of to-stem *fontos and ti-stem *fentis (*dhn̥-tí-);
Note: common Latin initial d- > f- shift.

Tocharian АВ tsän `flow', В tseńe ` current, gush ', tsnam `flow'.
References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BSL. 41, 165.

Page(s): 249
Root / lemma: dhen-

en-2
Meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)
Note:
From Root / lemma:
lemma: dhen-
en-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-
en-2 : `surface of
hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning àrid flat area'.
Material:
Old Indic dhánuṣ- n., dhánvan- m. n. ` dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert ', dhánu-
, dhanū́- f. `sandbank, seashore, island';
gr. θέναρ n. ` palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar
to the admission of the offering ', ὀπισθέναρ ` opisthenar, back of the hand '
(*ὀπισθοθέναρ), Old High German tenar m., tenra f. (*denarā̆-), Middle High German tener
m. `flat hand', Curtius5 255 (samt Old Indic dhánuṣ-, see below).
In addition Vulgar Latin danea àrea' (Reichenauer Gl.), Old High German tenni n.,
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German tenne m. f.
n., Modern High German Tenne ` barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or
wooden floor as a threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally ', Dutch
denne àrea, a pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story;
a row or layer of vines '; as ` smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor ' can be also
understood meeklenb. denn `trodden down place in the grain layer ', Middle Low German
denne `lowland, depression' (and ` valley forest ' see below), Middle Dutch denne ` den of
wild animals ' (and ` valley forest ', see below), dan ` waste, from shrubbery surrounded
place, place generally, land, scenery ' (and ` valley forest ', s.under), Old English denn
`cave, wild den', nengl. den `cave, pit, pothole', East Frisian dann(e) `bed, garden bed,
garden plot '.
About Lithuanian dẽnis m. ` deck board of a small boat ', Latvian denis ds. (Germanic
loanword?) s. Trautmann 51, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455.

Page(s): 249
Root / lemma: dhen-

en-3
Meaning: to hit, push
Note:
From Root / lemma: dhen-
en-1 : ` to run, *flow' derived Root / lemma: dhen-
en-2 : `surface of
hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning àrid flat area', then from Root / lemma: dhen-
en-2 :
`surface of hand' derived Root / lemma: dhen-
en-3 : `to hit, push'.
Material: Only in extensions (almost exclusively Germanic):
d-extension: Old Norse detta stem V. ` fall down heavily and hard, hit ' (*dintan,
compare Norwegian dial. datta [*dantōn] `knock': denta ` give small punches '), Modern
Frisian dintje ` shake lightly ', Norwegian deise ` fall tumbling, glide ' (from:) ndd. dei(n)sen
(*dantisōn) ` reel back, flee'; East Frisian duns `fall' (s from -dt- or -ds-), Old Norse dyntr,
Old English dynt m. (= Old Norse dyttr), engl. dint `blow, knock, shove ';
alb. g-dhent, gdhend ` hew wood, plane, beat ', Geg dhend, dhênn ` cut out, cut ' (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Maybe (*gdhend) gdhë `piece of wood', alb. Tosc dënd `hit, beat'.
Gutt-extension: Old Norse danga (*dangōn) `thrash': Old Swedish diunga stem V. `hit',
Middle English dingen `hit, bump, poke', nengl. ding (Scandinavian loanword), Middle High
German tingelen `knock, hammer', Norwegian dingle (and dangle) `dangle'; Kaus. Old
Norse dengja, Old English dengan, Middle High German tengen (tengelen) `hit, knock,
hammer (Modern High German dengeln)'; Old High German tangal m. `hammer'.
Labial-extension: Swedish dimpa (damp) `fall fast and heavily', ndd. dumpen `hit, bump,
poke', engl. dial. dump ` hit heavily '.

Page(s): 249-250
Root / lemma: dherāgh-

erāgh-
Meaning: to pull; to drag
trā̆gh-
Note: equal meaning with trā̆ gh- (see d.).
gh
Material: Old Norse draga, Gothic under Old English dragan, engl. draw `pull, drag', Old
Norse drag n. ` base of a pulled object ', Norwegian drag ` draught, wash of the waves,
watercourse, towing rope ', dial. drog f. (*dragō) ` short sledge, road track of an animal,
valley ', Old Norse dregill `band, strap', drōg f. `stripe', Old Swedish drøgh ` sled ', Old
English dræge f. ` seine, fishing net which hangs vertically in the water with floats on the
top and weights on the bottom ', Middle Low German dragge, nnd. also dregge ` boat
anchor ', engl. dredge ds.; changing through ablaut Norwegian dorg f. (*durgō, Indo
Germanic *dhr̥̄ghā) `fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat '; with the meaning
`bear, carry' (from `drag', s. Berneker 212), Old High German tragan `bear, carry', sih
(gi)tragon ` bear oneself, conduct oneself, behave '.
Maybe alb. Geg (dherāgh-) tërhek `pull, drag' : Polish targać ` carry ' [common alb. -g- > -
h- shift]
Probably here Slavic *dārgā in: serb.-Church Slavic draga `valley', russ. doróga `way,
alley, journey', dial. `fishing rod';
maybe alb. (*do-róga) rruga `way, alley, journey' [common alb. de- > zero grade] similar
formation to Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long' : alb. (*da-lu-ga-e-eš) glatë
`long'; also alb. (*doróga) dërgonj `send in a trip'.
The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero is a common Baltic Illyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-
del-5
: `long': Baltic with unexplained d-loss (see below): Lithuanian ìlgas, f. ilgà, Latvian il̃gs,
Old Prussian ilga and ilgi Adv. `long' : Hittite Nom. Pl. da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes) `long', da-
lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti) n. `length'.
serb. drȁga `valley', poln. droga `way, alley, road, journey', russ. doróžitь `hollow out',
Czech drážiti ` make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out '; perhaps also Czech z-dráhati se
`refuse, decline', poln. wz-dragać się ` to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder ' (as `
protract, draw ') and Old Church Slavic podragъ ` hemline, edge of a dress ' (different
under dergh-
dergh- ` catch ').
Latin trahō `to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to
breathe; to draw out, hence to leng- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw,
attract; to take in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret',
traha ` sledge, drag ', trāgum ` seine ', trāgula `ds., small drag, a species of javelin ' could
go back through spirant dissimilation (*ðragō to *dragō) in dhrā̆gh-, but also Indo Germanic
trā̆gh-
t- have (: Old Irish traig `foot' etc, s. trā̆ gh-).
gh

Page(s): 257
Root / lemma: dherb

er h- (dherǝ
erǝbh-?)
Meaning: to work
Material: Armenian derbuk `rough, stiff, rude';
Old English deorfan stem V. `work; perish, die', gedeorf n. `work, hardship ', Old Frisian
for-derva, Middle Low German vor-derven, Middle High German verderben `die, perish',
also Kaus. `spoil';
Lithuanian dìrbu, dìrbti `work', dárbas `work', darbùs ` laborious '.
Note:
Root / lemma: dherb

er h- (dherǝ
erǝbh-?) : `to work' derived from Root / lemma: dhereb
ere h- : `to
harden'.
References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge11 101, 649.

Page(s): 257
Root / lemma: dhereb

ere h-
Meaning: to harden
Material: Old Indic drapsá-ḥ m. `drip'??;
gr. τρέφεσθαι, τετροφέναι ` curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm ', τρέφω, Doric τράφω
`make curdle, coagulate, harden (γάλα; τυρόν), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up'
(θρέψω, ἔθρεψα) τροφός ` nourishing ', f. ` wet nurse ', θρέμμα ` the nourished, foster
child, child, breeding livestock ', τρόφις `fat, obese, strong, big, large', τροφαλίς, -ίδος `
fresh cheese, coagulated milk ', ταρφύς `dense', τάρφεα Pl. n. ` thicket ', τραφερή (γῆ) `
firm land';
maybe truncated alb. (*τρόφις) trashë `fat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated'.
nasalized and with Indo Germanic b (Indo Germanic Articulation variation in nasal
surroundings) θρόμβος ` coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc)', θρομβόομαι ` coagulate
', θρομβεῖον ` clots ';
Old Saxon derƀi (*ðarƀia) `strong, mad, wicked, evil', Old Frisian Middle Low German
derve `strong, just, rightful ' (different from Old High German derb ` unleavened ' = Old
Norse Þjarfr), ablaut. Old Norse djarfr `gamy, bold' (the older meaning still in Norwegian
dial. dirna from *dirfna ` put on weight, recover, regain one's strength '); Old Norse dirfa `
encourage '; nasalized probably Old Norse dramb ` lavishness ' (*be thick), nisl. drambr `
knots in the wood '; Old Norse drumbr `clot, chunk', Middle Low German drummel ` sturdy
person'.
Note:
Probably from (Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbi ` unleavened ', Modern High
German Bavarian derb ` arid, dry, thin ') Root / lemma: (s)ter-
(s)ter-1, (s)terǝ
(s)terǝ- : (s)trē-
(s)trē- : `stiff,
immovable; solid, etc.' derived the extended root Root / lemma: dhereb
ere h- : `to harden'
[common st- > t- PIE]
Page(s): 257-258
Root / lemma: dheregh-

eregh-
Meaning: thorn?
Note: with formants -(e)s-
(e)s- and -no-
no-. Dubious equation.
Material: Old Indic drākṣā ` grape '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
gallorom. *dragenos `thorn', Old Irish draigen m. ` blackthorn ', cymr. draen m., nbret.
dréan `briar' (Celtic *drageno- from *dhregh-);
perhaps also Old High German tirn-pauma ` of the cornel-tree ', tyrn, dirnbaum ` a
cornel cherry-tree ', Modern High German dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein ` Cornelian cherry
(dogwood) ', Swiss tierli, whether it is not borrowed from Slavic in very old time;
Lithuanian drìgnės Pl., Latvian driǵenes `black henbane ' (compare Mühlenbach-
Endzelin I 498), whether it is not borrowed from Slavic;
russ. déren, derén ` Cornelian cherry (dogwood) ', Serbo-Croatian drȉjen, Czech dřín
ds., poln. (old) drzon ` barberry ', Kashubian dřòn `prickle', polab. dren `thorn'.
Germanic- Slavic basic form could be *dherghno- and would stand admittedly in its
meaning `sprout, twig, branch', Pl. `young shrubbery, bush' considerably differently colored
gr. τρέχνος (Hes., anthol.), τέρχνος (Maximus), Cypriot τὰ τέρχνιjα very close.
References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.

Page(s): 258
Root / lemma: dhereĝh

ereĝh- (dhr̥ĝh-nā-
nā-)
Meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband
Material: Npers. darz, darza ` suture', darzmān, darznān ` filament ', darzan `needle',
Pahlavi darzīk ` tailor';
Armenian daṙnam (*darjnam), Aor. darjay ` turn over, revolve, turn; return ', daṙn `bitter,
sharp' (compare οἶνος τρέπεται ), darj ` turn, reversal, return ', Kaus. darjuc̣anem ` turn
round, turn away, whirl round, return ';
alb. dreth (stem *dredh-), Aor. drodha ` turn round, turn together, twine, spin ', alb.-
skutar. nnrizë ` diaper ' (n-dred-zë); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
).
Maybe alb. drizë ` throny bush '.
after Pedersen Hittite 123, 125, Tocharian Sprachg. 20 here Hittite tar-na-aḫ-ḫi ` I pocket,
let in ', Tocharian A tärnā-, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?).
Maybe secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify'
also nazalised alb. ndrizë `band, bandage', ndrydh `twist'.
Maybe an older form alb. (*dhereĝh- ) derdh `pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket,
deposit (liquid, turn over?), ejaculate semen ' [common alb. -ĝh- > -d-] : Tocharian A tärnā-
, tärk-, preterit A cärk, В carka `let, allow, disband, release ' (?).
Note:
The oldest IE form is actually Hittite tar-na-aḫ-ḫi ` I pocket, plug in, let in ' : alb. (*dhereĝh- )
derdh ` pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen'. It seems that the old meaning
of Root / lemma: dhereĝh
nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband '
derived from the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.
Alb. shows that Root / lemma: dhereĝh
nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge,
disband ' derived from the extended Root / lemma: dher-
er-1, dherǝ
erǝ- : à kind of deposit or
dreg, *ordure, defecate ', Root / lemma: (dher-4: dhor-
er-4:) or- : dher- : `to jump, jump at, *stream,
ray, drip, sperm' becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the
two was:: *dhere-gh-: Gr. θρά̄σσω, Attic θρά̄ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intr.) `bewilder, perturb
ere-gh-
', ταραχή `perplexity' found in secondary meaning alb. dreth `perturb, terrify, twist'.
References: WP. I 863, Lidén Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 111, Kuiper Nasalpräs.
151.
Page(s): 258
Root / lemma: dher-

er-1, dherǝ
erǝ-
Meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg
Note: Originally with dher-
er-5 ` ordure, defecate'?
Material: a. dhere-
ere-gh-
gh-:
Gr. θρά̄σσω, Attic θρά̄ττω (Perf. hom. τέτρηχα intr.) `bewilder, perturb ', ταραχή
`perplexity', ταράσσω, Attic -ττω `bewilder' (*dherǝgh-i̯ō : Lithuanian dìrgti see below);
τρᾱχύς, Ionian τρηχύς `rough, uneven' (probably originally from dirt crusts; -ρᾱ- here from
sog. r̥̄, i.e.* dherǝghú-s); τάρχη τάραξις Hes. (vowel gradation as σπαργή: Lithuanian
sprógti);
Note: common lat d- > f- shift:
Latin fracēs f. ` (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil ', fracēre ` be
rancid ' from *dhrǝgh-; c is covered probably from faēcēs, floccēs, there *dherk- otherwise
is testified only in Baltic;
in the meaning ` lees, dregs, yeast': alb. drā f., Geg drâ-ni ` residuum of oil, from
abundant butter; tartar ' (basic form *draë from *dragā, *dhrǝghā);
Old Norse dregg f., Pl. dreggiar `yeast' (out of it engl. dregs);
Old Lithuanian dragės (*dhrǝghi̯ās) Pl., Old Prussian dragios Pl. `yeast', Latvian
(Endzelin KZ. 44, 65) dradži ` residuum from boiled fat'; Slavic *droska from *dhrǝgh-skā in
Middle Old Bulgarian droštija Pl.n. `yeast', klr. dríšči ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska
(sloven. trǫ̂ska ` residuum, yeast') and mostly *drozga (Old Church Slavic droždьję Pl. f.
`τρυγία, yeast' etc; s. Berneker 228);
here also gallorom. *drasica ` dry malt ' (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drascā (=
Slavic *droskā) or *drazgā (== Slavic *drozgā) transfigured sein wird;
with st-formants: Old High German (*trast, Pl.:) trestir ` what is left of squeezed fruit,
dregs, pomace ', Old English dærst(e), dræst f. ` dregs, yeast' (Germanic *ðraχsta-,
Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drōs ds.;
with sn-formants: Old English drōsne f., drōsna m. `yeast, smut', Old High German
druosana, truosana `yeast, residuum ';
here probably Lithuanian dérgia (dérgti) ` it is bad weather ', dárgana, dárga ` weather,
bad weather ' (glottal stop, compare die gr. root forms and Lithuanian drė́gnas, drėgnùs
`humid, wet'); in addition Old Russian padoroga probably ` thunder-storm ', sloven. sǫ́-
draga, -drag, -drga ` hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel '; Lithuanian
dargùs ` nasty, dirty, filthy'; Old Lithuanian dérgesis `filthy person', Old Lithuanian dergėti
`hate', Latvian der̂dzêtiês `quarrel, squabble' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lithuanian),
Old Prussian dergē `to hate'; Lithuanian dérgti ` become dirty, get dirty ', dar̃gti ` revile ',
dárga f. ` rainy weather, defilement, contamination, vituperation ';
b. dherg-
erg- in: Middle Irish derg `red'; Middle High German terken ` befoul ', Old High
German tarchannen, terchinen `(darken) conceal, hide ', Middle Low German dork ` keel of
water depth ', Old English deorc ` swart ', engl. dark; Old English Þeorcung `dawn, twilight'
probably with ð after ðēostor `dark', geðuxod `dark'.
Maybe alb. darkë èvening, evening meal, supper', drekë (*derk-) `dinner, midday'.
erkin: Lithuanian der̃kti ` make nasty, befoul ', darkýti `vilify, inveigh, deform',
c. dherk-
darkùs ` nasty ', Old Prussian erdērkts `poisoned', Latvian dā̀rks, dā̀rci (*darkis) `pinto'
Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien Abl. 361); or to Middle High
German zurch òrdure', zürchen `defecate'? Zupitza gutturals 170 under accentuation of
intonation difference of der̃k̃ ti compared with dérgesis etc;
here probably Tocharian AB tärkär `cloud' (Frisk Indog. 24);
WP. I 854 ff.
erǝbh- : dhrāb
d. dherǝ rā h- : dhrǝbh-.
Doubtful Avestan δriwi- (*dhrǝbhi-) `stain, birthmark ';
Middle Irish drab ` grape marc, yeast' (*dhrǝbho-), drabar-ṡluāg ` base, vulgar people';
Old Icelandic draf, engl. draff ` berm, yeast', Middle Low German draf, Old High German
trebir Pl. ` grape marc ', Old Norse drafli m. `fresh cheese', drafna `to disband ', Norwegian
drevja ` soft mass '; geminated nl. drabbe ` berm, residuum ', ndd. drabbe `slime, mud';
Swedish drōv n. ` residuum ' (*dhrābho-), Old English drōf, Old High German truobi
`cloudy', Gothic drōbjan, Old High German truoben ` tarnish, bewilder', Old English drēfan
` agitate, tarnish ' (identical meaning-Verh. as between gr. ταράσσω and Old Norse
dreggiar).
A nasalized form with Baltic u as zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a
limited nasal m?) seems Lithuanian *drumb- in Lithuanian drum̃stas (could stand for
*drumpstas) ` residuum ', drumstùs `cloudy', drumsčiù, drum̃sti ` tarnish ' (Schleifton
caused by a heavy group mpst ?).
References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 715.
Page(s): 251-252
Root / lemma: dher-

er-2, dherǝ
erǝ-
Meaning: to hold, support
Material: Old Indic dhar- `hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright '
(present mostly dhāráyati; Perf. dadhā́ra, dadhrḗ; dhr̥tá-; dhártum) Pass. ` are held back,
be steady, behave sedately ', Avestan dar- `hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe
(a law); hold fast in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay'
(dārayeiti etc, participle darǝta-), аp. dārayāmiy `hold', npers. Inf. dāštan, osset. Inf. darun,
daryn;
Old Indic dháraṇa- `bearing, carrying, preserving ', dharúṇa- ` holding, supporting; n.
foundation, prop', dhā́raṇa- ` holding; n. the clamps, the restraining '= Avestan dārana- n. `
means for withholding ', Old Indic dhartár- and dháritar- m. ` holder ', dharitrī ` girder,
bearer ', dhartrá- n. `support, prop' = Avestan darǝϑra- n. ` the grasp, understanding ', Old
Indic dhárma- (= Latin firmus) m. ` firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ',
dharmán- m. ` holder ', dhárman- n. ` support, prop, law, custom ', dhárīmani Lok. ` after
the statute, according to custom ', dhā́raka- ` holding; m. container ', dhr̥ti- f. ` the holding
on, determination ', dr̥-dhr-á- ` tenacious ', sá-dhrī (or sadhrīm) Adv. ` holding out on a
purpose, holding on to a purpose ', sadhríy-аñc- ` be directed by a purpose, be united,
together '; didhīršā ` the intention to support to support', Avestan didarǝšatā ` he composes
himself for, he gets ready for ';
about Old Indic dhī́ra- `tight, firm' s. Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 25;
Armenian perhaps dadar (redupl.) àbode, residence, rest ' (`*adherence, abide by,
stay', compare Avestan meaning ` while, stay, behave quietly '), dadarem ` abate (from the
wind)', compare under Old English darian ` the side, flank; of persons ', Dutch bedaren `
become quiet (from the wind, weather)';
gr. with the meaning ` prop themselves up, force open ' (from the heavy root form)
θρᾶνος m. ` bench, footstool ', hom. (Ionian) θρῆνυς, -υος ` footstool, thwart ', Ionian
θρῆνυξ, Boeotian θρᾶνυξ, -υκος `stool' (place an early proto gr. *θρᾱνο-, which would
contain -ρᾱ- from -r̄-, i.e. -erǝ-), Ionian Inf. Aor. θρήσασθαι ` sit down ' (proto gr. θρᾱ-); due
to the thematic root form *dherĕ-: θρό-νος m. `seat'; Cypriot lak. θόρ-ναξ ὑποπόδιον Hes.;
with the meaning ` grasp through the senses, observe ' and ` hold on custom, a religious
custom ', ἀ-θερές ἀνόητον, ἀνόσιον Hes. (compare under Lithuanian derė́ti ` be usable '),
ἐνθρεῖν φυλάσσειν Hes. (from the thematic root form *dhere-; against it from *dherǝ-:)
θρήσκω νοῶ Hes. (Ionian), θράσκειν (ᾱ) ἀναμιμνήσκειν Hes., Ionian θρησκηΐη, Koine
θρησκεία `worship', θρῆσκος `religious, godly, pious', θρησκεύω ` observe the official law
of god '.
Is ἀθρέω òbserve keenly ' up to zero grade n̥ the preposition *en (or α- = *sm̥-?) to
compare afterwards with ἐνθρεῖν? (Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here ἁθρόος,
ἀθρόος ` concentrated, crowded together, gathered ' (compare to meaning Old Indic
sadhryañc-; Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.).
Mit. Old Indic dhāraka- ` container ' is compared with θώρᾱξ, -ᾱκος ` breastplate; trunk;
vagina'.
Latin frē-tus ` relying on, confiding in ', Umbrian frite `leaning, supported, relying,
depending, trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance', Latin frēnum
` bit, bridle, rein' and `rein', if originally ` holder ' (stand to gr. θρᾶνος as plē-nus to Old
Indic pūr-n̥á-); with a meaning ` tenacious, tight, firm: fast' perhaps ferē `closely, almost,
nearly ', fermē (*ferĭmēd, Sup.) ` quite approximately, nearly ', as well as firmus ` firm,
strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ' (with dial. i).
Acymr. emdrit ` orderly ', cymr. dryd ` economical ' (*dhr̥to-).
Old English darian ` hidden, concealed, secret, unknown ' (`*restrain, hold themselves
together, ' or ` keep shut so one does not see somehow '), Dutch bedaren ` become quiet
(from the wind, weather)', in addition Old Saxon derni `hide, conceal', Old English dierne
`hide, conceal, clandestine ', Old High German tarni ` lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret,
unknown ', tarnen, Middle High German tarnen `cover up, conceal', Modern High German
Tarn-kappe.
Lithuanian deriù, derė́ti èmploy, engage (*belay), buy', derù, derė́ti ` be usable ', Kaus.
darãu, darýti `make, do', dorà f. ` the useful ', Latvian deru, derêt èmploy, engage, hire
out, arrange ', Kaus. darît `make, create, originate';
perhaps with formants -go-: Latvian dā̀rgs `dear, expensive, precious', Old Church
Slavic dragъ ds., russ. dórog, Serbo-Croatian drâg ds.;
Hittite tar-ah̯-zi (tarḫzi) ` can, be able, defeated ' (*dhr̥̄-?) belongs rather to ter-
ter-4.
dheregh-
eregh- `hold, stop, hold down; tight, firm':
Avestan dražaite, Inf. drājaŋhe `hold, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead', upadaržuvainti
` they hold out, persist = accomplish, finish ', wherefore Old Indic -dhr̥k (only Nom.) in
compounds `bearing, carrying'; this form (*dhr̥gh-s) testifies for anlaut dh- the Aryan and
hence probably also Slavic family;
Old Church Slavic drъžǫ, drъžati `hold, stop, contain ' (etc, s. Berneker 258); russ.
drogá ` wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole ',
Dem. dróžki Pl. ` light, short carriage ', hence Modern High German Droschke.
As nasalized forms in addition Avestan drǝnjaiti ` solidifies, strengthens, hardens ', ā-

drǝnjayeiti ` determines ', subjunctive dīdraɣžaite ` looks for protecting himself '; participle
draxta-; also Avestan drǝnjayeiti, dādrājoiš, participle draxta- ` learnt by heart, murmured
memorized prayers ' (compare Church Slavic tvrъditi ` moor ': russ. tverditь ` learn by heart
'); Middle Irish dringid ` he climbs ', drēimm `climb' (`*holding on climbing'); kymr. dringo `
rise, climb '; Old Norse drangr ` high cliff ', drengr (*drangja-) `thick stick, column ' (and
übertr. `young man, husband'), Old Church Slavic drǫgъ ` shaft, pole, turnpike '; different
Specht Dekl. 139.
dhereĝh
ereĝh- `hold down, tight, firm':
Old Indic dr̥h

́ yati, dr̥ṁhati (dr̥ṁháti) `makes tight, firm', participle dr̥ḍhá- `tight, firm',
drahyát- `proficient', Avestan darǝzayeiti `binds tight, fetters', Desid. dīdǝrǝžaiti, darǝza- m.
` the fastening, binding, snatch, griffin ', dǝrǝz- f. `band, manacle', dǝrǝzra- `tight, firm',
probably also npers. darz ` suture' and similar to iran. words for ` sew filament ';
thrak. GN Darzales;
probably Lithuanian dir̃žas `strap', diržmas `strong', Old Prussian dīrstlan `strong,
stately', dirž-tù, dir̃žti ` become tenacious, hard ';
Lithuanian dar̃žas `garden', Latvian dā̀rz `garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area '
could be reconverted with metathesis from *žar̃das (compare Lithuanian žar̃dis `
Roßgarten ', žárdas ` hurdle ') (different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 448 f.), but to dir̃žas
(above) and Old High German zarge, Middle High German zarge f. ` border, side, verge of
a space, edge ';
Slavic *dьrzъ `bold, foolhardy ' in Old Church Slavic drъzъ, sloven. dr̂z, Czech drzý,
russ. dérzkij ds. and Old Church Slavic drьznǫ, drьznǫti ` have the audacity, venture ',
russ. derznútь etc.
dhereugh-
ereugh-:
awnord. driūgr ` withstanding, strong, full', driūgum `very', aschw. drȳgher ` respectable,
strong, big, large', North Frisian dreegh `tight, firm, persistent ' (but to dhreugh-
reugh-1 belong
Old English drȳge `dry', drēahnian ` dry up, strain, filter', - with h instead of g? -, Old Norse
draugr ` withered tree trunk', Old High German truchan `dry');
maybe nasalized alb. trung ` tree trunk'
here as ` withstand ' and ` hold together - assemble ' Gothic driugan ` do military service
' (Old English drēogan ` withstand, commit '), Old English gedrēag `troop, multitude,
crowd', Old High German truht- f. ` cohort, troop, multitude, crowd', Old Saxondruht-, Old
English dryht, Old Norse drōtt f. ` cortege ', Gothic draúhti-witōÞ `(*laws of war =) military
service ', gadraúhts `warrior', Old Norse drōttinn `prince, lord, master, mister', Old English
dryhten, Old High German truhtīn `master, mister' (suffix as in Latin dominus), Old High
German trust (*druhsti-) ` warrior's troop ';
Lithuanian draũgas ` travelling companion ', Old Church Slavic drugъ ` fellow, other etc',
družina `συστρατιῶται';
Old Prussian drūktai Adv. `tight, firm', podrūktinai ` I confirm ', Lithuanian žem. drúktas,
driúktas `thick, bulky, strong';
Old Irish drong `troop, multitude, crowd', abret. drogn ` meeting together, union,
assembly ', drog ` a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side ' are, as late Latin
drungus ` troop ' borrowed from Germanic (see below trenq-
trenq-1).
References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.
Page(s): 252-255
Root / lemma: dher- ereu-, dhrē̆n-

er-3, dhereu-
Meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words
Material: Gr. θόρυβος ` woozy noise', θορυβέω `make a noise, bewilder', τονθορύζω
`grumble, murmle', τονθρύς φωνή Hes.; θρῦλος m. `murmur, din, fuss, noise', θρῡλέω
`murmle, babble'; θρέομαι (*-F-) `cry loudly', τερθρεία èmpty gossip, subtleness ',
τερθρεύομαι `make empty gossip' (see Boisacq s. v.), θρόος, θροῦς ` loud cry ', θροέω `
shout, let become loud ';
Old Saxon drōm, Old English drēam m. ` making a glad noise, jubilation ' (different
Kluge KZ. 26, 70: as `*troop, multitude, crowd', *ðrauɣma-, to Gothic draúhts); Old English
dora m. `bumblebee' (*ðuran-), engl. dorr- `cockchafer';
redupl. Latvian duñduris `big, giant gadfly, brake, wasp', deñderis (?) ` weeping knave,
boy' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 455).
Also for Celtic and Balto-Slavic words, are mentioned under der- `murmur', Indo
Germanic anlaut dh- comes in question.
dhren-
ren-:
Old Indic dhráṇati ` sounds ' (Dhātup.);
gr. θρῆνος m. `funeral song, lament, dirge', θρηνέω ` lamentation ', θρώναξ κηφήν
(drone) Hes., τεν-θρήνη ` hornet ', ἀν-θρήνη (*ἀνθο-θρήνη) ` forest bee '; Old Saxon dreno,
Old High German treno `drone', lengthened grade Old Saxon drān ds., also Old English
drān drǣn f. `drone'; zero grade Gothic drunjus ` clangor ', Norwegian dryn n. ` low shout',
drynja ` low roar, bellow', Low German drönen ` make noise, talk slowly and monotonously
' (out of it Modern High German dröhnen).
An anlaut doublet maybe lies in Lithuanian trãnas, Old Church Slavic *trǫtъ, *trǫdъ
`drone' before; compare Trautmann 326.
s-extension in Middle Irish drēsacht ` creaky or squeaking noise ', gall.-Latin drēnsō, -
āre `cry (of swan)', ndd. drunsen ` low roar, bellow', Dutch drenzeln ` whimper ', Hessian
drensen ` groan ', Modern High German dial. trensen ` elongated roar, bellow' (from cows).
A Guttural-extension probably in Armenian dṙnč̣im `blow the horn, toot' (*dhrēnk-) and
Old Irish drēcht `song, tale ' (*dhrenktā), proto Slavic. *drǫkъ (*dhr̥nk-) in sloven. drok
`pestle' etc;
perhaps Tocharian A träṅk-, В treṅk- `speak'.
References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Mél. Pedersen 95 ff.
Page(s): 255-256
Root / lemma: (dher-4: dhor-

er-4:) or- : dher-
Meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm
Material: Old Indic dhā́rā `stream, ray, drip, sperm ';
gr. (Ionian) θορός, θορή ` manly sperm ', θορίσκεσθαι ` absorb sperm ', poetically
θρῴσκω, Attic θρῴσκω, Fut. θοροῦμαι, Aor. ἔθορον `spring', θρωσμός ` protrusion, hill'
(θρω- from*dherǝ-, because of о of the secondary forms is developed to *dhore-, dhorǝ-,
θρω-);
from a base dhereu-: θόρνυμαι, θορνύομαι ` spring, jump ' (oρ probably Aeolian instead
of αρ from ṛ) compare θαρνεύει ὀχεύει. σπείρει. φυτεύει Hes., θάρνυσθαι ὀχεύειν Hes.;
θοῦρος `stormy, boisterous ' probably from *θορFος (Bechtel Lexil. 167);
Middle Irish dar- ` spring, jump', Impf. no-daired, preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. dāir, Gen.
dāra, myth. PN Dāire (*dhāri̯o-s), der `girl', cymr. -derig `rutting, in heat'.
References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696, 708.
Page(s): 256
Root / lemma: dher-

er-5, dhrei-
rei-d-
Meaning: to defecate
Note: (whether related to dher-
er-1 `muddy residuum ' and dher-
er-4?)
Material: Latin foria Pl. `diarrhea' (by Varro of pigs), foriō, -īre `defecate';
gr. δαρδαίνει μολύνει (*dhr̥-d-) Hes., after Fick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from θαρ-
θ- with fractured reduplication or from θαρ-δ- with the same formant -d- as the i-extension
dhr-ei-d-; very dubious;
Lithuanian der-k-iù der̃kti ` soil with feculence, defecate '.
Maybe alb. Geg derdh, Tosc derth (*der-k-) ` release semen, pour ' [common alb. -k- > -th-
, -g- > -dh-]
dhr-ei-
ei-d-:
Old Norse drīta (dreit), Old English drītan, Middle Dutch ndd. drīten, Old High German
trīzan ` defecate ', o-grade Old Norse dreita `make defecate', zero grade Middle English
nengl. dirt (from *drit), Old Icelandic drit, Flemish drits, trets ` filth, faeces ', westfäl. driǝt `
scared shitless, the defecated ';
russ. dial. dristátь ` have diarrhea', Bulgarian drískam, dríštъ `have diarrhea', serb.
drískati, dríćkati, Czech dřístati ds. (Slavic *drisk-, *drist- from *dhreid-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker
224).

Page(s): 256
Root / lemma: dhers

ers-
Meaning: to dare
Note: (also with -i-, -u- extended)
Material: Old Indic dhr̥ṣ-ṇṓ-ti, dhárṣ-ati ` is audacious, courageous, ventures', dhr̥ṣú-
(Gramm.), dhr̥ṣa
́ t ` hearty ' (= Avestan darǝšat̃), dhr̥ṣṇú- `bold, valiant, gamy, audacious,
cheeky ', dhr̥ṣṭá- ` insolent, cheeky ', dhr̥ṣita- `bold, gamy', dādhr̥ṣi- ` intrepid, bold', with
object dharṣayati ` ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes ', dharṣaṇa- n. àttack,
maltreatment ', dharṣaka- ` attacking, assaulting '; Avestan daršam Adv. `violent, very',
darši-, daršyu-, daršita- `bold', Old pers. adaršnauš ` he ventured ', dādarsi- EN;
gr. Lesbian θέρσος n. ` courage, boldness' (hom. Θερσίτης ` bold, cheeky '), with from
Adj. displaced zero grade Ionian Old Attic θάρσος (Attic θάρρος) ds., Attic θράσος n. `
courage, boldness; audacity, brashness ', θαρσέω, θαρρέω `be gamy', θαρσύς (rhod.
Θαρσύβιος, ther. Θhαρύμαqhος), θρασύς `bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky ' (= Old Indic
dhr̥ṣú-), Lesbian Adv. θροσέως, θάρσῡνος ` courageous, confident, trusting ' (*θαρσο-
σῡνος);
Latin infestus ` aggressive, hostile, dangerous ', infestāre ` to attack, disquiet ' and
manifestus ` palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected ' (*dhers-to-);
Gothic ga-dars (: Old Indic Perf. dadhárṣa ` has had the audacity '), Inf. gadaúrsan, ` I
venture ', Old Saxon gidurran, Old English dear, durran, Old High German (gi)tar,
(gi)turran `venture, risk', Old High German giturst, Old English gedyrst f. `boldness,
audacity ' (= Old Indic dr̥ṣṭí-ḥ `boldness');
Maybe alb. (*(gi)tar) guxoj `dare' : Old High German (gi)tar, (gi)turran `venture, risk'.
Lithuanian nasalized Lithuanian dręsù `dare, venture' (*dhrensō), drįstù, drį̃sti (dhrn̥s-)
`venture, risk', drąsà (*dhrons-) `forwardness', drąsùs = Latvian drùošs `gamy, brave'
(*dhrons-; Old Lithuanian still drįsùs and dransniaus); without nasalization Old Prussian
dīrstlan `stately' and dyrsos `proficient' (*dirsu-);
here perhaps Tocharian A tsär `rough', tsraṣi `strong', В tsirauñe ` strength '.
References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.
Page(s): 259
Root / lemma: dheub

eu h-, dhubh-
Meaning: spike, wedge
Note: uncertain, because almost only Germanic
Material: Gr. τύφοι σφῆνες Hes.
diminutive Middle High German tübel, Middle Low German dövel `clot, chunk, peg, plug,
spigot, nail' (Modern High German Döbel, Dübel with md. anlaut), Old High German tubila,
-i ` spigot ', engl. dowel-pin `peg, plug, pin'; Middle Low German dövicke, Dutch deuvik `
spigot '; Swedish Norwegian dubb `peg, plug', Tirol tuppe `big piece of wood', Middle Low
German dob(b)el, Middle High German top(p)el `dice, cube'. Besides Germanic words the
meaning `hit': East Frisian dufen, duven `bump, poke', Dutch dof ` shove, stroke', Old
Icelandic dubba, Old English dubbian ` knight, make a man a knight ', East Frisian dubben
`bump, poke'; there it also gives Germanic *ðaƀ- `hit' (see below dhā̆bh- `marvel'), could be
a new variant of *ðuƀ- (perhaps come about under the help of words for `peg, plug, spigot
').

Page(s): 268
Root / lemma: dheu-

eu-b-, dheu-
eu-p-
Meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters
Note:
Note
The shift gʷ- > -b- , kʷ- > -p- is a common gr. hence all other IE tongues borrowed Root
Root /
lemma: dheu-
eu-b-, dheu-
eu-p- : `deep, dark' from respectively proto Illyrian gr. dheu-
eu-gʷ-, dheu-
eu-kʷ-.
But proto Illyrian gr. dheu-
eu-gʷ-, dheu-
eu-kʷ- is an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl (Eberts
RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā) it seems that Baltic
languages derived the concept of `deep' from Illyrian `black, dark', hence from Root /
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-):: `to
lemma: dheu-
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.' derived Root / lemma: dheu-
eu-b-, dheu-
eu-p-
: `deep, *dark'.
Material: forms in -b:
gr. βυθός, Ionian βυσσός m. `depth (of the sea)', probably reconverted with metathesis
from *dhub-;
maybe alb. (*byssa-h), bytha `buttocks, backside hole' : gr. βυθός, Ionian βυσσός m.
`depth (of the sea)' [common alb. -s- > -th-] the same formation as poln. dupa `buttocks,
backside hole', Serbo-Croatian dȕpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks '.
after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN Δόβηρος (*dhubēr-), Δέβρη (*dheubrā);
Also alb. PN Dibra
Illyrian δύβρις θάλασσα (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in alb. Tosc FlN Tubra, Drove etc
(Pokorny Urillyrier 99);
Old Irish domain, fu-dumain, cymr. dwfn, corn. down, bret. doun (i.e. dun) `deep
(*dhubni-), gall. dubno-, dumno- `world' (Dubno-rīx actually ` world king'), Old Irish domun
ds., acymr. annwf(y)n, ncymr. annwn ` God's kingdom and the underworld ' (*an-duƀno-
actually ` underworld, outside world ' as Old Icelandic ūt-garðr); s. also under S. 268 Slavic
*dъbno;
maybe alb. (*diep) djep `(*deep) cradle, hollowed wood' : poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. ` tree
hole '.
Gothic diups, Old Icelandic diūpr, Old English dēop, Old Saxon diop, Old High German
tiof `deep'; Gothic daupjan, Old English dīepan, Old Saxon dōpian, Old High German
toufen ` baptize ' (actually `dive'), Old Icelandic deypa `dive'; with -pp-: Norwegian duppa
`dive' and j-formation, Old English dyppan `dive; baptize', ndd. düppen, Old High German
tupfen `bathe, wash'; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa `swing' (from barge); with gemin.
voiced-nonaspirated Norwegian dubba ` bend down ', dobbe ` marshy land' (compare
Wissmann Nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Norwegian dump m. `dent in the earth',
Danish dial. dump `cavity, lowland, depression', engl. dump ` deep hole full with water ',
Old High German tum(p)filo `whirlpool', Middle High German tümpfel, Modern High
German (from Ndd.) Tümpel ` deep place in the flowing or standing water; puddle ', engl.
dimple ` cheek dimple ', Dutch domp(el)en `dive, sink';
Lithuanian dubùs `deep, hollow', in addition FlN Dùbė, Dubingà and Dubýsa (= cymr.
FlN Dyfi from *Dubīsā, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), dùgnas `bottom' (probably because of
Latvian dibens from *dùbnas = Slavic *dъbno, gall. dubno-; s. die Lithuanian by Berneker
245 f.); also the FlN wruss. Dubna (= Latvian Dybnòja) `the deep river' and the Old
Prussian PN Dum(p)nis, Dubna show still bn; dumbù, dùbti ` become hollow, sink in ',
daubà, dauburỹs `gorge, ravine, gulch', dúobti `hollow out', duobė̃ `cave' (Latvian duôbs,
duôbjš `deep, hollow', dùobe `pit, pothole, grave' with uo from ōu?), dubuõ, -eñs ` basin ',
duburỹs, dūburỹs, dubur̃kis ` pit full of water, hole, pool ', nasalized dumburỹs ` deep hole
full with water ', dum̃blas `slime, mud, morass' (yet see above S. 261); Latvian dubęns
(besides dibęns) `ground, bottom' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt `
become hollow, sink in ', dubl'i Pl. m. òrdure, morass'; Old Prussian padaubis `valley' and
daubo f. `ground' (compare above S. 249);
Old Bulgarian dъbrь (and out of it dъbrъ) `φάραγξ, gorge, ravine, gulch' (: Latvian dubra
`puddle, slop'); Church Slavic dъno (*dъbno) `ground, bottom'; about den FlN pomerell.
Dbra s. S. 264.
forms in -p:
Old High German tobal, Middle High German tobel `narrow valley', Modern High
German Tobel; Old Swedish dūva probably stem V. `dive', Old Icelandic dūfa `press
downwards', dȳfa, deyfa `dive', Old English dīefan, dūfan ds., engl. dive, Middle Low
German bedūven ` flooded, be coated ', bedoven ` sunk down ';
Slavic *dupa f. in sloven. dúpa ` burrow ', Czech doupa `hole', Old Bulgarian dupina
`cave', mbg. russ.-Church Slavic dupl'ь `hollow, light', russ. dupɫó n. `cavity in tree truck',
Serbo-Croatian dȕpe, Gen. -eta ` buttocks ', dúplja ` tree hollow ', old dupan `cave' etc;
ablaut. poln. dziupɫo n., dziupla f. ` tree hole ' etc
Note:
From Slavic languages Root / lemma: dheu-

eu-b-, dheu-
eu-p- : `deep, *dark, bottom' passed to
Altaic languages:
Protoform: *tū́pè ( ˜ *ti̯ūpì, *č-)
Meaning: bottom
Meaning:
Turkic protoform: *dǖp
Mongolian protoform: *dow-
Note: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *dō- 'to sit down (of birds)',
suggested in ТМС 1, 211, is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic
case of *-p`-suffixation.
from here as *dheu-g-: Germanic *dū̆-k-, *du-kk- `tauchen = dive, sich ducken = crouch'?
References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.

Page(s): 267-268
Root / lemma: dheugh-

eugh-
Meaning: to touch, press, milk
Material: Indo-iran. *dhaugh- `milk' in Old Indic duháti, athematic dógdhi `milked', the
desirable cow Kāma-duh(ā) ` the plentifully bestowing ' (= gr. Τύχη), pers. dōɣ, dōxtän etc,
Old pers. han-dugā ` proclamation ' (compare Latin pro-mulgāre);
gr. τυγχάνω (τεύξομαι, ἔτυχον, ἐτύχησα, τετύχηκα) `meet, find, meet by chance; achieve
a purpose or an aim; intr. to find oneself, and be close ', τύχη ` success, luck, destiny, lot ',
goddess Tύχη (probably originally a the desirable cow?); τεύχω (τεύξω, Aor. ἔτευξα, hom.
τετυκεῖν, Med. τετύκοντο, τετυκέσθαι - with sek. k -, Perf. τετευχώς, τέτυκται, τετεύχαται) `
make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce ', τιτύσκομαι ` to make, make ready,
prepare ', τεῦχος n. ` all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment,
weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel ';
Irish dūan ` a poem, ode, song ' (*dhughnā), dūal ` fitting' (*dhughlo-);
Old Icelandic Inf. duga, present dugi, preterit dugða ` be useful, be suitable for, succeed
', preterit present Gothic daug, Old English dēag, Old Saxon dōg, Old High German toug `
it is good for, is useful ', Kaus. Middle Low German dӧ̄gen ` withstand ', Old Saxon ā-
dōgian `ds., sort, order, arrange', Old English gedīegan `bear, endure, come through '; Old
High German tuht ` skillfulness, power ', Middle High German tühtec, Modern High
German tüchtig = Old English dyhtig ` stalwart ' (about Gothic dauhts ` feast ' s. Feist 116);
Lithuanian daũg `much, a lot of', dáuginti ` increase, intensify '; russ. dúžij etc `strong'.
References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtIE. 1, 238 ff.
Page(s): 271
Root / lemma: dheu-

eu-1
Meaning: to run, *stream, flow
Material: Old Indic dhávatē `runs, streams ', lengthened grade dhā́vati ds., dhāutí-ḥ f.
`wellspring, stream, brook'; Middle Persian dawīdan `run, hurry', pām. dav- `run, rush';
Maybe alb. (*dhu̯eti) dēti ` sea ' : Middle Irish dōe `sea' common alb. attribute nouns
suffixed in -t formant. [see alb. numbers].
gr θέω, ep. also θείω, Fut θεύσομαι `run'; lak. σῆ τρέχε Hes.; θοός `quick, fast', βοη-
θόος ` auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend ', in addition βοηθέω (instead of
*βοηθοέω) `help', θοάζω ` move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast ';
gr.-Illyrian δυάν κρήνην Hes.;
Old Norse dǫgg, Gen. dǫggwar (*dawwō), Old English dēaw, Old Saxon dau, Old High
German tou, Modern High German Тau (*dawwa-);
doubtful Middle Irish dōe `sea' (*dheu̯iā) as ` the violently moving ';
Maybe Illyrian TN Tau-lanti (wetland, swamp): Modern High German Тau (*dawwa-)
here probably *dhu-ro- in thrak. FlN ᾽Α-θύρας (*n̥-dhu-r-) and in numerous Venetic-Illyrian
FlN, so Illyrian Duria (Hungarian), Modern High German Tyra, Thur, older Dura (Alsace,
Switzerland), northern Italy Dora, Doria, French Dore, Doire, Doron, iber. Durius, Turia etc
(Pokorny Urill. 2, 10, 79, 105, 113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);
Note:
Finally the ancient Dorian tribe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of Illyrian origin.
Their name meant `river people' since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river
boats. Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was
similar to the Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.
maybe Illyrian (*Durra-hion) Dyrrhachium -i, n. a port in Illyria.
after Rozwadowski (Rev. Slavic 6, 58 ff.) here the FlN Düna, west-Slavic Dvina
(*dhu̯einā), borrowed as Finnish väinä `wide river', Estonian väin(a) ` straits ', syrj. `dyn `
estuary '.

Page(s): 259-260
eu-2, dhu̯-ēi-
Root / lemma: dheu- ēi-
Meaning: to vanish, faint, die
Material: Gothic diwans (*dhéu̯-ono-) `perishable, mortal', ablaut. Old High German
touwen, Old Saxon dōian `die', Old Norse deyja, dō (*dōw), dāinn `die'; (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic dauÞs ` dead ', also af-dauiÞs `
afflicted ', Old High German tōt, Old English dēad, Old Norse dauðr ` dead ', Gothic
dauÞus `death', Old High German tōd, Old English dēaÞ, Old Norse dauð-r, -ar and dauðe
`death';
Old Irish duine (*dhu-n-i̯o-), Pl. dōini (*dheu̯en-i̯o-), cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den `person'
(`mortal, human being', Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under ĝhðem-
hðem-;
perhaps Latin fūnus (fōnus?) n. ` a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death;
destruction, ruin; a cause of ruin ', whether from *dheu̯(e)-nos ` in death '; formally,
nevertheless, exactly = Old Irish n. s-stem dūn `fortress', probably originally ` hill castle '
eu-4 S. 263);
(see below dheu-
Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.
after Marstrander Prés. à nasale inf. 151 here Old Irish -deda ` dwindles away ' from
*dhe-dhu̯-ā-t; compare also above under dhē-3;
in Germanic also the meaning ` insensible, become unconscious ', awnord. dā (*dawa) `
unconsciousness, faint, swoon ', preterit dō also ` became numbed ' (of limbs), Old
Swedish dāna ` faint, pass out ', Norwegian daana ` become stiff, become lame (from
limbs), faint, pass out ' (Ableit. from participle dāinn), isl. doði ` insensibility ', doðna `
become unfeeling, became numbed ', Gothic usdauÞs ` not indolent, diligent, active, quick,
unwearied, indefatigable, energetic, eager ', Old High German tawalōn ` to dwindle, to die
', Dutch dauwel ` sluggish woman '; further Old Norse dā also ` delight of the soul '
(`*anesthetization '), dā (*dawēn) ` admire, venerate '; Old Norse dān f. `death'.
extension dhu̯-ēi-
ēi-: dhu̯-ī- in:
Armenian di, Gen. dioy ` dead body, corpse', Old Irish dīth (*dhu̯ītu-) ènd, death'; Old
English dwīnan (stem V.) ` abate, dwindle ', besides dem nōn-Verb Old Norse duīna and
duena ds.; Old English dwǣscan ` annul, annihilate ' (*dwaiskjan), Lithuanian dvìsti `die'
(Būga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123).
Maybe alb. Tosc (dvìsti) vdes, Geg dekë `die' [commom alb. -s- > -k- shift].
Clearly from Root / lemma: dheu̯es-

es-, dhu̯ē̆s-, dheus-
es eus-, dhū̆s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc.
eu-2, dhu̯-ēi-
*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: dheu- ēi- : `to
vanish, faint, die'.
As Lithuanian dvìsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the
spirit, perish, die ' (see below);
References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.
Page(s): 260-261
Root / lemma: dheu-

eu-3
Meaning: shining, to shine
Material: Old Indic dhavalá- `gleaming white', dhā́vati `makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills
', Avestan fraδavata ` rubbed off (cleaning) ';
gr. θοός . . . λαμπρός, θοῶσαι . . . λαμπρῦναι Hes., ὀδόντες λευκὰ θέοντες Ps.-Hsd.,
θαλέιον καθαρόν. καὶ θωλέον Hes. (Kontr. from *θοFαλέος).
References: WP. I 835, Schulze KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.
Page(s): 261
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-)
Root / lemma: dheu-
Root
Meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.
Material:
Hittite: tuḫḫai- (I) ' be in labor, have labor pains ', tuḫḫima- c. ' be in labor, labor pains,
pains of child-birth ' (Friedricḫ 226); tuḫḫuwai- (tuḫḫui-) c. ' dense smoke?, fume, smog? '
(227)
With m-formant:
Old Indic dhūmá-ḥ m. `smoke, vapor', dhūmāyati ` smokes, steams ' = Latin fūmāre
`smoke, steam, reek, fume', formal also = Old High German tūmōn ` turn in circles ';
gr. θῡμός `breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath'
(θῡμιάω still purely sensually `smoke, fumigate '; θῡμάλ-ωψ ` charcoal pile ', θυμικός `
ardent ', θῡμαίνω `rage against' etc);
Latin fūmus ` smoke, steam, vapor ' (fūmāre see above);
Lithuanian dū́mai Pl. `smoke', Latvian dũmi Pl., Old Prussian dumis ds.;
Old Church Slavic dymъ `smoke';
maybe alb. Tosc tym `fume' [common alb. d- > t- shift.] : also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb
`hurt, ache', dhimbje `pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].
Note:
Clearly from Root / lemma: dhem-
em-, dhemǝ
emǝ- : `to smoke; to blow' derived Root / lemma:
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-):: `to reel,
dheu-
dissipate, blow, etc.'.
with ŭ: Middle Irish dumacha Pl. `fog' (nir. dumhach from *dhumuko- ` misty, dark'); gr.
θύμος, -ον ` thyme ' (strong-smelling plant as also θύμβρα, θύμβρον `Satureja thymbra L.'
s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to russ. dubrávka, dubróvka
`Potentilla Tormentilla', that after Berneker 215 to Old Church Slavic dǫmbъ òak' [see
below S. 264] belongs).
maybe truncated alb. (*dhumusk-) dushk ` oak' : Latvian dumûksnis `swamp, marsh' : Old
Church Slavic dǫmbъ òak' not from alb. drushk ` oak', dru- `tree, wood' because alb. dr- >
d- shift is not common.
Latin fimus `crap, muck, manure' (as *dhu̯-i-mos due to growing from suffio, -īre);
with Indo Germanic ou: Old High German toum `vapor, haze, mist, Duft', Old Saxon
dōmian `steam'.
In addition coloring adjective the meaning ` smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal ': Old Indic
dhūmrá- ` smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind)', dhūmala- ` smoke-
color, puce ';
Lithuanian dum̃blas `slime, mud, moor on the bottom of pond ', Latvian dubl'i `slime,
mud, ordure' (presumably = Old Indic dhūmra-; compare but under S. 268 and
Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 509), Latvian dũmal'š ` swart, brown', dũmaîns ` smoke-color ',
dumjš, fem. dumja ` dark brown, paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid ', dumûksnis
`swamp, marsh', dumbra zeme `black moorland ', dum̃bris, dum̃brs ` spring, fountain,
moor, morass ' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names
after the color Schulze Kl. Schr. 114);
compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Latvian dûńi, dùńas Pl. `slime, mud';
with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: Latvian dûksne, dùkste `swamp,
marsh, pool, morass' :dũkans ` a red-brown hue, swart ';
with -g-: Latvian duga ` the glutinous mucus which swims on the water ', dugains ûdens
` impure water ', dugains uguns ` dark, clouded flame ', dungans ` a red-brown hue ' (if
latter not from *dumgans, compare bal̃gans `whitish', salgans ` sugary ');
with -t- Tocharian В tute `yellow'?
With l-formant :
Old Indic dhūli-, dhūlī f. ` dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen ', dhūlikā `fog', alb.
dëlënjë, dëllinjë ` juniper ' (as ` wood smoking chips ', from *dhūlīni̯o-);
Maybe alb. dyllë `wax, bee wax' : Lithuanian dū́lis m., Latvian dũlãjs, dũlẽjs ` smoker,
smoking incense incense to drive away the bees ' (see below).
Note:
Maybe alb. dëllinjë ` juniper ' derived from Root / lemma: dhā̆l- : ` to blossom, be green ' :
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ-: `to reel, dissipate,
alb. (*dalīni̯ā) dëlinjë `juniper' similar to Root / lemma: dheu-
blow, etc.'.
Latin fūlīgo ` soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows '
Note: common Latin d- > f- shift
Middle Irish dūil ` wish, desire ' (*mind boiling , as θῡμός `the soul'), Lithuanian dū́lis m. `
smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees '
Maybe alb. dyllë, dylli ` bee wax '.
Lithuanian dùlkė `mote, speck'; Latvian dũlãjs, dũlẽjs ` a more smoking than burning torch
to take the honey from the bees '; Lithuanian dul̃svas ` smoke-color, mouse grey';
changing through ablaut russ. dúlo ` barrel (of a gun, a cannon '), dúlьce ` mouth piece of
a wind instrument ' (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slavic derivatives of duti `blow').
Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:
Note:
Old Indic and alb. prove that Root / lemma: dāu- ǝu-, dū̆- : `to burn' derived from Root /
dāu-, dǝu-
eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-) : `to
lemma: dheu-
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.
Maybe alb. dhunoj `violate, rape', dhunë `violence';

Old Indic dhūnṓti (dhunōti, dhuváti) ` shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates ', Fut.
dhaviṣyati, Perf. dudhāva, Pass. dhūyáte, participle dhutá-ḥ, dhūtá-ḥ `shaken, agitated',
Middle Persian dīt `smoke'; Old Indic dhunāti ` moves to and fro, shakes ', participle
dhūnāna-, dhūni- f. `the shaking', dhūnayati ` moves to and fro, shakes ', dhavítram n. `
flabellum, whisk ', dhavitavyà- ` fan, ventilate '; Avestan dvaidī ` we both beset '? (*du-
vaidī); Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53 places here Old Indic dhvajati (Dhp. 7, 44), Avestan dvažaiti `
flutters ' (in addition Old Indic dhvajá-ḥ `banner, ensign, flag') from *dhu̯-eg- (?);
Armenian de-dev-im ` sway, swing ' (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvajá-ḥ
Old Indic dō-dhavīti);
gr. θύ̄ω (ἔθῡσα), Lesbian θυίω ` storm along, roar, rave, smoke ' (*dhu-i̯ō, υ: from θύ̄σω,
ἔδῡσα, as also ū in Old Indic Pass. dhūyáte and Old Norse dȳja `shake' neologism is; in
the meaning `rage' maybe from *dhusi̯ō, s. dheu̯es-), θυάω, θυάζω ds., θύελλα `storm' (see
S. 269 unter dheu̯es-), ep. θύ̄νω ` roam, therefore blow, rage ' (*θυνFω), θυνέω ds.
(*θυνέFω), θῦνος πόλεμος, ὁρμή, δρόμος Hes. with the meaning `smoke (smoke offering),
smell': θύ̄ω (θύ̄σω), τέθῠκα ` sacrifice ', θυσία `sacrifice, oblation', θῦμα ` sacrificial animal
', θύος n. ` incense (hence Latin tūs ìncense, frankincense'), oblation, sacrifice, oblation'
(therefrom θυεία `mortar' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian)
Maybe alb. thuk `mortar', thyenj `break, grind'.
gr. θυόεις, θυήεις ` laden with incense, odorous, fragrant ', θύον ` a tree whose wood was
burned because of its fragrance ', θυία, θύα ` an African tree with scented wood ', θυηλή `
oblation ' ( : Ionian θυαλήματα : Attic θῡλήματα, *θῠFα- : *θυ:-, s. Bechtel Lex. 168 f.,
Boisacq s. v.), θῠμέλη ` sacrificial altar, altar'.
On the base of the meaning `(together) whirl' θί̄ς, θῑνός `heap, sandpile, esp. dune,
sandbank, heaps generally ', from *θF-ῑν, shaped as ακτί̄ν-, γλωχί̄ν-, δελφί̄ν-, ὠδί̄ν-,
compare gr. θίλα `heap' (Hes.), to meaning under Modern High German Düne; barely with
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5702 to Old Indic dhíṣṇya- ` litter put on earth ';
alb. Geg dêj, Tosc dënj `fuddle', Med. ` dwindle away, melt ' (*deuni̯ō, compare Gothic
dauns ` fume, haze, mist'), dêjet ` flows, melts ';
Maybe alb. dêje `vein (where the blood flows)', duf àir blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old
English dofian `rage' : Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' (see below), also duplicated alb. (*duh-
duh) dudë `gum'.
Latin suf-fiō, -fīre ` to fumigate, perfume; to warm ' (suffīmentum ` incense '; about fĭmus
see above) from *-dhu̯-ii̯ō, as fio òf persons and things, to be made, come into existence;
with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be
done; of events, to happen ' from *bhu̯-ii̯ō, foeteo, -ēre èvil smell, stink' due to a participle
*dhu̯-oi-to-s (as pūteō from *pūtos);
Note:
common Latin d- > f- shift. Clearly Latin suffio -ire `to fumigate' derived from an Illyrian alb.
duf `blow'.
here (as *piled up) gall., proto Irish Δοῦνον, latin. dūnum, Old Irish n. s-stem dūn ( :
Latin fūnus, s. S. 260) `castle' (*hill), acymr. din (ncymr. dinas) ds.; Old Irish dú(a)ë, arch.
dóë ` bulwark, rampart, wall' (*dhōu̯io
̯ -); Old Irish dumae m. `hill', gall. GN Dumiatis; also
Old Irish dé f. Gen. dīad `smoke', Middle Irish dethach ds. (*dhu̯ii̯at-);
Old English dūn m. f. `height, mountain', engl. down ` sand-hill, dune', mnl. dūne, Middle
Low German dǖne, out of it Modern High German Düne; compare to meaning klr. vý-dma
`dune' to Slavic dъmǫ `blow'; whereas is Germanic *tū-na- ` fence, a preserved place '
(Old Icelandic Old English tūn ds., `town, city', Modern High German Zaun) probably Celtic
loanword;
Old Norse dȳja `shake' see above;
Gothic dauns f. ` sweet scent, smoke ' (*dhou-ni), Old Norse daunn m. ` fetidness '
(compare alb. dej; about Old High German Modern High German dunst see below the root
form *dheu̯es-); Old Norse dūnn m. `down feather (*fan)' (out of it Middle Low German
dūne, whereof again Modern High German Daune `soft loose fluffy feathers, as on young
birds'; compare Middle Dutch donst ` down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash)' = German
Dunst ` fume '; s. Falk-Тогp under dun); Old Saxon dununga ` delusion ' (ŭ or ū?); Old
Icelandic dūni `fire';
Lithuanian dujà f. `mote, speck', dujė ` down feather (*fan) '; dvỹlas ` black, black-
headed ', ablaut. dùlas ` grayish ';
Slavic *dujǫ, *duti (e.g. russ. dúju, dutь) `blow', changing through ablaut *dyjǫ in sloven.
díjem, díti ` blow, smell, breathe quietly '; Old Church Slavic dunǫ dunǫti (*dhoun-) `blow'
(changing through ablaut with Old Indic dhū̆-nóti, -nāti, gr. θύ̄νω);
Tocharian A twe, В tweye `dust'.

compare still perhaps identical proto root *dheu- `run, flow'.
Root extensions:
I. bh-extension: dheub
eu h- ` fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the
reflection '.
Gr. τύφω (θῦψαι, τῠφῆναι) ` smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; Pass.
smoke, give off vapor, gleam ', m. τῦφος ` smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly,
silly pride ';
Maybe poln. duma ` pride ', dumny ` proud '.
τετῡφῶσθαι `be brainless, conceited, haughty', τῡφῶς, -ῶ or -ῶνος `whirlwind,

thunderstorm ', τῡφεδών, -όνος ` disastrous fire ', τῡφεδανός, τῡφογέρων ` feeble-minded
age '; τυφλός `blind, dark, stupid ', τυφλόω ` blind ', τυφλώψ `blind', τυφλώσσω `become
blind'.
Old Irish dub (*dhubhu-) `black', acymr. dub (*dheubh-), ncymr. du, acorn. duw, mcorn.
du, bret. dū́ `black', gall. Dubis ` Le Doubs (eastern France) ', i.e. ` black, dark water ';
probably also Middle Irish dobur `water', cymr. dwfr, corn. dour (i.e. dowr), bret. dour (i.e.
dur) ds., gall. Uerno-dubrum river name (àlder water ') are named after the same
observation;
however, maybe there are Celtic words with Indo Germanic b which must be assumed that
belong to dheub- `deep' (under S. 268), because `deep' and `black' could be slightly
identical.
So can the pomerell. FlN Dbra (*dъbra) be identical just as well with Latvian dubra, Church
Slavic dъbrь.
Note:
Root / lemma: dheu-

eu-b-, dheu- eu-4, dheu̯ǝ-
eu-p- : `deep, *dark' derived from Root / lemma: dheu-
(presumably: dhu̯ē-, compare the extension dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-):: `to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.'.
Gothic daufs (-b-) `deaf, obdurate', Old Norse daufr `deaf, idle', Old English dēaf `deaf',
Old High German toup (-b-) `deaf, obtuse, foolish', Old Norse deyfa, Middle High German
touben ` deafen, stun, make feeble ', changing through ablaut Low German duff `muggy
(air), dim (color), muted (sound)';
Maybe alb. duf àir blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English dofian `rage'.
Dutch dof, Middle High German top ` senseless, brainless, crazy ',
Maybe alb. topis `stun';
ō-Verb: Old High German tobon, Old Saxon dovōn ` be mad ', Old English dofian `rage', ē-
Verb: Old High German tobēn, Modern High German toben, as well as (as participle a
stem V.) Old Norse dofinn ` dull, limp, half-dead ', wherefore dofna ` limp, become stale ';
Old Norse dupt n. `dust', Norwegian duft, dyft f. ds., Middle High German tuft, duft `haze,
mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost ', Old High German tuft `frost', Modern High German Duft `fine
smell, odor' (or zur root form dheup-, see below); Gothic (hraiwa-) dūbō, Old Norse dūfa,
Old English dūfe, Old High German tūba ` dove, pigeon ' (after the dark color). Nasalized
Gothic dumbs, Old Norse dumbr, Old English dumb ` dumb ', Old High German tumb `
silent, stupid, incomprehensibe ', Old Saxon dumb ` oafish '. However, a *dhu-m-bhos
`dark' seems to be supported also by Slavic (see below).
Maybe expressive alb. Tosc dudum ` dumb '
Perhaps (Berneker 215) Old Church Slavic dǫbъ òak, then tree generally ' as `tree with
dark heartwood ' as Latin rōbur. Against it can be by Latvian dumbra zeme `black
moorland ' etc b Einschublaut between m and r, see above, also by Lithuanian dum̃blas
`slime, mud' (Middle High German tümpfel, Modern High German Tümpel, Prellwitz KZ.
42, 387, rather to Modern High German tief, Middle Low German dumpelen ` submerge ',
s.Schulze SBpr.Ak. 1910, 791 = Kl. Schr. 114).
ūp- in: Old Indic dhūpa- m. `smoke, incense ', Old High German tūvar, tūbar `
Besides dhūp-
phrenetical ' (also in Duft? see above).
2. dh-extension: dheu-
eu-dh- ` whirl, shake, confuse through another'.
Old Indic dṓdhat- ` stupefying, vehement, raving ', dúdhi-, dudhra- ` boisterous ',
probably also dúdhita- (epithet of tamas ` darkness ') perhaps ` confused, thick';
gr. θύσσεται τινάσσεται Hes. (*θυθι̯εται), θύσανος ` tassel ', hom. θυσσανόεις `
festooned with tassels or fringes ' from *θυθι̯α (*dhudhi̯a = Latvian duža `bundle'), τευθίς,
τεῦθος, τευθός ` squid ' (`misting, muddling the water ');
Germanic *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-: Danish dude, older dudde ` ryegrass,
darnel ' (but about isl. doðna ` become insensitive ' see above S. 260), Low German
dudendop, -hop ` drowsy person', Old Frisian dud ` anesthetization ', Norwegian dudra
`tremble', Old English dydrian ` deceive '; with -dd-: engl. dial. dudder `bewilder', dodder
`tremble, wobble, sway', engl. dodder ` any plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various
choking or climbing weeds '; with -tt-: Middle Dutch dotten, dutten ` be crazy ', Middle Low
German vordutten `bewilder', Middle High German vertutzen, betützen ` become deaf, but
get collectedness ', isl. dotta ` fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because of exhaustion ';
similarly, on the basis of *dhu̯edh-: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl', dwatsk ` oafish,
eccentric ', Jütisch dvot ` suffering from Coenurus cerebralis '; Swedish dodra, Middle High
German toter m. ` yellow plant, dodder ', Middle English doder, nengl. dodder ` any plant of
the genus Cuscuta, comprising leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it
attaches itself to some other plant as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by
the plant that supports it ', Dutch (vlas)-doddre ds. After Falk-Torp under dodder if the word
was transferred as a name for certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: Old Saxon dodro,
Old High German totoro, Old English dydring ègg - yellow ' (-ing prove the derivative of
plant name); rather has been for it `clump' = ` thick mass' in contrast to melting egg white
the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare Norwegian dudra `tremble' the elastic
shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare Old Icelandic doðr-kvisa à bird'.
3. k-extension: dhu̯ēk-
ēk-, dhū̆k- and dheuk-
ēk euk-:
Old Indic dhukṣatē, dhukṣayati with sam- ` blown up the fire, kindled, animated ', dhūka-
m. (unleashed) `wind'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Lithuanian dvė̃kti, dvėkúoti, dvėkterėti `breathe, pant, gasp', dvõkti `stink', dvãkas
`breath, breeze, breath', dùksas `sigh', dūkstù, dū̃kti ` become raving, rage ', dū̃kis `fury',
Latvian dùcu, dùkt ` roar, rage ', ducu, ducêt it. `roar', dūku (*dunku), duku, dukt ` become
mat '; color names as Latvian dũkans ` swart ' (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:
Old High German tugot `variegated', tougan ` dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous ',
n. ` mystery, miracle ', Old Saxon dōgalnussi ` mystery, hiding place, nook', Old English
dēagol, dīegle ` clandestine ', Old High German tougal ` dark, concealed, secret '; also Old
English dēag f. `paint, color, red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint,
dye of any color; bee-glue ', dēagian `dye', engl. dye.
4. l-extension: dh(e)u̯el-
el- (compare in addition above the l-nouns as Old Indic dhūli-) `
el
whirl up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak '.
Gr. θολός `slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish ' (=
Gothic dwals), Adj. `cloudy', θολόω `cloudy', θολερός `muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt,
beguile ';
Δύαλος, name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) ` the raving ', Illyrian Δευάδαι οἱ
Σάτ[υρ]οιὑπ' Ìλλυριῶν (Hes.);
maybe alb. dal `go out, move out, wander aimlessly', nasalized ndal `stop, hinder, delay' :
Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old Norse dvǫl f. `delay',
Old English dwala m. àberration'.
Old Irish dall `blind', clūas-dall `deaf' (ùnable to hear, blind'), cymr. corn. bret. dall
`blind' (about *du̯allos < *du̯l̥los from *dhu̯ln
̥ o-s);
Gothic dwals ` oafish ', Old Norse dvala f. ` coma, doze, stupor '; changing through
ablaut Old Saxon Old English dol ` clownish, crazy', Old High German tol, tulisc `crazy,
nonsensical ', Modern High German toll, engl. dull ` stupid, tasteless, weak (also from
colors)', Old Norse dul f. ` concealment, illusion, arrogance ', dylja ` negate, conceal ' and
on the other hand Old Norse dø̄lskr (*dwōliska-) `crazy'; Old Saxon fardwelan stem V.
`miss, fail', Old Frisian dwilith ` errs '; Old English participle gedwolen ` wrong, mistaken ',
Old High German gitweɫan ` be dazed, tarry ', Old Norse dulinn ` conceited, arrogant ';
Kaus. Old Norse dvelja `hinder, delay', Old Saxon bidwellian `hinder', Old English dwelian
` misguide ', Old High German *twaljan, twallen, Middle High German twel(l)en `hinder,
delay'; Old Norse dvǫl f. `delay', Old English dwala m. àberration', Old High German
gitwolo ` infatuation, heresy'; Gothic dwalmōn `crazy, be phrenetical ', Old English dwolma,
Old Saxon dwalm ` anesthetization ', Old High German twalm ` anesthetization, narcotic
smoke, smoke', Old Norse dylminn ` thoughtless, frivolous ', Danish dulme ` drowse '.
5. n-extension : dhu̯en(ǝ)
ǝ)- ` scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog,
en(ǝ)-
en(
cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death '.
Old Indic ádhvanīt ` he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled ' (of anger, actually `
evaporated, sprayed '), Kaus. dhvā̆nayati ` darkens ', participle dhvāntá- `dark', n. `
darkness';
Avestan dvan- with pre verb `fly' (apa-dvąsaiti ` macht sich auf zum Davonfliegen ', upa-
dvąsaiti ` goes flying there ', Kaus. us-dvąnayat̃ ` he allows to fly upwards '); dvąnman- n.
`cloud', aipi-dvąnara- `cloudy, misty ', dunman- `fog, cloud';
gr. θάνατος `death', θνητός ` perishable ' (*dhu̯enǝtos and *dhu̯n̥̄tós), Doric θνά̄σκω `die',
reshaped after the present in -ίσκω Attic ἀποθνῄσκω (-θανοῦμαι, -θανεῖν), Lesbian
θναίσκω ds. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 709, 770);
Latvian dvans, dvanums `haze, mist, vapor', dviñga `haze, mist, coal steam '
(Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 546).
6. r-extension: dheu̯er-
er- (dhu̯er-
er er-, dheur-
er eur-) ` whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly '.
Old Indic (unleashed) dhōraṇa- n. `trot', dhōrati ` trots ' (=Slavic dur-, see below);
perhaps dhurā́ Adv. ` violent, forcible '; dhāṭī ` raid, night raid ', if Middle Indic development
from *dhvārtī ` Heranstürmen ';
perhaps gr. ἀ-θύ̄ρω (*ἀ- = n̥ ìn' + *θυρι̯ω) ` play, I amuse ', ἄθυρμα ` play, toys;
jewellery, ornament things ' (if `play' from `spring');
Lithuanian padùrmai Adv. ` with impetuosity, stormy', Old Prussian dūrai Nom. Pl. `shy';
russ. durь ` folly, fatuity, stubborness ', durě́tь, ` lose the mind ', durítь `make pranks',
durák `fool', dúra `fool, clown', durnój èvil, bad, ugly', dial. ` unreasonable, furious ',
durníca ` henbane, ryegrass, darnel ', klr. dur, dura ` anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery
', serb. dûrīm, dúriti se `flare up, foam' etc;
Tocharian A taur, В tor `dust'?
References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 686, 696, 703.
Page(s): 261-267
Root / lemma: dheu̯es-

es eus-, dhū̆s-
Meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die
Note: extension of dheu̯-4; also expressions for ` dark colors ' seem to be supposed to be
added as ` fog-gray, dust-color '.
Material: Old Indic dhvaṁsati ` sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces ', participle
dhvastá-, Кaus. dhvaṁsáyati, dhvasáyati ` powdered, destroyed ', dhvasmán- m. `
obscuration ', dhvasirá- ` powdered, sprayed ', dhvasrá- ` powdered, indistinguishable ',
dhvásti- f. ` the spraying ' (= Old High German tunist, dun(i)st ` wind, storm, breath, smoke
', Old English Old Frisian dūst `dust'), dhūsara- ` dust-colored '; to formation (*dhu̯-és-mi,
Konj. dhéu-s-ō besides *dhu-n-és-mi, Konj. *dhu̯-én-s-ō) compare Kuiper Nasalpräs. 41;
gr. θύ̄ω (θυίω) ` blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice ' as *dhŭ-i̯ō (υ: from θύ̄σω, ἔθῡσα)
to einf. root *dheu̯- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning `rage' from *dhŭs-i̯ō, as
θυῖα f. `female bacchant ', θυιάς à mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante' ds. (θυάζω ` be
grasped by bacchanalian dizziness ') probably from *dhŭs-i̯a because of θυστάδες Βάκχαι
Hes. and θύσθλα the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches ', θυστήριος epithet of
Bacchus;
Note: common Latin d- > f-:
Latin furō -ere ` to rage, rave, be mad ' could be *dhusō , so that Furiae = gr. θυῖαι;
compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to δύσμαιναι Βάκχαι; ἐχθύσση ἐκπνέυσῃ Hes.; but
θύελλα ` a furious storm, hurricane ' probably feminine of *θυελος ` storming, raging ',
probably from *θυFελος; θῡμός ànger, soul ' is = θῡμός ` air, a current of air, breeze,
breath, wind ' and not because of Latvian dusmas ànger' lead back to a various basic
form *θυσμός; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 521;
Ablaut form *dhu̯es- in hom. θέειον and θέιον (with metr. lengthening to θήιον), Attic
θεῖον ` sulphur steam, sulphur ' (*θFεσ-(ε)ιον?).
Perhaps here θεός `god' because of Lithuanian dvasià `ghost', Middle High German
getwās `ghost' and forms as gr. θέσ-φατος ` spoken from god ', θεσπέσιος, θέσπις `divine'
as *θFεσός from *dhu̯esos after Hirt Indog. Gr. I 195, Pisani REtIE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 450, 458, WH. I 102; Lithuanian by Feist 122;
alb. dash Àries, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from *dhu̯osi̯-;
Latin perhaps furō, see above; fimbria f. ` fringe, border, edge ' maybe from *dhu̯ensriā;
with the ablaut form dhu̯ēs̆ - : februō, -āre ` clean, expiate religiously ' from februum `
religious purification ' (sabin. after Varro), as also Februārius ` the cleansing month ', on
the basis of *dhu̯es-ro- ` fumigating '; fērālis ` relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal;
mournful; n. pl. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February ' probably also here;
Note:
Common Latin d- > f-.
whether bēstia, bēllua ` an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term
of reproach, monster ' belong here as *dhu̯estiā, *dhu̯ēslou̯ā, it is extremely dubious
because of anlauts in spite of WH. I 102;
Note:
Common Latin dw- > b-.
gallorom. dūsius ` impure, foul daemon, incubus ', out of it lad. eng. dischöl, Modern
High German westfäl. dūs, Basque tusuri `devil'; compare Pedersen Ét. celt. 1, 171; Old
Irish dāsacht `fury', dāistir immum ` I become raving ' (*dhu̯ōs-t-, ablaut. with Old English
dwǣs etc); Old Irish dōë ìdle', perhaps as *dhousio- to Modern High German dösig;
Old English dwǣs `stupid, crazy', Middle Low German dwās ds., Middle High German
twās, dwās m. ìdiot, fool, villain ', getwās n. `ghost; foolishness ' (compare to the former
meaning Middle High German tuster n. `ghost'; to lengthened grade Old Irish dāsaid);
ablaut. Old English dysig ` clownish ', engl. dizzy ` giddy ', Middle Low German dūsich `
benumbed, giddy ', Low German düsig, dösig, Old High German tusic ` sluggish ', Middle
Low German dūsen, dosen ` pass away thoughtlessly ', engl. doze `doze', Modern High
German (ndd.) Dusel (in the meaning ` light drunkenness ' compare Modern High German
Dialectal dusen ` carouse ' and Middle High German tūsen `rant, make a noise, whizz ');
in addition: Norwegian dūsa `doze', Old Norse dūsa ` behave quietly ', dūs ` calm ', dūra
`sleep', Middle High German türmen ` be dizzy, reel, lurch ' etc;
with Germanic au: Middle High German dōsen ` behave quietly, slumber, drowse ', tōre
` insane, fool', Modern High GermanTor, töricht, Middle Low German dōre m. `fool, crazy
person';
Maybe alb. Geg torrë `fool'
with the meaning ` spray, get dusty, scatter ': Middle High German tæsen, dæsen
`scatter', verdæsen `destroy' (from *dausjan), Norwegian Dialectal døysa `lump, pile up',
probably originally from ` dust heaps and waste heaps ', under which medium meaning
can be added also Old Norse dys f. ` from pouting stones of burial mounds ', Norwegian
Dialectal dussa ` messy heap ';
with the meaning ` scatter, sprinkle, dust rain ': Norwegian duskregn ` dust rain ', duska,
dysja ` rain finely, trickle ', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim', Modern High German Bavarian dusel `
dust rain '; West Germanic *dunstu- ` transpiration ' (see above S. 263) in Old High
German tun(i)st `wind, storm', Middle High German tunst ` fume, mist ', Old English Old
Frisian dūst n. `dust' (Old Norse dust n. `dust' is Middle Low German loanword), Danish
dyst ` flour powder ', Middle Low German nnd. dust m. `dust, chaff, husk';
with the meaning `breathe - animal': Gothic dius n. `wild animal' (*dheus-), Old Norse dȳr
n. `Vierfüßler, wild animal', Old High German tior ànimal', Old English dēor `wild animal',
Adj. `violent, wild, valiant';
Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ';
maybe alb. (*dves) vdes `breathe out the spirit, perish, die';
Clearly from Root / lemma: dheu̯es-

es eus-, dhū̆s- : `to dissipate, blow, etc.
eu-2, dhu̯-ēi-
*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root / lemma: dheu- ēi- : `to
vanish, faint, die'.
As Lithuanian dvìsti `die' : Lithuanian dvesiù, dvesiaũ, dvė̃sti ` breathe, breathe out the
spirit, perish, die ' (see above);
Note:
Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Pater from the ritual of burning the dead.
Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in
heaven. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after
the father god.
Latvian dvẽsele f. `breath, soul, life', ablaut. (*dhu̯os-), Lithuanian dvasas m., dvasià f.,
Gen. dvãsios `ghost', `breath', Latvian dvaša ` air, breath, smell ' (: russ. dvochatь, Indo
Germanic *dhu̯os-); zero grade (*dhū̆s-), Lithuanian dùsas `sigh' and `haze, mist' (= klr.
doch), dūstù, dùsti `run out of breath', Latvian dust `pant, gasp', dusmas ànger',
Lithuanian dūsiù, dūsė́ti `take a deep breath, sigh, gasp heavily', dū́sauti ds.; Lithuanian
daũsos f. Pl. (*dhous-) ` the upper air, paradise ', dausìnti ` ventilate, air ';
russ. dvóchatь, dvochátь `pant, gasp' (see above); Old Church Slavic (vъs)dъchnǫti `
take a deep breath, heave a sigh ', klr. doch `breath, breeze' (*dъchъ), Old Church Slavic
dychajǫ, dyšǫ, dychati `breathe, exhale, blow', duchъ (: Lithuanian daũsos) ` respiration,
breath, spirit ', duša `breath, soul' (*dhousi̯ā), dušǫ, duchati `breathe, blow, from wind' etc
maybe alb. (*dychati) dihat `breathe heavily' a Slavic loanword.
words for sombre colors (`dust-colored, fog-gray ') :
Old Indic dhūsara- ` dust-colored ' (see above); Latin fuscus ` dark-colored; of the voice,
indistinct ' (*dhus-qo-), furvus ` dark-colored, black ' (*dhus-u̯o-);
Old English dox (*dosc) `dark', engl. dusk `cloudy, dim; twilight ' (= Latin fuscus; compare
also Norwegian dusmen ` misty '), with formants -no- Old English dunn (Celtic loanword?),
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon dun ` chestnut-colored
', Old Norse dunna ` the common domestic duck ', Old Saxon dosan, Old English dosen `
chestnut-colored ', Old High German dosan, tusin ` pale yellow ' (West Germanic Lw is
Latin dosinus àsh-colored'); Middle Irish donn `dark', cymr. dwnn `subfuscus, dark-
colored, blackish ', gall. PN Donnos etc (*dhu̯osnos). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: dheu̯es-
es eus-, dhū̆s- `to dissipate, blow,
etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei- dī-, di̯ā- : `to
shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dъždь `rain'
[m jo] (see below).
References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.
Page(s): 268-271
Root / lemma: dhēigʷ

ēigʷ- : dhōigʷ
ōigʷ- : dhīgʷ
īgʷ-
Meaning: to stick, plant
Material: Latin fīgō, -ere `to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the
gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix ' (Proto Latin ī, compare
fīgier S. C. Bacch.), Old Latin fīvō, Umbrian fiktu ` you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in,
attach, affix, post, erect, set up ', afiktu ` he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix ';
probably in addition as ` pinned ' also fīnis ` boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object,
aim; in pl. enclosed area, territory ' (= Lithuanian dỹgsnis `prick, sting'), compare fīniō, -īre
also ` to bound, limit, enclose, restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to,
conclude, finish; esp. to finish speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease ';
Old English dīc ` drainage ditch, canal', ndd. dīk, Old Icelandic dīk(i)n, Middle High
German tīch, from which Modern High German Deich, Teich (actually) `the digging'.
Lithuanian dýgstu, dýgti, Latvian dîgt `germinate' (actually `jut. stick out, protrude',
Lithuanian dygùs `spiky, prickly '), in addition dygiù, dygė́ti ` feel piercing pain ', dyglỹs
`thorn', dỹgė ` gooseberry ', Old Prussian digno ` the hilt of a sword ' (as Modern High
German Heft ` the handle of a cutting or piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt
of a sword, dagger ', that is to say ` wherein the blade is fixed, to fix'); zero grade
Lithuanian díegiu, díegti, Latvian diêgt `prick', Lithuaniandíegas `germ, sprout', Old
Prussian deicktas ` site, place ', originally ` point, dot, prick, sting'; with ōi: Lithuanian
dáigas `germ, sprout, seedling ', dáiktas ` point, dot; thing', daigìnti ` make germinate ';
References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.

Page(s): 243-244
Root / lemma: dhē(i)-

ē(i)- (besides dh-ei-
ei-?)
Meaning: to suck
Note: (:dhǝi-, dhī̆- and dhē-, dhǝ-) s. esp. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.
Material: Old Indic dhāya-ḥ ` nourishing, nursing ', dhā́yas- n. ` the sucking ', dhāyú- `
thirsty ', dhā́tavē `to suck', Fut. dhāsyati, Aor. ádhāt ` he sucked ', su-dhā́ `juice, sap,
nectar', dhātrī ` wet nurse, mother', dhēnú- f. ` producing milk ' = Avestan daēnu- ` female
of four-footed animals '
Note:

Old Indic dhḗnā ` milker ', ablaut. dhītá- ` sucked ', Perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-má (i = ǝ), da-
dh-úḥ; redupl. noun da-dh-an-, Nom. dá-dh-i, Gen. dadhnás `sour milk' (: Old Prussian
dadan, alb. djathë);
Maybe alb. (*dhei-) Geg dhëj, Tosc dhi, Pl. dhen, dhentë ` goat', edha ` goats' : alb. Geg
dhanë ` to give, produce'.
from stem dhǝi-: dháyati `sucks' (*dhǝ́ie

̯ ti : Kaus. *dhoi-éi̯e-ti in Slavic dojiti, Gothic
daddjan) and dhinṓti ` nourishes ';
Armenian diem `suck' (i == Indo Germanic ē or rather ī, so that = Old Norse dīa), stn-di
`( sucking breast =) suckling ', dal from dail ` beestings ' (dhǝi-li-), dayeak ` wet nurse '
(from *dayi- = Indo Germanic dhǝ-ti-);
gr. θήσατο ` he sucked ', θῆσθαι `milk', θήνιον `milk', τιθήνη ` wet nurse ' (short form
τίτθη underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate), γαλαθηνός ` sucking milk ',
τι-θασός `tame, domesticated, well-bred';
alb. djathë `cheese' originally ` curd made from sour milk ' (: Old Indic dádhi), gr.-alb.
dithë `cheese'; (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ).
Note:
Spectacularly alb. djathë (*das), gr.-alb. dithë `cheese' derived from a solidified Illyrian root
*dh-ei-s `curd made from sour milk' because of common alb. -s > -th.
Latin fēmina `wife, woman' (`*the nursing one'); about fēlīx, fecundus see below;
Old Irish dīnu `lamb', dīth `he/she has sucked' (ī = Indo Germanic ē or ī), denaid `he
sucks' (*di-na-ti), bret. denaff `suck', cymr. dynu `suck';
Gothic daddjan = Old Swedish dæggja ` suckle ' (proto Germanic *ðajjan, compare Old
Indic dháyati, Old Church Slavic dojǫ; das Germanic *ðajj- has originated normally from
*dhoi-eie-), Old Swedish dīa, Danish Norwegian die `suck', Middle High German dīen, tīen `
suckle; breast feed a baby' (compare zero grade Armenian diem), zero grade Old High
German tāen, present tāju (= Latvian dêju `suck'), westfäl. däierrn ` nourish a calf with milk
';
Latvian dêju, dêt `suck', at-diene, at-dienîte ` a cow that calves in the second year ',
Lithuanian dienì f. `pregnant' (= Old Indic dhēnú-), dienà ds. (= Old Indic dhēnā `cow'), Old
Prussian dadan `milk' (= Old Indic dadhan-); Old Church Slavic dojǫ ` suckle ' (Old Indic
dháyati), doilica ` wet nurse ', with ě (= Indo Germanic ē or ǝi) dětь f. ` children, kids. ',
děva, děvica `girl, virgin' (replaced by `* woman ' = ` the nursing one, the one who suckles
', s. Berneker 197).
With l-formant: Old Indic dhārú- ` sucking ' = gr. θῆλυς ` nourishing (ἐέρδη), lactating,
female ' (fem. θήλεια and θῆλυς), θηλώ, θηλαμών ` wet nurse ', θηλάζω ` suckle, suck',
θηλή ` brisket ', alb. dele `sheep' (*dhǝil-n-), delmë ds., dhallë `sour milk', Illyrian dalm-
`sheep' in PN Δάλμιον, Δελμίνιον, VN Dalmatae, Delmatae, Messapic PN Gen. m.
dalmaihi, fem. PN dalmaϑoa; Latin fēlō, -āre ` suckle ', fīlius `son' (`*suckling ', from *fēlios)
= Umbrian feliuf, filiu ` give milk, give suck ';
Note:
Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift
Middle Irish del `teat' (*dhĭ-lo-), delech ` milker ', Danish dæl ` mammary glands or udder of
the sow ', Swedish Dialectal del m. `teat', Old High German tila f. ` female breast', Old
English delu f. ` nipple, teat', Old Norse dilkr `lamb, baby, youngling'; Latvian dêls `son',
dēle ` bloodsucker, leech ', Lithuanian dėlė̃ ds., pirmdėlė̃ ` the first born ', pirmdėlỹs ` who
has just been born '; Latvian dīle ` sucking calf', dīlît ` suckle '.
Identical alb. djalë, Pl. djelm, djem `son' : Latvian dêls `son'.
(common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ).
from gr. θῶσθαι (*θωι̯εσθαι) `to feast', θοίνη ` feast ' (from *θωι-νᾱ?) with gradation suit
here, is doubtful; if θῶξαι and (Doric) θᾶξαι ` μεθύσαι ' as *θοι̯ακ-σαι points to a light
root*dhŏi- (also then θοίνη; also θῶσθαι could be θοι̯α-σθαι)?
Latin fēlīx `fertile, lucky' to fēlāre goes back to a fem. Subst. *fēlī-c- ` the nursing one =
fertile ', after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from *fēlu̯ī-k-s, Femin. to Old Indic dhārú-, gr. θῆλυς;
Latin fēcundus `fertile', fētus, -ūs `(1) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that
has brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the
soil, bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants,
fruit, produce, shoot ', fēta `filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young ', also ` what
is born ', effēta `past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition', fēnus, -
oris `yield, interest on money, usury', perhaps also fēnum `hay' (as `yield') define
themselves through a special application from dhēi- ` suckle ' for `be fertile';
in addition but not *dhōnā- `corn, grain' : Old Indic dhānā́ḥ f. Pl. `grain, seeds', dhānyá-
n. `corn, grain', np. dāna `corn, grain', Avestan dānō-karša- àn ant kind ', i.e. ` towing
grain (= an ant) ', Tocharian В tāno ` corn, grain ' and Lithuanian dúona, Latvian duõna f.
`bread' (originally ` corn ', Old Lithuanian ` provision for retired farmers, retirement,
settlement on retirement '); Doric-Illyrian (Cretan) δηαί. . . αἱ κριθαί EM., δητταί
αἱἐπτισμέναι κριθαί (*dhē-k-i̯ā-) Hes.; different Jokl by WH. I 475;
References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.
See also: s. also above dhē-1, dhē-dhē-.
Page(s): 242
Root / lemma: dhē-1, redupl. dhē-dh(ē)-

(ē)-
Meaning: child word for `grandparents'
Material: Gr. θεῖος ùncle', θεία àunt' (*θη-ος, θη-ᾱ), τήθη `grandmother' (from *θη-θη),
Italian (venet.) deda àunt' (?), gr. τηθίς àunt' (in addition GN Θέτις); Illyrian deda ` wet
nurse ' (Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally to root dhē(i)- ` suckle '; Lithuanian
dė̃de, dė̃dis ùncle' (but diẽdas ` graybeard, old man, elder ' from wr. dźěd ds.), Old
Church Slavic dědъ `grandfather'; similarly Modern High German deite, teite, Swiss däddi
`father, elder ', russ. djádja ùncle'.
Note:
Turk. dayi ùncle' derived from russ. djádja ùncle' while alb. daja n. f. ùncle' could have
existed before turk. dayi ùncle', however, alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other
cognates: also turk. hala `paternal aunt' : alb. halla `paternal aunt', turk. teyze `maternal
aunt' : alb. teze `maternal aunt'.
References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 193.
Page(s): 235
Root / lemma: dhē-2

Meaning: to put, place, say
Material: Old Indic dádhāti, Avestan daδāiti ` he places ', Old pers. Impf. Sg. adadā ` he
has installed ', Old Indic Aor.á-dhā-m Ì placed', Med. 3. Sg. á-dhita (= gr. ἔθετο) ; to-
participle Old Indic hitá-ḥ (-dhitá-ḥ in ved. compounds) `set, settled ' (= Latin con-ditus, ab-
ditus, crēditus, probably also gr. θετός ` sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position;
taken as one's child, adopted '), with full grade Avestan Old pers. dāta- (= Lithuanian dė́tas
` sedate, calm, settled ', Old Prussian sen-ditans Akk. Pl. f. ` folded ', also gr. θητόν βωμόν
Hes., actually ` set raised platform, placed stand '); Inf. Old Indic dhā́-tum (= Lithuanian
dė́tų Supin., Old Church Slavic dětь `to place' : Latin [late] conditus, -ūs m. ` pickled,
preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory ', Supin. -um, -ū, compare
also Old Indic dhā́tu-ḥ), m. ` component, set', Avestan vīδātu- n. ` grounds, rationale,
steady acquiescence '); i̯o-present Old Indic dhāyatē ` places for oneself ' (= Latvian dêju,
dêt `place, lay eggs', dẽju dẽt ` solder together ', Old Church Slavic dějǫ `lay, place', Old
Czech děju `make'); Perf. Old Indic dadhā́u, dadhimá, Avestan 3. Sg. daδa (: gr. τέθεμαι,
Latin -didī, Oscan prú-ffed, Old High German teta etc).
Armenian ed Aor. `he placed' (= Old Indic á-dhāt; 1. Sg. edi, 2. Sg. edir), present dnem `
I place ' (*dinem, Indo Germanic *dhē-no-, compare russ. dĕ́nu `sit, put, lay, place', Serbo-
Croatian djènēm ` do, put, lay ');
Maybe nasalized alb. Geg me ndejt `to sit, while, stay', ndej `hang lose, place'
Phrygian εδαες `has placed' (*e-dhǝ-es-t? rather = Hittite da-a-iš);
gr. τίθημι `put' (Aor. ἔθηκα - see below -, ἔθεμεν, ἔθετο, Fut. θήσω, participle θετός);
Messapic hi-pa-of ` has placed ' (*ĝhi-po-dhēs-t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267);
Latin abdere ` put away, remove, set aside, stow away', con-dere ` to put together,
make by joining, found, establish, build, settle' (in addition Cōnsus [*kom-d-to-] an ancient
deity, god of secret plans), perdere ` to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate,
throw away, waste, lose ', crēdere `believe, trust' (see below *kered-
*kered- `heart'); about the
interference of dare with respective forms s. WH. I 362; Perf. condidī etc, Oscan prú-ffed `
has placed ' (*-fefed).
Note:
Common italic.-Latin d- > f- shift.
With einer k-extension Latin faciō, -ere, fecī (: ἔθηκα), factum ` to make, form, do,
perform; of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about ', Oscan fakiiad, Umbrian
fac̣ia ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes ', fakurent
Fut. II [subjunctive] `they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected,
produced, composed ', praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked `he/she has made,
constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', Oscan fefacit Konj. Perf.
`let he/she have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ',
fefacust Fut. II `he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced,
composed ';
with *fēk- Umbrian feitu, fetu [Imperative]` he/she will have made, constructed,
fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ':
facilis `( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable ', Umbrian fac̣efele
ds.; faciēs ` shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf.,
character, nature; seeming, pretence ', facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex bene-ficus ; to meaning
of interficiō ` to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill' (`*allow to disappear')
compare Old Indic antar-hita-ḥ ` vanished '.
The same k-extension besides in gr. ἔθηκα also in θήκη ` receptacle ', Old Indic dhā-ká-
ḥ ` container ' and Phrygian αδ-δακετ ` afflicts, causes death ', Med. αδ-δακετορ; Venetic
vhaχsϑo ` he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes
' (*fak-s-to, the f probably from Ital.);
Hittite dak-ki-eš-zi (dakkeszi) ` makes, places down ' (: Latin facessō), dak-šu-ul (daksul)
`friendly' (: Old Latin facul); perhaps Tocharian A tākā Ì was, became', B takāwā ds.
(different Pedersen Tocharian 194);
gall. dede ` he/she has placed '; compare Latin con-, ab-, crē-didī, Old High German teta
` I made, did'; Old Irish -tarti `gives, yields ' (*to-ro-ad-dīt from *dhē-t), Perf. do-rat (*to-ro-
ad-dat from *dhǝ-t), Thurneysen Gr. 35;
Old High German tōm, tuom, Old Saxon tōn, Old English dōm `do', Inf. Old High
German tuon, Old Saxon Old English dōn (*dhō-m) `do', preterit Old High German teta Ì
made, did' (2. Sg. tāti, Pl. tātu-m; reshaped after the type of Gothic sētum), Old Saxon
deda (2. Sg. dedōs, 3. Pl. dādun, dedun), Old English dyde < dudi (see above to Old Indic
dadhā́u); particle Perf. Pass. Old High German gi-tān, Old English dōn ` done ' from *dhē-
no- = Old Church Slavic o-děnъ ` wrapped, dressed ';
in the ending of reduced Präter. (Gothic salbō-dēdun etc) one tries to seek mostly the
root dhē-, whereas in Gothic kunÞa ` granted ', must contain the Indo Germanic -t-, to
accept an other formation. compare Hirt, Indo Germanic Gr. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55
ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f., Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2.
Abh., 6 f.
Lithuanian dė́ti `lay, place, put', present 2. Pl. old deste (*dhe-dh-te), Sg. demì, desie-s,
dest(i) (compare Būga Kalba ir s. 158, 213), neologism dedù; Latvian dêt (see above);
Old Church Slavic děti `lay, place, say', present deždǫ (*dedi̯ō) and dějǫ (see above);
dějǫ, dějati `lay, place, do'; -va-iterative Old Church Slavic o-děvati `(to put), dress ', russ.
děvátь `set down, do, place';
in addition probably Lithuanian dėviù, dėvė́ti `wear a dress'; a formant u̯ also in gr.
*θοFακος and (assim.) *θαFακος, compare θοάζω `sit, put', Ionian θῶκος (hom. θόωκος
written for θό[F]ακος) `seat', θάβακον θᾶκον ἤ θρόνον Hes., Attic also θᾶκος ds., hom.
θαάσσω `sit', Attic poet. θά̄σσω ds. (see to gr. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335);
compare also thrak. -dava ` settling, settlement ' from *dhēu̯ā or *dhǝu̯ā; probably
reshuffling after the concurrent *dō-: *dou- `bestow, give';
Note:
The suffix -dava ` settling, settlement ' frequently scattered over the thrak. territory and city
names is absent in Illyrian toponyms, hence Illyrian-alb. and trak. were two different
people.
Hittite da-a-i (dāi) ` places, lays ', 1. Sg. te-eḫ-ḫi (tehhi), 3. Pl. ti-an-zi (Pedersen Hittite
91, 112 f., 166), preterit 3. Sg. da-a-iš; perhaps also dak-ki-eš-zi (see above);
Hittite: dai-, tai- (II) ' place, lay, put ', tija- (I) ' step, tread, be positioned ', tittanu- (I) ' put,
place ', zikk- (I) ' lay, place ' (Friedricḫ 202-203, 223-225, 260-261)
Hittite: te- (I) 'say' (Friedricḫ 219-220) : Old Church Slavic děti `lay, place, say'
Tocharian A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- `lay, place' (*dhē-s- Pedersen Tocharian 186 f.);
Tocharian B tättā- 'to place, set' (Adams 283 f)
Lycian ta- `lay, place' (Pedersen. Lycian and Hittite 30 f.).
Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. Old Indic vayō-dhā́-ḥ ` imparting vitality ', saṁ-dhā́ f.
` pact, agreement, promise ' (: Lithuanian arklì-dė ` stable '), saṁ-dh-á-m ` association ' (:
Lithuanian sam-das), ratna-dh-á-ḥ ` imparting treasure ', ni-dh-í-ḥ m. ` container, treasure,
tribute', sam-dh-í-ḥ m. ` association, covenant, fusion ', Avestan gao-δi- ` milk container ';
Lithuanian samdas ` rent, rental ', iñdas `vessel', nuodaĩ ` poison ', (old) núodžia ` debt,
blame, offense ', pãdis ` the hen lays an egg ';
Old Prussian umnode ` bakehouse ', Lithuanian pelùdė, Latvian pelude ` chaff container ',
Old Church Slavic obь-do n. `θησαυρός', sǫ-dъ `κρίσις, κρῖμα'; compare Berneker 193 ff.,
Trautmann 47 f.; if so also Old Icelandic oddr, Old English ord, Old High German ort `cusp,
peak' as *ud-dho-s ` pointed up'?
nominal formation:
Old Indic dhā́tar- m. ` instigator, founder ', dhātár- `creator, god' (compare also Old
Church Slavic dětelь `perpetrator'), gr. θετήρ, Latin con-ditor ` a founder; hence, in gen.,
contriver, composer, author ';
compare *dhǝ-tlo- in Old Irish dāl, acymr. datl, ncymr. dadl, abret. dadl `congregation,
meeting', nbret. dael ` contest, quarrel ' (compare to meaning Phrygian δουμος);
*dhǝ-ti- in Old Indic -dhiti-ḥ f. ` stead ', dēvá-hiti-ḥ ` God's statute ', gr. θέσις f. ` statute,
order ', Latin con-diti-ō f. ` an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition,
terms, demand '; *dhē-ti-s in Avestan ni-δāiti- f. ` laying down, putting away, hiding ', Gothic
gadēds ` deed, position, place ', Old Icelandic dāð ` skillfulness, deed, act', Old English
dǣd, Old High German tāt `deed, act', Lithuanian dė́tis ` load, burden ', Pl. dė́tys ` lay of
the chicken, the goose ', Old Church Slavic blago-dětъ ` Grace, blessing, gratitude '; *dhǝ-
t- in thrak. PN Δάτος, alb. dhatë (*dhǝ-tā) ` site '; *dhō-t- in Avestan dami-dā-t ` the created
creature ', Latin sacer-dōs ` a priest, priestess ' (*sacro-dhōt-s).
Old Indic dhāna-m ` container ', el. συνθῆναι (?) `pact, covenant', Old High German
participle gitān, Old English dōn ` done ', Old Church Slavic o-děnъ `(completed), vested ';
Old Indic dhána-m ` sacrifice, offering, price in competition etc ', nidhánam ` layover, stay,
inhabitation etc', gōdhana-m ` cattle possession ', Avestan gao-δana- n. ` milk container '.
Old Indic dhā́man- n. ` statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc', Avestan
dāman-, dąman- n. `site, creature', gr. ἀνά-θημα ` anything devoted to evil, an accursed
thing ', ἐπί-θημα ` something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave', θημών m. `heap';
εὐθήμων `probably keeping tidy, keeping in order '; thrak. plant name κοα-δάμα
ποταμογείτων (Dioskor.) (from *kʷa-dhēmn̥) ` water settlement ', PN Uscu-dama;
secondary (after θέσις) gr. θέμα n. ` that which is placed or laid down: money deposited,
deposit; also, of grain; treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common
burial-place, common land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case
proposed for discussion, theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary
determination, primary (non-derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of
reduction of an irregular syllogism ', compare also Inf. θέμεναι; Avestan dāmi- f. ` creation
', Adj. (also fem.) ` constituting, originating, creator, god'; gr. θέμις `that which is laid down
or established by custom', Gen. originally θέμιστος `*allowed by the laws of God and men,
righteous ' as Goddess's name, then `right, law, custom', θέμεθλα Pl. ` the foundation of a
building; the innermost, core ', θεμέλιοι λίθοι ` the foundation-stones ', hom. θεμείλια (ει
metr. lengthening) ` the foundations, lowest part, bottom, ground';
Alb. themel ` the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ' : hom. θεμείλια (ει metr.
lengthening) ` foundation, ground' [probably a loanword]; themën `heel, bottom of the foot'.
zero grade: θαμά `*massed; frequent, often ', θαμινός `frequent, often, massed', hom.
θαμέες, femin. θαμειαί Pl. ` the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick ' (from
*θαμύς), θάμνος ` thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub'; in a *dhǝ-mo- ` settlement, branch,
dwelling' (compare θαιμός οἰκία, σπόρος, φυτεία Hes. [*dhǝmi̯o-], also Old Indic dhāman-
`dwelling') or `heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant)' correlates one perhaps rightly
also with Latin famulus ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', familia ` a household (of
slaves), establishment ', Oscan famel ` a servant, a male slave, attendant ', famelo ` a
household (of slaves), establishment ', Umbrian fameřias ` a household (of slaves),
establishment ';
Note:
Common Latin d- > f- shift
ō-grade gr. θωμός `heap, barn, haystack'; Phrygian δουμος àn assembly, meeting,
congress, a living together', Latin ab-dōmen `lower abdomen' as ìntimate, hidden, secret
part', compare Old High German intuoma ` the chief internal organs of the body, significant
organs ' (would be Latin *indōmen), Middle Low German ingedōme, bayr. ingetum ds.,
Gothic dōms m. `judgement, fame' (dōmjan àdjudicate'; from dem Germanic russ. dúma
`thought, notion, care; council meeting ' etc, s. Berneker 237), Old English dōm òpinion,
sense, mind, judgement, court', Old High German tuom `judgement, feat, deed, act,
custom, state, status', Lithuanian domė̃, domesỹs ` attention, directing of the thought and
will on something ', also Lithuanian dėmė̃ ` spot upon which attention is directed ' etc,
dėmė́tis = domė́tis ` wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take interest '.
Old Icelandic dǣll ` easy to do, easy, without difficulty ' (*dhē-li-s); compare Proto Norse
dalidun ` they did ' (preterit of Germanic *dēlian), Lithuanian pa-dėlỹs ` nest-egg (the hen
lays an egg) ', priedėlė̃, príedėlis ` inclosure ', Old Bulgarian dĕlo n. `work', wherefore (see
Berneker 195 f., Trautmann 48) Old Church Slavic dělja, děljьma m. Gen. `because of',
Lithuanian dė̃l, del̃, dė̃liai, Latvian dẽl' with Gen. `because of, for the sake of'.
Maybe from Slavic ne `not' + Old Church Slavic: dělo `work, matter' = Bulgarian неделя
(nedel'a), Serbian nedelja, Czech neděle, Polish niedziela `Sunday, holiday = no work' :
Lithuanian: dėlioti `put down, away' : Albanian djelë `Sunday, holiday'.
An occasional formation compare still gr. τεθμός (Pind.), θεθμός (lak. etc), θεσμός (Attic)
` statute ' after Thurneysen (KZ. 51, 57) to Old Irish dedm, cymr. deddf (*dhe-dh-mā) ds.
(different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 49212); θωή, Attic θωά: ` punishment '. Very doubtful a s-
extension would be attributed to Old Icelandic des (*dasjō) ` hay stick, hay rick ' (loanword
from dem Old Irish?), Old Irish dais (*dasti-) `heap, hay rick', wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52,
310) compares rather osset. dasun `pile up, lump'.
References: WP. I 826 ff., WH. I 266, 362 f., 439 ff., 863, Trautmann 47 ff., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hittite 141 ff., 192.
Page(s): 235-239
Root / lemma: dhē-3, dhǝ-

Meaning: to disappear
Material: Latin famēs f. `hunger', ad fatim, affatim àd lassitudinem, zur Genüge', fatīgō
`hetze ab, ermüde', fatīscō, -or `gehe auseinander; ermatte';
Old Irish ded- (present ru-deda, Fut. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) ` vanish, pass
away, die away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay '; Old English demm
`damage' (*dhǝ-mi-s);
with -s Old Norse dāsi ìdle' (Germanic *dā̆s-), Middle High German dǣsic `still,
uncommunicative, stupid', changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. dase ` flabby person',
Danish dase ` be decayed '; Old Norse dǣsa(sk) ` swelter, decay ', dasask ` go bad, get
worse'; Middle English dasen ` stun ' (engl. daze), dasewen ` be dark '.
In all parts some dubious connections. About Old Irish de-d(a). compare Pedersen KG. II
504 f.(from Perf. *dhe-dou̯e from to Gothic diwans ` perishable '? s. dheu- ` disappear ',
where also about Old Irish dīth, Armenian di). The Germanic family finally reminds partly
under *dheu̯es- ` whisk ' discussed from ndd. dösig and have been directed partly after this
not only in the s-extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an
old relationship from Old Norse dǟesask etc. and Irish -deda .

References:
Page(s): 239
Root / lemma: dhēs-

ēs-, dhǝs-
Meaning: a root used in religious terms
Material: Armenian di-k` `gods' (PL *dhēses);
Latin fēriae (Old Latin fēsiae) ` days of rest, holidays, festivals', fēstus ` of holidays, festive,
festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days ',
Oscan fíísnam Akk. ` an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ',
Umbrian fesnaf-e ìn a shrine, sanctuary, temple '; zero grade Latin fānum (*fas-no-m) ` a
shrine, sanctuary, temple ' and Old Indic dhiṣṇya- ` devout, godly, pious, holy' (insecure
dhiṣaṇyant- , see below dhei̯ǝ- `see'); about gr. θεός `god' see below dheu̯es-, about Latin
fās, fāstus above S. 105 f.
References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM2 333, 347 f.
Page(s): 259
las- or dhelB- (:dhl̥l̥l̥s-)

Root / lemma: dhlas-
Meaning: to squeeze, press
Material: Old Indic dhr̥ṣád- ` millstone ';
gr. θλάω ` squeeze, crush ' (Indo Germanic *dhlas-ō or *dhl̥sō), ἐθλάσθην, θλαστός;
Czech dlasmati `press' (*dhlās-mo- or *dhols-mo-);
φλάω `θλάω' is hybridization of θλάω with φλί̄βω, as on the other hand φλί̄βω through
hybridization with θλάω is also transfigured to θλί̄βω.
References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.
References:
Page(s): 271
Root / lemma: dhl̥l̥l̥gh-

gh-
gh
Meaning: debt
Material: Old Irish dligim ` be entitled to, earn ', mcymr. dlÿu, with epenthet. vowel dylyu `
withheld, kept back ', corn. dylly ds., Middle Breton dellit ds., Old Irish dliged n. òbligation,
law, right' (*dhl̥ghito-m), cymr. dled, dyled, me. d(y)lyet f. ` obligation ', besides dlit `
earnings ' (*dhl̥ghītā); Gothic dulgs ` debt ' (in money); Old Church Slavic dlъgъ ` debt ',
russ. dolg, Serbo-Croatian dûg (Gen. dûga), poln. dɫug, Czech dluh ds.
Gothic dulgs and the Slavic words have probably common origin.

Page(s): 271-272
Root / lemma: dhō[u]-

ō[u]- : dhū-
Meaning: rope
Material: Gr. θῶμι(γ)ξ, -ιγγος f. `rope, cord, band, strap, string of the bow ' (places ahead
*θω-μο- or -μᾱ);
Latin fūnis ` a rope, sheet, line, cord '; ablaut ō[u]-: ū-, if Latin ū not at most dial.
development from ō; after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BSL. 41, 178) ostensibly here
Tocharian AB tsu-, В tsaw `to unite ' (??).
References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f.
Page(s): 272
Root / lemma: dhō-

Meaning: to sharpen
Material: Old Indic dhā́rā `cutting edge, sharpness, blade', Avestan dārā f. ds., tižidāra- `
with sharp edge ', gr. θοός `sharp, sharp', ἐθόωσα Ì sharpened, sharpen' (*θο-Fός u̯o-
participle, as e.g. *δα-Fός ` sliced ' in δαΐζω; for *dhǝ- to o compare δοτός: δω-).
from here due to *dhǝ-ro- ` pointed ' (: Old Indic dhā-rā) also Old English daroð m. `spit,
pike, spear, lance', Old High German tart m. `spit, pike', Old Norse darrað-r m., darr n.
`spit, pike'? And at most in addition as ` wound with a pike ' further die Germanic family of
Old Saxon Old English derian ìnjure, hurt', Old High German terren besides tarōn, -ēn
`harm, injure', Old English daru f. `damage, pity, injury ', Old High German tara f. ` injury '?

Page(s): 272
Root / lemma: dhreb

re h-
Meaning: to crush, grind
Material: Gothic gadraban `cut out, λατομεῖν'; Old Norse draf n., Old English dræf n. òffal',
Material:
Old Norse drafna ` separate in small parts ', blōÞ-drefjar m. ` bloodstain ';
Old Church Slavic drobljǫ, drobiti ` crush, break, rupture, grind', russ. drobь f. `break,
piece, fragment', russ.-Church Slavic drobьnъ, Bulgarian dróben `small, little', next to
which with ablaut e : Bulgarian drében ds., dreb ` secession of wool, by rippling the flax;
liver ', russ. drébezg `shards, debris'; Fick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further
Lithuanian).
With Gothic hlaiw, Þatei was gadraban us staina compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288
τράφος τάφος Hes., so that the application of our root to `quarrying out of stones' would be
old.
A similar to root dhreb-

reb- in:
Old Norse drepa `prick, bump, poke, slay', Old English drepan `slay, meet', Middle Low
German drepen `meet, fight', Old High German treffan `meet, touch', Old Norse drep n.
`blow, knock', Old English gedrep ds., Middle High German tref m. n. ` prank, blow, club,
meeting ', Old English drepe m. (*drapi-) ` manslaughter ', Old Norse drāp n. ds.;
presumably as kvǣði drepit stefjum: Old Norse drāpa f. ` one from several distinguished
parts of existing poem by sog. stef; usually a praise song'.

Page(s): 272-273
Root / lemma: dhregh-

regh-1
Meaning: to run
Material: Armenian durgn, Gen. drgan `potter's wheel' (after Meillet BSL. 36, 122 from
Material:
*dhr̥gh-);
gr. τρέχω (Doric τράχω), Fut. ἀποθρέξομαι, θρέξω `run', τροχός (: Old Irish droch)
`wheel', τρόχος `run', τρόχις ` runner, summoner ', τροχίλος `sandpiper'; barely τράχηλος `
nape, neck '?? PedersenIF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;
Old Irish droch `wheel' (*drogo-n);
It shows in palatal whereas Latvian drāžu, drāzu, drāzt `quick, fast run', Lithuanian
padróžti ds., but to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal
besides dherāgh- `pull, drag'. Yet are likewise Lithuanian (pa)dróžti as also Latvian drāzt `
run quickly, fast ' identical with Lithuanian dróžti, Latvian drāzt `carve' (see dhreĝ-). The
primary meaning is `carve'. All numerous other interpretations are to be explained by
casual use.

Page(s): 273
Root / lemma: dhregh-

regh-2
Meaning: to pain, to suffer
Material: Old Indic drā́ghatē (Dhatup.) àfflicts, plagues, strives itself ';
osset. äw-därzin `stir, tease, irritate' (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);
Old English dracu f. `plague, agony', dreccan `stir, tease, irritate, plague' (? with
expressive k?);
Old Church Slavic raz-dražǫ, -dražiti ` enrage, irritate ', serb. drâžīm, drážiti `stir, tease,
irritate';
Maybe alb. trazonj `stir, tease, irritate'.
ein ni-abstract noun *dražnь ìrritation' lies russ. draznítь `stir, tease, irritate, banter' the
basic, z instead of ž after the synonymous forms -znь.
Also a root *dhrāgh- or *dhrēgh-: *dhrōgh-: *dhrǝgh- wäre möglich.
References: WP. 1 875.

Page(s): 273-274
Root / lemma: dhreĝ-

reĝ-
Meaning: to pull
trā̆gh-
Note: synonymous with trā̆ gh- (see there)
gh
Material: Old Indic dhrájati ` glides, slides there ', prá-dhrajati ` hurries ', dhrájas- n.,
dhrajati- f. ` the pranks, pull', dhrā́j- perhaps ` attraction ', dhrā́ji-, dhrājí- f. `pull, urge,
desire';
Old Norse drāk f. `stripe' (: Old Indic drāj-); nasalized in addition perhaps Gothic drigkan,
Old Icelandic drekka, Old English drincan, Old High German trinkan `drink' (`make a good
gulp, draw from drinking-vessel ');
Maybe alb. dreka, drekë `dinner', darkë (*drakë) `supper'
Lithuanian drežóti ` smooth down ', drýžas, druožė̃ ` streaky ', also (?) Lithuanian drė́ž-
iu, -ti ` rend ', nudrė́žti `pull down, destroy' (Juškević 346); in addition probably dróžti
`carve, hit, gehen' etc, Latvian drāzt ds.; see below dregh-
dregh-1;
Latvian dragât `pull' against it presumably to Middle Dutch trecken `pull, drag', s. der-
der-4
(dergh-, dreg-) `flay' and Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 488 m. Lithuanian

Page(s): 273
Root / lemma: dhreib

rei h-
Meaning: to drive, to push
Material: Gothic dreiban `drive, push, bump, poke', Old Norse drīfa `come pulling, pull,
drag, stream' etc, Old English drīfan `drive, push, hunt, chase, overthrow ', Old Saxon
drīƀan `be moved, dispelled ', Old High German trīban ` beat, strike, knock, push, drive,
hurl, impel, propel, expel ' (zero grade schw. Verb tribōn ` set in violent motion, drive
onward, move, impel, urge ', uolatribōn ` thrust through, pierce through, transfix '); Old
Norse drift f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, snowdrift ', drif n. ` what floats
through the air, snowfall ', Old English drif n. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the
driven ', drāf f. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, drift, herd', Middle High German trift
ds., Modern High German Trift `pasture, herd';
Lithuanian drimbù, drìbti ` laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox,

squab, dub, lug', sniẽgas drim̃ba ` the snow falls thickly ' (= Old Norse Þā drīfr snǣr); from
drib-, to which could belong likewise the i- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the
e- series: drebiù, drė̃bti ` pour, make stains with viscous liquid '.
References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.
Page(s): 274
Root / lemma: dhreugh-

reugh-1
Meaning: to tremble, shake
Material: Old English drȳge `dry' etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-;
Lithuanian drugỹs `fever; butterfly', Latvian drudzis `cold fever; fever', drudzinât ` neigh
after fodder ' (`*to shake'), perhaps Old Prussian drogis `reed' (if for drugis, s. Trautmann
Old Prussian 323 m. Lithuanian, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps Latvian drugt `
collapse, diminish ', Berneker 231 between; s. also under S. 279;
poln. drżę, drżec `tremble', old also `have a fever', drgać, perf. drgnąć `tremble, quiver;
flounder, twitch ', russ. drožú, -átь, perf. drógnutь `tremble, quiver' (etc, s. Berneker 231).
Dissyllabic root form *dhereugh- or *dhereug- one supposes in gr. τοιθορύσσειν σείειν Hes.,
τοιθορύκτρια ἡ τοὺς σεισμοὺς ποιοῦσα Hes. and τανθαρύζω, τανθαλύζω ds. Hes.
Maybe alb. Geg (*dhereugh-) dredh `tremble, twist', dridhem `tremble, quiver, have a fever'
[common alb. -gh- > -dh-].
References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231.

Page(s): 275
Root / lemma: dhreugh-

reugh-2
Meaning: to deceive, harm
Material: Old Indic drúhyati `seeks to harm, harms' (Fut. dhrōkṣyáti, participle drugdhá-);
Old pers. Imperf. adurujīya (= Old Indic adruhyat) ` lied ', Avestan družaiti ` lies, cheats ',
Old Indic drṓgha-, drōha- m. ìnsult, damage, betrayal ', Avestan draoga- ` fallacious ', m.
`lie, falsity, deception ', Old pers. drauga- ` fallacious ', Old Indic drúh- ` injuring ', f. `
damage, fiend, ghost', m. `fiend, demon', Avestan druǰ- f. `lie, falsity, deception;
impersonating the lie, falsity';
Middle Irish aur-ddrach (after the sounds from *druag = Old Indic drōgha-) `ghost';
Old Saxon bidriogan, Old High German triogan ` deceive ', Old Norse draugr m. `ghost';
zero grade Old Saxon gidrog n. ` delusion ', Middle Dutch gedroch ds., Old High German
gitrog n. `deceit, devilish phantasmagoria '; Old Norse draumr, Old High German troum,
Old Saxon drōm, engl. dream `dream' (Germanic *ðrau(ɣ)ma- ` delusion ').
Indo Germanic dhreugh- is very probably related with dhu̯er- ` bring to trap through
deception ', while to zero grade *dhru-gh- from *dhu̯r̥-gh- adjusted itself to a new zero grade
Indo Germanic *dhreugh-, *dhrough-. With the extending gh would be identical with Modern
High German Zwerg, if this word not goe back to a miscellaneous Indo Germanic dhu̯ergh-
ergh-
ergh
` dwarfish, crippled ' (see there).

Page(s): 276
Root / lemma: dhreu-

reu-
Meaning: to crumble, grind
Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive ` crumble ' explicable words for `tumble,
fall down, trickle down '
Material: 1. dhreus-
reus-, dhrēu-
rēu-s-:
Gr. θραύω (τέθραυσμαι, ἐθραύσθην) `rupture, crunch ', θραυστός, θραυλός (*θραυσ-
λός), θραῦρος (Hes.) `frail, breakable', θραῦμα, θραῦσμα `piece, fragment, wound',
θρᾱνύσσω (Lycian), συντεθρά̄νωται (Eur.) `shatter ' (point at *θραυ[σ]-ανός, s. Boisacq s.
v. m. Lithuanian); θρῡλίχθη (Hom.), θρῡλίξας (Lycian) `break, rupture, shatter ', θρῡλεῖ
ταράσσει ὀχλεῖ Hes.(*θρῦλος from *θρῡσ-λο-; gr. -αυ- and -υ:- are to be interpreted as zero
grade and lengthened grade of dhrēus-, next to which dhreus-; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164);
cymr. dryll `piece, fragment' (*dhrus-li̯o-), gallorom. Pl. drullia ` dross ' (Kleinhans bei
Wartburg III 163);
Gothic drauhsnōs f. Pl. ` gobbet, crumbs '; probably as metathesis from *dhrūs-kna with
nearest connectable Baltic druska; interference to Modern High German trocken, Old
English drēahnian - s. dher-
er-2, dhreugh-
reugh- `hold, stop' - respective words would permit to look
at most at both traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Gothic drausnōs
ds.;
Gothic driusan `fall, tumble, fall down', Old Saxon driosan, Old English drēosan `fall',
norw dial. drysia ` trickle down '; Kaus. Gothic gadrausjan `prostrate', Old High German
trōren `drip, trickle, make drip, moult '; in addition as ` collapse, bend ' with lautsymbolisch
gedehnter zero grade: Old English drūsian ` be sluggish (from age)', engl. drowse `be
sleepy'; Old High German trūrēn ` be knocked down, mourn; lower the eyes ', Middle High
German trūrec ` sad '; Old English changing through ablaut drēorig ` grieving '; Old Norse
dreyri m. (*drauzan-) ` the blood dripping from the wound ', Old Saxon drōr m. `blood' (Old
English changing through ablaut drēor m. ds.), Middle High German trōr m. `dew, rain,
blood';
Latvian druska `crumb', Lithuanian druskà `salt' (*crumb), Old Prussian druskins
èarwax' (consigns dmskins); in addition Balto Slavic *druzga `small piece' in Lithuanian
drùzgas ds., sloven. drûzgati `crush', etc
Labial extensions:
dhreub
reu h-: gr. θρύπτω (ἐτρύφην) ` grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make
fragile ', θρύμμα and τρύφος n. `piece, fragment', τρυφή ` softness, luxuriance ', τρυφερός `
mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ' (see also Boisacq s. v. θρύπτω);
Latvian drubaža ` Trumm ', drubazas `splinter of wood'.
dhreup-
reup-: Old Saxon drūƀōn, drūvōn ` be grieving '; Latvian drupu, drupt ` zerfallen, in
Trümmer gehen ', draûpît ` crumb, spall, crumble '; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 505.
dhreub-
reub-: Old Norse driūpa, Old Saxon driopan, Old English drēopan, Old High German
triofan `drip, drop ', o-grade schw. Verb, Old English drēapian ` drip, trickle down ', e-grade
drēopian ds., Old Norse drūpa (*-ēn) `überhangen, droop down, bend down ', Old Norse
dropi m. `drip', Old English dropa, Old Saxon dropo ds.; Intens. Old English dryppan,
droppian, Old High German tropfōn `drip', tropfo `drip'; Old Icelandic dreypa, Old English
dríepan `drip, trickle';
Old Irish drucht `drip' (*dhruptu-s).
References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f.,
182, Trautmann 61 f., Kluge11 s. v. Trauer.
Page(s): 274-275
Root / lemma: dhrigh-

righ- (or dhreikh-
reikh-)
Meaning: hair, bristle
Note:
Root / lemma: dhrigh- reikh-) : `hair, bristle' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh
righ- (or dhreikh- ereĝh-
(dhr̥ĝh-nā-
nā-) : `to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband'.
Material: Gr. θρίξ, τριχός f. `hair, bristle', therefrom θρίσσα, Attic θρίττα f. ` a fish with fine
fishbone ', τριχίας, τριχίς ds.;
Maybe alb. drizë ` blackthorn, sloe ' : gr. θρίξ f. `hair, bristle' : Old Irish driss ` blackthorn '.
Middle Irish gairb-driuch (*drigu- or *driku-) `bristle' (garb `rough');
from gr. θρίσσα derives probably Italian-lombard. trissa ` burbot '; out of it probably
likewise Swiss Trische (11. Jh. trisca);
whether Balto Slavic *draika- `stretched long' as *dhroiko- here belongs, also Lithuanian
driẽkti ` distend, take off (a thread)', drỹkti ` hang down in long threads ', slovak. driek m.
`stem', driečny ` stocky ', Old Bulgarian drьkolь ` shaft, pole', etc, could our root be placed
as *dhreikh- .
Maybe alb. (*dhreikh) derth, derdh ` hang down, pour ', (*dhreikh) dreth, dredh `twist, curl
(hair)', dredhë `lock, curled hair' common alb. -k > -th.
References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGlPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 82, Trautmann 58 f., Berneker
223, 232.
Page(s): 276
Page(s):
Root / lemma: dhrono-

rono-
Meaning: multicoloured
Material: For gr. θρόνα Pl. `flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for
φάρμακα, charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored
animals' infer Hoffmann BB. 15, 86, Lidén Stud. 67 f. a basic meaning `varicolored'.
Under these basic meaning compares Lidén aaO. alb. drē-ri, Geg drę-ni- m. `deer'
(Animals like the deer and roe are named often as ` dappled, varicolored'), therefore an
Illyrian basic form *drani- (Indo Germanic dhroni-) through the probable Illyrian Hesych
explanation αρανις ἔλαφος (Λ- recommended for Δ-) is advisable.
Stokes Mél. Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for θρόνα ` embroidery ' because of Middle
Irish druine ds.

Page(s): 276-277
Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter

ug(h)ǝter-
ǝter-
Meaning: daughter, *thin girl
Note: guttural as with eg(h)om ` I ', see there.
Root / lemma: dhug(h)ǝter
ǝter- : `daughter' derived from dh-suffixed root: dheu-
ug(h)ǝter- eu-dh- ` shake,
confuse ' of Root eu-4, dheu̯ǝ- (:dhu̯ē-), dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē-̆ s-) : `to reel, dissipate,
Root / lemma: dheu-
blow, etc.' earlier Root / lemma: deuk-
deuk- : `to drag, pull, attract'.
Material:
Maybe from *dhu̯edh-: East Frisian dwatje ` stupid girl ', dwatsk ` simple, unusual ', jütisch
dvot ` suffering of dizziness '
Note:
meaning Latin alb. Geg (*vargha) varza, tosk vajë `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch,
rod ' (from *u̯iz-gā), virgō ` girl, virgin ';
Root / lemma: u̯er-
er-3: E. u̯er-
er er-ĝh- (*su̯
er su̯erĝʷh
rĝʷh-
ʷh-):: `to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin
Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: u̯eis-
eis-2 : `to turn, bend'.
eis
Old Indic duhitár- (duhitā́), Avestan dugǝdar-, duɣδar- (from *dughter-), npers. duxtar, duxt,
Armenian (with s from k after u) dustr, Gen. dster, (dowstr)
gr. θυγάτηρ (shift of stress as in μήτηρ, but still θυγατέρα as μητέρα), Oscan futír, Dat.
fu(u)treí (Vetter Gl. 29, 242);
Maybe Luvian tuwatar- : Lycian cbatru, kbatra : Tocharian A ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.
Gothic daúhtar, Old Norse dōttir (Runic Nom. Pl. dohtriR), Old High German tohter,
Lithuanian duktė̃, -er̃s, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavic dъšti, -ere, Tocharian A
ckācar, В tkācer `daughter'.
Note:
Old Church Slavic: dъšti `daughter' [f r], dъštere [Gens]
Russian: doč' `daughter' [f r], dóčeri [Gens]
Old Czech: dci `daughter' [f r], dceře [Gens]
Serbo-Croatian: kćī `daughter' [f r], kćè ̀ri [Gens]; šćī `daughter' [f r], šćéra [Gens]
Slovene: hčí `daughter' [f r], hčére [Gens]; hčī `daughter' [f r], hčēre [Gens]
Alb. Tosc (*hoc) gocë `daughter', Geg cucë `daughter'.
Page(s): 277
Root / lemma: dhu̯en-

en-, dhun-
en un-
Meaning: to hum
Material: Old Indic dhvánati ` sounds, soughs', dhvaní- m. `sound, echo, thunder, word',
dhvaná- m. `sound, a certain wind', dhvanita- n. `sound, tone, echo, thunder', dhúni- `
soughing, roaring, thundering ', dhunáyati ` soughs ';
Old Norse dynr m. ` resonance ', Old English dyne n. ds., engl. din, Old High German
tuni ds.; Old Norse dynia (preterit dunda) `din, drone, rant, roister', Old English dynnan,
Old Saxon dunnian Middle High German tünen `din, drone'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Germanic extensions therefrom seem Old Norse dynkr
`din, fuss, noise, blow, knock', Middle English dunchen, engl. dunch ` strike with a short
rapid blow, jog with the elbow ' and ndd. dunsen `din, drone, stomp', Swedish dial. dunsa
`crack, creak, hit'.
Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Germanic words
just as for Lithuanian dundė́ti `violent knock, hit, din, drone' in question.

Page(s): 277
Root / lemma: dhu̯er-

er-, dhu̯erǝ
er erǝ-
er
Meaning: to ruin by deceiving
Note: (:dhu̯r̥- : dhru-)
Material: Old Indic dhvárati ` damages ', participle dhrutá-, -dhrut (and -dhvr̥t), dhrúti- f. `
deception, seduction ', *dhvará- ` deceiving ' in dhvarás- f. (Nom. -ā́ḥ) à kind of female
daemon '; dhū́rvati ` brings down through deception, damages ' (zero grade of a heavy
basis dhu̯erǝ-), dhū́rta-ḥ ` deceitful ', m. ` cheater ', dhūrtí- f. ` deceitful injury, damage ';
Latin fraus, -dis f. `deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment ', frausus sum
(Plaut), Umbrian frosetom ` cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed ', Latin frūstra (newer
frūstrā) ` in deception, in error, in vain ', therefrom frūstror, -āri ` deceive, cheat ' belong
probably as d-extension our root here (see above under dhreugh-); unclear is only a
(popular saying? EM 382; incredible WH. I 543);
here probably Hittite du-wa-ar-na-aḫ-ḫu-un (dwarnaḫḫun?) ` I broke '.
References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.

Page(s): 277
Root / lemma: dhu̯ergh-

ergh- : drugh-
ergh drugh-
Meaning: low (in stature), crippled
Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects Avestan drva- (i.e. druɣva-), which is
reckoned under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for ` dwarfish,
crippled ', with Old Norse dvergr, Old English dweorg, engl. dwarf, Middle Low German
dwerch, nnd. dwarf, Old High German twerc, Middle High German twerc, -ges, Modern
High German Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durgī in Old Norse dyrgja `dwarf, midget', ndd.
dorf; after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Latvian drugt `sink down' (see above
reugh-1).
dhreugh-
Otherwise for Germanic the interpretation would derive as ` creature of deception ' with
regard to to Old Indic dhvarás- à kind of female daemon ', root dhu̯er- `bring down through
deception ';
it could have derived from dhu̯er- then with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root
form dhreu-gh- (dhu̯er-gh- : dhu̯r̥gh- : dhrugh-, dhreugh-); also latter deriving from appellation
for puckish creature of deception.

Page(s): 279
Root / lemma: dhu̯ē̆r-, dhu̯ō̆r-, dhur-

ur-, dhu̯r̥-
Meaning: door
Note: besides this conservative stem, the proto form of plural and dual of such a measure
(see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already proto forms -o- and -ā-
extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as
2. composition parts.
Material: Old Indic Nom. Pl. dvā́raḥ, Akk. Pl. duráḥ, dúraḥ, Nom. Du. dvā́rā(u) `door' (loss
of Aspiration originally in den bh-case through influence of dvāu `two'), durōṇá- n.
`dwelling, homeland' (-no-derivative of Lok. Du. Aryan *dhurău); o -stem dvāram n. (new)
`door' in compounds śatádura- n. `secretive place with 100 doors'; Avestan Akk. Sg.
dvarǝm, Lok. dvarǝ `gate, courtyard ', Old pers. duvarayā ` at the gate ';
Armenian Pl. dur-k`, Akk. z-durs (*-n̥s) `door', i durs ` out of doors, forth, out, outside ',
Sg. duṙn, Gen. dran `door, gate, courtyard ' (n-Dekl. derive from Akk. Sg. in -m ), dr-and `
doorpost, doorsill ' (*dhur + *anǝtā, see there);
gr. presumably from conservative stem still θύρδα ἔξω ᾽Αρκάδες Hes.; θύραζε ` out
through the doors, out of doors, forth, out ' (i.e. θύρασ-δε, either Old Indic duraḥ, Armenian
durs or from ā-stem θύρᾱ, so that from -ᾱνς about -ᾰνς), as 1. composition part perhaps
θυραυλέω ` habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) der Türe, lagere im Freien ' from θύρ-αυλος
(but it could have derived also from θύρα), very archaic θαιρός `the revolvable doorpost '
(also ` Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens ' from *dhu̯r̥-i̯o-);
o-stem in πρόθυρον `room before the door, vestibule of the house' (: Old Indic śatá-
dura- n.);
ā-stem θύρᾱ `door' (hom. mostly Pl.), Attic θύρᾱσι ` outside ', hom. θύρη-θι, -φι;
compare still θύριον `Türchen' (: Old Indic dúr(i)ya- `zur door or zum Haus gehörig'), θυρίς,
-ίδος `window' (actually `Türchen') θύρετρον `door', θυρεός `Türstein; großer long shield',
θυρών `Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus' (: Gothic daúrōns f. Pl. `zweiflügliges gate', yet barely
in historic connection with it);
alb. (dhu̯er-) derë f. `door', Pl. düer (conservative stem *dhu̯ōr-);
Note: conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)

Phonetic mutations: Alb. alb. (dhu̯era) derë f. `door' : gr. (dhu̯era) θύρᾱ `door' : Proto-Slavic
form: [dvьrь See also: dvorъ - Page in Trubačev: V 171-172] Old Church Slavic: dvьrь
`door' [f i] : Russian: dver' `door' [f i]
Therefore proto Illyrian gave alb. dhu̯e- > de-, gr. dhu̯e- > du-, Slavic dhu̯e- > dve-.
Latin Plur. forēs f. ` folding-doors ' (older conservative stem *dhu̯or- reshaped to i-stem);
the Sg. foris, -is is secondary; ā-stem in forās ` out through the doors, out of doors, forth,
out ', forīs ` an open space, public place, court, market-place ' (the vowel after forēs); in
addition forum n. ` an open space, public place, court, market-place '; Umbrian furo, furu, `
an open space, public place, court, market-place '; about Latin forus see above S. 134;
cymr. abret. corn. dor f. `door' (*dhurā or *dhu̯orā; latter vowel gradation certainly in Old
Irish dorus n. `door', in-dorus `before' from Celtic *du̯orestu-; with it phonetically not
compatible cymr. drws `door', from Thurneysen IA. 33, 25 places to Middle Irish drut, druit
`shut', nir. druidim ` I close ' from *druzd-); o-stem gall. doro `door', Duro-, -durum in PN,
Old Irish dor m. ds.; acorn. darat, mcorn. daras `door', bret. Pl. dorojou, dial. doredou (Loth
RC 20, 355) from *dhu̯orato-; compare gall. *doraton `grille, lattice door' in gallorom.
*doratia (or *duratia?), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is gall. dvorico (Holder I
1390), GN?;
Old High German turi, Old Franconian duri `door', Old Norse dyrr ` doorway ', fem. Pl.
(Nom. Pl. *dhur-es); Old English duru ds. (extended after Akk. Pl. *dhur-n̥s, Germanic
*durunz, also Old High German Dat. Pl. tur-un, -on); o-stem Gothic daúr n., Old High
German tor, Old Saxon dor, dur, Old English dor n. `gate' (*dhurom); Gothic daurōns see
above (: θυρών); Old Icelandic for-dyri n. ` vestibule ';
Lithuanian durìs Akk. Pl. dùrų Gen. Pl., dial. and old dùres Nom. Pl. (then i-inflection:
Nom. Pl.dùrys), Latvian duris, dùrvis, Old Prussian dauris f. Pl. `door' (au error); however,
lacks Lithuanian dvãras ` grange ' because of dvérti ` unbolt, unlock ' (also dùrys `door'
from `*aperture'?) it is not certainly poln. loanword;
Old Church Slavic dvьri `door' (*Akk. Pl. in -n̥s; root stem dhu̯r̥- from the reduced case
with consonant-ending e.g. Lok. *dvьrchъ); o-stem Old Church Slavic dvorъ ` courtyard ';
Hittite: ? an-dur-za (adv.) ' within, inside, in ' (*'indoors'), Tischler 37-38.
Tocharian В twere `doors'.
References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6251.
Page(s): 278-279
Root / lemma: digh-

digh-
Meaning: goat
Note:
digh- : `goat' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: deiĝh
Root / lemma: digh- deiĝh- : `to prick;
tick'. From the older root Root / lemma: deiĝh
deiĝh- : `to prick; tick' derived Root / lemma: aiĝ-
aiĝ- :
`goat' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' [common Baltic - Illyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence
the gr. cognate derived from proto Illyrian
Material: Gr.-thrak. δίζα αἴξ. Λάκωνες (*dighi̯a), compare thrak. PN Διζα-τελμις (as ᾽Εβρου-
τελμις to ἔβρος τράγος Hes.); Old High German ziga `goat', with hypocoristic consonant
increase Old English ticcen, Old High German zickī, zickīn `young goat, kid' (but about
Modern High German Zecke see above under deiĝh
deiĝh-); here perhaps Norwegian dial. tikka
`sheep' (event. hybridization of Swedish dial. takka `sheep' with nord. equivalent of
Zicklein), tiksa `sheep, bitch', tikla `young sheep or cow', as well as Old Norse tīk f. `bitch'
= Middle Low German tīke ds.
Armenian tik `hose from animal skin ' it is put here by Lidén (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat.
Sydow 531) as originally ` goatskin ', must go back to *dig- (taboo distortion?).
References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.
Page(s): 222
Root / lemma: dī̆ī̆ī̆p-ro-

ro-, dī̆ī̆ī̆p-erā
Meaning: cattle
Material: Armenian tvar `ram, herd of cattle' (*tivar < *dī̆perā); Gothic tibr ` oblation '
(meliorated from aibr), Old High German zebar ` sacrificial animal ', Old English tīfer, tīber
ds., Late Middle High German ungezī̆bere, unzī̆ver, Modern High German Ungeziefer
actually ` impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice '. Old French (a)toivre ` draft animal '
derives from Germanic
Maybe alb. (*dī̆berā) dorbëria `heard of cows'.
References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.
Page(s): 222
Root / lemma: dl̥kú-

ú- (?)
Meaning: sweet
Material: Gr. γλυκύς, γλυκερός `sweet', γλυκκόν γλυκύ, γλύκκα ἡ γλυκύτης Hes. (-κκ- from
-ku̯-), γλεῦκος (late) `must, stum' (ablaut neologism); γλ from δλ because of folg. κ; -λυ-
from -λα- after folg. υ; about late δεῦκος `must, stum', δευκής `sweet' s. WH. I 380;
Latin dulcis `sweet, mellifluous, gentle' (from *dl̥ku̯i-s).

Page(s): 222
Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū,

hū dn̥ĝhu̯ā
Meaning: tongue
Note: often reshaped through anlaut change and rearrangements
Material: Old Indic jihvā́ f., Avestan hizvā ds. (Proto Aryan *ĝiĝhu̯ā from *daĝhu̯ā with i
from lih- `lick' or from jih- ` turn down '; iran. *sizvā probably through sound dissimilation);
Maybe Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū,
hū dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' derived from Root / lemma: dhereĝh
ereĝh-
(dhr̥ĝh-nā-
nā-) : `to wind, turn'.
besides ū-stem in Old Indic juhū́ f. `tongue, spoon' (with u after juhṓti ` pour into the fire ',
different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Avestan hizū m. ds.; with -ōn- for -ā Old pers.
hizbāna-, Middle Persian huzvān ds., North Aryan biśān m. `tongue, discourse ' (*viźhvān
after E. Leumann North Aryan Spr. 127 f.);
Armenian lezu, Gen. lezvi places in ending -ghu̯ā away from *dn̥ghu̯ā, the first syllable
probably influenced by leiĝh
leiĝh- `lick';
Note: common Latin d- > l-; also common Italic-Latin d- > f- shift.
Old Latin dingua, Latin lingua (with l- from lingere); Oscan fangvam (Vetter Serta
Hoffilleriana 153;
Maybe alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue, language' not from Latin lingua for alb. has preserved
-h- in contrast to Latin Hence alb. d- . l- mutation is genuine. Alb. (*dn̥ghu̯ā) gluha `tongue'
is similar to formation alb. (*dlagh-t-) glatë, gjatë, gjat `long'.
Old Irish teng (ā-stem) and tengae, Gen. tengad with t- after tongid ` swears '; but Old
Irish ligur `tongue' to Latin ligurriō; unclear is mcymr. tafawt, cymr. tafod, acorn. tauot,
Middle Breton teaut, bret. teod, wherefore corn. tava, Middle Breton taffhaff, bret. tan̄va
`taste' (Celtic *tamāto-?);
Gothic tuggō f., Old Norse Old Saxon tunga, Old English tunge, Old High German
zunga, with -ōn- instead of -ā; as ablaut neologism perhaps here Old Norse tangi ` clutch
piece of the blade ', Middle Low German tange `sand shift between two marshes';
Balto Slavic inžū- m. in Old Prussian insuwis; Lithuanian liežùvis (after liẽžti `lick'); Old
Church Slavic języ-kъ, Serbo-Croatian jèzik, poln. język, russ. jazýk; to contraction of
anlaut. d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77;
Note:
Common Illyrian-Baltic d- > zero.
Tocharian A käntu, Gen. käntwis, B käntwo, Obl. käntwa sa (*kantwa, reconverted with
metathesis from *tankwa, Indo Germanic *dn̥ĝhu̯ā).
References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Dekl. 83, Havers
Sprachtabu 123 f.
Page(s): 223
Root / lemma: dous-

dous-
Meaning: arm
Note:
ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below).
dous- : àrm' derived from an archaic root *ĝ
Root / lemma: dous-
But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb..
Material: Old Indic dóṣ- n. (m.), Gen. doṣṇáḥ ` forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with
animals', Avestan daoš- m. ` upper arm, shoulder', npers. dōš `shoulder'; Old Irish doë
(*dous-n̥t-s), Gen. doat àrm'; Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` Achselhöhle; Busen des
Kleides '; sloven. pâzduha, pâzdiha besides pâzuha, pâziha àrmpit', and with the same d-
loss (ein Erklärungsversuch by Berneker 233 f.) Old Bulgarian etc pazucha `κόλπος'.
Note:
ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below).
dous- : àrm' derived from an archaic root *ĝ
Root / lemma: dous-
But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb..
Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma:
ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the
common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indic hásta-ḥ m. `hand', Avestan
zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;
The key link between Root / lemma: dous- ĝheus-
dous- (*ĝheus-):: àrm' derived from an archaic root
ĝheus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
*ĝ hesor-1, ĝhesr- ĝheus-
hesr- (*ĝheus-):: `hand' and Root /
lemma: ĝhesto- ĝheus-
hesto-2 (*ĝheus-):: `hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit '
: Lithuanian pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. ` place under the arm, armpit '.
Note: common Baltic-Illyrian ĝh- > z : Old pers., Avestan, Illyrian- alb. - celt. ĝh- > z, d.

Page(s): 226
dō- : dǝ-, also dō-

Root / lemma: dō- dō-u- : dǝu-
ǝu- : du-
du-
Meaning: to give
Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-
di-dō-
dō-mi.
mi
Material: Old Indic dá-dā-ti (Aor. á-dā-m, Opt. dēyām, Fut. dāsyáti, Aor. Med. ádita = gr.
ἔδοτο, Inf. dámanē : gr. δόμεναι, compare Latin daminī `hand over, deliver, give up,
render, furnish, pay, surrender', whether originally infinitive) `gives' (pāli. dinna to a present
*di-dā-ti), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Avestan dadāiti ds., Old
pers. Imp. dadātuv ` he should give '; root nouns Old Indic dā́[s] ástu ` be a giver '; Infin.
dā́tum (: Latin Supin. datum); participle ditá-ḥ (uncovered), secondary dattá-ḥ, zero grade
in ā-t-tá-ḥ, prá-t-ta-ḥ `devoted', ablaut. in tvā́-dāta-ḥ ` you gave from ', Avestan dāta-; to
Fut. Old Indic dāsyāmi (: Lithuanian dúosiu) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 78811;
Armenian ta-m `dō', ta-mk` `we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,
surrender ' (*dǝ-i̯e-mi), Aor. etu (= á-dā-m, Indo Germanic *e-dō-m);
gr. δί-δω-μι `give', Aor. ἔδωκα, Opt. δοίην (*doii̯ēm). Fut. δώσω, Aor. Med. ἐδοτο,
participle δοτός, Infin. hom. δόμεναι and hom. Thessalian etc δόμεν (locative without
suffix);
Venetic zoto `he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished ' = gr.
ἔδοτο; zonasto `he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted,
vouchsafed, confered ' maybe from *dōnā-s-to from a denom. *dōnāi̯ō (*dōno-m : Latin
dōnum); mess. pi-do (*dō-t : Old Indic a-dāt);
alb. (*dhu̯o-sm̥) da-shë Aor. ` I gave ' (*dǝ-sm̥); : alb. subjunctive dhashtë ` let him give '
Latin dō, dās, dat, dămus (*dǝ-mós), dătis, dănt (secondary fur *dent from *(di)-dṇ-ti),
Old Latin danunt; dedī, dătum, dăre `give, grant, bestow', refl. ` betake oneself' (dās with ā
after stā- for *dō = Lithuanian duõ, dúo-k [Specht KZ. 55, 182], gr. hom. δί-δω-θι);
Vestinian di-de-t ` delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders ', Paelignian
di-da `he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', Umbrian dirsa,
dersa, teřa ` he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*didāt), teřtu,
dirstu, titu `he/ she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' (*di-de-tōd), teřte
`he/she has been given' (*di-da-ter), a-teřa-fust `he/she will have handed round ' (*am-de-
da-fos-t); Oscan da[da]d ` he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign,
yield, abandon, render ' (*dād(-di)-dād), dadid `he/she will have delivered, given up,
rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (*dād(-de)-dīd), di-de-st `he/she will hand over, deliver,
give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', dedet, Umbrian dede `he/she has handed over,
delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (= Latin dĕ-d-ĭt, old dedet), Umbrian
teřust, dirsust `he/she will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished,
surrendered ' (*dedust), etc; Faliscan porded `he/she has stretched out, spreaded out, put
forth, reached out, extended ' (*por(-de)-ded);
redupl. present Italian *di-dō(?) in Latin reddō (reddidī, redditum, reddere) `give back'
from *re-d(i)-dō (?) is ostensibly themat. metathesis from *di-dō-mi; other compounds are
dē-dō, dī-dō, ē-dō, prō-dō, trā-dō and *ven-dō;
participle Latin dătus `bestowed' = Faliscan datu `given, delivered, given up,
surrendered ', Vestinian data ` been delivered, given up, surrendered ', Paelignian datas `
been delivered, given up, surrendered ' (: gr. δοτός); Supin. datum (: Old Indic Infin.
dā́tum);
here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 Latin ce-dō ` go from, give place, remove, withdraw,
go away, depart, retire!' Pl. cette from *ce-dǝte (: gr. δότε);
Lithuanian dúomi (nowadays secondary dúodu, Latvian duôdu, based on neologism to

Old Lithuanian Ipv. duodi from *dō-dhi-, East Lithuanian dúomu), 2. Sg. dúosi, 3. Sg.
dúost(i) `gives', Old Prussian dāst ds., after Kořínek Listy filol. 65, 445 and Szemerényi Et.
Slavic Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication
(angebl. *dō-dǝ-mi, Balto Slavic *dōdmi, 3. Sg. *dō-dǝ-ti, Balto Slavic *dōdti > *dōsti), but
on an unreduplicated athemat. inflection (*dōmi, Pl. *dǝmós); Lithuanian dúosti, Old
Bulgarian dastъ are imitations from Lithuanian ė́sti èats' etc, which lie besides Lithuanian
*ė́(d)mi, Old Bulgarian jamь (from *ēd-m-), where d would be perceived as suffix of the
root; to Fut. Lithuanian dúosiu see above S. 223.
The same would be assumed from Old Church Slavic damь ` I will give ', 3. Pl. dadętь
(after jadętь etc); Old Church Slavic dažda `gift' is an analogical form after *ědja `food,
eating', where d was perceived again a formant.
Infin. Lithuanian dúoti, Latvian duôt, Old Prussian dāt (*dō-ti-) = Old Church Slavic dati,
serb. dȁti, russ. datь.
For preterit Lithuanian daviaũ, Latvian devu `gave' see below.
participle *dō-nain Old Church Slavic prě-danъ, serb. dân, Czech dán, klr. dányj `
bestowed'; *dō-ta- ds. in Old Prussian dāts, Lithuanian dúotas, Latvian duôts;
einzelsprachl. innovations are serb. dial. dât, Czech dátý; in addition Lithuanian duotina
`nubile, marriageable', russ.-Church Slavic podatьnъ, russ. podátnyj ` generous '; Supin.
*dōtun `to give' in Old Prussian daton (Infin.); Lithuanian dúotų, Old Church Slavic otъdatъ,
sloven. dat; compare Slavic *datъ-kъ in sloven. dodâtɛk, poln. dodatek, russ. dodátok
`bonus, addition';
Hittite dā- `take', 1. Sg. da-aḫ-ḫi (daḫḫi), 3. Sg. da-a-i (dāi), would be placed here by
Pedersen (Muršilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) (`give' - `for give to oneself'-
`take'); against it Couvreur Ḫ 206 ff.
nominal formation: Old Indic dā́tar-, dātár- `giver', gr. δώτωρ, δωτήρ ds., zero grade
δοτήρ, δότειρα, Latin dător, datrīx. - Old Indic dātrá-, Avestan dāϑra- n. `gift'.
*dō-telin Old Church Slavic dateljь (*dō-tel-i̯u-) `giver', Czech udatel ` bighead ', russ.
dátelь `giver'.
Old Indic *dāti- `bestowal, gift' in dā́ti-vāra- àllotting willingly, generous ', havya-dāti- `
procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice ', Avestan dāiti- `grant, gift, impartment ', gr.
δῶτις Hes. (and conservative stem *dō-t- in δώς) `gift', Δωσί-θεος, -φρων, Latin dōs, -tis
`dowry';
Lithuanian Inf. dúoti: Slavic *datь `gift' (e.g. in Old Church Slavic blagodatь `χάρις', russ.
pódatь `tax'), Inf. dati; zero grade Old Indic díti-ḥ, gr. δόσις `gift', Latin dati-ō, -tiōnis (old *-
tīnes) ` the bestowing ' (suffix as in gr. δωτί̄νη `gift'); with zero gradation in enclitic Old Indic
bhága-tti- `luck bringer'.
Old Indic dā́na- n. `gift' (substantiviertes -no-participle) = Latin dōnum, Oscan etc dunum
ds. (duunated `he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered '); cymr.
dawn ds., Old Irish dān m. ` gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature,
temperament (faculty, talent)', compare Slavic *danъ-kъ in serb. dának `tribute, tax' etc
and den -ni-stem Old Church Slavic danь `tribute, tax, toll', Lithuanian duõnis `gift'; zero
grade alb. dhënë ` bestowed', f. `gift, tribute, tax', Geg dhânë; (*dhu̯on-)
Also alb. (*dhu̯onti) dhunti ` gift, faculty, talent'.
gr. δῶρον `gift' (-ro- in pass. value, compare e.g. clā-ru-s), Old Church Slavic darъ `gift'
(m. as *danъkъ), Armenian tur ds.;
Maybe alb. (*dhu̯onata) dhurata ` gift, faculty, talent ' rhotacism n/r; darsmë, dasmë
`wedding' : Latin dōs, -tis `dowry';
Old Indic dāyá- `giving', dāyá- m. `gift', Old Prussian dāian Akk. `gift', serb. prȍ-daja
`sale' (etc, Berneker 176).
Maybe nasalized alb. ndanj, shpërndanj (*shprë-ndanj)àllot, give, separate' : Lithuanian

priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.
As 2. composition part Old Indic -dā- e.g. in aśvadā́- ` horse giving, horse offering ',
Slavic with structure in o-Dekl., e.g. russ. dial. pó-dy Pl. ` tributes, taxes ', serb. prî-d `
Draufgabe beim Tausch '; Lithuanian priẽdas `bonus, addition, wage increase'.
dō̆-u- lies before in Old Indic dāvánē `to give' (also Perf. dadáu `have bestowed'),
Avestan dāvōi `to give', Cypriot δυFάνοι ` he may give ', Inf. δοFεναι (about Arcadian
participle ἀπυ-δόας s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 745 f.), contracted hom.-Attic δοῦναι;
Latin duim, duīs etc Ì, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,
surrender', Fut. II -duō, contain an Aorist-stem *du- from *dou̯-; duim is from Optat. *-dou̯īm
originated in compounds (prō-duint from *prō-dou̯int, etc), then also by compounds from
*dhē- : per-duim, etc For Italian optative *dou̯īm probably trod only secondary in Umbrian
and Faliscan a present *dou̯iō in Faliscan doviad ` may grant ' (it seems to be reduced in
compounds hence Latin duam etc *doviām), Umbrian pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu ` stretch
out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend ', purtuvies ` stretch out, spread out, put forth,
reach out, extend ', Umbrian purditom (*-d(o)u̯itom) ` stretched out, spread out, put forth,
reached out, extended ', purtiius (*d(o)u̯īus) `you will have stretched out, spread out, put
forth, reached out, extended ', purtifile `* stretched out, spread out ', from synkopiertem
*por-d[o]u̯ī-́ with alteration from du̯ to d; in purdovitu Imper. it was hindered syncope
through Indik. *pór-dovīt;
Lithuanian daviaũ ` I gave ', dovanà f. `gift', Latvian dâvana f. `gift', iterative dãvât,
dāvinât òffer, give', Old Church Slavic -davati àllot' (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -
vati).
About Old Saxon twīthōn `grant' etc see below deu-2 `friendly grant'.
References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6868, 722,
741, 794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.
Page(s): 223-226
Root / lemma: dreĝh

dreĝh-
Meaning: unwilling, displeased
Note: or perhaps originally `be slack, tough'?
Material: Gothic trigo `mourning, grief, repulsion', Old Norse tregi m. `mourning, grief,
hindrance ', tregr ` unwilling, averse ', treginn ` grieving ', Old English trega m. `mourning,
grief, affliction '; Old Saxon trego m. `pain', tregan (only Inf.) with Dat. `be afflicted ', Middle
Dutch tregen ` lose the courage ', Old Norse trega = Old English tregian àfflict, sadden';
compare with a probably old concrete meaning ` zähe, zähe haftend ' Norwegian Dialectal
treg also ` persistent, firm ', trege `tough fibre, filament, sinew, hard skin', Swedish trägen `
fatigueless '; lengthened grade Old High German trāgi ìdle, slow, querulous ', Old Saxon
trāg èvil, bad', Old English trāg f. ` affliction, wickedness ', Old Saxon Old High German
trāgī f. ` sluggishness, displeasure ';
Lithuanian dryž-tù, drižaũ, drìžti `faint, languid, slack become' (Būga Kalba ir. s. 219),
drìžinti `slack make'; to Lithuanian ri compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 83. [common
Illyrian-Baltic -ĝh- > -d- shift]
Maybe alb. treth `castrate, clip' [common alb. -g > -th shift] (see below)
Note:
Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreĝh
tr-eu- dreĝh- :
ùnwilling, displeased' [common Illyrian-Baltic -ĝh- > -d-, Illyrian alb. -g > -th.
References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.
Page(s): 226-227
drē- : drǝ
Root / lemma: drē- dr-ē̆m-
drǝ-, extended dr-
Meaning: to sleep
Material: Old Indic drā́ti, drā́ya-ti, -tē àsleep', ni-drā́ `sleep'; in addition zero grade ni-drita-
ḥ `sleeping, dozed off';
Armenian tartam `slow, sleepy ' (*der-d-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416);
gr. hom. Aor. ἔδραθον (*e-dr̥-dh-om), new ἔδαρθον ` slept ', secondary καταδαρθάνω `
dozed off ';
Latin dormiō `sleep, drowse ' (*dr̥m-īi̯ō);
Slavic *drēmi̯ō ` drowse ' in Church Slavic dremlju drěmati ` drowse ', serb. drȉjemljêm
drijèmati ` have sleep desire ', etc
maybe alb. dremit `drowse'.
About the formal Verhältnisse s. EM. 284, to -em- extension also Pedersen Groupement
22.

Page(s): 226
dumb- (-bh?)
Root / lemma: dumb-
Meaning: penis, tail
Material: Avestan duma- m. `tail', npers. dum, dumb (*dum(h)ma-), Old High German
zumpfo `penis', Middle High German zumpf(e), zumpfelīn (Sütterlin IF. 4, 93); in addition
perhaps Avestan dumna- n. `hand (?)' (*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with
numerous parallels for the meaning-development ` shaft, pole, staff - penis, tail' and `staff -
arm, hand'. Probably to Middle Low German timpe `cusp, peak, acme, apex ', Old English
ātimplian `provide with nails', nasal. form from Germanic *tippa `tip, tail' in engl. tip `cusp,
peak', Middle High German zipf(el); Germanic *tuppa- `pigtail' in Old Norse toppr ds., Old
English topp m. àcme, apex', Middle High German zopf `plait, tress', with bb: Middle Low
German tobbe, tubbe `spigot', compare Latvian duba àssigned sheaf'; Germanic *tappan
`spigot' in Old English tæppa m. (engl. tap), Middle Low German tappe m., Old High
German zapho, Middle High German zapfe m. apparently `popular saying' with intensive
consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a : i : u; compare above S. 221 drop-
drop-:
drip-: drup-.
References: WP. I 816, Fick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.
See also: see also above S. 177.
Page(s): 227
Root / lemma: dus-

dus-
Meaning: bad, foul
Material: Old Indic duṣ-, dur-, Avestan duš-, duž- `dis-, wrong, evil', Armenian t- ùn-', gr.
δυσ- `dis-, de-, evil', Latin in difficilis `difficult, hard', Old Irish do-, du- ds. (construction
after the example from so-, su-), Gothic tuz- (in tuz-wērjan `doubt'), Old Norse Old English
tor-, Old High German zur- ùn-', Slavic in Old Bulgarian dъždь (*duz-djus ` bad weather '
=) `rain', russ. doždь, poln. deszcz, Old Czech déšč, Gen. dščě and analogical deště.
connection with deus-
deus- `lack' is very probable.
Note:
Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: dheu̯es-
es eus-, dhū̆s- `to dissipate, blow,
etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root / lemma: dei-1, dei̯ǝ-, dī-
lemma: dei- dī-, di̯ā- : `to
shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic (*dus-diu-): Old Church Slavic: dъždь `rain'
[m jo] (see below).
Only Indic from duṣ- has evolved dúṣyati ` goes bad, goes off ', duṣṭa- `spoiled, evil,
bad', dūṣáyati ` spoiled, disabled '.
References: WP. I 816, E. Fraenkel Mél. Pedersen 453.

Page(s): 227
Root / lemma: du̯ei-

ei-
ei
Meaning: to fear
Material: Avestan dvaēϑā `menace';
Note:
Armenian erknč̣im ` I fear ', erkiuɫ `fear' (anlaut as in erku `two' : *du̯ōu Meillet MSL. 8,
235);
gr. hom. δείδω `dread' (*δέ-δFοι̯-α), Plur. δείδιμεν (i.e. δέδFιμεν), Attic δέδιμεν
(thereafter the new Sg. hom. δείδια, i.e. δέδFια, Attic δέδια), Aor. hom. ἔδδεισεν (i.e.
ἔδFεισεν), hom. δίε ` dreaded '; reshaped from *δεδFοια Perf. hom. δείδοικα, Attic δέδοικα,
Cretan δεδFοικώς Hes. (Hs. δεδροικώς), in addition δεδείκελος Hes. `timorous'; to
δεδίσκομαι (after hom.) `terrify' (*δε-δFί-σκο-μαι) would be shaped secondary δειδίξομαι,
whereof previously Attic δεδίττομαι, hom. δειδίσσομαι; hom. δειδήμων `timorous'
(*δεδFει̯ήμων); δέος n. `fear' (*δFει̯ος), θεουδής ` godfearing ' (*θεο-δFεής), δεῖμα n.,
δειμός m. `fear', δεινός `terrible', δειλός, `timorous, fearful; unlucky, lamentable '
(*δFει̯ελός); διερός `to fear, dread' (*δFι-ερος);
Latin dīrus ` ill - omened, ominous, boding, portentous, fearful, awful, dread ' (from
Servius to Aen. III 235 also as sabin. and Umbrian stated word, so that di- instead of bi-
from *du̯i- as a dialectal sound development), with formants -ro- ` before what one is afraid
', as clā-rus ` audible, distinguishable '.
s-extension in Old Indic dvḗṣṭi ` hated, is hostile ', dviṣṭá- ` detested ', dvḗṣa-ḥ m.,
dvḗṣas- n. `hate', Avestan dvaēš-, t̃baēš- `be hostile to, mortify', participle t̃bišta-, dvaēšaḥ-
, t̃baēšaḥ- ` hostility ', Middle Persian bēš àffliction, mischief ', probably to du̯is-
is- S. 232.
is
Note:
References: WP. I 816 f., WH. I 353 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7106, 769, 774. After
Benveniste (briefl.) belongs the root as ` be in doubt ' to consecutive du̯ō(u)
ō(u) `two'.
Page(s): 227-228
Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)

ō(u) (*d u̯ei-
dḫu̯ ei-)
ei
Meaning: two
Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duu̯ōu),
ōu du̯ai
ōu ai f. n., besides du̯ei-
ei-,
ei
du̯oi-
oi-, du̯i-
oi
Note: compare the summary by Brugmann II2 2, 6-82 passim.
Material: 1. Old Indic m. dváu, dvā́ (ved. also duváu, duvā́) = Avestan dva m., Old Indic f.
n. dvḗ (ved. also duvḗ) = Avestan baē f. and n. `two';
Note:

Instr. Dat. Abl. Old Indic d(u)vā́bhyām (has changed with ā), Avestan dvaēibya (with old
i-diphthong, as Lithuanian dviẽm etc), Gen. Sg. Old Indic d(u)váyoḥ; by compression of
Old Indic d(u)vā-: d(u)vā-daśa `12' (== gr. δώδεκα);
Armenian erku `two' (= Old Indic dvā́);
gr. hom. δύ(F)ω (*δFω in δώ-δεκα), Gen. Dat. Ionian Attic δυοῖν, next to which
uninflected hom. Attic Doric etc δύ(F)ο (to form s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f.; to rudiment
Indo Germanic *du̯ō s. Meillet BSL. 21, 273, due to Armenian erko-tasan 12, Latin duŏ-
dēnī, Old Indic dva-ká- `the two together', but it could be directed after compositions with
o-stems in the first part, as well as from Gothic Old Norse Old Saxon Old English Old
Frisian wi-t ` we two ', Old Norse it, Old Saxon Old English git `you two');
alb. dü m., düj f. `two' (*duu̯ō, respectively *duu̯ai);
Latin duo (from *duō), f. duae (neologism), Umbrian (only with plur. inflection) dur Nom.
m. `two' (*duōs, *duūr), desen-duf Akk. m. (12), duir `two', tuva Akk. n.;
Old Irish dāu, dō Nom. Akk. m. (= Old Indic dvāu), before Subst. dā (proclitic form), fem.
dī (= Old Indic dvḗ), neutr. dā n- `two', acymr. bret. masc. dou, fem. cymr. dwy (etc); gall.
VN Vo-cor-ii, Vo-contii (compare Tri-corii) with *u̯- besides du̯-; compare Thurneysen Gr.
182;
Gothic m. twai, f. twōs, n. twa, Old Norse tueir m., tuǣr f., tuau n., Old English tū m., twā
f. (= Old Indic dvḗ); Old High German zwēne m., zwā, zwō f., zwei n. etc (Old High
German zweio `to two' Lok. Du. = Lithuanian dvíejau, dvíejaus);
Lithuanian dù m. (from *dvúo = Old Indic dvā́), dvì f. (= Old Indic dvē); Latvian divi m. f.
(from *duwi f. n.), Old Prussian dwai m. f.; Old Church Slavic dъva m., dъvě f. n.;
Tocharian A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. wi (neologism); compare above gall. vo-; Hittite ta-a-an
(tān) ` secondly, second ', ta-a-i-u-ga-aš (tāyugaš) `two years old' (: Lithuanian dveigỹs
`two years old animal'?).
About the first part from εἴκοσι, vīgintī etc (old dissimilation from *du̯ī-̆ , *du̯ei-dk̂mtī ??) s.
u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī ` twenty '.
Note:
The following dw- > b- is originally a Latin-italic.

In compound Indo Germanic du̯i- and from it under unclear condition developed di-
di- : Old
Indic dvi- (e.g. dvi-pád- ` bipedal '), Avestan bi- (e.g. bi-māhya- ` lasting two months '),
Armenian erki (erkeam ` biennial '), gr. δι- (e.g. δίπους; da δίφρος ` curule chair, seat' was
not δί-, rather δFί-φρος, if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following φ,
also for other δι- formation to consider from Indo Germanic *du̯i-), Old Latin dui-, Latin bi-
(e.g. dui-dens, bidens; about forms as diennium s. WH. I under biennium, Sommer Hdb.3
223; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Umbrian di-fue ` cleft, parted,
split ' probably sound pattern from du̯i-), Old Norse tve- (also tvī-, see below), Old English
twi-, Old High German zwi- (e.g. Old English twi-fēte ` bipedal ', Old High German zwi-
houbit ` bicipital '), Lithuanian dvi- (e.g. dvì-gubas ` twofold ', Old Prussian dwi-gubbus).
Ital. du- in Latin du-bius, -plus, -plex, -pondius, -centī, Umbrian tuplak Akk. Sg. n. `
twofold ', du-pursus ` on two feet ' is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from
duo; also is to define du- in Umbrian duti ` again, a second time, once more, anew ', pāli
dutiyam ` for the second time '; about Latvian du-celes ` two-wheeled cart ' compare
Trautmann 125, Mühlenhach-Endzelin I 509, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 358.
Zero grades du̯ei-

ei- in compounds is to be admitted for Celtic (e.g. Old Irish dē-riad ` a
ei
span of horses, pair, two horses harnessed to an open car ', díabul ` twofold ', cymr. dwy-
flwydd `two years old'; Old Irish dïas ` duality of persons ' probably from *du̯ei̯o-stho-) and
for Germanic (e.g. Old Norse tuī-faldr ` twofold ' besides tuēfaldr; Gothic tweifla-, probably
n., Old High German zwīfal n. besides gr. δι-πλός, Latin duplus).
du̯oi-
oi- in Old English getwǣfan, twǣman `separate, cut, clip' < *twaifjan, *twaimjan;
oi
perhaps also for the Aryan (Avestan baēǝrǝzufraϑah- ` two fingers wide ', dvaēpa- n.
ìsland'? or rather from du̯ai̯i-, as probably Old Indic dvēdhā ` twofold, (*divided) in two
parts', compare dvīpá- ìsland' above S. 51); perhaps Phrygian GN Δοίας, Gen. -αντος
(*du̯oi-n̥t) `twin'.
Note:
Slavic dvo-, dvu-, dvě- in compounds s. Berneker 247.
2. ordinals: Old Indic dvitīya-, Avestan bitya-, dabitya-, Old pers. duvitiya- `second';
under duti ` again, a second time, once more, anew ' (probably replacement for *diti from
*du̯iti̯om after du-, see above); Armenian erkir, erkrord `second'; alb. i-düte; all new
neologisms.
is `twice': Old Indic dvíḥ (ved. also duvíḥ), Avestan biš, gr. δίς,
3. Multiplikativadverb: du̯is
Old Latin du̯is, Latin bis, Middle High German zwir `twice' (but nir. fo-dī = Old Indic n. dvē,
Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127), Germanic myth. PN Tuisto ` hermaphrodite ';
Maybe alb. düsh ìn two'.
through u̯-forms extended Avestan bižvat̃, Old Norse tysuar, tuisuar, Old High German
zwiro, zwiror (zwiron, zwiront), with voiced ? z- reduction Old English twiwa, twiga, twia,
tuwa, twie, Old Frisian twia, twera, Old Saxon twio;
therefrom with formants -ko- Old High German zwisk, Old Saxon twisk ` twofold ' (see
below), probably also Armenian erkic̣s `twice';
with l-forms Old English twislian ` bisect ', twisla `confluence of two streams', Modern
High German Zwiesel ` bifurcation ' (perhaps restricted to *du̯is in the meaning ` divided ',
see below);
with t-forms Old Indic dvitā́ ` twofold, double' (therefrom dvāitá-m ` duality '), ap.
duvitāparnam ` in two lines ', Gatha-Avestan daibitā àgain(?)'.
4. multiplicative: gr. διπλός, διπλόος, Latin duplus, Umbrian dupla ` double, twice as
large, twice as much ', Old Irish dīabul (*du̯ei-plo-; see also above Gothic tweifls),
wherefore perhaps Avestan bifra- n. ` comparison, affinity ' (: root pel-
pel- `fold', compare with
t-extension:)
gr. διπλάσιος (*pl̥t-io-), Ionian διπλήσιος ` waved with both hands ', Old High German
zwifalt ds.
Gr. δίπλαξ, Latin duplex, Umbrian tuplak n. `duplex' (: root plāk-

plāk- `flat, spread'); from Adv.
z.B. duví-dhā, dvē-dhā (probably *dvai̯i-dhā, that to be read in the oldest texts 3-syllable) `
twofold, in two parts', wherewith the ending from Old Irish dēde ` duality of things ' seems
to be connected, as well as the from Old Low German twēdi `half', Old English twǣde `
two thirds ', Old High German zwitaran ` hybrid, mongrel, half breed ', Modern High
German Zwitter.
Gr. δίχα ` twofold, divided in two parts ' (after hom. διχῇ, διχοῦ), next to which (through
hybridization with *δι-θά to Old Indic dvídhā) hom. διχθά ` δίχα ', therefrom Ionian διξός `
twofold ' (*διχθι̯ός or *δικσός), and δισσός, Attic διττός ds. (*διχι̯ός, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 598,
840); about Hittite dak-ša-an ` half part ' s. Pedersen Hittite 141.
Here also alb. degë ` twig, branch, bough, brushwood ' (*du̯oi-ghā);
Note:
dḫ1u̯ei- ghā) degë ` twig ' : Old Indic f. n. dvḗ `two' : Lithuanian dveigỹs m. ` biennial
Alb. (*d
animal';
common Albanian -ḫ1ue- > -e- ; Old Indic Lithuanian -ḫ1ue- > -ve-.
Old High German zwīg `twig, branch' (*du̯ei-gho-), Old English twig `twig, branch' (*du̯i-
gho-); Old Saxon tōg(o), Middle Low German toch, Old High German zuog(o) `twig,
branch' are reshaped after cardinal forms with twō-;
Lithuanian dveigỹs m. ` biennial animal', serb. dvìzāk ` biennial ram', old dviz ` biennial '
(: Hittite dāyugas, see above).
5. collective: Old Indic dvayá- `double' (dvayá-m ` twofold creature, falsity ', nachved.
`pair'), Dat. f. dvayyái = hom. ἐν δοιῆι; dvandvám `pair' (from ved. duvā́-duvā́ ` every two ');
gr. hom. δοιώ, δοιοί `double, two' (with preservation of -ι̯- through influence of
*δFοῖ[F]ιν), ἐν δοιῇ ` in doubt ' (Irish dīas from *duei̯o-stho-?);
Gothic Gen. Pl. twaddjē (compare with other ending Old Indic Gen. Dual dváyos,
Lithuanian Gen. dviejų̃), Old Norse tueggia, Old High German zweiio, Old English m.
twǣgen, f. twā, n. tū `two' (see above Sievers-Brunner 264), Nom. Akk. Pl. Old High
German zwei (*du̯ei̯ā), next to which from Indo Germanic *du̯ei̯o- Old High German Middle
High German zwī, g. zwīes m.n. `twig, branch' (the n-stem Old Norse tȳja `doubt'
presumably balanced from Nom. *tvīja, Gen. tȳju);
Balto Slavic du̯ei̯a- and duu̯ai̯a- in Lithuanian dvejì, f. dvẽjos `two' (the substantival n.
Sg. in dvẽja tíek `twice as much');
Old Church Slavic d(ъ)voji Adj. ` twofold, two', d(ъ)voje n. Subst. `two things' (therefrom
derivatives as russ. dvojnój `double', dvójni ` twins ', dvójka `pair', dvojník ` zweidrähtiger
Faden ', dvoítь ` in zwei Teile teilen, zwei Fäden zu einem zusammendrehen ', etc, s.
Berneker 247).
no- (partly due to from du̯is):

With -no-
Armenian krkin `double' from *(r)ki-rki-no-, Indo Germanic *du̯i-du̯is-no- (?) (L. Mariès
REtIE. 1, 445);
Latin bīnī ` every two ' (distributive) and `two' (collective) from *du̯is-no- (= Germanic
*twiz-na-);
Germanic *twi-nain Old High German zwinal, zwenel ` born together, twin-born, twin- ',
zwiniling m., Middle High German zwinilīn n. `twin', *twai-nain Old Saxon twēne `two', Old
High German zwēne ds. (it has substituted with ē instead of ei after *zwē = Gothic twai),
Old High German zwein-zug, Old Saxon twēn-tig, Old English twēn-tig `20' (` Doppelzehn
');
Maybe alb. 20, një-zet òne - ten', 40, dy-zet `double - ten'
Germanic *twiz-nain Old Norse tvennr, tvinnr ` twofold ', Pl. tvenner ` zwei
zusammengehörige ' (tvinna `redouble'), Old High German zwirnēn, -ōn ` zweifach
zusammendrehen ', Middle High German zwirn, Middle Low German twern ` doppelt
zusammengedrehter Faden ' probably = Old English twīn, holl. twijn ` linen thread, linen '
(Old English getwinne ` every two ', getwinnas ` twins ' is led back then to *twi-nja-). (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Besides due to *twīha-, Indo Germanic
*du̯ei-ko-, Gothic tweihnai `two', Old English Dat. twēonum, betwēonum, engl. between `
between ';
Lithuanian m. Pl. dvynaĩ, russ. dvójni ` twins '.
With -ko-
ko-:
Old Indic dviká- ` aus zweien bestehend, zweifach ' (dvaká- ìn pairs, by pairs'
connected after ēkaká-);
Old High German zwe(h)o, Old Saxon twe(h)o, Old English twēo m. `doubt', Old English
be-twih, -tweoh ` between ', mid unctwīh ` between us both ' (compare above Gothic tweih-
nai);
from du̯is- from: Old High German zwisk, Old Saxon twisk ` twofold ', Pl. `both' Dat. Pl.
Old High German (undar, en) zwiskēn, Modern High German zwischen; in addition Old
English getwisa m., Old Saxon gitwiso, Middle High German zwiselinc `twin'.
With du̯is- `twice' identical is du̯is- `divided, asunder' in Gothic twisstandan `to divide'
and den derivatives Old Norse tvistra `separate', Middle Low German Old Frisian twist,
Middle High German zwist `discord (split)' and Middle English twist = Old Norse kvistr
`twig, branch' (as also Bavarian zwist), further Old Norse kvīsl f. ` split branch or tools, arm
of a river ' (these with Indo Germanic ei); further Old Norse tvis-var `twice', tvistr `
dichotomous, sad ' (= Old Indic dviṣ̌ṭha- ` ambiguous ', gr. *διστος in διστάζω ` doubt ',
Indo Germanic *du̯i(s)-sto- : root stā-, at most du̯is-to- with formant -to-), Old English twisla
` arm of a river ', twislian ` bisect ', Old High German zwisila, Modern High German
Zwiesel ` divided object, twig, branch', Middle High German zwisel `double'; here very
probably Aryan dviṣ- `hate' (see below *du̯ei- `fear, dread').
Maybe alb. më dysh àpart, in two', dyshi `two'
6. Indo Germanic additional form dis-

dis- in Latin dis-, Old Saxon Old Frisian te-, ti-, Old
English te-, Old High German zi-, ze- (new zir- through amalgamation from zi- and ir-) `dis-
', Gothic dis- àpart' (probably borrowed from Latin, barely preceding from *tis- = Latin dis-
), alb. tsh- e.g. in tshk'ep ùnpick', gr. διά (i.e. after μετά etc filled in *δι[σ]ά), e.g. δια-σχίζω
`through' : Latin discindo ` to tear asunder, cut apart, cleave, divide, rend, tear ' (`*split in
the middle '), as prefix also ` through and through, thoroughly, all through ' = `very' (Aeolic
ζα-).
References: WP. I 817 ff., WH. I 104 ff., 354 f., 381 ff., 860, 861, Feist 484 ff., Trautmann
64, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indic Gr. Ill, 342 f.
Page(s): 228-232
Root / lemma: (e
ebhi?)
i? : obhi : bhi
Meaning: around, from to, etc.
Material: Old Indic abhi- prefix `from - to', abhí preposition with Akk. `to', Gatha-Avestan
aibī, jav. aiwi, avi, aoi, Old pers. abiy as prefix `to, around -', as preposition m. Akk. `to -
toward ', with Lok. àbout, in regard to' (in Aryan abhi lies also partly *m̥bhi `before', see
above S. 34);
Latin ob `towards, to' appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the
partial successors from Indo Germanic obhi (see below epi);
epi
Gothic bi, Old High German etc bi, bī `from - to (Gothic), with regard to, about' with Akk.;
àn, by' with Dat. (Lok.), also with Instr., prefix `be-', s. also under amb
am hi, above S. 34,
which contains in final sound identical element;
Old Church Slavic obь, оbъ as preverb ` around-, about-, to-' in оbь-stojati or оbъ-stojati
èncircle', in compounds, as obьdo n. `treasure, tribute', in derivatives, as obьštь, russ.-
Church Slavic оbьčъ `common' (*obhi-ti̯o-); intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic
obichoditi ` to walk around, perambulate '; the form o, ob contains previous *op-
(Lithuanian ap), see below epi.
epi
References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm.2 155 f.

Page(s): 287
Root / lemma: edh-2

Meaning: fence, paling
Material: Doubtful gr. ὄστριμον `stall, hurdle ' (*odh-tro-)??
Old English eodor m. ` hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord' (ablaut. Middle Low German
ader ` fence post '), Old High German etar, Modern High German Etter `fence, edge' (if in
addition Bavarian ester, Swiss ester ` penstock '?), Old Icelandic jǫður-r, jaðar-r èdge,
upper fence pole', perhaps Old English edisk m. ` fenced pasture ', Bavarian iss(e)
ènclosed meadow' (*edh-si̯ā?); Old Bulgarian odrъ `bed', odrina `stall', russ. odr `
scaffolding board ', Czech odr `picket, pole', Serbo-Croatian odar, odrina ` encircling
grapevine '.

Page(s): 290
Root / lemma: edh-

Meaning: sharp
Note:
From an older root heĝʷ-el derived: Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂- : `sharp; stone' and Root /
lemma: ā̆ik̂- : ī̆k̂- : `spear, pike', finally Root / lemma: edh- : `sharp' [common Illyrian-Baltic
ĝh- > d-
d-.
Material: Latin ebulus, -ī f. and -um n. ` dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of
elder, also dane's weed, dane's blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought
against the Danes]';
Note: common Latin ĝʷ- > b-, hence Latin ebulus < *heĝʷ-el where -el, -ul are diminutive
formants.
ablaut. (with k-suffix) gall. and gallorom. odocos `dwarf elder';
Old High German attuh, attah, Old Saxon aduk `dwarf elder' (borrowed from Celtic);
Balto Slavic *edlā- and *edli- f. `fir' in
Old Prussian addle (*edle), Lithuanian ẽglė (out of it dial. ãglė), Latvian egle ds.
(secondary ē-stem; -g- from -d-);
Note: common Illyrian-Baltic ĝh- > d-

d- hence -g- from -d-is wrong etymology.
moreover probably Iterat. Lithuanian adýti ` prick ', Latvian adît ` knit ', compare
Lithuanian ãdata ` sewing-needle ';
Church Slavic etc jela (*edlā), russ. jelь, Old Czech jedl etc (*edli-).
References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.

edh-2)?
See also: from zum Folgenden (e
Page(s): 289-290
Root / lemma: ed- heĝh-)

ed- (*he
heĝ
Meaning: to eat, *tooth
Note:
heĝh-) derived Root / lemma: ed-
From an older root (*he
heĝ heĝh-):: `to eat, *tooth' and Root /
ed- (*he
heĝ
lemma: ĝemb
em h-, ĝm̥bh- : `to bite; tooth'
Note: originally athematic, but mostly thematic change
Note:
Common Illyrian-Baltic ĝh- > d-, z-, Old Prussian - Illyrian ĝh- > zz-, ss-, s-
Material: Old Indic athematic present 1. Sg. ád-mi, 3. Sg. át-ti `you eat', Perf. ādimá (: Latin
ēdimus, Gothic etum); themat. in Medium ada-sva;
Avestan 3. Sg. Konj. aδāiti;
Armenian utem èat', themat. (*ōd-);
gr. hom. Infin. ἔδμεναι, Fut. (older Konj.) ἔδ-ο-μαι, Imper. originally *ἔσθι (: Old Indic
addhí), thereafter secondary ἐσθίω (ἔσθω) èat'; secondary themat. ἔδω (after participle
ἐδοντ- and the thereafter resulted in 3. Pl. ἔδοντι), Perf. hom. ἐδ-ηδ-ώς, ἐδήδοται (after
πέπο-ται), Attic ἐδήδοκα;
Latin edō, ēs, ēst etc èat' (length of ē either old or after the sog. Lachmann's rule to
define; if old in participle ēsus and passive ēs(s)um?); Perf. ēdī; Oscan Infin. edum, about
Umbrian ezariaf see below S. 288;
Old Irish Konj. ci-ni estar ` although he does not eat ' (*ed-s-tro), Fut. īss- (*i-ed-s-), Perf.
dofūaid (*de-u(p)o-od-e), participle esse ` eaten ' (*ed-ti̯o-); cymr. ys `you eat' (*ed-ti);
Gothic themat. itan (Perf. 1. Pl. ētum, Old High German āzum etc: Old Latin ēdimus),
Old Norse eta, Old Saxon Old English etan, engl. eat, Old Frisian īta, Old High German
ezzan èat' (= Old Indic ádanam ` act of eating ', gr. ἐδανόν `dish, food'); with prefix fra-
(*pro-): Gothic fra-itan ` consume ', Old English fretan ` gnaw ', Old High German frezzan `
devour '; kaus. Gothic fra-atjan; Old Norse etia ` allow to consume ', Old English ettan `
allow to graze ', Old High German azzen, ezzen ` give to eat, allow to graze ', Modern High
German ätzen, actually ` a spicy dish that can be eaten ';
Maybe alb. Geg etun `thirsty', etje `thirst'
Balto Slavic *ēd-mi in:
Lithuanian ė́du, ė́džiau, ė́sti (alt. ė́[d]mi, 3. Sg. ė́st) èat, devour ', Supin. ė́stų; Latvian
ę̂mu (older *ę̂mi) and êdu, êst ds., Supin. êstu; Old Prussian īst, īstwei èat'; Old Church
Slavic jamь (*ěmь), 3. Sg. jastъ (*ěstъ) Indo Germanic *ēd-ti), 3. Pl. jadętъ (Indo Germanic
*ēdn̥ti), Infin. jasti (old ěsti), Supin. jastъ, Old Czech jěst;
Lithuanian participle ė́dęs, Old Prussian īduns, Old Church Slavic jadъ ` having eaten ';
Hittite et- èat', Imper. e-it (et), 1. Sg. present e-it-mi (etmi), 3. Pl. a-da-an-zi (adanzi);
the first a through assimilation?, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hittite 128;
in compounds: gr. ἄ̄ρι-στον (*-d-tom) ` breakfast '; with lengthening in compound

δειπνηστός ` mealtime ', δορπηστός ` time for supper, evening meal, evening ' (compare
also hom. ὠμησής ` Rohes essend ': Old Indic āmād- ds.); gr. ἐδεστός, -τέος is arranged
from *ἐστός, *ἐστέος after ἔδομαι (as ἐδεσθῆναι from *ἐσθῆναι).
nominal formation:
1. Lengthened grade:
ēdi̯o-, ēdi̯ā:
ā: in Old Indic ādyá- ` edible ' (ādyūna- ` voracious ' is derived from *ādyu-ḥ `
eating food, ');
Old Norse ǣtr ` eatable ' (compare also Gothic afētja m. ` excessive eater ');
Lithuanian ė́džios f. Pl. ` Raufe ', ėdžià ` devourer ' (originally ` food fed to livestock '),
ė̃dis m. `dish, food', mės-ė̃dis ` carnivore, family of meat-eating animals'; Old Prussian īdis
m. `food, eating'; russ. jěžá `food, eating, dish, food' (; s. Berneker 271 f.);
about Latin inĕdia ` fast ' s. WH. 393.
ēdo-, ēdā: in Old Norse āt n. ` ravenousness, dish, food' (also āta f. ` ravenousness,
ēdo-
nourishment, food'), Old English ǣt n., Old Saxon āt n., Old High German āz n. `dish, food'
(compare also Gothic uzēta m. `crib, manger '), Lithuanian ė́da f. `the eating' (= Old Norse
āta), Latvian êdas f. Pl. ` food fed to livestock ', Old Prussian īdai f. Nom. Sg. ` the eating ',
Old Church Slavic оbědъ `repast, meal' (perhaps also jadъ ` poison ', s. Berneker 271 f.),
russ. jědá f. ` breakfast, dish, food'.
ēdi-: in Old Church Slavic jadь `dish, food', medv-ědь `the bear' (honey eater, compare
ēdi-
Old Indic madhv-ád- ds.).
ēd-to-: in Lithuanian ė́stas ` eaten ', Old Prussian Subst. Dat. Sg. īstai `food, eating',
ēd-to-
mbg. jasto ` serving of food ', etc.
ēdes-: in Lithuanian ė̇d

ēdes- ̃ esis `dish, food', ėskà f. ` appetite ', old ` food fed to livestock,
carrion ' = Latin ēsca (*ēd-s-kā) `dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion ', Latvian ēška `
wolverine '; Old High German Old Saxon ās ` flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion ', Old
English ǣs ` carrion ' (*ēd-s-om); Old Church Slavic jasli Pl. m. ` crib, manger, manger'
(*ēd-s-li-); if Umbrian ezariaf stands for `food', it can be maybe explained from *ēdes-āsio-;
different about Lithuanian ėskà EM2 295.
Maybe alb. eshkë `dried mushrooms for kindling the fire'
With ō: gr. ὠδίς f., Pl. ὠδῖνες `throes of childbirth', ὠδίνω ` be in labor pains ' (Frisk
Etyma Armen.13); ἐδ-ωδ-ή `dish, food' (compare ἐδηδώς); in addition Lithuanian úodas,
Latvian uôds m. ` mosquito ' (Schulze KZ. 43, 41 =Kl. Schr. 627; from Zubatý AfslPh. 16,
407, Brugmann Grundr. I2 337 placed to wruss. wadzen ` a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese ').
2. Full grade, e.g.:
Old Indic ádman- n. `dish, food' (: ἔδμεναι); -advan- ` eating ';
Armenian erkn ` birth pain, labor pains ' (*edu̯ōn), erk `plague' (*edu̯o-?);
hom. εἶδαρ, -ατος n. `nourishment, food' (i.e. ἔδFαρ, compare ἔδαρ βρῶμα Hes.),
ἐδητύς, ἔδεσμα `dish, food';
Latin prandium ` a late breakfast, luncheon ' (*pram-ediom?), edulus ` trencherman '
(see also WH. I under acrēdula, ficedula and monēdula), edūlis ` eatable ' (possibly
because of from Fick III4 24, Falk-Тоrp under jætte as *etuna- ` voracious eater ' or `
cannibal ' our root form added to Old Norse jǫtunn ` giant ', Old English eoten ` giant ',
older ndd. eteninne ` witch ' an older u- stem edu- is added?); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
3. ŏ-grade: ὀδύνη (Aeolic but ἔδυνα) `pain' (compare Latin cūrae edācēs), ὀδύρομαι `
lament, bewail, mourn for, felt pain' etc. (influenced from μύρομαι ` flow, run, trickle, cry,
weep').
edont- dont-, dn̥t- `tooth', probably previous participle present

edont-, dont-
Old Indic dán m., Akk. dántam (*dont-), Gen. datáḥ (= Latin dentis) `tooth' (secondary
dánta-ḥ m.); Avestan dantan- m. ds., dātā f. ds.;
Armenian atamn, Gen. -man `tooth' (*edn̥t-mn̥);
gr. (Ionian Attic) ὀδών, -όντος `tooth' (Attic ὀδούς neologism after (δι)δούς), Aeolic
ἔδοντες (ὀδόντ- assimilated from *ἐδόντ-?), νωδός ` edentulate, toothless ' for *νωδων
after στράβων : στραβός ;
Latin dens, -tis m. (*dn̥t-s); Oscan dunte[s] is ablaut `teeth';
Old Irish dēt n., cymr. bret. dant, corn. dans `tooth' (*dn̥t-);
Old High German zand, Old English tōð (Dat. Sg., Nom. Pl. tēð, conservative stem), Old
Norse tǫnn (Nom. Pl. teðr, tennr, conservative stem); (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade (from the weak case), Gothic tunÞus (from dem Akk.
tunÞu = Latin dentem) `tooth' (derivative Old English tūsc `fang' from *tunÞ-ska-);
Lithuanian dantìs, Gen. Pl. dantų̃ (dial. also dančių̃) `tooth';
Slavic probably in poln. dzięgna ` stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay,
inflammation of the gums ' (*dęt-gna, s. Berneker 190).
forms with e-grade don't stand firm accordingly; Old Norse tindr `cusp, peak, crag ',
Middle High German zint, -des `prong, spike, tine ', Old English tind m. ds., Old High
German zinna (*tindjā) `pinnacle', Old High German zinko (*tint-kō) ` tine ' belong to Old
Irish dind `hill, lifting ', Phrygian Δίνδυμος mountain name, Illyrian VN Δίνδαροι.
Page(s): 287-289
egnis : ogni
Root / lemma: egn nis (-n
ognis n- inanimate genitive ending)
Meaning: fire
Note:
Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong-
ong- (better ang-
ang-) (*heng-)::
coal < Root / lemma: okʷ
okʷ- : `to see; eye'
Grammatical information: m.
Material: Old Indic agní-ḥ m. `fire' (= Hittite Agnis, Hrozný ZA. 38, 185, after Laroche,
Recherches sur les noms of dieux hittites 119, taken over from Hurrians);
Latin ignis, -is m. `fire, flame, light, blaze, glow' (*egnis);
Lithuanian ugnìs f. (Old Lithuanian also m., Specht KZ. 59, 2782), Latvian uguns m. f.
ds.; u derives from Old Swedish ughn òven';
Old Church Slavic ognь m. `fire' (*ognis; i-stem, secondary i̯o-stem), Czech oheň
(ohně), russ. ogónь (ognjá); about Czech výheň f. `flue, chimney, smithy', Serbo-Croatian
vȉganj m. `blacksmith', with quite unclear anlaut, s. Meillet Slave comm.2 85, lastly J. Holub
Stručný slovnik etym. jazyka českoslov. 341.
Maybe alb. vigan `giant' : Serbo-Croatian vȉganj m. ` blacksmith' [a translation of Cyclops

who were giant blacksmiths; they got their name for covering one eye as a spare if one got
damaged from sparks of melted metal, that is why Root / lemma: egn
egnis : ogn
ognis : `fire'
derived from an extension of Root / lemma: okʷ
okʷ- : `to see; eye']; common alb. prothetic v-
before bare initial vowels.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.
Page(s): 293
Root / lemma: eg-

eg-
Meaning: a lack of smth.
Material: Latin egeō, -ēre ` want, be in need; with genit. or abl. to be in want of, to be
without, not to have; also to desire, wish for, want ', egestās ` poverty, indigence, need;
with genit., want of ', egēnus (*egesnos) ` needy, destitute; with genit. or abl., in need of '.
Hereupon also Oscan egmo f. à thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance; possessions,
property, wealth; interest, advantage, benefit; cause, ground, reason; a matter of business;
a law suit, action ' (to meaning development compare gr. χρή : χρῆμα);
Old Norse ekla `lack', ekla `barely', Old High German ekorōdo `bare, only', ekrōdi,
eccherode `thin, weak'.

Page(s): 290
Root / lemma: eĝhero

eĝhero- eĝhero
eĝhero-
hero- (*ḫeĝhero-)
Meaning: lake, inner sea
Note:
From Root / lemma: eĝhero
eĝhero-
hero- : `lake, inner sea' derived Root / lemma: ad(u)-
ad(u)-, ad-ro- :
ad-ro-
ĝh- > -d-, -z-
`water current': Illyrian Pannonian VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες [common alb.-Illyrian-Baltic -ĝ
ĝh- > ss-
; Old Prussian -Illyrian -ĝ s-].
ss-, s-
ĝh- > ss-
Material: Maybe Illyrian TN Oseriates (Osseriates) [common italic -Illyrian -ĝ s-].
ss-, s-
The comparison from Balto Slavic *ežera- n. `sea shore' in Old Prussian assaran n. `sea',
Lithuanian ẽžeras m. (out of it dial. also ãžeras), Latvian ezers m., Old Church Slavic
(j)ezero [common ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian.], russ. ózero ds., with:
Baltic *eži̯ā f. ` border line ' in Old Prussian asy, Lithuanian ežė̃, Latvian eža; Slavic
*е̌žъ m. in serb.-Church Slavic jazь `canal', Old Czech jěz ` water weir ', Old Russian ězъ,
russ. jaz ` fish weir ', is doubtful, also the with Pannonian VN ᾽Οσεριᾶτες in the flat sea
surface (because of. of σ it must be thrak.), and with:
gr. ᾽Αχέρων, -οντος, river of the underworld (therefrom ᾽Αχερουσία λίμνη and ἀχερωΐς `
abele, white poplar '), whose α (instead of ε or ο) could indeed derive from ἄχος ` a
trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ';
Note: common gr. -ĝh- > -χ-
Balto Slavic forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *ažera-, in which case one
could place Indo Germanic *aĝhero-.
References: WP. I 1841, Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.
Page(s): 291-292
Root / lemma: eĝhi

eĝhi- eĝhi
eĝhi-
hi- (*ḫeĝ no-s)
hi-no-
Meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)
Note: probably short form to eĝhi
eĝhi-no-s ` of the serpent, serpent eater ' (see above S. 44).
hi-no-
Note:
Root / lemma: eĝhi
eĝhi- eĝhi
eĝhi-
hi- (*eĝ no-s):: `hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root / lemma:
hi-no-
ʷ(h)i- (*eg
angʷ(h)i
angʷ(h)i- egʷhi
ʷhi-, ogʷhi
ogʷhi- eĝhi-
hi-) : `snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Material: Armenian ozni `hedgehog';
Phrygian (*ḫ1εζις) εζις `hedgehog';
gr. (*ḫ1ἐχῖνος) ἐχῖνος `hedgehog';
Old High German igil, Middle High German igel, Middle Low German egel, Old English
igil, igl, īl `hedgehog', Old Norse igull `sea urchin' (with ī Old High German also īgil, by
Luther Eigel, Old Norse also īgull);
Lithuanian ežỹs, Latvian ezis `hedgehog';
Church Slavic ježь (*eĝhi̯os) ds. (in addition russ. ježevíka, ožína ` blackberry ' common
ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian., ožíka ` bulrush' etc., s. Berneker 267).
Here probably following Balto-Slavic appellation of perch (prickly fish):
Old Prussian assegis m. ` perch ', Lithuanian ežgỹs, ežegỹs, egžlỹs, Old Lithuanian
ẽkšlis, jẽkšlis `chub';
lengthened grade Slavic *ězgъ, out of it *ěždžь, čеch. ježdík ` perch ', poln. jażdż,
jaszcz (also jazgarz) `chub'; basic form perhaps *ē̆ĝh(e)-g(h)i̯os ` hedgehog-like '.
Maybe alb. (*eĝh) esh `hedgehog', according to the shift [common Old Prussian - Illyrian
ĝh- > z-, ss-].
Maybe Latin (*eksicus) ericius -i, m. `hedgehog; milit., chevaux de frise' : alb. iriq
`hedgehog' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-].
References: WP. I 115, Trautmann 73, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 4912.
Page(s): 292
Root / lemma: eĝhs eĝhz

eĝhs (eĝ
eĝhz) eĝhz
eĝhz)
hz (*ḫeĝhz
Meaning: of, out, from
Note: Aspirata erwiesen through gr. ἔσχατος.
Material:
Gr. ἐξ (dial. ἐς, before consonant ἐκ, ἐγ) `from', prefix and preposition m. ablative,
(genitive) and (Arcadian-Cypriot, pamph.) dative; Ionian Attic ἐκτός ` out of ' (after ἐντός
with τ for θ, compare:) lokr. ἐχθός (from ἐκσ + τος Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326) epidaur. to
ἔχθω, ἔχθοι reshaped, ἔσχατος ` of the extreme, last ' (based on *ἐσχο- from *eĝzgho-,
older *eĝhs-ko-), less certainly ἐχθρός `fiend, detested ', originally ` Landflüchtiger ' or
`foreigner, stranger' from *eĝhstros, wherefore were created after αἰσχ-ρός : -ίων, -ιστος, -
ος further ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος, ἔχθος, also ἔχθεσθαι, ἀπεχθάνομαι, ἀπεχθαίρω etc.;
Latin ex (out of it ē before b, d-, g-, l-, m- etc., ec before f) `from', prefix and preposition
m. Abl., Oscan-Umbrian (about *eχs) ē-, e.g. Oscan ehpeilatas set `*are pillaged, are
assigned ', Umbrian ehe-turstahmu ` drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish '; Latin
exterus òutward, foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl.
extremus -a -um, outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an
end; 'extremum', acc., for the last time; 'ad extremum', to the end or at the end; in degree
or quality, extreme; esp. lowest, worst; 'extremum bonorum, malorum', the highest good,
evil; superl. extimus -a -um, outermost' (exterior, extrēmus, externus, extrā, extimus),
because of in *ek-t- indicating Oscan ehtrad ` outside; except, unless; prep. with acc.,
beyond, outside of, without; except for ', Umbrian ap ehtre `* ab extrim ', Old Irish echtar,
cymr. eithyr ` outside; except, unless; prep. with acc., beyond, outside of, without; except
for ', acymr. heitham, ncymr. eithaf ( : extimus) its x previously was restored from ex;
Old Irish ess-, preceding ass-, a, cymr. eh-, gall. ex- (e.g. in Exobnus `fearless' : Old
Irish essamain, mcymr. ehofyn), before consonant ec-, prefix and (Irish) preposition m.
Dat.(-Abl.);
Old Prussian esse, assa, assæ (with an unclear extension), es-teinu ` from now on ';
with hard i: Lithuanian iž, ìš, Latvian iz, is, Old Prussian is, Old Church Slavic iz, izъ, is
`from', prefix and preposition m. Abl.(-Gen.), probably also partly real Gen.; after Meillet
Slave comm.2 155, 505 zero grade Balto Slavic *iž (?); s. also Endzelin Latvian Gr. 33,
about Latvian īz 507.
WH. I 423 places also Armenian preverb y- (e.g. y-aṙnem ` uplifts me ': Latin ex-orior `to
come out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear') and the preposition with Abl. i `from' here
(doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the Tocharian A-
Postposition -ṣ `not at all' from *-kṣ. common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Maybe alb. negative particle s' `not at all' : Tocharian A-Postposition -ṣ `not at all'
About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. gr. ἐκ-φέρω, Latin ef-ferō ` to
carry out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove ', Old Irish as-biur `say, express, *take
out' (*ek̂s-bherō), gr. ἔξ-ειμι, Latin ex-eō ` to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw,
retire ', Lithuanian iš-eĩti, Old Church Slavic iz-iti ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f.
Maybe nasalized zero grade alb. nxjerr `bring out, take out' < Latin ex-orior `to come out,
come forth, spring up, rise, appear'
References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.
Page(s): 292-293
Page(s):
Root / lemma: eĝ-

eĝ-, eĝ(h)om
(h)om eĝō
eĝ(h)om, eĝ-
eĝō (*ḫeĝ
eĝ-)
Meaning: I
Note: -ĝh- besides -ĝ- is ensured only for Old Indic, thus probably secondarily after Dat.
máhyam.
Note:
From Root / lemma: ehem, eheu eho (*eĝh-):: ìnterjection, *an exclamation of joyful
ehem eheu,
surprise' derived Root / lemma: eĝ-
eĝ-, eĝ(h)om
(h)om eĝō
eĝ(h)om, eĝō : Ì'
Material: Old Indic ahám, Avestan azǝm, Old pers. adam (*eĝ(h)om);
Note:
Note
The shift ĝ(h) > d, t is recorded in alb. and Old pers. alone see below.
Armenian es (from *ec, Indo Germanic eĝ before conservative anlaut);
gr. ἔγω, ἐγών, boot. ἰω, ἰών; Latin egō̆ as gr. ἐγώ has changed from *egom, perhaps
while *ἐγὸν φέρω stretched after ἐγὼ φέρω, egō̆ ferō, and *ἐγών are directed after *ἔδων `
gave ' etc. (about Latin egomet Ì myself' s. WH. I 396)? Faliscan eko, ego; probably also
Oscan íív Ì?'; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.;
venet. eχo Ì' (compare meχo ` me ');
Gothic ik, Old High German ih (ihh-ā ` I myself ' with the particle -ā), Old Saxon ic, Proto
Norse ek, ik, Old Norse ek and enclitic Proto Norse -ika (*eĝom), West Germanic also *īk
(lengthening after *tū) in Old English īc, Modern High German Franconian aich, Old Norse
also ēk (proto Germanic *ékan, from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka);
Lithuanian àš, old eš, Latvian es, Old Prussian es, as (*eĝ);
Old Church Slavic azъ (quite seldom jazъ) from *ēghom?, nsloven. russ. poln. ja (to
explanation of anlaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm.2 452); Common ḫ >
j- Slavic Albanian.
Note:
Note
Maybe: Old Church Slavic jazъ derived from Swedish jag Ì '
Tocharian ñuk Ì' after Petersen Lang. 11, 204?;
Hittite ú-uk (uk) with u after am-mu-uk `me, I', secondary Ì', that against u has related
from the 2. Sg. tu-uk `you (dat.) you'.
Maybe reduced nasalized alb. (*unk) unë Ì' : alb. Arbëresh uthë ` I' [common alb. -k > -th]
Indo Germanic eĝ(h)om is presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which
actually stands for `(my) hereness ' and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is
considered worth under *ghe, *gho enclitic particles.
References: WP. I 115 f., WH. I 395 f., 862; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 209, 602, 6042, Trautmann
72, Pedersen Hittite 73 f.
Page(s): 291
Root / lemma: ehem, eĝh

eĝh-)
eheu eho (*ḫeĝ
ehem eheu,
Meaning: interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise
Note: mostly independent neologisms
Material: Ved. áha, Old Indic ahahā̆, ahē, ahō, hamhō etc.;
Latin ehem, hem (an exclamation of joyful surprise), eheu, heu (: Old Indic ahō) àch,
oh!', eho `hey there!';
Modern High German hem, hum, hm (: Latin hem); compare Modern High German aha,
oho!;
for Old Indic ah-, Latin eh- one could place Indo Germanic *eĝh- .
References: WP. I 115, WH. I 396 and above S. 281 ē, ō.

Page(s): 293
Root / lemma: eib oi h-), i̯i̯i̯ebh- (*ḫei

ei h- (: oib ei h-)
eib
Meaning: to copulate
Note: probably a taboo with metathesis of anlaut
Material: Old Indic yábhati ` copulates ';
gr. οἴφω, οἰφέω ` copulate '; οἰφόλης ` obscene ';

Doric-Illyrian mythical PN Οἴβαλος ` of or belonging to one's birth ';
perhaps Germanic *aiƀō ` family, a district, canton, province, region ' in langob. -aib
(Ant-aib, Burgund-aib), Old High German -eiba (Weter-eiba, Wingart-eiba);
Slavic *i̯ebō ` copulate ' in russ. jebú, jetí, Serbo-Croatian jèbêm, jèbati (with newly
formed infinitive), etc.
Common ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian.
References: WP. I 198, Specht KZ. 59, 1212, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7221 (sieht in gr. ὀ- ein
preverb e, o, above S. 280).
Page(s): 298
eig-, oig-
Root / lemma: eig- oig- (*ḫeig
eig-)
eig-
Meaning: to complain, entreat
Material: Gr. οἶκτος ` pity, compassion, the lamenting ', οἰκτρός ` pitiable, in piteous plight,
lamentable, wretched ', οἰκτί̄ρω (Aeolic οἰκτίρρω) `have mercy on, bemoan ';
in addition verb *eigi̯ō in Middle Irish éigid ` screams ', éigem f. `cry', to-formation in
lachtaid ` groans, shouts ';
Gothic aihtrōn ` ask, cadge ' (denominative of gr. οἰκτρός corresponding noun agent or
rather of neuter *oiktrom).

Page(s): 298
ei-3 (*ḫei
Root / lemma: ei- ei-3)
ei-
Meaning: multicoloured; reddish
Note: extended (e)i-u̯o-, (e)i-u̯ā `yew' etc.
Material: Armenian aigi ` grapevine ' (*oiu̯ii̯ā);
gr. οἴη, ὄη, ὄα ` service-tree, rowan tree' (*oiu̯ā) = Latin ūva ` a grape, berry of the vine ';
gall. ivo-, proto Irish iu̯a-, Old Irish ēo m., cymr. ywen m., acorn. hiuin, bret. ivin m. `yew';
Old High German īwa, Middle High German īwe, mnl. ijf, Modern High German Eibe f.,
Old English īw m., Old Icelandic ȳr ` yew' (*eiu̯o-), named after the red-brown wood;
besides *ei-ko- in Old High German īgo, Old Saxon Pl. īchas, Swiss īche, īge, Old
English īh, ēoh ` yew';
Lithuanian ievà, jievà f., Latvian (with irregular intonation) iẽva ` alder buckthorn, alder
dogwood ' (*eiu̯ā), Old Prussian iuwis ` yew' (*iu̯a-), named after the red-brown wood;
russ.-Church Slavic iva, Serbo-Croatian ȉva (= Latvian iẽva), russ. íva `Weide', Old
Czech jíva ` yew, sallow '; Common ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian.
Old Indic ḗta- ` glimmering, varicolored', m. `steed, bird, antelope ' etc., Proto Indic PN
(14. Jh.) Aita-ggama `riding on a ram' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. ḗnī, in addition (with ṇ for
n after hariṇī, Femin. to harita `yellowish', compare also hariṇá- ` gazelle '): ēṇa- m. ` kind
of antelope ' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 123).
References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge12 s. v. Eibe, Specht Dekl. 63, 205.
Page(s): 297-298
ei-4 : oi-
Root / lemma: ei- oi- (*ḫei
ei-4)
ei-
Meaning: pole; thill
Note: extended through s- or l-, n-, r-stem; oi̯-es-
es- : īs-
īs- : ois-
ois- `shaft'
Material: Old Indic īṣā́ `shaft';
gr. (*ḫ3οἰήιον) οἰήιον ` rudder, helm ', Attic (*ḫ3οἰσα) οἴᾱξ, -κος ds.; gr. *οἰ[σ]ᾱ
corresponds:
Baltic *aisā as wellspring from Finnish wotj. (etc.) aisa ` shaft, pole of the helm, thill ';
ei̯-elin Lithuanian íelekstis f. ` Deichselstange ', Latvian ielukši, ablaut. il̃kss, ilkmis ds.;
Lithuanian ailė ` shaft, pole', žem. áilis ` a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club ', Latvian
ailis ` shaft, pole';
ei̯-enin Lithuanian íena f. ` thill pole ';
oi̯-erin Old Icelandic Old English ār ` helm pole ', that according to the loanword
Finnish airō and Latvian aĩr-is, aĩre, Lithuanian vaĩras ` rudder ' based on proto Germanic
*airō;
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > v-.
oi̯-es- also in sloven. Serbo-Croatian Czech oje `shaft' (Gen. sloven. ojese).
References: WP. I 167, Lidén Studien 60 ff., Specht Dekl. 101.

Page(s): 298
Root / lemma: eis-

eis-1
Meaning: to move rapidly, *hot iron
Meaning:
Comments:
os- : `metal (copper; iron)' : Root / lemma: eis-
os eis-1 : `to move rapidly,
*weapon, iron' : Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯es-
es- : to foam, boil.
es
Material:
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe-, ḫ3ʷo- > ḫu-, ḫ2ʷa- > ḫa- Hittite
labialized laryngeal PIE ḫʷ- > Øu-, Øü-, Øy-, Øi- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indic = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = gh-
Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Gr. Doric (*iasros) ἱαρός (: Old Indic iširá-), Attic (*iesros) ἱερός (r̥ : er, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
482), Lesbian Ionian ἶρος (*isros) `strong, lively '; further gr. (*isnao, *isneo) ἶνάω, ἰνέω (if
read with ι:, so that is deducible from *ἰσν-άω, -έω) ` send away, empty, drain; pour out ',
Med. ` empty oneself ' (compare Old Indic iṣṇā́ti);
(*oiso, *oisomai) οἴω, οἴομαι (οἴσσατο, ἀνωιστός, ἀν-ωιστί, ωἴσθην, ὀισθείς) ` meine,
komme mit meinen Gedanken worauf, verfalle worauf ', by Hom. with ι: either through
metr. lengthening from *ὀ-ῐ[σ]-ω or from*ὀ-ι[σ]ι̯ο:, after hom. oἶμαι (from οἴομαι);
(*oisma) οἶμα ` stormy attack, rush', οἰμάω ` tear off ', beides from bird of prey, as ved.
ēṣati also from shooting out the bird of prey on his nest (gr. basic form *οἶσμα, compare
Avestan aēšma-); here also still οἶστρος ` the gadfly, breese, an insect which infests
cattle; a sting, anything that drives mad; the smart of pain, agony; mad desire, insane
passion; madness, frenzy ' next-related to Lithuanian aistrà ` intense ferventness, passion',
aistrùs ` ardent ' (not better above S. 12); in similar meaning ἰστυάζει ὀργίζεται;
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ3ʷoḫ1ʷe- > Greek oi-
if gr. (*isa-osmai) ἰάομαι ` to heal, cure; to be healed, to recover '.

Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ3ʷo- > Proto Greek > yao- > Greek iao-
Gr. (*isatros) ἰατρός `physician, medicine man, magician; one who heals, a mediciner,
physician or surgeon (for there seems to have been no professional distinction)' here
belong, is dubious; Attic forms without Asper speak rather against intervocalic -s- and ī
against anlaut. ei-; it is not surprising by a cultural word would be of foreign origin;
Theander (Eranos 21, 31 ff.) derives from the sacred name ἰά from, which would also
define the swaying quantity of ἰ (the goddess of the art of healing Ìᾱσώ, Ìησώ f., Ìά̄σων,
᾽Iήσων m. etc., perhaps also the root name Ìά(F)ονες, compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 80, as
ἰά-Rufer);
Maybe Hittite Isara (f.) à goddess of the art of healing'.
Reduplicated gr. (*ia-isno) ἰαίνω `warm' has and requires ĭ furthermore in spite of
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681, 694, 700 it doesn't belong to it; see above S. 11 and W. Schulze
Qunder ep. 381 ff.; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 203 should explain ἰάομαι the sound-
symbolic lengthened zero grade the root eis-, it did not need to be separated of the
quantity difference because of ἰαίνω;
wruss. Jesa,
Reduplicated laryngeal: Lithuanian Aĩsė; Αἴσαρος (Bruttium), Venetic Aesontius > Isonzo,
Umbrian Aesis, Aesinus; (Illyrian Baltic substrate)
etrusk. aesar `god', Italian *aiso-, *aisi- ds. are to be kept away and barely equate with
gr. ἱερός.
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Italic ae- = Reduplicated initial laryngeal in
ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Baltic ai-
Reduplicated laryngeal Old Norse (*e-isa) eisa ` storm along ', Norwegian FlN Eisand,
wherefore Old English ofost, Old Saxon oƀast `haste, hurry, eagerness ' from *oƀ-aist-;
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Germanic ai-

here also Old Indic íṣu-, Avestan išu- m. ` arrow '; gr. ἰός ds. from *isu̯-os, compare to
meaning οἰστός;
Old Indic iṣṇā́ti, íṣyati ` sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes floating; it
hurries, presses forward ', ḗṣati ` glides ' (ēṣá- `hurrying', ḗṣa- `the rush '), ī́ṣatē `hurries
away' (Adv. īṣát ` approaching '), iṣaṇat ` he came floating ', iṣaṇyáti ` comes floating,
stimulates, animates ', iṣayáti ìs fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated ', íṣ- f. `
refreshment, invigoration ' (also in íṣ-kr̥ti- `healing'), iṣirá- (: ἱαρός, Isara) `strong, active ';
Avestan aēš- ` set in hasty motion ' (present stem iša-, išya-, aēšaya-, Old pers. aišaya-
), Avestan aēšma- m. ànger';
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan ae-
Latin īra, Plaut. eira (*eisā) ànger';
perhaps here gall. Isarno- PN, isarno-dori ` a door made of iron ', Old Irish īärn, Middle
Irish īarann n., cymr. (*ha-isarn) haiarn (required ĭ-), acorn. (*ho-isarn) hoern, bret. (*ho-
isarn) houarn ` iron ' as `strong metal ' in contrast to soft bronze;
Maybe alb. (*hesru) hekur ìron' : Spanish hierro : cymr. (*ha-isarn) haiarn, acorn. (*ho-
isarn) hoern, bret. (*ho-isarn) houarn ` iron ' (Illyrian substrate).
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Celtic hai- = ḫ3oḫ1ʷe- > Celtic hoi-
Germanic *īsarnan n., Gothic eisarn, Old High German Old Saxon Old Norse īsarn ìron'
is because of ī- maybe borrowed from Venetic-Illyrian *eisarnon before Germanic
alteration from ei to ī; compare Venetic FlN 'Iσάρας, later Īsarcus, Modern High German
Eisack (Tirol);
in addition the proto Irish PN I(s)aros, Old Irish Īär, Balkan Illyrian iser, Messapic isareti
(Krahe IF. 46, 184 f.);
further perhaps Celtic-Ligurian-Venetic-Illyrian-Baltic FlN word Is- in Celtic FlN Isarā,

Modern High German Isar, Iser, French Isère; *Isiā, French Oise; *Isurā, engl. Ure, etc.
(Pokorny Urillyrier 114 f., 161);
Modern High German FlN Ill, Illach, Iller could also go back to proto Germanic *Is-l- and
be compared with Latvian FlN Isline, Islīcis, wruss. Isɫa (it could not be genuine Slavic
because of -sɫ-) etc.; the name the Iller: *Illurā could be compared with VN the Illyrii;
es- : to foam, boil, bret. gòell `yeast'
(common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > -ll- see Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯es-
es
(*upo-i̯es-lo-);
Maybe alb. Ilura : zero grade alb. (*Ilura) Lura PN
the full grade *Eis- besides in Īsarcus still in many Baltic FlN: *Eisiā, Lithuanian Iesià,
*Eislā, Lithuanian Ieslā, Lithuanian Eisra, etc. (Būga RSl. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 47);
whereas Būga introduces back wruss. Istra, Latvian Sea name Istra, Lithuanian FlN Isra,
Old Prussian FlN Instrutis ` Inster ' and thrak. ῎Iστρος from *Instr-; yet one could explain
῎Iστρος from *Is-ro-s;
References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 282, 4825, 491, 6797, 681, 694,
700, 823.
Page(s): 299-301
ei-s-2, ei-
Root / lemma: ei- ei-n- (*ḫeis-)
Meaning: ice
Material: Avestan isu- ` icy', aēxa- n. `coldness', pāmir. īš `coldness', osset. yex, ix ìce',
afghan. asai `frost' (if from inchoative formation *is-sk̂-?; different Specht Dekl. 18, 201,
234);
Old Norse íss, Pl. íssar m. ìce', Old English îs n., Old Saxon Old High German Middle
High German îs n. ìce';
Balto Slavic *ini̯a- m. and *īnii̯a- m. ` hoarfrost ' in Church Slavic inej, inij `snow flurry',
russ. ínej m. and Old Czech jínie n. ` hoarfrost ', Lithuanian ýnis m. (also fem. i-stem).

Page(s): 301
ei- (*ḫei
Root / lemma: ei- ei-)
ei-
Meaning: to go
Note: extended ei-
ei-dh-, ei- tā- and i̯-ā-, i̯i̯i̯-ē- : i̯i̯i̯ō- : i̯ǝ-
gh-, i-tā-
ei-gh-
Material: Old Indic ḗmi, ḗti, imáḥ, yánti `go', Avestan aēiti, yeinti, Old pers. aitiy `goes',
themat. Med. Old Indic áya-tē etc. (apparent lengthened grade of Old Indic ā́iti, Avestan
āiti ` goes to, comes to, comes up to, approaches, draws near ' is *ā-aiti, with prefix ā);
Note:
gr. hom. εἶμι ` will go ', εἶ (*eisi), εἰ̃σι (Doric εἶτι), Pl. ἴμεν, ἴτε, ἴᾱσι (neologism for *ἴε̄σι
instead of hε̃σι, *hεντι, Indo Germanic *i̯-enti, Old Indic yánti); Impf. Attic ἦια (neologism for
*ἦα = Old Indic ā́yam); Konj. ἴω (instead of *ἔω, Indo Germanic *ei̯ō, Old Indic 3. Sg. áyat);
Opt. εἴη (instead of *ἴη, Indo Germanic *ii̯ēt, Old Indic iyā́t), Imper. ἔξ-ει (Latin ī, Lithuanian
eĩ-k), ἴθι (Old Indic ihí, Hittite i-i-t);
Maybe zero grade alb. (e)ik-i : Lithuanian eĩ-k ` go '
Latin eō `go' (*ei-ō for athemat. *ei-mi), īs, it, Pl. īmus, ītis (neologism as Lithuanian ei-
mè), eunt (*ei̯-onti for previous *i̯-enti), Imper. ī (*ei), particle present iēns instead of *i̯ēns =
Old Indic yán, Gen. yat-áḥ (*i̯-n̥t-es, compare gr. ᾽Επίασσα), Old Lithuanian ent- (instead of
*jent-); Perf. ĭī (*ii̯-ai: Old Indic iy-āy-a), secondary īvī;
Paelignian eite = `you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass', Umbrian etu = `to go, walk,
ride, sail, fly, move, pass' (ampr-ehtu, apretu ` ambit, circuitous route', en-etu = in-ītō), etu-
tu `he/she shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass ', eest, est `he/she will go, walk, ride,
sail, fly, move, pass ' (*ei-seti), ier `be going away ' (demonstrates a Perf. *ied), etc.;
Oscan eítuns (set) `they will be gone' (*ei-tōn-es);
cymr. wyf Ì am', actually Ì go' 2. Sg. wyt (different about wyt Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394
Anm.);
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > w-.
Gothic iddja Ì walked ' probably = Latin ĭī, Old Indic iy-ā́y-a; s. Lithuanian by Feist 288;
Old English ēode ` walked ' is unexplained;
Old Prussian ēit `goes', ēisei ` you go ', perēimai ` we come ', Inf. perēit;
Old Lithuanian eĩmi, eĩsi, eĩti, Pl. eimè, eitè, and eimì, eisì, eĩt(i), Pl. eĩme, eĩte; Dual
eivà, eità, preterit ėjaũ, Inf. eĩti; Supin. eĩtų (= Old Indic étum Inf.); Latvian eĩmu (older
*eĩmi), iêmu (secondary eju, *ietu, Lithuanian dial. eitù etc.); Inf. iêt, iẽt; Supin. iêtu;
Old Church Slavic Inf. iti (== Lithuanian eĩti), present idǫ, Aor. idъ, neologism to Imper.
*i-dhi > *idь > idi, as also Lithuanian eidu Ì go' to Imper. *eidi;
Maybe alb. (*e-ki) eci ` I walk'.
Tocharian A ymäs ` we go ', В yam `he goes', usually no-present yanem `they go', etc.;
Hittite Ipv. i-it (it) `go!' (= gr. ἴ-θι), medial e-ḫu `come!'; pa-a-i-mi (paimi, with preverb
prefix *pe-) Ì go away', 3. Pl. pa-an-zi (*-i̯-enti, Old Indic yánti), etc.; s. Pedersen Hittite
129 f.;
Maybe alb. hiki, iki ` I go'.
unclear is the Indo Germanic basic form of a voiced stop i-ja-at-ta-ri (ijattari) `goes,
marches'; compare Couvreur H̯ 101;
-i̯-o- `going' as 2. composition part in gr. πεζός among others, s. W. Schulze LEN. 4353.
t-formations: Old Indic ití- f. ` gait, alteration', ityā́ ` gait ', dur-itá- (Avestan duž-ita-) `
hardly accessible ', prātar-ítvan- ` früh ausgehend oder auskommend ', itvará- `going', vītá-
(*vi-ita-) see below; ḗta- `hurrying'; Infin. étum;
gr. ἁμαξ-ιτός ` mobile for carriage ', ἰταμός, ἴτης `( brave =) pert, foolhardy ', εἰσ-ιτήρια `
Antrittsopfer '; o-grade οἶτος ` fate of people, destiny '? (compare ` course of the world ', s.
different above S. 11);
Latin exitium, initium (: fem. Old Indic ityā́); itiō ` going out or away; hence destruction,
ruin; also a cause of destruction ' (: Old Indic ití-); iter, itineris n. `way, alley' (compare
Tocharian A ytār f., В ytārye f. `way, alley', Hittite i-tar, Gen. innas ` the going ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish ethar m. ` scow, ferry-boat '),
originally r/n-stem; com-es, -itis ` companion '; itus, -ūs m. ` gait ', next to which zero
grades *ei-tu-s probably as base from Oscan eituam, eítiuvam ` property, riches, wealth,
*incomings ' (compare to meaning ` entrance, incomings, returning, return, entering, right
or privilege of entrance ' or ` moving property ');
Old Irish Pass. ethae ` gone away, departure', ethaid `goes', ad-etha (*-it-āt) ` seizes ';
perhaps Old Irish ōeth òath', acymr. an-utonou, mcymr. an-udon ` perjury ' = Gothic aiÞs,
Old Norse eiðr, Old English āÞ, Old Saxon ēth, Old High German eid òath' (formal = gr.
οἶτος, meaning perhaps evolved from ` oath way, stepping forward to taking of an oath ',
compare Swedish ed-gång?, s. but above S. 11.);
asachs. frēthi ` apostate, fleeting ', Old High German freidi ` fleeting, bold, foolhardy '
(from *fra-iÞya-, *pro-iti̯os `the the gone away, the departed ', compare Old Indic prēti- f. `
leave, escape, departure ', in addition prētya ` after the death, on the other side ');
Maybe prefixed alb. Geg me pritë (*pre-ita) `to host'
probably Old Norse vīðr ` capacious, wide, vast, spacious', Old English Old Saxon wīd, Old
High German wit, Modern High German weit from *u̯i-itos ` gone apart ' (compare Old Indic
vītá- `gone, dwindled, missing, without', vīta-bhaya- `fearless', vīti- f. `go away, pass over,
depart, seclude oneself' and Latin vītāre, see below).
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Old Indic Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-, v-,
Latin gw- > v-.
iterative i-tā-
tā- in gr. ἰτητέον, ἰτητικός el. ἐπ-αν-ιτᾱκώρ, Latin itō, -āre, Old Irish ethaid
`goes', Umbrian (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu, etato
`have gone, will go'; unclear gr. φοιτάω `go here and there' (ἰτάω with prefix *φοι, to Gothic
Old High German bi-??), Latin vītāre ` to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade ' = `(by Plaut.
m. dative) go from the way, go from sb '; doubtful, if here Latin ūtor (Old Latin oetor, oitile) `
to use, make use of, employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with ',
Paelignian oisa aetate ` get used to an enjoying life ', Oscan úíttiuf ` usufruct ', with prefix
o-, originally ` approach, wherewith deal with ' (úíttiuf still distinct with corresponding Latin
itiō; still it remains to be clarified, if the present from *o-itārī would be transferred in the way
of the root verb);
if οἴσω ` will carry ' as ` go up to something ' or ` go with something ' as based on ūtor
from *o- + *it-? After Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7529 rather from *oi-s-; compare under οἴχομαι.
dh-formations: gr. ἴθμα n. ` gait ', εἰσίθμη ` entrance '; doubtful ἰσθμός, Attic inschr.
ΏIσθμός ` narrow access, tongue of land, promontory, isthmus; neck ' (basic form *idh-
dhmos? at least the way of the penetration from σ would not be clear in older *ἴθμος);
compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 49212;
Old Norse eið ` isthmus ';
Lithuanian Instr. eĩdine ` in amble, easy pace ' (of horses), Old Church Slavic idǫ `go'
(see above).
m-formation:
Old Indic ḗma- m. ` gait ' (but gr. οἶμος, οἷμος ` gait ' to ἐείσατο, s. u̯ei- ἱεμαι ` set a
going, put in motion'); Lithuanian eismė̃ ` gait, Steige ' with Lithuanian -sm-suffix.
u̯-formation:
Old Indic ḗva- m. `run, departure, way, consuetude, custom'; Old Indic dur-ḗva- ` of bad
kind, mad, wicked, evil'; Old High German ēwa (*oiu̯ā) f ` law, norm, covenant, matrimony
', Old Saxon ēu, ēo m., Old English ǣw, ǣ f. ` law, sacred custom, matrimony ' (for
resemblance with ēua ` eternity, perpetualness ' pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also
Gothic ƕaiwa às, like' (if from *qʷōiu̯os from *qʷo-oiu̯os; so also gr. ποῖος ?, see below
qʷo);
ʷo
e-grade Lithuanian péreiva, péreivis ` landloper ', after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from Adj.
*ejùs, to ved. upāyú- ` approaching '.
l-formation probably in intensive Old Saxon īlian, Old High German īllan `hurry, rush '
(from *ijilian; *ei̯eli̯ō, formation as Latin sepeliō); at most, yet very doubtful, Norwegian dial.
eil f. ` gully resembling a dent ', Swedish dial. ela ds., Lithuanian eilė̃ `row, furrow', Latvian
ailis ` area, row'.
gh-extension
gh in:
Armenian ēj ` descent ', ijanem (Aor. ēǰ) `climb down, go down', ijavank` Pl. ` inn ', ijavor
`guest';
Maybe alb. Geg hyj ènter', huaj ` foreign'.
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > w- ; Albanian *ḫue- > hy-.
gr. εἴχεται οἴχεται Hes., οἴχομαι ` go away, be away ', οἰχνέω `go, come', perhaps also
ἴχνος, ἴχνιον ` footprint ' (as `tread, step');
Old Irish ōegi, Gen. -ed `guest';
Lithuanian eigà f. `gait '.
i̯i̯i̯ā- in:
Old Indic yā́ti `goes, travels', Avestan yāiti ds., Old Indic yā́na-ḥ m. `pathway', n. ` gait,
vehicle', Avestan yāh- n. `crisis, (turning point), verdict ' (s-stem);
gr. `Επ-ίασσα `pressed, squeezed, being upon' (with -nt-suffix), epithet of Demeter (:
Old Indic yatī́ ` the going ');
Latin Jānus Òld Italian God of the doors and the beginning of the year; he had a small
temple in the Forum, with two doors opposite to each other, which in time of war stood
open and in time of peace were shut ', jānua ` doors ';
Common ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian Italic.
Old Irish ā ` pivot, axle, cart ' (Indo Germanic *i̯ā), āth `ford' (*i̯ā-tu-s; brit. supplementary
assumes Pedersen KG. I 322 f.);
Lithuanian jóju, jóti, Latvian jâju, jât `ride', Lithuanian jódyti ` ride continually ';
Old Church Slavic jadǫ, jachati (s-extension *i̯ā-s-) `drive, be carried, conveyed ',
particle Pass. prě-javъ, jazda `the going, riding', jato `herd, flock' (see to Slavic forms
Berneker 441 f., v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Brückner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348
f.); in addition Slavic FlN Jana (Nowgorod), Janka (Vilna), Jana (Bulgaria), Modern High
German Jahna (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski RSl. 6, 64.
Perhaps also here Latvian Jānis (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of
the sky gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachwiss. 134;
Tocharian A yā `he walked ', В yatsi `go', with p- extension yopsa ` he entered ', etc.
(Pedersen Tocharian 231); compare Old Indic yāpáyati ` allows to reach to '.
i̯i̯i̯ē- in i̯i̯i̯ēro-
ēro-: i̯i̯i̯ōro-
ēro ōro-: i̯i̯i̯ǝro-
ōro ǝro- `year, summer':
ǝro
Old Indic paryāríṇī- (pari-yāríṇī-) ` calving after one year only ' (?);
Avestan yārǝ n. `year';
gr. (*ḫ3ὥρα) ὥρα ` season, daytime, hour, right time', ὧρος `time, year';
Also alb. herë `time', herët èarly ' from Old French heure èarly ', from Late Latin hora `
canonical hour ', from gr. ὥρα ` season, daytime, hour, right time'; again alb. ora `hour'
from gr. ὥρα ` hour '.
perhaps Latin hōrnus ` of this spring, this year's ', if being based on *hōi̯ōrō ìn these
years', compare Old High German hiuru `this year' from *hiu jāru;
proto Celtic *i̯arā (*i̯ǝrā), cymr. bret. iar `hen', gall. PN Iarilla, Middle Irish eir-īn ` chicken
' (Old Irish *air-īn); incorrect O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 148 f.;
Gothic jēr, Old Norse ār, Old English geār, Old Saxon Old High German jār n. `year';
russ.-Church Slavic jara ` spring ', russ. jarь ` summer harvest ' (etc., s. Berneker 446,
therefrom derivatives for one-year-old animal, e.g. russ. járec ` one-year-old beaver', járka
` sheep lamb ', Bulgarian járka `young chicken ');
Common ḫ > j- Slavic Albanian Germanic.
against it certainly here Middle High German jān `row, way ', Modern High German Jahn
` way, row of mowed grain ', Swedish mundartl. ån ds.
References: WP. I 102 ff., WH. I 406 ff., 658 f., 668 f., 723, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674.
Page(s): 293-297
Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s (*ḫek̂

ek̂u̯o-)
Meaning: horse
Note:
Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why
from Root / lemma: akʷ
akʷā- (correct ǝkʷā): ēkʷ
ēkʷ- (*ḫek
ekʷ-) : `water, river' derived Root / lemma:
ekʷ
ek̂u̯o-s (*ḫek̂
ek̂u̯-):: `horse'.
Material:
Old Indic áśva-ḥ, Avestan aspa- Old pers. asa- `horse'; about osset. yäfs see below;
gr. ἵππος ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: ῎Αλκ-ιππος etc.);
thrak. PN Βετέσπιος, Οὐτάσπιος, Autesbis, Esbenus, Lycian Κακασβος; about Lycian

esbe-di `cavalry' (Phrygian loanword?) s. Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 51, 67 (*ek̂u̯ii̯o-m?);
Latin equus à horse, steed, charger' (compare Oscan names Epius, Epidius, Epetīnus,
yet s. Schulze EN 2204, 355);
Old Irish ech, gall. epo- (in Eporēdia, Epona ` The Celtic horse goddess whose authority
extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey ', etc.), cymr.
corn. ebol `foals' (*epālo-);
Old English eoh m., Old Norse iōr `horse', Old Saxon in ehu-skalk ` groom, stableman ',
Gothic in aíƕa-tundi `briar' (`*horse tooth ');
Tocharian A yuk, Gen. yukes, В yakwe `horse' with prothet. y (as in osset. jäfs, New
Indic dial. yāsp ds.); out of it borrowed türk. etc. jük ` horse's load ', from which russ. juk `
Saumlast ' etc.
About Latin asinus àn ass', hinnus `mule', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-), gr. ὄνος etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849.
fem. Old Indic áśvā, Avestan aspā-, Latin equa, Old Lithuanian ašvà, ešva `mare' (the
formation held by Meillet BSL. 29, LXIV rightly for single-linguistic, Lommel Indo Germanic
Fem. 30 f. for previously proto form);
Old Indic áśv(i)ya-, Avestan aspya-, gr. ἵππιος ` of a horse, of horses '; Latin equīnus ` of
a horse, of horses ', Old Prussian aswinan n. `kumys, mare milk', Lithuanian ašvíenis m.
`stallion', compare also FlN Ašvinė, Ašvà; gr. ἱππότ-ης ` equestrian, horseman ' : Latin
eques, -itis m. ds à horseman, rider'. (letzteres from *eqʷot-).
The gr. word could exist because of tarent. epid. ἴκκος Illyrian loanword; compare
Pannonian PN Ecco, Eppo, maked. PN ᾽Επό-κιλλος, the builder of the Trojan horse
᾽Επειός, VN ᾽Επειοῖ in Illyrian Elis, etc. (Krahe Festgabe Bulle 203 ff.); neither the Asper
nor ι can be explained by gr., yet the various treatments from k̂u̯- in gr. were not surprising,
because also the labiovelars are treated dialectically differently there (Risch briefl.).
References: WP. I 113, WH. I 412 f., 862, Trautmann 72, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 68, 301, 351,
499.
Page(s): 301-302
Root / lemma: elg-

elg-
Meaning: miserable, poor
Material: Armenian aɫkaɫk ` miserable, poor, small, evil, bad'; Old High German ilki
`hunger'; Lithuanian el̃gtis `beg', el̃geta `beggar' (Lidén Arm. stem 99 f.); kinship with *elk-
`hungry; evil, bad' is but quite doubtful; see there.
Page(s): 310
Root / lemma: elkos-
elkos-
Meaning: boil n.
Material: Old Indic árśas- n. ` hemorrhoid';
gr. ἕλκος n. `wound, esp. pustulating wound, ulcer' (Spir. asper after ἕλκω), ἕλκανα
τραύματα Hes., ἑλκαίνω ` I am wounded ';
Latin ulcus, -eris ùlcer' (*elkos); to Latin ulcus probably also ulciscor, ultus sum ` to
avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense ' as ` collect bitterness,
rancor against somebody '.
The latter would be placed against it from Pedersen KG. I 126 incredible to Old Irish olc,
elc `bad, evil, wicked, ugly, unlucky', s. *elk-
*elk- ` hungry; evil, bad'.

Page(s): 310
elk-, elǝk
Root / lemma: elk- elǝk-
ǝk-
Meaning: ` hungry, bad ' (?)
See also: see above S. 307 (el
el- elǝ-)
el-7, elǝ
Page(s): 310
el-1, ol-
Root / lemma: el- ol-, el- (*ḫe
el-)
Meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)
Note: mostly i-, u- and n- (also m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended
then with g or k̂. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is `white, gleaming', as
in al-bho- `white' refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical
originally.
Material:
A. Adjektiva:
Old Indic aruṇá-ḥ `reddish, golden ', aruṣá-ḥ ` fire-color ', Avestan auruša- `white';
Germanic *elwa- `brown, yellow' in Old High German elo (elawēr), Middle High German
el (elwer);
compare also gall. VN Helvii, Helvetii, perhaps also Swiss FlN Ilfis (*Elvisi̯ā). B. el-
elin
tree names for ` alder ', èlm' and ` juniper ':
1. ` alder'
Latin alnus ` alder' (from *alsnos or *alenos; the anlaut al goes back to older el-);
maked. (Illyrian?) ἄλιζα (*elisā) ` abele, white poplar ';
Hittite: GIS̆alanzan- c. ' a tree and its wood ' (other etymologies in Tischler 15)
after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places proto gall. *alisā ` alder ' in many PN and FlN;
besides die later dominant meaning ` service tree ' in *alisia, French alise, Modern High
German Else; Illyrian-Ligurian origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FlN
Aliso, Alistro etc., alzo ` alder '); compare gall. PN Alisia, FlN Alisontia, French Aussonce,
Auzance, Modern High German Elsenz, etc.;
for Gothic is according to span. aliso ` alder ' ein *alisa ` alder ' must be assumed; Old
High German elira and with metathesis erila, Modern High German Eller, Erle, mndd. elre
(*alizō), else (*alisō), Dutch els ds., Old Norse elri n., elrir m.; alr, ǫlr (*aluz-) ds., Old
English alor ds.; Indo Germanic e root is guaranteed through Old Icelandic jǫlstr (*elustrā)
` alder ' and ilstri ` willow, Salix pentandra' (*elis-tr-i̯o-; Middle High German dial. hilster,
halster ds. with secondary h, as Swedish (h)ilster); an adj. formation is Old High German
erlīn òf alder '; perhaps to compare also Old English ellen, ellern, engl. elder èlder';
It is to be compared further Lithuanian al̃ksnis, elksnis, Latvian àlksnis, East Latvian

èlksnis, East Lithuanian alìksnis, Old Prussian alskande (Hs. abskande) ` alder', yet one
will have to assume various basic forms *alsni̯a, *elsni̯a (with ablaut) and *alisni̯a
(Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 6, yet compare v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 192). The suffix from Old
Prussian alskande reminds after Trautmann an Slavic*jagnędь ` black poplar ';
also the Slavic shows old e/o-ablaut; go back to Slavic *jelьcha (*elisā): Old Bulgarian
jelьcha ` alder ', Bulgarian (j)elhá ds.; on Slavic *olьcha (*olisā): poln. olcha, russ. ólьcha `
alder ' (dial. also ëlcha, elócha, volьcha);
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Slavic Albanian gw- > v-.
Maybe alb. verr ` alder' : russ. dial. also ëlcha, elócha, volьcha ` alder '.
Slavic *jelьša, respectively *olьša lies before in Serbo-Croatian dial. jȅlśa (compare jèlāšje
` alder bush ' from *jelьšьje), sloven. ję́ɫša, dial. ǫ́ɫša, jóɫša ds., russ. dial. olьša, olьšína,
elьšína and lešína (compare Pedersen KZ. 38, 310, 317).
As derived Adj. appears Balto-Slavic *al(i)seina- : Lithuanian alksnìnis, East Lithuanian

alìksninis, Old Bulgarian jelьšinъ (compare Old High German erlīn).
2. èlm': elem-
elem-.
Note:
-m
m- suffix is of Illyrian Greek origin.
Latin ulmus àn elm, elm-tree' goes to Indo Germanic *ol-mo-s or to zero grades *l̥-mó-s
back; full grade (but s. S. 309) in Middle Irish lem èlm' (*lemos).
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-.
There, one puts gall. Lemo-, Limo- etc.; cymr. llwyf èlm' falls out of the frame, that due to
the basic form *leimā must be placed probably to elē̆i- `bend' (see 309).
Compare further Old High German ëlmboum èlm', Old Norse almr (with o-grade),
Middle Low German Old English elm ds.; Modern High German Ulme, Middle High
German ulmboum should derive from Latin (Kluge), what is not sure at all, because
compare Old English ulmtréow, Middle Low German olm, so that possibly Germanic
contains all three Abl.-grades; russ. ílim, G. íl'ma etc. derives from Germanic
3. juniper and other conifers: el-eu-, el-

el-eu- el-en-
en-.
Armenian eɫevin, Gen. eɫevni ` spruce, cedar ';
perhaps gr. ἐλάτη `fir, spruce' (*el-n̥-tā);
extended in -g- suffix:
Lithuanian (*ḫ1elge) ė̃glius m. (for *élus after ẽglė `fir') ` juniper ', Latvian pa-egle f. ds.;
Note:
The name of juniper derived from the concept of `smoking wood, dark color' hence
Lithuanian ė̃glius m. is the closest form to primordial root. Armenian eɫevin, Gen. eɫevni `
spruce, cedar ' similar to Armenian *alj- in aɫjaɫj, aɫjamuɫjkh `darkness' : Gr. ἀχλύ̄ς ` fog,
darkness ', Old Prussian aglo n. `rain'. Hence Root / lemma: el-
el-1, ol-
ol-, el- (**ḫeghl-
ghl-):: red,
brown (in names of trees and animals), derived from Root / lemma: aghl(u)-
aghl(u)- (*heghel-)::
rainy weather.
Slavic *ělovьcь ` juniper ' in Czech jalovec, russ. jáɫovec ds., besides n-forms in wruss.
jel-en-ec etc.
C. el-
elin animal names:
1. `deer and similar to animal.'
a. with k̂-forms (Germanic Slavic olk̂̂is):

is
is
Old High German ëlho, ëlaho èlk', Old English eolh, engl. elk ds.; with o-gradation
(*olk̂ís) Old Norse elgr ds.; from an initial stressed form Germanic *álχis derives Latin
alcēs, alcē f. and gr. ἄλκη f. èlk'; russ. losь, Czech los, poln. ɫoś, Upper Sorbian ɫos èlk'
(from *olkis); zero grade: Old Indic r̥śa-ḥ ŕ̥śya-ḥ ` male antelope ', pam. rus `wild mountain
sheep '.
b. stem el- el-n̥- (el

en-, el-
el-en- ǝnī ` hind '); zero grade l-ō̆n-:
elǝn
elǝnī
Armenian eɫn, Gen. eɫin `deer';
gr. ἔλαφος m. f. `deer' (*eln̥-bho-s), ἐλλός `young deer' (*elno-s);
cymr. elain ` hind ' (*elǝnī = Old Bulgarian alъni, lani ds.), Old Irish elit `roe deer' (*eln̥-tī)
perhaps also Middle Irish ell f. `herd' (*elnā); ablaut. *lon- in Gaelic lon m. ` elk '; gall.
month name Elembiu (: gr. Ώ᾽Ελαφηβολιών);
Lithuanian élnis and élnias, Old Lithuanian ellenis m. `deer' (out of it Middle High
German elent, Modern High German Elen), Latvian al̂nis èlk';
Old Church Slavic (j)elenь `deer' (older consonant-stem), russ. olénь etc.
Femin. *elǝnī- and *alǝnī- ` hind ' in:
Lithuanian élnė and álnė ds., Old Prussian alne ànimal';
Old Bulgarian alъni, lani ` hind ' (= cymr. elain), russ. (with junction in die ĭ-Dekl.) lanь,
Czech laní etc.;
in addition further very probably as *l-on-bho-s (with the same suffix as ἔλαφος) also
Gothic lamb `sheep', Old Norse lamb `lamb, sheep', Old High German lamb `lamb' (mostly
neutr. -es-stem, what appears basic Germanic innovation after calf);
Maybe Alb. lopë `cow' (*lāpā), Latvian luõps `cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba `cow' see Root
lāp-: cow
/ lemma: lāp-
As metathesis from *elen- understands Niedermann IA. 18, 78 f. gr. ἔνελος νεβρός Hes.;
Latin (h)inuleus borrowed out of it.
2. waterfowl: el- ol-, with guttural extension or r- and u-stem.

el-, ol-
Gr. 1. ἐλέᾱ f. ` a kind of owl, a small marsh bird ' (to ἕλος n. `swamp, marsh'?); 2.
ἑλώριος ` water-bird ' (not quite supported word, leg. ἐρῳδιός?);
Latin olor `swan' (*elōr);
Old Irish elae (*elou̯io-) ds., with k-suffix acorn. elerhc, cymr. alarch (a- from e-, s.
Pedersen KG. I 40);
Old Swedish and Swedish Dialectal alle, al(l)a, al(l) (Finnish loanword allo), Swedish
written-linguistic alfågel ` long-tailed duck ', Norwegian Dialectal hav-al, -ella; with Indo
Germanic g-derivative: Old Norse alka `black and white North Atlantic auk, razorbill,
penguin '; alka could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots el-, ol- `cry' (see 306);
Maybe alb. Geg alka, alkë ` white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.
because Indo Germanic -k(o)- suffix is common in animal names (above corn. elerhc),
could be also added perhaps: gr. ἀλκυών ` kingfisher ' (Latin alcēdo seems reshaped out
of it), Swiss wīss-elg and birch-ilge from variant kinds of duck.
3. `polecat'?
Perhaps here the 1. component from Old High German illi(n)tī̆so, Modern High German
Iltis and Old High German elledī̆so (Modern High German dial. elledeis), ndd. üllek
`polecat', if from *illit-wī̆so (to Modern High German Wiesel); Germanic *ella- from *el-na-,
because of the red-yellow hair; different sees Kluge11 therein Old High German ellenti
(from elilenti, see above S. 25) ` strange '.
References: WP. I 151 f., 154 f., WH. I 28, 31, Specht Dekl. 37, 58 f., 116, Trautmann 6,
68 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 137 f.
Page(s): 302-304
el-2 (*ḫel
Root / lemma: el- el-2)
el-
Meaning: to lie
Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a Indo Germanic root el- `rest' and base
*elī̆- with consecutive pattern: Old Indic iláyati ` stands still, gets some peace ' (iḷáyati
should be faulty spelling), an-ilaya-ḥ ` restless, not still', wherefore probably Old Indic
alasás ìdle, tired, dull' (to s-stem *alas- ` tiredness ' as rajasás : rájas-; after Uhlenbeck
Wb. 15 belongs though alasá-ḥ as a-lasa- ` not awake, not animated, not blithe ' to lásati,
s. las- ` greedy, insatiable '), Lithuanian alsà ` tiredness ', ilstù, il̃sti ` become tired ', ilsiúos,
ilsė́tis `rest', ãt-ilsis ` relaxation '. The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces gr. ἐλῑνύω `
lie, rest, be powerless, hesitates, stops '. The whole construction is very dubious; compare
about ἐλῑνύω lei-2 ` crouch ' and lēi- ` slacken '.
Page(s): 304-305
el-3 : ol-
Root / lemma: el- ol- (*ḫel
el-3)
el-
Meaning: to rot
Note:
The extension of Root / lemma: el-
el-3 : ol-
ol- : `to rot' into elkʷ
elkʷh- caused kʷ > p, b then b > mb >
ms.
Material: A root with variant determinative root.
without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in Norwegian ul

`become moldy', dial. also ` fill with disgust ', Swedish ul ` rancid ' etc., holl. uilig ` decayed
' (from wood); derived verbs are Norwegian schw. ula, Old Norse Norwegian schw. ulna. If
Old Indic āla- n., ālaka- (*ōl-n̥-ko-) ` poison ' belongs here, it remains dubious.
mabe alb. helm `healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit āla- `poison'.
obviously alb. has preserved the old laryngeal ḫ-.
clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2 : (to grow; to bear; grove) derived Root /
lemma: al-
el-3 : ol-
lemma: el- ol-: (to rot, poison).
guttural extension lies before in:
Old Indic r̥jīṣá́-ḥ ` viscous, smooth, slippery ', Latin alga f. ` seaweed, kelp ' from *elgā
(compare Old English wōs `slime, mud, dampness ': engl. woos `seaweed') and very
numerous Germanic, esp. Scandinavian-isl. forms, as: Norwegian dial. ulka ` fester,
disgust ', refl. ` start to rot ', ulka ` mildew, adhesive mucus; repulsive, unclean woman',
etc. hereupon also Danish ulk ` bullhead ', Norwegian ulk ` toadfish ', further Norwegian
dial. olga ` feel disgust, nausea ', elgja ` want to vomit ' etc., isl. also ǣla (*alhian);
Norwegian dial. alka ` pollute, litter ', ndd. alken ` touch impure things, step on dirt '; -sk
show Danish dial. alske ` pollute ', ndd. alschen, Frisian alsk, älsk ìmpure, unclean, spoil'
etc.
Maybe alb. alkë, alka `floating cream, wool fat, dirt, stain' : Old Indic ālaka- ` poison '.
That Latin ulva (*oleu̯ā) ` swamp-grass, sedge ' moreover belongs, is very probably;
Lithuanian álksna `puddle' could go back to *olg-snā.
Dental extension appears in:
Armenian aɫt (*ḷd-) `smut, filth ', aɫtiur, eɫtiur (under elteur) ` damp lowland, depression'.
In addition Old Norse ū̆ldna ` mildew ', Old High German oltar ` dirt crumb ', probably also
Old Norse ȳ̆lda ` mustiness smell '.
m-formant is found in:
Norwegian dial. ulma ` mildew ', ndd. East Frisian olm, ulm ` decay, esp. in wood',
Middle Low German ulmich ` fretted from decay ', Middle High German ulmic ds.;
Lithuanian el̃mės, almens ` the liquid flowing from the corpse '.
bh-extension lies in Armenian aɫb ` filth ' before.
Maybe in bh- suffix alb. (*ḫalb) kalb ` rot, decay ', qelb ` pus' common alb. ḫ- > k-.
References: WP. I 152 f., WH. I 28 f., Petersson Heterokl. 165 f.

Page(s): 305
el-4, ol-
Root / lemma: el- ol-
Meaning: expressive root, onomatopoeic words
Material: Armenian aɫmuk `din, fuss, noise, agitation etc.' (*l̥mo-), alavt`-k` ` imploration',
Material:
olb `lament', olok` ùrgent request';
gr. ὄλολυς `lamenter, effeminate person', ὀλολυγή ` wailing, lament ', ὀλοφυδνός `
lamenting', ὀλοφύρομαι ` lament '; perhaps also ἔλεγος n. `dirge', ἔλεος m., later n. `pity';
asl. jalmr `din, fuss, noise', jalma `shout, make a harsh noise, hiss, whiz, rattle, crack,
creak, rustle, clatter, tinkle, jingle, chink ', Norwegian Dialectal jalm, jelm ` clangor ',
Swedish Dialectal jalm `scream, harsh sound '; Norwegian Dialectal alka ` starts to
complain ', East Frisian ulken ` drive to confusion, cry, mock, scoff ' (Modern High German
ulken), Swedish dial. alken ` begin to growl ';
Lithuanian nualdė́ti `sound', algóti ` summon, name';
perhaps belong also the names for waterfowl from a root el-, ol- here (yet s. S. 304);
somewhat different is the sensation value from ul-.
References: WP. I 153 f., Pisani Armen. 8 f.

Page(s): 306
el-5, ol-
Root / lemma: el- ol- (*hel
hel-)
hel
Meaning: to destroy
Material: Armenian eɫeṙn, Gen. eɫeṙan `misfortune'; oɫorm ` unlucky ';
gr. ὄλλυμι `spoil' (*ολ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω, Perf. ὀλώλεκα (older intrans. ὄλωλα) etc., after
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 747 ὀλ- instead of *ἐλ- after the causative *ὀλέω; ὀλέκω `destroy',
ὄλεθρος m. `ruin';
after Loth (RC 40, 371) here Middle Breton el-boet `hunger' (to boet `nourishment,
food'), bret. (Vannes) ol-buid ` lack of food ', ol-argant `lack of money' etc., perhaps also
Old Irish el-tes ` lukewarm ' (tes `heat');
about Latin aboleō `to destroy, abolish, efface, put out of the way, annihilate' s. WH. I 4
f.; if el- lies as a basis for roots elg- elk- ?
elg-, elk-
possibly Hittite hu-ul-la-a-i ` he defeats, destroys ', Couvreur H̯ 134 f., different
Hendriksen, Laryngaltheorie 27, 47.
References: WP. 1159 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 361, 363, 696, 747, Petersson Heterokl. 159.
References:
Page(s): 306
el-6, elǝ
Root / lemma: el- elǝ- : lā-
lā-; el-eu-(dh-)
el-eu-
Meaning: to drive; to move, go
Material: Armenian eɫanim Ì become', Aor. 1. Sg. eɫē (*eɫei), 2. Sg. eɫer, 3. Sg. eɫeu-,
elanem ` I rise up, climb, ascend, come out, emerge ', 3. Sg. Aor. el; in addition eluzi ` I
made spry, animated ' (*el-ou-ghe-), thereafter eluzanem ` I make come out ';
gr. ἐλα- in Imper. koisch ἐλάτω, Fut. ἐλᾶντι (*ἐλαοντι), Aor. ἐλάσαντες and poet. ἐλάω
`drive'; suppletive to ἄγω (see below Celtic el-), Fut. Attic ἐλῶ, Aor. ἤλασα; mostly ἐλαύνω
`drive, travel' (from a noun *ἐλα-υν-ος, Brugmann Grundriß II, 1, 321);
with dh-extension `come': Aor. ἦλθον (from ἤλυθον), out of it Doric etc. ἦνθον; Perf.
hom. εἰλήλουθα, Attic ἐλήλυθα; Fut. Ionian ἐλεύσομαι; about Perf. ἐλήλυμεν (*elu-), adj.
προσ-ήλυτος ` someone who comes', ἔπηλυς, -υδος ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7042, 7697;
one places still here ἰάλλω `send, throw, cast' (*i-el-i̯ō), Aor. hom. ἴηλα, Doric ἴηλα
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 717); but Old Indic íyarti ` he excites, stirs ' belongs rather to er-
er-1;
Old Irish luid ` walked ' (*ludh-e), 3. Pl. lotar (*ludh-ont-r̥); as in Gr. is supplied in Celtic
aĝ- `drive, push' by el-, however, partly also the root pel-
pel- ` to beat, strike, knock, push,
drive, hurl, impel, propel ' has coincided (see there), so certainly in Old Irish Fut. eblaid
`will drive, push' (from *pi-plā-s-e-ti), Fut. sek. di-eblad `would wrest ';
el- appears in Brit. only in subjunctive: present 1. Sg. mcymr. el(h)wyf, 3. Sg.el, Corn. 1.
Sg. yllyf, 3. Sg. ello, mbr. 3. Sg. me a y-el ` I will go ' (у is removed hiatus; lh and ll go back
to l + intervocalic s); perhaps here die gall. FlN Elaver > Elaris > French Allier (*еlǝ-u̯er- :
*elǝ-u̯en-, see above ἐλαύνω) and Elantia > Modern High German Elz;
perhaps in addition as no-participle (??) Old English lane, -u f. àlley, way', Old Norse
lǫn ` line of houses ', etc. About Old Norse elta `press, pursue, drive away' (*alatjan?) s.
Falk-Тогp m. Nachtr.
References: WP. I 155 f., Meillet BSL. 26, 6 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 213, 507, 5214, 681 f.
Page(s): 306-307
el-7, elǝ
Root / lemma: el- elǝ-, with -k-extension elk-
elk-, elǝk
elǝk-
ǝk-
Meaning: hungry, bad
Material: Old Irish elc `mad, wicked, evil' (but olc ds., Gen. uilc places *ulko- ahead!);
about Latin ulciscor `to avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense' see
below elkos-
elkos-;
perhaps Old Norse illr `mad, wicked, evil' (*elhila-);
Lithuanian álkti, Latvian al̂kt (besides s-al̂kt) `starve' (*olǝk-), Old Prussian alkīns,
Lithuanian álkanas `sober';
Old Church Slavic lačǫ and alъčǫ, lakati and alъkati, sloven. lákati `starve', Czech lakati
`long, want', where the stem Slavic *ólka derives from Präter.; in addition the adjectives
Old Church Slavic lačъnъ, alъčьnъ, Czech lačný ` hungry' and Old Church Slavic lakomъ `
hungry', Czech lakomý ` greedy ', etc.
Maybe alb. lakmi `desire, hunger'.
References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.

Page(s): 307
Root / lemma: el- elē̆i-, lē̆i- (*ḫuel

el-8, elē̆ el-)
el
Meaning: to bow, bend; elbow, *rainbow
Material: A. Here names position themselves at first for èlbow' and ùlna, ell':
Gr. ὠλένη èlbow', ὠλήν, -ένος ds.; ὠλέκρᾱνον (from ὠλενο-κρᾱνον through remote
dissimilation, compare Brugmann Ber. d. sächs. Ges. d. W. 1901, 31 ff.) ` the point of the
elbow '; ὦλλον την τοῦ βραχίονος καμπήν Hes.;
Latin ulna (from *olinā) ` elbow, arm; an ell ';
Old Irish uilenn ` elbow ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle Irish uillind èlbow' (-
ll- from -ln- the syncopated case, compare Pedersen KG. II 59), cymr. elin, acorn. elin,
bret. ilin èlbow' (*olīnā);
Gothic: aleina ùlna, ell' shows the same long middle vowel, however, Germanic forms
have remaining short middle vowel: Old English eln (engl. ell), Old High German elina,
Middle High German elline, elne, Modern High German Elle; Old Norse shows form
variegation: Old Icelandic seldom alen (Old Norwegian also alun) with preserved middle
vowel, otherwise ǫln, eln (ǭln, āln);
simple root *ō̆lē̆- in Old Indic aratní-ḥ m. èlbow', Avestan arǝϑna- ds. frā-rāϑni- ùlna,
ell', Old pers. arašniš ds.;
in alb. lërë Geg lans ` arm from elbow to wrist, ell ' (*lenā; yet compare Pedersen KZ.
33, 544) lacks the anlaut vowel.
Note: alb. Geg lans ` ell ' derived from zero grade of *alana
alana èlbow'
B. The same root placed furthermore in: Old Indic āṇí-ḥ m. ` pin, leg part about the knee
' (*ārni-, Indo Germanic *ēlni- or *ōlni-), arāla-ḥ ` bent, curved ', ā́rtnī ` end of curve ',
probably also in alaka- ` hair lock ', perhaps in āla-vālam ` Vertiefung um die Wurzel eines
Baumes, um das für den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen ';
Armenian oɫn (Gen. oɫin) `dorsal vertebrae, backbone, spine, shoulder', ulu `backbone,
spine, shoulder' (from Indo Germanic*olen, respectively *ōlen); further Armenian aɫeɫn
(Gen. aɫeɫan) `bow, rainbow', il (Gen. iloy) ` spindle, arrow, spindle ' (*ēlo-), ilik ds.;
Albanian mixed etymology: alb. ül-ber, ylber, ilber ` rainbow ' : Armenian aɫeɫn (Gen.
aɫeɫan) `bow, rainbow' contaminated by a mistranslation of Romanian (*curcu-beu)
curcubeu : Sardinian (*circu-voglia), circuvoglia, (*circu-vrongia) circuvrongia ` rainbow ',
Sardinian Logudoresu arcu de chelu, (*arcu-baradu) arcubaradu, Sicilian (*arcu-bbalenu)
arcubbalenu `rainbow (arch of the whale)', Welsh bwa'r arch, Romagnolo (*arco-balèin)
arcobalèin, Italian (*arco-baleno) arco-baleno `rainbow (arch of the whale)'.
'Circu' means 'circle' in Sardinian, as 'cerc' (> Latin circus) means 'circle' in Romanian
(circle > arc > rainbow). (Hence alb. ylber ‘rainbow’ is a compound of a 1 foreign word + 2
explanatory word).
cymr. olwyn (*oleinā) `wheel';
Germanic ablaut. *luni- in Old High German Old Saxon Middle High German lun ` axle
pin, linchpin ', Modern High German Lonnagel, compare Old High German luning ` linchpin
', Old English lyni-bor `borer', next to which a s-derivative Old English lynis, asächs. lunisa,
Middle Low German lüns(e), Modern High German Lünse;
Lithuanian lušìs ` axle pin ' (Specht Dekl. 100, 125, 163);
Old Bulgarian lanita `cheek' (*olnita).
C. further formations ē̆l-ē̆q-:
1. In names for elbow, arm, now and then also other body parts:
Armenian olok` `shinbone, leg' (*eloq- or *oloq-);
gr. [ἄλξ καὶ] ἄλαξ πῆχυς, ᾽Αθαμάνων Hes.;
Lithuanian úolektis f., Latvian uôlekts èll' (originally conservative stem *ōlekt-);
Maybe alb. ulok `lame' : Middle Irish losc `lame'.
Old Prussian woaltis, woltis ùlna, ell, forearm' (*ōlkt-);

common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-.
Lithuanian alkúnė, elkúnė f., Old Prussian alkunis èlbow', Latvian èlks n. èlkuons ds., Old
Bulgarian lakъtъ, russ. lókotь ` ulna, ell ' (*olkъ-tь); russ. dial. alьčik (?) ` ankle, ankle
bone; heel '.
2. Gr. λοξός ` bent, dislocated, slantwise ' (Middle Irish losc `lame'), λέχριος `slant,
skew, quer' (*λεκσ-ριος), λέχρις `quer', λικριφίς `quer' (diss. from *λιχριφίς, Saussure MSL.
7, 91, Hirt IF. 12, 226; whose i of the first syllable probably rather from ε assimilated as
with ι = e, as indeed:) λικροί Hes. besides λεκροί ` the prongs of deer antlers ', λίξ, λίγξ
πλάγιος Hes., as ` incurvation, trough ' λέκος n., λέκις, λεκάνη `trough, platter ';
cymr. llechwedd `slope, inclination ', gall. Lexovii, Lixovii VN; Middle Irish losc `lame';
Latin licinus `bent or turned upward, having crooked horns' (from *lecinos), lanx, -cis ` a
plate, platter; the scale of a balance ' (probably also lacus etc., s. *laqu-);
quite dubious is the interpretation from Old Bulgarian lono `bosom, lap' etc. from *loq-s-
no- ` incurvation ', also from Bulgarian lónec etc. `pot, pan' from loq-s-no- (see Berneker
732).
D. To lē̆i- `bend' belong also:
Perhaps Gothic undarleija ` lowest, faintest';
Latvian leja `valley, lowland, depression', lejš ` situated low '.
1. With m-suffixes:
presumably gr. λειμών `meadow' (`*lowland, depression, indentation '), λιμήν ` harbor ',
Thessalian ` market ' (`*bay'), λίμνη `sea, pond, pool' (`*immersion, depression bent
inwards, dent');
cymr. llwyf èlm' (*lei-mā), nir. PN Liamhain (to *līamh ds.), perhaps zero grade Middle
Irish lem ds. (*limo-), nir. PN Leamhain (whether not from *lemo-, see below el-
el-1);
Latin līmus `sidelong, askew, aslant, askance; an apron crossed with purple; slime,
mud, mire', līmes -itis ` a path, passage, road, way, track ', Oscan liímítúm ` a path,
passage, road, way, track ', līmen ` doorsill ' (`*crossbar, crossbeam');
Old Norse limr (u-stem) f. `limb, member, thin twig, branch' (`*pliable'), lim f. ds., lim n. `
the fine branches which carry the foliage ', Old English lim n. `limb, member, twig, branch',
zero grade Old Norse līmi m. ` trunk, Körperstatur ' (Lithuanian liemuõ m. `tree truck,
Körperstatur', originally ` round timber, curvature '?).
Maybe alb. Geg (*lemes) lamsh `ball of (pliable) wool, globe of earth, pool, spellet'.
2. With r-suffix: perhaps alb. klir-të `valley' from prefix kë+li-r.
3. With t-suffixes:
Latin lituus ` a crooked staff borne by an augur, augur's crook, crosier, augural wand '
(being based on *li-tu-s ` curvature ');
*li-tu-
Gothic liÞus `limb, member', Old Norse liðr (u-stem) `joint, limb, member, curvature,
bay', Old English lið, lioðu- m., Old Saxon lith `joint, limb, member', Old High German lid,
Middle High German lit, lides m. n. `ds., part, piece' (s-stem), wherefore Old Norse liða
`bend, bow', Old English āliðian ` dismember, separate', Old High German lidōn ` cut in
pieces ' as well as Old Norse liðugr `(flexible) a little bit movable, free, unhindered', Middle
High German ledec ` available, single, free, unhindered ';
Tocharian AB lit- `go away, die, tumble, fall down'.
E. guttural extensions:
Latin oblīquus ` sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew' (-u̯o- could be suffix,
compare curvus), liquis ds. (probably with ī), līcium ` in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a
leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof ' (`*weft'), lixulae ` a round pancake
made of flour, cheese, and water ';
perhaps cymr. llwyg (*lei-ko-) ` balky horse', bret. loeg-rin àn askance look' (Loth RC
42, 370 f).
References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.

Page(s): 307-309
Root / lemma: e-3, ei-

ei-, i-, fem. ī- (*ḫe
e-3)
Meaning: this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one
Note: (e, i probably originally demonstrative particle). To i- is joined the relative stem i̯i̯i̯o-.
Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr.
II2 2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron. dém. 311 ff.
Material: A. case-by-case used forms:
Old Indic ayám `he' = Gatha-Avestan ауǝ̄m, jav. aēm (after ahám Ì' widened Aryan *ai
= Indo Germanic *ei; Indo Germanic *ei of stem e-, as *qʷo-i of stem kʷo-, not lengthened
grade to i-);
Note:
Old Indic idám ` it ' (without the secondary -am-extension Old Indic ít, Avestan it̃ as
emphasizing particle), Old Indic iyám (extended from *ī-) = Avestan īm (i.e. iyǝm), Old
pers. iyam ` she ', Akk. Sg. m. Old Indic imám (extended from *im) = Old pers. imam (that
after f. imām etc.), Gen. m. n. asyá, ásya = Avestan ahe, fem. Old Indic asyā́ḥ = Avestan
aiŋ́hā̊, Dat. m. n. asmāí, ásmāi = Avestan ahmāi, Gen. Pl. m. n. ēšā́m = Avestan aēšąm,
Dat. Abl. Pl. m. Old Indic ēbhyáḥ = Avestan aēibyō etc.; Gatha-Avestan as[-čit̃], ǝ̄ each
once n. Sg. m.; of stem ā- Pl. fem. Gen. Old Indic āsā́m = Avestan ā́ŋhąm, Dat. Abl.
ābhyáḥ = Avestan ābyō etc.
Maybe alb. (a-y) ay, aji `he', (*a-yo) ajo `she' : Old Indic ayám `he'.
Kуpr. ἴν ` him, her ' (seems also in μίν, νίν blocked, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6081); here
Lesbian Thessalian hom. ἴα (*ii̯ǝ) ` one, a single ' (originally `just this, only this'), hom. ἰῆς,
ἰῇ, thereafter also n. hom. ἰῷ?; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 (*s[m]i̯ās).
Latin is `he', id ìt' Nom. Sg. m. (old also īs, inschr. eis, eis-dem, provided either with -s
Indo Germanic *ei = Old Indic ay-ám, as one considers also for Umbrian er-e and certain
for Irish (h)ē `he' such a basic form *ei-s, or reshuffled of is after eiius, e(i)ī); Akk. Old Latin
im (= gr. ἴν) and em, doubled emem ` the same, at the same time ' (from the parallel stem
e-?) = Adv. em ` then, at that time, in those times ' and *im in inter-im àt the same time,
meanwhile, in the meantime ', in-de ` from that place, thence ', Dat. Abl. Pl. ībus (: Old
Indic ēbhyáḥ); Oscan iz-io ` he ', idic, ídík ` it ' (the affix -ík, -ic is itself the solidified adverb
from n. *id + *ke), Oscan ís-íd-um ` the same ' and esídum ds., Umbrian er-e ` he ' ers-e
er̆-e ` it ', Umbrian Dat. Sg. esmei, esmik, Gen. Pl. Oscan eisun-k, Umbrian esom (= Old
Indic ēṣ̌ā́m);
thereout a stem *eiso- would be deduced besides in Nom.-Akk.-forms, e.g. Oscan eizois `
with them ', Umbrian eru-ku ` with it ', however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n.
*ed, compare Latin ecce ` behold! lo! see! ' (probably from *ed-ke) = Oscan ekk-um (*ed-
ke-um) ` likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well ', and perhaps Akk. mēd,
tēd, sēd, if from *mē, *tē, *sē + ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb
*ed;
Italian eo-, eā, in Oscan-Umbrian only in Nom. (besides Sg. m. n.) and Akk., in Latin
mainly in almost all case oblique (only eius from *esi̯o-s, thereafter Dat. ei stands apart),
e.g. Latin ea `she', eam `her', Oscan iúk, ioc `she', ionc `him', under eam `her', have
derived from Old Indic Nom. ay-ám corresponding form *e(i̯)om, because of their ending -
om would be perceived as Akk. and entailed eam `her' etc.
iam by Varro 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam `her'. - From Latin
here ipse `self, in person ' from *-is-pse (because of Old Latin fem. eapse), is-te (however,
ille ' that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the
latter)' only afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare Umbrian estu ` that of yours, that beside
you ';
Old Irish ē (hē) `he' (probably *ei-s), see above; ed (hed) ìt' (from *id-ā = Gothic ita,
wherewith formal identical Old Indic idā `now, yet'; but Lithuanian tadà `then' required
because of East Lithuanian tadù an auslaut in nasal); Nom. Pl. ē (hē) m. f. n. = mkymr. wy
(hwynt-wy) probably at least partly from Indo Germanic *ei (additional information by
Thurneysen Gr. 283), Akk. Sg. bret. en `him, it' (prefixed), cymr. e (also), Irish -an- (also), -i
(suffixed after verbs; after prepositions partly also, e.g. airi from *ari-en ` on him ', partly
only more as having a lasting softening effect, e.g. foir from *u̯or-en), Gen. Sg. *esi̯o, f.
*esi̯ās `his, her', proklit. a, older partly still e, æ; cymr. *eið- after the example of the
conjugated preposition to differentiated mcymr. eidaw, f. eidi, wherewith identical Old Irish
a `his, its' (len.) and `her' (geminated), cymr. corn. y, bret. e, etc.; about Old Irish
accentuated āi, āe `his, her' and Dat. Pl. -ib s. Thurneysen Gr. 285;
Gothic is `he', Akk. in-a, neutr. it-a (see above) ìt' (in addition new formed plural forms:
Gothic eis from *ei̯-es, Akk. ins, Dat. im, Old High German Old Saxon im) Old High
German er, ir, Akk. in-an, in; n. iz; Old Saxon in-a, n. it; Old Norse Relative particle es, er,
Runic eR; of stem e-: Gen. Sg. Gothic m. is, f. izos, Old High German m. n. es(is), f.
ira(iru), Old Saxon es(is), era(ira); Gen. Pl. Gothic ize, izo, Old Saxon Old High German
iro; Dat. Sg. f. Gothic izai, Old High German (with other ending) iru; m. n. Gothic imma, Old
High German imu, imo, Old Saxon imu; of stem ī- Gothic Akk. ija (Old High German sia
etc. with s-suggestion after Nom. sī̆), whereupon new formed plural forms, Gothic Nom.
Akk. ijōs (Old High German sio);
Lithuanian jìs `he', Akk. jį̃ (to anl. j- s. Brugmann Grundr. II2 2, 331), fem. jì, Akk. ją̃ (jõs,
jaĩ etc.);
but Old Church Slavic Akk. Sg. f. jǫ, Nom. Akk. Pl. f. ję (about the other case s.
Brugmann aaO.), Akk. Sg. m. -(j)ь in vidity-jь `sees him', vъń-ь `to him' etc. (about further
Slavic supplementary, e.g. jakъ ` interrog. of what kind?; relat. of the kind that, such as;
indef. having some quality or other. Adv. qualiter, as, just as ', jelikъ ` interrog. how great?;
exclam. how great!; interrog. how much?; exclam. how much!; relat. as much as; for how
much, at what price; by how much ', s. Berneker 416 f.) rather from Indo Germanic i̯o-;
according to Pedersen Hittite 58 f. should contain the Pron. -aš `he' etc. ein o in ablaut
to Indo Germanic *esi̯o etc. (?); since stem i- has probably preserved n. it ìt' in association
with netta ` and as you ' (*nu-it-ta) (Friedrich Heth. Elem. I 27); compare Hieroglyphic
Hittite is `this', Akk. jan.
B. Relative stem i̯i̯i̯o-:
Old Indic yás, yā́, yád, Avestan yō, gr. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ `who, what, which, the one that',
Phrygian ιος (νι) ` whoever ', Slavic *i̯a- in i-že, f. ja-že etc., Baltic under Slavic in the
solidified form of adjective, e.g. Lithuanian geràs-is, Old Prussian pirmann-ien, -in, Old
Church Slavic dobry-jь (see Berneker 416 f., Trautmann 105 f.). Dubious (Lithuanian jeĩ `
what if, when ', Gothic jabai ` what if, when ') s. by Brugmann II2 2, 347 f. (Lithuanian);
Celtic by Pedersen KG. II 235, Thurneysen Gr. 323, however, cymr. a can not belong to it.
comparative Old Indic yatará-, Avestan yatāra-, gr. (Cretan gort.) ὅτερος ` one or the
other of two '; compare Old Indic yāvat, gr. ἕως, Doric ἇς (*ἁ:Fος) ` as long as ', Old Indic
yād ` inasmuch, as ' = gr. ὡς às'; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 528, 614 f.
C. particles and adverbs:
About the nominal and adverbial particle ē̆, ō̆ see above S. 280 f.
e-, ē- Augment (`*then, at that time ') Old Indic a- (also ā-, e.g. ā-vr̥ṇak), Avestan a-,
arm. e- (e.g. e-lik` = ἔ-λιπε), gr. ἐ- (also ἠ-, e.g. hom. ἤFείδη).
e- in Old Indic a-sā́u `that' (besides Avestan hāu), a-dáḥ `that; there', a-dyā́, a-dyá
`today (this present day)' (stem compound?), á-ha `certainly, yes';
Armenian e-tè (besides tè) ` that, in the event that ';
gr. ἐ-χθές, ἐ-κεῖ, ἐ-κεῖνος (besides κεῖνος);
Oscan e-tanto, Umbrian e-tantu `, of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth
so much; by so much ', Oscan Paelignian e-co ` this, this one; this present; here; in this
place, in this matter; hereupon ', Oscan exo- (*e-ke-so) ` this, this one; this present; here;
in this place, in this matter; hereupon ';
Old Church Slavic (j)e-se ` behold! lo! see! ' (besides se ds), Old Russian ose, russ. é-to
`there, that, that here', é-tot `that here, that, this' (besides tot `that'); serb. Bulgarian e-to
`there, that' (etc., s. Berneker 259 f);
Maybe alb. a-të `that, the one there', a-to f. `they', a-ta m. `they', a-tje `there' a
ìnterrogative particle'; enclitic particle of gen. and (attribute) adj. m. i (from he), f. e (from
she).
insecure Gothic i-bai, i-ba interrogative particle, Old High German ibu, oba, Old Saxon
Old Norse ef ìf' and `whether', Old English gif, engl. if ds.;
about *eno- in gr. ἔνη etc. see special headword.
To e- also the comparative formation Avestan atāra- ` this, the one from the two, the
other ', ds., alb. ját(ë)rë òther', Umbrian etro- òther', Latin in cēterus ` the other, the rest;
Acc. n. sing. as adv. otherwise, moreover, but ', Old Church Slavic eterъ, jeterъ `whoever',
Pl. jeteri(ji) `some, few', Lower Sorbian wótery.
Note:
Note
Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
ed (Nom. Akk. Sg. n.): about Latin ecce, mēd see above; Avestan at̃ to the emphasis of
the preceding word (as it̲, see below; Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 67); probably also in Old
Church Slavic jed-inъ, -ьпъ ` someone ' as `*just, only one'; whether also Church Slavic
jede, kyjь ` a certain, a kind of, as one might say ' from doubled *ed-ed or after ide in
attached ending *ed? (Berneker 261, disputed from Brückner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet
Slave comm.2 444.)
ēd and ōd (Abl.): Old Indic āt ` therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so', Avestan
āat̃ `next, therefore, then; and; but; since ', East Lithuanian ė̃ ànd but' (Old Church Slavic i
ànd' is rather *ei), Lithuanian õ ànd, but' = Old Church Slavic a `but'.
ei (Lok.): gr. εἰ `*so, if, whether ' (εἶ-τα ` then, next ', εἴ-θε ` would that! ', ἐπ-εί (compare
el. ἐπ-ή) ` after that, after, since, when ', ἔπ-ειτα `thereupon'; besides dial. αἰ, Lok. of f.
stem ᾱ, and ἠ Instr. ìf'; Old Church Slavic i ànd, also' (compare ti ànd' of stem *to-; from
Brückner KZ. 46, 203 placed against it = Lithuanian teĩ), Gothic -ei relative particle
(compare Þei of stem *to- in same meaning), e.g. sa-ei `who, what, which, the one that',
after Junker KZ. 43, 348 also Armenian Abl.-ending -ē. See also under ī-.
em (Old Latin em, see above S. 282) lies before in gr. ἔνθα ` there, to there, at that time
', rel. `where, whereto, where, whence', ἔνθεν ` there, from there, from where' etc.
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 628); about Old Irish and see above S. 37 and compare Cypriot ἄνδα
αὕτη.
tos Old Indic á-taḥ `from here' (see below eti).

e-tos:
i: probably in Lok. in Indo Germanic -i; further the base of the comparative formation *i-
tero-: Old Indic i-tara- `the other' (neuiran. equivalent by Bartholomae IF. 38, 26 f.);
Latin íterum ` again, a second time, once more, anew '; further in Old Indic i-va às'
(compare above ἠ-Fε às'); in gr. ἰ-δέ ànd' (compare ἠ-δέ).
i-dha and i-dhe:
Old Indic i-há, prākr. idha, Avestan iδa `here';
gr. ἰθαγενής `(* born in lawful wedlock, legitimate; born here ', hence:) inborn, lawfully
born ' (about ἰθαιγενής s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 448);
Latin ibī ` in that place, there ' (the sound development dh to f, b after ubī; in auslaut
directed after the locative the o-stem), Umbrian ife ` in that place, there ', ifont ` in the
same place, in that very place, just there, on the spot ' (Aryan and Italian forms could
contain themselves also -dhe, compare Old Indic ku-ha = Old Church Slavic kъ-de `where'
[alb. kudo èverywhere'], sь-de `here' and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6274);
mcymr. yd, у ncymr. ydd verbal particle, corn. yz, yth-, bret. ez-? (see Pedersen KG. II
234, Lewis-Pedersen 243, Thurneysen Gr. 324 f.); in addition also Old Irish prefixed -id-
from *id(h)e or*id(h)i.
t(h)-: Old Indic itthā́, itthā́d `here, there', Avestan iÞā̆ `so', Old Indic itthám `so' and with
i-t(h)-
-t- (-tǝ or-ti?) Old Indic íti `so'; Latin ita `so', item àlso, likewise', Umbrian itek ` in this
manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said ', mcymr.
preverb yt-, ncymr. yd-, e.g. in yr yd-wyf Ì am'; Lithuanian dial. it ` by all means; as ', ìt, ỹt
` completely, very much ', Latvian it, itin ` surely, just '.
ī́ī́ī́ (stressed to the strengthening of a deixis word, unstressed behind a relatively used
word):
Old Indic ī́ (also ī́m), Avestan ī́ emphasizing postpositive, after relative in ved. yad-ī;
gr. οὑτοσ-ί̄, -ί̄ν (= Old Indic īm? or previously new extension from -ī́ ?), ἐκεινοσ-ί:, el. το-ΐ;
Umbrian probably in po-ei ìnterrog. adj. which? what? what kind of?; exclam., what!;
indef. any, some; relat. who, which, what, that; interrog. in what manner? how?; relat.
wherewith, wherefrom; indef. somehow' (etc.), Latin in utī ` how (interrog. and exclam);
relat. as, in whatever way; as, as being; as when, while, since, when; where; how; o that;
granted that; so that, namely that; final, in order that; that, to; that...not' (from *uta-ī);
Old Irish (h)ī deixis particle and particle before relative clauses;
Gothic -ei Relative particle in sa-ei, iz-ei, ik-ei whereas probably Indo Germanic *ei, see
above;
Old Church Slavic intensifying in to-i (see Berneker 416), Old Church Slavic e-i ` yes,
indeed ' (? Berneker 296).
Also in 1. part from Old Indic ī-dr̥c̨- ` looking so, resembling so ', Lithuanian ý-pačiai `
particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra,
notably ', y-patùs ` lonely, only, apart, peculiarly '.
Doubtful, if from Indo Germanic *ei or ī: Old English ī́dæges ` of the same day ', īsiðes `to
same time', īlca (*ī-līca) `the same', wherewith perhaps Old Norse ī dag `today' (although
understood as preposition ī) and refined afterwards ī gǣr ` yesterday ', ī fjǫrð ` a year ago,
last year ' interrelate;
It is unclear āi (Lok. fem. in adverbial solidification) in Old Indic āi-šámaḥ adv. `this year',
meaning `just this year - the same' as gr. ἰῷ ἤματι, s. Schulze KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 5396,
Holthausen KZ. 47, 310, Junker KZ. 43, 438 f., with Old Indic words also Armenian aižm
combined from *ai žam. The same as mentioned before Armenian demonstratives ai-s, ai-
d, ai-n contain *āi in conjunction with Pron.-stem *k̂o-, *to-, *no- (Junker ааО.); compare
Benveniste Origines 129 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548 f.
i̯i̯i̯ām
ām (= Akk. Sg. f.): Latin iam ` now, by now, already; of future time, immediately,
presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ', Gothic ja, Old High German
jā̆ ` indeed '; with the ending of Lok. Sg. in *-ou- the u-stem: *i̯ou, *i̯u àlready' (from
Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466 placed against it to *i̯eu- `new') : Lithuanian jaũ àlready', Latvian
jàu, Old Church Slavic ju àlready', zero grade Gothic Old High German Old Saxon Old
English ju àlready' (the formation is similar to Gothic Þau, Þau-h, Old English Þea-h, Old
Indic tú `but' to stem *to-).
i̯i̯i̯āi
āi (== Lok. Sg. f.): Gothic jai ` yea, in truth, indeed ', Modern High German jē (jeh),
Umbrian ie perhaps ` now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon;
henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ' in ie-pru, ie-pi; but cymr. ie (disyllabic) ` yes,
indeed ' from mcymr. ī-ef `this (is) it'.
D. compositions and derivatives (not classed above thus far):
Old Indic ē-šá, ē-šā́, ē-tát, Avestan аēšа-, aēta- ` he himself ' (*ei-so, -to-, while
Armenian aid from *āi-to-, see above; Oscan Umbrian eiso-, ero- against it from Gen. Pl.
*eisōm);
Note:
(m) Armenian i-sa, i-ta, i-na Demin. from *ei-k̂o-, -to-, -no- (Junker KZ. 43, 346 f.);
Old Indic ē-vá, ē-vá-m `so', wherefore with the meaning-development ` just in such a
way, just him - only him - only, one ';
Avestan aēva-, Old pers. aiva- ` one, solely, only ', gr. οἶος, Cypriot οἶFος `by himself,
only' (Indo Germanic *oiu̯e, *oiu̯os); s. also above S. 75.
Note:
oi-nos: Old Indic ē-na- `he' (could also be *ei-no-);

oi-
Armenian -in the identity adverb andrēn ` ibid ', astēn ` just here ', perhaps also the
identity pronoun so-in `the same here', do-in `the same there', no-in `the same there' (` just
him, one and the same '; *oino-s at first to ēn, still in the meaning `god', that is to say `the
one', and in so-in etc. weakened to -in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-in he also considers *k̂o-
+ ĕnos); different Meillet Esquisse 88;
gr. οἶνος, οἶνη ` one in the dice ';
Latin ūnus, old oinos;
Old Irish ōen òne'; cymr. bret. corn. un òne, a (also indefinite article)';
Gothic ains, Old High German ein, Old Norse einn (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (here belongs Old Norse einka ` particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' and further ekkja ` widow',
ekkill ` widower');
Old Prussian ains (f. ainā) òne', ablaut. Lithuanian ýnas and ìnas ` surely, really ';
besides with präfig. particle (?):
Lithuanian víenas, Latvian viêns òne' (because of Lithuanian vičveĩnelis àll alone,
completely ' from *einos), ablaut. Latvian vińš `he' (*vini̯as; compare Serbo-Croatian ȉn
from *ēino-); s. Trautmann 3, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 356, 381 f.
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-,
v-.
Old Church Slavic inъ ` one; only one; one and the same ' and ` another, other, different
', ino-rogъ ` unicorn ', vъ inǫ ` on and on, always ', inokъ ` alone, only, single, sole ' (=
Gothic ainaha ` solely, unique ', Latin ūnicus, Old Norse einga, Old English ānga, Old High
German einac, Old Saxon ēnag, Modern High German einig), next to which Old Church
Slavic jed-inъ (to 1. part, probably Indo Germanic *ed, see above) òne', from which by
shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. jednogo (inscribed jedьnogo), russ. odinъ,
odnogo.
Note:
This is all wrong etymology. Root / lemma: e-3, ei-

ei-, i-, fem. ī- : `this, etc. (demonstrative
stem); one' derived from the reduced Root / lemma: eĝ-
eĝ-, eĝ(h)om
(h)om eĝō
eĝ(h)om, eĝō : Ì'. Indic
languages display -ĝ- > -y-, Germanic -ĝ- > -g-, Italic -ĝh- > -cc, kk-, Slavic -ĝh- > -d-.
Old Church Slavic: jedinъ òne' [num o]; jedьnъ òne' [num o] derived from eĝ(h)omn
eĝ(h)omn
[common Baltic-Illyrian -ĝh- > -d-. Common prothetic Slavic j-, Baltic Illyrian v- stand for the
lost laryngeal ḫ-.
ĝ(h)omn)
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ĝ(h)omn një òne' similar to alb. njoh (*ĝnē-sk̂ō) `know'.
With formants -ko- (as Old Indic dviká `consisting of two') Old Indic ēka- ` one; only one;
one and the same ', ēkatī́ya `the one', Proto Indic (in Hittite Text) aika-vartana ` a spin, one
rotation ' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93); about Latin ūnicus, Gothic ainaha, Old Church Slavic
inokъ see above ë
Maybe compound alb. Geg (*nie uka) nuk, Tosc nuku, nukë `(*not one) no, not'
With formants -go- Gothic ainakls ` single, spouseless ' (also above Old Norse einka
etc.), Church Slavic inogъ ` solitary, of male beasts which have been driven from the herd:
hence, savage, ferocious, a griffin or dragon '; s. Feist 22 f.
Similar reverting together with e- (e.g. Old Indic asā́u) and āi- (Old Indic āišámaḥ,
Armenian ain etc.) see above.
It seems that root lemma for number one spread spread from Indo European to Dravidian,
then to to Semitic:
Indo-
Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *ainaz, Western : Old English+ án, Middle English+ an, English
one, Scots ane, Old Frisian+ en, W.Frisian ien, Frisian (Saterland) aan, Dutch een, W/S
Flemish ièn, Brabants iën, Low Saxon een, Emsland ein, Mennonite Plautdietsch een,
Afrikaans een, German eins, Central Bavarian oans, Swabian oes, Alsatian eins, Cimbrian
òan, Rimella ais, Rhein Franconian ääns, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent,
Swiss German eis, Yiddish eyns, Middle High German+ ein, Old High German+ ein,
Northern : Runic+ æinn, Old Norse+ einn, Norwegian en (Ny. ein), Danish én, Swedish en,
Faroese ein, Old Icelandic+ einn, Icelandic einn, Eastern : Gothic+ ains, Crimean+ ene,
Italic: Oscan+ uinus, Umbrian+ uns, Latin+ u:nus, Romance : Mozarabic+ uno, Portuguese
um, Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un,
Valencian u, Old French+ un, French un, Walloon onk, Jèrriais ieune, Poitevin in, Old
Picard+ ung, Picard in, Occitan (Provençal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat
vun, Limosin un, Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun in, Sursilvan in,
Vallader ün, Friulian u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese ün,
Milanese vun, Genovese un, Venetian on, Parmesan von, Corsican unu, Umbrian unu,
Neapolitan unë, Sicilian unu, Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur,
Sardinian unu, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *ônos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un,
Cardiganshire în, Breton unan, Vannetais unan, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan,
Modern on, Devonian+ un, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ óen, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon,
Manx nane, Hellenic: Mycenean Greek+ e-me (*hemei), Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greek
éna, Cypriot énas, Tsakonian éna, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se,
Albanian: Albanian një, Gheg (Qosaj) n'â, Tosk (Mandritsa) ni, Armenian: +Classical
Armenian mi, Armenian mek, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ ai:ns, East : Lithuanian víenas,
Latvian viêns, Latgalian vi:ns, Slavic East : Russian odín, odín, Belarussian adzín, adzín,
Ukrainian odín, ody'n, West : Polish jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ janü, Czech jeden,
Slovak jeden, West jeden, East jeden, Upper Sorbian jedyn, Lower Sorbian jaden, South :
Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu, Bulgarian edín, Macedonian eden, Serbo-
Serbo-Croat jèdan,
Slovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+ *a:nt-, Luwian+ *a-, Lycian+ sñta, Indo-
Indo-Iranian: Proto-
Indo-Iranian+ *aiwas, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron iu, Digor ieu, Avestan+ ae:uua-,
Khwarezmian+ 'yw, Sogdian+ 'yw, Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ s's'au, Pashto yaw,
Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu, Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushani yi:w,
Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) iw, Parachi zhu, Ormuri so:, Western Northwest :
Parthian+ 'yw, Yazdi ya, Nayini yak, Natanzi yæk, Khunsari yäg, Gazi yeg, Sivandi yä,
Vafsi yey, Semnani i, Sangisari yækæ', Gilaki yek, Mazanderani yak, Talysh i, Harzani i,
Zaza zhew, Gorani yak, Baluchi yek, Turkmenistan yak, E Hill yak, Rakhshani (Western)
yekk, Kermanji (S) Kurdish yak, Zaza (N) Kurdish e:k, Bajalani ikke:, Kermanshahi yäkî',
Southwest : Old Persian+ aiva, Pahlavi+ e:vak, Farsi yak, Isfahani ye(k), Tajik yak, Tati
yæ, Chali i, Fars yek, Lari yak, Luri ya, Kumzari yek, Nuristani : Ashkun ach, Wasi-weri i
pü:n, Kati ev, Kalasha-ala ew, Indic : Sanskrit+ éka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ ege,
Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish yes, Welsh yek', Kalderash yek(h), Syrian e:kâ,
Armenian jäku, Iranian yek, Sinhalese-
Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay,
Maldivian eke, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri akh, Shina êk, Brokskat e:k, Phalura a:k,
Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek, Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli
ek, Gawar-bati yok, Pashai i:, Shumashti yäk, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek, Western:
Marathi ek, Konkani êk, Sindhi hiku, Khatri hakro, Lahnda hikk, Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek,
Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraiki hik, Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani)
ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik, Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k,
East Central: Nepali ek, Maithili ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k,
Chattisgarhi e:k, Eastern: Oriya ek, Bengali æk, Assamese ek, Mayang a:
Dravidian
Northwest : Brahui asi, Northeast : Kurukh ont
nt Malto ort, Central : Kolami okkod, Naiki
nta:,
okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okatti, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unri, Manda
ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:nd
nd South : Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga
ndi,
ondu, Kodagu ondü, Kurumba -ond
nd Toda wïd,
nde, d, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu,
Irula vondunder
Burushashki
Hunza hik, Yasin hek
Etruscan
Etruscan+ thu(n)
Semitic
East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:h

hid, Kashka-Darya fad, Saudi waah
hid,
Yemeni waah
hid, Syrian wa:h
hed, Lebanese wäh
had, Cypriot ?éxen, Iraqi waah
hid, Egyptian
wa:h
hid, E Libyan 'wah
had, N African (Darja) wa:h
hed, Moroccan wah
hed, Sudanese wa|ah
hid,
Nigerian wa:hid, Zanzibari wa:h
hi, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+ '-h
h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd;
Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ 'ah
hat, Modern Hebrew 'axat, Classical Aramaic+ xadh,
Modern Aramaic âh
had, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Van he;
South: Old S. Arabian+ '-h
h-d, South Arabian (Harsusi) t'a:d, (Sheri) t'ad, Socotra t'ad;
N Ethiopic: Geez+ ?ah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya hade;
S Ethiopic: Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ah
had, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajjä, Soddo att
Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor Attic
References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671, 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72,
105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548, 588, 608, 613 f., 628 f., 651.
Page(s): 281-286
em hi-, empi-
Root / lemma: emb empi-
Meaning: a kind of mosquito or bee
Note: With taboo variation bh : p?
Material: Gr. ἐμπίς, -ίδος à mosquito ';
Old High German imbi (oldest evidence impi pīano), Middle High German imbe (*embi-
o-) `swarm of bees, beehive', previously late-Middle High German `bee', Modern High
German Imme, changing through ablaut Old English imbe (*umbia) `swarm of bees'.

Page(s): 311
em-, em- (*ḫuem-)

Root / lemma: em-
Meaning: to take
Grammatical information: originally athematisches present
Material: Latin emō, -ere, ēmī (Lithuanian ėmiaũ), emptum (= Lithuanian im̃tas, Old
Prussian imtā f., Old Bulgarian jętъ) `take (only in compounds), buy'.
Maybe zero grade in alb. marr ` take' < Lat emere ` take'.
Oscan pert-emest ` to take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder,
prevent ', pert-emust ` taken away entirely ', per-emust ` has taken wholly, seized entirely,
taken possession of, seized, occupied ' (to Perf. *emed), pert-umum `shall take away
entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent ' (assil. from *pertemom);
Umbrian emantu(r) `be taken without effort, received, got, accepted ' emps ` taken out,
taken away, removed ';
Old Irish em- in ar-fo-em- `take, receive ', verbal noun airitiu (: Latin emptiō, Lithuanian
iš-imtìs ` exception '), dī-em- ` shield ', etc.;
Lithuanian imù, preterit ėmiaũ, im̃ti `take', East Lithuanian present jemù, Old Prussian
imt ds.; Latvian jęmu, jẽmu, jem̃t and jem̂t, besides ńemu, ńêmu, ńem̂t (probably through
contamination an equivalent originated from Gothic niman `take', Endzelin, Latvian Gr.
564);
Old Church Slavic imǫ (ьmǫ, compare vъz-mǫ ` take away ', etc.) jęti `take' (perfective),
besides imperfect: jemlǫ, imati ds., and as `have': stative verb imamь, imějǫ, iměti (*emā-,
*emē-);
besides Indo Germanic em- formant the rhyme roots jem- and nem-, probably originally
different and only secondary now and then adapted;
Hittite ú-e-mi-ja-mi (u-emijami??) Ì catch, find', Pedersen Hittite 821, 135.
Note:
The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: similar to Hittite ḫuek-, ḫuk- ` adjure ', Tocharian A
wak f., В wek `voice'.
References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave commun2 80,
203 f., EM2 300 f.
Page(s): 310-311
Root / lemma: (ene

ene h-1), emb
eneb om h-, nō̆bh- (nē
em h-, omb nē h-?), m̥bh- (*ḫen-mbhel-)
nēb
Meaning: navel
The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized.
Note: plural with l- formant.
Material: Old Indic [nasalized * ḫ2ánmbhya] nábhya- n. `hub', nā́bhi- f. `navel, hub, kinship',
nābhīla- n. (uncovered) ` pubic region, navel dent'; Avestan nabā-nazdišta- ` der
verwandtschaftlich nächststehende ', besides with Aryan ph: Avestan nāfō, npers. nāf
`navel';
gr. ὀμφαλός (Nom. Pl. also ὄμφαλες) `navel, shield boss ', probably also ὄμφακες ` the
unripe grapes or olives or other fruit ' (als nabelartig vorgestülpte Knöpfchen), ὀμφακίς `
cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine';
Maybe zero grade in alb. mbulonj `cover, shield, protect'.
Latin umbilīcus `navel', umbō, -ōnis ` a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss ';
v-, Latin gw- > u-.
Old Irish imbliu `navel' (*embilōn-), Middle Irish imlecan ds. (an attempt to the suffix
explanation by Pedersen KG. I 495);
Old High German naba, Old English nafu, Old Icelandic nǫf `hub of a wheel' (also in Old
High German naba-gēr, Old English nafu-gār, Old Icelandic nafarr `grober borer'), Old
High German nabalo, Old English nafela, Old Icelandic nafli `navel'; in addition after Lidén
KZ. 61, 17 Old High German amban, ambon, m. (o-stem) `paunch', Old Saxon ámbón `
the belly, abdomen ', Nom. Akk. Pl. m. on-stem (Germanic *amban-, Indo Germanic
*ombhon-);
Old Prussian nabis `hub, navel', Latvian naba `navel'.

Perhaps here Old English umbor `small kid, child', also the Italian VN Umbri (*m̥bh-),
other ablaut in Germanic VN Ambrones (*ombh-) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 116 f.
v-, Italic gw- > u-.
References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Dekl. 100.

Page(s): 314-315
Root / lemma: (ene

ene h-2): neb
eneb em h-, m̥bh- (*ḫen-mbhel-)
ne h-, emb
Meaning: wet, damp; water; clouds
The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized.
Note: (Kontaminationsform nemb
nem h-); partly emb-
emb-, omb-
omb- from emb
em h-, omb
om h-
Material: neb os-: Old Indic nábhas- n. `fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven',
ne hos-
besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. nā́bhaḥ (?); Avestan nabah- n. Pl. `
airspace, sky, heaven';
gr. νέφος, -ους n. `cloud, fog' (Denom. primary form ξυννέφει ` es umzieht sich ',
ξυννένοφε ìt is cloudy');
also (see below nem- `bend') Old Irish nem (n. es-stem), nir. neamh, cymr. corn. nef
`sky, heaven';
Old Bulgarian nebo, -ese n. `sky, heaven', to i-stem reshaped in Lithuanian debesìs f.
and m. `cloud' (but older konson. Pl., e.g. Gen. Pl. debesų̃! d for n through influence of
dangùs `sky, heaven');
Note:
Common n- > nd- > d-
Hittite ne-pi-iš (nebis) n. `sky, heaven' Gen. nebisas;
with l-forms (ne

neb
ne helā):
elā
gr. νεφέλη `cloud, fog' = Latin nebula `haze, mist, fog, cloud';
maybe alb. (*nebula), avull 'vapor, steam, *cloud' [the shift b > v] from the same root as
Rumanian abur 'fog'.
but Old Irish nēl m., Gen. nīuil `cloud, fog' not from *nebhlo-, but loanword from cymr.
niwl, nifwl, ncorn. niul ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. loanword from late Latin
*nibulus for nūbilus);
Old High German nebul m. `fog', Old Saxon neƀal `fog, darkness', Old English nifol ds.,
Old Icelandic nifl-heimr below likewise, njōl `darkness, night' (Germanic *neƀla- and
*niƀula- from -elo-; Old Icelandic nifl- from *niƀila-);
Maybe alb. (*njōl) njollë '(white stain), bad vision' : Old Icelandic njōl ` darkness, night '].
doubtful Old Indic nabhanú- m., nabhanū́- f., probably `wellspring'; Avestan aiwi-naptīm
asti `he (befeuchtet =) besudelt with blood', napta- `humid, wet' (*nab-ta-), npers. neft `
naphtha ';
perhaps here Latin Neptūnus ` God of the springs and rivers, then of the sea, son of
Saturn and brother of Jupiter ' from *nebh-tu-s; of -p- in skyth. FlN Naparis, Old pers.
spring, fountain N Νάπας derives from iran. apa- `water, wellspring' (Brandenstein, OLZ
1940, 435 ff.).
m̥bh-(ro-
(ro-):
Old Indic abhrá- m. ` gloomy weather, cloudiness ', n. `cloud, airspace' (*m̥bhros),
Avestan awra- n. `cloud'; remains far off because of the meaning gr. ἀφρός `scum, froth,
foam' (Meillet BSL 31, 51);
in i-Dekl. converted Latin imber, imbris ` a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring
rain ' = Oscan Anafríss, probably ` a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain '.
Here also the river names gall. *Ambrā, mcymr. Amir, Amyr as well as Modern High
German Amper and Ammer (Celtic *Ambrā), Emmer (Celtic *Ambriā); in addition also engl.
Amber; French Ambre, Ambrole; span. Ambron, Ambror; Italian Ambra, Ambria, Ambro,
Ambrio etc., latter are particular Venetic-Illyrian; compare without formant r gall. inter
ambes ` between streams ', ambe ` a small stream, brook ', abrit. Amboglanna `bank,
shore of the stream', as well as Armenian amb and (with Indo Germanic b) amp `cloud'.
emb(h)- : omb(h)-
emb(h)- omb(h)- :
Old Indic ámbhas- n. ` rainwater '; ambu n. `water', gr. ὄμβρος m. `rain' (to b compare
above Armenian amp and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333); here also lak. ὀμφά `smell, odor,
breath, breeze', Arcadian εὔομφος `wohlriechend', etc.
nem h-:
nemb
Pahlavi namb, nam, npers. nem ` moist, humidity ', Pahlavi nambītan ` moisten ';
Latin nimbus ` cloud, mist; esp. a black rain-cloud; a storm, shower '.
From Slavic languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *ŋi̯ŏbu
Meaning: to pour
Turkic protoform: *ju(b)-
Mongolian protoform: *jeɣü-le-
Tungus protoform: *ńiabe-
protoform: *nūb-
Korean protoform:
Note: ТМС 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk. ńewte, Evn. ńewte 'spring, well'
(*'washing or pouring place') and perhaps also OJ mjiwo 'water-way, seaway' (if mji- is to
be analysed as 'water', the -wo part stays completely obscure).
References: WP. I 131, WH. I 681, II 151 f., Specht Dekl. 16 f.

Page(s): 315-316
Root / lemma: enek̂-, nek̂-, enk̂-, n̥k̂- (*ḫenek

enek-)
enek
Meaning: to reach; to obtain
Material: Old Indic aśnṓti, Avestan ašnaoiti (*n̥k̂-neu-) ` if something is obtained, achieved
', Perf. Old Indic ānáṃśa (Indo Germanic *ōn-onk̂e = Old Irish ro-ānaic);
Old Indic náśati, Avestan -nasaiti (*nek̂-, originally probably athematic, compare 2. Sg.
nakṣi etc.), Old Indic nákṣati ` achieved, attained ', Desid. ánakṣati ` tries to reach, strives
for ', áṃśa-ḥ m. ` allotment ', Avestan ąsa- ` party ', Old Indic náṃśa-ḥ m. ` obtainment ', -
naṁśana- (hybridization from aṁś- and naś-); common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Armenian hasi `have arrived ', thereafter hasanem ` come to close to something, arrive
'; after Pisani Armen. 5 here hunj-k`, hnjo-c̣ `harvest' (*onk̂os);
Maybe alb. has, alb. (Calabria) (*kë-hasem) këyasem ` encounter '
gr. (*ḫēnek̂-) δι-ηνεκής ` passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual ' (Doric and
Attic διᾱνεκής from *δια-ηνεκής?, different Boisacq s. v.), ποδ-ηνεκής ` bis zu den Füßen
herabreichend ', δουρ-ηνεκής ` a far javelin-throwing ' = ` as far as one's spear can reach '
or pass. ` obtain a javelin ', as κεντρ-ηνεκής ` the goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick,
drive on '; Pass. Aor. ἠνέχθην ` wurde getragen ', Perf. κατ-ήνοκα Hes., ἐν-ήνοχα (ἐν- is
therein probably reduplication; also in Med. ἐν-ήνεγμαι, joined as 3. Sg. ἐν-ήνεγκται instead
of *ἐν-ήνεκται, after Aor. ἐνεγκεῖν);
*enk̂- in Redupl. Aor. ἐν-εγκ-εῖν (*enk̂-enk̂-) `bear, carry'; see below Hittite ḫenkzi;
*onk̂- in ὄγκος `Tracht, load' (= Old Indic áṃśa-ḥ, Balto Slavic *naša-);
ἤνεικα against it to root *seik- ` suffice, reach ', see there and Boisacq 251 f. m.
Lithuanian; through hybridization with it became ἤνεγκον to ἤνεγκα, ἤνειγκα;
Latin nactus (and nanctus) sum, nancisci (arch. also nanciō, -īre) ` to light upon, obtain,
meet ' (-a- = e, so nactus = Germanic *nuh-ta-; the nasalization of present is probably
secondary (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 163);
Old Irish ro-icc ` reaches ', do-icc ` comes ', air-icc- `find', con-icc- `be able' etc.;
probably in the themat. conjugation transferred lengthened gradees *ēnk̂-ti, from which
*īnk-, *ĭnc-, icc-; verbal nouns rīchtu, tīchtu; s-Konj. -ī from *ēnk̂st; Perf. ro-ānaic (see
above); s-preterit du-uicc (*onk̂-i-s-t) `has brought' etc. see below S. 347; zero grade n̥k̂- in
cymr. di-anc èscape, flee', cyfranc (*kom-ro-anko-) = Old Irish comracc ` encounter '; after
Loth RC 40, 353 Irish oc, cymr. wnc, wng `by' from *onk̂o- ` neighborhood '?; in addition
mcymr. ech-wng èxpulsion'; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the gall. VN *Selva-
nectes (latinis. Silvanectes) ` property which is acquired ', to Old Irish selb ` possession ';
Gothic ganah (preterit-present) ` it suffices = is enough, it meets the needs ', Inf.
ganaúhan (about Germanic *nuh- see above), Old High German ginah, Old English
geneah ds.; Gothic *binaúhan ` be permitted ', Gothic ganaúha m., Old High German (etc.)
ginuht f. ` sufficiency '; ō-grade: Gothic ganōhs ` sufficient, much, a lot of', Old English
genōh, genōg, Old Norse (g)nōgr, Old High German ginuog ` sufficient ' etc.; ē-grade, as it
seems, Old Norse nā ` approach, reach, obtain ', Old English (ge)nǣgan ` approach to
somebody, address, attack ';
about Gothic nēƕ Adv. ` approach, come near to, close to, adjacent to, nearby, near ',
nēƕa ds., Old Saxon nāh, Old English nēah ` nearby, close at hand, near, close in time ',
preposition ` nearby, next to, alongside ', Old High German nāh Adj. ` adjacent ', Adv.-
preposition `by', Modern High German nach see above S. 40; one places also alb. nes,
nes-ër, nesër ` tomorrow morning ' (*nōk̂-); in addition, also Latvian nãku, nãki `come',
Lithuanian pranókti òvertake', nókti `ripen', but the presupposed Indo Germanic ā;
compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. II 698;
about that Jokl SB Wien Ak. 168, I 36 with Lithuanian pranókti òvertake' compared alb.
kë-nak ` satisfy, delight ' s. the same IA. 35, 36;
Balto Slavic *nešō `bear' (compare Old Indic naśati) in:
Lithuanian nešù, nešiaũ, nèšti; Latvian nesu, nešu, nest; in addition iterative Latvian
nẽsât, Lithuanian nė̃šiai = Latvian nēši m. Pl. ` Tracht Wasser ', Lithuanian naštà, Latvian
nasta f. `load';
Old Church Slavic nesǫ, nesti, iterative nositi etc.;
Balto Slavic *naša- m. `carrying, the bearer ' (= Old Indic aṁśa-ḥ, gr. ὄχκος) in:
Lithuanian už-našai Pl. ` poured out beer ', lengthened grade są́-nošai m. Pl. ` washed
ashore stones ';
Church Slavic pο-nosъ ` envy ', russ. za-nós `snow flurry', etc.;
Hittite *nenék̂-ti, Pl. *nenk̂-énti, out of it ni-ik-zi (nikzi) `be uplifted', 3. Pl. and ni-in-kán-zi,
ni-ni-ik-zi (ninikzi) `lifted', 3. Pl. ni-ni-(in-)kán-zi (Pedersen Hittite 147);
ḫi-in-ik-zi (ḫenkzi) `divided to' is placed to ἤνεγκον; about na-ak-ki-iš (nakīs) ` heavy ', s.
Pedersen Hittite 147, 194;
about Tocharian A eṃts-, В eṅk- `take, catch', s. Meillet MSL 18, 28, Pedersen Tochar.
236 and Anm. 1;
Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50 f. disassembles en-ek̂- `bear, carry', which he understands as an

extension from en- (see S. 321 under enos-
enos-) ds.; just there further supposition about en-
ek̂- `reach'.
References: WP. 1 128 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50 f., EM2 652, Trautmann 198, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. 647, 744, 766.
Page(s): 316-318
Root / lemma: e-neu̯en,

en neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥
en
Meaning: nine
Note:
Root / lemma: e-neu̯en,
en neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥ (*he
en henekʷt-):: `nine' was created as a compound of Root
henekʷt
nekʷt-
/ lemma: neu̯os,
os -i̯os
os os : `new' + Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)
tō(u) : èight'.
Material: Old Indic náva, Avestan nava (neu̯ṇ) `9';
Armenian inn (sprich inǝn) `9' (*enu̯ṇ), Pl. in(n)unk`; (under the influence of common
(*gr. *ἔFνα- through metathesis to gr. *ἔνFα-) gr. *ἔνFα- in hom. εἰνά-ετες, -νυχες,
Boeotian ἐνα-κη-δεκάτη, Ionian εἰνα-κόσιοι, Attic ἐνα-κόσιοι; Ord. εἴνατος, Attic Aeolic
ἔνατος; *ἐνFα also in hom. ἐννῆμαρ (*ἐνF ἦμαρ) `9 days'; besides *νεFα (*neu̯ṇ) in ἐννέ[F]α
(prefixed with ἐν, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 591); thereafter became ἐνήκοντα `90' to Ionian Attic
ἐνενήκοντα;
thrak. ενεα (v. Blumenthal IF. 51, 115);
Note:
This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u) : èight' + Root /
lemma: neu̯os,
os -i̯i̯i̯os
os os : `new' > gr. *ἔFνα-: εἰνά-ετες. The shift kʷ > p, gʷ > b is a common gr..
Greek also reflects an Illyrian-alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after the
noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.
[Phonetically attribute] alb. nëndë `9' (*neu̯ṇti- `number of nine', as Slavic devętь `9', Old
Norse niund `number 9' and Old Indic navatí-, Avestan navaiti- f. `90', actually nine of
tens);
Note:
alone.
Slavic follows alb. attribute -të [nasalized -ntë; -ndë ending]
Latin novem ` nine ' (-m for -n? after septem, decem);
Old Irish nōi n-, cymr. corn. naw, bret. nao (to a s. Pokorny IF. 38, 190 f.);
Gothic Old High German niun, Proto Norse niu, Old Norse nīo `9', Old Saxon nigun, Old
Frisian ni(u)gun, Old English niʒon (from *niu̯uu
̯ n);
Note: This is wrong etymology. Germanic family reflects the compound (*niu̯ktu̯un) from
Root / lemma: neu̯os,
os -i̯i̯i̯os
os os : `new' + Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)
tō(u) : èight'.
Lithuanian devynì, Latvian devińi (n- still in ordinals Old Prussian newīnts), Old Church
Slavic devętь ` nine ' (d- becomes steady probably through dissimilation against auslaut n
and through influence of the 10; Berneker 189);
Note:
Old Church Slavic devętь ` nine ' derived from Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' the same as alb. Tosc
nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' [common alb.-Illyrian n > nd > d].
Tocharian AB ñu ` nine '.
ordinals: *neu̯eno- in Latin nōnus; introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n Umbrian
nuvime ` the ninth ', Old Indic navamá-, Avestan naoma-, Old pers. navama-; Old Irish
nōmad, cymr. nawfed (*neu̯m-̥ eto-); -to-formation also gr. εἴνατος, ἔνατος (*enu̯ṇ-to-);
Gothic niunda, Old High German niunto, Old Norse nionde, Old Saxon nigundo, niguðo,
Old Frisian niugunda, Old English niʒoða; Lithuanian deviñtas, Old Prussian newīnts, Old
Church Slavic devętъ; Tocharian В ñunte, oblique of ñuñce.
Note:
Ordinals in IE are built according to Illyrian pattern; alb. -ta adjective formant: alb. Tosc
nanta, Geg nanda ` nine ' : Lycian ñuñtãta `nine'
One assumes connection with *neu̯o- `new', because a new countable segment has
begun with 9, while the binary form from *ok̂tṓu `8' points to a 4-calculation system.
References: WP. I 128, Feist 378 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 590 f.
Page(s): 318-319
engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn (eng
Root / lemma: engʷ ʷh-)
engʷh
engʷh-
Meaning: swelling
Material: Gr. ἀδήν, ένος m., older f. `glandula' (*n̥gʷḗn) =
Note:
Common Illyrian -gʷh- > -d-. In gr. -gʷ- > -b- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd > d common
Illyrian-alb. but not gr.
Maybe taboo in alb. anda `pleasure, delight (sexual?)'
From Illyrian *engʷhi > idi derived Root / lemma: īli-
īli- (engʷhi, indi):: groin, intestines
[common Latin -d- > -l-] (see below).
Latin inguen, -inis n. ` groin, the genitals, tumefaction in the pubic region ';
Old Icelandic økkr `swelling, lump, growth' (proto Germanic *enkwa-z), økkvinn
`swollen', Swedish dial. ink ` blain, boil, furuncle of horses '.
Indo Germanic (e)ngʷ- presumably ablaut from *enegʷh- (with gʷ from gʷh through
immediate encounter with the nasal), whereof:
ʷh-ró-
negʷh
negʷh-ró-s `kidney, testicle' (`round intumescence '; perhaps older r/n-stem, Pedersen
KZ. 32, 247 f.) in:
Gr. νεφρός, mostly Pl., ` kidneys';

pränestin. nefrōnēs, lanuvin. nebrundinēs ` kidneys, testicles'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ-
> b-.
Old High German nioro m. `kidney', partly also `testicle', Middle English Middle Low
German nēre, Old Swedish niūre, Old Icelandic nȳra n. `kidney' (Germanic *neuran- from
*neʒʷhran-; Old Icelandic umlaut is to be explained from a reshuffling of *neurian-).
References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 486.
Page(s): 319
Root / lemma: en1 (*ḫen1

en1)
en1
Meaning: in, *into, below
Note: (: *n̥; Slavic also *on?);
*on eni, n(e)i perhaps also n̥dhi (ending as epi, obhi etc. perhaps
eni n(e)i;
related to Lok. in -i, if if not even created after it).
Material: Old Indic in ánīka- n. ` front ' (= Avestan ainika- ds.) from *eni-oqʷ-;
*ni- in Old Indic ni-já- ` inborn, inherent, fixed, own ', Avestan ni-zǝnta- ` innate, natural ',
Old Indic ní-tya- ` continuous, fixed, own ' = gall. Nitio-broges, VN (contrast to Allo-broges)
= Gothic niÞjis `kinsman, relative', Old Norse niðr `kinsman, relative', Old English niððas
Pl. ` men, people', also in verbal prefix Aryan ni- ìn, into', e.g. Old Indic nígam-, Avestan
nigam- ènter into a condition';
Armenian i (before vowel y and n-) from *in, older *en ìn', adnominal m. Lok. and Akk.;
gr. ἐν, dial. ἰν and (poet.) ἔνι, ἐνί (so hom. always as postposition; Attic only more ἔνι as
predicate = ἔνεστι) ìn', adnominal with Dat. (= Lok.), Gen. and in part also still with Akk.
(`whereto, where'), in latter meaning elsewhere after ἐξ to ἐνς (Attic εἰς; thereafter εἴσω
extended as ἔξω, anti conservative out of it ἐς); zero grade ἀ- (n̥) e.g. in ἀ-λέγω etc.;
about the debatable ἔστε, ἔντε ` until ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f.;
maked. ἰν;
Messapic in;
alb. inj ` until, in ' (*eni̯);
Latin in, oldest en; Oscan en, Umbrian en- (en-dendu ` stretch out, reach forth, extend
'), postposition Oscan -en, Umbrian-em, -e, adnom. with Dat. (= Lok.), Akk. and Gen. (of
ambit);
Old Irish in- ìn' adnominal m. Dat. and Akk.; nasalized), in- (derived from *eni, compare
ingen from proto Irish ini-gena `daughter'; mixed with ind- = gall. ande-, s. Thurneysen
Grammar 531 f., Pedersen KG. I 45), acymr. abret. en, in ìn', corn. bret. en, ncymr. yn-,
gall. essedon (*en-sedon) ` chariot ', embrekton ` immersed (swallowed) bite ' (see below
mereq-);
Gothic in ìn', adnom. m. Dat., Akk., Gen.; Old High German Old Saxon Old English in,
Old Norse ī ìn', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., from *eni (about derivatives as Gothic inn ìn,
into', inna, innana, probably from *eni-n-, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 304 f.); (under the influence
Old Prussian en ìn', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., Latvian ie- (only prefix); zero grade *n̥ in
Lithuanian į̃ (older and nowadays dial. in, int) ìn', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;
Old Church Slavic on- (on-ušta ` footwear ', ǫ-dolь `valley'), zero grade vьn-, vъ ìn',
adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;
Tocharian AB y-, yn-, В in- (only prefix).
n̥-dhi: Old Indic ádhi àbout, on', Old pers. adiy ìn'; gall. intensive prefix Ande- (PN
Ande-roudus ` the very red '), cymr. an(ne)- in anne-l ` contrivance ' (common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-) = Old Irish inde-l (*n̥dhi-l-om), cymr. an-daw ` eavesdrop ' (to taw `
closemouthed '); Old Irish ind- (partly from *indi-, partly from secondary *indo-) in ind-reth `
incursion ' (*indi-reto-), indnaide (see further under), etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also
place here Gothic und ùp to'; s. about other possibilities above S. 50 and S. 181.
(e)nero- ` inner ': Armenian *nero- ` the inside ', assumed from ner- ` within, in, into',
(e)nero-
nerk`s ` inside ', nerkòy ` inside, within '; perhaps gr. ἔνεροι as ` those below, those
beneath the earth, of the dead and the gods below ', namely in the earth; or better
Hypostase from οἱ ἐν ἔρᾳ?
ni- nei- `low, base', comparative nitero-

ni-, nei- nitero- `low' (in contrast to ` upper '):
Old Indic ní, Avestan nī ` down; downward ', Old Indic nitarā́m ` underneath ', Avestan
nitǝma- ` the lowest ';
Armenian ni-, n- `low';
Celtic *nē from *nei in Old Irish ar-nëut-sa, in-nëut-sa ` I expect, anticipate ', (Proto Irish
*-nē-sedū), verbal noun indn(a)ide (*indo-nē-sodi̯on) and in ar-neigdet `to pray' (*ari-nē-
gedont); compare different Bergin Ériu 10, 111;
Old High German nidar, Old Saxon nithar, Old English niÞer, Old Icelandic niðr ` down;
downward ', Old High German nidana, Old Saxon nithana ùnder', Old English neoðan,
niÞan `down, downward, under', Old Icelandic neðana ` from here below ', preposition with
Akk. `below', Old Saxon nithe Adv. ùnder', Old High German nida preposition with Dat.
and Akk. `below, under';
Old Bulgarian nizъ ` down, downwards ' (formation as prě-zъ etc.);
in compound:
Old Indic nīpa- ` low lying ' (ni + ap- `water');
*ni-okʷ- as ` holding down the eyes ' in:
Old Indic nīcā́́ ` downwards ' (compare nyañc- ` pointed down ');
Old Bulgarian nicь ` inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past;
precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ', (*po-niknąti) poniknąti, ničati `
be inclined '; Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indic Gr. III 230 f., Trautmann 198 f.
with formants -u̯о-:
gr. νειός f. `field, entryway ' (*lowland, depression'), νείατος, νέατος `the uttermost,
lowest, extreme, outermost ', νειόθεν `from under, from the bottom ', νείοθι `below, at the
bottom ', νείαιρα γαστήρ ` the lower part of the belly ', νήιστα ἔσχατα, κατώτατα Hes., theb.
Νήιτται πύλαι (η seems to stand for ẹ̄ from ei before pal. vowel);
Old Bulgarian n̂iva `farmland' (`*lowland, depression'), Serbo-Croatian njȉva (whence j?),
Czech russ. níva ds. (*nēiu̯ā f);
zero grade Old English neowol, nēol, nihol ` inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing
down or past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ' from *niwol,
Middle Low German nigel `low, base';
here probably also with full grade Lithuanian néivoti `torment, smite', Latvian niẽvât `
disdain, scorn ' (also Gothic *naiw ` ἐνεῖχεν ' Marc. VI 19?).
Maybe alb. nivel `levelled ground'?
compare Indo Germanic ni-zdos `nest' under sed-

sed- `sit, place'. As `run down, tell off,
rebuke' (as Latvian niẽvât) based on probably also neid- ` reproach, rebuke, censure,
blame, esp. by word ', neit- ` to be hostile towards, attack ' neiq-
neiq- (see there), in nei-, ni-.
enter, n̥ter
ter ` between - in', en-tero- ` inward ':
en-tero-
Old Indic antár, Avestan antarǝ, Old pers. antar ` between ', adnom. with Lok., Instr.,
Akk., Gen.; Old Indic ántara- ` internal ', Avestan antara- ` inner ', Superl. Old Indic
ántama- `the closest ' (not to ánti, ánta-), Avestan antǝma- ` the most internal, intimate,
inmost '; Old Indic antrá-, also with Vr̥ddhi āntrá- n. ` intestines, entrails ';
Armenian ǝnder-k` Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (gr. loanword ? s. Hübschmann Arm. Gr.
1447 f.);
gr. ἔντερον, mostly Pl. ` intestines, entrails ';
alb. nder, ndër ` between, in', further ndjer, ngjer etc. ùntil' (*entero-); (common Slavic
dz : Albanian dj, gl, gj allophones)
Latin enter, inter ` prep. with acc. between, among, amid; during, in the course of ',
adnom. m. Akk. (solidified m. Gen. intervias, interdius), intrō, intrā, intrin-secus, interus `
internal ', interior, intimus, intestīnus (see below), Oscan Entraí `* Interae ', zero grade,
Oscan anter ` between, among, amid; during, in the course of ', Umbrian anter, ander
`during', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;
Old Irish eter, etir, etar ` between ', adnom. m. Akk., corn. ynter, yntre, bret. entre (the
ending after tre-, dre = cymr. trwy), acymr. ithr ` between, among, amid; during, in the
course of '; gall. inter ambes `between streams';
Old High German untar etc. ùnder = between' = Oscan anter (different from Germanic
*under, Old High German etc untar `below' from *n̥dher, Latin infrā); compare Gothic
undaúrni-mats ` lunch ' = ` breakfast ', Old Norse undorn n. `morning (at nine clock)', Old
Saxon undorn, Old English undern `midday', Old High German untorn `midday, lunch' (n-
suffix as in Latin internus); zero grade as gr. ἔντερα etc. Old Norse iðrar Pl. ` intestines,
entrails ' (from *innrar, *inÞerōz), innre, iðre `the inner' (if not specific nord.-ro- has
derivatived from inn = Gothic inn `hinein', see above); (under the influence of common
Slavic *ętro in Old Church Slavic jątro `liver', ablaut. ǫtroba `liver, *intestines, cavity of
the body', ǫtrь ` εἴσω '.
about Hittite antūrii̯as ` inner, interior ', andurza ` inside, within ' s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320
f.
Note:

ur : Hittite antūrii̯as ` inner, interior ' : Ἰλλῠ
ῠριοί υρία ,
υρί
ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρ
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
entós
entós `(from) inside ' (compare Old Indic i-táḥ `from here', Latin caelitus etc.):
gr. ἐντός ` inside ', whereof ἔντοσ-θεν, -θι and further ἐντόσθια, ἐντοσθίδια ` intestines,
entrails ' (or latter with from ἔντοσθε lengthened in θ for *ἐντοστια, compare Old Indic
antastya- n. ` intestines, entrails ', Fick I4 363, Vendryès Rev. ét. gr. 23, 1910, 74);
Latin intus `from inside, within; inside ', therefrom with analog metathesis intestīnus
ìnward, internal; n. as subst., sing. and plur. the intestines';
Middle Low German Modern High German dial. inser ` eatable internal parts of animals
', Old Norse īstr п., īstra f., ` the fat surrounding the intestine ' (*en-s-tro-);
Old Prussian instran `fat', Latvian îstri Pl. ` kidneys' (*en-s-tro-); Latvian ìekša ` Inneres ',
Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*en-t-i̯ā), Old Lithuanian insčios `heart', Lithuanian į́ščios `
intestines, entrails ' (*en-s-ti̯o-).
About die compression Latin endo, indu ìn', wherefore gr. τὰ ἔνδῑνα, Old Irish inne `
intestines, entrails ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), see above S. 182 -- About gr. ἔν-δον
`*in the house, indoors' (wherefore ἔνδο-θεν, -θι, Lesbian Doric ἔνδοι after οἴκο-θεν, -θι,
οἴκοι) s. dem-
dem- `to build'.
References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 711 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f.,
198 f. W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 70 ff.
Page(s): 311-314
Root / lemma: en-

en-2
Meaning: year
Material: Gr. ἔνος `year' Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., δί-ενος ` biennial ', τετρα-ένης, -ες
`quadrennial, four years old', hom. Akk. Sg. ἦνιν, Akk. Pl. ῑνής ànnual', πρητ-ήν ` one-
year-old lamb' (to Doricπρᾶτος from *pr̥t̄ os?); ἐν-ιαυτός `year' (to ἰαύειν: ` wenn das Jahr
ruht, Jahreswende '??).
zero grade -n- in:
Gothic fram fair-n-in jēra, Old Saxon fer-n-un gêre, Middle High German verne ` last
year ';
Lithuanian pér-n-ai ` last year ', Latvian pę̃rns `the previous year';
russ. dial., Czech lo-ni (*ol-ni) ` letztjährig '.
Specht Dekl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in gr. ἔνη `that (day or that year'?).
Note:
at-, *atno
*atno-
et
lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2, ĝhi-
hei-men- heimn- : `winter; snow'
References: Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Specht Dekl. 15 f.
Page(s): 314
Root / lemma: en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥, nōmn̥

lemma: en( nōmn̥, (*ḫ1en ḫ3(o)mn̥-)
Meaning: name
Material: Old Indic nā́ma, Instr. Sg. nā́mnā, Avestan nāma `name';
Armenian anun, Gen. anuan, after Meillet Esquisse 48 from *anuwn, *onomno-, after
EM2 675 from *onōmno-;
gr. ὄνομα (from reduced *eno- with assimilation e - o), dial. ὄνυμα, *ἔνυμα in lak.
᾽Ενυμακαρτίδας, (reduced υ derived before μν from Gen. *ἔνομνος), ἀνώνυμος, νώνυμνος
`nameless';
alb. Tosc emër, Geg emën (*enmen-);
Note:
(*da-a-ma-an) > alb. Geg emën [common alb.-Baltic d- > zero]
Latin nōmen, -inis, n. Umbrian nome, Abl. nomne `name' and `people';
Old Irish ainmm n- n., Pl. anmann (*enmn̥-); acymr. anu, Pl. enuein, out of it ncymr. enw;
corn. hanow, Middle Breton hanff, hanu, bret. ano;
Gothic namo n., Old Icelandic nafn n., Old English nama, Old High German namo m.
`name'; with ō-grade Old Frisian nōmia, Middle High German be-nuomen `name';
Note:
Taboo word for (*dap-no-) ` sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal '.
Old Prussian emnes, emmens m. (*enmen-);
Slavic *ьmę, out of it *jьmę in Old Church Slavic imę, Serbo-Croatian ȉme, Old Czech
jmě, Gen. jmene, russ. ímja;
Tocharian A ñem, В ñom;
Hittite la-a-ma-an (lāman), with dissimilation of Anlauts; (*nda-a-ma-an)
compare finno-ugr. näm, nam, nèm, namma, magyar. nēv `name'.

References: WP. I 132, Feist 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 352, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 98,
121.
Page(s): 321
enos- or onos-
Root / lemma: enos- onos-
Meaning: burden
Material: Old Indic ánaḥ n. `load wagon' = Latin onus, -eris ` a load, burden ' (onustus `
loaded, laden, burdened, freighted ', onerāre ` load, burden, fill, freight ').
In addition perhaps gr. ἀνία, Aeolic ὀνία ` grief, sorrow, distress, trouble', ἄνιος, ἄνιᾱρός
` grievous, troublesome, annoying' (the dialect distribution from ἀνία : ὀνία as with the
preposition ἀνά : ὀν); after Wackernagel Gl. 14, 54 f. but dissimilated from *αμῑFᾱ = Old
Indic ámīvā f. ` grief, sorrow, distress, trouble, plague ' (see below omǝ
omǝ-).
References: WP. I 132 f.;

See also: s. also under enek̂-.
Page(s): 321-322
eno- (probably e-no-

Root / lemma: eno- no-): ono-
ono- : no-
no- : -ne-
ne-
Meaning: that
Material: Old Indic Instr. anḗna, anáyā `this, that', Gen. Lok. Du. anáyōḥ; anā ` for, sure ';
Avestan Gen. Du. anayā̊, Instr. ana (Old pers. anā), Pl. anāiš; about Old Indic anyá-
òther', ántara- ds., which someone might place here, compare above S. 37;
Armenian so-in `the same', if from *k̂o-eno-s, Junker KZ. 43, 343; gr. ἔνη (sc. ἡμέρα) `
der über morgige Tag ', (ἐ-)κεῖνος `that', Doric τῆνος ds. (*κε-, *τε-ενος), ὁ δεῖνα ` der und
der, ein gewisser ' (after ταδεῖνα = *τάδε ἔνα ` this and that '); about ἔνιοι ` a, some, few'
(from *en-io-?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6144;
Latin enim Old Latin ` yea, in truth ', later ` for, namely ' = Oscan íním, inim ` also, too,
besides, moreover, likewise, as well, even ' (whose í- in proclitic from e), Umbrian ene,
enem ` then, at that time, in those times ' besides eno(m), ennom etc. ds.; (under the
Indo Germanic *oni̯o-, with i̯- (probably of Rel. *i̯o-) in Old High German ienēr, obd. ener,
Middle High German geiner (= jeiner), Old English geon, Gothic jains `that' instead of
*janjis through the influence of ains; Old Norse enn, inn `the', with k̂о-: hinn `that', hānn,
hann `he' (*kēnos);
Lithuanian añs, anàs `that', žem. `he'; Old Prussian tāns `he' (*t-anas: *to);
Old Church Slavic etc. onъ (ona, ono) `that, he', serb.-Church Slavic onakъ `from that
kind of' (= Lithuanian anõks ds.);
about Hittite an-ni-iš (annis) `that', Adverb an-na-az (annaz), an-ni-ša-an ònce, one
day, some time, some day', comparePedersen Hittite 63, Couvreur H̯ 91 f.
no-, nā in:
no-
Old Indic nā-nā `so or so';
Armenian -n article, na `then' (*no-ai, Meillet Esquisse2 88), a-n-d `there' (d from Indo
Germanic t; also not similar Old Irish and `here', above S. 37, wherefore still Cypriot ἄνδα
αὕτη, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613);
Maybe alb. andej `there'
gr. νῆς τὸ ἔνης, Doric νᾶς Hes.; νή ` yea, in truth ', Instr. (= Latin nē ds.), ναί, ναίχι ds.
(compare αἰ : ἠ ìf', δαί : δή àlso');
Maybe alb në se ìf'
Latin nam `for, namely' (Akk. Sg. f), nem-pe `certainly, without doubt, assuredly, of
course, as everybody knows', nem-ut ds.; nē ` yea, in truth ', instrumental;
doubtful whether Slavic *nā, Interjektion russ. na ` there you have!' etc. belongs here.
Also alb. na ` there you have!'
Maybe poln. na pewno `certainly' : Latin nem-pe `certainly'
Doubtful is also, whether the consecutive particles belong here:
ne in:
Old Indic ná às though, as';
Avestan yaϑ-na ànd namely ';

gr Thessalian ὅνε, τόνε, τάνε, with double inflection Gen. Sg. τοῖνεος etc. `this';
Latin ego-ne, tū-ne, dēnique (*dē-ne-que), dōnicum, dōnec (*dō-ne-kʷom, compare

Umbrian arnipo ` as far as ' from *ad-ne-kʷom), quandō-ne, sīn (*sī-ne ` if, however '), etc.;
also -ne in the question;
Old High German (ne weist tu) na ` not knowing whether ';
Old Lithuanian ne às', Lithuanian nè, nègi, nègu às' (after comparative), néi às' (*ne-i),
Latvian ne às';
akls. neže, Serbo-Croatian nȅgo às' after comparative; Old Russian ni ds., poln. ni às'
(*ne-i).
Maybe alb. (*nse) se : poln niż `than' : akls. neže às' after comparative.
nē in:
Old Indic ví-nā `without';
Avestan yaϑa-nā̆ `straight as', ciϑǝ-nā for the introduction of a question (= Latin quid-
ne);
about gr. ἐγώνη, which could also be ἐγω-νη, see below ē, ō; νή s. S. 320;
Latin nē ` yea, in truth ' see above S. 320;
Gothic -na in afta-na Adv. `from behind', hinda-na Adv. `beyond', etc.; Old High German
-na in oba-na `from here above '; Old Norse Þēr-na ` to yourself, to you ', etc.;
Old Bulgarian vъ-ně ` outside ';
probably Phrygian νι ànd' (in ιος νι ànd who') remains far off; about Tocharian A -ne in
kus-ne `who, what, which, the one that', compare Couvreur (Tochaarse Klank- en
Vormleer 50); s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612;
References: WP. II 336 f., WH. I 339 f., 370 f., 386 f., 404 f., Trautmann 7 f., 195,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 612, Specht Dekl. 306.
Page(s): 319-321
enq-, onq-
Root / lemma: enq- onq- (*hok
hok-)
hok
Meaning: to sigh, groan, onomatopoeic words
Note: both vocalizations also with various emotion value, so that perhaps would be spoken
from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voiced-
nonaspirated eng- ong-, n̥g- `groan, moan, sigh', without such such meaning separation
eng-, ong-
after the vocalization.
Material: Gr. ὀγκάομαι `cry, shout (bray, of the ass) ' (of donkey), ὄκνος ` bittern '
(*ὄγκνος);
alb. nëkónj, Geg angój ` groan, sigh, complain ' (*enq-);
Latin uncō, -āre ` to sound or roar like a bear '. But cymr. och ` a sighing, a sigh, a
groan, a lamentation, complaint ', interjection àh!', is not deducible from *oŋq- and
probably certainly a new interjectional creation;
Slavic *jęčati, russ.-Church Slavic jaču, jačati `sigh', jaklivъ ` having an impediment in
one's speech', russ. Dialectal jačátь `groan, moan, plaintive shout '.
alb. Geg me u anku `to groan, moan, sigh' : Middle Low German anken `groan, moan,
sigh'
With voiced-nonaspirated:
Middle Irish ong ` the groaning, sigh, lamentation ', in addition probably Old Irish ennach
`crow' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from *eng-n-ākā) and enchache f. ` buffoonery,
scurrility ';
Middle Low German anken `groan, moan, sigh', Norwegian Dialectal ank ` whimpering,
sigh, distress, repentance ', Danish ank, anke ` lament, complaint ', wherefore changing
through ablaut Danish ynke, Swedish ynka `have mercy on, deplore, bemoan ', at most
also Modern High German Unke after her pitiful cry (yet onomatopoeic word Middle High
German ūche ` toad '; s. still Kluge11, the hybridization this ūche with Middle High German
Old High German unc `snake' [see above S. 44] considers).
An onomatopoeic word is Lithuanian ùngti, ùngau ` whimper like a dog '.

Page(s): 322
ent- (better ant-

Root / lemma: ent- ant-?) (*ḫ-ent)
Meaning: to weave
Note:
ant-?) : `to weave' derived from a truncated Root / lemma: u̯ebh-
ent- (better ant-
Root / lemma: ent-
1 : `to weave, plait' through an Illyrian-alb. intermediary alb. venj Ì weave ' (*u̯ebhni̯ō) : alb.
ent, int ` weave ' (*ent-i̯- or *n̥t-i̯).
Material: Old Indic átka-ḥ m. ` garment, mantle', Avestan aδka-, atka- m. ` Upper dress,
mantle' (n̥t-ko-s);
alb. ent, int ` weave ' (*ent-i̯- or *n̥t-i̯) : Old Indic ubhnā́ti, umbháti, unábdhi `tie together',
ū́rṇā-vábhi- m. ` spider ', gr. ὑφή `the weaving ', alb. venj Ì weave ' (*u̯ebhni̯ō);
Note:
Alb.- slavic use prothetic v- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-.
gr. Attic ἄττομαι (*n̥t-i̯o-) ` weave ', δίαζομαι ds. (compare Debrunner IF. 21, 216), ἄσμα,
δίασμa ` setting the warp in the loom, i.e. beginning the web '; if, however (Petersson
Heterokl. 262) ἄνταρ ds., ἀντήριος ds. belong to it, must have begun rather like root *ant-.
However, exists with gr. culture words the suspicious origin and Old Irish étid ` dressed ',
étiud ` clothing ' could be shaped secondary to étach ds. (*en-togo-);
also the equation Old Indic átka-ḥ : gr. ἀσκός `skin, hose, tube ' is because of of this
dubious meaning; gr. ἤτριον, Doric ἄ̄τριον ` the warp in a web ' are suspectly of pre-Greek
origin.

Page(s): 322
Root / lemma: epero-

epero-
Meaning: boar
Material: Latin aper, aprī ` boar ', Umbrian Akk. Pl. apruf, abrof, Akk. Sg. abrunu, Akk. Pl.
abrons `pigs' (yet about Latin Aprōnius, mars.-Latin Aprufclano see Schulze Eigennamen
111, 124 f.); a probably after caper; derived Latin aprugnus òf boar' with suffix -gno- zur
root ĝen-;
en here perhaps the PN Eprius;
Germanic *ebura-, Old Norse jǫfurr m. `prince, lord' (in figurative meaning, actually
`boar'), Old English eofor m. `boar', mndd. ever, Old High German ebur, Modern High
German Eber.
With (analogical?) v-suggestion belong asl. veprь m. `boar', Serbo-Croatian vȅpar (Gen.
vȅpra), poln. wieprz (Gen. wieprza), russ. veprь (Gen. véprja) here;
Latvian vepris ds. (PN Lithuanian Vẽpriai Plur., and Old Prussian Weppren) is not
borrowed of Slavic, but common origin;
unclear is thrak. ἔβρος ` he-goat; billy goat '.

Page(s): 323
Page(s):
Root / lemma: eph-

eph-
Meaning: to cook
Note: Only Gr. and Armenian
Material: Armenian epèm `cook';
gr. ἕψω `cook', Fut. ἑψήσω, participle ἑφθός (does not prove in itself Indo Germanic ph,
because also *ἑπστός should lead to ἑφθός); however, ἕψω so- would be present
(compare δέψω : δέφω) and Armenian p` derived from Indo Germanic ph .
References: WP. I 124, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 706.

Page(s): 325
Root / lemma: epi,

epi opi,
opi pi
Meaning: at, by
Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -oi in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with
abbreviated ebhi, obhi.
Material: Old Indic ápi àlso, in addition' (Adv.), seldom ved. preposition m. locative `by, in',
prefix api-, pi- `to, by' (pi- in pi-dhāna- n. ` covering, cover, lid ', pi-nahyati ` tethered,
fastened to', py-úkṣṇa- ` cover of the bow ': gr. πτ-υχή ` crease, layer ', if from *πι̯-υχᾱ,
*sed-); common Old Indic ĝh- >
πτύσσω `lay, place together, crease ', pīḍayati : πιέζω, s. *sed-
kṣ-
Avestan aipi, аp. apiy, adnominal àbout - to, by (Akk.), by (temporal, Lok.), after
(temporal, Instr.)', Adv. ìn addition also, likewise also, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; hereafter, later', prefix `to';
with lengthened grade of final syllable Avestan ape àfter' (m. Akk.), compare apaya Adv. `
hereafter, prospectively ', -pe emphasizing particle;
Armenian ev ànd, also'; *pi in anlaut h- united verbs, as h-aganim `pull myself to '?
Gr. ἐπί, ἔπι àuf to, an', adnominal with dative (= Indo Germanic Lok., Instr., Akk., Gen.,
prefix, ἔπισσον τὸ ὕστερον γενόμενον Hes. (i.e. probably ` progeny ', basic form *ἔπι-τι̯ο-,
Schulze, Kl. Schr. 70 ff., 675), πι- prefix (see above); opi in hom. ὄπι-θε(ν) `behind,
afterwards', Ionian Attic ὄπισθε(ν) ds. (-σ- after πρόσθε(ν), compare also ὀπίσ(σ)ω
`behind, backwards'; hereafter ' (*opi-ti̯ō), ὀπίστατος ` hindmost, last'; ὀπ-ώρα àutumn', S.
343); presumably (with Indo Germanic contraction from *opi-oqʷ to *opīqʷ, to *oqʷ- `see')
όπι:-πέυω `stare at', παρθενοπῖπα ` girl gazer, onlooker ', *ὄψ (formation as ἄψ, Latin abs,
ἀμφίς, see below Italian ops-) base from ὀψέ, Aeolic ὄψι `late';about gr. ἐπ-εί `there' see
above S. 284;
Illyrian PN Epi-cadus (compare gr. κεκαδμένος ` parading, showing off '); Venetic PN
Opi-tergium (to Tergeste `Triest', Old Bulgarian trъgъ ` marketplace '; alb. tregu `
marketplace '); Messapic pi-dō (*dō-t) `bore profit';
alb. épërë ` situated above '; Illyrian Epirus (*epi-u̯eri̯ō ) ` situated above, highland ' :
Ériu Ìrland' (*epi-u̯eri̯ō ` enclosed land, hill, island), cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon, *epi-
u̯eri̯onos) [common Illyrian n > nd > d].
Latin ob adnominal m. Akk. ` prep. with acc., in front of, before; in return for; because of,
on account of ', Old Latin also ` around, round about, all around, near together, in close
proximity ', and prefix from op- before voiced consonant originated (as ab from ap[o]); op
still in operio from *op-veriō, oportet from *op-vortet ` it is necessary, needful, proper,
becoming, or reasonable; it behooves; I (thou, he, etc.) must or ought '; about opācus s.
EM2 703 and above S. 54; *ops- (see above) usually before t- in compound, e.g. o(p)s-
tendo; Oscan úp, op `by' with Abl. (= *Instr.);
Old Irish iar n-, iarm- àfter, afterwards, in the next place, secondly ' m. Dat., perhaps
Neutr. a derivative *epi-ro-m (Thurneysen Gr. 516); epi- seems also obstructed in Old Irish
íа-daim ` close ' (compare Latin ob-dō), éi-thech ` perjury ' (compare gr. ἐπι-ορκέω), Ériu
Ìrland' (*epi-u̯eri̯ō ` enclosed land, hill, island) = cymr. Ywerddon ds. (*uiu̯erðon, *epi-
u̯eri̯onos), nir. éibheall `blaze, glow' (*epi-bhelo-);
opi in Old Irish oíbell m. `blaze, glow' = cymr. ufel m. `spark' (*opi-bhelo-); cymr. uffarn,
bret. ufern ànkle' (opi-spernā);
Gothic iftuma (formation as aftuma `last') ` subsequent, later'; ibdalja m. ` descent,
slope', Old English eofolsian ` blaspheme ' (*eƀ-hālsian), eofut, eofot n. `blame' (*eƀ-hāt);
in addition perhaps also the group èvening': Old Norse aptann, eptann, west-Germanic
with ā Old English ǣfen m. n., Old Saxon āƀand, Old High German āband; perhaps the
West Germanic has dissimilation reduction of the first dental experienced in the basic form
*āptanto- or is Indo Germanic *ēp-onto- the basic form and Old Norse aptann from derived
aptan ` hereafter ';
to the possible fusion from *ap- and *ep- in Germanic compare above S. 53 f.;
Lithuanian ap-, before labial also still api-, in nominal compound apy- prefix àround,
about, by', apiẽ ` around, about ' m. Akk., Old Lithuanian and dial. East Lithuanian dievíe-p
`by god' , sūnaũs-pi `for the son'; Latvian ap- àround, about', pìe with Gen. and Akk. `by,
in', pìe- `to there, in-, full-'; Old Prussian ep- (ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- àround-',
rather as *epi here, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb- to Indo Germanic ebhi,
obhi; in addition to the postposition lit -p(i) hinter Gen. namó-pi òn the way home,
homeward') and Lok. (namié-pi `to the house, homeward'), Latvian -p (only adverbial use),
Е. Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin Gr. 524 ff.;
in addition one places also Lithuanian suffix in dvej-ópas ` twofold ' etc., as well as das
suffix in Illyrian VN Hadriopes, Δερρίοπες, etc. (??);
here also Slavic preposition о ` around, in' (*op); to coincidence with Indo Germanic obhi
see above S. 287, Meillet Slave commun2 155 f., Trautmann 1;
about Hittite appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to gr. ἐπί
as gr. ἀπό;
Lycian knows only the extended forms epñ-, epñte àfter';
about Tocharian Gen.-ending A -āp, В -epi, which one could put here (also in Lithuanian
would strengthen the Gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Tocharian 50 ff.
References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 23, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 5507,
620, 628, 6317, Trautmann 1.
Page(s): 323-325
Root / lemma: epop,

epop opop
Meaning: a kind of exclamation
Material: Armenian popop, npers. pūpū `hoopoe';
gr. ἐποποῖ ποποπό `shout, call of hoopoe', ἔποψ, -οπος `hoopoe', ἔπωπα ἀλεκτρυόνα
ἄγριονHes. (-ωπ- probably through support in -ωψ); ἄπαφός ἔποψ, τὸ ὄρνεον (assimilated
from *επαφός, which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix –αφος = alb. kafshë
(*–αφος, *haphos) ànimal');
Latin upupa `hoopoe';
ndd. Hupphupp ; Modern High German Wiedehopf, Old High German wituhopfo, Old
Saxon widohoppa is a reinterpretation after Germanic widu- (Indo Germanic u̯idhu-) `tree,
wood' and Middle High German hopfen `hüpfen';
Latvian puppukis `hoopoe'.
similar, but not reduplicated, Upper Sorbian hupak, poln. hupek `hoopoe', Upper
Sorbian hupać `cry like a hoopoe', compare also more in general slovak. húpati `cry', russ.
old chupsti sja ` vaunt, boast '.
References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge11 S. 689.

Page(s): 325
ereb-, orob-
Root / lemma: ereb- orob-, rōb-
rōb-
Meaning: to drill, make holes
Material: Latvian ir̂bs `knitting needle' (rhyme word to virbs), ir̃bulis `little peg, stylus';
Lithuanian ùrbinti ` make a hole with the awl ', ur̃bti = Latvian urbt `bore', urbulis àwl,
stylus'; Lithuanian ruõbti `hollow out', ruobtùvas ` Hohlmesser ', Latvian ruobs ` incisure,
incision, rabbet, lack, feud '. The ablaut relation speaks for Indo Germanic age of the
family, although the citation of gr. ἄρβηλος ` round shoemaker's knife ' and ἀρβύλη `
strong shoe covering the whole foot ' (if originally ` hollow clog ') remains quite doubtful,
because latter can be also based on a word for ` shoe ' of quite other origin
Page(s): 333
ered- (*ere-danos)
Root / lemma: ered-
Meaning: to flow; dampness
Material: Old Indic árdati, r̥dáti ` flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs', ardáyati
` makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills ', ārdrá- `humid, wet, damp', r̥dū- (in
compounds) ` dampness ', Avestan arǝdvī- f. name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly
as a female divinity.
from in addition gr. ἄρδᾰ `smut, dirt ', ἄρδαλος `dirty, filthy'?
Perhaps here the frequent Celto-Ligurian FlN Rodanos (French Rhône = Modern High
German der Rotten, Italian Rodano etc.) as `the flowing' (gräzis. ᾽Ηρίδανος from iberisiert.
*Errodanos), in addition Rednitz (Bavaria) from *Rodantia.
maybe Illyrian GN Redon `sea god'.
References: WP. I 148, Pokorny Mil. Boisacq II 193 ff.

References:
Page(s): 334
ʷ(h)o-, erogʷ(h)o
Root / lemma: eregʷ(h)o
eregʷ(h)o- erogʷ(h)o-
ʷ(h)o-
Meaning: pea
Material: Gr. ὄροβος m. (from *ἔροβος after Gen. etc. ὀρόβου); compare however, W.
Schulze Kl. Schr. 81), ἐρέβινθος m. (Asia Minor suffix proves not exactly such origin, there
in plant names also, otherwise, seeming, thus in λέβινθοι ἐρέβινθοι Hes.) ` chickpea ';
Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latin ervum n. ` a kind of pulse, the bitter vetch ' (from *erou̯om, *eregʷ(h)om or
*erogʷ(h)om);
Old High German araweiz, arwiz, Modern High German Erbse, Old Saxon er(iw)it,
Middle Low German erwete, ndd. erwten Pl., Old Norse ertr f. Pl. (Dat. ertrum) ds. (-ait
probably pure suffix);
but Middle Irish orbaind `grains' stands for *arbainn, older arbanna (above S. 63).
Probably borrowings from a common, probably east-mediterranean origin, from which

derives also Old Indic aravindam ` lotus '.

Page(s): 335
erek-1 (er[e]gh
Root / lemma: erek- er[e]gh-)
er[e]gh-
Meaning: louse, tick
Note: often distorted taboo
Note:
erek-1 (er[e]gh
Root / lemma: erek- er[e]gh-):: louse, tick, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: er-
er[e]gher-2, eri-
eri-
: goat; sheep.
Material:
In e- grade:
Lithuanian érkė `tick, sheep louse' (*erki̯ā), Latvian ẽrce ` cow's mite, wicked, evil person'
under Indo Germanic *erek-. Furthermore it is to be compared Armenian o(r)jil `nit, louse'
(here seems to be a root variant er(e)gh-, as also in the consecutive alb. form) and orkìun
`ringworm, itching, erysipelas' (from *orqii̯ōno- (?) with a-no-suffix as in Latin after
Petersson KZ. 47, 263 f.), alb. ergjiz `small louse' (see G. Meyer Alb.Wb. 96; doubt by
Hermann KZ. 41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and Alban. could be based
on taboo distortion).
In zero-
zero grade:
Old Indic likṣā́ `nit, louse' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- (probably from *lakṣā́ through
influence of likháti ` scarifies ');
Latin ricinus 1. ` itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick '
(doubtful is the affiliation from 2. ` a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus ') could go back to
older *recinos and be shared with Lithuanian érkė `tick, sheep louse'.
References: WP. I 145, II 344.

Page(s): 335
er(e)k-2, rek-
Root / lemma: er(e)k- rek-, rok-
rok-
Meaning: to tear, cut, split
Material: Old Indic r̥kṇá-ḥ ` flayed, rubbed off bald ', r̥kṣá-ḥ `naked, bald, bleak', r̥kṣara-ḥ
`cusp, peak, thorn'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Lithuanian j-ėrkà, pra-j-ėrkà `slit'; (about Latvian er̃cis ` juniper ' etc. see above S. 67 f.);
with other ablaut grade Lithuanian rankù, ràkti `stick in, poke', rakštìs `splinter, thorn', etc.
References: Persson Beitr. 839.

See also: In addition belongs also: eres-
eres-1 `prick'.
Page(s): 335
Root / lemma: eres-
eres-1
Meaning: to pierce
Material:
Material:
Old Indic r̥ṣáti ` bumps, stings ', r̥ṣṭíṣ `spear, javelin', Avestan aršti- ds.;
Lithuanian erśkė̃tis ` thorn plant ', compare above S. 67;
sloven. rệsǝk ` sowthistle '.
References: Persson Beitr. 84.

See also: Verschieden therefrom is: ere-
ere-s-2.
Page(s): 335
rs--, r̥s-, eres-

ere-s-2 (ers
Root / lemma: ere- res-), and rē̆s-, rō̆s-
Meaning: to flow
Material: 1. Old Indic rása-ḥ `juice, sap, fluidity', rasā́ ` dampness, humidity', also mythical
river name equally Avestan Raṅhā (i.e. Rahā), out of it the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ;
Latin rōs, rōris `dew' (conservative stem with originally bare nominativischer lengthened
grade ō);
alb. resh, reshën ` it is snowing, it is raining ', also ` shower of ash, fire' (probably
likewise from *rōs-);
Maybe alb. reshje ` rainfall ', re ` cloud '.
gr. ἀπ-εράω (*erǝsō) ` pour liquid, spew away ' (?), ἐξ-εράω ` empty, spit out, spew ',
κατ-εράω ` pour in ', μετ-εράω ` transfuse ', συνεράω ` pour together '; after Debrunner IF.
48, 282 the basic meaning from ἐράω ` spill, pour on the earth ' and the verb would derive
from ἔρα èarth' (above S. 332);
Old Church Slavic rosa `dew', Lithuanian rasà ds.
Maybe as `*water bird' in alb. rosa f. `female duck (*water bird)' : Slovenian: raca f. `female
duck' : Romany: ratsoy m. `male duck', ratsa f. `female duck' : Romanian: raţă f. `female
duck', răţoi m. `male duck' : Furlan raze `duck' : Occitan rit `duck' : Hungarian réce `duck'.
ers-, r̥s-; r̥sen
2. root form ers- sen `virile'.
Old Indic árṣati ` flows '; further with the meaning `virile' (from ` moistening, pouring
seeds ') Old Indic r̥ṣa-bhá-ḥ `bull', aja-rṣabhá-ḥ `he-goat', Avestan Old pers. aršan `man,
husband, penis', gr. hom. ἄρσην, Attic ἄρρην, Ionian Aeolic Cretan ἔρσην (without F-!)
`virile' (in addition *αρνηFός, hom. ἀρνειός ` of a lamb or sheep, ram' = Attic ἀρνεώς,
Aeolic ἀρνήαδες f., in addition ἀρνεύω ` make an aerial jump, dive ', actually ` make a
leapfrog ', ἀρνευτήρ ` one who flips over in the air, capers, jump about ', Lithuanian by
Boisacq under ἀρνειός and ἀρνευτήρ Nachtr.), probably also Old High German or[re]huon,
Old Norse orre ` grouse ' (out of it Middle High German ūrhan, Modern High German
Auerhahn through hybridization with Old High German ūr, ūrohso).
3. affiliation of our root *eres- to *er-, *or- ` set in motion, lively movement ' is worth
considering. Other s-forms show additional meaning from root er-, or-:
Armenian eṙam (*ersā-i̯ō; compare above Old Indic arṣati) ` boil, flow; be in perpetually
in motion; be teeming; be excited passionately; be or become keen, angry ', er̄andn `
surge etc.; excitement ', z-eṙam ` moves me around, stirs me, I am strongly moved,
excited, swim etc.';
gr. ἐρωή ` swing, verve, rush' (*rōsā́; therefrom but also ἐρωέω `flow, stream, hurry ');
Latin rōrārii ` light armed skirmisher, kind of light-armed Roman troops, who usually
made the first attack and then retired, skirmishers ' (derivative from *rōsā ` swing ' =
βελέων, δουρὸς ἐρωή);
Old Norse rās f. `run', mndd. rās n. ` intense current', Old English rǣs m. `run, attack '
(engl. race Scandinavian loanword), Middle High German rāsen `dash', Old English rǣsan
` onrush ', Old Norse rāsa `dash forth, rush along'; Old Norse ras n. `haste, hurry', rasa
`stream, glide, slide' (ablaut *rōs-
*rōs- : *rēs- ǝs-?); Gothic rēs in PN Rēs-mēr;
rēs- : *rǝs
*rǝs-
in addition with the concept partly of the worried, also aimless movement, partly of the
excitement, the violent rage:
on the one hand: Latin errō (*ersāi̯ō) `to wander, to wander or stray about, to wander up
and down, to rove' (= Armenian eṙam), Gothic aírzeis ` wander, enticed ', Old High
German irri ` wander ', Gothic aírziÞa f. èrror, deceit', Old High German irrida ds., irr(e)ōn
(*erziōn) èrr';
on the other hand: Old Saxon irri àngry, irate', Old English eorre, yrre àngry, irate,
rancorous', eorsian, iersian ` to wish a person ill '.
resin Old Indic irasyáti ` is angry, is ill-disposed, behaves violently ' (*eres-), irasyā́-
4. eres-
`the ill-will ' and ī́rṣyati ` is envious ' (*erǝs-), Avestan participle arǝšyant- ` envious ', Old
Indic īrṣyā́- ` envy, jealousy ' Avestan aras-ka- ` envy ', Middle Persian npers. arašk ` envy,
eagerness ', zero grade Avestan ǝrǝši- ` envy '; ved. ŕ̥ṣi- m. ` bard, seer ' (*lunatic);
Armenian heṙ ànger, envy, strife ';
gr. ἄρος ἀκούσιον βλάβος Hes., hom. ἀρειή ` defamatory word ' (= Old Indic irasyā́), in
addition ἐπήρεια ` violent, hostile action ' (proto gr. ā, compare Arcadian ἐπηρειάζεν, with
lengthening in compound due to a *ἐπ-ᾱρής), compare also ἐρεσχηλέω ` banter '; ῎Αρης `
god of revenge ' seems if personification of the related Subst. ἀρή ` ruin, outrage, act of
violence ', whereof ἀ̄ρήμενος ` distressed, injured, hurt, disabled, afflicted ';
Lithuanian aršùs `violent';
Hittite arsaniya- ` be jealous, envious ', Denom. from *arsana- ` jealous ' (compare
above Old Indic īrṣyā́ ` envy '), Benveniste BSL. 33, 139;
after Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18 here Tocharian A ārṣal ` poisonous worms ', В arṣāklai
`snake' (*r̥sātlā);
to Old Indic árṣati ` flows ' (above S. 336) places Couvreur H̯ 96 Hittite a-ar-aš-zi (arszi)
` flows ';
Tocharian A yär-s-, В yar-s- `bathe' (-s- from -sk-), without sk-suffix A yär- ds., would be
compared with Hittite arra- `wash' (?).
References: WP. I 149 ff., WH. I 416 f., 863, Trautmann 237.
Page(s): 336-337
Root / lemma: ereu-

ereu-1
Meaning: to seek, ask
Material: Gr. *ἔρευμι, *ἔρυμεν, thematic become: ἐρέ[F]ω, ἐρέ[F]ομαι (Aeolic ἐρεύω) and
εἴρομαι (ἔρFομαι) àsk, search, seek', Cretan ἐρευταί ` ζητηταί, πράκτορες ', due to en-
stem: *ερεF-ων ìnquirer, searcher', ἐρευνάω ` feel, investigate ' and hom. ἐρεείνω `
investigate, ask' (*ερεFεν-ι̯ω), finally due to a *ἔρF-ως: ἐρωτάω hom. εἰρωτάω àsk'; hom.
ἐρείομεν is after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form;
Old Norse raun f. ` attempt, test, investigation ', reyna ` examine, get to know '.
References: WP. II 366, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.

Page(s): 337
Root / lemma: ereu-

ereu-2
Meaning: to tear
Material: Old Indic áruṣ- n. `wound';
Old Norse ørr, err n. `scar' (*arwaz, *arwiz), as Finnish loanword arpi, Gen. arven;
Middle Low German are, Modern High German dial. arbe `scar';
References: WP. II 352, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 355.

See also: s. also under reu-
reu-2 `tear open', which probably belongs to it.
Page(s): 338
ǝ)d- (er/ǝ/d
Root / lemma: er(ǝ)d
er(ǝ)d- ǝ/d-), er(ǝ)
r/ǝ/d- er(ǝ)d
ǝ) h-
Meaning: high; to grow
Note:
ǝ)d- (er/ǝ/d
Root / lemma: er(ǝ)d
er(ǝ)d- ǝ/d-), er(ǝ)
r/ǝ/d- ǝ) h- : `high; to grow' derived from Root / lemma: al-
er(ǝ)d al-2 :
`to grow; to bear' dh- Extensions: Old Indic r̥dhnóti, r̥náddhi, r̥dháti, ŕ̥dhyati ` prospers,
succeeds, does succeed, manages ', Avestan arǝdat̃ ` he allows to prosper ', ǝrǝdāt- `
make prosper '.
Material: Avestan ǝrǝdva- `high';
Latin arduus `high, upright';
gall. Arduenna silva, Old Irish ard (*r̥̄du̯o-) `high, big, large'; cymr. hardd `beautiful';
Maybe Illyrian TN Ardiei
Old Icelandic ǫrðugr ` upright ' puts away (as at most also ǝrǝdva-) a parallel form in dh-,
while various extensions exist from er- `(set in motion, invigorate) bring up' through dh
(compare ὀροθύνω `set in motion, invigorate' etc.).
Certainly with dh Latin arbor `tree', wherefore Kurdish ār- from *ard- `tree' in ārzang `
dark hue on the trees caused by wind and weather ', actually `tree rot';
alb. rit `grow', from r̥d- or r̥dh-; (zero grade) < Rumanian ridica `pitch, raise, elevate, lift,
perk up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount,
ascend, balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest,
suspend, encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up,
erect, found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene,
assemble, muster, collect'
Maybe alb. adj. f. e re m. i ri ` young', rini ` youth'.
Slavic *orstǫ, Old Bulgarian rastǫ, russ. rastú, Czech rostu etc. `grow' (*ord-, ordh-tō);
Tocharian A orto ` upwards '.
References: WP. I 148 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.

Page(s): 339
erǝ-1, rē-
Root / lemma: erǝ rē-, er(e)-
er(e)-
Meaning: to row
Material: Old Indic arí-tra- m. ` driving; rudder ', n. (also áritra-) ` rudder, helm ', aritár-
òarsman';
gr. ἐρέ-της òarsman', replacement for *ἐρετήρ (= Old Indic aritár-) wherefore receive
fem. ᾽Ερέτρια PN, ἐρέσσω, Attic ἐρέττω `row, oar' (*ερετ-ι̯ω, denominative), ἐρετμός, Pl.
ἐρετμά (instead of *ἐρῆμος = Latin rēmus, after ἐρέτης, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4932) ` rudder ',
hom. εἰρεσίη (εἰ- metr. lengthening) ` the rowing ', ὑπηρέτης ` enslaved oarsman, sailor ';
figurative: ` hardly working servant ', πεντήρης ` having five banks of oars, a ship or galley
having five banks of oars, a quinquereme '; εἰκόσ-ορος, τριᾱκόντ-ορος, Ionian τριηκόντ-
ερος etc. (die -ορος-forms through gr. assimilation of ο from ε?); ἁλι-ήρης ` rowing through
the sea ', ἀμφ-ήρης `having two banks of oars', τριήρης `three-decker';
Latin rēmus ` rudder ', triresmom, septeresmom Columna rostrata (basic form rather *rē-
smo- as *ret-smo-);
Maybe Remus , i, m., the brother of Romulus (*rē-smo `placed into sailing the basket?'
The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and
Remus the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which
Remus,
Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a
woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and
Remus and brings them into his home. When they grow up, Romulus and Remus restore
the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to
found their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first
king and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus.
Old Irish rā- òar, row', imb-rā- òar, row, sail, navigate a ship' (e.g. Impf. -raad, Perf.
imm-rerae `set out, departed ', Verbn. imram ` the rowing '), rāme ` rudder ';
Old Norse rōa, Old English rōwan, Middle High German rüejen òar, row'; Old High
German ruodar, Old English rōðor n. ` rudder ', Old Norse rōÞr (u-stem *rōÞru-) ` the
rowing ';
Lithuanian iriù, ìrti òar, row', ìrklas ` rudder ', ablaut. Old Prussian artwes f. Pl. ` sailing '.
References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.

Page(s): 338
erǝ-2, rē-
Root / lemma: erǝ rē-
Meaning: to be still
Material: Avestan airime adv. `still, peaceful ' (*erǝ-mo-), armaē-šad, -śtā ` sitting quietly,
standing still ' (*er-mo- or *erǝ-mo-;
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in -ḫ2ʷaḫ1ʷe- > Avestan -ae-

mere graphic -i- are seen in airime Meillet Dial. indoeur. 66);
gr. ἐρωή (πολέμοιο) `stop the fight', ἐρωέω ` cease ' = Old Norse rō, Old English rōw,
Old High German ruowa, Modern High German Ruhe (*rōu̯ō), changing through ablaut
with Old High German rāwa ds.; ἀρά-μεναι ἡσυχάζειν Hes. (?);
cymr. araf ` peaceful, mild, slow' (*erǝ-mo-);
after Rozwadowski R. Sl. 6, 58 f. ostensibly here the name the Wolga ΏΡᾶ as ` quiet,
still water ' from *Rava (Mordovian Ravo) to Lithuanian rova (= Germanic *rōu̯ō ` tranquility
'), Latvian rāwa ` still water ', Lithuanian FlN Rova = Slavic Rava; better above S. 336.
apposition from gr. ἔρως `love', ἔραμαι `love' (compare Old Indic rámate ` rests, stands
still, can be enough, finds favor, cherishes love ') is at most quite a weak possibility (see
Boisacq m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 667).
A s-extension *r-e-s-, r-o-s- in Gothic rasta `mile (relatively great distance)' (`rest'), Old
Norse rǫst f. `stage of a journey', Old High German rasta f. ` tranquility, rest, stage of a
journey, stretch of time', Old Saxon rasta and resta (*rastja) ` tranquility, lair ', Old English
ræst and rest ` tranquility, lair, grave'; changing through ablaut Middle Low German ruste,
roste ` tranquility, stage of a journey', Late Middle High German rust ` tranquility '; Gothic
razn n. `house', Old Norse rann ds., (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
), Old English ærn, ren n. `house' (with strange meaning ræsn n. `plank, ceiling'); Note:
(similar meaning shift as in md. humil `sky, heaven'; Old High German himil ` ceiling ')
Maybe alb. rrasë, dërrasë (ndë-rrasë ) `plank' : Old English ræsn n. `plank, ceiling'.
Old Frisian ern in fiā-ern `cattle-house, pen'; doubtful Old English reord (*rezdō) f., gereord
n. `meal, festival, food', Old Norse greddir ` servant who feeds cattle, saturator
'(*garazdīz), grenna `feed' (*ga-raznian).

See also: compare rem-
rem-, this is put together like res- with (e)rǝ-.
Page(s): 338-339
ergh- (*ḫergh
Root / lemma: ergh- ergh-)
ergh-
Meaning: to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful, sinful
Note: probably extension from er- `set in motion'.
Material: Old Indic r̥ghāyáti ` shakes, roars, attacks, storms';
gr. ὀρχέω ` πάλλω, κινέω ', mostly ὀρχέομαι ` dance, hop, jump, shake '.
Because of similar present meaning in er-

er-3 `strife, quarrel, contention' could stand
furthermore in relationship:
Avestan ǝrǝɣant- `bad, hideous';
Old High German ar(a)g ` fearful, idle, mad, wicked, evil, bad', Old English earg ds., Old
Icelandic argr and with metathesis ragr ` unmanly, lustful, evil, bad';
Lithuanian aržùs ` lascivious, sensual '.
Maybe alb. herdhe `testicle' [common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-

dh-]
Note:
ergh- : `to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful' derived Root / lemma: orĝhi
From Root / lemma: ergh- orĝhi-
hi-,
r̥ĝhi-
hi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word)
Page(s): 339
erkʷ- (*ḫerk
Root / lemma: erkʷ erkʷ-)
erkʷ
Meaning: to shine; to praise
Material: Old Indic árcati `shines; sings praise, greets, honors, venerates', arká- m. `ray,
lightning, sun, fire; song, bard, singer' (= Armenian erg), r̥c-, Nom. Sg. r̥k f. `radiance;
poem, verse', r̥kvan- `lobpreisend, jubelnd';
Armenian erg ` song ';
Old Irish erc `sky, heaven', Middle Irish suairc `pleasant, beautiful, radiating' (*su-erkʷis);
Tocharian A yärk, В yarke `worship, veneration' (Pedersen REtIE. 3, 18);
Hittite ar-ku-u̯a-nu-un Ì prayed' (arku̯anun); different Hendriksen 45 and 74.
References: WP. I 147, Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 360; compare above S. 65.

Page(s): 340
er-1, or-
Root / lemma: er- or- (*ḫer
ern-, ḫer
ern ng-, ḫer
erng
erng- nd-)
ernd
ernd-
Meaning: eagle
Note: Armenian gr. `(large) bird generally '
Note:
Old Indic r̥ji-pyá ` darting along ' epithet of the bird śyená- (èagle, falcon'), Avestan ǝrǝzi-
fya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) èagle',
prove that from Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or- ar(e)-ĝ-
or- : èagle' derived extended Root / lemma: ar(
arĝ-
arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-
(arĝ reĝ-1 :
`right, just, to make right; king'.
Material: Armenian oror, urur ` seagull, consecration';
gr. ὄρνις, -ῑθος, Doric -ῑχος `bird; rooster, cock, hen', ὄρνεον `bird';
Old Irish irar, Middle Irish also ilar, cymr. eryr, Middle Breton erer (nbret. corn. er
through haplology, barely = Lithuanian ẽras) èagle' (*erur-);
Gothic ara, Old Icelandic ari, ǫrn (from *arnuz), Old English earn, Old High German aro,
aru ` eagle ', Middle High German adel-ar ` noble eagle ', Modern High German Adler;
proto Germanic *aran- = Hittite aran-;
Lithuanian erẽlis, dial. arẽlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), Latvian ḕrglis (from ḕrdlis)
èagle'; Baltic basic form *ereli̯а-, compare Lithuanian ẽras, ãras èagle' (whether old?);
Old Bulgarian orъlъ (*arila-) èagle', russ. orëɫ, Gen. orɫá;
whether urn. erilaR, Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `man, husband',
esp. `noble man, husband', so that is to be connected in accordance with Old Icelandic
jǫfurr `prince, lord', actually `boar', is doubtful;
Maybe the compound in Tocharian B: arśakärśa `bat, (*mouse?)' [from (*ḫaras) arśa-
'*eagle, bird' + kärk- `steal, *prey']
Hittite ḫa-a-ra-aš (ḫaras), Gen. ḫa-ra-na-aš (ḫaranas), n-stem èagle', as Gothic ara.
ARINNA Hittite Sun Goddess. She sent an Eagle out in search of Telepinus. The effort
ARINNA:
failed. The name of Hittite sun goddess is an attribute name created according to Illyrian
ḫa-a-ra + -nta formant.
Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun
and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather
god Tarhun = Zeus.
From ARINNA derived the name of the Illyrian war god Ares.
Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the
sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Hittites borrowed the double headed
eagle from Sumerians urin, ùri[ŠEŠ]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [ŠEŠ
ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25; concatenates 2 sign variants], þu-rí-in: eagle
(Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova 52 *’ar-/*war- 'eagle'; note that AHw says
*’ar-/*war-
that urinnu II, 'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword), AKKADIAN: erû (arû) 'eagle'.
References: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hittite 41, Specht Dekl. 47.
Page(s): 325-326
er-2, eri-
Root / lemma: er- eri- (*ḫer
er-2)
er-
Meaning: goat; sheep
Material:
In o- grade:
Armenian or-oj ` a lamb, usually for sacrifice, a ewe lamb '.
In e- grade:
Old Irish heirp (*erbhī-) f. ` a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope; as meat, venison, a she-
goat; also a star in the constellation Auriga ', erb(b) `cow' (*erbhā), Middle Irish (with
secondary f-) ferb(b) ds., nir. earb, fearb f. `red deer, cow', Scots Gaelic earb f. `roe deer';
to Celtic *erbā : ἔριφος compare gr. σέρφος : σέριφος ìnsect'; after Kleinhans (Ét. Celt. 1,
173)
In zero grade:
here Middle Irish reithe Àries, ram' from *ri-i̯o-ti̯o-;
in Old Prussian eristian `lambkin', Lithuanian (j)ė́ras, Latvian jêrs `lamb', litt. ėrienà
`lamb meat'. Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Balto Slavic *ero- ` he-goat; billy goat ' and *jōrā- `year' (see above S. 297) have probably
been mixed;
Armenian erinj ` young cow, heifer, calf, young bull, an ox, a bull, a cow '; gr. ἔριφος
(*eri-bho-) m. f. `kid, young goat';
In a- grade:
Latin ariēs, -etis Àries, a ram; a battering ram; a prop, beam ' [for the kindr. forms arvix
and harvix , in Varr. and Fest.; v. arvix; poet. aries] (a after aper, caper); Umbrian erietu `
arietem '; russ.-Church Slavic jarina `wool', etc., Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y-
Old Indic Tocharian.
Old High German irah ` he-goat; billy goat ' etc. is borrowed from Latin hircus à he-
goat'.
References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.

Page(s): 326
er-3 : or-
Root / lemma: er- or- : r- : (*ḫer
er-3)
er-
Meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born
Note: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-
er-, ere- erǝ- (?), erei-
ere-, erǝ erei-,
ereu- and (under besond. article) eres-
ereu- eres-
Note:
Root / lemma: ar- (a)re-, heavy basis arǝ rē- and i-Basis (a)rī̆ī̆ī̆-, rēi-
arǝ-, rē- rēi- : `to move,
pass'
and Root / lemma: er-
er-3 : or-
or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up,
be born' derived from the same root Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or-
or- : èagle'.
Material: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff.
a. Basic forms er- ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined i- and u-forms):
er-, ere-
Old Indic redupl. present íy-ar-ti, iyarti ` sets in motion ', Med. īrtē (*i-er-); Gatha-
Avestan īratū ` he should rise '; Old Indic intensive present álarti; from ereu- (see below S.
331) r̥ṇṓti r̥ṇváti ` rises, moves, animates ' (gr. ὄρνῡμι ùrge on, incite, make to arise, call
forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep'), ā́rta (compare ὦρτο), ā́rata
(compare ὤρετο; themat. as rantē, ranta), Perf. āra : ὄρ-ωρα, Fut. ariṣyatí, participle r̥tá-
(īrṇá- ` moved, excited ' with separation of ī from īrta or or real form of a heavy base);
---------------------
Nostratic etymology:
Proto-IE: *ela- <PIH *H->
Proto-
Nostratic:
Meaning: to move, to drive
Hittite: halai- (II) 'in Bewegung setzen' (nach unten?) (Tischler 126); halija- (I) 'niederknien,
niederfallen', caus. halinu- (Tischler 130)
Old Indic: iyarti `to go, move', med. ī́rte `to go, move, rise, go away, retire'
Avestan: gath. īratū ` he should rise '
Armenian: elanem ` come out, go up ', eɫanim ` become, turn into - '
Greek: iállō, aor. iǟ́lai̯ ` send, stretch '; *élami (arg. pot-elátō, ko. elántō), eláō, eláu̯nō, aor.
Greek:
elás(s)ai̯, pf, med. elǟ́laka, aor. pass. ela(s)thē^nai̯ ` float, bump, forge ', élasi-s ` train,
army train, ride ', ? élatro-n ` flat cake ', elatḗr ` driver, car driver ', ` flat cake ', elátǟ-s `
driver ', elató- ` pliant, driven '
Proto: *ala
Nostratic:
English meaning: space below smth., below
Finnish: ala ' place, field, area ', alla (postp.) ' under, below '
Estonian: ala ' math. subspace; reason, origin '. all (postp.) ' under, below '
Saam (Lapp): vuolle ˜ vuollĕ -l- 'down; (in comp.) 'space or part under smth...' (N), -vuollē '
the place below or close, base ' (L), vī̊ille (T) ' the lower ', vī̊ilne, vī̊iln (T), vūiln (Kld.), vueiln
(Not.), voiln (Not.) (adv., postp.) ' under, below '
Mordovian: al (E M) ' lower, located below ', alo (E), ala (M) ' under, below '
Mari (Cheremis): ül- (KB, B), ülö-, ül- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ülnǝ (KB), ülnö (U, B)
(adv. postp.) ' under, below '
Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom', ulǝ̑n (K) '
under, below ', ul (G) ' math. subspace, bottom ', ulị̑n (G) 'under'
Komi (Zyrian): -ul (S), -i̮v (P) in ǯoǯ-ul, ǯe̮ǯ-i̮v ' Space, cellar under the floor ', uli̮n (S), uvi̮n
(P) ' under, below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ulø.n (PO) ' low, below, under '
Khanty (Ostyak): i̮l (V), it (DN), il (O) ' low, down ', i̮lǝn (V), itǝn (DN), ilǝn (O) 'under'
Mansi (Vogul): jalē̮.k (TJ), jalẋ (KU), jalk (P), jolik (So.) ' the lower ', jalǝ,n (TJ), jɔ̄̈ln (KU),
jalǝn (P), jolǝn (So.) 'under', jil (TJ) ' down; downwards '
Hungarian: al- ' under-; lower part; litter ', alatt (adv. post.) ' under, below '
Nenets (Yurak): ŋilna (O) ' under, below ', ŋilʔ ' downwards, down '
Enets (Yen): iðo (Ch.), iro (B) 'Ground', iðone (Ch.) 'under'
(Tawgi): ŋilea ' the lower '
Nganasan (Tawgi):
Selkup: ȋȋl (Ta.), ȋl (Ke.), ȋl, ȋ.l ' Ground, the lower ', ȋȋl (Ta.), illé (N) ' there under '
Kamass: jildǝ ' there below ', jilgǝn 'under'
Janhunen's version: (38) *i6la
Sammalahti's version: *i6la
parallels: -al ' under, below '
Yukaghir parallels:
References: FUV; SKES; КЭСКЯ; MUSz. 728; MSzFgrE; TESz.; EtSz.; SzófSz.; Donn.
VglWb. II, 116; Paas. Beitr. 38; ИВПЯ 212; Collinder JukUr. 75
Maybe alb. ul ` lower ', ulem ` sit down ', ulët ` low, base, vulgar ' : Mari (Cheremis):
(Cheremis): ül-
(KB, B), ülö-, ül- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ülnǝ (KB), ülnö (U, B) (adv. postp.) ' under,
below ' : Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom',
ulǝ̑n (K) ' under, below ', ul (G) ' math. subspace, bottom ', ulị̑n (G) 'under' : Komi (Zyrian):
-ul (S), -i̮v (P) in ǯoǯ-ul, ǯe̮ǯ-i̮v ' Space, cellar under the floor ', uli̮n (S), uvi̮n (P) ' under,
below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ulø.n (PO) ' low, below, under '
---------------------
Avestan ar- `(be) set in motion, arrive at, reach', present-stem ar- : ǝrǝ-, iyar- : īr- (as
Old Indic íyarti : īrta), Kaus. āraya-, participle -ǝrǝta-;
sk̂o-present Old Indic r̥ccháti ` bumps into something, encounters, reaches ', next to
which *re-sk̂ō in Old pers. rasatiy ` comes, arrives at ', np. rasad ds.;
The following cognates are compounds of Root / lemma: sem-

sem-2 : one + Root / lemma: er-
er-3
: or-
or- : r- : `to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' = [fight
together]:
Old Indic sam-ará- m., sam-áraṇa- n. `fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arǝna-,
Old pers. ham-arana- n. ` hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara- m. (and with
th- formants hamǝrǝϑa- m.) ` adversary, rival, enemy'; Old Indic írya- ` vigorous, strong,
energetic ' (could belong to i-basis), irin- `vast, grand, violent, forcible ', ártha- n. m.
`(*wherefore one arrives at )' ` affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage',
Avestan arϑa- n. `thing, affair, incumbency, litigation ';
Maybe gr. ὁμός ` one and the same, common, joint, unite ' > gr. ὅμερος: τυφλός, Hsch.(cf.
Ὅμηρος). m. ` a pledge for the maintenance of unity,
unity a surety, a hostage ' : Old Indic sam-
ará- m., sam-áraṇa- n. `fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arǝna-, Old pers. ham-
arana- n. ` hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara- m. (and with th- formants
hamǝrǝϑa- m.) ` adversary, rival, enemy'; Hence Homer was not a bard. The Old Persian
compound meant `war (of Ilion)'. Actually the main theme of the iliad is the fury of Achilles
and the maintenance of unity.
Old Indic r̥tí-, ŕ̥ti- f. àttack, fight', Avestan -ǝrǝti- ` energy ' (compare Old Bulgarian ratь);
Old Indic ārta- ` afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing ', ārti- f. ` mischief,
affliction ' (*ā-r̥ta-, -r̥ti-);
Old Indic árṇa- ` flowing, surging, flooding ', m. ` surge, tide, flood ', árṇas- n. ` flowing
flood ' (formal = gr. ἔρνος n.; compare S. 328 Old High German runs), arṇavá- ` billowing,
surging '; m. `flood, surging sea' (u̯o- further formations to árṇa-? or in older formant
relationship to r̥ṇóti? The latter is sure for:) Avestan arǝnu- m. `fight, struggle, contest ' (:
Old High German ernust S. 331);
from the themat. root form (e)re- Old Indic ráṇa- m. n. `fight, struggle' (versch. from
raṇa- m. `lust') = Avestan rǝ̄na- n. àction, struggle, fight'; Avestan rāna-, rąna- m. ` fighter,
combatant ';
Armenian y-aṙnem ` I stand up, I am lifted '; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar
`people' (see below Latin orior); with -dh- (compare S. 328 ἐρέθω, ἐρεθίζω, ὀρο-θύνω): y-
ordor ` fast ', yordorem ` encourage, arouse, irritate '; arm `root' (: ὄρμενος); ordi, Gen.
ordvoy `son' (*ordhii̯o);
gr. ὄρνῡμι ùrge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse
from sleep' (: Old Indic r̥ṇṓti; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696β; das о after ὀρέομαι?), Aor.
ὦρσα, ὤρορον, ὄρσω, Med. ὄρνυμαι, ὦρτο ` aroused, animated, uplifted ', Fut. ὀροῦμαι,
thematic Aor.ὤρετο, participle ὄρμενος, Perf. ὄρωρα ` have been excited '; with ορ- as
iterative vocalism ὀρέ-ομαι, -οντο `sally, burst forth, rushed forth', with er- still ἔρετο
ὡρμήθη Hes., ἔρσεο διεγείρου Hes., ἔρσῃ ὁρμήσῃ (which then permeated through ὤρετο,
ὄρσεο forms); a present *ἴρνυμι (as κίρνημι) follows from Cretan Ζεὺς `Επιρνύτιος
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695); -ορτος in νεορτός `new born', θέορτος ` celestial, heavenly ', etc.;
Κυν-, Λυκ-όρτας, Λᾱ-έρτης; hom. οὖρος ` favorable sailing wind ' (*όρFος, `navigating the
ship'), ὄρος m. ` actuation, drive ';
with gh-extension
gh ἔρχομαι ` start, set out, come or go, come to, arrive at ' (only present),
ὀρχέομαι `dances' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); see below Old Irish regaid;
ὄρμενος ` shoot, sprout, or stem, stalk ', about ὄραμνος `twig, branch', ὀρόδαμνος,
ῥάδαμνος ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 3132;
erin ἔρνος (ἕρνος, Schwyzer Gl. 5, 193) `sprout, twig, branch' (`*shot up ', as
er-
Norwegian runne, rune `twig, branch': formal = Old Indic árṇas- n.); ἐρέας τέκνα. Θεσσαλοί
Hes., ἐρέθω, ἐρεθίζω ` agitate, perturb, irritate ' (ὀροθύνω ` enrage, encourage, cheer,
irritate ');
From an es-stem *eros èlevation' from: Old Indic r̥ṣvá- `high', gr. ὄρος n. `mountain' (the
vocalism after ὄρνῡμι, partly changed perhaps also after ὄρρος); about οὖρος = ὄρος s.
esp. Schulze Qunder ep. 407 ff.; is Doric ὦρος and Attic ᾽Ωρείθυια with ὦμος from *ŏmsos
to compare and lead back to (reshuffled after an Adj. *ors-os or *ors-u̯os : Old Indic r̥šva-)
*ὄρσος?; gr. ὀρσοθύρη ` back door ' (probably as high escape door, emergency exit??), by
Hes. εἰρεθύρη ὀρσοθύρα;
about gr. ὄρρος ` buttocks ' see below ers-

ers-; (common Italic rs- > rr-)
Phrygian ειροι ` children ' (Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 151a);
alb. jerm ` frenzied, phrenetic, wild ' (*er-mo-); about përrua ` riverbed, stream ' (see
below);
m- suffix : russ. dial. jeretítьśa `be angry, quarrel,

Maybe alb. jerm ` be angry ' derived in -m
squabble' see below. Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Maybe alb. ora `mountain nymph'.
Latin orior, -īrī, ortus sum ` to rise; to spring up, be born, proceed from a source or
cause ' (ortus = Old Indic r̥tá-; o of orior either from ortus or from Аor.-stem, EM2 713),
ortus, -ūs ` rising ', orīgo ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ' (could be based as orior
on the i-basis), Umbrian ortom `have risen', urtas `have been risen, arisen', urtes àrisen,
stirred, agitated';
Old Irish Imper. eirg `go!' (*ergh-e), Fut. regaid (*rigāti, Indo Germanic *r̥gh-); see above
gr. ἔρχομαι; Celtic or- in mcymr. cyf-or m. ` troop ', dy-gyf-or èlevation', ad-orth `
excitement, help'(*ati-or-to-), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43,
271 (about Middle Irish or f. `bank, border, shore' s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);
Germanic *ermana-, *irmino `big, large' (: ὄρμενος, Church Slavic raměnъ, s. Brückner
KZ. 45, 107) in Old High German irmin-deot etc. (see above S. 58); Old Icelandic ern
(*arnia-) `proficient, energetic ', Gothic arniba adv. `certainly' (but Old Icelandic ārna, -aða
`go, drive, run' secondary from ǣrna = Gothic airinōn), Old High German ernust `fight,
struggle, seriousness ', Old English eornost ` seriousness, eagerness ' (: Avestan arǝnu-
`fight, struggle'); with similarl meaning gr. ἐρέας τέκνα Hes., perhaps Proto Norse erilar,
Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `noble man, husband' (see below er-
er-
èagle') ; Old Icelandic iara `fight' (*era);
Note:
Proto Norse erilar, Old Icelandic jarl, Old English eorl, Old Saxon erl `noble man, husband'
: Lithuanian erẽlis, dial. arẽlis, Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), Latvian ḕrglis (aus ḕrdlis)
èagle'; Baltic basic form *ereli̯а-, derived from Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or-
or- : èagle'. Hence the
original meaning of those cognates was èagle men'. Celtic people called themselves after
the sacred bird of the sky god. Hence the eagle was a war god that is why eagle bones are
found in Stonehenge monuments. Clearly the Celtic cognate derived from Baltic
languages.
Gothic rinnan, rann `rush, run' (*re-nu̯-ō), urrinnan `rise, from the sun', Old Icelandic
rinna `flow, run', Old High German Old Saxon rinnan `flow, swim, run', (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English rinnan and iernan, arn ds.; Kaus. Gothic
urrannjan ` allow to rise ', Old Icelandic renna ` make run ', Old Saxon rennian ds., Old
High German Middle High German rennen, rante `run' (ein after rinnan with nn provided
*ronei̯ō = Slavic roniti under S. 329);
zero grade Gothic runs m. (i-stem), Old English ryne m. `run, flow, river', Old Icelandic
run n. `rivulet, brook', Gothic garunjō ` inundation, flood ', Old High German runs, runsa
`run, flow of water, river', runst f. ` the runnel, flowing, riverbed '; Gothic garuns (stem
garunsi-) f. `road, market ' (actually ` the place where the people gather '; Germanic runs-:
Old Indic árṇas-). In the use of shooting up, growth the plants (compare ἔρνος, ὄρμενος)
Old Icelandic rinna ` sprout, grow', Norwegian runne, rune `twig, branch' and Swedish dial.
rana ` shoot upwards, take off into the air ', Norwegian rane ` shaft, pole ', Middle High
German ran (ā) ` slim, thin ', Old High German rono `tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter'; `
exaltation, elevation ' generally in Norwegian dial. rane `cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge
', Old Icelandic rani ` snout, proboscis ';
Old Irish rind (*rendi-) `cusp, peak'; for d(h)-extension see below;
This root form *re-n- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu̯-o) one also seeks
in alb. përrua, përroi ` riverbed, brook bed ' (për-rēn-, lengthened grade), prrua, Pl. përrenj
`spring' (*prër-rua ` effluence ') and in Old Bulgarian izroniti (Balto Slavic *ranei̯ō) ` pour
out, pour forth, shed, spread abroad ', russ. ronítь `make or let fall ', serb. ròniti ` shed
tears, melt, urinate ', Gothic -rannjan; compare Trautmann 236 f.;
Maybe alb. (*kë-roni) kroi, krua, Pl. kroje ` stream' : pë-rrua, pë-rroi ` riverbed, brook bed '.
Maybe alb. Geg (me) ra ` to fall, strike, hit', rrah (*ra-sko) ` hit', reshje ` rainfall', re ` cloud',
përrua, përroi ` riverbed, brook bed ' (përrua, pë-rnua `spring' from a prefix pe-, pë-
common Hittie Slavic Albanian prefix + alb. *roni `running water',
in -gh
gh suffix:
Maybe alb. rrjedhë n. ` spring', rrjedh v. ` springs' common alb. -g

gh > -dh
dh.
dh
d(h)-extension
d(h) in Lithuanian participle nusirendant, nusirendusi 'from the setting sun',
rindà ` gully, runnel ' (stógo r. ` gutter '), ` crib, manger ', Latvian randa ` dent where the
water runs off ';
Old Bulgarian ratь, russ. ratь, Serbo-Croatian rȁt `fight' (*or(ǝ)ti-), Old Bulgarian retь ds.
` an assiduous striving to equal or excel another in any thing, emulation, jealousy, envy,
malevolence ', russ. retь `quarrel, strife ', Old Bulgarian retiti `to strain, stretch, exert; of
missiles, to shoot, cast; intransit., to strive, strain, exert oneself, hasten; of statement, to
assert with confidence, maintain.In relation to another: transit., to compare, contrast;
intransit., to compete', russ. retovatьśa ` be angry ', retívyj `keen, eager, stormy, hot
tempered, violent, fiery' (goes back to thematic (e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by
russ. dial. jeretítьśa `be angry, quarrel, squabble'); about Church Slavic raměnъ see above
S. 58 under 328. Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Maybe in *-ska formant alb. rrah `strike', rrihem `quarrel, fight' (*ra-sko) [common alb. h <
sk]
From Hittite here (Pedersen Hittite 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in
1. a-ra-a-i (arāi) ùplifts', besides a-ra-iz-zi ds., preterit 3. Pl. [a]-ra-a-ir;
2. a-ri ` comes ' (previous Perf.), preterit a-ar-ta (arta) or ir-ta;
3. Med. present ar-ta-ri ` stands, it is placed upright ' (compare gr. ὄρωρα : Latin orior),
3. Sg. Preterit a-ar-aš (ars) `went over, looked over';
4. iterative a-ar-aš-ki-it (arskit) ` reached repeatedly ' (compare above Old Indic r̥ccháti);
5. causative (compare above S. 61) ar-nu-uz-zi (arnuzi) ` bring to, set in motion' (r̥-nu-;
compare above Old Indic r̥ṇōti); Imper. 2. Sg. ar-nu-ut (arnut) = gr. ὄρνυ-θι, verbal noun a-
ar-nu-mar (arnumar);
Hittite: arsanai-, arsanaija- (II) ' envy, be angry ' (Tischler 67-68) (but cf. also ḫarsallant-
'angry', Tischler 182-184 without etymology)
to what extent Tocharian A ar-, В er- ` produce, cause, bring forth ', with sk- Kaus. ars-,
ers- ds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB
ar-, ār- `cease', with sk-Kaus. ars-, ārs- ` abandon ' (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6,
22).
b. extension er- ered- ` deliquesce ', Old Indic árdati, r̥dáti ` flows
ed- (d-present?): s. ered-
er-ed-
etc.', also ` perturbed, agitated '; with Kaus. ardáyati `makes flow; throngs, presses,
afflicts, slays ' was equatable Old Icelandic erta (*artjan) ` incite, provoke, banter', yet is
connection with *ardi- `cusp, peak, sting, prick' (above S. 63) at least equivalent; a
dissyllabic form in ἀράζουσι ἐρεθίζουσιν Hes., ἄραδος ` excitement ';
er-5 Old Indic rádati ` scratches, digs, hacks, scarifies ', ví-radati `
further here or to er-
cleaves, splits apart, opens ';
perhaps also Old Prussian redo `furrow' (Persson Beitr. 667).
c. extension er-
er-edh-: see above S. 327 ἐρέθω etc. under under S. 339.
d. basis erei-
erei-; and reiǝ rī-; roi̯o-s, rī-
reiǝ- : rī- ti- ` flux '.
rī-ti-
Old Indic írya- see above S. 327;
Old Indic riṇā́ti, ríṇvati (áriṇvan) ` allows to flow, run away, escape, dismisses, releases
', rīyatē ` gerät ins Fließen, löst sich auf ', rīṇa- ` in Fluß geraten, fließend ', rītí- ` stream,
run, line; run of the things, kind, way ' (latter meaning also in Middle Irish rīan `way,
manner'), rit- ` escaping ', raya- m. `current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency',
rētas- n. ` downpour, stream, seed, sperm ', rēṇú- m. `dust' (: Old Russian rěnь
`sandbank'); to u-suffix compare under Latin rīvus;
Maybe zero grade in alb. rri (*rni)`stay, stand'.
Armenian ari `get up, stand up!' (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-aṙnem, S. 327;
gr. Lesbian ὀρί̄νω, (*ὀρι:-νι̯ω) `set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage '; ἔρις, -ιδος `fight,
strife, quarrel, contention ' (perhaps in i to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer
Gl. 12, 17 to ἐρείδω ` support, stem, bump, press, poke, push'); Arcadian ἐρινύειν `be
angry with' from ᾽Ερῑνύς actually ` the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer ' (??);
alb. Geg rîtë `humid, wet, damp', actually `* flowing ' (*rinëtë : Old Indic riṇā́ti, Slavic
rinǫti);
Latin orior, orīgo see above; rīvus (*rei-u̯o-s) `stream, brook'; in Old Bulgarian rьvьnъ `
rival ' corresponding meaning change rīvīnus and rīvālis ` rival in the love' (latter form
reshuffling after aequalis, sōdālis), actually ` one who lives near a brook ';
probably here irrītāre ` excite, exasperate, anger, provoke ', prorītāre ` to incite, entice,
allure, tempt, provoke, cause, or produce by irritation ', (probably intensive to an *ir-rī-re);
Irish rīan `sea' and (compare Old Indic rītí-) ` kind, way ', gall. Rēnos (*reinos) `Rhein
(large river)' (whether also after Stokes KZ. 37, 260 Irish riasc à marsh', rīm `bad weather
'??), cymr. rhidio ` go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together, go or come
together in a hostile manner, to encounter ' (: Old English rīð, Old Indic rītí-ḥ), Old Irish
riathor, cymr. rhaiadr, acymr. reatir `waterfall' (*rii̯a-tro-);
Old English rīð m. f., rīðe f. `stream, brook', Old Saxon rīth m. `burning hot, rushing,
torrential ', Middle Low German rīde f. `stream, brook, watercourse', Modern High German
-reid(e) in place names; Dimin. (*rīÞulōn) ndd. rille `furrow after rainwater, gully'; further
Old English ā-rǣman `raise, uplift, soar, rise', Middle English rǭmen, engl. roam ` wander ',
Old Icelandic reimuðr ` wandering around ', reimir `snake', Þar er reimt ` there it is scary,
haunts ', reima ` annoy, disturb, infest ' (meaning as Old Bulgarian rijati `bump, poke').
About rinnan see above.
With Germanic s-extension: Gothic urreisan `rise';

Old Icelandic rīsa, Old English Old Saxon rīsan `rise', Old High German rīsan, Middle High
German rīsen àscend, fall'; Old High German reisa ` departure, migration, campaign,
journey', Gothic urraisjan ` make rise, uplift, set up, awake, animate', Old Icelandic reisa
ds., Old English rǣran `raise, uplift, set up, erect', Old High German rēren ` make fall,
make pour down, pour ';
Maybe alb. re `cloud, rain', alb. Geg ra `fall', reshje `rainfall, downpour' : diminutive Middle
High German risel m. `rain'.
ndd. rēren `fall', Middle High German riselen `drip, rain', Modern High German rieseln,
Middle High German risel m. `rain', Old Icelandic blōð-risa, Middle High German bluotvise `
blood-spattered ', Old Frisian blōdrisne ` bleeding wound'; from `fall' becomes ` dropped,
fallen' in Old English (ge)rīsan `befit', Old High German garīsan ` approach, suit, fit '
(compare s-extension Old Bulgarian ristati), Middle High German risch ` spry, quick, fast '
(compare Old Bulgarian riskanije);
Lithuanian rý-tas ` morning ' (`*sunrise', compare Gothic urreisan), Latvian rietu, -ēju, -ēt
` break out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth ', riete `milk in the brisket ' (compare formal
Old Indic rēta-);
Slavic *rai̯a- m. `current' (: above Old Indic raya-ḥ m. `stream, run, flow') in Old
Bulgarian izrojь ` ejaculation of semen ', sъrojь `confluence', naroj `rush', roj `swarm of
bees' (*roi̯o-s); in addition rěka (*roi-kā) `river';
Maybe alb. rē, re `cloud' : Rumanian roi `swarm, hive, cluster, cloud'; a loanword from
Proto-Slavic form: rojь; See also: rějati; rěkà; rinǫti; Russian: roj `swarm' [m jo]; Polish: rój
Proto-
Serbo-Croatian: rōj `swarm' [m jo]; Slovene: ròj `swarm' [m jo]
`swarm' [m jo], roju [Gens]; Serbo-
Maybe alb. reja `cloud' from alb. rufeja `thunderbolt' < Bulgarian
Proto-Slavic form: rěkà See also: rějati; rinǫti; rojь; Old

Also alb. rrëke `current' from Proto-
Church Slavic: rěka `river' [f ā]; Russian: reká `river' [f ā]; Czech: řeka `river' [f ā]; Slovak:
Serbo-Croatian: rijèka `river' [f ā]; Slovene: rẹ́ka
rieka `river' [f ā]; Polish: rzeka `river' [f ā]; Serbo-
`river' [f ā]
Slavic *rēi̯ō `poke, push' in Old Church Slavic rějǫ, rějati `flow' (New Slavic) and `bump,
poke, urge, press, push' (as ὀρί̄νω `budge'); in addition the changing by ablaut Old Church
Slavic vyrinǫti ` ἐξωθεῖν ', rinǫtisę ` to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down,
go to ruin '; Old Russian rěnь `sandbank'; klr. riṅ `sand, river detritus, pebbles ' (compare
Old Indic rēṇú-); in other meaning (see above to Latin rīvīnus) Old Bulgarian rьvьnъ ` rival '
rьvenije `strife, quarrel, debate, contention ', Czech řevniti ` compete ', poln. rzewnić
`move, stir, agitate'.
Maybe in -sko formant alb. rrah (ra-sko) ` quarrel' [common alb. -sk > -h].
With s-extension Balto Slavic *reisti̯ō in Old Bulgarian rištǫ, ristati `run', riskanije ` to run,
move quickly, hasten ', Lithuanian raĩstas (`run time' =) ` rutting ', Latvian riests ds.,
Lithuanian rìstas `quick, fast', riščià Instr. Sg. ` in gallop '.
e. basis ereu-
ereu-; er- or-u̯o- `hasty'.
nu- ` contest ', or-
er-nu-
Old Indic r̥ṇṓti (Perf. āra but Indo Germanic *ōra), arṇavá-; Avestan arǝnu- see above S.
327;
Maybe alb. PN Rinas, Illyrian rinoti?
Old Indic árvan-, árvant- `hurrying, rusher, racer', Avestan aurva-, aurvant- `quick, fast,
valiant'; perhaps Avestan auruna- `wild, cruel, savage, from animals'; very doubtful Old
Indic rū-rá- `stormy, hot tempered, of fever';
Note:
Old Indic árvan-, árvant- : Messapic FlN Arvō prove Illyrian displayed satem character :
gall.-brit. FlN *Arvā, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*r̥uā
̯ ); Messapic FlN Arvō.
gr. ὄρνῡ-μι, οὖρος see above; previous causative ὀρούω ` overthrow me, outleap ',
ἀνορούω ` jump up ' (probably as *ορου[σ]ω zur s-extension, see below); compare
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 683;
Latin ruō, -ere `run, hurry, storm along';
Middle Irish rūathar (*reu-tro-) ònrush', cymr. rhuthr ds., Old Irish rū(a)e ` hero, demigod
' (*reu-i̯o-); here gall.-brit. FlN *Arvā, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*r̥uā
̯ ); Messapic FlN
Arvō;
Old Saxon aru, Old English earu ` swift, ready, quick ', Old Icelandic ǫrr `rash, hasty,
generous, (*arwa- = Avestan aurva-; here as originally ` generous ' perhaps also Gothic
arwjō ` gratuitous, free ', Old English earwunga, Old High German ar(a)wūn ` free, for
nothing, in deception, in error ', arod ` forceful, agile'; Old High German ernust s. S. 328.
Old English rēow àgitated, stormy, wild, rough', Gothic unmana-riggws `wild, cruel,
savage'.
extension reu-
reu-s-:
Old Indic róṣati, ruṣáti ìs sullen', ruṣitá-, ruṣṭá- ` irritated ';
Swedish rūsa `storm from there, hurry', Middle Low German rūsen `dash, rage, clamor,
rant, roister', rūsch ` intoxication ', Old Icelandic rosi ` Sturmbö ', raust `voice', Old Swedish
ruska `storm ahead, hurry';
[but Gothic raus n., with gramm. variation Old Icelandic reyrr m., Old High German rōr `
reed ', rōrea `duct, tube, pipe' (*rauziōn), with stem stress (as Gothic) Swedish rysja, Old
High German rūssa, rūsa, riusa f. `baskey for catching fish, snare, trap', other formations
with k-suffix Old English rysc f., Middle High German rusch(e) f. ` bulrush', probably remain
far off];
Lithuanian ruošùs ` diligent, active ', Latvian ruošs ds., Lithuanian ruošiù, ruošiaũ, ruõšti
` provide ', reflex. ` take care ';
Slavic *ruchъ in russ. ruch `restlessness, movement', rúchnutь `tumble, fall', poln.
Czech ruch `movement', ablaut. čеch. rychɫý ` quick, fast ', in addition causative Slavic
*rušiti ` overturn, upset ' in Old Church Slavic razdrušiti `destroy', russ. rúšitъ ds., etc.
Maybe alb. Geg zdroj, Tosc rrëzonj `tumble, fall' : Old Church Slavic razdrušiti `destroy'.
References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann
240 f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f.
Page(s): 326-332
Root / lemma: er-4 (er

lemma: erer-u̯-) [*herĝ
er-t-, er-
er- herĝʷhe
herĝʷhe]
ʷhe
Meaning: Earth
Note:
er-4 (er
Root / lemma: erer- er-u̯-) [*her
er-t-, er- her ĝʷhe]
ʷhe èarth' derived from Root / lemma: er-
er-3 : or-
or- : r-
: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born'
Material: Gr. ἔρᾱ èarth', ἔρα-ζε `to earth' (perhaps therefrom ἐράω, see below S. 336; with
common extension of probably πολύηρος πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος Hes.); ἔνεροι, see
above S. 312; ἐρεσι-μέτρη γεωμετρίαν Hes.;
Germanic *erÞō in Gothic aírÞa, Old Norse jǫrð, Old High German (etc.) erda èarth';
ĝh- > d-
Maybe TN Illyrian Ardiaei (*er-ĝʷhe) [common Illyrian-alb. -ĝ d-]
Germanic *erō in Old High German ero èarth';
u̯o-extension in Old Norse jǫrvi (*erwan-) `sand, sandbank', and cymr. erw f. `field', Pl.
erwi, erwydd, corn. erw, ereu ds., abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. ero `furrow' (*eru̯i-);
Note:
Those cognates derived from Old Indic árvan-, árvant- : Messapic FlN Arvō prove Illyrian
displayed satem character; there is proof Illyrian belonged to the Celtic family gall.-brit. FlN
*Arvā, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve (*r̥uā
̯ ); Messapic FlN Arvō. [see above]
perhaps Armenian erkir èarth' (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for *erg- (Indo Germanic *eru̯-)
after erkin `sky, heaven'.
References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424.

Page(s): 332
erǝ-, thematic (e)r-ĕ-

er-5, erǝ
Root / lemma: er-
Meaning: rare, loose, crumbly
Material: Old Indic r̥tē with Abl., Akk. ` with exclusion of, without, except, besides' (Lok. a
participle *r̥ta- ` separated, secluded '), nírr̥ti-ḥ ` resolution, decay, downfall, ruin'; ár-ma-
Pl. ` debris, ruins ', armaká- ` trümmerhaft ' or n. ` Trümmerstätte ' (meaning somewhat
doubtful); *erǝ- in īrma- `wound'; themat. *(e)r-e- in virala- ` standing apart, leaky, rare ';
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*erala-) rallë `rare'.
gr. ἐρῆμος, Attic ἔρημος ` lonely ';
quite doubtful Latin rārus `having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture,
not thick or dense, thin, loose, scattered, scanty, far apart; milit. in loose order; in gen.
rare, infrequent; sometimes extraordinary, distinguished. Adv. raro, rare, seldom, rarely '
(*erǝ-ró-s), rather credible rēte `net, thread' (compare under Lithuanian rė̃tis, Latvian rēta);
maybe alb. (*rēte) rrjetë `net'
Lithuanian yrù, ìrti `separate, resolve, distinguish', paĩras ` lax, loose '; rė̃tis m. ` phloem
sieve ' (with unoriginal second accent, as often in i-stems), Latvian rēta, rēte `scar', rēni
rudzi ` leaking standing rye '; Lithuanian er̃tas `wide, far, spacious ' (`*standing apart ');
from the light basis rẽtas `thin, spacious, seldom' (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e-, as
also:) rẽsvąs `seldom, thin', paresvis ` sparse ';
Old Church Slavic oriti `dissolve, overthrow, destroy' (Kaus. *oréi̯ō `make break up'),
Serbo-Croatian obòriti `prostrate, throw down', Czech obořiti `destroy', russ. razorítь ds.
Maybe alb. rrëzonj `bring down' : russ. razorítь
er-dh-:
er-
Old Indic ŕ̥dhak ` especially, peculiar, particular ', árdha-ḥ ` part, side, half ', ardhá- `half',
n. `part, half';
Lithuanian ardaũ, -ýti `separate, split' (Kaus., as Church Slavic oriti) ; er̃dvas `wide,
capacious', Latvian ā̀rdaws, ir̃dens ` lax, friable', ḕrds ` lax, commodious (capacious '),
ir̃dít, ir̃dinât `loosen, separate', ḕržu, ḕrdu, ḕrst `separate'.
rē-dh-:
rē-
Old Church Slavic rědъkъ `seldom' (probably shifted stress, compare Czech řidký,
sloven. rẹ́dǝk, in spite of serb.-kroat. rȉjedkī, rîdkī);
about ered- see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.
To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of
*er(ǝ)- roots really derive rē-d- `scratch', rei-, reu- `tear open', is doubtful; die by *er(ǝ)-
esp. significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or
recognize at least not as dominant meaning.

Page(s): 332-333
ers- : orsos
Root / lemma: ers-
Meaning: behind; tail
Material: Armenian oṙ ` buttocks ' (mostly Pl. oṙ-k`, i-stem);
gr. ὄρρος m. ` buttocks ' (in addition οὐρά: f. `tail' from *orsi̯ā) =
Old High German ars, Old English ears m., Old Icelandic ars, rass ` buttocks' =
Hittite a-ar-ra-áš (arras), Dat. ar-ri-iš-ši (arrisi); whose -si enclitic pronoun;
e-grade Old Irish err (*ersā) f. `tail, end' (also of chariot), therefrom eirr ` chariot
combatant ' (*ers-et-s), Gen. erred;
References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H̯ 98, Pedersen KG. II 101.

See also: it is often placed èlevation, protrusion, preceding body part ' to er-
er-3 (above S.
326).
Page(s): 340
Root / lemma: es-en-, os-

es-enen-, -er-
os-ener- (*ḫek
ekʷ-enin centum languages)
ek -en-
Meaning: harvest time, *summer, *autumn
Note:
Root / lemma: es-en-, os-
es-enen-, -er-
os-en- lemma: u̯es-
er- : `harvest time, *autumn' : Root / lemma: es-r̥ : `spring'.
es
Note: in Germanic also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and the earnings out of
it
Material: With a relationship as between Lithuanian vasarà and vãsara `summer' : Old
Bulgarian vesna ` spring ', here (after Schulze Qunder ep. 475) hom. etc. ὀπώρα `summer
end, harvest time' (see S. 323) ὀπωρίζω ` harvest ', ep. ὀπωρῑνός ` autumnal ' (probably
actually ὀπωαρῐνός) from ὀπ- (: ὄπιθεν) + *ὀ[σ]αρᾱ ` phase of conclusion *τὰ̄ν *ὀάρᾱν, i. e.
τὸ θέρος'; ω as contraction from οα- confirms Alcman (Gr. poet) ὀπά̄ρα, s. Boisacq s. v.;
(common gr. kʷ-- > p-).
p
Maybe Lithuanian vasarà and vãsara `summer' : Latin (*vesis) veris n. `spring' [common
Latin Germanic -s- > -r-] : Spanish verano : Aragones berano : Asturian veranu : Galician
verán : Portuguese verão : Romanian vară : alb. vera `summer '.
common Old Prussian Lithuanian Latin Albanian *ḫue- > ve-.
Gothic asans (o-grade) f. `harvest, summer', Old Norse ǫnn (*aznō) `harvest, hardship',
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German aren m., arn f.,
Middle High German erne `harvest' (in addition Old High German arnōn `reap');
Gothic asneis, Old English esne, Old High German asm ` day labourer ', derived from
the equivalent from Old Saxon asna èarnings, tribute, tax' (*harvest earnings), in addition
Old High German arnēn ` earn ' = Old English earnian ds.; compare Wissmann Nom.
postverb. 1454;
serb.-Church Slavic jesenь, Serbo-Croatian jȅsên; russ. ósenь, wruss. jèsień; Old
Prussian assanis (from *esenis or *asanis); Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old
Indic Tocharian.
doubtful, whether here Middle Irish ēorna (*esor-n-i̯ā) `barley';
References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.

Page(s): 343
esu-s (: su-
Root / lemma: esu- su-)
Meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord
Material: Gr. ἐύς, ἠύς `proficient, good', Adverb εὖ (Akk. n.), belongs to prefix εὐ-
Hittite a-aš-šu-uš (assus) `good'; to a- s. Pedersen Hittite 167 under Anm.; perhaps as
zero grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su-
su-, see there;
moreover perhaps Latin erus ` the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master,
owner, lord ', fem. era, Old Latin esa ` mistress, lady ';
however, Hittite iš-ḫa-a-aš (isḫas) `master, mister' is to be kept away, because this
belongs to Armenian isxan `master, mister', isxal `rule, reign' (?), even it is not of Indo
Germanic origin (Couvreur H̯ 9);
gall. GN Esus (with ē-) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, Ais- in
the earliest 1. ais- or 2. ais- (above S. 16), less probably 2. eis- (above S. 299); also the
Old Irish PN Éogan (*ivogenos) and the cymr. PN Owein (older Ywein, Eugein, Ougen) =
Old Irish PN Úgaine (*ou̯o-geni̯os), compare in addition Bergin Ériu 12, 224 f.
References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Ein etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object.
Konjugation 16 ff.
es-.
See also: es-
Page(s): 342
Root / lemma: es-

es-
Meaning: to be
Note:
es- : `to be' derived from Root / lemma: eĝ-
Root / lemma: es- eĝ-, eĝ(h)om
eĝ(h)om,
(h)om eĝō
eĝō : Ì' [Old Indic
ásmi 'I am' = ahám (*eĝ(h)om) 'I']
Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative
aspect of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root bheu̯ǝ- : bhū- .
Material: 1. Old Indic ásmi, ási, ásti, smás, sthá, sánti, Avestan ahmi, 3. Sg. asti, 3. Pl.
hanti, Old pers. amiy;
Note: Old Indic ásmi 'I am' = ahám (*eĝ(h)om) 'I';
Armenian em, es, ē;
gr. hom. Attic εἰμί (= ẹ̄mi, Aeolic ἔμμι, Doric ἠμί), εἶ (= ei from *esi, only Attic, hom. εἰς,
ἐσσι), ἐστί, εἰμέν (as εἰμί; Attic ἐσμέν as ἐστέ; Doric ἠμές), ἐστέ, εἰσί (Doric ἐντί), Dual ἐστόν;
venet. est;
alb. (*h2asmi) jam (*esmi) Ì am'; Geg asht `he is', aor. isha Ì was'. Common ḫ- > j-
Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Latin sum (through influence the 1. Pl.), es(s), est (Inchoat. escit, as gr. ἔσκε), sumus,
estis, sunt (Inchoat. escunt); Oscan súm, est (íst); Umbrian est;
Note: Latin zero grade sum (*esoum) Ì am' : Latin egō̆ (*eĝ(h)om) 'I'
Old Irish (only as copula) am (*esmi), a-t, is, ammi (*esmesi), adi-b, it (*senti, acymr.
hint);
Gothic im, is, is, 3. Pl. sind (*senti); Old Icelandic em, est (ert), es (er); Old English eom
(after bēom), North Umbrian am (*os-m̥), eart (ending of Präteritopräs.), is; 3. Pl. North
Umbrian aron (*os-ṇt), etc.;
Old Lithuanian esmì, (nowadays esù, dial. esmù) esì, ẽsti, Dual old and dial. esvà, estaũ
and està; Latvian esmu (dial. esu), esi etc.; Old Prussian asmai, assai (essei), est (ast);
Old Church Slavic jesmь, jesi, jestъ (*esti), jesmъ, jeste, sǫtъ (= Latin sunt); Dual jesvě,
jesta, jeste, etc.;
Note:
Note
alb. jam (*jesem, aor. isha) : [truncated] poln. jestem 'I am', alb. je (*jesi, aor. ishe) :
[truncated] poln. jesteś 'you are (sing.)'; alb. asht (*jesti, aor. ishte) 'he is' : poln jest 'he is';
alb. jemi (*jesemi) : [truncated] poln. jesteśmy 'we are', alb. jeni (*jesenti) : [truncated] poln.
jesteście 'you are', alb. janë (*jasanta : hitt asan): poln. są (*santa) 'they are'.
Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-. Alb. proves that Root / lemma: es-
es- : `to be'
derived from Root / lemma: eĝ-
eĝ-, eĝ(h)om
(h)om eĝō
eĝ(h)om, eĝō : Ì' : Proto-
Proto-Slavic form: (j)azъ, Lithuanian::
àš, eš (OLith.) Ì', Latvian:: es Ì', Old Prussian:: as, es Ì'.
Tocharian present В 3. Sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. Pl. skente, stare, skentar; Imperf.
A 1. Sg. ṣem, 2. Sg. ṣet etc., В ṣai(-), with optative formants Indo Germanic -oi- (after
Pedersen Tochar. 161 should also В nes-, A nas- `be' contain the root es-, the preverb n-
is identical with the post position В ne ??);
Hittite e-eš-mi (esmi), 3. Sg. e-eš-zi (eszi), 3. Pl. a-ša-an-zi (asanzi; whose as through
vocal harmony from *es-?).
2. significant congruities:
Imperf. Old Indic ā́sam, ās, ās, respectively Perf. ā́sa, ā́sitha, ā́sa, Pl. ā́sma, ā́sta, ā́san,
Dual. ā́stam, ā́stām: gr. hom. 1. Sg. ἦα, 2. Sg hom. Attic ἦσθα, 3. Sg. Doric etc. ἦς, Pl.
hom. ἦμεν, ἦτε, ἦσαν, 3. Dual hom. ἤστην; with ἦσθα compare Hittite e-eš-ta (ēsta) `was,
were'; [alb. isha], themat. 1. Sg. 3. Pl. Aeolic ἔον (*e-s-om, respectively *e-s-ont): truncated
3. Pl. Old Indic san, Avestan hǝn (*sent or *sont).
Latin erat (*es-ā-t) = cymr. oedd `was' seem neologisms.
Gr. Imperf. ἔσκον, ἔσκε : Old Latin escit (the future tense meaning reminds an Armenian
i-c̣em `that I am' from prothet. *i + s + (s)ke-, Meillet Esquisse 121);
Konjunkt. ved. 2. Sg. ásas(i), 3. Sg. ásat(i): Latin Fut. eris, erit;
Optat. ved. s(i)yā́m; gr. εἴην (das ε from *ἐσμι): Latin Konj. siem, siēs, siet, Umbrian sir,
sei ` you are, exist, live ', si, sei `he is, exists, lives ', sins `they are, exist, live ': Old High
German 3. Sg. sī;
Imper. 2. Sg. gath.-Avestan zdī : gr. Attic ἴσθι (*es-dhi); 3. Sg. gr. hom. Attic ἔστω : Latin
estō(d) : Oscan estud;
3. participle sent- sont-, sṇt

sent-, sont- sṇt- `being', partly with development to ` truely, really ', and
further partly to ` good, well ', partly to `the real perpetrator, the culprit': Old Indic sánt- sát-
m., n. (f. sat-ī́) `being, good, true', Avestan hant-, hat- ds.;
Maybe alb. send `thing, *being' perhaps used as a taboo.

gr. ἐόντ-, ὄντ-, Doric ἐντ- `being' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473, 525 4, 567, 678), Nom. Pl. τὰ
ὄντα `present, verity, possession', derived ουσία, Doric ἐσσία, ὠσία f. `property, nature,
reality', etc.;
Latin in prae-sēns, -sentis `presently', Oscan praesentid ` at hand, in sight, present, in

person ', ab-sēns ` absent, not present '; sōns, Gen. sontis ` culpable, harmful ' (compare
sonticus morbus ` epilepsy '?);
Maybe alb. sonte `tonight, this night, present day'.
proto Germanic *sanÞa- `true' in Old Norse sannr, saðr, (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German sand, Old Saxon sōð `true', and ` whose debt
stays without doubt ', Old English sōð `true'; besides zero grade Germanic *sun(ð)já-z,
Gothic *sunjis `true' (sunja `verity'); the real meaning still in bisunjanē `multi-sided, all
around', originally Gen. Pl. ` being all around ' = Old Indic satyá- `true, right' (*sṇti̯o-), n.
`verity', Avestan haiϑya- `true, genuine', Old pers. hašiya- ds.;
with preserved or assim. d Old High German suntea, Old Saxon sundea, Old Frisian
sende, Old Icelandic synð, synd < Middle Low German sünde, Old English synn f. ` sin,
crime ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (proto Germanic *sunðī:
*sun(ð)jāz), further to Old Saxon Old High German sunnea `hindrance, need', Old
Icelandic syn ` renunciation, denial ';
Old Prussian Nom. Sg. sins, Dat. Sg. sentismu, Old Lithuanian Akk. Sg. m. santį,
Lithuanian są̃s, sañčio (newer ẽsąs, ė̃sąs m., ẽsanti f.), Latvian esuots `being'; Gerundium
Lithuanian sant;
Old Church Slavic sy (: Old Indic sán), Gen. Sg. m. sǫšta;
Hittite aš-ša-an-za (assanz) `being';
to-participle *s-e-tó-, s-o-tó- in gr. ἐτά ἀληθῆ. ἀγαθά Hes., ἐτάζω `prüfe', ἐτεός, ἐτυμός
`true, really ' and ὅσιος `right, allowed, godly, pious';
ti-Abstrakta: Old Indic abhí-ṣti- f. `help' (abhi-ṣtí- m. ` helper '), Avestan aiwišti- f. `
devotion, study '; Old Indic úpа-stí- m. ` subordinate ' (Old Indic sv-astí- f. ` well-being '
probably Aryan neologism); compare gr. ἐστώ ` οὐσία ', ἀπεστώ, ἀπεστύς Hes. ` absence,
not present ' ;
about that perhaps belonging here gr. ἐσ-θλός `proficient, good, lucky', Doric ἐσλός,
Arcadian ἑσλός compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5335, Specht Dekl. 256.
References: WP. I 160 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676 ff., Trautmann 71, etc.
See also: esu-
esu-s
Page(s): 340-342
Root / lemma: et(e)n-

et(e)n-
Meaning: seed; corn
Material: Gr. ἔτνος n. à thick soup of pulse, pea-soup, mash of legumes ' one places to
Middle Irish eitne m. `seed', Scots Gaelic eite ùnhusked ear of corn', eitean `seed, corn,
grain'; the unlenierte voiceless -t- between vowels is puzzling though, because it can only
go back to -tt-.
Page(s): 343
Root / lemma: eti

Meaning: out; further, etc..
Material: Old Indic áti m. Akk. àbout - out, against', prefix áti (Avestan aiti-, Old pers. atiy-)
` over-, back-' (contains also part Indo Germanic ati-, see above S. 70 f.);
Phrygian ετι in ετι-τετικμενος ` curses ' (to Old Irish tongid `swears');
gr. ἔτι ` moreover, further, still ';
perhaps Messapic -θι ànd' (Krahe KZ. 56, 135 f., compare WH. I 863); : alb. edhe ànd'.
Latin et ànd also', Paelignian Umbrian et ds.; Latin et-iam ànd, also, still';
gall. eti àlso, further', eti-c ànd also' (*eti-k̂e); in abret. et-binam gl. lanis, acymr. et-met
` to beat back, blunt, dull ' (Loth RC 37, 27);
Gothic iÞ `but, δέ' (an 1. place), prefix id- in id-weit n. `disgrace, shame, insult' = Old
English Old Saxon edwīt, Old High German ita-, itwīz ds. (Old High German it(a), Old
Norse ið- àgain', Old English Old Saxon ed- àgain', besides Old High German ith-, Old
English eð-, Jacobsohn KZ. 49, 194, yet is Old English eð- after Sievers-Brunner 1651 only
spelling mistake), perhaps also in Gothic id-reiga f. ` repentance, penance, atonement'
(compare Feist 289 f.);
Old Prussian et- besides at-, probably as acymr. etc. et- besides at- (to ati above S. 70),
different Trautmann 16;
about Tocharian A atas `from here' (?), A aci, В ecce `from there' (*eti) compare Van
Windekens Lexique 8, 16, Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 161.
References: WP. I 43 f., WH. I 421 f., the eti in e- (see above S. 283) and -ti (as in au-ti
above S. 74, etc.) zerlegen will.
Page(s): 344
Root / lemma:
lemma: euk-
euk-
Meaning: to be used to
Material: Old Indic ókas- n. ` dwelling, house, residence, home, custom, habit, tradition',
úcyati ìs habitual ', ucitá- ` habitually, adequate ';sogd. ywčt (yōčat) ` he teaches ', yɣwtčh
` accustomed ' (with secondary y-), Meillet BSL. 23, 76;
Armenian usanim (k after u palatalized) `learn, I am accustomed';
gr. ἕκηλος (Pind. ἕκᾱλος) besides εὔκηλος ìn unobstructed pleasure '; maybe from u̯ek-,
respectively euk-?
Old Irish to-ucc- ` understand, comprehend, conceive ' (cc = gg) from *u-n-k-; whereas
go ro-uicc ` has carried ', do-uicc ` has brought ' to *-onk̂-i-s-t (back to enek̂-, see above S.
317);
Gothic bí-ūhts (*unkto-) ` habitual, customary ';
Lithuanian jùnkstu, jùnkti ` become habitual, customary ', jaukùs ` accustomed to

people, tamed, domesticated', jaukìnti ` accustom, tame', jùnktas ` accustomed '; Latvian
jûkt ` become accustomed, habitual, customary ', jaukt, jaûcêt ` accustom '; Old Prussian
jaukint ` train, practice '; Lithuanian ū́kis ` farmstead ' (actually `dwelling', compare Old
Indic ōkas ds.); to j- see below eu-
eu-3;
Old Church Slavic učiti ìnstruct, teach', ukъ `doctrine', vyknǫti `be accustomed ';
References: WP. I 111, Trautmann 335, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 187 with Anm.
Page(s): 347
euǝ- : u̯ā-, u̯ǝ- (**ḫue-)

eu-1, euǝ
Root / lemma: eu-
Meaning: to lack; empty
Note: esp. in partizipialen no-
no-formations
Material: Old Indic ūná-, Avestan ū̆na- ` insufficient, inadequate, lack, be short of', Avestan
uyamna ds. (participle present Med. to present u-ya-); npers. (*gvang) vang ` empty, bare,
lacking, poor, needy', pāmir vanao ` Leerheit, vanity, pride ';
common Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > f- ; Armenian Old Indic gw- > u-.
Armenian unain ` empty, bare, lacking' (Indo Germanic ū);
gr. εὖνις, -ιδος ` stolen; looted, lack, be short of'; about gr. ἐτός, (F)ετώσιος, that could
also belong here, see above S. 73;
common Celtic Greek *ḫue- > gw- > f- ; Gothic Latin Lithuanian gw- > w-, v-.
perhaps here Latin vānus `bare, lacking, containing nothing, empty, void, vacant '; very
dubious (because the k-extension is attested only in Ital.) vacō, -āre ` be empty, be void,
be vacant, be without, not to contain ' (besides vocō, -āre EM2 1069); Umbrian vac̨etum,
uasetom ` make faulty, injure, spoil, mar, taint, corrupt, infect, vitiate, defile ', antervakaze,
anderuacose ` a breaking off, intermission, interruption, discontinuance ', uas ` a fault,
defect, blemish, imperfection, vice ';
Gothic (*gwans) wans ` lacking, missing, wanting ' (*u̯-ono-s or *u̯ǝ-no-s), Old Icelandic
van-r, Old Frisian Old English Old Saxon Old High German wan ds.;
after Mühlenbach-Endzelin IV 462 here Lithuanian vañs-kariai ` unincubated eggs ',

Latvian vàns-kar(i)s ` infertile, not fertile egg' (with s-k from s-p).
cognitional seems u̯āsto-

āsto-s ` deserted, abandoned, forsaken ' in:
āsto
Latin vāstus ` empty, unoccupied, waste, desert, devastated ' = Old Irish fās ` empty,
bare, lacking', fāsach ` desert, waste, wasteland ', Old High German wuosti ` deserted,
abandoned, forsaken, unbebaut, empty, bare, lacking, waste, desolate ', Old Saxon wōsti,
Old English w-ēste ` waste, desolate ' (Middle High German nengl. waste ` desert, waste,
wasteland ' but from Latin).
Maybe alb. bosh èmpty' from Turkish boş èmpty'.

References: WP. I 108 f., Feist 550.
Page(s): 345-346
Root / lemma: eu-

eu-2
Meaning: to put on
Material: Avestan aoϑra- (: Latin sub-ūcula) n. ` footwear ';
Armenian aganim ` draw something to me ' (Indo Germanic *óu-mi); aut`-oc ` bedspread
';
Latin ex-uō ` to draw out, take off, pull off, put off ', ind-uō ` to put on, assume, dress in '
(at first from -ovō, Indo Germanic probably *eu̯ō), ind-uviae ` clothes, garments ', ind-
uvium ` bark, outer covering of a tree ', exuviae ` that which is stripped off, clothing,
equipments, arms ', reduviae ` a hang-nail, loose finger-nail ', subūcula ` a man's
undergarment, under-tunic, shirt ' (*ou-tlā, compare Latvian àukla), ōmen and ōmentum `
retina around the intestine, mesentery fat, fat, intestine; also leg skin, cerebral membrane ',
ind-ūmentum ` a garment, a covering, clothing ' (about indusium, intusium à woman's
under - garment ' s. WH. I 695 f.); Umbrian anovihimu ` induitor ' (from *an-ou̯i̯ō: Balto
Slavic au̯iō
̯ see below);
from Celtic presumably Old Irish fuan (not but das French loanword cymr. gŵn, corn.
gun `dolman, woman's cape ') as *upo-ou-no-;
Lithuanian aviù, -ė́ti ` bear footwear ', aunù, aũti ` put, dress footwear ', Latvian àut `ds.;
dress ', Lithuanian aũklė ` foot bandage ', auklis `rope', Latvian àukla f. (*au-tlā) `cord', Old
Prussian auclo ` halter ', Lithuanian (*au-to-s, participle Perf. Pass.) aũtas, apaũtas `
shoed, Pl. foot bandages ', Latvian àuts `kerchief, cloth, bandage ' (: Latin ex-ūtus);
russ.-Church Slavic izuju, izuti ` take off the footwear ', Old Church Slavic obujǫ, obuti `
dress footwear ', russ. obútyj ` shoed ' (: Lithuanian apaũtas ds.), in addition Old Church
Slavic onušta ` ham, smoked meat from the hindquarter of a hog ', russ. onúča ` foot
bandages ', etc.
Maybe alb. prefixed (*kë- (a)paũtas) këpucë `shoe', këputë ` (foot bandages) sole ' :
Lithuanian apaũtas ` shoed, Pl. foot bandages '.
from here (Pedersen Mursilis 72 ff.) Hittite unuu̯ā(i)- àdorn'?
References: WP. I 109 f., WH. I 434 ff., 695 f., Trautmann 21 f.
Page(s): 346
Root / lemma: eu- et- : u̯et-
eu-3, with present formants -et- et-, ut-
et ut-
Meaning: to feel
Material: Old Indic api-vátati ùnderstands, comprehends', Kaus. api-vātáyati ` stimulates
spiritually, makes understand ', Avestan aipi-vataiti ` is familiar with a thing ', Konj. aipiča
aotāt̃ ` she understands ' (*eut-);
Lithuanian jaučiù (*euti̯ō), jaučiaũ, jaũsti ` feel ', Latvian jaušu, jautu, jaust, in addition
Lithuanian jaũsmas m. ` emotion ', jautrùs ` emotional, passionate, sentimental, tender',
Iterat. jáutotis ` searching, ask '; in ablaut (Indo Germanic u) juntù, jutãu, jùsti ` feel ',
Latvian jùtu, jutu, just ds. About the j-suggestion s. Endzelin Latvian Gr. p. 30c, different
(as reduplication?) Specht KZ. 68, 551.
References: WP. I 216, Trautmann 72, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 54.

Page(s): 346
Root / lemma: eu-

eu-4
Meaning: exclamation of joy
Note: (only gr. Latin)
Material: Gr. εὐάζω ` jubilate, cheer', εὖα, εὐαί, εὐοῖ exclamations of bacchant enthusiasm;
Latin ovō, -āre ` exult, rejoice, delight, cheer; keep a victorious move ' (*eu̯āi̯ō).
compare also u- in onomatopoeic words.

References:
Page(s): 347
Root / lemma: eus-

eus-
Meaning: to burn
Material: Old Indic óṣati `burns', participle uṣṭá- (= Latin ustus), uṣṇá- `hot, warm' (ōṣám
`fast, rapid, hurried, immediately, right away' perhaps `*stormy, hot tempered, burning '?);
gr. εὕω (*εὔhω, *eusō) `singe', Aor. εὗσαι, εὔστρᾱ `pit, pothole, the place for singeing
slaughtered swine ';
alb. ethe f. `fever';

Latin ūrō, -ere, ustus (thereafter ussī) ` to burn; to dry up, parch; chafe, gall; to disturb,
harass (trans.)', ambūrō - ἀμφεύω `to burn round, scorch; of cold, to nip, numb; in gen., to
injure';
Old Norse usli m. `glowing ash', Old English ysle f. ds., Middle High German üsel(e) f.
ds.; Old Norse ysja f. `fire', usti `scorchs, deflagrates, incinerates ', with gramm. variation
eim-yrja, Old English ǣm-yrie (engl. embers), Middle High German eimer(e) f., Modern
High German Dialectal ammer `glowing ash'; Norwegian Dialectal orna ` become warm '
(*uznēn); perhaps as ` burning, stormy, hot tempered = keen, eager' here Old High
German ustar ` greedy, gluttonous', ustrī ìndustria', ustinōn `fungi';
Lithuanian usnìs ` scratch thistle ' (a kind of thistle) or ` alder buckthorn '.
In the one *eus- under **eu̯es- to be combined with *u̯es- `burn' one attributes to Latin
(Oscan) Vesuvius, the but also as `the bright, the radiant, the glowing ' can be placed to
*(a)u̯es- `gleam, shine' (above S. 87).

Page(s): 347-348
Root / lemma: eu̯egʷh

ʷh- (*ḫueḫueg
egʷh-
eg ʷh-)
gʷh-
Meaning: to praise, worship
Material: u̯egʷh
ʷh- : Old Indic ved. (*gvāghát) vāghát- ` the vowing, worshiper, organizer of a
egʷh-
eg
sacrifice ', Avestan rāštarǝ-vaɣǝnti- EN;
Armenian gog `say!', gogc̣es ` you can say ';
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g-, u- ; Old Indic gw- > v-, Latin gw- > v-, u-.
Latin voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtum (this at first from *vŏvĕ-vai, -tum) ` to vow, promise
solemnly, engage religiously, pledge, devote, dedicate, consecrate ', Umbrian vufetes (=
Latin vōtīs) ` a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow, to dedicate,
devote, offer as sacred, consecrate ', vufru ` of a vow, promised by a vow, given under a
vow, votive ', Vufiune, Uofione ` a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement,
vow '.
ʷh-: Avestan aog- (aojaite, aoxta, aogǝdā) ` announce, declare, say, speak, esp. in
eugʷh
eugʷh-
ceremonious way ', wherefore Old Indic ṓhatē ` praises, vaunts, boasts ';
and presumably Armenian uzem Ì wish, like ', y-uzem Ì search, seek';
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > u-.
gr. εὔχομαι ` I promised, prayed, wished, praised ', athemat. Impf. εὖκτο (= gath.-
Avestan aogǝdā, j.-av. aoxta ` spoke, talked, conversed ') to a present *eugh-tai
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679); εὖχος n, ` thing prayed for, object of prayer, boast, vaunt, vow,
votive offering ', εὐχή ` profession, declaration, prayer, request, imploration'; in addition
perhaps also αὐχέω `boast, brag, vaunt, boast', abstracted from κενε-αυχής ` the empty
boasting ' (*κενε-ευχής, Bechtel Lexilogus 192).

Page(s): 348
Root / lemma: ē̆ 1, ō̆
Meaning: a kind of adverbial/ nominal particle
Note: out of Aryan and partially also already in this in the meaning coloring, in Germanic
as sense ` under, after, behind, back, again, away ' extended cognitional with Pron.-stem
e-, o-, either as its originator or, what is obvious esp. for the long vowels ē, ō, therefrom as
an Instrumental formation.
Material: Old Indic ā, Avestan Old pers. ā ` in, to there ', e.g. ā-gam- ` near to, draw near,
get near, come close ', as postposition with Akk. `to - toward ', with Lok. òn, in, to - toward
', with Abl. `from - away '; with Old Indic ā-dā ` receive (in) ', ā-da- ` receiving; getting in
possession ' compare Old Indic dāyādá- m. ` hereditary receiver ' (dāyá- ìnheritance'), gr.
χηρωστής ` wer ledig gewordenen Besitz (τὸ χῆρον) zu eigener Nutzung oder zur
Verwaltung bekommen hat ' (*-ω-δτᾱ, compare Old Indic participle ā-t-ta-ḥ ` receive '),
Latin hērēs ` an heir, heiress ' (*hēro- = χῆρο- + ē-d- ` receiving '). In adj. compounds has
Aryan ā the concept of the convergence, e.g. Old Indic ā-nīla- ` blackish, darkish ' (also
probably gr. ὠ-χρός `pale, wan, yellowish', probably also ἠ-βαιός besides βαιός ` little,
small ', and Slavic ja- see below). About Avestan a- insecure affiliation in the nominal
setting s. Reichelt Avestan Elementarbuch 270;
Armenian in y-o-gn `much, a lot of' from preposition i + *o-gʷhon- or *o-gʷhno- (to Old
Indic ā-hanás- `tumescent, luscious' s. gʷhen- `to swell');
gr. ὀ- probably in ὀ-κέλλω ` set in motion, drive, animate ' (see qel- `drive, push'), ὀ-
τρύ̄νω (see tu̯er- `hurry'), ὀφέλλω, ὀλόπτω (see lep- `schälen'), ὄαρ `wife' (see ar- `
decree, edict, mandate, dispose, arrange; reconcile, settle; resign, submit to ', above S.
56), ὀ-νίνημι (see nā- `help'), ὄ-πατρος ` by the same father, being descendant by same
father ', ὄ-τριχες ἵπποι ` of similar mane ' , ὄζος àttendant, servant' (*o-zdos actually `
Mitgänger ', to root sed-, as also Indo Germanic *ozdos, gr. ὄζος `bough' as ` ansitzendes
Stämmchen ', compare ὄ-σχη, ὄ-σχος `twig, branch' to ἔχειν, ἐχεῖν), ὄ-τλος (see tel- `bear,
carry'), ὄ-φελος, ὄ-ψον, ὄ-βριμος (see below gʷer- ` heavy '), perhaps also in οἶμα and
other under *eis- ` move violently, fast ' discussed words;
after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 433 though lies in ὄπατρος before Aeolic ὀ- instead of ἁ (*sm̥-),
according to Risch (briefl.) also in ὄαρ, ὄτριχες and ὄζος ` companion ';
gr. ἐ- probably in ἐθέλω besides θέλω; ἐ-γείρω àrouse, stimulate; wake up, awaken';
gr. ω in χηρωστής (see above);
gr. η probably in ἠ-βαιός (see above);
ē : ō in Old High German āmaht ` eclipse (of a hevenly body); want, defect;
flowing/dropping down, faint, swoon, temporary loss of consciousness ', āteilo ` free from;
without; lacking experience; immune from ', Old English in ǣwǣde ` nude ', Old High
German āmād : uomād ` after reaping, harvesting ', āwahst : uowahst ` growth,
development, increase; germ (of idea); offshoot; advancement (rank) ', ` occiput, back part
of the head or skull ', Old English ōgengel `the (retreating) Querriegel ', ōleccan ` flatter,
compliment, chatter, wheedle ' from *ō-lukjan; ō suffixed in Akk. Sg. the pron. Dekl., e.g.
Gothic ƕanō-h, ƕarjatō-h, Þana etc.
In Slavic *ē or *ō, colorless in some compounds, as Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic ja-

skudъ besides Church Slavic skǫdъ ùgly' (see Berneker 441); ĕ following the Lok. and
with this deformed in type Old Bulgarian kamen-e and Lithuanian rañkoj-e ìn the hand'.
References: WP. I 95 f., WH. 388, 642, Specht KZ. 62, 56, Hirt Indog. Gr. IV 54, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 434, 6483, 7221.
Page(s): 280-281
Root / lemma: ē 2, ō
Meaning: interjection (vocative)
Material: Old Indic ā́ emphasizing behind adverbs and nouns: òh!';
gr. ἦ ` hey, hallo!, you there!', also emphasizing and questioning ` really!?' ἤ ἤ σιώπα,
Lesbian ἦ μάν etc., also inἤ-τοι, ἐπει-ή, ἠ(F)ε òr', ἤ-δη; probably also lak. tar. ἐγών-η,
whereupon hom. τύνη etc.;
Latin eh èi, hey, hallo!, you there!', ē-castor ` by Castor ', edepō̆l ` by Pollux ', ēdī (*ē
deive), etc.;
Old High German ihh-ā Ì (just)', ndd. iǝkǝ, Proto Norse hait-ik-a, probably also Old High
German nein-ā ` no, nay' ;
Lithuanian ẽ, ė́, Latvian e, ē, exclamation particles;
about Slavic e- in exclamation see below S. 283;
References: WP. I 99, WH. I 1, 389, 396, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606.
See also: s. further under ehem.
ehem
Page(s): 281
lemma: ēĝ-, ōĝ-, ǝĝ-

Root / lemma:
Meaning: to say, speak
Material: Armenian asem `say', if s instead of c (= Indo Germanic ĝ) is established through
the position in the 3. Sg. *as from *ast = *ǝĝt; verbal noun aṙ-ac ` proverb ';
gr. ἦ ` he spoke ' (the unique hom. form; from *ēg-t), wherefore is joined after hom. 1.
Sg. Imperf. ἦν, 1. 3.Sg. present ἠμί, ἠσί (Doric ἠτί) as neologisms after (ἔ)φη : (ἔ)φην, φημί,
αησί. Perf. ἄν-ωγα ` order, command ' (originally ` I announce ' (?), ἀνά as in ἀνακαλεῖν `
shout loudly ' ), presently reshaped ἀνώγω; about ἤχανεν εἶπεν s. ЕМ2 30 and Liddell-Scott
s. v.;
Latin ai(i)ō ` say, speak, state ' (*agi̯ō), the prophetic god Aius Locūtius, adagiō, -ōnis,
later adagium ` proverb, saying ', prōdigium ` a prophetic sign, token, omen, portent,
prodigy ' (`prophecy'); axāmenta `carmina Saliaria' (about anxāre `vocare, nominare' s.
WH. I 44);
Oscan angetuzet ` put forth, set forth, lay out, place before, expose to view, display, bid,
tell, command ', if syncopated from *an-agituzet (from a frequentative *agitō) ìn- saying,
speaking, uttering, telling, mentioning, relating, affirming, declaring, stating, asserting ';
Umbrian aiu (*agi̯ā) ` a divine announcement, oracle '; perhaps also acetus ` answer,
reply, respond, make answer ';
Old Indic ā́ha, āttha ` spoke ', um dessentwillen the root form was earlier attached as
*āĝh-, is because of Avestan āδa ` spoke, talked ', present ăδaya-, āδaya- lead back to a
different root adh- (Güntert Reimw. 84).
References: WP. I 114, WH. I 24 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 678; different ЕМ2 30.
Page(s): 290-291
Root / lemma: ēik-

ēik-
Meaning: to possess; to be capable
Material: Old Indic ī́śē, ī́ṣṭē (ī originally present perfect reduplication) `has owned,
possessed, governed ', īśvará- ` wealthy, ably; m. master, lord '; Avestan iše ìs master,
mister about', išvan- `vermögend', īšti- ` blessing, fortune, grace, wealth ' (Germanic aihti-),
āēšā- `fortune, property'.
hereupon Gothic *aigan (aih, aigum, secondary preterit aihta) ` have, own, possess ', Old
Norse eiga (ā, eigom, ātta), Old English āgan, Old Frisian āga, asächs. ēgan, Old High
German еigan ds.; participle *aigana-, aigina- in the meaning ` own, personal, private ' and
substantive n. `property' : Old Norse eiginn ` particular, characteristic, singular ', Old
English āgen (engl. own), Old Frisian ēgin, ēin, asächs. ēgan, Old High German eigan etc.
ds., Gothic aigin n. `property', Old Norse eigin, Old English ǣgen etc. ds. hereof has
derived *aiganōn: Old Norse eigna, -aða ` assign, allot '; Old English āgnian `make have,
possess, own', further Old High German eiginēn ` make have, possess, own, appropriate,
allot ' etc.
ti-Abstr. Germanic *aihti : Gothic aihts `property', Old Norse ǣtt, att in the abstract
meaning `gender, sex, quality of being male or female '; also ` firmament, heavens, skies ';
Old English ǣht, Old High German ēht ` possession, rightful possession, property'.
compare further Old Norse eign f. ` property of reason and ground ' (*aig-ni-);
proto Germanic *aihtēr ` holder, owner, occupier, possessor ' is to acquire to be

acquired by lapp. āitâr ds. (: Old Indic īṣitar- ds.);
after Pedersen Groupement 30 f. here Tocharian В aik-, aiś- ` know, have knowledge of
'.

Page(s): 298-299
Root / lemma: ē̆i 2

Meaning: vocative particle
Material: Old Indic ē ` Ausruf der Anrede, des Sichbesinnens ' etc.; ai ds., ayi before the
vocative;
Avestan āi before the vocative; it could also belong to ai,

ai above S. 10,;
gr. εἶα (*ei! + a) ` on! up! away!' (besides εἶεν);
Latin ei, hei ` ah! woe! oh dear!' therefrom, ēiulō `cry out, wail, lament ', oi-ei ` alas! woe
is me!';
Old Irish (h)ē ` Exclamation of joy and pain ';
Old High German ī; Middle High German Modern High German ei have not developed
from it phonetically;
Lithuanian eĩ ` exclamation of warning ', Latvian ei ` hey, hallo!, you there!; wow!';
Serbo-Croatian êj, poln. russ. ej ` hey, hallo!, you there!'.
References: WH. I 396 f., Trautmann 67.

Page(s): 297
Root / lemma: ēlā

Meaning: bodkin
Material: Old Indic ā́rā ` pricker, awl', Old High German āla f., Middle High German āle ds.
(Germanic *ēlō) Old English ǣl; ablaut. Old Norse alr m. ` pricker, awl, gimlet', > nengl.
awl besides Old High German alansa, alunsa ` pricker, awl'.
From Gothic *ēla derives Old Prussian ylo, from which Lithuanian ýla ` awl, gimlet ',
Latvian ĩlęns ds.
References: WP. I 156, Vasmer by Senn Germanic loanword-Stud. 47.

Page(s): 310
Root / lemma: ēl-

ēl-
Meaning: line
Material: Old Indic āli-, ālī f. `stripe, line' could belong to gr. ὠλίγγη ` wrinkle under the eyes
' (*ōlin-g-ā); here one could also put Old Icelandic āll (Indo Germanic *ēlo-) `gully or dent in
river, deep valley between rocks, furrow or stripe along the back of animals ';
compare Old Icelandic ālōttr ` striped, lined, having stripes or bands ', Norwegian dial. aal
= Old Icelandic āll and Modern High German Aal ` stripes in the cloth '; Modern High
German Aalstreif, -strich ` stripes on the back of animals ' nevertheless, could belong
though to Modern High German Aal èel', whereas vice versa the possibility of the naming
of the eel after its long-stretched figure would be possible.
Page(s): 309-310
Root / lemma: ē̆neu,

neu ē̆nu
neu nu
Meaning: without
Material: Gr. (Lokat.?) ἄνευ, ἄνευθε(ν) `without'; Doric ἄνευν, el. ἄνευς, meg. ἄνις (shaped
after χωρίς);
from *eneu-, Gothic inu `without';
with lengthened grade: Old Indic ānu-ṣák, Avestan ānu-šak ` one after the other, in
succession ' (to Old Indic anu-sac- ` follow, go after, ensue, follow as a consequence of,
happen as a result of, result from, result, arise from ', root sekʷ-); Old Norse ān, ōn, Old
Frisian ōni, Old Saxon āno, Old High German ānu, āno, āna, Middle High German āne, ān,
Modern High German ohne from *ēnunder
Not entirely certain that only from Gramm. is covered Old Indic anō `not' (= gr. ἄνευ),
also osset. änä `without'; relationship with Latin sine etc. (Meillet BSL. 30, Nr. 89, 81)
might exist, yet under no circumstances certain.
References: WP. I 127 f., Feist 295, WH. I 677.

Page(s): 318
Root / lemma: ēn
Meaning: look here!
Material: Gr. ἤν, ἠήν, Latin ēn `look here!'
Page(s): 314
Root / lemma:
lemma: ēpi-
ēpi-
Meaning: comrade
Note:
The original root was Root / lemma: ap-
ap-1 (exact ǝp-) : ēp-
ēp- : `to take, grab, reach, *give' >
ēpi- : `comrade' > Root / lemma: ai-
Root / lemma: ēpi- ai-3 : `to give'.
Maybe alb. Tosc (*e-ip-mi) ep, jap, Geg nep (*na ep) `give us (*take)' : Hittite e-ip-mi
(ē̆pmi) `take', 3. Pl. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi) : gr. ἅπτω ` give a hand. [see above]
Material: Old Indic āpí- `friend, ally ', āpyam `friendship, companionship';
gr. ἤπιος `friendly, mild; helping'.
Perhaps to *epi ` near, to there, ἐπί ', so that *ēpi-s (and *ēpi-os) would have meant `the
helpful companions close to a rest station ', from which also ` trust, rely on, have
confidence in '.
To ἤπιος from Gr. still ἠπάομαι originally (?) `heal' (compare ἤπια φάρμακα πάσσειν)
and out of it ` join two sides of a wound or incision using stitches or the like, patch, piece
up'?

Page(s): 325
Root / lemma: ē̆reb(h)-

reb(h)-, ō̆rob(h)-
reb(h) rob(h)-
rob(h)
Meaning: a kind of dark colour
Material: Gr. ὀρφνός ` dusky, dim, dour, gloomy, dark' (ὄρφος ` a dark-tinted sea fish '?);
for growing pale the real color meaning Rozwadowski Eos 8, 99 f. in russ. rjabinóvaja nočь
`cloudy, stormy night', as hom. ὀρφναίη νύξ;
with dissimilation reduction of the first -r- alb.-Ligurian-Celtic-Germanic eburo- ` rowan,

mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles ':
in alb.-Geg ber-sh-e m. `yew' (*ebur-isio-, with collective suffix), Ligurian PN Eburelianus

saltus, gallorom. eburos `yew' (in many PN and PN), Old Irish ibar m. `yew', also as PN,
cymr. efwr ` acanthocephala, class of parasitic worms which have rows of thorn-like hooks
', Middle High German eberboum, Modern High German Eber-esche;
Old Icelandic iarpr `brown', Old High German erpf ` dark, swarthy, dusky; husky; hoarse
' (often in FlN), Old English eorp ` swart, black, dark '; therefrom Old Icelandic iarpi ` hazel
grouse ' and ndd. erpel ` drake, male duck ' (in contrast to brighter females); with full grade
the 2. syllable Old High German repa-, reba-huon, Swedish rapp-höna ` partridge, game
bird ' < Middle Low German raphōn;
Latvian ir̃be in meža ir̃be ` hazel grouse ', lauka-ir̃be ` partridge, game bird ' (see above
Mühlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. I 708 f.; barely Slavic loanword as Lithuanian íerbë
ėrubė̃, jėrubė̃, jėrublė̃ ` hazel grouse ', compare klr. jarubéć);
Slavic with nasalization: mbg. jerębь, r.-Church Slavic jaŕabь, *jeŕabь, Serbo-Croatian
jȁrêb etc. ` partridge, game bird ', named from the color, as klr. oŕábyna, orobýná, sloven.
jerebíka, Czech jeřáb etc. ` rowan berry '; without anlaut. vowel russ. rjabój ` dappled,
dotted, spotted ' (compare above rjabinóvaja nočь, Old Bulgarian rębъ, russ. rjábka `
partridge, game bird ', rjabína ` rowan tree ', rjábčik ` hazel grouse ', etc.).
from here also late Old Norse raf n. ` amber, yellowish brown color ', Old Icelandic refr
`fox' as `the red '? But probably here Old Icelandic arfr òx' etc. as `the rubiginous, rust-
colored, reddish-brown '.
compare Specht Dekl. 115 f., it derived from a color root er-; s. also rei-, reu-b- ` striped
in different colors, multicolored; dappled '; to b : bh s. Specht 261 f.
References: WP. I 146, Jokl Symb. gramm. Rozwadowski II 242 f., Trautmann 104 f.
Page(s): 334
Root / lemma: ē̆s-r̥(gʷ)

ʷ) Gen. es-n-és (*ḫē̆
(gʷ),
(g ē̆s-)
Meaning: blood
Grammatical information: older r/n-stem
Material:
In e- grade:
Tocharian A ysār; (*eysār)
Hittite e-eš-ḫar (esḫar), Gen. esḫanas.
Hittite: esḫar, isḫar gen. esḫanas, isḫanas (Tischler 112ff); esḫanija- 'red'
Armenian ariun `blood' (*esr̥-);
gr. poet. (*esar) ἔαρ, εἰ̃αρ (ἦαρ Hes.) `blood' (probably proto gr. *ἦαρ with lengthened
grade as ἦπαρ; see Schulze Qunder ep. 165 f.);
In a- grade:
Old Indic ásr̥k, ásr̥t, Gen. asnáḥ `blood', asr̥jā RV. 3, 8, 4, nachved. asra- n. ds.;
Old Latin aser (asser), assyr `blood', assarātum ` drink from the mixed wine and blood '
(probably aser with simple s; compare WH. I 72);
With ng-
ng extension:
Maybe Latin [sanguis, older sanguen, inis ` blood'- most probably also here < *asen-gʷ-]
Latvian asins `blood' (*esen-?), Pl. asinis; compare in addition Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 14,
Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 143;
References: WP. I 162, WH. I 72, 849, Meillet Esquisse2 39.

Page(s): 343
Root / lemma: ē̆s- (*ḫē̆

ē̆s-)
Meaning: to sit
Material:
In e- grade:
gr. Infin. ἥσθαι, participle (*ḫesmenos) ἥμενος, secondary Attic κάθηται, inverse ἧσμαι;
the Asper after ἑδ- (*sed-)?
Hittite Med. e-ša (esa) `sits', e-ša-ri (esari) ds., Infin. a-ša-an-na (asanna) etc., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), perhaps zero grade a-ša-ši ` places, sits ';
Hieroglyphic-Hittite es- `sit'.
Hittite: as- (I) ' remain, to be left over ', as, es- (I) ' sit, sit down ' (Tischler 75, 77, 110-111);
ases-, (asas-) (I) ' place; settle ' (Tischler 79); ses- (I) ' rest, sleep, remain ' (Friedrich 191)
In a- grade:
Old Indic ā́stē, Avestan āste `he sits' (= gr. Attic ἧσται ds.), ostiran. ās-, 3. Pl. Old Indic
ā́satē (== gr. hom. εἵαται, lies ἥαται), Avestan ā̊ŋhǝntē,
Tokharian: B āsk- 'sit, be seated' (Adams 58); A,B ṣäm- 'sit' (654)
References: WP. II 486, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679 f., Couvreur H̯ 99 f., Pedersen Hittite 91,
101, 104, 110.
Page(s): 342-343
Root / lemma: ēter-

ēter-
Meaning: intestines
Material: Gr. hom. ἦτορ n. `heart' (Gen. μεγαλ-ήτορος etc., Aeolic form for *ētr̥, *ἦταρ);
ἦτρον `belly, lower abdomen';
Old Norse ǣðr f. `vein' (*ēter; through misinterpretation of -r transferred as nominative *-
z in the i-Dekl., Dat. Akk. ǣði, Pl. ǣdir, ǣðar), Old English ǣdre, ǣder f. `vein', Pl. also `
kidneys', Old High German ād(a)ra, Middle High German āder, ādre `vein, sinew; Pl.
intestines, entrails ', with inn(a) ` inside ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- >
-nn-), clustered together Old Franconian inn-ēthron gl. `fat, lard, grease; intestine fat', Old
Saxon ūt-innāthrian `disembowel, remove the entrails from', besides an older composition
with in ìn' and stress shift *ō in Old High German (with suffix exchange) inuodili ` intestine,
entrails ';
the fact that also Old Irish inathar ` intestine, entrails ' are deducible from *en-ōtro-, is
but barely doubtful; it would have received *enathar (from *en-ōtro-) through influence of
the preposition in- being i ; about acymr. permed-interedou gl. `that part of the abdomen
which extends from the lowest ribs to the pubes, the groin, flank', mcorn. en-eder-en ` the
chief internal organs of the body, significant organs ' s. Loth RC 42, 369; mcorn. -eder-
could go back to *-ōtro-, against which acymr. word could belong to preposition *enter.
from here Avestan xvāϑra- ` moments of joy, cheerfulness, contentment ' as *su-ātra-?
References: WP. I 117, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, Meillet Ét. 167 f., Specht Dekl. 81.
Page(s): 344
Root / lemma: ētī-

ētī-
Meaning: diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?)
Note:
ētī- : `diver' derived from the abbreviated Root / lemma: anǝt
Root / lemma: ētī- ǝt- : `duck'
anǝt-
Material:
Maybe Old Indic: ātí-, ātī́ f. àn aquatic bird' : Other Iranian: Sak āce, āci `water fowl',
Osset occ `wild duck', Pamir Wakh. yōč `duck' : Greek:
Greek: ὠτίς , ίδος, ἡ, ( [οὖς] ) A. bustard,
Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al., Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. οὐτίς, ὀτίς.
Old Norse ǣðr f. (Gen. ǣðar), ǣðarfugl, out of it engl. Dutch Modern High German eider,
Norwegian ærfugl (and æfugl); Swedish åda, dial. åd èider duck'. Perhaps with Old Indic
ātí-, ātī ` a water-bird ' in connection to present. However, see below anǝt
ǝt- ` duck ' (see 41
anǝt-
f.).
References: WP. I 118, Kluge14 s. v. Eider.
Page(s): 345
ēt-mén
Root / lemma: ēt-mén-
Meaning: breath, *soul, wind
Material: Old Indic ātmán-, Gen. ātmánaḥ m. `breath, breeze, soul';
Old English ǣðm m., Old Saxon āthum `breeze, breath', Old High German ādhmōt
(Isid.) ` flat ', otherwise in Old High German m. gramm. variation ātum (= ādum Isid.) m.
`breath', Modern High German Atem and (with dial. о from a) Odem.
from here Irish athach (*ǝt-āko-) `breath, breeze, wind'?

Page(s): 345
Root / lemma: ētro-

ētro-
Meaning: hurried, swift
Note:
ētro- : `hurried, swift' derived from Root / lemma: āt(e)r-
Root / lemma: ētro- āt(e)r- : `fire'
Material: Old High German ātar (*ētró-) `keen-scented; acute, sharp, perceptive, swift,
Material:
fleet, quick, speedy', Old English ǣdre ìmmediately, forthwith, at once, right away,
instantly, now, fully, totally, completely', Old Frisian ēdre, Old Saxon ādro ds., Old
Icelandic āðr èarly, matutinal, before, previously, in the preceding time, at an earlier time'
one places (in ablaut) to Latvian ãtrs `rash, hasty, violent, stormy, hot tempered' (*ātro-),
Lithuanian dial. otu `quick, fast', Latvian ãtri Adv. ds., ãtrumã ìn the haste, hurry, in the
heat'; North Lithuanian ãtrus `violent, stormy, hot tempered, irascible, irritable', ātrē(i) Adv.
ds. and `quick, fast' could be borrowed from Latvian.
The supposed ablaut ē : ā nevertheless, is doubtful lengthened grade; also the

vocalism of Tocharian A atär, В etär `hero', whether correct, is unclear; compare Van
Windekens Lexique 23; Baltic forms could moreover belong to āt(e)r- `fire' (above S. 69).
References: WP. I 118, Trautmann 203, Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 245.

Page(s): 345
ēu h-, ōud
Root / lemma: ēud ōu h-, ūdh-
Meaning: udder
Grammatical information: r/n-stem; Old Indic occasional forms of -es- stem (secondary?),
Slavic men-stem.
Material: Old Indic ū́dhar (and ūdhas) n., Gen. ūdhnáḥ ùdder';
gr. οὖθαρ, οὖθατος (α = -n̥) ùdder';

Latin ūber, -eris n. ` a teat, pap, dug, udder, suckling breast; fullness, wealth' (ūbertās
`richness, fulness'; out of it ūber Adj. `rich, fertile' inferred after paupertas : pauper);
Old High German Dat. ūtrin, Middle High German ūter, iuter, Swiss ūtǝr, Old Saxon Old
English ūder n. ùdder', next to which the changing by ablaut *ēudhr- in Old Icelandic ju(g)r
ds. and Old Saxon ieder, Old Frisian iāder ds.;
Lithuanian ūdruó-ju, -ti ` udders, be pregnant';
Slavic *vymę in Czech výmě, Serbo-Croatian vȉme ùdder' (*ūdh-men-);
probably as `the swelling, the swollen', compare russ. úditь or údětь `to bloat, bulge,
swell', also perhaps the Volscan FlN Oufens, Ufens.

Page(s): 347
gag-, gōg-
Root / lemma: gag- gōg-
Meaning: a round object
Note: word the Kindersprache
Material: Isl. kaka `cake', Norwegian and Swedish kaka `small, round and flaches bread',
Danish kage ` cake' (Germanic *kakan-), wherefore the diminutive Old English cicel, cycel
` small cake' (engl. cake is Norse loanword) and changing through ablaut Norwegian kōk
`clump', Swedish koka ` clod, clod of earth', Middle Low German kōke, Old High German
kuocho (Germanic *kōkan-) `round bread, cake', in addition the diminutives Old English
cǣcil, cēcil and Old High German kuocheli(n) ` small cake';
Maybe alb. kokë `round object, head'
Lithuanian gúogė ` cabbage head, head, thick skull ', guogìngas ` mit Kopf versehen ',
guogióti ` Köpfe ansetzen (vom Kohl) '.
From Germanic *kakan- derive Finnish kakko, lapp. gakko ` cake', Finnish kakkara `clod
of earth, lump of earth, bread';
about prov. katal. coca ` cake' (ndd. loanword) s. Meyer-Lübke3 4734.
References: WP. I 530 f., Kluge11 333.

References:
Page(s): 349
Root / lemma: gal-

gal-1
Meaning: bald; naked, *callow (without feathers)
Note:
gal-1 : `bald; naked' derived from Root / lemma: koi-
Root / lemma: gallo- : `naked; miserable'.
koi-lo-
Material: Old High German kalo (*kalu̯a-), inflectional kalwēr, Middle High German kal
`naked, bald, bleak', Old English calu, engl. callow `naked, bald, bleak, callow'; Old High
German calua ` baldness, a bald spot ';
Latvian gàla, gàle f. (lengthened grade) ` thin ice cover, glazed frost, ice ', gā̀ls ` ice-
smooth ';
akl. golъ `naked', sloven. gòɫ, russ. góɫyi `bald, bleak, naked', Czech holý ds., holek `
beardless fellow ', holka `girl', etc.; in addition Church Slavic golotь f. ìce', Czech holot,
russ. góɫotь f. ` ice, icing, glazing ';
baltoSlavic *galu̯ā f. `head' in:
Latvian gal̂va f., Lithuanian galvà (Akk. gálvą) f. `head (substantive Adj.)',
Old Prussian gallū, Akk. galwan ds.; Lithuanian galvótas ` köpfig ' (= Serbo-Croatian
glàvat);
Old Church Slavic glava `head', Serbo-Croatian gláva (Akk. glâvu), russ. goɫová (Akk.
góɫovu); Serbo-Croatian glàvat ` having a large head ', Czech hlavatý ` köpfig ';
Baltic and slaw. intonation (gálvą : góɫovu) do not agree; compare Meillet Slave
commun2 183, 503; Baltic pushed intonation spoke after Trautmann 77 rather for kinship
with Armenian ġlu-x `head' from *ghōlu-ko- (Meillet Esquisse 36); then however, Germanic
words must be observed as Latin loanword (from calvus).
References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 596
f., Specht Dekl. 85, 132.
Page(s): 349-350
Root / lemma: gal-

gal-2
Meaning: to call, cry
Material: 1. Cymr. galw `call, shout, cry, subpoena, send an invitation to court, summon',
Middle Breton galu `call, appeal; claim, summons; plea' (*gal-u̯o-), Middle Irish gall `fame,
glory, honor ' (*gal-no-s; covered only doubtfully), probably also gall `swan';
Old Church Slavic glagolją, glagolati (*gal-gal-) `speak', glagolъ `word', russ. gologólitь
`chatter, joke, jest, tell a funny tale '; perhaps Old Indic gargara-ḥ ` a certain music
instrument ' (= Old Church Slavic glagolъ, if with r from Indo Germanic l, Meillet Ét. 229; or
to *ger- or *gʷer-, what in alignment these onomatopoeic words are not closed, compare
from still from one more such Old Indic gharghara- ` rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling;
m. din, fuss, noise').
2. gal-so- in:
gal-so-
osset. ɣalas ` φωνή ', Old Church Slavic glasъ, russ. gólosъ `voice', Lithuanian galsas
ècho ', Old Norse kall n. ` the calls ', whereof kalla `call, shout, cry, sing', Old English
callian (engl. call) ds., Old High German kallōn ` speak, babble, chatter a lot and loudly ',
with -ll- from -lz-, next to which -ls- in Old Norse kalls n. `provocation, incitation, irritation'.
from Latin gallus `rooster, cock' (only afterwards supported in the Gaul's name) vorder
Old Saxon loanword, also as gr. κάλλαιον ` a cock's comb '?
Maybe alb. gjel `rooster, cock'
In addition perhaps as extensions, but rather independent onomatopoeic words:
3. glag-
glag-:
gr. γλάζω ` lets a song resound ' (*γλαγι̯ω);
Old Norse klaka `chirp, twitter', Old English clacu f. ìnsult', further plural with function in
`resounding, roaring, banging blow' Middle High German klac àpplause, clapping of the
hands, slam, bang, strike, noise, crack', klecken ` meet, break, crack with a bang ', engl.
clack `clatter, rattle, clash, chat, prate', Old Norse klakk-sārr ` injurious, malign, pernicious
', and m. d. meaning ` make move, put into motion slapping, tattling, splotch, stain; smear '
Middle High German klac also ` splash, splotch, stain, blob, spot, blot ', Middle Low
German klacken ` make blot, splash, splotch, stain ' (Modern High German klecksen,
Klecks = ndd. klakks), Old Norse klakkr ` blot, splash, splotch, stain, clump, cloudlet,
cloudling, small cloud ';
4. gal-
gal-gh- lagh- ` lament, wail, scold, chide':
gh-, g(a)lagh-
Old Indic garhati, -te, ved. 3. Pl. gr̥hatē ` complains, reproves, rebukes ', garhā
`reprimand', gr̥hú- ` beggar, mendicant ', Avestan gǝrǝzaiti ` complains, cries, wails ',
osset. ɣärzun `groan, moan', Avestan grǝza, npers. gila ` lament';
Old High German klaga ` lament', klagōn ` wail ';
Middle Irish glām `clamor, curse, swear word, evil proclamation ' (*glagh-smā);
5. nasalized glengh- : Old High German klingan `ring, sound, clink' (without close
connection to Latin clangor, gr. κλαγγή `sound'), next to which with Germanic `thin, fine;
delicate; weak, feeble' Old High German klinkan ds., engl. clink, Swedish klinka ` clink '.
In Germanic furthermore *kalt-, *klat-, *klap-, e.g. Middle High German kalzen, kelzen `
babble, chatter'; Old Frisian kaltia `speak'; Old English clatrian `clatter, rattle, clash',
Modern High German Klatz `smirch, stain, splotch, smear ', bekletzen; Old Norse klapp n.
`sound of a kiss; sound of a lash; gossip, rumors, blow, knock', Old High German klapf m.
`gossip, slam, bang, strike, blow, knock, shove '.
References: WP. I 538 f., WH. I 580 f., Trautmann 77.

See also: compare the similar to onomatopoeic words ghel-, kel-.
Page(s): 350-351
gal-3 or ghal-
Root / lemma: gal- ghal-
Meaning: to be able
Material: Cymr. gallu ` to be able, can be able ', corn. gallos `power', bret. gallout ` to be
able ' (ll < ln), Irish gal f. ` braveness, boldness, courageousness ', abret. gal ` skill, ability,
power '; Old Irish dī-gal f., cymr. dial, corn. dyal ` revenge, vengeance '; gallorom. *galia `
power ' (Wartburg); in addition Celtic VN Galli, Γαλάται;
Note:
The name VN Galli, gr. Γαλάται, Keltoi seem synonymous as Keltoi is an attribute noun
modelled after Illyrian adj. (see alb. numbers).
Galatea
[Greek] One of the Nereids, and the beloved of Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. She was also
loved by Polyphemus, who killed Acis with a boulder in jealousy. From his blood, Galatea
created the river Acis on Sicily.
Goliath
giant Philistine warrior killed by a stone from David's sling (Biblical); giant.
Lithuanian galiù, galė́ti ` to be able, galià, gãlios `fortune, ability, capacity, power', ne-
gãlė f. ` indisposition, minor illness ';
with unclear formation russ.-Church Slavic golěmъ `big, large, high', Bulgarian golěḿ
`big, large, high, wide', Serbo-Croatian gȍlijemno `big, large', Old Czech holemý `big,
large', Serbo-Croatian gòlem `big, large', russ. dial. goljamyj `high, mager' and Adv.
galjamo `much, a lot of, very' (further by Berneker 320 and Trautmann 77).

Page(s): 351
Root / lemma: gan(d

gan( h)-
Meaning: vessel
Note: Only Celtic (?) and Germanic
Material: Middle Irish gann (*gandhn- or *gandh-) `vessel' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
(very doubtful covered: Stokes BB. 19, 82);
isl. kani ` vessel with a handle, bowl (poet.), Norwegian dial. kane ` a bowl with a handle
', Swedish dial. kana ` sled ', Danish kane ` sled ' (Old Danish also `boat'), Middle Low
German kane `boat' (from which Old Swedish kani `boat'), Dutch kaan `small boat, barge'
(from dem Ndd. derives also Modern High German Kahn, s. Kluge EWb. s. v., v. Bahder,
Wortwahl 30); with it changing through ablaut Old Icelandic kǣna `kind of boat'; in addition
further(< *gandhnā) Old Norse kanna, aschw. kanna, Danish kande, Old English canne,
Old Low German kanna, Old High German channa ` carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase
', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), from which is borrowed late Latin
canna; from Franconian kanna also prov. cana ` measure of capacity ', afr. channe `
carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ', s. Meyer-Lübke 1596, Gamillscheg EWb. d. Franz.
168; besides Old High German chanta, canneta, Franconian cannada ` carafe, glass
bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ' (< gandhā).
Maybe alb. kanë `carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase'.

Page(s): 351
Root / lemma: gang-

gang-
Meaning: to mock
Note:
gang- : `to mock' derived from the onomatopoeic duplication of Root /
Root / lemma: gang-
lemma: gha gha, ghe ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)'.
gha ghe ghe,
Material: Old Indic gañja-ḥ ` disdain, contempt, derision, ridicule', gañjana-ḥ ` scornful,
ridiculing, mocking';
gr. γαγγαίνειν τὸ μετὰ γέλωτος προσπαίζειν Hes.;

Old English canc under ge-canc ` derision, ridicule, reprimand' (= Old Indic gañja-ḥ),
cancettan ` mock ', Old Norse kangen-yrðe ` mocking words' (Old English cincung ` loud
laughter ', engl. Dialectal kink ` laugh loudly ' has expressives i, as Modern High German
kichern etc.);
perhaps belongs nir. geōin `clamor, din, fuss, noise, pleasure, joy, mockery, jeering '
here, if from *ganksni-, older *gang-sni-; Middle Irish gēim ` bellowing, braying, roar ',
gēssim `cry', gēsachtach `peacock' could then also belong to it.
The family seems originally onomatopoeic coloring. Similar to onomatopoeic words are
Old Indic gúñjati ` buzzes, hums ', gr. γογγρύζειν `grunt, snort ', spätgr. γογγύζω `grumble,
coo ', Old Church Slavic gǫgъnivъ ` speaking heavily ', russ. gugnati (old) `mumble,
murmur', gugnjá ` stammerer, stutterer ', poln. gęgać, gęgnać ` gaggle, cackle ' (from the
goose), etc. Latin ganniō ` to bark, snarl, growl ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-
, -nt- > -nn-), is probably independent onomatopoeic word formation.
Maybe expressive alb. gagaç ` stammerer, stutterer ', gogësinj `belch, burp', gugat `to sing
(pigeon, dove).

Page(s): 352
garǝĝ-
Root / lemma: garǝ
Meaning: grim, grievous
Material: Armenian karcr `hard', karcem Ì dread, believe';
gr. γοργός ` grim, fierce, terrible , wild', Γοργώ `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman',
γοργου̃σθαι ` become wild (from horses, i.e. get a fright), to be hot or spirited ', γοργώψ,
γοργωπός ` looking terribly ' (gr. words assimilated from *γαργό-??);
Old Irish garg, gargg `rough, wild';
on the other hand Middle Irish grāin ` ugliness, disgust, repulsion, loathing, fear, shyness
' (*gragnis), grānda (*gragnodi̯os) ùgly', cymr. graen `mourning, grief, distress; hideous';
Lithuanian gražóju, gražóti ` threaten ', Latvian gražuôt ` grumble, rumble, be wilful ',
gręzuôt `threaten' (to Latvian e from a following r s. Endzelin Latvian Gr. 36 f.);
Old Church Slavic groza ` horror, dismay, shudder, shiver ', Serbo-Croatian gròzá, poln.
groza ds., russ. grozá `threat, austereness, severeness, thunder-storm, violent weather ',
Church Slavic groziti `threaten', sloven. groziti, poln. grozić, russ. grozitь ds.; gróznyj
`terrible, cruel, savage'.
Maybe alb. kërcënoj `threaten' , kërcej ` jump, dance ' Slavic loanwords
References: WP. I 537, Trautmann 95, Leumann Homer. Wörter 154 f.

Page(s): 353
Root / lemma: gāu-

gāu-
Meaning: to rejoice; to swagger
Material: Gr. γηθέω, Doric γᾱθέω `to rejoice ' (from *γᾱFεθέω = Latin gaudeō), γήθομαι,
Doric γά̄θομαι ds., Perf. γέγηθα, Doric γέγᾱθα ` be pleased, rejoice '; i̯ṓ-present γαίω
(*γᾰF-ι̯ω) ` I am pleased '; present with ne-Infix (Indo Germanic *ga-né-u-mi) in γάνυμαι `
to brighten up ', wherefore γανυρός `cheerful', as well as as secondary formations with
γαν- as stem γάνος ` brightness, sheen: gladness, joy, pride ', γανάω ` shimmer, glimmer,
gleam, sparkle ', etc., Ionian διη-γανές λαμπρόν; ἀγανός ` mild, gentle, kindly '; γαῦρος
`stout, proud (boasting), exulting in ', γαύρηξ ` swaggerer, bragger ', γαυριάω `be minxish,
bold, frivolous; impudent ', γαυρόω `make minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent ' (ἀγαυρός `
stately, proud ' seems hybridization with ἀγαυός ` illustrious, noble ' [*ἀγαF-σός], ἄγᾱν
`very' [*αγαFᾱν]);
Latin gaudeō (*gāu̯-edh-ei̯ō) ` to rejoice, be glad, be joyful, take pleasure, be pleased,

delight ', gaudium ` inward joy, joy, gladness, delight ';
Maybe alb. gëzim (*gaudium) `pleasure, joy' : Doric γᾱθέω `to rejoice '.
Middle Irish gūaire `noble' (*gauri̯os);
reconverted with metathesis Lithuanian džiaugiúos ` to rejoice ' (from *gaudžiúos);
after Pedersen (Tocharian 109) here Tocharian В kāw- ` lust, desire, crave; seek after ',
kāwo ` lust, desire, crave; seek after ', A kāwas ds., kāwälte `beautiful'.

Page(s): 353
Root / lemma: geid-

geid-
Meaning: to tickle, stick
Note: ('popular saying')
Material: Armenian kitak `prick, sting, point ', kitvac ` embroidery ', kcem ` itch, tickle '
(*gidi̯ō), kcanem (Aor. kic) ` sting, bite '; Old Icelandic kitla, Old English citelian (through
metathesis engl. tickle), Old Saxon kitilōn, Middle Low German ketelen, Old High German
kizzilōn ` tickle ', kuzzilōn (with expressive variation i : u).
Maybe alb. gicilonj, gudulis ` tickle '.
Page(s): 356
Root / lemma: geiĝ-

geiĝ-
Meaning: to prick, bite
Material: Osset. änɣezun `ferment, leaven, sour ' (Proto-Iranian *ham gaizaya-),
westosset. ɣizun ` become cold, freeze ';
Armenian kc-anem, Aor. 3. Sg. e-kic `prick, bite', kc-u `bitter, rancid';
Old Irish gēr `sharp, sour' (*giĝ-ro-);
Lithuanian gìžti ` become sour ', gaižùs, gižùs ` rancid, bitter, grumpy, surly, sullen ',
gaĩžti ` become bitter ';
about alb. gjize, gjizë `Ziger, cheese' s. rather Jokl Indo Germanic Jahrb. 18, 152.
References: Lidén KZ. 61, 1 ff.

Page(s): 356
Root / lemma: gei-

gei-
Meaning: to turn, bend
Note: Only in Root extensions:
Material: Old Indic jihmá-ḥ ` crooked, cunning, deceitful, slant, skew, slantwise, crosswise
recumbent, stoopedly, squinting '; different above S. 222;
Old Icelandic keikr ` with crooked back, with high head and shoulders', Norwegian keik
ds., keik m. ` bend, turning, crookedness, dislocation, luxation ', Old Icelandic keikia ` bend
the upper part of the body backward ', Old Icelandic kikna ` bend backward ', Danish kei,
keitet ` left hand '.
gei h- :
geib
Latin gibber ` crook-backed, hunch-backed, hump-backed, protuberant '. gibber, -is m. `
hump, hunchback, hunch ', gibbus ` a hunch, hump ' (with expressive Gemination from
*gībus);
Norwegian dial. keiv `slant, skew, twiddled, twisted, upside down, reversed ', keiva `left
hand', keiv, keiva ùnskillful, clumsy person ';
Lithuanian geibùs `clumsy, unadept, unskillful ', geibstù, geĩbti ` become weak, collapse,
perish '; in addition with Anlaut variant gu̯ after Trautmann KZ. 42, 372: Lithuanian
gvaibstù, gvaĩbti ` become senseless, unconscious, swoon, faint, blackout ', intens.
gváibėti?; Latvian (with dissimilation reduction of u̯ before b, or borrowing from Lithuanian?
s. Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 582, 695, 698) ǵibstu, ǵibt ` sink, fall, bend down ', ǵèibstu, ǵèibt
` perish, die', ǵeĩba ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle, clumsy, weak person', gaĩba ` foolish
woman '.
geim- :
Norwegian dial. keima `bend askew, hold the head askew, swing, bin und her schweben
', kima ` turn, sway (with joy) '.
geis- :
geis-
Old Icelandic keisa `bend, crook', PN Kīsi, isl. keis `round belly', Norwegian dial. keis
`movement, curvature ', kīs ` hump, hunchback ', Swedish kesa ` flee in wild escape ',
Swedish Norwegian dial. kīsa ` squint, leer, cross one's eyes, blink'. In addition further with
gramm. variation Old Frisian kēra, Old Saxon kērian, kierian, Old High German kēran `
turn, twist ' (wherefore the retrograde formation kēr and kēra ` turn, circular movement,
spin '), Middle High German kēren, Modern High German kehren, Swiss chīren ` nach
einer Seite neigen '. (Different about kēran Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 296, it with Armenian cir `
circle ' combined, wherefore Petersson PBrB. 44, 178 still placed osset. zīlin, zelun ` slue,
turn, turn around reverse '.)
Here also with Petersson LUȦ 1922, 2, 39 ff. Armenian kikel `crook, bend' (to *kik <
*gisu̯o??), and russ. dial. žíchatь, zíchatьsja ` bend, give way, yield to, sway ', žichljatь `
make something stagger '?
References: WP. I 545 f., Persson Beitr. 83 ff., WH. I 597.

Page(s): 354-355
Root / lemma: geleb

gele h-
Meaning: to plane, flay
Material: Gr. γλάφω ` to scrape up, carve from', γλάφυ n. ` hollow, cavern', γλαφυρός `
hollow, hollowed ';
Slavic *globiti in poln. wy-gɫobić (*globh-), imperfect -gɫabiać `hollow out', sloven. glǫ́b-
am (-ljem), -ati `hollow out; repair; gnaw ', Bulgarian glob m. ` eye socket '; russ. globà
`crossbar, crossbeam, long shaft, pole', iterative serb. glȁb-âm, -ati (*gḷbh-) ` gnaw '; here
perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 199 f.) as nasalized form Old Bulgarian glǫbokъ `deep'
and with expressive ch- Old Bulgarian chlębь f. `depth, abyss '.
̆ h- or in Indo Germanic *globh- :

Beside these words leading back to Indo Germanic *glā̆b
gl̥bh- stands with it under *gelebh-, gelobh- compatible *gelbh-, *golbh- in Old Church Slavic
žlěbъ, russ. žolob etc. ` crib, manger, gully', russ. želobítь, sloven. žlę̇biti ` groove, make
furrows or channels ',
and gallorom. gulbia f. ` chisel ', Old Irish gulban (*gulbīno-) `sting, prick, bill, beak',
abret. golbina ` having a beak, hooked, with a crooked point, beaked, with a curved front ',
acymr. gilb ` punch, piercer ', gilbin ` a point ', ncymr. gylf, -in, -ant `bill, beak', acorn. geluin
` a beak, bill, snout, muzzle, mouth ' (Indo Germanic *golbh-).

also: compare though also under gleubh-.
See also:
Page(s): 367
Root / lemma: gel(ǝ)

gel(ǝ)-
ǝ)-3
Meaning: cold
Material: Latin gelū (also gelus, -ūs and gelum, -ī) `coldness, frost', gelidus `cold', gelō, -
āre ` congeal, freeze '; Oscan γελαν `πάχνην' (Steph. Byz.);
gr. γελανδρόν ψυχρόν Hes. is perhaps incorrect according to (WH. I 867); gallorom.
*gelandron `frost' (Hubschmied VRom. 3, 130) is better with Bertoldi (ZrPh. 56, 187) and
Wartburg (see v. *gelandron) through influence of Latin gelū on gallorom. *calandron ds. to
explain (with mediterr. ending), to Old Irish caile `(white) spot '; again different Specht
Dekl. 130; about gallorom.*gelabria `frost' s. Wartburg s. v. *calabra and gelabria;
Hubschmid Praeromanica 18 ff.
about Latin glacies see below;

Old Norse kala, kōl `be cold, freeze ' (unpers. m. Akk. mik kelr), Old English calan ds.
(hine orhim cælÞ ` it freezes ') with a through reshuffling of a Kaus. *kaljan = *golei̯ō `make
cold', whence also the impers. construction with Akk.; Old English ciele m. (nengl. chill)
from *kali `coldness'; as a participle furthermore Gothic kalds, Old High German (etc.) kalt,
Modern High German kalt (in addition Old Norse kelda from *kaltiōn- ` fountain, well,
source of water ', Finnish loanword kaltio; with ablaut, due to the older form *kul-da- of
participle, Old Norse kuldi m. = Middle Low German külde f. `coldness'); lengthened grade
Old English cōl, Old High German kuoli, Modern High German kühl, whereof Old English
cēlan, Old High German kuolen, Modern High German kühlen, Old Norse kø̄la ds., zero
grade Old Norse kul (kol) n. ` chill breeze ', kylr m. `coldness';
with broken Redupl. Indo Germanic *gla-g- (the base seems to have also been *gelǝ-),
Old Norse klaki m. `frozen earth's crust ', wherewith Latin glacies ìce' is to be connected
under the assumption, that *glagiēs was reshaped after aciēs (and other words in -aciēs);
here also Swiss challen ` solidify, congeal (from fat)', Old English cealer, calwer m. `
thick milk', Middle Low German keller ds. (`solidification ' is at first cooling off, e.g. from
fat); Old High German chalawa, Middle High German kalwe ` shudder, shiver ', probably
originally ` shiver before showers as before cold '; after Machek (Slavia 16, 195) perhaps
here with expressive ch- Old Church Slavic chladъ `coolness, coldness' (*gol-do-).
References: WP. I 622, WH. I 585 f., 603, 867 f.

References:
Page(s): 366
Root / lemma: gel-

gel-1
Meaning: `to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball, fathom, arm'
Material: evidence for the unadjusted root form are seldom and partly very doubtful:
Old Indic gula-ḥ, gulī (Lex.), gulikā `ball, sphere, pearl ', gúlma- m., n. `swelling, lump,
tumor, growth, bush' (to -ul- before Kons. s. Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 30); with n-suffix
Old Indic guṇikā (Lex.) `swelling, lump, growth';
gr. redupl. γαγγλίον n. `swelling, lump, growth, tumor, pearl ';
Latin galla f. ` a gall-apple, gall-nut, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by

the gall wasp ' as ` spherical outgrowth ' from *gel-nā or *gol-nā; out of it borrowed Old
English gealla, gealloc, Modern High German ` nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on
trees produced by the gall wasp ';
alb. gogëlë `ball, sphere; nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp ' (*gel-gal-nā);
older holl. kal ` core in apples and pears '; Swedish dial. kalm ` cairn, pile of stones set
up as a memorial or mark of some kind ';
Old Church Slavic žьly (žely) ùlcer', Bulgarian želka `gland, swelling, lump, growth',
russ. žolvь, žolvúj, želvak `swelling, blister', Czech žluna, žluva `swelling, lump, growth',
klr. žolá `groundnut, peanut, goober '; poln. gleń, glon `clump, piece of bread'.
A. guttural extensions:
gel-ĝ-:
gel-
Gr. γέλγῑς f., Gen. γέλγīθος (also γέλγιος and -ιδος) `head of garlic', Pl. γέλγεις ` the
cloves of garlic' (if not because of ἄγλῑς, -ῑθος `clove of garlic, head of garlic made up of
separate cloves ' = *ἁ-γλῑθ- `from nodule parts, cloves clustered together ' from redupl.
*γελ-γλῑθ- dissimilated; yet compare also:) Old Indic gr̥ñja-ḥ, gr̥ñjana-ḥ `kind of garlic ',
perhaps also gr. γέλγη Pl. ` antiquities ' (if perhaps ` round products, little nodules ',
compare Modern High German Kurzwaren);
Swedish kälk ` marrow in wood' (`marrow globules '), Middle English kelkes èggs of
fish', colk, colke ` apple core '.
The consecutive only Germanic (and Celtic?) word groups (Indo Germanic gleĝ-, gloĝ-
?) make no Indo Germanic impression with their expressive intensification and
nasalization, so
glek- in Old Norse kleggi (*klagjan-) ` haycock, haystack ', nasalized Modern High
German Dialectal (siebenbg.) heu-kling, kläng ` haycock, haystack ', klang, klinge `
gravelly shallow place in the river, sandbank'; Old English clingan ` contract, shrink ', engl.
cling ` cling, stick; adhere ', Old Norse klengiask ` auf jemand eindringen ' (`*cling '), Middle
High German klingen ` climb, ascend, go up, mount ' (with consonant-sharpening Modern
High German dial. klinken ` cling '), Old High German klinga, Modern High German Klinge
`narrow gorge, ravine, gulch, gully, canyon ', wherefore with gramm. variation (also Indo
Germanic *gle-n-k-) engl. clough (= Old English *clōh from *klanh-) ` steep gully, canyon,
gorge ', Old High German Clāh-uelde; Old High German klunga ` ball (of thread, yarn),
tangle, knot ', Demin. klungilīn, Modern High German Klüngel ds., Swedish klunga `
congested heap, mass ', klänga ` climb, ascend ', Old Norse klungr (*klung-ra-, -ru-) `
thornbush, rosehip, dog rose ';
with Germanic -k- (partly Indo Germanic g, partly Germanic consonant-sharpening) Old
Norse klaki `frozen earth's crust ', klakkr ` lumps, wool lumps, blot, cloudlet, small cloud ',
Middle High German klak ` spot, blot '; Old English clyccan ` pack, grapple, grasp ' (engl.
clutch), to Old Frisian kletsie `spit, pike', Swedish klyka (*klykja) ` agrafe, hook, clasp, fork
';
in addition (?) that in proto Celtic kk weisende Middle Irish glacc, nir. glac `hand',
glacaim ` seize; grasp';
nasalized Norwegian dial. klank and klunk `clump', Middle High German klungeler f. `
tassel (*mass of tangled hair) ', glunkern `dangle', Modern High German Klunker `
excrement lumps, mucus lumps, slime of the eyes ' (from similar meaning of the
uncleanness has perhaps derived also Old Norse klǣki n. `disgrace, shame, humiliation ',
Old English clacn ìnsult'?);
ndd. klinken ` make ruffles in clothing, pleat, crease, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up ', klinksucht ` consumption, tuberculosis ', Middle High German klinke `
door handle ', Old High German klenken (*klankjan) ` lace, tie, bind', Old English be-
clencan `hold down', engl. clench, clinch `(the fist) clench; enclose; clasp together; hold
tightly ', Middle High German klank ` loop, noose, sling; trick, intrigue, conspiracy '.
In Indo Germanic gleĝ-

gleĝ- indicate though probably russ. Church Slavic glez-nъ, -na, -no
ànkle', poln. glozna ds. and lengthened grade russ. glazokъ ` pellet, globule', glazъ èye',
poln. gɫaz ` stone, cliff; little stones ', gɫazný `smooth, skilled, adroit, clever' (compare
Berneker 301 m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 792);
Note: russ. glazokъ ` pellet, globule', glazъ èye' are compounds of extended Root /
gel-1 : `to curl; round' into gleĝ-
lemma: gel- gleĝ- + Root / lemma: okʷ
okʷ- : `to see; eye'.
Zupitza (KZ. 36, 236) places Middle High German kluoc(-g) `smart, sly, cunning,
courteous, polite, elegant' (Germanic *klōʒa-), Middle Low German klōk (Germanic *klōka-
) `smart, cunning, adroit' to Old Irish glicc (nir. glic proves proto Celtic kk) `wise, judicious;
discreet'; originally às a ball so smooth and so movable'??
B. Dental extensions:
gel-t-: at first (as ` intumescence, swelling; puffiness - womb - young of a human or

gel-
animal while in the womb or egg', as under by Kalb, kilburra): Old Indic jaṭháram `belly',
jarṭú- ` womb, uterus'; at most Old Indic guṭikā ` pellet, globule, pill, pearl, drinking cup '
(rather dial. from guḍikā ds.);
Gothic kilÞei f. `womb', in-kilÞō `pregnant', Old English cild n. `kid, child', engl. child.
Maybe alb. Geg cullë `children'.
Mikkola BB. 21, 225 connects also apparent zero grade Swedish kolla, kulla `girl;
female of different animals ' (*kulÞ-) with kilÞei; about Old Swedish kolder ` children from a
marriage ' s. Lidén IF. 19, 335 and root gol-.
*gle-t- perhaps in Church Slavic glota ` commotion, uproar, turmoil, tumult, disturbance;
crowd, mob, multitude ', serb. glȍta ` family (wife and children); poor people; weed, wild
plant; impurity, dirt '?
Because of the uncertainty of the consecutive Old Indic example, certain recorded word
groups only in Germanic (Indo Germanic *gel-d-, *gle-d-?) are of dubious Indo Germanic
origin:
with the meaning of animal young Old Indic gaḍi-h, gali-ḥ `young bull' (?);
in addition zero grade Old English colt ` the young of animals ', engl. colt ` young male
horse, (abundance, fullness) '?;
Old Icelandic kialta, kilting ` puff, bulge, puffed crease of clothing', Norwegian dial. kult `
wood stump, mountain top, ungainly thick figure ' (Swedish also ` half-grown piglet ',
compare above Old English colt);
nasalized (*glend-) Old Swedish klinter ` mountain top, mountain summit ', Old Icelandic
klettr ` rock, cliff ', Middle Low German nnd. klint ` rock, cliff ', ndd. klunt, klunte `clump,
heap; thick Weib' = Modern High German dial. klunze, ndd. klunter ` clots of ordure or
crap, muck' (besides with Germanic d ndd. klunder `bunch, heap', Norwegian klundra `
knag, knot ' );
westfäl. klǣtern (Old Saxon *klātirōn) ` climb, cling ' (actually ` adhere or cling tightly '),
ndd. klāteren, klatteren ds., nnd. klāter m. ` sticking dirt'; with ō Middle Dutch holl. cloet,
kloet `stick; round grasp, sword handle ' (late Old Norse klot ` sword handle ' is loanword
from Middle Low German klōt = Modern High German Kloß ` dumpling, lump ');
with expressive -tt-: Middle Low German klatte `rag, cloth ' = Modern High German dial.
klatz ` smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle Dutch klatten `smudge', Middle High German
bekletzen ds., Norwegian Swedish Dialectal klatra `work sloppily ';
besides with expressive dd: ndd. kladde ` smirch, stain, splotch; burdock' (i.e. ` the
sticking '); with Dent. + s: Norwegian klessa (klass) ` stick, cling, splash, bang, clap ',
klessa (kleste) ` smudge, pollute ', klussa `smudge, pollute, lisp'; Old Icelandic kless
`lisping'; compare Old Icelandic klasi S. 362.
C. Additional labials:
geleb(h)-, glēb(
geleb( glēb(h)- (: glǝb gleb(h)- (::gl̥b(h)-) ` conglobate '.
ǝb(h)-) and gleb(
glǝb(
Latin (probably actually gall.) galba (*gelǝbh-?), after Sueton gall. name for `
exceptionally rich, filthy rich, outstandingly fat '; gall. *galbo- ` swelling, calf of the leg, arm'
is also probably assumed from galbeus, -eum ` a kind of armband, fillet (worn as an
ornament, or for medical purposes) armlet, as a jewellery', perhaps from galbulus ` the nut
of the cypresstree ', which belongs to the vocalism presumably from *gelǝbh-;
Old Norse kalfi m. `calf', kalfabōt ` hip area; hip joint of meat ', engl. calf `calf', Modern
High German Dialectal Kalb ` muscle ', Old High German wazzarkalb ` dropsy, abnormal
collection of fluid in body tissues ' (`swelling, tumescence through water '), wherewith (as `
intumescence - womb - fetus', compare engl. in calf, with calf `pregnant') deckt Old High
German kalb, Pl. kelbir `calf', Old English cealf, calfur n., Old Norse kalfr `calf', Gothic
kalbō f. `heifer, young cow, cow that has not had a calf ', with e-grade Old English cilfor-
lamb, Old High German kilburra f. ` female lamb';
Maybe alb. kalb `spoil' : Old High German wazzarkalb ` dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid
in body tissues '.
Latin globus m. ` a round body, ball, sphere, globe, heap, clump', lengthened grade
Latin glēba f. ` a lump of earth, clod; shred, clot ' (out of it borrowed poln. gleba `clod of
earth').
Is glēbō ` of the country, rural, rustic' (`piling up clods '??) Gallic (then ĕ) or only arisen
in Latin part of Gaul?
Old High German klāftra f. ` measure of the stretched arms, fathom ' (*glēbh-); ablaut.
Old Norse klafi m. ` neck yoke, packsaddle', Middle Low German klave ` neck yoke '
(*klaƀan- `the pressing together'); Old English clyppan ` hug, embrace, hold tight, wrap the
arms tightly around (a person or thing) ' (*klupjan with -lu- as zero grade from -le-), Old
Frisian kleppa ds., Swiss chlupfel `bundle', engl. clasp (*claps-) ` hug, embrace; hold by
the hand; fasten together ' (probably also Old Irish glass ` lock, hinge, chateau, castle '
from *glabso-);
compare with the same meaning ` to press together (with the arms) ' and likewise at
best from a heavy root form glēbh-: glǝbh- to explanatory ablaut of the Baltic family of
Lithuanian glė́biu, glė́bti ` enclose with the arms, embrace ' (glėbỹs ` armful, armload,
hugging, embrace '), glóbiu, glóbti ` hug, embrace, hold tight, support ', Latvian glêbt, glâbt
` shield, protect ', Lithuanian glabóti ` preserve, guard, save, keep; demand, beg ', Latvian
glabât ` protect, preserve, guard, wait, hold on', Old Prussian poglabū ` cuddle '
(Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 621, 623 under 626);
perhaps in addition Lithuanian gélbu, -ėti `help', gil̃bti ` recover, recuperate ', Old
Prussian galbimai 1. Pl. Konj. ` we help ', pogalbton ` helped, aided, assisted ' as *gelǝbh-
(Trautmann 92);
Slavic *globi̯ǫ, *globiti in serb. z-glȍbīm, zglòbiti ` fold, plait, fold up, merge, decree,
edict, mandate, dispose, arrange ', poln. gɫobić old `press, merge, packetize, coalesce '
(lengthened grade sloven. glâbim, glábiti ` pile, heap, place one on top of other') with Indo
Germanic ǝ or rather о (: Latin globus).
Further with the meaning of `the clenched, round, klutzy, clumsy, awkward ' Germanic
*klapp- (intensive consonant increase) in Old Norse klǫpp f. ` Knüppelbrücke ', Middle Low
German klampe ds., Swedish klapper-sten ` round stones for the pavement ', Middle High
German klapf m. `cliff top';
Germanic expressives *klabb- in Norwegian dial. klabb ` adhesive clump, of sticking

lumps ', Swedish klabb(e) `clot, chunk, mountain summit in the sea, short, thick boy ' (zero
grade Old Norse klubba `club, mace, joint', whence engl. club);
Germanic *klēp- (compare Latin glēba; Germanic p from express. pp or at most a form
with Indo Germanic b) in Old Norse klāp-eygr `popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring
eyes ', klāpr an abusive word, insult (perhaps `clot, chunk') u likewise; about Indo
Germanic qlēp- see there;
zero grade *kulƀ- in Old High German kolbo ` stump, club, mace, joint (as weapon),
cudgel, club', Old Norse kolfr ` plant nodules, arrow ', kylfi, kylfa `club, mace, joint ';
besides with Germanic -p- ndd. kulp-ōge ` popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring eyes ',
mrhein. Külp ` Schlagholz am Dreschflegel ', Swedish dial. kulp `thick person'; Middle
English cülpe, nengl. kelp ` salsola (salt herb) '.
glem h- (perhaps partly through hybridization from *glebh- and *glem-):

Nasalized glemb
Maybe alb. glemb, gjemb `thorn, sticky thorn, clinging thorn, prickly plant'.
Middle High German klamben ` join tightly ', Old Norse klembra ` climb, ascend ', Old
Icelandic klǫmbr ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle High German klemberen ` cramp, clamp,
staple, clip ', Middle High German Modern High German Klammer; engl. clamber ` climb,
ascend ', actually ` clip something to, cramp, clamp ', as also ablaut. Old High German
klimban ` clamber, climb, ascend ', Old English climban, Middle High German klimben,
klimmen ` clamber, climb, ascend; pinch, tweak, nip, pack, grapple, grip, seize '; Old Norse
klumba `club, mace, joint', klumbu-fōtr ` clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ';
with Germanic p: Old Swedish klimper `clump, dumpling, lump ', Old Icelandic kleppr
`clump, rocky hill ', Middle High German klimpfen ` to press together tightly '; Old High
German klampfer ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle Low German klampe f. `hook, gangplank,
footbridge', nnd. klamp, klampe `clump, clot, chunk' (Modern High German Klampe `
agrafe, clasp, hook, clot, chunk' is ndd. loanword, genuine Modern High German Klampfe);
Old English clympe `clump', ndd. klumpe `clump' (Modern High German Klumpe(n) is ndd.
loanword);
poln. gɫąb, Czech hloub ` stalk, stem of a plant '.
glem-:
glem-
Latin glomus, -eris n. ` a clew, ball made by winding, lump dumpling, (as dish, food);
ball, tangle, knot ' (*glemos), glomerāre `clench, clasp together ';
Old Irish glomar `bridle, rein, toggle' (compare S. 360 Middle High German klammer);
Old English climman ` climb, ascend ', Middle Low German klimmeren ds., Middle High
German klimmen (partly with mm from mb), also `make narrow, limit, restrict' (Modern High
German beklommen), Old English clam(m) `band, strap, handle, grasp, manacle', Old High
German klamma ` restriction, constriction, clamp, glen, mountain valley, gulch, canyon ',
Modern High German Klamm, Kaus. Old High German Modern High German klemmen,
Old Frisian klemma, Old English beclemman `clamp', Middle High German klam `narrow,
dense', Modern High German (Low German) klamm ` steif (krampfig) vor Kälte ', zero
grade Norwegian dial. klumra ` work with stiff and frostbitten hands ';
Maybe alb. (*k)lemcë `womb, uterus (of animals)' : Gothic kilÞei f. `womb', in-kilÞō
`pregnant' [common alb. gl- > l-].
with erweit. *klam-d-: Old Norse klanda, klandra ` disparage, anger, denigrate, annoy,
try to steal';
Lithuanian glomó-ju, -ti ` hug, embrace, hold tight '; with -ĝ- extended Lithuanian
glemžiù, glem̃žti ` snatch, snatch up; crumple ', Latvian glemzt ` eat slowly, babble, chatter
nonsense ';
further glēm- ǝm- with older meaning-development to ` stick together, mucilaginous

glēm-, glǝm
glǝm-
mass ':
gr. γλάμων `blear eyed, bleareyed ', etc. (Latin glamae loanword);
alb. nglomë, ngjomë `humid, wet, fresh, young' (*glēmo-);
Old Norse klām ` dirty speech ', engl. clammy ` humid and sticky, clingy, cool and damp
', East Prussian klamm ` humid and sticky, wet';
Lithuanian glẽmės, glė̃mes, glė̃mos f. pl. ` tough slime ', Latvian glęmas, glemi `slime,
mucus', glùmt ` become slimy, smooth ', glums ` smooth ' (also glemzt ` chat, prate
thoughtlessly ', glemža ` babbler ', compare z. meaning Latvian gleîsts ` babbler ': glîst `
become slimy '); about Lithuanian gléimės see below S. 364.
Maybe alb. (*g)lemzë `hiccup, involuntary spasms ' : Lithuanian glemža `babbler' [common
alb. gl- > l-]
D. g(e)l-eu-, partly with further consonantal derivative:

g(e)l-eu-
Old Indic glāu-ḥ f. ` globular object, ball, clenched mass ', npers. gulūle `ball';
gr. γίγ-γλυ-μος m. à hinge joint: a joint in a coat of mail, bone joint, hinge ';
Old Irish glō-ṡnáthe, gláo-ṡnáthe ` a linen thread, string, line, plumb-line, a measure,
standard ' (literally ` bale cord ');
Old Norse klē m. (*klew-an-) ` Webstein ', Old English clyne n. ` metal lumps ' (*klu-n-),
Swedish kluns m. `clump', isl. klunni ` klutzy, clumsy person'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German kliuwa, kliwa `ball, tangle, knot ', kliuwi,
kliwi ` ball, tangle, knot ' (Demin. Middle High German kliuwelīn, dissimilated Modern High
German Knäuel `ball, tangle, knot'), Old English clíewen ` thread knot ' (engl. clew); zero
grade Middle Low German klǖwen, holl. kluwen ` ball, tangle, knot '; in addition with
lengthened grade and meaning-development ` the gripping: claw ' the family of Germanic
*klēwā : Old High German klāwa ` claw, talon, nail ', Middle High German klāwe, Middle
Low German klā ` claw, talon, nail, hoof, Old Frisian klē, wherefore with ablaut das verb
*klawjan (has changed *klawan) ` scratch, scrape, itch with the nails ', Old High German
klauuenti ` to itch or long for a thing, for blows, stripes, for pleasure, to be wanton ', Middle
High German klöuwen `scratch, scrape', Old English clawan = Old Norse klā `rub, scratch,
scrape' (Old Norse klǣja ìtch' neologism after the 3. Sg. klǣr = *klawið), wherefore
*klawiÞan- m. in Old Norse klāði m. ìtchiness, itching, scratching ', Old English clæweða
ds., Old High German glouuida (lies clouuida) `scabies'; from the verb derives the
abbreviation from Old English clawu f. ` claw, nail, hoof' (engl. claw) and clēa f. (engl.
Dialectal clea) ds. (the last = *klau from clawu), as well as Old High German klōa ` claw,
nail '; Old High German cluwi `pliers, tongs'; Old Icelandic klō f. ` claw, nail, hook '; Old
Icelandic klunna ` attach tightly ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
compare Old English clyne, Swedish kluns `clump', Old English clynian ` swathe, wrap up
';
probably Old Irish glūn `knee' = alb. Geg gluni, Pl. glunj, glu-ri (Geg), gju-ri (Tosc) `knee'
(with Indo Germanic *ĝenu- `knee' barely as dissimilation form compatible to *ĝnū-n-
because of the Guttural difference); (similar to alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj
`name' see Root / lemma: k̂leu-
leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-
leu lū- : to hear, cry).
lū
presumably Lithuanian gliaũmas ` smooth diminution of the whetstone ', gliaumùs `

smooth, slippery ', Latvian glaũms, glums ` slimy', if ` slimy = sticking together, balling,
massing-together ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 622; compare with -s- Norwegian
klyse (*klūsion-) ` slimy clump', that from Middle Low German klūs `mass', nnd. ` ball,
tangle, knot, confusion, mass', ndd. klū̆ster ` bundle, grape, type of fruit which grows in
clusters on a vine ', Old English clūster, clȳster n. ds. are not to be distinguished; compare
from a root form *gle-s- Old Norse klasi `lump of berries or fruit, mass'.
extension with -t-:
gr. γλουτός (τα γλουτά) `buttock ', τὰ γλούτια ` medullary tubercles near the pineal gland
of the brain ';
sloven. glûta, glúta `growth, swelling natured tumefaction, tree gnarl ' (Berneker 309);
changing through ablaut Old English clūd m. à mass of rock, hill', engl. cloud `cloud'
(`cloud bundle '), compare with gemination (*kludda-) Old English clodd (engl. clod) ` clod,
lump of earth '.
extension with -d-:
Middle Low German klōt m. `clump; testicle', Middle High German klōz, Modern High
German Kloß, Old English cléot, engl. cleat `clump, wedge'; changing through ablaut
Middle Low German klūt, klūte ` clod, lump of earth ', East Frisian klūt `clump, piece,
fragment' (in further development of latter meaning also :) Old English clūt m., engl. clout
`rag; metal sheet ', late Old Norse klūtr `rag, clump'; with expressive gemination (*klutta-)
Old English clott (engl. clot) `clump' = Middle High German kloz, Modern High German
Klotz.
Perhaps here Lithuanian glaudžiù, glaũsti, Latvian glaũst ` mache etwas eng
anschmiegen ', glaudùs ` anschmiegend, dicht anliegend ', glúdoju ` liege angeschmiegt
da ' (compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 622 f.);
russ. glúda `clump, dumpling, lump '.
Maybe alb. glasë `droppings'
extension with -bh-:
sylt. Frisian klēpi `kiss', russ. glýba `clump, block', glýba zemli `clod of earth' (Berneker
310; compare to -b- under *gle-b-), perhaps Lithuanian glaũbti ` squeeze, caress the
breast ', glaubstýti `caress'.
E. glei-
glei-, partly with further, consonantal derivative (esp. glei- glei-bh-; glei-
glei-t-, -d-, glei- glei-m-)
`glue, put grease on, oil, smear', but probably originally derived from gel- `clench, clasp
together '; after Specht Dekl. 144 basic meaning `gleaming' (to ĝel-, gel-?); nominal: gli-
gli-i̯i̯i̯o-,
no-, -tu-
-no- gloi-u̯o-.
tu-; gloi-
Gr. γλία f. ` glue ' (Slavic *glьjь, see below), γλίνη ds. (:Slavic glěnъ, glina, Old High
German klenan, Old Irish glenim see below), γλοιός ` any glutinous substance, gluten,
gum, generally, oily sediment in baths ', γλοιός ` humid and sticky, wet' (*γλοιFός: Latvian
glievs, Slavic *glěvъ, see below), γλιττόν γλοιόν Hes. (*γλιτF-ός: Lithuanian glitùs etc.),
γλίχομαι `cling to, strive after, long for ', γλίσχρος ` glutinous, sticky, clammy, sticking
close, importunate, penurious, niggardly, of things, mean, shabby, of buildings, of painting,
carefully, with elaborate detail', (presumably with -ρο- from a *γλίσχω from *γλίχ-σκω);
Latin glūs, -tis, glūten, -inis n. ` sticky oil; slime, gluten', glūtinō ` glue together' (ū from
oi, compare that of the changing by ablaut:) glis, -tis ` fat dormouse ', glittūs `soft, delicate,
tender, yielding ' (basic form *gleitos with intensive tt);
Maybe nasalized alb. (*nglit) ngjit `to stick to, climb, cling' : Lithuanian gliejù, gliẽti `smear',
refl. gliẽtis ` stick, glue, remain ', alb. glisht `finger (to grasp, cling)'.
Old Irish glenim (*gli-nā-mi), cymr. glynaf ` to cleave or stick to a thing '; in addition
further Old Irish fordíuclainn ` gobbles, engulfs, devours ', after Pedersen KG. II 540 from
for-dí-uks-glen- to *glenaid (from *gl̥-nā-ti); also bret. geot `grass' from *gel-tā (Marstrander
Prés. nasalized 30 f.);
Old English clǣg (engl. clay), Middle Low German klei ` loam, clay ', Danish klæg `
glutinous, thick, loamy slime, mud' (Germanic *klajja-; in addition ndd. kleggen ` climb,
ascend '); changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. kli `slime, mud, loam, clay ' (the
derivative Middle Low German klick ` earth loam ' probably after slick ` slick, film of oil
floating on top of water, silt, earth loam '?), Old High German klenan ` stick, glue, smudge '
(= Irish glenim, see above, compare also nominal γλίνη etc.; is klenan as stem V. in the
converted e-row, hence also Old Norse klunna ` attach tightly'?); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Old Norse klina `smear' (*klīnian, schw. V.),
with oi Norwegian kleina ds.;
Lithuanian gliejù, gliẽti `smear', refl. gliẽtis ` stick, glue, remain ';
Slavic *glьjь in russ. glej `clay, loam ', poln. glej ` muddy, sludgy ground ' (: gr. γλία;
extended russ. Dialectal glëkъ `mucus, lymph, serum, clear fluid which separates from the
blood during coagulation ' from *glь-kъ);
Maybe alb. glak, gjak `blood'
glei h- (Slavic equivalents see below); an deducible also from Indo Germanic *glei-p-.
gleib
Old High German klëbēn ` stick, glue, adhere, be stuck, be stuck up ', Old Saxon kliƀōn,
Old English clifian, cleofian ` stick, glue, attached, be linked ', Old English clibbor ` sticking,
adhesive ', zero grade Old High German klīban ` adhere, stick, glue , cling ', Old Saxon
biklīƀan ds., Old English clīfan `stick, adhere, cling ', Old Norse klīfa `climb, ascend (pin,
clinch, attach oneself)', Middle Dutch clīven ds.; Old High German klība, Old Saxon klīva,
Old English clīfe `burdock'; with -oi- Old High German kleiben `clamp, fasten, stick, fix
(make stick, glue)', Modern High German kleiben ` stick, glue, paste, cause to adhere ';
Old English clǣfre (*klaiƀriōn-), Middle Low German klāver, klēver ` clover, plant having
leaves with three leaflets '; here also Old Norse kleif f., klif n. ` steep hill ', Old English clif
n., Middle Low German klif ` cliff ', Old High German klep (-b-) ` forelands, promontory ',
Middle Dutch, Middle Low German klippe f. ` crag, cliff ' (out of it Modern High German
Klippe as ` smooth rock ', as Old Irish slīab `mountain' to root *sleib- `glide, slide'); to what
extent occurred besides *gle-m-bh also a nasalized form from *glei-bhin Old English Old
High German klimban ` clamber, climb, ascend ', is unclear;
Old Church Slavic u-glьbl'ǫ ` get stuck ' Aor. uglъbǫ ` fixed ', uglebъ (e = ь) `fix or
plant in ', changing through ablaut (*oi) russ.-Church Slavic uglěbl'evati ` fasten, implant,
drive in, affix ', and (*ei) serb. glîb òrdure' (Berneker 310).
glei-d- in Middle Irish glōed ` glue ', Old English clāte f. `burdock', clīte f. ` coltsfoot, herb
glei-
(Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ',
engl. dial. clote, clite, cleat `burdock', clite ` glue, slime, mud ' (: Latvian glī̀dêt ` become
slimy ', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 626, 627).
with m-formants: Old English clām ` viscous material, loam, clay ', wherefore Old Norse
Kleima ` name of a giantess (*clod, heap?) ' Old English clǣman ` smear, daub, tallow,
lubricate ', Old High German chleimen ` glue, attach with glue, paste, size ';
Latvian gliemezis, gliems, glieme ` snail, mussel '; Lithuanian gléimės `mucus', glimùs `
mucilaginous, of the sticky substance from plants; mucinous, slimy '; Latvian glaĩma ` joke,
flattery, insincere compliments, excessive praise ', glaĩmuôt ` joke, flatter, caress '
(compare Norwegian dial. kleima ` smear, daub, tallow, lubricate : caress '); Mühlenbach-
Endzelin I 621, 628 f.; Trautmann 92; about Lithuanian glė̃mės see above S. 361;
Slavic *glěmyždžь in Czech hlemýžd' `snail'.
with n-forms (see above γλίνη etc.) russ.-Church Slavic glěnъ `mucus, tough dampness
', glina `clay';
glei-t- in Old English ætclīÞan ` stick, adhere ', zero grade cliða, clioða m. ` plaster,
glei-
wound dressing ', Old English cliðe `burdock' (`the sticking'), Old High German kledda,
kletta, Dutch klis, klit `burdock', Modern High German klettern; also probably Middle High
German kleit, Modern High German Kleid, Old English clāð ds.; Middle High German
klīster ` paste, glue, dough ', nisl. klīstra ` paste, cause to adhere, stick ' (as *gleit-tro- here
or with Germanic forms -stra- from the root form *klī-, Indo Germanic glei-); Norwegian
kleisa ` stick, glue; (stick, glue with the tongue =) lisping or impure, unclean talk', Old
Norse kleiss ī māle ` stammering, stuttering, spluttering '.
Lithuanian glitùs ` smooth, humid and sticky ', glytė̃ ` nasal mucus, pl. isinglass, form of
gelatin obtained from fish products and used in the production of glue and jellies, fish glue
', Latvian glîts ` smooth, neat nice, pretty; lovely, kind '; Latvian glīstu, glīdu, glîst ` be and
become slimy ', glīdēt ` become slimy ', gleîsts ` babbler '; s. Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 624,
627; compare above S. 363 gr. γλιττόν;
perhaps in russ. (etc.) glistъ, glistá ` worm, earthworm, tapeworm ' (or to Modern High
German gleiten; Berneker 304);
Maybe alb. glisht, glishta Pl. `(smooth) finger, clinging finger ' : russ. (etc.) glistъ, glistá `
worm' [compare Old Irish glūn `knee' = alb. Geg gluni, Pl. glunj, glu-ri (Geg), gju-ri (Tosc)
`knee']
with u̯-formants: Germanic *klaiwa-, Old High German klēo-, klē ` clover, plant having
leaves with three leaflets ' (after the sticky juice, sap the bloom, blossom?) and *klīwōn-,
Middle Low German klīe, Old High German klīwa, klīa, Modern High German Kleie f. (if
with Indo Germanic ī, so ablaut equally with Latvian glīwe `mucus').
Lithuanian gléivės f. Pl. `mucus', Latvian glēvs `tenacious as mucus, slack' (if with ē
from Indo Germanic *ē[i]?; about Lithuanian glė̃mės see above S. 361 under glem-),
Latvian glievs `slack' (= γλοιός), glīve ` mucus, green mucus on to the water ' (: Old High
German klīwa, see above);
Slavic *glě̌vъ (: Latvian gli̇vs, γλοιός) in russ. dial. glevъ m., glevá f. ` mucus of fish ',
poln. gléwieć (besides gliwieć) `spoil (of cheese'), changing through ablaut klr. klýva `
Beefsteak fungus, Oak-tongue (a type of mushroom, species of mushroom '), serb. gljiva `
type of mushroom, fungus ';
References: WP. I 612 ff., WH. I 577 f., 580, 606 f., 608 f., 611 f., 617, 867 f., Trautmann
92.
Page(s): 356-364
gel-2 and gʷel-

Root / lemma: gel- ʷel-
Meaning: to devour
Note: the form with gʷ presumably after Osthoff IF. 4, 287, Zupitza gutturals 86 through
hybridization from gel- with gʷer-
ʷer-.
Material:
A. Certainly gel-
gel- in: Old Irish gelid ` consumes, eats, grazes ', gaile `stomach'; acorn. ghel,
cymr. gel, bret. gélaouen ` bloodsucker, leech ', Old Irish gelit ds. (participle f. in -n̥tī);
Old High German kela, Old English ceole `throat, gorge, ravine, gulch, prow, bow of a
ship' (*kelōn-), ceolor, Old High German celur m. `gullet'; Old Icelandic kjǫlr m. (*kelu-) `
the keel of a ship ', Middle Low German kel, kil, engl. keel ds.; with g-extension Old High
German kelah, -uh ` throat infection ', Old Norse kjalki m. `mandible, lower jaw bone, jaw
(also hand sledge)'; zero grade Danish kulk `gullet, throat', Middle Low German kolk, kulk,
Old Frisian kolk m. ` water hole ' (Modern High German Kolk), Old English cylcan, Modern
High German Dialectal kölken, kolksen ` belch, spit', as Latvian gulgâtiês ` belch, vomit '
(Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 678), wherewith slovak. glg `gulp, pull' perhaps is connected
(onomatopoeic word?).
compare with other extension Swedish dial. kulp `gulp', Norwegian kulp ` water hole ',
ndd. kolpen, külpsen ` throw open, open quickly and forcibly; eruct, belch'.
Maybe alb. qelb `pus': Old High German kelah, -uh ` throat infection '
B. Certainly gʷel-
ʷel- only in Gr.: δέλεαρ, -ατος `bait' (*δέλε-Fαρ); besides δεῖλαρ (Callim.)
from *δέλ-Fαρ from the monosyllabic basis, and Aeolic βλῆρ from *βλη-Fαρ from the heavy
root form *gʷ(e)lē-; δέλε-τρον `bait', δέλος n. ds.; βλωμός `morsel, mouthful, bread' (*gʷlō-);
κα-βλέ-ει, κατα-βλέ-θει καταπίνει Hes. from the root form *gʷ(e)le-, also βλέορον (correctly
βλέθρον?) βάθος, δεσμωτήριον Hes. (`βάραθρον', Fick BB. 29, 196), βλέ-τυες αἱ βδέλλαι
Hes.; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
in guttural ambiguous: Latin gula (*gʷelā?) f. ` the gullet, weasand, throat '
Maybe Occitan gola ` mouth' : alb. (*gola) gojë ` mouth ' a Latin loanword.
compare in vowel Armenian klanem, Aor. 3. Sg. ekul `devour, swallow up, engulf,
consume, gobble up, eat hastily ', whereas -u- after all could be a result of Labiovelars;
*gʷl̥-tó-s based on *glut-ós, would be assumed from Old Church Slavic *glъtati (russ.
gɫotátь) `swallow, gulp', *glъtъ `gullet', russ. gɫot, gɫotók `gulp, mouthful ', Czech hlt;
compare also Latin *gluō, the base of ingluviēs `throat, voraciousness, appetite, gluttony,
greediness ', glūtus `gullet', glūtiō ` swallow, devour ', glūt/t/ō, -ōnis ` gormandizer,
gourmand, voracious eater '.
Maybe alb. (*glotit) gëlltit ` swallow ' a Slavic loanword.
Maybe alb. (*gʷelā) gjellë `dish, food' [common alb. shift l > ll].
References: WP. I 621, WH. I 612 f., 625 f., Trautmann 93.
Page(s): 365
Root / lemma: gem-

gem-
Meaning: to grab, grip; be full
Note: elaborated Persson Beitr. 78 ff., 933 m. Lithuanian
Material: Armenian čim, čem `bridle, rein', čmlem `push, press together';
gr. Aor. γέντο `he grasped' (*γεμ-το), ὕγ-γεμος συλλαβή. Σαλαμίνιοι Hes., ἀπό-γεμε
ἄφελκε. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄ-γμος `furrow in ploughing, swath, , swathe in reaping, strip of
cultivated land, vast orbit of the sun, of a hippopotamus, wrinkled old age, row (of teeth) '
(see also under aĝ- `drive, push'), redupl. presumably γάγγαμον, γαγγάμη ` small round
net, esp. for oystercatching '; γέμω ` be filled, packed full ', γεμίζω ` fill full of, load or freight
with, pack full, load ', γέμος ` the meat parts filling the body ', γόμος m. `shipload, cargo,
freight, load' (γόμος ζωμός Hes., perhaps a mash for stuffing, fattening?);
Umbrian gomia, kumiaf `gravidās' (out of it Latin gumia, -ae m. f. ` a glutton, gourmand
gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater, devourer', actually ` obese person '), probably
also gemō, -ere `sigh, groan, moan' as ` be pressed emotionally, have the heart full ' (=
γέμω ` be full ');
Middle Irish gemel, cymr. gefyn ` chain, series of metal rings which are linked together;
shackles, gyve, manacles, handcuff; pastern, part of a horse's foot between the fetlock
and hoof ';
Old English cumbol n. `wound, swelling, lump, growth', Norwegian kumla `clump; knead,
compress ', Old Norse kumla `squeeze'; s-extension Norwegian kams ` dumpling, lump ',
kamsa `knead, stir, mix', kumsa `mixture';
doubtful, if in addition with labial extension (there only Germanic) Old English cimb,
cimbe `connection, joint, point of connection (between limbs) ', Swedish dial. kimb(e) `
stave (of a cask) ', Old Norse kim-bull `bundle', Middle Low German kimmel `toggle',
kimme (mm from mb) ` frame, edge, border ', etc. compare also genebh- S. 378 f.;
Maybe alb. kumbull 'plum, round fruit'
Latvian gùmstu, gùmt ` snatch; attack ', reflex. ` bow, bend oneself '; Lithuanian
gùmulas, gumulỹs, gùmuras (besides gùb-) `clump, ball, tangle, knot ', o-grade gãmalas
(besides gãb-) ` snow ball, piece of bread, meat '; borrowing from Poln. is possible for
Lithuanian gumulis, gumulė ` goat, cow without horns - actually, with lump instead of
horns-, also hen without tail ' because of poln. gomoɫy `hornless', Czech homolý ds.;
Old Church Slavic žьmǫ, žęti ` compress, press, jam, constrict, squeeze, pack ', žętelъ `
dog-collar, wooden collar worn by prisoners, collar as an ornament ', klr. žmeňa ` handful ';
russ.-Church Slavic gomola ` mash, mush, porridge, gruel, soft mixture, clump', serb.
gòmolja ` cheese lumps ', sloven. gomòt, Gen. -óta ` crowd in a heap, confusion ', Czech
hmota (*gъmota), old also homota ` cloth, fabric, material, matter, substance; stuff '.
References: WP. I 572 ff., 585, WH. 588 f.
Page(s): 368-369
gene h-, genob

Root / lemma: geneb geno h-
Meaning: a piece of wood
Material: Only Germanic, hence probably barely Indo Germanic origin.
It concerns probably two different word groups:
1. Germanic kamb-, kumb- `clot, chunk, clump, block, lump, cut-off piece of wood '.
Old High German kembil ` chain block ', kamp ` a (wooden) fetter or shackle, for the feet
', Old Norse kumbr ` block of wood ' with Germanic -p-: Middle High German kumpf `
truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off, dull', engl. chump ` block of wood ' (anlaut
from chop), Norwegian dial. kump `clump', Norwegian Danish kamp ` brow, edge of a hill
or cliff ', Old Norse kǫppusteinn, Danish kampe-sten ` Rollstein ' etc. compare also under
gem-.
gem-
2. Germanic knab-, knabb-, knap-, knapp- (expressive gemination) `peg, plug, stick,
penis, knave, boy'.
With -b-: Modern High German dial. knabe `peg, bolt ', Old High German knabo, Modern
High German Knabe ` boy ', Old English cnafa ds., from which engl. cnave ` knave '; Old
Norse knefill ` shaft, pole, picket, pole, stick', Old High German knebil, Middle High
German knebel ` toggle, ankle ' (also ` rascal, villain, scoundrel ', as also Norwegian
knebel), Middle Low German knevel ` short, thick transom, toggle ' and ` twisted
moustache point ' (Modern High German ` small pointed beard '), Swedish dial. knavel `
thin shaft, pole';
with -bb-: Swedish dial. knabbe `tubers, clump', also ` stocky fellow, bovine animal, bull
'; knabb `peg, plug' (Norwegian ` brow, edge of a hill or cliff ');
with -p-: Old English cnapo, Old Saxon knapo `young man, husband, servant', Swedish
dial. knape `peg, plug' and `knot';
with -pp-: Modern High German dial. Knappe `foot of a bench ', Old High German
knappo ` youngling, knave, boy', Modern High German Knappe, Swedish dial. knappe
`peg, plug, block of wood ';
sometimes are above forms of the derivatives from gn-ebh- ` to press together ' (above
S. 370) barely to make a distinction; compare above (see 370) Old Norse knappr etc.;
Old English cenep, Old Frisian kenep, Old Norse kanpr `whisker, moustache' (Germanic
*kanipa-), wherefore probably Middle Low German kenneve ` neck block ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), mnl. kanef-been ` maxilla, jaw, upper
jawbone ' are probably contaminated somehow with ĝenu-
enu- `chin' (under S. 381 f.).
References: WP. I 585 f., Martinet Gémination 117 f., 196.

Page(s): 378-379
Root / lemma: gengh-

gengh-
Meaning: to wind; to weave
Note: only Germanic and Slavic
Material: Old Norse kinga ` pectoral, chest decoration, brooch, pin, clasp ', probably to
kengr (*kangiz) m. `bay, bend, hook ', kǫngur-vāfa ` spider' (Old English gangelwǣfre ds.,
reshaped after gangan), Middle High German Modern High German dial. kanker ` spider',
Finnish (from dem Germanic) kangas ` web, webbing, strong cloth or fabric, net-like weave
', Swedish Dialectal kang ` droopy slender branch ', kång (esp. from horses) àgile, lively,
excited, aroused ' (actually ` spinning violently '), kynge `bundle', Old Norse kǫngull `
bundle of berries ';
Maybe alb. kungull `pumpkin'
Finnish (from dem Germanic) kinkko, kinkon `bundle'; in addition compare also those
mentioned words under *gong- `clump' as Middle Low German kinke, see there;
Old Church Slavic gąžvica ` a long, slender, flexible shoot or branch ', sloven. gôž
`strap', serb. gužva ` twig, shoot, basket or braid from plaited twigs', russ. gužь ` twig used
for tying up, rope, cable', Czech houžev, poln. gąžwy Pl. ` strap of a flail '.
References: WP. I 587 f., Petersson IF. 24, 265.

Page(s): 380
geng-, gong-
Root / lemma: geng- gong-
Meaning: lump
Material: Gr. γόγγρος ` conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees ' (out of it Latin
gonger, conger ds.), γογγρώνη ` swollen neck gland ', perhaps γόγγων μωρός Hes. (`fat,
obese and stupid'?), γογγύλος ` round ' (-ύλος suffix as in στρογγύλος, ἀγκύλος; compare
also Lithuanian gungulỹs ` ball '), γογγυλίς, γογγύλη ` turnip ', γιγγίς, -ίδιον à kind of beet,
turnip ' (assimilated from *γεγγί-; the reminiscence in Lithuanian žinginis à plant bog arun,
Calla palustris' and the Old Indic flower names jiŋginī, jhiñjhikā are certainly coincidental);
Latin gingīva f. (mostly Plur.) `gums', further formations from *gengā `swelling, blister,
hump, hunchback ';
Old Norse kǫkkr ` ball ' (*gongu-s; against it derives Old High German kankur, Modern
High German Kanker ` malignant growth, cancer ' from Latin cancer ` cancerous ulcer,
cancerous growth '), also Old Norse vatn-kakki m. (*gong-) ` bucket; pail '.
In Germanic perhaps (?)cognate words for ` coil, bind, wind, bend':
Middle Low German kinke, Norwegian dial. kink(e) ` coil by a rope ', kink also ` small
bend, contemptuous movement of the head ', Middle Low German kinke also ` sinuous
snail house ', Norwegian dial. kank ` gyration, whirling, turning, rotation, circular
movement, spin, knot in the thread, unwillingness ', West Flemish konkel `whirl,
maelstrom, whirlpool, eddy ' (but Old High German kunkala, konakla, Modern High
German Kunkel ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) ' derives from
Middle Latin conucla, Demin. from colus); s. also under gengh- S. 380;
Lithuanian gùnga ` hump, hunchback, ball, clump' (out of it Latvian gùn̨ġis ` curvature,
belly'), gungulỹs ` ball ', gùngu, gùngti `crook oneself', gùnginti ` go slowly, from a humped
going person ';
maybe alb. gungë `hump, hunchback'
besides with palatal (*gonĝ-, gunĝ-):
Baltic *gunž- in gūžỹs ` crop from birds, Adam's apple, head of the femur; cabbage head
', gūžiù, gū̃žti ` conglobate, bundle up; sit down to the earth (from the chicken which
spreads out the wings) ', gūštà ` lair, camp, nest of a chicken, a goose '; Old Prussian
gunsix `swelling, blister' (Lithuanian gùzas, gùzikas ` hump, hunchback, gland, knag' from
Poln.);
Maybe alb. (*gunsa) gusha 'neck, Adam's apple '
Slavic *gǫz- (also *guz- with u from Indo Germanic geu-ĝ-, see below geu-1) in serb.
gûz `buttock', russ. guz, guzá, guzó ` the thick end of the sheaf, a beam ', gúzka `
backside, tail , rump ', poln. old gǫz, gǫż `tuber', gęzić się ` crook oneself ' (with u
nowadays guz `swelling, blister, hunch ', guza ` buttocks '), sloven. gǫ́za f. `buttock,
backside' (with u: gúza ` buttocks, hunch ') ;
participle Perf. Pass. *gǫstъ (*gn̥ĝ-to-) in Serbo-Croatian gûst, russ.-Church Slavic

gustъ, russ. gustój, poln. gęsty `thick, dense'.
Because of sloven. poln. u and the Baltic -un- (> -ū-) forms (which would perhaps be
normal however, as reduced grade colored in o-grade *gonĝ-) assumes Persson Beitr. 937
for the Slavic mixture from *gong- and *geuĝ-, guĝ- (extension from geu- `crook', see
there), compare isl. kjuka ànkle', Norwegian kjuka `knag, knot, spigot ' etc. and for
Lithuanian gùžas `knag' and for Baltic gunž-, gūž- formation from such nasalized *gu-n-ĝ-
(at most also *gūĝ-), since Baltic forms with lengthened grade *gonĝ- are absent. Also
those in velares g ending Baltic words, as Lithuanian gùnga, could be assigned to a
parallel extension *geu-g-, compare under geu-1: Lithuanian gugà ` bump in saddle, hump,
hunchback ', gaũgaras ` acme, apex, summit ', etc.
References: WP. I 637 ff., WH. I 601, Trautmann 101 f.

Page(s): 379-380
Root / lemma: gen-

gen-
Meaning: to pinch, pluck, press, etc..
Note: (Persson Beitr. 88 f.); therefrom are gnegh-, gneig-, gner-, gnes-, gneus- only
Germanic
gn-ebh-:
Material: 1. gn-
Gr. perhaps γνάμπτω ` bend, make curved; wind; arch, make arched, make vaulted;
incline, bow ' (formal as in the meaning but influenced through κάμπτω);
Old Norse knafa `sodomize', compare `compress, squeeze women'; with pp: holl. knap `
joining (*pressing, squeezing), narrowly, brief, fast ', ndd. knap `short, spare, small' (out of
it Modern High German knapp), Norwegian knapp `narrow, short, concise', with bb:
knabbe ` pinch, cut off'; further with the meaning ` fold up the jaws ' and ` snap one's
fingers ' and out of it deriving sound suggestions of Swedish knäppa ` crack, snap, clink ',
holl. knappen `break, crack, creak', ndd. knappern, knuppern ` crunch, nibble ', Modern
High German knabbern `bite, gnaw '; finally as `the crushed, clenched, rounded ' Old
Norse knappr ` bump, bulge, gnarl, handle, knob ', Old English cnæpp ` mountaintop
(bulging); brooch, pin, clasp ' (from ` nub, button, knop, knob '), ndd. knap(p) ` mountain
top, tableland, hill, plateau, elevation, heel of the boot';
Maybe alb. Geg (*knappen) thembën `heel' [common alb. k- > s- > th-].
ndd. knappen ` cut off, shorten; live briefly '; from Slavic perhaps here poln. gnębić, old
gnąbić (with secondary nasal vowel as a result of preceding n) `press, distress, maltreat,
stir, tease, irritate'; compare also genebh-, S. 378 f.
2. gnegh-
gnegh-:
Swedish knagg ` knot, knag', Middle English Middle Low German knagge `knag, thick
piece'; with Germanic kk: Old Norse knakkr ` foot (at tables, chairs), footstool (foot block) '.
Here also Old High German kneht, Modern High German Knecht, Old English cniht
`knave, boy, youngling, servant, warrior' (*kneh-ta-, compare to meaning Knabe, Knebel ,
to t-suffix Modern High German Bavarian knüchtel `cudgel, club, bludgeon').
3. gn-
gn-eib
ei h-:
Gr. γνίφων ` skinflint, scrooge, cheapskate, curmudgeon ' (if not because of older
recorded Κνίφων, Meisterhans-Schwyzer 74, with secondary anlaut softening, so that with
Old Norse hnippa `bump, poke' to the parallel root *ken-, kn-eib(h)-);
Old Norse kneif `kind of pliers ', knīfr, Old English cnīf `knife', Modern High German dial.
kneif `knife'; besides with Germanic pp, p: Middle Low German knīp, Modern High German
dial. kneipf `knife', Norwegian Dialectal knīpa, Middle Low German knīpen (out of it Modern
High German kneifen figurative) ` nip, squeeze tightly between two surfaces, pinch, break
off by pinching, squeeze, press ' (partly also ` be thrifty, stingy; run short, be used up, be
exhausted, running out of; pinch; run away '; s. similar under gnebh-), Low German
knippen `cut, clip', Modern High German knippsen, Low German knipperig ` stingy, fugal,
spare, thrifty ', Modern High German Kniff (also = thievish, sneaky trick ), Middle Low
German knippen ` blink, wink the eye, wink';
Lithuanian gnýbiu, gnýbti, Iterat. gnáibau, gnáibyti ` pinch (with the fingers or tongs) ',
besides šnýbiu, žnýbti ds., Trautmann 93.
gneig-:
4. gneig-
Old Norse kneikia `press, clamp ', Norwegian dial. kneikja ` bend backward '; Middle
Low German Low German Modern High German knicken, wherefore Knicks ` knee-bend,
flexure, bowing, bending '.
gner-:
5. gner-
Norwegian knart, knort `knag, knot, unreifes Obst', Middle English knarre ` hunch,
outgrowth, knag', Middle High German knorre `knag' ; besides Old High German kniurig
`knorrig', Middle High German knūr(e) ` knot, knag, Klippe, mountain top ' with ablaut
neologism.
gnes-:
6. gnes-
Norwegian knast m. `knag' = Low German hd. Knast; Middle Low German knōster
`gristle', holl. knoest `knag', Middle Dutch knoes `gristle', knoesele ànkle'; Norwegian
Dialectal knös (*knōsia-) ` large mighty beggar ', Swedish knase ` big, rich, obstinate,
inflexible person '.
gnet-:
7. gnet-
Old High German knetan, Old English cnedan stem V. `knead', zero grade Old Norse
knoða, -aða `knead'; with Germanic tt Old Norse knǫttr (*knattu-z) `ball, sphere', knatti `
brow, edge of a hill or cliff ', Norwegian knott m. ` short and thick body, knag, knot ',
Swedish dial. knatte ` small bush'; Old Church Slavic gnetǫ, gnesti `press', Old Prussian
gnode f. ` trough for kneading the bread ' (*gnōtā), Trautmann 93.
Maybe nasalized alb. (*ghnes-) ngjesh `press' common alb. gh- > gj-.
8. gn-eu-:
gn-eu-
Old Norse knȳja `press, hit', Old English cnū(w)ian ìn mortar zerstoßen' (Old English
cnéowian ` coire ', as Swedish knulla ds. compared with Middle High German knüllen
`bump, poke, hit'); Old Norse knūi ` knuckle '; Old Swedish knūla, knyla ` knag, knot in
trees, foot ankle ';
Maybe alb. (*knyla) nyja ` knag, knot' [common alb. kn - > n-]
serb. gnjáviti `press', sloven. gnjáviti `press, ruffle, crease, crumple, wrinkle, strangle,
throttle, choke '.
9. gn-eu-bh-:
gn-eu-
Irish gnobh ` knot in the wood, knot, node ' (*gnubho-);
Old Norse knȳfill m. ` short, just come out horn ', East Frisian knūfe `clot, chunk, clump,
knag'; Old Norse kneyfa `press'; Norwegian knuva ` press, squash, crush ', East Frisian
knūfen, ndd. knuffen `bump, poke, kick'; with *ŭ: Middle Low German knovel ` knot, ankle';
Middle High German knübel ànkle'; with Germanic p(p) (consonant-sharpening):
Norwegian dial. knupp m. `bud', Middle Low German knuppe, knoppe `bud', knuppel =
Middle High German knüpfel `club, cudgel' (these ndd.), Old High German knopf ` knot,
knag, knop, knob ', Swiss chnopf `knot, knop, knob, bud, small kid, child' (in addition
knüpfen; a derivative is Knospe, there probably from *knup-sōn-), and o-grade Middle Low
German knōp m. `knot, knop, knob, handle, button, pommel ', Middle High German knouf,
Modern High German Knauf; with Germanic bb: Norwegian knubb m. `clot, chunk', Middle
Low German knobbe `knag', Middle English knobbe (engl. knob) `bud, knop, knob, knag,
knot', Norwegian knubba `bump, poke, kick, press';
Lithuanian gniáubti ` comprise, enfold, hug, embrace, hold tight ' (*gnēubh-), gniùbti `
lose stability, fall, sink '; if from gniáužti (under 10.) through influence of gnýbti (above 3.)?
10.
10. gn-eu-ĝ-:
gn-eu-
Old Norse knjūkr `round mountain top ', Norwegian Dialectal knjuka, knoka ànkle', Old
Norse knykill ` small knot'; Middle Low German knoke m. `bone', Middle High German
knoche `bone, knag, bundle';
Maybe alb. (*knyk) kyc ànkle'
Old English cnycel (?), Middle Low German knokel, Middle High German knüchel, Modern
High German Knöchel; but Old Norse knoka `hit, knock', Norwegian Dialectal knoka `
press, squash, crush ', Old English cnocian, cnucian ` knock at a door, thrust in the mortar
', Middle High German knochen `press' stand in ablaut to Old Swedish knaka `crack, creak'
and indicate to onomatopoeic words ĝneg- (Wissmann 79), whereat also Kluge11 s. v.
knacken;
with Germanic -kk-: Middle Low German knocke, Middle English knucche, engl. knitch
`bundle', Middle High German knock ` nape, cervix, neck '.
Lithuanian gniáuž-iu, -ti ` close the hand firmly ', gniū̃žis, gniū́žtė, gniáužta `bundle,
handful ', gniùžti ` bend, fall, lose firmness ' (`*fold up, double or bend something over
upon itself '), Latvian gnaûzt `grasp with the hand, press' (Latvian žńaugt ` strangle,
throttle, choke ' from *gńauž-?); compare (above 9.) Lithuanian gniáubti.
11. gn-eu-s-:
gn-eu-
Old Norse knosa, -aða ` abuse with blows ', Norwegian knysia ` crunch, munch, chew
with the teeth; pulverize, grind into fine particles ', Old High German knussen `hit, crush',
Old English cnyssan ` crush, grind '; with ū Old Swedish knusa = ndd. knūsen `press,
squeeze', Old Norse knūska `hit', Modern High German Swiss chnūssen, chnūschten
`thrash'; Old Norse knylla `hit, bump, poke' (*knuzljan, s. also above under gneut- about
Knollen) = Old Englishcnyllan `hit', Low German knüllen (knullen from *knuz-lōn) ` to press
together, zerknüffeln ', Middle High German knüllen `hit, bump, poke, cuff, strike, slap,
pommel, push, shove, thrust '; Old Norse knauss m. ` round mountain corner '; with ū
Middle Low German knūst m. `knag', Swiss chnūs `knag, clump'; with ŭ Norwegian knust,
knysta ` coiled chunk, knag', schwed Dialectal knose ` hunch, outgrowth ' (figurative
Bavarian knös ` a youth, lad ', Swiss chnösi `thick man, husband', nrhein. knösel ` dwarf,
crippled being, unripe fruit ').
12. gn-eu-t-:
gn-eu-
Old High German knŏdo (*knŭÞan-) ` knop, knob, ankle, bud', Middle High German
knödel ` ovary, dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', Old High
German knoto (*knuðán-), Modern High German Knoten, whereof Old High German knutil,
Modern High German Knüttel `thick stick' (actually ` knotty walking stick '); Old English
cnotta m., Middle Low German knutte `tubers, flax bud ', Middle High German knotze
`knag', Middle Low German knulten ` knit, tie, bind, knot ' = Old English cnyttan, engl. knit
ds. and with the originally meaning ` to press together ' Bavarian knauzen ` to press
together ', Low German knutschen, Middle High German knützen `squeeze, push, shove,
thrust '; Old Norse knūtr (*knūdn-) `knot, knag', knūta ` capitulum, head of a bone, end of a
bone ', knȳta ` tie, bind, knot '; Middle High German knūz `(* gnarled, snaggy, knobbed
rising arms against, daring, bold, audacious, perky, cheerful; bold; impudent '; Middle High
German knolle `clod of earth, clump', Old English cnoll m. `mountaintop, mountain peak,
summit, acme, apex ' (if from *knuð-lá- or *knuz-lá for the root form *g(e)n-eu-s-);
Lithuanian gniutù, gniùsti `press', gniutúoti ds., gniùtelė ` pole for pressing of the straw
with the roof cover ', gniùtulas ` bales, paper, lump, clump', gnùtulas `clump, fist-size
clump'
References: WP. I 580 ff., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 83, 132.

See also: compare also under ken-
ken-.
Page(s): 370-373
gerebh-
Root / lemma: gere
Meaning: to scratch, write
Material: 1. gerb
ger h-:
Gr. γράφω ` scratch, carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching, write ' (*gr̥bhō), γράμμα
àlphabetic letter', γραμμή `line', γραφεύς ` scribe ', γραπτύς ` Ritzung der Haut ' (besides
dialect forms with -ρο- instead of -ρα-);
Old English ceorfan (participle corfen) `cut, clip, notch', Old High German kerban ` make
incision, cut, clip', Modern High German kerben, Middle High German kerbe f. ` incision,
notch', kerp m. ` seam, joint, fugue ', Old English cyrf m. `cut';
Slavic *žerbъ in Old Church Slavic žrěbъ, Serbo-Croatian ždrȉjeb, klr. žéreb `lot, fate'
and Slavic žerbьjь in Old Church Slavic žrěbьjь `lot, fate, crumb' (`*notched rod'), Old
Prussian gīrbin `number' (`*crenation, series of notches on the outer edges of a leaf or
shell ').
Maybe alb. krrabë `shepherd's stick'
2. greb
gre h-:
Middle High German krabelen (with expressive intensification: Middle High German
krappeln, Middle Low German krabbelen, out of it Modern High German krabbeln)
`scratch, scrape, grovel, truckle, creep', Old Norse krafla ` grovel, truckle, creep ', krafsa
`scratch, scrape, leicht anrühren',
Maybe alb. kref, kreh (*krefs) `comb, clean'
with expressive intensification Danish Norwegian krabbe `scratch, grapsen ' (and `
scrabble, scribble, scrawl, scratch, grovel, truckle, creep ', originally ` grovel, truckle,
creep, while one gets stuck '), wherefore Old Norse krabbi m., Old English crabba, Middle
Low German krabbe `crab' and Old High German (krebiz), *kraƀita-, krebaz(o), asächs.
kreƀit, Modern High German Krebs. - Quite doubtful gr. γρόμφις `sow' (better ` the grunting
'?) as nasal form.
3. Besides *grib
*gri h- (with expressive i?):
Gr. γριφᾶσθαι γράφειν. Λάκωνες. οἱ δε ξύειν καὶ ἀμύσσειν Hes. (compare from sker-: gr.
σκαρῑφάομαι, Latin scrībō), ἀγρίφη, ἀγρεῖφνα ` rake, gardening tool with a comb-like end;
rack ' (ἀ- from *n̥- ìn', ` carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching '?);
holl. kribbelen `murmur', kribelen ìtch', Middle High German md. kribeln ` kitzeln (von
der Sinuenlust) ', Modern High German kribbeln, and with Germanic pp: Old High German
kripfan ` rasch und wiederholt wonach greifen ', Modern High German kripfen ` esp. of
scratching a groove ';
Latvian grīpsta ` scratch '.

See also: compare gred-
gred- `scratch, scrape', grēb(h)o-
grēb(h)o-s `hornbeam'.
Page(s): 392
ger-1, gere-
Root / lemma: ger- gere-
Meaning: to gather, put together
Material: Gr. ἀγείρω (ἀγερῶ, ἤγειρα) ` gather; assemble' (*n̥-ger-i̯ō; α- weak form from ἐν,
also ` collect, gather '?), gr. Doric ἀ-γρέ-τᾱς ` collector, gatherer ', Aor. ἔγρετο ` be
gathered ', Infin. ἀγρέσθαι; ἀγορά̄, ἄγυρις `congregation, meeting', ἀγύρτης ` collector,
gatherer, beggar', ἀγοστός `hand, crooked, bent arm' (if from *α-γορστος, with Aeolic ορ
from r̥; for the formation compare παλαστή `flat hand'), γέργερα πολλά Hes., τὰ γάργαρα `
swarm, flock; mass, crowd, heap';
broken reduplication *gre-g- in:
Latin grex, gregis m. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd';
Middle Irish graig n. (with secondary a), Gen. grega ` herd of horses ', cymr. corn. bret.
gre ds.; because of Old Irish grafann f. ` horse race ' (*grego-su̯endnā) (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), barely borrowed from Latin;
Maybe alb. (*grega) grigja ` herd of sheep '
Balto-Slavic gur- from *gor- in:
Lithuanian gurgulỹs m. ` coagulation, thickening ', gùrguolė f. `bulk, mass, lump ';
Maybe alb. gurgullonj `boil (liquid coagulation) '
Latvian gùrste ` bundle of flax ' (*gursti- from *gurt-sti-) =
Maybe through metathesis alb. (*gursti) grushti `handful, thin, emaciated; fist'; (*grist)
glisht, gisht `finger'.
Slavic *gъrstь in Old Church Slavic grъstь `fist, handful ', Old Russian gъrstь, Serbo-
Croatian gr̂st (Pl. gr̂sti) `hollow hand', poln. garść ds., russ. gorstь ds.; russ.-Church Slavic
pri-gъrъšča f. ` handful ' (*gursti̯ā); Slavic *gъrtati and *gъrnǫti (from *gъrtnǫti) in Serbo-
Croatian gȑćêm, gȑtati ` scrape together ', klr. pry-hortáty ds., poln. garnąć ds.;
*gere- in Lithuanian gretà Adv. ` side by side, abreast ';
remains far off Old Indic gaṇáḥ `troop, multitude, crowd', because not Indo Germanic
(Kuiper Proto-Munda 54 f.).
root extension grem-

grem-:
Old Indic grā́ma-ḥ m. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd, village, congregational, parish,
community, township ';
Latin gremium àrmful; lap, bossom, womb, female genitals';
maybe alb. (grem-) greminë `bottom, hole, abyss', gremis `throw to the abyss, pile up'
Middle High German krammen ` snatch with the claws ', Old High German krimman
(kramm) ` press, grip with the claws ', Old English crammian (engl. to cram) ` stuff, fill '
(actually `press'), Old Icelandic kremia `press, clamp ', krǫm ` consuming illness, disease,
malady', ablaut. krumma, krymma `hand';
Lithuanian grumiúos, grùmtis ` with struggle somebody ', grùmulas `clump', grum̃(s)tas `
clod ', grùmdau, -yti ` are pushing, filling, stuffing by force from above '; the same d(h)-
extension in gr. γρόνθος ` clenched fist';
maybe alb. Geg grumull grumbull (*grem-ul) `mass, pile' [common alb. m > mb shift] :
Lithuanian grùmulas `clump'
Note: alb. shares the cognate with Baltic lang. not with Slavic lang. which means the alb.
cognate is part of the inherited Illyrian Baltic lexicon.
russ.-Church Slavic gromada, gramada `heap, mass', poln. Lower Sorbian also ` village
community, local meeting '.
Maybe alb. (*gramada) gërmadha `ruins, mass of stones'
References: WP. I 590 f., WH. I 621 f., Trautmann 94, 102, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I4335, 715,
7468.
Page(s): 382-383
Root / lemma: ger-
ger-2
Meaning: to scream (in expr. forms)
Material: A. Old Indic járatē ` it rushes, sounds, crackles, shouts ', jarā ` the rustling,
murmuring ' (or to *ĝā̆r- or *gʷer-); perhaps gargara-h ` a music instrument ' (yet see also
*gal-);
alb. ngurónj `howl' (from wind); [actually hunguronj `howl']
Old Norse kǣra, kǣrða ` bring forward a matter, lodge a complaint, make a complaint to
the proper authorities, accuse ' (derived from a lengthened gradeen i-stem *gēri-); with
consonant increase Old High German carron ` squeak, screech, clash, jangle, squeal,
grate, jar, resound, rattle, creak ' (schw. V.), cherran (stem V.) `cry, creak', Middle Low
German kerren, karren `creak', Old English ceorran `creak' (ceorung ` lament, grumble,
growl, complain, repine, snarl '), Norwegian karra ` coo, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker ', Old Norse kurra ` growl, murmur', kurr `murmur, rumor';
Lithuanian gùrti ` shrill, shriek, scream ';
B. Here the name of crane:
1. Lithuanian géršė ` crane, heron '; after Risch (briefl.) contaminated from gérvė and
génšė;
2. With formants -en-, to part with -u- and -g- extended:
Armenian krunk ` crane ' (*geru-n-g-); compare under Old High German kranuh;
gr. γέρην γέρανος Hes., γέρανος m. ` crane ' and ` crane for lifting weights, esp. used in
the theatre, quern, a fish ';
gall. tarvos trigaranos (Inschr. about a bull with three plumes on the back); cymr. corn.
bret. garan (*gerenos) ` crane ';
Old High German kranuh (-ih), Old English cranoc, cornuc, Middle Low German kranek
m. (*grǝnug-);
Old English cran, asächs. krano, Middle High German krane, Modern High German
Krahn (*grǝnon-) m.; in addition Old Icelandic trani ` crane ' (with t- instead of k- after trami
` evil spirit, demon, evil supernatural being; devil ');
Lithuanian garnỹs m. ` heron, stork ' (*gor-n-i̯os); Latvian gārns m. ` heron '.
3. With formants -ōu-
ōu- : -ū-:
Latin grūs, Gen. gruis f. (later also m.) à crane', therefrom gruere òf crane's call';
Modern High German westfäl. krūne ` crane '; see below Old High German kron;
Lithuanian gérvė, Latvian dzer̃ve, Old Prussian gerwe f. ` crane ' (*gerǝu̯iā
̯ );
russ.-Church Slavic žeravь m. (*gerōu̯io

̯ s), Serbo-Croatian žȅrâv, wruss. žórou̯ (Gen.
žórau̯la); besides Serbo-Croatian ždrâlj (from *žьravlь) and russ. žurávlь (Gen. žuravljá).
C. from the same ōu-

ōu-: ǝu-: ū-extension also Old High German krōn ` chatty, loquacious,
talkative, garrulous, gossipy, prattling, logorrheic', ndd. krӧ̄len (*krauljan) `loud cry', holl.
kruilen ` coo ', krollen ` cry like cats ', Middle Low German krūschen ` screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '.
With i-extension redupl. Latin gingrīre ` cackle, esp. from to geese ';
perhaps (?) here gr. γίγγρᾱς, γίγγρος m. ` Phoenician flute' etc.;
Middle Irish grith, cymr. gryd ` scream ' (*gri-tu-s), Middle Irish grinnigud ` creaking of
the arrow ' (*gri-n-d-) (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-);
Maybe alb. (*gri-n-d-) grindem ` scream, quarrel'
Middle High German krīschen ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ',
Middle Low German krīten `cry, howl', Middle High German krīen `sharp cry', Modern High
German kreißen, Middle High German krīsten, Modern High German kreisten.
D. grā-
grā- in West Germanic nord. *krā- (with ō not changed to old ā through recent
imitation of the of a- a colored raven's croaking): Old High German krāen, Modern High
German krähen, Middle Low German kreien, Old English crāwan ds., Old High German
hanacrāt ` cock crow, call of a rooster; dawn, time of morning when roosters crow ', Old
High German krā(w)a, krāia, Modern High German Krähe, Old Saxon krāia, Old English
crāwe ds., Lithuanian grioju, russ.-Church Slavic grajǫ, grajati ` croak, caw '.
With guttural extension:
Old Norse krāka `crow', krākr `raven', Old English *crācian, cracettan ` croak, caw (of
raven)', Modern High German krächzen; Germanic -k- from Indo Germanic -g because of
nir. grāg ` croaking ' (*grāggo-); Middle Low German krakelen ` chatter, prattle, jabber; talk
rapidly; talk nonsense '.
With Indo Germanic k-: Latin grāculus `jackdaw', gracillō, -āre ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat,
talk, snicker (from chicken)';
Old High German kragil, Middle High German kregel ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering ', Old High German kragilōn ` babble, chatter ', Middle High German
kragelen, kregeln ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ';
russ.-Church Slavic graču, grakati ` croak, caw ', grъkati ` coo (from the dove)'.
E. With formant -g-, and from other hearing impressions:
Old Indic garjati ` rages, roars, hums, bellows';
Armenian karkač `din, fuss, noise';
Old English cracian, cearcian ` ring out; sound ', Old High German krāhhon `crack,
creak';
Lithuanian gìrgždžiu, girgždė́ti `creak'.
In addition perhaps russ. gróchot `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast, loud laughter ' as new
onomatopoeic words.
References: WP. I 591 ff., WH. I 583, 601 f., 615, 624, Specht Dekl. 48, Trautmann 87, 94.
Page(s): 383-385
Root / lemma: ger-

ger-3
Meaning: to turn, wind
Material: A. Old Indic guṇá-ḥ (*gr̥-nó-s) ` the single thread of a string, line, cord; stain ' (dvi-
, tri-guṇa- actually ` consisting of two, three threads ');
Maybe alb. guna ` fleecy attire of the shepherd '
Old Indic gárta-ḥ ` carriage seat of the chariot' (`*from rods twisted seat, carriage basket '),
compare with formants -mo- Old Norse karmr ` parapet, defensive wall, protective wall in
front of a trench ', Swedish karm ` back, part of a chair support from wickerwork, carriage
basket ' (*gor-mo-s ` wickerwork ').
1. guttural extensions:
a. In Indo Germanic -g: presumably gr. γυργαθός ` wicker-basket, creel, twisted basket
from willows, weir, fish-snaring net ' (-υ-reduced vowel, ending as in κάλαθος ` basket
narrow at the base, esp. for wool, for fruit, (carried in procession in honour of Demeter),
capital of a column, in this form, wine-cooler, mould for casting iron, reservoir of an oil-
lamp ');
Old Norse kraki ` pole with hook; thin person '; Old High German krācho (*krēkan-),
kracco (as *kraggan-, gemination form to Germanic *krag- see below) ` hooked device ',
Old Norse krākr and changing through ablaut krōkr `bend, bay, hook ' (out of it Middle
English crōk, nengl. crook ` curvature etc.'), krøkja `crook, snatch ', Swedish kräka,
Norwegian dial. kreka krak ` grovel, truckle, creep ', kreken `weak, old age'. Besides in
Germanic -g (probably = Indo Germanic -k) Old High German krāgo ` hook '; perhaps also
Old English crōg, Old High German kruog `crock, pitcher, jug', if not in any leaning
relationship to gr. κρωσσός (see below under greu-g-). compare from the root form gr-ei-
the same extension in Old Norse krīkr `bend, bay', -kriki (from which Middle English crike,
creke, nengl. creek) ` curvature, bay';
perhaps Latvian gredzens `ring'.
b. In Indo Germanic -k: Old Church Slavic sъgrъčiti sę ` draw together, collect,
assemble ', Bulgarian gъ́rča se ` bend, curve, crook, pull myself together ', gь́rča `wrinkle',
zgъ́rčen ` withered, shriveled, shrunk, dwindled ', serb. gȑč `cramp'.
Maybe nasalized alb. ngërç `cramp', ngërth `kink', ngërthej, kthej `turn', kthetër `claw' =
Old Indic granth-, grathnā́mi, Fut. granthiṣyāmi ` coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot ' (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian) see below.
Maybe alb. m. grethi, f. grenza ` wasp, insect sriped with rings '.
Maybe alb. gërshet ` plait, braid, three or more interwoven strands (of hair) ', Geg
gërshana, Tosc gërshërë ` scissors for cutting the braid '.
Note:
In Alb. highland it was a taboo cutting the hair, hence men like Aryan Persians had long
hair = an old custom of matriarchy when men identified themselves with the mother
goddess. In South Albania men still wear a womanish kilt like Scottish Celts.
c. Nasalized:
In Indo Germanic -k certainly Old Norse krā `point, edge, angle ' (*kraŋhō) and probably
also Germanic forms in -g: Old Norse kringr m. `ring' = Middle High German krinc, -ges
`ring, battlefield', Modern High German Kring, Old Norse kringla ` ring of a circle, circle,
compasses, instrument for drawing circles and measuring, calipers ', Middle Low German
kringel(e) `ring, round pastry, cake ', Middle High German kringel (and changing through
ablaut krengel) ds., Modern High German Kringel; Middle High German kranc, -ges `
circle, ring, district, region, area ', Modern High German Swiss chrangel ` curvature ',
Middle High German krangel `need, tribulation' (from èntanglement, curvature ') and `ring,
circle'; Old Norse cranga ` grovel, truckle, creep, trudge, lumber ', with figurative meaning
krangr `weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated '; Old English cringan `fall';
in Indo Germanic -ĝ: Old English cranc-stæf ` a weaver's device ', crencestre ` weaver ',
Middle English crinkled ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', engl. crinkle `bend,
curvature, crease, rumple, wrinkle; make a rustling sound ', crank ` lever, handle, curvature
' (as Modern High German Swiss chrank), older also cranke ` spool ', mndd. krunke `
crease, wrinkle, frill, ruffle; frizziness, curliness; ruff ', holl. kronkel ` crease ', krinkel ` loop,
noose, snare, crease, wrinkle', Norwegian krenkja ` dislocate, luxate, crick '; with the
meaning-development to ` bent from disease, malady ': Old High German krankolōn `
stumble, trip; transgress, go astray, lose one's way, become weak ', Middle High German
krank ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, small, weak', Modern High German krank, Old
English cranc `weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', as well as Old English
crincan ` fall in battle, die in battle, die in combat, die in war '(`*bend in agony');
in Indo Germanic -ĝ (not -g) point at Baltic *grenžiō ` turn, twist, rotate ' in Lithuanian
gręžiù, grę̃žti ` turn, twist, rotate, drill, wimble, bore a hole ' (Iter. grąžýti), grįžtù, grį̃žti `
retrovert, turn back, return, go or come back ', grįžtė̃ ` roll of flax ' = Latvian grī̀zte ` the
twisted together ', Latvian grìežu ` turn, rotate ' (= Lithuanian gręžiù), Lithuanian grą̃žtas
`borer', Old Prussian granstis ds. (Lithuanian grą̃žulas ` shaft, pole, rod, beam; long
revolving bar used to transfer motion or torque to gears or other parts ' presumably
likewise from ` cord, rope, hank, halter, rope with a noose for hanging criminals ').
2. Dental extensions:
a. gr-et(h)-: Old English cradol m. ` cradle ' (*kradula- ` the plaited '), Old High German
gr-et(h)-
kratto `basket' (*kraddan-), krezzo, Middle High German krezze, Modern High German
Krätze ` pannier ' (*krattian). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian)
b. Nasalized:
Old Indic granth-, grathnā́mi, Fut. granthiṣyāmi ` coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot ', participle grathitá- `winded, knotty, conglobated', granthí-ḥ m. `knot,
joint, intumescence ', grantha-ḥ `knot', grathín- `scheming, deceptive', grathila- `raving,
mad'; but ghatā- `bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd' is not a root. (Kuiper Proto-Munda
55 f.). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian)
c. ger-
ger-d, gr-ed-, nasalized grend-
gr-ed- grend-:
Old Irish grinne (*grend-n-i̯o-) `bundle, fagot, bunch, fascis'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-).
Old Norse kartr, Old English cræt m. ` cart ' (probably ` twisted carriage basket '),
probably also Old Norse kart-nagl ` deformed, twisted nail', Norwegian kart m. ` unripe
fruit, knag', East Frisian kret `shrunk fruit', Middle High German krenze `basket', Old High
German kranz, Modern High German Kranz;
Lithuanian grandìs (reduced grade grundis) ` bracelet, iron ring, hoarfrost of wheel,
round cheesecake ', Old Prussian grandis ` the ring in the plow which connects the plow
crossbeam with the front rack ', Latvian grùods `stark twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved, drall';
poln. grędać się ` turn, rotate '.
3. Labial extensions:
ger-bh-, gr-
a. ger- gr-ebh-:
Old Indic grapsa-ḥ, glapsa-ḥ ` bundle, tussock ', next to which with Middle Indic
development from *gr̥psa-ḥ guccha-ḥ and as hypersanskrit. back-formation gutsá-ḥ `
tussock, bundle, bunch '; belongs probably better to S. 455.
Middle High German krëbe m. (*kreƀan-) `basket; intestines, entrails ', Old Saxon
kribbia, Old High German krippa, Old English cribb ` crib, manger ', in Modern High
German (and Holl.) also ` wattle fence on shores, fish snaring net, verge of a roof with
brushwood bundles ' (tiefstufige additional form Middle Low German krübbe, Old English
cryb; with Germanic -pp-: Modern High German Swiss chrüp(e) ` crib, manger ', as on the
other hand also Old High German kripfa);
Middle Low German kerve ` weir, net', Old Norse kiarf, kerf(i) n. `bundle, fascicle, sheaf ',
Old Swedish kærve ` grain bundle, fascicle, sheaf ', Swedish dial. karv `basket', isl. karfa,
körv `basket' (but Modern High German Korb, Middle Low German korf nevertheless
probably only loanword from Latin corbis).
In addition behaves perhaps gr. γρῖφος ` shopping bag, fishing net; somewhat
complicated, riddle ' (whereas with π: γρῖπος `fishing net', γρῑπεύς ` fisherman '), as scr-
ībō, σκάρ-ῑ-φος to *sker-
*sker- `cut, clip'.
gerb-, with revelation of the meaning ` crinkle, wrinkle, shrivel, shrink due to excess
b. gerb-
dryness, wrinkle up, cramp ', but also for other kinds of of bending:
Old Irish gerbach `wrinkly';
Old Prussian garbis `mountain', Lithuanian gárbana (see below) and garbanà f. ` hair
lock ';
Maybe poln. garbic się `to hump' : alb. kërrus `to hump', kurriz `( hunchbacked) spine'
Note:
ger-3 : `to turn, wind' : Root / lemma: (s)ker-

Root / lemma: ger- (s)ker-3 : `to turn, bend'.
in addition ablaut. Old Church Slavic grъbъ `dorsum, cramp', grъbо-nosъ ` crooked-
nosed ', russ. gorb ` hump, hunchback, hunch, outgrowth, elevation, back', sloven. gr̂b,
gŕba ` hunch, hump, hunchback, wrinkle', gŕbati ` make hunchbacked, crook, furrow ';
nisl. korpa f. `wrinkle, crease ', korpna ` contract, shrivel ';
a heavy basis, perhaps *gerǝb- (?),seems the base from Armenian karth ` fishhook,
̄ ti-) and Lithuanian gárbana f. ` curl ';
hook; knee bow, popliteus, shinbone, leg' (*gr̥p
Berneker 368.
c. Nasalized:
Old High German krim(p)fan, Middle High German krimpfen, Middle Low German
krimpen ` shrink up, shrink ' = Old Norse kreppa (krapp) `pull together', Middle High
German krimpf `crooked; cramp'; Old English crompeht ` crumpled, wrinkled ', Old High
German krampf ` writhed, crooked, humped ', substantivized krampf(o) `cramp', krampf `
hook ', ndd. (and as loanword Modern High German) Krampe ` hook for closing ', Old
Saxon kramp(o) `cramp', Kaus. Middle High German krempfen (*krampjan) = Old Norse
kreppa (schw. V.) `pull together', New Swedish krumpen ` wizened ', Old Norse kropna
(*krumpna) ` shrink up, become stiff ', Old English crump, Old High German krumpf `
writhed, crooked, humped '.
Besides Old English crumb, Old Saxon krumb, Old High German krump, Modern High
German krumm presumably for Indo Germanic u-root from gr. γρυμπάνειν γρυποῦσθαι,
συγκάμπτειν Hes., γρῡπός `crooked' (see S. 389 under B. 2.);
Latvian grumbt ` gotten wrinkled ', grum̃bulaîns ` jolting ';
Maybe alb. grumbullonj `pull together', grumbull `pile, heap'
Lithuanian grumbù, grubaũ, grùbti (analogical nasalized form for *grumbaũ, *grum̃bti) `
jolting, hard or become insensible ', grubùs (for *grumbùs) ` jolting, hard';
Old Church Slavic grǫbъ `ἰδιώτης, unlearned, untaught, ill-mannered ', russ. grúbyj
`rough, coarse, raw', poln. gręby `wrinkly, rough, adverse ', poln. grąba, gręba f. èlevation,
hill, boundary ';
grep- or g(e)rǝp
d. grep- ǝp- (compare above S. 387 *gerǝb-) in Middle Low German krappe
g(e)rǝp-
`hook, claw, talon ';
maybe alb. grep `hook'
holl. krap f. `cramp', Old High German krā̆pfo `bent claw, talon, hook', Modern High
German Krapfen `hook; pastry of such form ' (Germanic pp; besides Germanic -bb- in:)
Old High German krāpo, Middle High German krāpe `hook', Swedish dial. krabbe `hook for
the search in water ';
maybe alb. Geg krrabë, Tosc kërrabë `crooked stick of the shepherd'
Old Norse krappr èng', holl. krap ds., Modern High German Bavarian krapf
ùnprepossessing, small', Swiss chräpf `strong' (`*thickset)'; Old High German Modern
High German Kraft (from cramping the muscles), Old Saxon kraft, Old English cræft `
power, skillfulness, art ', Old Norse krǫptr, kraptr m. ` power, witchcraft ', compare Old
Norse krǫf f. ` demand ', krefja àrrogate', Old English crafian ds.; Norwegian krav m. ` Ice
crust ' (besides Old Norse krap n., krapi m. ds.; `wither, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up '; nord. -p- probably for root form with Indo Germanic b).
4. s-extension *gre-
*gre-s-, only Germanic: Old High German kresan ` grovel, truckle, creep ',
Norwegian Dialectal krasen `weak, frail '; presumably Old Saxon Old High German kresso
` goby, small fish ', Modern High German Kresse, Kressling ds.; *ger-s- probably in
Norwegian karra ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, friz, curl '.
Besides from the i-extension *gr-ei- also *gr-ei-s- in Middle High German krīsen, kreis `
grovel, truckle, creep '.
B. root form gr- grū̆-mo-

eu-; grū̆
gr-eu- mo- ` scraped together ':
gr. γρῦ ` little dirt under the nail ' (i.e. ` what settles while scratching under the nail ');
Norwegian kryl ` hump, hunchback ' (*krū-li-? *krūvila-?), dial. also skryl, kryla `
krummrückig sein ' (also gryla), Swedish dial. krylas i hop ` creep together ', Norwegian
dial. krylt (grylt, skrylt) ` hunchback person' (the forms with g- belong together with Old
Norse grūfa ` sich vornüberbeugen, auf der Nase liegen ', Modern High German Swiss
grūben, groppen, gruppen ` crouch down, stoop ' to a versch. root with Germanic g-);
with the meaning ` crooked claw, talon, mit gekrallten Fingern zusammenscharren ': Old
Saxon krauwil, Old High German krouwil ` claw, talon, fork with crooked points ', Modern
High German Kräuel ds., Old High German krouwōn, Modern High German krauen, Old
Frisian krāwia actually ` scratch, scrape with crooked fingers ';
mo-: gr. γρῡμέα, -είᾱ, -αία `junk, trash, trumpery, of fish small fry, also
with formants -mo-
pouch, bag or chest for old clothes ' (similarly the tā-derivative γρύ̄τη `junk, of fish small fry,
woman's dressing-case or vanity-bag, prob. a workman's tool-bag, frippery ', γρῡτοδόκη
`lumber room'), actually ` scraped together ';
Latin grūmus ` a little heap, hillock of earth ' (as earth scraped together);
Middle High German Modern High German Krume; with ū: Old English crūma m., mnl.
krūme (ablaut, krōme), holl. kruim ` crumb ' (`what one scratches from the hard crust '), isl.
krumr, kraumr, Swedish kråm, inkråm (inkrom) ` intestines, entrails of birds and fish,
crumbs '.
1. guttural extension greu-

greu-g- in: Old Irish gruc, nir. grug `wrinkle' (*gruggu-), Middle Irish
grucānach ` corrugated ';
maybe alb. (*greu-g-) krunde ` crumb, bread crumbs ' common alb. -g- > -d-.
Old High German kriochan ` grovel, truckle, creep ', Modern High German kriechen,
ablaut. krauchen ` duck, slip, crouch, grovel, truckle, creep ', Krauch ` road curve ' (Middle
English crouchen, engl. crouch `duck, stoop', is French loanword), Middle Dutch kroke
`wrinkle, crease ', holl. kreuk ds. (*kruki-), Middle Dutch crooc ` hair lock ' (*krauka-),
Norwegian krjuka (krauk-) ` shrink up, grovel, truckle, creep ', krūka ` crouch, squat ',
krøkla, krykla ` crippled tree, invalid creature, osseous fragility '; in addition probably as
`staff with crooked handle, grasp' Norwegian dial. krykkia, Old English cryce f., nengl.
crutch, Old High German krucka, Middle High German krucke, asächs. krukka ` crutch '
(Germanic *krukjō); perhaps Middle High German krūche (Modern High German Krauche),
Old Saxon krūka, Old English crūce `crock, pitcher' (compare above Old High German
kruog), Old English crocc, crocca, Old Norse krukka `pot, pan', therefore certainly also old
close relationship to gr. κρωσσός `crock, pitcher' from *κρωκι̯ός (about Old High German
krūsel ` crucible, melting pot ' etc. s. Falk-Torp under krus m. addendum) stands to the
consideration. About Modern High German Kriechbaum s. Kluge11 under Krieche.
greu-p-: gr. γρῡπός ` hook-nosed, aquiline, hooked, writhed, crooked, humped, with a
greu-
curved nose ', γρῡπόω ` bend, crook ', γρύψ, γρῡπός m. ` griffin (Griffin (after the crooked
beak and the crooked claws), a bird, part of a ship's tackle, or anchor '), nasalized
γρυμπάνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν Hes., wherefore probably at first Old English etc.
krumb `crooked' (see above S. 387).
greu-b-: here perhaps Scots Gaelic groban `top or point of a hill' (*grubb-);
greu-
Old Norse krjūpa, Old English crēopan, Middle Low German krūpen ` grovel, truckle,
creep ' (`*curve like a worm '), Old English cryppan `bow, bend', Modern High German
Dialectal sich krüpfen ` crook oneself ' (Swiss chrüpfen `somewhat a bit bend so that it
gets a roundish deepening '), Middle Low German kroppen ` bend crooked ', Norwegian
krøypa (*kraupjan) `crook'; Old Norse kryppa f. ` hump, hunchback ', kryppil, Old English
crypel ` cripple ', Middle Low German kröpel ds. (holl. kreupel; Middle High German
krüp(p)el, Modern High German Krüppel from Ndd.), zero grade Old English créopel `
cripple '; Old English cropp ` bundle of berries or flowers, ear, goiter, crop '; with
expressive intensification: Old High German kropf ` crop, bird's head ', Middle Low
German krop `swelling, blister, hunch, outgrowth, crop, Bird's head; trunk, (toter) body',
only in latter meaning Old Norse kroppr `trunk';
maybe alb. Geg kryja, Tosc krye ` (round) head '
with simple b: Old Norse krof n. `trunk, killed animal body ', kryfia ` disembowel '; a *krufta-
` curvature, hill' in Middle Dutch krocht `hill, farmland, field in the dunes ', Old English croft
`small field';
Lithuanian probably grubinė́ti `stagger, stumble', grùb(l)as m. `rough bumpiness, hillock'.
3. s- Extension greu-
greu-s-: Middle High German Middle Low German krūs ` frizzy, curly ';
Middle Low German krūse ` chitterlings, belly fat' (`*the frill, ruffle '); with Germanic -au-
ndd. krōs ` Intestine of geese ', Middle High German (ge)kroese, Modern High German
Gekröse, ndd. krüse (*krūsi-) `wrinkle, crease, furrow, curl ', holl. kreus ` fold in staves ';
Old English créas `dainty', West Frisian kreas ` frilly '; Old High German Middle High
German krol (-ll-) ` frizzy ' (*kruzlá-), Middle High German krol(le), krülle ` curl ', Norwegian
krull ds.; Norwegian Dialectal kruslen, krusken ` frail ', ndd. krusch ` curled ', Middle High
German krūsp ` frizzy ', Modern High German obd. kraust ` frizzy '.
References: WP. I 593 ff., WH. 623, Trautmann 94 f., 97, 99 f.

Page(s): 385-390
ger-4, grēi-
Root / lemma: ger- grēi-
Meaning: to grow; to awake
Material: Old Indic járate àwakened', jā-gar-ti ` wakes', Perf. jā-gā́ra, participle jā-gṛ-váṁs-
àlert, awake, smart, keen, eager', jā́gr̥vi- ` attentive, sleepless, alert, awake, smart', аv.
jaɣārayantǝm ` the watching one ', Perf. jagāra, participle Perf. Akt. jagāurvah-, jigāurvah- `
awake, watchful, wakeful', Kaus. ā-garayeiti ` arouses, awakens ', with fra- inchoativ fra-
ɣrisǝmnō àwakening' (*grī-sk-), Kaus. fra-ɣrā-ɣrāyeiti, dissimil. fra-ɣrā-rayeiti ` awakens',
Middle Persian vīgrās àwake', vīgrāsēnāg ` livener ';
gr. ἐγείρω ` awake ' (whether ἐ- Adv. *e? compare ē or ō in Avestan ā-garayeiti and
above S. 280; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6483), Aor. ἔγρετο, ἐγρέσθαι, Perf. ἐ-γρή-γορα
(for ε-γη-γορα - compare Old Indic jā-gā́ra - with dem ρ from ἐγρέσθαι; Med. (late) ἐ-γή-
γερ-μαι; of Perf. proceed from ἐγρηγορτί ` on guard ', ἐγρήγορσις); ἐγρήσσω `watch' to
*γρη-τ- (compare Avestan fra-ʒrātō `by awakening '); barely from *ἐγρήσκι̯ω (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 7082);
alb. Tosc ngrē̈ (from which ngrē), Geg ngrêi `lift up, arouse, erect, awake, stretch a gun
'(*n-grǝ-n-i̯ō), participle n-gritë (*-grī-t-);
presumably Old Norse karskr, kerskr `fresh, agile, lively', Middle Low German karsch
`fresh, alert, awake, smart', Alemannian chärzsch.

Page(s): 390
Root / lemma: g(e)u-
g(e)u-lo-
lo-
Meaning: glowing coals
Note:
Root / lemma: g(e)u-lo- : glowing coals derivded from Root / lemma: ker(ǝ)
g(e)u-lo- ǝ)-3 : to burn
ker(ǝ)-
Material: With l-suffix:
Irish gúal `coal' (< *geulo- or *goulo-);
Old Icelandic kol n. ` charcoal ', Old English col m. `coal', engl. coal, Old Frisian kole f.,
Old High German kolo m., also kol n., Middle High German kol n., kol(e) m., kole f., Swiss
cholle `gleam'.
In addition with r-suffix (or previously reshaped from *gulo- after Armenian hur `fire'):
Armenian krak `fire, glowing coals' (< *guro-, *gurā-), krak-aran `stove, hearth, fireplace,
glowing frying pan '.
References: WP. I 563. other possibilities by W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 479.

Page(s): 399
gē(i)- : gō(i)-
Root / lemma: gē(i)- gō(i)- : gī-
gī-
Meaning: to sing, to cry
Note: onomatopoeic word
Material: Old Indic gāyati and gāti ` sings', gātú- m. and gītí- f. ` song', gītá- `sung,
chanted', gā́thā ` song, verse' = Avestan gāϑa ` song of religious content ';
Old Russian gaju, gajati ` crow, squawk ', russ. gajь m. ` Jackdaw's croaking, clamor',
gákatь ` groan, croak, caw ' etc.;
Baltic *gēidō in Lithuanian gíedu and gíestu, giedóti `sing, cackle, crow, squawk ',
Latvian dziêdu, dziêdât `sing'; in addition Lithuanian gýstu, gýdau, gýsti `to sing, begin
crow ', gaidỹs m. `rooster, cock', giesmė̃ f. `Kirchenlied', Latvian dziêsma f. ` song ', gaîlis
m. `rooster, cock'.
Maybe Latin gallus `rooster, cock' : alb. gjel `rooster, cock'
Tocharian A kāk, В kāka ` he shouted ' (redupl., to Old Indic gāti), present 3. Pl. keneńc
(*gēi-n-?), Pedersen Tochar. 183, 263.
References: WP. I 526 f., Trautmann 76, W. Schulze KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 52.
Page(s): 355
gēu-, gǝu-
Root / lemma: gēu- ǝu-, gū-
gū- (*sgēu-)
sgēu-
Meaning: to bend, curl; a kind of vessel
Note:
gēu-, gǝu-
Root / lemma: gēu- ǝu-, gū-
gū- : to bend, curl; a kind of vessel probably derived from Root /
(s)keu-2, (s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū-
lemma: (s)keu- (s)kū- : to cover, wrap
Phonetic evidence: Middle High German kobe `stall, pigpen, cage, cavity' : klr. kúča `
pigpen' (Trautmann 145)
Material: Unextended probably in gou̯ǝ- : gū- `hand', see there; further Norwegian kaa `
turn, twist the hay ', Old Norse kā ` disturb the peacefulness ' (*kawōn); kā-beinn `
bowlegged' (*gou̯o-; Old Irish gāu, gō `lie, falsity', whether from *gōu̯ā, here, otherwise to
connect with Latin haud); about gr. γύης, γυῖον see below S. 398, about γύαλον see below
S. 397.
a. More dental extensions :
geud- (occasionally gu̯-ed-

gud-, geud-
gud- ed-?), before all in Germanic; gudo-
gudo-m ` intestine '.
Old Indic gudám ` intestine ';
maked. γόδα ἔντερα Μακεδόνες Hes.;
ndd. küt ` intestine ', Modern High German Bavarian kütz ` a part the bowels '; ndd. küt,
küte also ` Intestine of smaller animals, roe bags; calf; bag, pouch ', Middle Low German
kūt ` soft parts in the animal body, roe bag, calf ', holl. kuit (*kūt-) and kiete (*keot-) ` roe;
calf', engl. Dialectal kyte, kite `belly, stomach ' (compare to meaning under qiÞus);
Old Frisian kāte (*kaut-) ànkle', Middle Low German kōte, kūte `hoof, talon, the foot
joint of horses ', ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) Kote, Köte ` ankle, shackle of
the horses ', Demin. Middle Low German kötel, Low German Kötel (from *kutil) ` plump
excrements, e.g., from nanny goats, horses ', Middle Dutch cotel, holl. keutel `ds., cone,
toddler';
Norwegian dial. kyta ` hump, hunchback, puffed out fold, hump in an plump body,
sacklike extension of a net ', Swedish dial. kūta ` go or run with stooped back ', Modern
High German kauzen = crouch (` together bend '), geminated Swedish kott(e) `pine cone',
dial. kutte, kutting ` small squabby knave, boy';
with the concept of the incurvation, cavity: ndd. kūte `pit, pothole', Middle High German
kūz, Modern High German Kauz ` Grube als Gerichtsstätte ' (formal = Norwegian dial. kūt `
deformation in growth', Swedish dial. `tuber, bulb, hump, hunchback '; Middle High
German kūte `pit, pothole, hole', Modern High German Dialectal Kaute ds. probably from
Ndd.); Norwegian dial. køyta ` degradation in the surface of the earth, pool; the vessel in
what one carries fish ' (*kauti-) = Middle High German kætze, Modern High German
Dialectal Kötze ` woven basket ', Old English cȳte `cottage, house, lair ' (ȳ = īe) =
Norwegian køyta ` wood hut from branches ', compare Modern High German dial. kieze `
bast basket ' (-eu-), Old English cȳt-wer `fish snaring net' with expressive gemination
Middle Low German etc. kutte ` female pudenda ' (Middle High German kotze `courtesan');
hole = schlechte Wohn- oder Liegerstatt: ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) kot,
kote ` sheds, stable, hut, stall, cottage', Middle Dutch cot, cote ` cave, lair of wild animals,
stable, bad hut ', Old English cot `( robber-) cave, house, lair ', Old Norse kot `small
cottage', kytia ds.;
nasalized Old Norse kunta `vulva' from Middle Low German kunte ` female pudenda;
also buttocks ', Norwegian Swedish kunt ` Ranzen (from birch bark)'; also Avestan gunda-,
gundā ` Teigballen '?
gū̆-t-, geu-
geu-t-; about gu̯-et- gut-r̥ `throat'.
et- see distinctive article; gut-
Latin guttur (*gūtṛ, formation as Hittite kuttar); n. (by Plautus m.) ` gullet, throat', guttura
(Plin.) ` thick neck, swellings in the neck ';
Maybe alb. gushë `neck, throat'
in addition as ` sacklike skin growth in the neck ' :
geut- in Old English cēod(a) m. `sack, bag, pouch ', Old High German kiot ds., Middle
Low German kǖdel ` pouch ', Middle High German kiutel ` dewlap, Unterkinn ', Modern
High German Keutel ` fishnet, intestine, swelling, lump, growth';
gutin Middle Low German koder m., Modern High German dial. Köderl, Goderl (*gut-
ro-) ` Unterkinn, goitre ';
maybe alb. kodër ` (round) hill '
ndd. koden ds., engl. cud ` cud, the inner gullet from ruminants', Dutch kossem ` Unterkinn
' (*gutsmo-), Norwegian kusma ` parotitis, mumps '; Middle High German kuteln, Modern
High German Kutteln `Kaldaunen';
maybe alb. (*kuta) shyta ` parotitis, mumps '
with expressive dd: Old English codd m. `husk, pod, sack, bag', Old Icelandic koddi
`pillow, cushion, testicle'; perhaps Old High German kutti `herd', Modern High German
Kette, Bavarian kütt `troop, multitude, herd of warrantable animal';
Hittite ku-u-tar (kuttar), Dat. ku-ut-ta-ni (kuttani) n. ` nape, upper arm ' (= Latin guttur,
see above); kuttanalli ` necklace '.
b. guttural extensions; gugā `ball'.
Middle High German kugel(e), Modern High German Kugel, Middle Low German holl.
kogel ds., Modern High German dial. Kogel ` round brow, edge of a hill or cliff ' (Persson
Beitr. 113); rhein. Klugel, Krugel after Persson probably previously through amalgamation
with kliuwel and Klüngel;
with gg: Old English cyćǵel, engl. cudgel (*kuggila) `cudgel, club', Old Norse kuggr from
Middle Low German kogge, engl. cog ` wide, ungainly sea ship ';
with Germanic k: isl. kjūka ` knuckle '; Norwegian kjūka `clump', kokle, kukle `clump',
kokla (and kogla), kokul ` Fruchtzapfen der Nadelbäume '; Old English cyćel, nengl. dial.
kitchel ` small cake'; in addition Old Norse kjūklingr with ` gosling ', Old English ćiećen,
nengl. chicken, Middle Low German kǖken, Modern High German Küchlein ` chicken ';
with Germanic kk: Old High German coccho, Modern High German Dialectal Kocke
`heap, haycock, haystack, dunghill ', Danish kok(k) `heap, haycock, haystack';
Lithuanian gugà f. ` knop, knob, hump, hunchback, hill', gaũgaras m. ` summit of a

mountain ';
russ. gúglja, poln. guga `swelling, blister' (Persson Beitr. 937); but Lithuanian gúogė,
gógė f. `head', gõgas m. ` withers of the horse ', probably not from lengthened grade
*gō[u]-g-; different above Trautmann KZ. 43, 176;
maybe alb. (*kok) kokë f. `top, head' : Lithuanian gógė f. `head' and Danish kok(k) `heap,
haycock, haystack';
with -ĝ-:
npers. gūzak ` ankle ' (?);

Lithuanian gùžas `knag, swelling, blister, craw ', gūžỹs `craw ', gaũžė `head', Latvian
gũza, guza `crop, goiter', guzma `heap, hunch ', gũža `hip, haunch, loin, club, mace, joint
of the roast ';
similar to
Lithuanian: gū̃žė `head of cabbage' [f ē] 2

Lith. accentuation: 1/2/4
Latvian: gũža `thigh, ham' [f jā]
Proto-Slavic reconstruction: gyža
(Old) Church Slavic: RuCS gyža ùnripe grape' [f jā]
West Slavic: Cz. hyže `tip of the shin-bone' [f jā]; OPl. giża `leg of pig or cattle, ham' [f jā]
South Slavic: SCr. gì ̀(d)ža (dial.)`stump of a vine' [f jā]; Bulgarian gíža `vine, stump of a
cut off vine' [f ā]
Maybe alb. gic `piglet, roast of a pig?'
Old Czech hýžě `hip, haunch, thigh', poln. giża, giza ` capitulum, head of a bone, end of
a bone in the shinbone ' (also Church Slavic gyža vinьnaja ` grapevine ', serb. gidža ds. as
`knag, gnarl of a plant'); probably here as to *geng-
*geng- (see there), poln. guz `swelling, blister,
hunch ', guza ` buttocks ', sloven. gúza ` buttocks, hunch ', as partly probably also other, in
itself also with guz = gǫz- attachable words (see *geng-
*geng-); ambiguous are also the words
with Baltic (gunž-) gūž- as gunžỹs, gūžỹs ` crop by birds, head of the femur ' etc.; s.
Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 685, 687;
besides Latvian gū̆za, guzma stand kuza `heap', kuzma ` crop of chickens ', the formant
with guza etc. stand in connection, in anlaut. k- but one with Avestan fra-, apa-kava- ` in
the front, behind with a hump ' and the family qeu- `bend, curve ' are coherent word to the
prerequisite;
about that from Slavic guz- not certainly to separative gǫz- see below geng-
geng-.
c. Labial extensions; gupā ` burrow '.
Gr. γύπη ` earth hollow, cave, hiding place, nook, hideaway, vulture's nest ' (Hes.); γύψ,
γῡπός ` vulture' (from the crooked beak or the crooked claws, as γρύψ to γρυπός `
writhed, crooked, humped ');
Maybe alb. (*gupos) gjyp ` vulture'

Old High German chubisi ` a hut, cot, cottage of shepherds, peasants ', Middle High
German kobe `stall, pigpen, cage, cavity', Modern High German Koben ` small, miserable
room or edifice, building, pigpen' (in addition Middle High German kobolt, Modern High
German Kobold, z.B. Kluge11 315), Old English cofa (engl. cove) ` chamber, hideout, cave'
(out of it Old Norse kofi ` chamber, cell '), westfäl. küffe (*kufjō) ` miserable cottage'; basic
meaning `hole in the earth as residential pit', actually ` arch, curvature ', ndd. Kübbung `
annex '; Middle High German Modern High German Kober `basket'; holl. kub, kubbe `fish
snaring net'; Middle High German kobel m. ` (arched) box, narrow miserable house, stable
'; whereas derive Middle High German kobel n. ` rock canyon ', kofel ` brow, edge of a hill
or cliff ', Modern High German Bavarian-allem. Kofel, Kobel, Gufel, rätorom. cúvel, Italian
cóvolo ` cave, Felswand ' from Latin *cubulum (to cubāre) ` Lagerstätte des Viehs ' (Zinsli,
on the ground of Grat 322) and Old High German miluh-chubilī ` milk tub ', Middle High
German kübel, Modern High German Kübel probably from Middle Latin cupellus;
Old Norse kūfr ` round cusp, peak, heap',
Maybe alb. kufi ` boder, edge '
Norwegian kūven `roundish, arched' (therefrom Norwegian kuva, kyva `round off, make
blunt, dull', compare also Swedish kuffa `soften, bump, poke = ndd. kuffen `bump, poke,
slap'), holl. kuif (Middle Dutch *cūve) ` plume, tuft, shock of hair, crest, treetop ' (compare
in similar meaning frühModern High German Kaupe ` plume, actually, crest, on the head of
the birds ' from Old High German *kūba, probably from the rom. family of cūpa, also Old
English cȳf `barrel, vat, cask', Old Saxon kūvīn `barrel, vat, cask', compare French cuve
from Latin cūpa ` tub ');
Maybe alb. Tosc kuvli ` box '
Germanic *kubb-: west Flemish kobbe ` Federhüschel, buschiges Нaar, Hutkopf ', Old
Icelandic kobbi m. ` seal ', Bavarian koppen ` tangled crown of a conifer ', engl. cub `
young animal ', cob `round clump, head, spider', presumably also isl. kubbur, kubbi `clot,
chunk, stump' (in addition Swedish isl. Norwegian kubba ` cavitate ');
Germanic *kūp-: Norwegian dial. kūp ` hump, hunchback ', Swedish kupa ` half-
spherical case, beehive ' ; Swedish kypa `round vessel from straw', ndd. küpe ` big pannier
', engl. dial. kipe (Old English *cȳpe) ` plaited fish snaring net, basket'; changing through
ablaut Norwegian dial. kaup ` wooden jar ', kaupa `tuber, bulb';
whereas derive probably from Latin cuppa f. `goblet': Old English copp m. ` acme, apex,
goblet' (Middle English also `head), cupp m., cuppe f. `goblet', Modern High German
(actually md.) Koppe ` crest of the birds ', Koppe, Kuppe, `round mountain top ', Middle
High German kuppe, Old High German chuppa ` headpiece ' (with expressive
intensification Old High German chuppha ds., Middle High German kupfe, kuffe, gupfe ds.,
gupf, gupfe m. ` summit of a mountain, point of the tower ', wherein g- probably
substitution for roman. c-; Old Norse koppr `head, vessel, Helmknopf, eye socket ' is
loanword from Middle Low German kopp); Old Frisian Middle Low German kopp `goblet',
Old High German kopf, chuph `goblet', Middle High German kopf `drinking vessel,
cranium, head' (similarly rom. testa `head' from Latin testa `shard, bowl', Middle Latin testa
capitis), Modern High German Kopf.
Nasalized Germanic *kumb-: Old English cumb (engl. coomb) ` paten ' (in the meaning
`valley' from abrit. *kumbo-s `valley'), Middle Low German kumm(e) f. `round, deep vessel,
tub, paten ', Modern High German Kumme `deep bowl', Swiss chumme ` cistern '; *kump-
(from *kumb- with consonant-sharpening) Middle Low German kump, Middle High German
kumpf `vessel, cup ', Modern High German Kumpf.
In addition perhaps npers. gumbed ` bulge, cupola, goblet';
further presumably Lithuanian gum̃bas m. ` bulge, swelling, lump, growth, knag'; Latvian
gum̃ba `swelling, lump, growth';
Old Church Slavic gǫba ` sponge, fungus ', Serbo-Croatian gȕba ` sponge, leprosy ',
sloven. gǫ́ba ` sponge, fungus ', gôbec m. `muzzle', аčеch. húba ` sponge ', newer
`muzzle, lip', russ. gubá ` tree-fungus '; besides gúba `lip'; in Slavic lies intonation change
before, the meaning `muzzle' is everywhere newer.
Under a basic meaning `save, store' was connected with Modern High German Koben
Avestan gufra- `deep; mysterious, wonderful ', ostensibly originally `sunk in a pit '?
d. With l-suffixes; geu-lo-s `round vessel'.

geu-lo-
Old Indic gōla-ḥ `ball', gōlā, gōlam ` ball, round water jug'; perhaps Old Indic gula-ḥ, gulī,
gulikā ` ball, globule, sphere ' (or as gel- to *gel- ` clench ');
Armenian kalum Ì take, catch' (*gu̯elō);
gr. γυλιός ` long-shaped wallet, hedgehog ' (also γογ-γύλος? s. gong-

gong-; about γωλεός see
below *gol-
*gol- `lie');
gr. γύαλον ` cubical stone ', later `gorge, ravine, gulch', meg. γυάλᾱς ` drinking cup ',
ἐγγυαλίζω ` put into the palm of the hand, put into the hand ' (compare to latter ἐγγυάω
under *gou̯ǝ-) can also as *γυσαλο- derive from the s-extension *g(e)u-s-;
Latin vola f. ` the hollow of the hand, the palm, or of the foot, the sole ' (*gu̯-elā);
Old High German kiol, Old English cēol, Old Norse kjōll m. `(*roundish) vehicle, ship'
(the newer meaning `keel' through influence of Old Norse kjǫlr `keel'; Germanic *keula- =
Old Indic gōla-), Old High German kiulla ` pouch '; Old English cȳll(e) `hose, vessel',
borrowed from Latin culleus; from which Finnish keula ` wheel of the prow ', Old Norse kȳll
m. `sack, bag, pouch ' (Dutch kuil ` the middle, sacklike part of a net ' but after Franckvan
Wijk Wb. 356 from Old Dutch kuidel from the t-extension the root); Old High German kūli,
Middle High German kiule, Modern High German Keule (proto Germanic *kūlōn-) `stick
with a thick spherical end', Middle Low German kūle `club, mace, joint, clavate vessel,
testicle, swelling, lump, growth, polliwog; (konkav:) `pit, pothole, cave' (latter meaning also
in Middle High German kūle, Modern High German (md.) kaule and Old Swedish kūla),
Middle High German kūle, Modern High German Kaule `ball, spherical object ', Modern
High German Kaulquappe (of spherical appearance), Old Norse kūla `swelling, blister,
ball'; Modern High German Dialectal kulle `ball, pulley, roller ', kullern, kollern `roll, make
into a ball' (: gr. γυλλός κύβος ἤ τετράγωνοςλίθος Hes. with coloring of the meaning
round?); presumably also Old Norse kollr m. ` rounded acme, apex, head', Middle Low
German kol, kolle m. ` head, uppermost part of plants ', Modern High German küllbock and
(zero grade) kielbock ` hornless he-goat; billy goat ', compare alb. tsjap gul ` hornless he-
goat; billy goat '; Norwegian køyla (*kauliōn) `gully, canal'.
e. With n-suffix; gou-no-m ` curled, arched '.

gou-no-
Avestan gaona- n. `hair (esp. the animal); (hair)farbe' (compare above Lithuanian gauraĩ
etc.);
particularly Germanic formation Old Norse kaun n. `swelling, blister', mnl. coon f. ` jaw,
mandible, lower jaw bone ', nld. koon `cheek' (*kaunō); in addition Gothic kuna-wida
`manacle' (`crooked rope', to Old High German widi `rope').
f. With r-suffixes; geu-

geu-ro-
ro-s, gou-ro-s, gū-
gou-ro- ro-s, gur-
gū-ro- gur-no-
no-s.
Armenian kuṙn Gen., kṙan `back' (= Lithuanian gur̃nas), kr-ukn, Gen. krkan `calcaneus ',
kur, Gen. kri `boat, barge', also `Becken, paten, Pfanne'; kray (*gūrāti-) `turtle, tortoise'; o-
grade kor (*gou̯-ero- or -ero-) ` writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved; inverted ', kori
`canal', koriz `swelling, lump, growth; kernel, seed ';
gr. γῡρός ` round, veer ', γῦρος ` roundness, circle, round pit, pothole', γῡρόω `curve ',
γυρῖνος or γύρῑνος ` polliwog ' (as Middle Low German kū-le, Modern High German
Kaulquappe, see above);
Middle Irish gūaire `hair' (originally `* curly hair', compare:) nir. guairneán `whirlwind';
Norwegian kaure `frizzy curl (esp. from wool)', kaur ` curled wave ' (Indo Germanic
*gou-ro-; besides Germanic *kau̯-ara- in:) Old Norse kārr m. `frizzy curl ', kāri ` the gust of
wind curling the water ', Norwegian kåre ` shavings '; with -eu- Germanic loanword Finnish
keuru ` arched '; with ū (compare γῡρός and the ū̆ included Armenian words) Norwegian
kūra ` squat; rest', Middle Low German kūren `waylay (for the hunt)', Modern High German
kauern; with application of coagulation of the milk Norwegian kjøre (*keuran-) ` cheese in
the first state ', kūr (*kūra-) `ds., coagulated milk', køyr (*kauri-) ` cheese mass of sour milk
', kaara (*kau̯arōn) ` curdle, coagulate, harden, become caseous ' (doubtful whereas
sloven. etc. žûr `wheys' because of the ĝ indicating additional form sloven. zûra, zộra
`wheys');
maybe alb. hirra `whey');
Lithuanian gaũras m., mostly Pl. gauraĩ ` hair in the body, flax fiber ', Latvian gauri m. Pl.
`pubic hair' (compare above Avestan gaona- n. `hair'); Lithuanian gur̃nas m. `hip, haunch,
ankle ', Latvian gùrus ` hip, fork in the spinning wheel ' (= Armenian kuṙn); Lithuanian
gū̃rinti, gūrúoti ` get writhed, crooked, humped ', Latvian gūrâties, guôrîties ` loll oneself,
stretch oneself'; Lithuanian kálno gùras m. ` mountain projection ';
serb. gȕra f. ` hunch ', gȕriti se ` shrink up, crook'; if here Serbo-Croatian žúriti se ` hurry
eu- ` expedite, hurry'; also Bulgarian gúrkam, gúrnъ ` dive in the water
'?; s. also under ĝeu-
'?; the intonation required *gōurā or *gou̯erā (compare above Old Norse kārr etc.).
maybe alb. gurra `rapid'
g. With s-suffixes:
npers. gōšā ` angle, point, edge';
gr. γύης ` the crooked piece of wood in a plow ', ἄροτρον αὑτόγυον ` Pflug, an dem
Krummholz und Scharbaum noch aus einem Stück bestanden ' (s-suffix doubtful),
wherefore γύης ` piece of wood as field measure ' (*γυ[σ]ᾱς-, but also *γυFᾱς- possible);
gr. γυῖον ` limb, the feet, womb, hands, the hand, (so prob. as device on signet); the whole
body ';
maybe alb. gji `womb'
gr. μητρὸς γυῖα `lap', γυιόω ` lame ', from which γυιός ` lame ' (Grdf. *γυσ-ι̯ον; or γυF-ι̯ον?
ders. doubt by γύαλον, see above), γαυσός `crooked, bent outwards, writhed humped
(from legs)', γαυσόομαι ` to be bent ' (but γαυσάδας ψευδής Hes. perhaps Gaelic, to Old
Irish gáu `lie, falsity'?) can σ have preserved after other Adj. in -σός for ` stooped, writhed,
crooked, humped ', yet αυ is also difficult, because an ablaut *gēu- : gǝu- in spite of the
frequent grade *gū- stands not certainly; unclear hom. ἀμφίγυος ` with a limb at each end,
double-pointed, or bending both ways, elastic', epithet of spear, and ἀμφιγυήεις ` he that
halts in both feet, the lame one ', epithet of Hephaistos;
maybe also alb. gënjej `lie'
Middle Low German nnd. kūse ` stump, club, mace, joint; grinder, molar tooth ',
Norwegian dial. kūs ` hump, hunchback '; Swedish kusa `pudenda'; Old Norse kjōss f. `
pouch ', kjōss m. `bay, cavity', farø. kjōs f. `craw ', Swedish kjusa ` valley gulch ', kjus
`point, edge of a poke ' , Norwegian kȳsa (*keusiōn-) and køysa (*kausiōn-) ` crest, bonnet,
cowl '.
References: WP. I 555 ff., WH. I 112 f., 311, 629, 852, Trautmann 80, 100 f.
Page(s): 393-398
Root / lemma: ghab (o)lo-, -lā

gha h(o)lo-
Meaning: bifurcation
Material: Old Irish Middle Irish gabul `forked bough, fork; fork point the thighs, vulva', cymr.
gafl ` fork; thigh fork, vulva', abret. Plur. gablau ` fork ', nbret. gavl, gaol ` bifurcation ' (with
ī-umlaut from a to e acymr. gebel ` a mattock, pickaxe ', cymr. gefail [-ī-stem] `pliers', bret.
gevel m., acorn. geuel-hoern gl. A pair of snuffers), (gall-)Latin gabalus ` cross, gallows ';
the brit. forms prove a Celtic *gablo-; the medial a in gabalus is probably Latin; v. Wartburg
separates gallorom. gabalus `spear, javelin' (older `*fork'), places that in *gab-lakkos
`spear, javelin' (cymr. gaflach ds.), from gabulum ` gallows ', but u in Old Irish gabul
(*ghabhlo-) is only epenthesis;
Old High German gabala `fork', Middle Low German gaffel(e) f., Old English gafol,
geafel f. ds.; Old Icelandic gaflak, Old English gafeluc ` light spear, lance' derive from an
Old Irish *gablach;
here probably the PN Illyrian Gabuleo, Venetic Τρι-γάβολοι.
References: WP. I 533 f., WH. I 575, Krahe Würzb. Jahrbücher 1, 215.
Page(s): 409
Root / lemma: ghab

gha h-
Meaning: to grab, take
Note:
gha h- : `to grab, take' derived from the extended labials: geleb(
Root / lemma: ghab geleb(h)-, glēb(
glēb(h)-
(: glǝb gleb(h)- (::gl̥b(h)-) of Root / lemma: gel-
ǝb(h)-) and gleb(
glǝb( gel-1 : `to curl; round' [see above].
Note: with ē-forms durative ` have on, wear, hold on, possess, adhere to ', could be
onomatopoeic words (imitation of of snatch sound), what would explain the frequent
coincidence with the synonymous roots qagh-
qagh- and qap-
qap- (compare also Vendryes MSL. 18,
310); on the other hand place EM2 150 for qap- (also also for ghabh-) put a vocalism ē : ō :
ǝ (against it Reichelt KZ. 46, 339, WP. I 344, WH. I 159), so that its root must be assumed
as ghǝbh- and Old Indic gábhasti-ḥ `hand' then was to be kept away.
Material: Old Indic gábhasti-ḥ m. ` forearm, hand';
Latin habeō, -ēre `hold, possess, have', etc.; dēbeō ` to owe, to be indebted to
somebody for anything; to be due to do a thing, be morally bound to or be bound by logic
or necessity or law to; to have to pay because of fate, to be destined to give, have to '
(*dē-habeō), praebeō ` to offer, hold out; to provide, supply, allow; bestow; with reflex. to
present or show oneself in a certain character, behave as ' (older prae-hibeō = Umbrian
pre-habia, pre-hubia ` to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer, tender '), habē-nā f. ` a strap;
a bridle, reins ', habilis ` easily managed, handy; suitable, fit, convenient ', etc.;
Maybe abbreviated alb. (*habeō, kapem) kam `hold, possess, have' similar to poln. jestem
Ì am' : alb. jam Ì am', common alb. h- > k- ; -b- > -mb- > -m-s found in corn. caf(f)os,
cafes, Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have'.
Note:
Also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata Ì held, possessed, had'

Oscan i̯o-inflection: haf[íar] ` have, hold, support, carry, wear ', hafiest ` have, hold,
support, carry, wear ' (*ghabh-), in addition Präter. stem hip- (*ghēp-, probably through
influence of Latin capiō : cēpī; different EM2 442) in Konj. Perf. hipid, Fut. exakt. hipust `
will hold, possess, have ';
Umbrian habe ` have, hold, support, carry, wear ', Imper. habitu, habetu ` have, hold,
support, carry, wear ' (*habē-) besides habiest `they have, hold, support, carry, wear '
(*habi̯ō) and sub-ahtu, subotu ` send different ways, send out, send forth, send about,
scatter, distribute ' (*sub-habĭ-tōd), etc.; to Umbrian -b- compare Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae
172 ff., v. Blumenthal, Iguv. Taf. 662;
Maybe alb. Tosc (*(h)ap) jap, Geg ep (nasalized) nep ` give ' : Old High German geban
`give'.
Old Irish gaibid ` takes, seizes etc.', later also ` attains, gets ' (*ghab(h)-i-ti), verbal noun
gabal f. (Celtic *gabaglā, the ending probably attributed to *kaglā, cymr. cael ` attainment ';
see below qagh-
qagh- `catch') ` the taking ' = cymr. gafael ` the holding on ' (f = v), corn. gavel f.
` the holds, the seizing ', abret. an-gabol ` the grabbing, resumption '; otherwise mostly in
Brit. beginning k (attributed to qagh-): mcymr. and cymr. caffael ` attainment ' (besides
cael, see above); das ff derives from the s-subjunctive (v + h > f); with other suffix corn.
caf(f)os, cafes, Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. kavout `have';
about the striking congruities Irish compounds with gaib- with Latin compositions of
habēre s. Pedersen KG. II 532;
here also gallorom. *gabella ` fascicle, sheaf, bunch, bundle ' from gall. *gabaglā;
Gothic gabei f. ` richness ' (*ghabhī), gab(e)igs `rich' (*ghabhīko-), Old High German kepi
f. ` richness ', kepic `rich', Old English giefig, Old Icelandic gǫfugr ds.; gǣfa f. `luck', gǣfr `
generous, pleasant, helpful ' (Germanic *gēbiz), Middle High German gæbe ds., Modern
High German gäbe `give'; in addition also the Germanic matron's name Ala-gabiae ` the all
giving ones ', GN Fria-gabis ` dear giver '; about den GN Garman-gabis s. Gutenbrunner
Germanic God's names 90 ff.; Gothic PN Gaf-ildo, Old High German Gab-ward;
Germanic neologism (as replacement for dō- `give') is Gothic giban (Präter. gaf, Pl.
gebum), Old Icelandic gefa (Proto Norse 1. Sg. present gifu, 3. Sg. Präter. gaf), Old
English giefan, Old High German geban etc. `give'; Gothic giba f., Old Icelandic gjǫf, Old
English giefu, Old High German geba f. `gift'; after Kretschmer Gl. 19, 208 derives the
vowel of Germanic *ʒeƀan of contrasted neman `take'; Old High German PN Gibicho, Old
Icelandic Gjūki;
Germanic *kaƀisi̯ō f. in Old English cefes, cyfes ` bondmaid, concubine ', Old High
German kebisa ` concubine, mistress ', besides Old Norse kefser m. `captive', would lead
back (doubtful) to a Indo Germanic additional form *gabh-;
Lithuanian gãbana, gabanà f. ` armful, armload (hay)'; besides gabenù, gabénti ` take
away ', Präter. dial. at-gė́bau ` has brought ' (compare Latin capiō: cēpi), gabùs ` gifted,
talented ', gebù, gebė́ti ` to be able, be used to, be accustomed to '; with ō: gobùs ` greedy
', gõbis m. `greed, lust', dial. guõbti ` snatch ', etc.;
Slavic (originally iterative) *gabajǫ, *gabati in poln. gabać ` assail, gripe ', wruss. habáć `
take, gripe ', etc.; Old Church Slavic gobino `fullness, wealth', gobьzь `rich' are Germanic
loanword About the expressive character of chin russ. chábitь `grab quickly ', chopítь `
grasp, catch' etc. s. Machek Slavia 16, 178, 208 ff.
References: WP. I 344 f., WH. I 158 ff., 630 f., Trautmann 74, Feist 175 f., 214.
References:
Page(s): 407-409
ghaido- or ĝhaido-
Root / lemma: ghaido- haido-
Meaning: goat
Material: Latin haedus, -ī m. ` a young goat, a kid ' from *ghaidos (dialect (h)ēdus, faedus,
fēdus);
Maybe abbreviated alb. (*ĝheida) dhija ` a goat' common alb. ĝh- > d- ; -d- > -j-s.
Gothic gaits and Old High German geiz f., Old Icelandic geit f., Old Swedish gēt, f., Old
English gāt f., Old Saxon get f. (consonant stem) `goat', originally used for both genders.
From *ghaido- derived *ghaidīnos: Latin haedīnus ` of a kid ', Old English gǣten, Old
High German geizīn ` of or pertaining to goats ', Gothic gaitein n. ` kid ', Old High German
geizīn n. ` he-goat; billy goat '.
Old High German ziga, wherefore Old English ticcen and Old High German zicchīn with
hypocoristic consonant stretch, is not ` through causing taboo Lautumstellung' from Indo
Germanic *ghidhós originated, rather as Auslautsdublette to gr. δίζα ᾱἴξ. Λάκωνες (Hes.) <
*digi̯a, Armenian tik `hose (from goatskin)' to stellen.
Daß alb. qith `kid', Middle Irish cit `sheep', Old Norse kið `Tierjunges', Old High German
kizzi(n), chizzi n. (Germanic *kittīna) ` caressing alteration ' are from ghaido-, is a
unnecessary assumption. Rather the named words are directly an enticing (or frightening)
shout, call, as kitz, gitz, hitz, hetz usf. is attested to have evolved from most different
languages and dialects.

Page(s): 409-410
Root / lemma:
lemma: ghais-
ghais-
Meaning: to stick to
Material: Latin haereō, -ēre, haesī, haesum ` to hang or hold fast, to hang, stick, cleave,
cling, adhere, be fixed, sit fast, remain close to any thing or in any manner; to hold fast,
remain attached or fixed, to keep firm, adhere; to hold fast, remain attached or fixed, to
keep firm, adhere ' (*ghaisei̯ō), haesitāre `hesitate',
Maybe alb. nasalized (*gher-) nder ` hang, hesitate ' common alb. gh- > d-.
presumably to Lithuanian gaištù, -aũ, gaĩšti `purl, border, hesitate, dwindle ', gaišìnti
`while, spend time, destroy'.

Page(s): 410
ghait-ā, -es-
Root / lemma: ghait- es-
Meaning: curly or wavy hair
Material: Von *ghait-[e]s- from: Avestan gaēsa- m. ` curly hair, curls ',
Note:

npers. gēs ` droopy hair, curls ', Avestan gaēsu- `frizzy haired, curly haired; (from camel:)
rat's hairy tail ';
gr. χαίτη ` loose, flowing hair, used esp. of back hair, of a horse's mane, of a lion's
mane, of a hedgehog's spines, crest of a helmet, of trees, foliage, of human hair '; in
addition probably the maked. PN Γαιτέας;
Middle Irish gaīset f. (from *ghait-s-) `stiff hair, bristle'.

Page(s): 410
Root / lemma: ghau̯o-
Meaning: false
Material: Latin haud Concept of negation `not', maybe from *hā̆uidom > *hā̆udom (> haud
as nihilum > nihil), neutr. adjective ` incorrect (it would be)';
Old Irish gāu, gāo, gō f. ` the inaccurate, lie, falsity', gū-forcell ` wrong testimonial ',
mcymr. geu, ncymr. gau ` incorrect ', Subst. `lie, falsity', corn. gow m. ds., bret. gaou ds.;
derived mcymr. geuawc, ncymr. euog `culpable'.
Quite zweifelhafte equation. If Celtic forms must be assumed with āu, they could go
back to Indo Germanic *gōu- (to geu- `bend', S. 393). compare to vocalism Pokorny
ZceltPh. 11, 19, to meaning Frisk Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. 41 (1935), 3. Abt., S. 11.

Page(s): 414
Root / lemma: gha gha,

gha ghe ghe,
ghe ghi ghi
Meaning: to cackle (of geese)
Note: (compare ĝhans-
hans- `goose '). Sowohl Urverwandtschaft as newer creation are
possible.
Material: Old Irish gigren, giugrann `goose ', cymr. gwyrain ` Red Grouse, wild chicken '
(basic form seems *gigur . . . ??); Middle Irish gēd, cymr. gwydd, acorn. guit, bret. goaz,
gwaz `goose ' (*gigdā because of Middle Irish Gen. gēoid), to d-forms compare Old
English ganot under *ĝhans- `goose ';
expressive alb. gogësínj ` belch, burp ' (, G. Meyer Wb. 126);
Middle High German gāgen, gāgern (also gīgen) ` shout, cackle like a goose ' (Modern
High German Gāgag, Gīgag for `goose '), Old High German gackizōn, gackazzen `
mutter, mumble, speak in a low tone; bleat, as a he-goat, shout ', Modern High German
gacksen, gatzen, gackern, Tirol etc. gaggezen, Swiss gaggelen, gagelen ` gaggle, cackle,
chitchat, talk, snicker, laugh shakingly ', mnl. gagelen, Middle English gagelin, nengl.
gaggle ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; similarly Old High German gickazzen,
Middle High German giksen, gëksen, Modern High German gicksen ` blurt fine inarticulate
tones ' (i depicting not real Ablaut, but the higher tone); Old Icelandic gaga and nisl. gagga
` deride ';
Lithuanian gagù, -ė́ti ` chatter ', gagà èider', gagõnas `jabberer' (somewhat similarly
gegė̃ `cuckoo'); Latvian gâgát ` shout like goose ', gâga ` kind of duck ', gâgars `goose '
(Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 74 f.);
Maybe alb. expressive gogësinj `burp, belch, yawn' (*gha-ghans) `*onomatopoeic cry of
goose', gagaç `stutterer', guguçe `dove kind ' (Slavic origin) also alb. ga ga `cry of goose' :
gegë Àlbanians (neighbouring the Slavs) *stutterers ', geg ` North Albanian speech
(according to Slavs) unknown speech '
Note:
From Root / lemma: gha gha, ghe ghi ghi : `to cackle (of geese)' derived the new
gha ghe ghe,
Root / lemma: ĝhan-
han-s- : `goose'.
Maybe alb. për-gjigjem, Geg gjegj ànswer'
russ. gogotátь ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, chatter; laugh loudly ', Dialectal `
neigh ', Czech old hohtati `howl', poln. gogotać `glucken', Upper Sorbian gagotać, gigotać
(because of g instead of h newer sound imitation) ` chatter '; russ. gágatь ` chatter, from
geese ', gága èider duck', gagára ` aquanaut ' etc.
In bird's names except not named here:
Old Icelandic gagl ` greylag goose ';
Lithuanian gaĩgalas ` drake, male duck ', Latvian gaigale ` a gull kind ', Old Prussian
gegalis ` aquanaut ', See N Gaygelith;
russ. gógolь ` common goldeneye, Golden Eye ', poln. gogoɫ, gągoɫ ` European
goldeneye ', old gogolica ` a coot, a water-fowl ' (Berneker 318).
Maybe alb. gogol `ghost'
References: WP. I 526, Trautmann 74 f.

Page(s): 407
Root / lemma: gheb el-, -el-, -lo-

ghe h-ello-
Meaning: weathercock; head
Material: Gr. κεφαλή ` head, end, acme, apex ', maked. κεβλή, κεβαλή, PN Κέβαλος;
unclear γαβαλάν ἐγκέφαλονἤ κεφαλήν Hes.; compare in addition Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 70 f.,
Pisani RIEtBalk. 1937, 15 ff.;
Gothic gibla m. ` gable, pinnacle', changing through ablaut Old Norse gafl m. ` gable;
point of an island '; Old High German gibil m. ` gable, pole of the earth '; gibilla f., gebal m.,
Middle High German gebel `cranium';
Tocharian A śpāl- `head' (: gr. κεφαλή), Instr. śpālyo-.
References: WP. I 571, Feist 214, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 252, 261.
Page(s): 423
ghe h-, ghod

Root / lemma: ghed gho h-
Meaning: to join, make a bond
Material: Old Indic gádhya-ḥ ` stick firmly '; ā́-gadhita-ḥ ` clipped, clinged ', pári-gadhita-ḥ `
clasps ' (from sexual union);
Old Frisian gadia ùnite ', Middle Low German gaden (*gadōn) ` suit, please, be married
', Old High German bigatōn, Middle High German gaten, gegaten intr. ` gather, so that it
fits ', trans. ` Gleiches zu Gleichem gesellen, zusammenbringen ', refl. ` sich fügen ', Old
High German gi-gat ` fitting', Old Saxon gi-gado ` ilk ', Old English (ge)gada `comrade,
husband ', Modern High German Gatte; Gothic gadiliggs ` cousin ', Old Saxon gaduling
`kinsman, relative', Old English gædeling `comrade', Old High German gatulinc, gatilinc
`kinsman, relative, cousin, journeyman '; Old English geador, tō gædere (engl. together)
`together', Old Frisian gadur, Middle Low German gader, Middle High German gater ds.,
Old English gadrian, gæd(e)rian (engl. gather) `gather, collect', Old Frisian gaderia, Middle
Low German gad(d)eren ds., Middle High German vergatern `be united, merge ', Modern
High German vergattern ds.; in addition presumably also Old High German gataro, Modern
High German Gatter (umgelautet Middle High German geter, Modern High German Gitter),
Old Swedish gadder, Middle Low German gaddere ` Gitter ';
with lengthened grade: Gothic gōÞs, Old Icelandic gōðr, Old English gōd, Old High
German guot, Modern High German gut (Germanic *gōða- ` fitting'); Old Icelandic gōða `
gut machen ' etc.
Old Church Slavic godъ `time, right time', godina `ὥρα', godьnъ `compliant', russ.
gódnyj ` suitable ', Old Church Slavic u-goditi ` please ',
maybe alb. Geg godit `strike (chime?)', goditun ` suitable '
russ.-Church Slavic goditi ds., Church Slavic ugoda ` satisfaction ', russ. výgoda `benefit,
advantage', Old Church Slavic negodovati ` be undisposed ', iter. Old Church Slavic
ugoždǫ, ugožditi ` it make right, please ' (etc., Berneker 317 f., where also about poln.
loanword Lithuanian gãdas ` association ', gãdytis ` occur, meet ' among others).
In addition perhaps Lithuanian dial. guõdas, Latvian gùods `honour, fame; decorum,
courteousness; festivity, feast ';
whereas are Latvian gāds, sagāds ` stock, acquired property ', gādāt `care, worry'
probably from borrowed Russ.;
here (compare Van Windekens Lexique 32) Tocharian AB kātk-, is softened A kāck-, В
kācc- ` rejoice ' (compare above Middle Low German gaden ` please '); different Pedersen
Tocharian 172.
References: WP. I 531 ff., Trautmann 74, Feist 218.

See also: see also under ghend-
ghend-.
Page(s): 423-424
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ghed-

ghed-
Meaning: to defecate; hole
Material: Old Indic hadati, hadate `defecates', Avestan zaðah- m. `rump';
Armenian jet (o-stem) `tail (of animals)';
gr. χέζω ` defecate ', Perf. κέχοδα; χόδανος `rump';
Phrygian ζέτνα πύλη (leg. πύγη?);
alb. dhjes ` defecate ', ndjete `hideous, disgusting', fem. `repugnance'; ndotem ` be
stained, smeared ', Geg ndishem `hideous'; common alb. gh- > d-.
Old Norse gat n. `hole, aperture ', Old English geat ` door, aperture ' (out of it nir. gead `
the bottom '), Old Frisian jet n. `hole, aperture ', Old Saxon gat `hole', Middle Low German
also ànus', ndd. Kattegat ` Katzenloch '.

Page(s): 423
Root / lemma: ghegh-

ghegh-
Meaning: to curve, bend
Material: Armenian gog `cavity, lap, bosom, belly' etc., as adjective `hollow, concave',
Material:
gogem `hollow out'; gugem (*ghōgh-) ` hug, embrace, hold tight, care';
Norwegian gagr ` crooked back ', Old Icelandic gag-hals `with neck crooked backward ',
ablaut. gǣgiask `be stretched ', etc.;
Lithuanian gõgas m. ` withers of horse '.
References: WP. I 570, Lidén Armen. Stud. 93 f.

Page(s): 424
Root / lemma: gheid

ghei h-
Meaning: to yearn for
Material: Old Irish gīall = cymr. gwystl, acorn. guistel ` captive ', bret. goestl `pay, caution',
gall. in Congeistlus MN. (cymr. cyngwystl ` commitment ') = Old High German gīsal,
Modern High German Geisel, Old English gīsel, Old Icelandic gīsl ds.; the precise
concordance between Germanic and Celtic speaks perhaps for borrowing on the part of
Germanic; Gothic PN Gīsla-mun-dus; besides without l: Gothic PN Anda-gīs, Old English
Gīs-wulf, Old High German Gīsi-ulf, compare Middle Low German gīse ` captive'.
With ablaut here Irish gell ` sacrifice, pledge, deposit ' (*ghistlo-), whereof the verb Old
Irish gell-, gill- `to pledge, promise' (3. Sg. Konj. gellaid, 3. Pl. Fut. gillfit), with ad- ` swear,
vow, promise ' etc.; from gīall ` captive' derives the verb giall-, gēill- ` serve, obey ', e.g. 3.
Sg. giallaid, Fut. 3. Pl. gēillfit.
Old High German Middle High German gīt ` covetousness, greed, avarice ', Old High
German gītag ` greedy, avaricious, stingy', Middle High German gīten and gīt(e)sen ` be
greedy, avaricious ' (from latter z from Middle High German gīze, German Geiz ` greed '),
Old English gītsian `lust, crave', gītsung ` greed ';
Lithuanian geidžiù geĩsti `lust, crave, long, want, wish', geidáuju, -ti `wish, long, want',
gaĩdas ` violent wish, desire', dial. gìdis ` greedy '; lett, gàidu, gàidît `wait, hold on'
(originally iterative), gaida ` expectation ', dzīdris (?) ` thirst '; Old Prussian gēidi, giēide `
sie warten ', sengijdi ` he attains ', sengidaut èrlangen';
Old Church Slavic židǫ, žьdati (thereafter also žьdǫ) `wait, hold on'; russ. ždu, ždátь
`wait, hold on'.
References: WP. I 553, Trautmann 82, Pokorny Urillyrier 561 WH. I 576, 632, 641.
See also: compare gheiĝh-
Page(s): 426-427
Root / lemma: gheid

ghei h-
Meaning: to wish for
Note: only Aryan and Slavic
Material: Old Indic gr̥d
́ hyati ìs greedy, demands violently' (= serb.-Church Slavic žlъždǫ),
gr̥dhnú-ḥ ` greedy ', gr̥d
́ hra-ḥ ` greedy; vulture', gardha-ḥ (= Old Church Slavic gladъ) m. `
anxiousness, concupiscence, solicitousness ', Avestan gǝrǝða- ds.;
Slavic *žildiō ` demand ' in:
serb.-Church Slavic žlъždǫ, žlъděti ` long for, ask, demand, call for, wish for, desire,
require, expect ', Serbo-Croatian žúdîm, žúdjeti `long, want, long for, yearn for ';
Slavic *galda- m. `hunger' in:
Old Church Slavic gladъ, Serbo-Croatian glâd (Gen. glâda); Czech hlad; russ. góɫod
(Gen. góɫoda).

Page(s): 434
Root / lemma: gheiĝh

gheiĝh-
Note: (see also that similar to gheid
ghei h-)??
Material: Old Indic jēh- only in jḗhamāna-ḥ ` gälmend, den Mund aufsperrend, klaffend,
lechzend '; perhaps secondary to jíhītē, S. 418;
Gothic faihu-geigan `lust, crave', ga-geigan ` gain ', nasalized Old High German gingēn
àfter etwas verlangen', gingo `das Verlangen'; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 41 though
to ĝhei-gh-, above S. 421.
Lithuanian ãpmaudą giẽžti ` hold a grudge, nurse a grievance ', giežiúos ` long, want
violently ', pagiẽžti ` ask for revenge ', pagiežà ` thirst for revenge '; whether Lithuanian
giẽžti, pa-giẽžti intr. ` im Halse kratzen ' would be with it.
References: WP. I 552; different Feist 136 f.

Page(s): 427
gheis- and ĝheiz-

Root / lemma: gheis- heiz-d-
Meaning: confused, shocked
Note: original resemblance with ĝhei-, ĝhei-s- in Old Indic hinṓti etc. is very probably
Material: Avestan zaēša- `gruesome'
Note:

zōišnu- ` frightening, shuddering, shaking together (before frost)', zōizdištō ` of the
ghastliest, most hideous ones ' (Superl. to a verb *zōiždā- ` make shudder '; see below
ĝheiz-d-);
Gothic us-geisnan ` erschrecken (intr.), außer Fassung geraten ', Kaus. us-gaisjan `
erschrecken (tr.), außer Fassung bringen ' (but Old Icelandic geisa ` hervordringen,
heranstürmen ' from *ga-eisa);
Old Icelandic geiski n. ` fear, horror '.
heiz-dh-: Old Indic hēḍ- `be angry with' (áhēḍant-, áhēḍamāna-ḥ, Perf. jihīḍa),
root form ĝheiz-
hḗḍa-ḥ m., hḗḍaḥ n. ànger' (here also hēlatē ` is improvident ', hēlayati ` deride ', see
below ĝhēi- ` yawn '), hīḍati ` excited, aroused, aggrieved ', Med. ìs excited, aroused,
angry '; Avestan zōiždišta- (see above);
Old High German geist (= Old Indic hḗḍa-ḥ) m., Old Saxon gēst, Old English gāst
(gǣst) m. `ghost (in contrast to the body); überirdisches gespenstiges Wesen ' (so esp.
engl. ghost `ghost'), Old English gǣstan (*gaistjan) `frighten' (tr.), engl. aghast ` agitated,
angry, irate', ghastly ` grisly, terrible, dreadful'.
That in the meaning exact attuning Old Church Slavic žasnǫti `frighten (intr.). stupefieri ',
žasiti `frighten' (tr.), užasъ `fright' from *g(h)ōs- attunes in vowel and not in guttural.
References: WP. I 553 f., Feist 531 f.

Page(s): 427
ghel(ē̆)ĝh-
Root / lemma: ghel(
Meaning: a kind of metal
Material: Old Church Slavic *želězo in želez(ь)nъ ` iron', Serbo-Croatian žèljezo, russ.
želě́zo ìron';
Lithuanian geležìs and žem. gelžìs (therefrom geležìnis, gelžìnis ` iron'), Latvian dzèlzs,
East Latvian dzelezs, Old Prussian gelso f. ìron';
Whether in connection with gr. χαλκός, Cretan καυχός ` copper, bronze '? That κ from
χαλκός standing comparison not in the way, because καυχός in *χαλχός points as common
primary grade. The word probably derives from a a foreign cultural circle; also the unique
gradation of the 2nd syllable in Balto Slavic would be based on different substitution in the
in the borrowed; χαλκός (ἐρυθρός Ilias I 365) as ` red metal ' perhaps to χάλκη, χάλχη,
κάλχη ` murex, snail emitting purple dye ', which is likewise borrowed; in Balto Slavic the
name would be figuratively transferred from bronze to the iron.
References: WP. I 629, Specht Dekl. 27, Trautmann 83.

Page(s): 435
Root / lemma: ghelǝd

ghelǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: ice
Material: Npers. žāla (*žalda) `hail, hoarfrost ';
gr. hom. χάλαζα `hail';
Old Church Slavic žlědica `frozen rain', sloven. žlệd `glazed frost, ice', klr. oželéda ` rain
with snow, ice on trees ', poln. żɫódź ` sleet, smooth ice '.
References: WP. I 629 f., Specht Dekl. 17.

Page(s): 435
Root / lemma: ghelĝh

ghelĝh-
Meaning: gland
Note:
Root / lemma: ghelĝh
ghelĝh- : `gland' derived from an extended Root / lemma: gel-
gel-1 : `to curl;
round, *gland, growth, ball'.
Material: Armenian geɫj-kh ` glands ' (the obvious anlaut can be explained through
dissimilation, s. Meillet MSL. 13, 244f., Lidén Arm. Stud. 71 under A. 1. 2);
East Lithuanian gẽležuones, gẽležaunēs, gẽležūnes ` glands, craw ';
Slavic *želza in Church Slavic žlěza, russ. železá, sloven. žlẹ́za, аčеch. žléza,
nowadays žláza ` gland ' (about Czech hlíza ` abscess ' s. Meillet ааО.), poln. zoɫza ds.
References: WP. I 612, 632, Trautmann 84.

Page(s): 435
Root / lemma: ghel-
ghel-ond- ghol-n̥d-
ond-, ghol-
Meaning: stomach; bowels
Note: (A supposition about the old paradigm by Petersson Heteroklisie 2281)
Material: Gr. χολάδες f. Pl. ` intestines, entrails, Gedärm', χόλικες ds.;
Maybe abbreviated alb. zorra ` intestine, entrail ' common alb. gh- > d-, z-; l/rs.
Old Church Slavic *želǫdъkъ ` stomach ', russ.-Church Slavic želúdъkъ, Serbo-Croatian
žèludac, Czech žaludek, poln. żoɫądek ds.

Page(s): 435
Root / lemma: ghel-ōu-, ghelū-

ghel-ōu- ghelū-
Meaning: tortoise
Material: Gr. χέλῡς `turtle, tortoise, Lyre', χελώνη ds., Aeolic χελύννα, χελεύς κιθάρα Hes.
(Kuiper Notes 48);
Slavic želū- f. `turtle, tortoise' in:
Church Slavic želъvь, russ.-Church Slavic želva, Serbo-Croatian žȅlva, Czech želva,
russ. žolvь f., poln. żóɫw.
References: WP. I 631, Trautmann 84, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 120.
Page(s): 435
ghel-tō (Germanic) and ghel-

Root / lemma: ghel- ghel-dhō (Slavic)
Meaning: to cost, pay
Material: Gothic fra-gildan ` repay, compensate ', us-gildan ` repay', Old Icelandic gjalda `
defray, pay, repay, be worth ', Old English gieldan, Old High German geltan ` defray,
repay, serve, sacrifice' (proto Germanic *ʒelðṓ), Old Swedish gjalla ds. (*ʒélÞō); Gothic
gild n. `tax, interest', Old Icelandic gjald ` payment, earnings, punishment ', Old English
gield ` payment, tribute, tax, sacrifice, oblation, brotherhood ', Old Icelandic gildi `
membership ', Old English gilde n. ds., gilda m. ` Gildenbruder ' (out of it Middle Irish gilda
` squire '), Middle Low German gilde, out of it Modern High German Gilde; Old High
German gelt ` payment, repayment, sacrifice, oblation etc.', Modern High German Geld;
Gothic gilstr n. `tax', Old High German gelstar (*geld-tra-) `sacrifice, oblation, tax'; from
ndd. gellen =gelten derives Lithuanian geliúoti `be valid';
Old Church Slavic žlědǫ žlěsti (žladǫ žlasti) ` repay, pay, atone' would be, if common
origin, d(h)o-present besides Germanic -to-present.

Page(s): 436
Root / lemma: ghelunā

Meaning: pine-tree
Meaning:
Material: Armenian jeɫun ` palate, ceiling ';
gr. χελύ̄νη `lip, upper jaw', in addition perhaps also χεῖλος `lip', Aeolic χέλλος, if from
*χελFος (Solmsen KZ. 29, 352);
Old Icelandic giǫlnar `pine tree', Swedish gäl `gill, pine tree', Danish gjælle ds.

Page(s): 436
Root / lemma: ghel-

ghel-
Note: also in bird name, with -b-, -bh- and -d- extended. compare the similar to
onomatopoeic words gal- qel-.
gal-, qel-
Material: Old Indic pra-galbhá-ḥ ` courageous, determined ' (: Old High German gelbōn);
gr. χελιδών `swallow', older χελῑδFών; the high-pitched sound coloring -ī- reminds
anMiddle High German glīen `cry, esp. from bird of prey', redupl. gr. κίχλη, syrak. κιχήλᾱ
`choke';
Note:
Maybe alb. (*ghalandus) dalëndyshe à swallow' : Latin harundo -inis f. à reed; meton., for
an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f.
`swallow'. Similar phonetic setting alb. dimën `winter' : Latin hiemo -are `to winter, spend
the winter' [see Root / lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2 : ĝhi-
hi- : `winter; snow'
common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-, see Root / lemma: aro-
aro-m : `reed'.
Old Icelandic gjalla (stem V.) ` resonate', Old English giellan (stem V.) `cry', Old High
German gellan `sound, clink, cry', Modern High German gellen (-ll- from -ln- or rather pure
sound echo consonant increase); Old Norse gala (preterit gōl) `cry, crow, cackle, sing', Old
English Old Saxon Old High German galan `sing; also enchant, fix a spell upon, bewitch,
enchant ' (Germanic present with -a- due to a Perf. with Indo Germanic ō); Gothic gōljan `
greet ' (actually `*shout ', as Old Frisian gēla `hunt, chase' actually ` das Wild durch
Geschrei aufstöbern '; lengthened grades iterative, presumably denominative) Old Norse
gø̄la ` make happy, please, comfort ', Old Saxon gōlian ` gladden '; Old High German guol-
līh ` boasting ', ur-guol ìllustrious'; Old High German Old Saxon galm, Middle High
German galm, gelm m. ` clangor, din, fuss, noise', Old High German nahti-gala f. `
nightingale ', Old Icelandic galdr m. ` singing, magic song ', Old English gealdor n. ` magic
song ', Old High German galdar, kalter and galstar n. ds., Old Icelandic gallr, gjallr `
clinking ';
ō-grade (as Gothic gōljan) russ. galitь-sja ` deride ', dial. galúcha, galь f. `fun, laughter ',
nagálitь ` taktmäßig schreien, singen, bei der Arbeit ' etc.
b- and bh-extension:
Old English gielpan (stem V.) `brag, boast', Middle High German gelpfen, gelfen `cry,
sing, brag, boast', Old Icelandic gjalp n. ` boastfulness ', Old English gielp ds., Old Saxon
gelp `Trotzrede, derision, ridicule', Old High German gelph `Trotzrede, boastfulness ', adj.
`lustig, minxish, wanton', Old High German gelbōn `jemd. deceive ', Old Saxon galpōn
(schw. V.) `loud cry, brag, boast', Danish gylpe, gulpe ` shout, cry like a raven ' (with
Germanic ƀ Old Icelandic gjalfr ` Wellengetöse ', gylfi `king, prince, lord', gylfin n. `fiend,
demon', gylfra f. ` witch ', gylfringr m. `sword', Middle Low German gelve ` surge ', Dutch
golf `wave', dial. galveren, golveren `sound, howl');
Lithuanian gul̃binti ` vaunt, praise '; about gul̃bas `swan' s. S. 431;
perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 198) here with expressive ch- Slavic *chъlbiti sę `
boast ', *chъlba ` boastfulness ' in Czech chlubiti se, chlouba (old chlúba), etc.; possibly
also Slavic *chorbrъ (from *gholbh-lo-) `valiant' in Old Bulgarian chrabьrъ, chrabъrъ `
warlike ' etc. (compare above Old Indic pra-galbhá-ḥ).
Dental extension Germanic gelt- : isl. gelta (*galtjan) `bark, bay', Old High German
gelzōn ` utter the voice, squeal '.

Page(s): 428
ghen h- (gh
Root / lemma: ghend ghondh-)
Meaning: boil
Material: Gr. κανθύλη ùlcer, swelling, lump, growth', κονθηλαί αἱ ἀνοιδήσεις Hes.;
Gothic gund n. ` cancerous ulcer ', Norwegian dial. gund m. `scurf', Old English gund m.
`pus', Old High German gund m. `pus, pustulating ulcer'.

Page(s): 438
ghend- and ghed-

Root / lemma: ghend- ghed-
Meaning: to grab, grip
Note: For concurrent the unnasalized and the nasalized root form s. Brugmann II2 3, 293f.,
IF. 32, 321
Material: Gr. χανδάνω (*ghend-) ` take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch',
Aor. ἔχαδον (*ghn̥d-), Fut. χείσομαι (*ghend-s-), Perf. with present-meaning κέχονδα;
alb. gjëndem (*ghend-) ` be found ', gjënj, gjenj, Geg gjëj `find' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187,
Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet ` find, regain ', s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.);
Latin praehendō, -ere, -ī, -sum ` catch, capture, take hold of, arrest, occupy, handle,
gripe ', praeda ` spoils of war, plunder, booty; of animals, prey; in gen., plunder, gain '.
Ablat. old praidad (*prai-hedā); hedera ìvy' (`clasping '; from *ghedes-ā);
Old Irish ro-geinn `findet Platz in' (*ghn̥d-ne-t), cymr. 1. Sg. gannaf, verbal noun genni
(from *gannim, Indo Germanic *ghn̥d-n-) ` enthalten sein, Platz haben '; (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), in addition Middle Irish geind f. (Old Irish *gend) `wedge', bret. genn m.
ds., mcorn. Pl. genow, corn. gedn, ncymr. gaing ds. (with secondary -ng);
Gothic bi-gitan `find', Old Icelandic geta `reach; bring forth, assume ', Old English be-
gietan ` receive, produce ', for-gietan `forgotten' (engl. get, beget, forget Scandinavian
loanword), Old High German pi-gezzan ` obtain ', fir-gezzan `forgotten' (in addition as
Causative Middle High German ergetzen ` make forget, compensate '), Modern High
German ergötzen, Old Saxon bi-getan ` gripe ', far-getan `forgotten'; Middle Low German
gissen, Swedish Norwegian gissa ` advise, assume ' (engl. guess ndd. or nord. loanword);
perhaps here (as with cymr. genni the form related *ghend-nō): Gothic du-ginnan, Old
Englishon-, bi-ginnan, Old Saxon Old High German biginnan `take hold, take in hand,
begin ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (other interpretation
attempts s. by Feist3 s. v.; therefrom noteworthly by Wiedemann BB. 27, 193 as *ĝhen-u̯ō
to alb. zē̈, Geg zâ ` touch, catch, start, begin, occupy, conceive [from the woman], hire '
from proto alb *zenō);
common alb. gh- > d-, z-.
perhaps also Old Church Slavic gadati ` assume, mean' (`grasp spiritually '), russ.
gadátь ` conjecture, create, invent ', Czech hadati ` advise, mean', etc.
References: WP. I 589 f., WH. I 638, Thurneysen Gr. 353, Berneker 288 f.
Page(s): 437-438
Root / lemma: ghen-

ghen-
Meaning: to crack open, grind, scratch
Material: Only in den extensions ghnēgh- : ghnǝgh-, ghnǝd(h)-, ghnei-, ghneu-.
guttural extension ghnēgh-

ghnēgh-:
Avestan aiwi-ɣnixta- ` gnawed, corroded '; Old Norse gnaga ` gnaw ', Old English
gnagan, ginagan (with anaptyktischem vowel), late nagan ds. - Besides with Indo
Germanic g in anlaut and Franconian cnagan, Dutch knagen ds.;
Latvian gńẽga ` someone who eats with long teeth ' (the softening after Endzelin Latvian
Gr. 136 f. characteristic for scornful expressions). compare also Mühlenbach-Endzelin
Latvian-D. Wb. I 634.
Dental extension ghnǝd

ǝd(h)-:
ghnǝd(
with intensive consonant stretch Old English gnætt m. ` mosquito ', engl. gnat `
mosquito ', ndd. gnatte `small mosquito ', Danish dial. gnat `small piece', Middle High
German gnaz, -tzes `scurf, niggardliness ', Modern High German Gnatz, Gnätze `scurf,
skin rash '; Old Icelandic gnǫtra `clatter, rattle, clash (of skeleton)', engl. dial. to gnatter,
Swedish gnat ` Genörgel, Gezänk ', gnatig ` peevish, immer grumpy, surly, sullen ',
Modern High German gnatzig ` übellaunisch ' (compare kratzig in the same meaning).
further with dd: Old Norse gnaddr ` the young from animals or people ', Old Icelandic
gnadda ` murren, mit übellaunischen Worten quälen ', Norwegian dial. gnaddra, `drone,
grumble, growl ', ndd. gnadderig ` übellaunisch, morose '.
Persson Beitr. 95 f., 811.
i-extensions ghnei-
ghnei-, ghneid(h)-
ghneid(h)-:
Gr. χνίει ψακάζει, θρύττει (l. θρύπτει), χνιαρωτέρα χνοω[δεσ]τέρα Hes.;
Old English gnīdan `rub, grind ', Old High German gnītan, Middle Low German gnīden,
from which probably Old Swedish gnīdha, Swedish gnida, Danish gnide borrowed is;
compare also (likewise borrowed?) the rare Old Icelandic gniða ds.; Old Icelandic gnīsta
tönnum ` clatter with the teeth ', Middle High German gnīst `ground', Tirol Gneist ` chopped
or scraped stuff '; Norwegian dial. gnita ` kleines abgesprungenes Stück ', Middle Low
German gnitte `small mosquito ', East Frisian gnid, gnit ` sundries, small stuff; a kind of
small gnats ', Modern High German Gnitze `small mosquito ';
Latvian gnīde `rough, shabby, dirty skin'; Old Church Slavic gnijǫ, gniti ` blight, decay ',
russ. gnitь, Bulgarian gnija, Serbo-Croatian gnjìti and gnjíliti, Czech hníti, poln. gnić ds.;
Old Church Slavic gnilъ ` rotten ', russ. gnil, Serbo-Croatian gnjìo, Czech hnilý, poln. gniɫy
ds., Old Church Slavic gnojь ` manure', russ. gnoj `pus', Serbo-Croatian gnôj `ds.', Czech
hnûj `crap, muck, manure ', poln. gnój ds.
Maybe alb. (*gnola) njolla ` stain, dirt ' common alb. gn- > nj-.
ghnī̆ī̆ī̆dā
hereupon ghnī̆ dā ` nit, louse ':
Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial. gnit f., Old Swedish gnether, Swedish gnet, Danish gnid;
Latvian gnīda ` nit, louse, greedy, stingy person' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 633), Lithuanian
glìnda (dissimilated from *gnìnda?); russ. gnída, sloven. gnjìda, Czech hnída, poln. gnida;
about Latin lēns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44.
ghnē̆u-, ghneud
u-extensions ghnē̆ ghneu h-, ghneus-
ghneus-:
Gr. χναύω ` nibble, scour, scratch, gnaw ', χναῦμα ` slice, tidbit ', χναυρός ` dainty',
χνόος, χνοῦς ` that what can be scraped off, dust, foam, froth, underfur ';
Old Icelandic g-nūa `rub' (also gnȳia ` rant, make a noise, roar ', gnȳr ` din, fuss, noise
'?), Old Icelandic gnauð `noise, rattle', gnyðr `nag, growl', Old English gnēaÞ `stingy,
tightfisted', Middle Low German gnauwen ` growl ';
Lithuanian gniū̃sai `vermin, pest', Old Church Slavic gnusьnъ `disgusting', gnǫšati,
gnušati sę `be disgusted', russ. gnus `vermin, pest', Serbo-Croatian gnûs ` disgust,
repulsion, loathing, smut', Czech hnus ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut', hnusný
`disgusting', poln. gnuśny ìdle, blight, decay'.

Page(s): 436-437
Root / lemma: gher-

gher-1
Meaning: expr. root
Note: mostly only newer parallel Wortschöpfungen, frequent, often with expressive vowel
change and Gemination
Material: Old Indic gharghara-ḥ ` rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling ', m. ` rattling,
laughter ', ghargharita- n. ` grunting ', ghurghura-ḥ ` a gargling sound ', ghurghurī ` cricket
', ghurghurāyatē ` whizzes, hums ';
Maybe alb. gurgullon ` water sounds ', gurrë `water spring'
Latin hirrīre ` whimper, growl ' (`rr' with i vocalized as reproduction of of high tone);
Old English gierran stem V. `sound, clink, creak, babble, chatter ', Modern High German
girren (Middle High German also garren, gurren), Swedish Norwegian garpa `rant, roister,
brag, boast', Old Icelandic garpr ` intrepid pugnacious person'; Norwegian dial. garta `joke,
chat, prate, grunt'; Old English gierman, Norwegian garma `roar, bellow', Old Norse garmr
`dog'; further Old English gryllan ` gnash, rage ', Middle High German grellen stem V. `
piercingly, before rage shouts ', grel `rough, grell, angry, irate', Dutch grollen `murmur, be
angry, irate', Middle High German grüllen ` scoff ', Modern High German grollen;
russ.-Church Slavic gъrkati ` coo ', Czech hrčeti `rattle, clash, purr, murmur', hrkati
`crack, creak, burr '; slov. gŕgati ` gargle, coo ';
Maybe alb. grykë ` throat ' : russ.-Church Slavic gъrkati ` coo '
here perhaps ghrē-d- in Gothic grētan, Old Norse grāta, asächs. grātan, Old English
grǣtan (gréotan after réotan ds.), Modern High German Alemannian grǟtsǝ `weep, cry,
lament '; ablaut. causative Old Icelandic greta `reduce to tears, bring to tears', Old English
gräetan ` assail, greet ', asächs. grōtian ` call ', Old High German gruozen, Modern High
German grüßen; Old Norse grātr m. ` weeping, cry ', Old High German grāz `fury';
ghrē-dhin Old English grǣdan `call, shout, cry'.

Page(s): 439
Root / lemma: gher-

gher-2
Meaning: to stroke roughly, rub
Note: compare also the extensions ghrēi-, ghrēu-, ghrem-, ghren-, as well as above grōd-
Material: Gr. κέγχρος `millet, sorghum, ordure', κάχρυς ` parched barley, winter-bud barley
' (diss. from *gher-ghro- and *ghn̥-ghru-); χέραδος n. and χεράς, -άδος f. ` detritus, gravel '
(*gherǝd- or *ghern̥d-?); χερμάς, -άδος f. ` large pebble or stone, esp. for throwing or
slinging, sling-stone ';
Latin furfur, -uris m. ` husk of grain and the legumes; the bran; scales, scurf on the skin '
(reduplicated form, originally *for-for); vowel gradation as in Lithuanian gurùs ` crumbly ',
gùrti ` crumb, spall, crumble '. common Illyrian gh- > d- then Latin d- > f-.
s-extension:
Old Indic gharṣati ` grates ', ghr̥ṣṭa-ḥ ` chafed, grated '; russ. goróchъ `pea', Serbo-
Croatian grȁh `bean, pea' (the Slavic intonation development from a zero grade basic form
*ghōrso-s or from *ghorǝsos).
Maybe abbreviated alb. (*ghōrso-s) groshë `bean, pea'
References: WP. I 605 f., WH. I 545 f., 570.

Page(s): 439-440
Page(s):
gher-3, ghrē-
Root / lemma: gher- ghrē- : ghrō-
ghrō- : ghrǝ
ghrǝ-
Meaning: to come out, stick out
Note: (probably identical with ghrē-: ghrō- : ghrǝ- `grow, be green', see there); s. also
under ĝhers-.
Material: a. Gr. χαρία βουνός Hes., χάρμη ` joy of battle, lust of battle, battle; upper lance
point ', ἄγ-χαρμον ἀνωφερῆ τήν αἰχμήν Hes., χοιράς ` like a hog or a hog's back, low rock
rising just above the sea like a hog's back; in pl., scrofulous swellings in the glands of the
neck, etc.; sow ' (*ghori̯o-);
at most (yet quite doubtful) here Norwegian dial. gare `cusp, peak', gara `prick, bump,
poke';
from the heavy basis: Middle High German grāt, Pl. græte m. ` fishbone, ear of corn,
mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, mountain ridge', Modern High German Grat, Gräte
(*ghrē-tí-);
with reduplication-grade: poln. grot, Czech hrot ` arrowhead, spear, lance';

b. with -d-suffix: Old High German Middle High German graz n. `sprout, twig, scion,
branch of conifers ' (also probably turned into mental Old High German grazzo Adv.
`violent, stern', Middle High German graz, grāz `fury', graz ` furious, angry, irate');
c. with n-suffix:
Gothic *granō (Isidor Orig. XIX 23, 7), Old High German grana, Old English granu, Old
Icelandic grǫn f. `whisker, moustache; mouth, fir, spruce', Middle High German gran, grane
` cusp, point of the hair, beard hair, fishbone ', Modern High German Granne èar of corn',
dial. ` back bristle of pig ', and ` fishbone '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-).
Slavic *granь ` sharp point, edge, border', e.g. in russ. granь f. `limit, boundary;
landmark, territorial marker; facet', Czech hrana `point, edge, border' etc.; in addition also
russ. gránka ` tussock ', klr. hránok `bough, twig, branch', bg. Serbo-Croatian grána `twig,
branch';
en-dh- suffix:
d. with -en-
Alb. krande ` straw, splinter, deadwood', Tosc krende `twig, branch' (*ghrondh- or
*ghrendh-), etc.; : alb. (*grendu) krunde `bran'
gall. grennos `beard' (Wartburg), Middle Irish grenn `beard' (*ghrendh-no-s); cymr. grann
èyelid, cheek', bret. grann èyebrow' (with unclear a; or has it originated from *ghrn̥dh-no-
s?). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Page(s): 440
ghers-1, ghres-
Root / lemma: ghers- ghres-
Meaning: disgust, horror
Material: Avestan grǝ̄hma- ` sinner, delinquent ' (?);
Armenian garšim ` have loathing before ';
[Middle Irish goirt `bitter' (*ghorstis), Old Irish gortae `hunger'; better to gʷher-];
Middle High German Middle Low German garst, Modern High German nl. garstig `spoil,
rancid '; Old High German gerstī `Bitterkeit'; Old Icelandic gersta `stir, tease, irritate,
embitter '; s. also gʷher-;
Lithuanian grasà f. ` threat, austereness, severeness ', grasùs ` threatening, disgusting',
gresiù, grė̃sti ` threaten, outgrow ', gristù, grìsti ` become disgusted with ', grasinù, grasìnti
` threaten ', Latvian grasāt, grasīt ` threaten '.
Maybe alb. (*garsinù) kërcënoj `threaten'

Page(s): 445
Root / lemma: ghers-

ghers-2
Meaning: used in names of weeds
Material: Old High German gers, giers, girst (Grassmann, Dt. Pflanzennamen 100 ff.,
Björkmann ZfdWtf. 3, 268) `Giersch, Aegopodium Podagraria';
Lithuanian gar̃šas m., garšvà f. Àngelica Archangelica'; gar̃švė f. ` Giersch ', Latvian
gārsa, gārša, gārši ds.; in addition also Lithuanian gìrsa f. = dìrsė ` darnel ' (oat), Latvian
dzirši ` darnel ' (these after Endzelin KZ. 44, 58 to Latin hordeum [see below ĝherzd(h)]
herzd(h)
`barley'; compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 555, 618 f.).

Page(s): 445
Root / lemma: gherto-

gherto-
Meaning: milk, butter
Note: only Aryan and Celtic
Material: Old Indic ghr̥tám ` skimmings, butter, melting butter ';
after Uhlenbeck to jígharti (gharati) ` sprays, sprinkles ', npers. ā-ɣārdan ` blend, mix,
soak ';
Middle Irish gert `milk'.
References: WP. I 607, II 166.

Page(s): 446
Root / lemma: gheub(h)-

gheub(h)-
Meaning: to bend, move
Material: Norwegian dial. gūva ` sit sunk down ', Swedish jordgubbe ` Fragaria ananassa;
strawberry ', Old Danish gubbe `larynx, breast', ndd. (Estland) gubbe ` small haycock,
haystack '; Old English géap `crooked, cunning' (but géap `wide, capacious, open ', Old
Icelandic gaupn ` hollow hand ' see below ĝhēu-
hēu- ` yawn, gape, stare with an open mouth
'), Old Icelandic gumpr (from Old Swedish gumper), Swedish gump, Danish gump `rump',
Middle High German guffe, goffe ds. (but about Middle High German gupf ` summit of a
mountain ' see below geu-
geu- `bend'), Old English gupan Pl. ` buttocks, haunches ', Old High
German goffa `rump', further in addition the intensive formation isl. goppa, Swedish guppa,
Modern High German gupfen ` jump up and down, swing';
Latvian gubstu, gubt ` bend down, sink ', guba f. `heap', Lithuanian gubúotis `
interweave, intertwine ', gaubiù, gaũbti ` cover, wrap up, curve ', gaũbtis ` crook oneself ',
gubà ` haycocks, heaps of standing sheaves ', gubùs àdroit, expert, skillful' (compare the
meaning from Old English géap), Lithuanian dvìgubas ` twofold ', Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f.
dvigubbus ds.;
Old Church Slavic gъnǫti `fold', russ. gnutь `bend, crook', klruss. hnúty ds., Serbo-
Croatian nȁgnêm, nàgnuti ` incline ', sloven. gánem, gániti `move, bestir ', Czech hnouti
ds., in addition Old Church Slavic negъbljь ` unmoved ' (from *gubja-), russ. Church Slavic
gъbežь `bend', Czech příheb m. ` flexible place, joint ' (from -gъbъ, compare Lithuanian -
gubas) and changing through ablaut Old Church Slavic sugubъ, dvogubъ `double', russ.
gubá `bay', sloven. gúba ` crease ', poln. przegub `joint, curvature '; iterative Old Church
Slavic gybljǫ gybati ` be destroyed, perish ', prěgybajǫ, prěgybati `bend, bow', russ.
gíbnutь, gínutь ` spoil, perish ', gibátь `bend', Serbo-Croatian gîbljêm (gi̇bâm) gíbati `
move, weigh, rock, sway ', Czech hynouti ` be destroyed, perish, go to waste, run wild ',
hýbati `move, drive, push'; causative Old Church Slavic pogubljǫ pogubiti ` wreck ', russ.
gubítь `spoil', Serbo-Croatian gùbîm, gùbiti ds., Czech hubiti `spoil, exterminate ', poln.
gubię, gubić `lose, spoil', Old Church Slavic paguba `ruin'.
Maybe alb. Geg (*gub-) hup, Tosc humb `lose' : Czech hubiti `spoil, exterminate '; common
alb. -b > -mb, also alb. gaboj ` get lost, err '.

Page(s): 450
Root / lemma: gheuĝh ghū̆ĝh-

gheuĝh-, ghū̆
Meaning: to conceal
Material: Old Indic gū́hati, guhati ` hidden' (Aor. aghukṣat), gúhā ` hideout, cave', gṓha-ḥ `
hideout, lair '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Avestan guz- (guzaēta, fra-guzayanta) `conceal, hide', Old pers. yadiy apa-gaudayāhi `
if you hide ';
Note:
Old Icelandic gȳgr f. ` Unholdin, giantess ' (*gūgī-z, compare formal Lithuanian gùže),
Old Danish gyg ` a subterranean, an underground ', gyger `murderer, robber ';
Lithuanian gū̃žti ` patronize, guard, cover ', also `brood, hatch, cover warmly ', gūžỹnė `
blind man's buff ', gū́žis, gūžtà ` Brutnest ', gùžė ` heidnische Reisegöttin '; in addition
gùžas, gužùtis ` stork ' (as ` the nest builder ').

Page(s): 450
Root / lemma: gheu̯ei̯ā (ĝheu̯

ĝheu̯ei̯ā)
Meaning: pit, hollow
Note: Only gr. and Latin
Material: Gr. χειά, Hom. χειή `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' =
Latin fovea ` pothole, cave a small pit, esp. for taking wild beasts, a pit fall; a snare,
conspiracy
'; favissae ` underground reservoirs or cellars near the temples, for water or for sacred
utensils no longer in use; subterranean chambers ', with etrusk. suffix, could be hybride
formation.
Common Illyrian gh- . d- then Latin d- > f-

Page(s): 451
ghe-, gho-
Root / lemma: ghe- gho-
Meaning: an enclitic particle
Note: It seems two groups have to be separated, single-linguistic but to have partly begun
at another place: 1. ghe, gho, 2. with palatalem gutturals, the in europ. languages as ĝ, in
Aryan as ĝh appears (as in the cases like gr. γένυς: Old Indic hánuḥ), thus showed one of
the normal so-called voiced-aspirated various articulation kind, and the vowel i or e.
Material: 1. -ghe,
ghe, -gho:
Old Indic gha (*gho), ha (*ghe) behind negation (ná gha), personal pronoun (e.g. vayáṁ
gha), dem so/to-Pron. (sá gha, sá ha), to the question pronoun (e.g. káṁ ha), to the
relative pronoun (yṓ gha, yṓ ha), also behind other parts of speech; Old Indic hánta ` well,
on take, there take, see there ';
Umbrian -hont (e.g. era-hunt `by the same way, by the same piece of work; at the same
time, likewise'), compare also Latin hic ` this, this one; this present ' from *gho or *ghe +
*ke;
cymr. a(g) `with' from *ad-ghe; see above S. 3;
Old Church Slavic -go, -že behind negation (ni-že ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ',
ne jedinъ že `not only one, not one, i.e. no one, none; not at all, naught '; compare also
Old Church Slavic neže, serb. nègo às' in comparative and serb. nȅgo `however, but',
Czech než(e) `yet', where ne- rather the negation has arisen as indicating the positive
meaning of Pron.-stem ne-), behind the relative pronoun (iže), lengthened grade (*ghō)
Upper Sorbian kdy-ha ` when, then ' (; Berneker 316);
Lithuanian -gu (*ghō), -gi (these with dem vowel i the 2. group) in negì, neigì, negù `not',
behind Pers.-Pron. (e.g. tu-gu, tu-gi ` thou at least, for thy part ' : Boeot. touga : gr. σύγε),
Old Lithuanian also -ga, -ge, dem so/to-Pron. (e.g.tie-gi), to the question pron. (kaip-gi
às'), -gu also interrogative particle (compare also Old Lithuanian an-gu ìf', Old Prussian
an-ga ìf'), Old Prussian beggi `for', kāigi às', neggi àlso not, still', niqueigi ` never more ';
gr. οὐχί see below.
2. -ĝ(h)ī̆ī̆ī̆:
in Old Indic hí, Avestan zī emphasizing particle (ná hí, nahí, Avestan nōit zī; Old Indic
kár-hi `when?', tár-hi `damals' ), behind the first word of the sentence ` then yes ';
gr. οὐ-χί, μή-χι `not', ἧ-χι `where', ναί-χι ` certainly, indeed' (-χ- instead of -γ-, compare
under γε, presumably through hybridization with a particle the 1. group);
Latin *nē-gi (after Holthausen KZ. 47, 309 = Old Saxon nec ànd not'), assumed through
negōtium, originally sentence compound neg'ōtium est (compare haud-ōtium est by
Terenz) and negāre (compare Modern High German verneinen, bejahen);
klr. Bulgarian serb. -zi behind personal pronoun

3. -ĝ(h)e:
(h)e
in gr. ἐμε-γέ = Gothic mi-k, Old High German mi-h = Armenian is `me' (at first from *in-
c), ἐγώ γε, ἔγω-γε, σύ γe, Gothic Þu-k, si-k, Old High German di-h, si-h; after so/to-Pron. ὅ
γε, after the relative pronoun ὅσσα γε, ὅντινα γε, further γε, Doric Boeotian el. γὰ also
behind other parts of speech. In Baltic as well as also (besides in the with ī vocalized form)
in Slavic the guttural of the 1. group has become dominant, as well as in gr. -χι;
Venetic me-χo `me' has related о from eχo Ì';
Tocharian strengthening particle A - k, В - k(e) from *-ghe or -ĝhe (compare Pedersen

Tocharian 136);
Hittite am-mu-uk (ammuk) `me', tu-uk (tuk) `you': Gothic Þuk (*tu-ge), etc., s. Pedersen
Hittite 73 f., 166 f.
Maybe alb. (*mu-uka) mua `me' : Rumanian mie `me', (*tu-uk) ty `you', nasalized (*mu-
uka) Alb. Arbëresh uth, alb. unë Ì' common alb. -k > -th.
References: WP. I 541 f., WH. I 644, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 624.
Page(s): 418
Root / lemma:
lemma: ghlād
ghlā h-
Meaning: ` brilliant, smooth, shining '
See also: see below ghel- `gleam'
Page(s): 451
Root / lemma: ghleu-

ghleu-
Meaning: to be joyful, to joke
Note: extension from ghel- `cry' or ghel- `gleam'?
Material: Gr. χλεύη f. ` joke, derision ';
Old Icelandic glȳ n. `pleasure, joy', Old English glēo, glieg, glīw n. `game, pleasure, joy'.
With dental extension:
Old Lithuanian glaudas m., glauda f. ` pastime, entertainment ', gláudoti ` joke', Latvian
glaudât ds. [glaudas ` cuddle, caress ' belongs but originally to glaũsti, Latvian glaũst `
cuddle, embrace, caress', Lithuanian glaudùs ` sich anschmiegend, einschmeichlerisch ';
see below gel-1, extension gl-eu-].
With m-derivative (nominal formation ghloumos):
ghloumos
Old Icelandic glaumr ` loud jubilation ', gleyma ` make forget, make cheerful, make noise
', Old English glēam ` jubilation, pleasure, joy'; ablaut. Old Icelandic glymr `row, din, fuss,
noise', glymja `sound, clink', Middle High German glumen `din, drone';
Old Church Slavic bezъ gluma ` firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform,
steady, fixed, stable, invariable, regular, persistent; consistent, harmonious; unanimous;
sure, steadfast, constant, faithful, unchanging ', glamiti sę ` to talk idly, prate ', russ. gɫum `
joke, derision ', gɫumitь sja ` mock, sich lustig machen about', Bulgarian glúma ` fun, joke,
derision ', glumjá se ` joke, fool ', Serbo-Croatian glúma f. ` joke, comedy ', Czech (old)
hluma ` an actor ', poln. dial. w gɫum ` in Nichts ', eigtl. ` in Scherze '.
Maybe alb. (*hluma) lumë ` blessed, happy, lucky, fortunate ' common alb. gl- > l-.
With p-derivative:
Slavic *glupъ, russ. gɫúpyj `stupid, clownish ', Specht KZ. 68, 123.

Page(s): 451
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ghoilo-

ghoilo-s
Meaning: foaming; turbulent; roaming
Note:
ghoilo-s : foaming; turbulent; roaming, derived from Root / lemma: gʷel-
Root / lemma: ghoilo- ʷel-1 :
to stick; pain, death : Lithuanian gélti `prick'.
Material: Perhaps Middle Irish gāel ` kinship', nir. gaol also ` friendship, love';
Old High German geil, Old Saxon gēl `minxish, wanton, luscious, strong', Modern High
German geil (Middle Low German geile `testicles', Modern High German Biber-geil; Middle
Low German geile, Modern High German Geile ` dung, manure '), Old English gāl ` funny,
lascivious, stout, proud', Middle High German geilen ` ridicule, make fun of ' = Gothic
gailjan ` gladden '; Old High German keilī f. ` lasciviousness ';
changing through ablaut and partly with the meaning ` foaming ' Old Icelandic gil-ker `
fermenting vat ', Norwegian gĭl, gīl n. ` fermenting beer ', Dutch gijl ds., gijlen `ferment,
seethe', also, as Middle Low German gīlen ` covetous ';
Old Lithuanian gailas `violent', Lithuanian gailùs ìrascible, irritable; sharp, biting (from
vinegar, lye); bitter (from tears); pitiable, pitiful ' (in latter meaning with ablaut to gilùs `
painful, sore ', gélti `prick, schmerzen' after Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 75?);
Old Church Slavic dzělo (zělo), Old Czech zielo, weißruss. do zěɫa `very'.
References: WP. I 634, Feist 185, Trautmann 75.

Page(s): 452
Root / lemma: ghom-

ghom-
Meaning: stall
Material: Armenian gom ` Höhlenstall ';
Danish gamme ` sheepfold, shed ', Swedish dial. gamme ` crib, manger ', Old Norse
gammi m. ` Erdhütte ', Swiss gämmeli ` Viehhütte ', pomm. gamm ` Haufe von
Ziegelsteinen, die zum Trocknenaufgesetzt werden '.
References: WP. I 637, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 80.

Page(s): 452
Root / lemma: ghosti-

ghosti-s
Meaning: stranger; guest
Note:
Root / lemma:
lemma: ghosti- ghō̆s- : to eat see
ghosti-s : stranger; guest, derived from Root / lemma: ghō̆
below.
Material: Latin hostis m. f. ` a stranger; but esp. an enemy, foe, opponent (Old Latin), fiend
' (in addition hospes, -pitis ` a host, hostess; a guest; a guest-friend, friend; a stranger;
used also like adj., foreign ', Paelignian hospus ` guest's friend ' from *hosti-pot-s ` master
of the guest ');
It is a compound of Root / lemma: ghosti-
ghosti-s : stranger; guest + Root / lemma: poti-
poti-s :
owner, host, master, husband : gr. kor. ξένFος `foreigner' : Old Bulgarian gospodь `master'
: Paelignian hospus ` guest's friend '.
Gothic gasts, Old Icelandic gestr (Proto Norse -gastik) `guest', Old High German Old
Saxon gast, Old English giest ` stranger, guest';
Old Bulgarian gostь `guest' (borrowing from Germanic according to Solmsen Unt. 203);
to gostь probably also Old Bulgarian gospodь `master, mister' etc. as Kurzung from
gostьpot-.
Maybe alb. gosti `feast, party' a Slavic loanword.
Barely credible is the apposition from gr. Attic ξένος, Ionian ξεῖνος, kor. ξένFος `foreigner,
stranger, guest's friend ' due to a present *ghs-enu̯-ō, lengthened grade of alb. (h)uai, Geg
(h)uj ` strange ' (from*ghsēn-? s. Jokl IF. 37, 93);
Maybe the transposition of Alb. Geg (*heuva-) huej, Tosc huaj `foreigner, stranger, guest's
friend '.
quite incredible Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329; about New Phrygian ξευνε vocative (*ghs-enu̯e?)
s. v. Blumenthal Gl. 20, 288.

Page(s): 453
Root / lemma: ghou-

ghou-ro-
ro-s
Meaning: frightened
Material: Old Indic ghōrá-ḥ `dreadful, imposing, venerable ', n. ` scary force, might, magic
power ';
Maybe alb. gjor ` pitiful person'
Gothic gaurs ` grieving ', gauriÞa ` sorrow ', qaurjan `mortify', Old High German gōrag `
woeful, wretched, miserable, arm, small'; Old Icelandic gaurr m. ` pitiful person'
(Johansson KZ. 67, 221); perhaps here with ablaut and n- further formations: Old English
gyrn, gryn n. `mourning, grief', also gnorn, grorn m., gnyrn f. ds., gryre m. ` horror ', with
variant assimilation and dissimilation, in addition Old Saxon gornōn, gnornōn, grornōn `
grieve ', gruri m. ` horror ';
klruss. žuryty àfflict, sadden', žurba ` care ', russ. žurítь ` scold '.

Page(s): 453-454
Root / lemma: ghous-

ghous-
Meaning: to sound; hear
Note: Only indoiranisch.
Material: Old Indic ghṓṣati ` sounds, announces aloud, hears ', ghōṣáyati ` findet Erhörung
bei (Akk.) ' (Geldner Rigveda in Auswahl I 58), ghṓṣa-ḥ m. ` sound, clamor, shout, call, din,
fuss, noise', Aśvaghōṣa EN ` ear of the horse ', Harighōṣa EN ` Yellow ear ' (= Avestan
zairigaoša);
Avestan gaoš- `hear', Kaus. in gūšayat̃-uxδa- ` sein Wort zu Gehör bringend ', npers.
niyōšīdan `hear, listen, eavesdrop ', Baluchi gōšaɣ `hear', niɣōšaɣ `hear, listen, eavesdrop
';
Maybe alb. Geg nigjoj, ndëgoj (*ndë-ghosa), Tosc dëgjoj, alb. Greece dëlgonj, alb. Arbërsh
dilingonj, ndëlgonj, ndlëgonj, glëgonj ` I hear ' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].
afgh. ngvaɫạl ` listen, obey ', Old pers. gauša-, Avestan gaoša- m. èar', npers. gōš èar',
skyth. EN ΏΡαθαγωσος ` rattling, clashing by the war chariot ', Avestan zairi-gaoša- `with
yellow ears';
about Latin heus ` hallo! ho, there! hark!' s. rather WH. I 643 f.

Page(s): 454
Root / lemma: ghou̯(ē)-

(ē)-
(ē)
Meaning: to notice, pay attention
Material: Latin faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautum ` to favor, be well disposed, be inclined towards,
favor, promote, befriend, countenance, protect; be favorable to, help, support, with dat.;
with infin., to be inclined to do. Esp. as religious t.t., to speak no words of bad omen;
hence to be silent; be quiet in worship '; favḗre from *fovḗre because of Umbrian fons
`favēns', foner ` favorable, propitious ' from *fou̯enis; [Illyrian Latin gh- > d- > f-]
Old Icelandic gā (*gawōn) ` look out, take care ', Gothic gaumjan ` remark, see, raise up
one' s attention ', Old Norse geyma `heed, care, worry for, beware', Old English gīeman,
Old Saxon gōmian, Old High German goumen ds., Old Icelandic gaumr m. and gaum f.
àttention', Old High German gouma ` paying attention, observance, feast ', Swiss gaume
`baby sitting' (from dem Germanic Latvian gaũme `taste', gaũmêt ` memorize, observe,
taste '), Old Saxon gōma `repast, meal, guest's meal ', whereof Old Saxon gṓmian ` host '.
(The meaning relations are still to be cleared in detail; s. Slotty IF. 46, 369.) In addition
changing through ablaut Old English ofergumian `neglect', Old Saxon fargumōn ` neglect ',
isl. guma ` pay attention ';
Old Church Slavic govějǫ, gověti ` worship; revere, live a god-fearing life ', russ. gově́tь `
fast ', sloven. dial. goveti ` remain grumpily silent ', Serbo-Croatian gòvijêm, gòvjeti ` obey
', Czech hověti ` favor, spare, look after, look up; satisfy, show indulgence '; from dem
Russ. derives Lithuanian gavė́ti ` fast ', Latvian gavêt ds.

Page(s): 453
ghō̆s-
Root / lemma: ghō̆
Meaning: to eat
Material: Old Indic ghas- èat, consume' in 2. 3. Sg. Aor. ághas, 3. Pl. ákṣan, Perf.
jaghā́sa, jakṣuḥ, (common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-) from which after Wackernagel KZ. 41, 309
present jakṣiti, particle Perf. *gdha- in agdhā́d ` uneaten food ', later jagdhá-, ságdhi- f. `
shared meal', later jagdhi- s. Wackernagel aaO., ghasmara- ` voracious ', ghasana- n. `
the consuming ', ghā̆sí- m. `nourishment, food'; Avestan gah- èat, devour (from
daēvischen creature)';
about Latin hostia ` sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', hostīre ` repay' s. WH. I 661 f.;
about angebl. Latvian gōste ` feast ' s. WH. I 637.
Maybe alb. gosti `feast', ngos, ngop `sate, feed' Latin loanword.

Page(s): 452
ghre h-1, gherb

Root / lemma: ghreb gher h-; root widening ghreb
ghre hā-
Meaning: to grab
Note: compare also ghreib
ghrei h-.
Material: Old Indic grabh-, grab- ` gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest ', Aor.
agrabham, Perf. jagrā́bha, Pass. gr̥hyáte, gr̥bháyant; grábha- m. ` the griping ', gráha- `
filled goblet '; grápsa- `bush, tussock ', gr̥b
́ h- ` griping, handle, grasp', gr̥h- (as 2.
composition part) ` griping ', gr̥bhá- m. `handle, grasp', gr̥b
́ hi- ` in recollecting, containing ',
grābhá- m. ` seizer, handful ';
Avestan grab- ` grasp ' in hǝ̄ngrabǝm (časmainī) ` I captured (with the eye) ', Perf.
jigaurva, gǝurvayeiti (compare Old Indic gr̥bháyant) ` seizes, holds firmly, agrees,
perceives ', participle Perf. Pass. gǝrǝpta-, grab- ` structure of words, sentence '; Akk.
gǝrǝbąm ` the holding on, seizing '; npers. giriftan ` gripe ', gīrad ` seizes ';
Old Norse grāpa ` snatch, grasp ' (p in support in grīpa?), Old English græppian ` gripe ',
engl. grapple ` grip, grasp '; besides Swedish grabba ` grapple, pack ', Middle Low
German grabben, grabbelen ` catch fast, heap ' (out of it engl. grab, grabble), Middle High
German grappeln ` grope ', Norwegian dial. grafsa, grapsa `scratch, scrape ', deutsch
grapsen; in addition nasalized Swedish dial. gramma ` snatch ', Swiss grame ` creep ',
Swedish gramsa ` take with full-hand ', Swiss gramse ds.; asächs. garva ` fascicle, sheaf ',
Old High German garba ` a handful, bundle ', Middle High German Modern High German
Garbe;
Lithuanian grabùs, grabnùs ` adroit, skilful in the stealing ', grabinė́ti, grabalióti, grabóti `
grope, reach for something ', grabstýti ` gripe, pack ', lengthened grade grė́biu, grė́bti `
rake, gripe, rob'; previous iterative. gróbiu, gróbti ` gripe, snatch, rob', grõbis m. ` robbery,
booty'; Latvian grebju, grebt also ` grasp ', grabas f. Pl. ` the bundled together ', greblis
`small rake ', grâbju, grâbt ` grasp, catch, rake ', grãbât iterative in addition ` rake, gather
together ';
Old Church Slavic grebǫ, greti òar, row', russ. grebú, grestí ` pile, rake, oar, row',
Bulgarian grebá ` rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop ', grebló ` rake,
rudder '; iterative Old Church Slavic grabljǫ, grabiti `rob', Serbo-Croatian grȁbiti ` grasp,
pile ', Czech hrabati `scratch, dig, burrow, rummage, rake ', etc.
Maybe alb. grabit ` rob ' a Slavic loanword.
root extension ghreb

ghre hā-:
Old Indic gr̥bhnā́ti, gr̥bhāyáti ` seizes, sticks, attains '; innovations are: ágrabhīt ` griped
', Infin. gráhītum, participle gr̥bhītá- ` reigned, caught, held on ', grábhītr̥, grahītr̥ ` seizer';
Avestan gǝrǝwnāiti, gǝ̄urvāyeiti, Old pers. garbāyaiti ` seizes, conquers, agrees,
perceives, understands '.
References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 232.
Page(s): 455
Root / lemma: ghreb

ghre h-2
Meaning: to scratch, dig
Note: (Not always certain from ghreb
ghre h- ` gripe, rake ' to divide; identical with it?; see
Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).
Note:
ghre h-2 : to scratch, dig; derived from Root / lemma: ghreb
Root / lemma: ghreb ghre h-1, gherb
gher h-;
root widening ghreb
ghre hā- : to grab.
Material: Gothic graban `dig', Old Icelandic grafa ` notch, dig, prick ornaments ' (Plur.
preterit Old Icelandic grǫfum indicating to a present grefa, really records Old Norwegian
and Old Swedish (græva)), Old English grafan ds., Old Saxon bigraƀan `bury', Old High
German graban ` dig, bury, engrave '; Old Frisian grēva schw. v. s. meaning, Dutch
groeven ` trickle, groove, make furrows or channels '; iterative to graban-: Old High
German grubilōn ` dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate ', Middle High German
grübeln ds.; Gothic grōba f. `ditch, trench, channel'
Maybe alb. gropë `ditch, trench, channel'
Old English grafu, Old Icelandic grǫf f. `pit, pothole, grave' (Germanic *grabō); Gothic
grōba f. `pit, pothole, cave', Old Icelandic grōf ds., Old High German gruoba `pit, pothole,
cave, gullet' (Germanic *grōbō); Old English græf n. `ditch, trench, channel, grave', Old
Frisian gref, Old Saxon graf, Old High German grab `grave'; Old Icelandic grǫptr m. `
graving, grave, burial, funeral ', Old English græft m. ` sculpture, engraving ' (Germanic
*graftu), Old Frisian greft f. ` ditch, trench, channel ' (Germanic*grafti), nld. gracht ds., Old
High German graft f. `monumentum, sculpture, engraving ' (but Old High German gruft is
folk etymology reshuffling from gr.-Latin crypta);
Latvian grebju, grebt ` hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize ', greblis m.
` gouge, type of chisel ' (also rake, see below ghreb
ghre h- ` gripe ');
Old Church Slavic pogrebǫ, pogreti `bury', Serbo-Croatian grèbêm, grèbsti ` dig,
scratch, scrape', with prefix po- `bury', Czech (old) hřebu, hřébsti `dig, bury', poln. grzebę,
grzésć `scratch, scrape, dig, bury'; zero grade Slavic *grьběti in Old Czech hřbieti ` lie
buried ', nowadays pohřbiti `bury'; iterative Old Church Slavic pogrěbati, gribati `bury', russ.
pogrebátь ds., Serbo-Croatian (old) zagribati ` bury ', Czech hrěbati ` upbraid, rebuke',
poln. grzebię, grzebać ` curry, scratch, scrape', with po- `bury'; Church Slavic grebenь
`comb', russ. grébenь ds., Serbo-Croatian grȅbên ` comb, sting, prick, carding, ridge ',
Czech hřeben `comb, garden rake ';
Maybe alb. (*hřeben) krehën `comb' : Russian:: grébeń `comb'.
poln. grzebień ds.; Old Church Slavic grobъ `grave', Serbo-Croatian grȍb (Gen. grôba),
Czech hrob, russ. grob (Gen. gróba).
Maybe alb. graba èrosion, hollowing out', also a zero grade noun *graba, grath `tooth,
prong (for digging) ', grehull `thicket'.

Page(s): 455-456
Root / lemma: ghred

ghre h-
Meaning: to march
Material: Avestan aiwi-gǝrǝδmahi ` we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed ',
gǝrǝzdi- f. ` (*lineup =) the captured, gained '; but Middle Indic (Aśoka-Inschr.) adhigicya `
initiating, commencing ' = Old Indic adhi-kr̥tya-, S. LéviGA 1912;
Latin gradior, -ī ` to take steps, step, walk, go, advance ', gradus, -ūs à step; a step as
made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of
hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; milit., station, post', grallae ` stilts ' (Latin grad-
from *ghredh-, ablaut grade as in Lithuanian grìdiju);
Gothic griÞs (only Akk. Sg. grid) ` footstep, grade' (but Middle High German grit `
footstep ', griten ` spread the legs apart ', Modern High German Bavarian gritt, gritten ds.
and - indeed definitely the i-row belonging - graiteln ` lock the fingers or legs apart ' belong
to Germanic *grī̆- ` straddled, gaping ', the strange link so far is missed);
Lithuanian grìdiju, -yti (Juškevicz) ` go, wander, err about '.
Present nasals:
Old Irish in-grenn-, to-grenn- ` pursue ' (-enn- from -n̥dh-n-, themat. n-present, 3.
Sg.*ghrn̥-dh-ne-t), (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 114f.,
Kuiper Nasalpräs. 170 f.;
Old Church Slavic grędǫ, gręsti ` go, come ', russ. grjadú, grjastí ` go, march ' etc.

Page(s): 456-457
Root / lemma: ghreib-

ghreib-
Meaning: to grab
ghre h-.
Note: compare also ghreb
Material: Gothic greipan ` grasp ', Old Icelandic grīpa ` grasp, gripe ', Old English Old
Saxon grīpan ds., Old Frisian grīpa, Old High German grīfan ds., in addition as iterative
Old English grāpian, Old High German greifōn ` caress ', and Nom. agentis Old Icelandic
greip f. `handle, grasp, span, hand', Old English grāp `fist, handle, grasp', Old High
German greifa `fork', Old English gripa m. ` handful, fascicle, sheaf '; in addition Old
Icelandic gripr m. ` preciousness, valuable possession ', Old English gripe m. `handle,
grasp, attack, jewel', Old Frisian bi-grip m. ` statute; agreement', Old High German ana-
griff ` attacking, specially of a free girl without agreement of her parents ', Middle High
German grif ` snatch, palpation, grasp ', Middle Low German grīpe, grēpe `handle, grasp,
fork';
Maybe alb. grep `hook' from a Romance derivative also Italian grappa `hook'.
Lithuanian griebiù, griẽbti (besides greibiù, greĩbti) ` snatch at, seize, gripe ', intensive
graibaũ, graibýti, grìbšnis m. ` quick grasp, grabbing ', Latvian griba f. ` wish, volition ',
gribêt ` want ' (originally ` reach for something ').

Page(s): 457-458
Root / lemma: ghrem-

ghrem-1
Meaning: to scratch, rub
Note: extension from gher- ds.
Material: Gothic gramsta Dat. Sg. `wooden splinter' (Persson Beitr. 99); East Frisian grum
Material:
` residuum, smut ' (such meaning also by ghrēu- and ghrēi-), mnl. nnl. grom ` intestines,
entrails, smut ', Low German nl. groom ds., Norwegian Dialectal grumen ` cloudy, mixed
with deposit, residuum ', ablaut. West Frisian gram, grim ` intestines, entrails, esp. from
fish ', Modern High German Bavarian gramel ` cracklings ', Old Icelandic grōm, grōmr
`smut'; Modern High German Swiss grummen ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch, rummage '
(Falk-Torp under grums);
Maybe alb. grumbull ` pile, collection', grumbulloj ` collect '.
Lithuanian grémžiu, grémžti `scrape', grámdau, -yti `scratch, scrape', Latvian grem̃žu,
grem̃žt ` gnaw, bite ', gram̃stît ` snatch ' (against another division of Baltic words see below
ger-, grem- `catch'); different Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lithuanian
gréndžiu, grę́sti under under ghren-.

Page(s): 458
Root / lemma: ghrem-

ghrem-2
Meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble
Material: Avestan gram- ` become angry, feel rage ' (only in participle present grǝmǝntąm `
of those who are to us grimm ' and participle Perf. Pass. granta- from *ghramita- `becomes
angry'), npers. ɣaram `fierceness';
gr. χρεμίζω, χρεμετίζω ` neigh ', χρόμαδος m. ` creakiness ', χρόμος (= Old Church
Slavic gromъ) `noise, neighing ' (Hes.);
Old Icelandic gramr ` enraged, hostile ', Old English gram, Old Saxon gram, Old High
German gram ds., Middle High German gram àngry, irate, uncourageous ', Gothic
gramjan ` enrage ', isl. gremia ` make angry, irate ', Old English gremman ` infuriate, revile
', Old High German gremmen ` enrage, infuriate ', Middle High German gremen ` cause
grief ', refl. ` grieve ', Old High German gramiz ` becomes angry, sad, infuriated ', Old
Icelandic grimmr `fierce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused ', Old English Old Frisian Old
Saxon Old High German grimm `wild, cruel, savage'; Old English grimman ` rage ', Old
Saxon grimman `wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster', Middle High German grimmen ` rage before
anger or pain ', zero grade Old High German umbegrummōn ` gnaw at ', Middle High
German Middle Low German grummen `drone, grumble, murmur', Modern High German
grummen, grummeln `murmur, scold, grumble, sound vaguely ', Norwegian grymta `grunt',
Old English grymettan ` growl ';
Lithuanian gramù, gramė́ti ` fall with noise ', grumiù, grumė́ti ` thunder ', grumenù,
gruménti ` drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten'; with extension -zd- (see Persson
Beitr. 349) grumzdžiù, grum̃sti ` gnash, creak, threaten'; Latvian gremju, gremt ` mumble,
murmur, threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion ', Old Prussian grumins m. ` distant
thunder ', grīmons `sung, chanted', grīmikan ` ditty ';
Maybe alb. gumëzhit `sound' a Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic vъzgrъmitь, -grъměti ` thunder ', russ. gremě́tь ` thunder, clang,
clink', Serbo-Croatian gr̀mî, gr̀mljeti, Czech hřmíti, poln. grzmieć ` thunder ', wherefore the
intensive in Church Slavic grimati `sound, clink', Serbo-Croatian dial. grimȁt, Czech hřímati
` thunder, fulminate '; Old Church Slavic gromъ, russ. grom `thunder', Serbo-Croatian
grôm `thunder, lightning', Czech hrom `thunder', poln. grom `thunder, thunderbolt '.

Page(s): 458-459
Root / lemma: ghrend

ghren h-
Meaning: beam
Material: Latin grunda f. ` a gutter ', suggrunda f. ` the lower border of a roof, the eaves;
rafter ' from *ghrondhā;
Old Icelandic grind f. ` latticework, grid door, harbour ', Old English grindel, Old Saxon
grindil `bar, bolt', Old High German grintil `bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ', Middle Low
German grindel, grendel ` transom, bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ';
Lithuanian grindìs, griñdas, grindà ` planking board ', Pl. griñdos ` board layer, boarded
floor ', grindóti, grindýti, grindžiù grį̃sti ` cover with boards ', grandà ` bridge plank ', Latvian
grìda, also grìds ` floor, plank ', gruõdi m. Pl. ` planks, balks, beams ', Old Prussian
grandico f. `plank, balk', grandan (Akk.) `man, husband' (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF.
32, 162 with Lithuanian);
Slavic gręda in russ. grjadá `bed, row', Serbo-Croatian gréda `balk, beam', Czech hřada
` shaft, pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle', poln. grzęda ` shaft, pole, furrow, bed'; besides
Slavic grędь in sloven. grę̂d, Gen. gredî ` shaft, pole'.
References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.

Page(s): 459-460
Root / lemma: ghren-

ghren-
Meaning: to rub, stroke roughly
Note: extension from gher-
gher-2 ds., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)
Material: Gr. χραίνω ` touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of
moral pollution ';
in addition with formants -tu- (-to-), Old Icelandic grunnr m. (nn from nÞ) `bottom,
ground' (basic meaning `sand, sandy soil' as `* the pulverized ground '), grunn n. ` shallow
place in the water ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), grund f. (m.
gramm. variation) `field, earth', Gothic grundu-waddjus ` foundation wall ', Old English Old
Saxon grund, Old High German grunt `ground, bottom'.
ghren-
ghren-d-:
Gr. χόνδρος m. ` a grain or lump of salt; in pl. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made
therefrom ' (diss. from *χρόνδ-ρος);
alb. (-d- or -dh-) grundë, krundë, krunde ` bran ' (*ghr̥n-d[h]ā);

maybe alb. Geg grind `quarrel, fight, crush', alb. Tosc grinj `grind'
Latin frendō, -ere ` crunch, gnash the teeth '; common Illyrian gh- > d-, from there Latin
d- > f- shift.
Old Icelandic grotti m. `mill'.
ghren-dh-:
ghren-
Old English grindan ` grind, crunch ', engl. to grind `ds., sharpen ' (Old English grindan
with tōÞum), engl. to grind one's teeth `gnash the teeth'; Modern High German (ndd.)
Grand `sand', ndd. grand f. ` coarse sand, meal, flour, bran ', Old High German in grente `
in earth full of clay ', Old Icelandic grandi m. `sandbank, gravel '; ndd. grind f. ` pebble
sand; scurf ', nld. grind, grint ` coarse meal, flour, sand', Old High German Middle High
German grint ` crust, scab, eschar, scurf', Gothic grinda-fraÞjis ` pusillanimous ' (from an
adj. *grinds `*pulverized ');
Lithuanian gréndu, grę́sti and gréndžiu, grę́sti ` rub hard, scour, clean' (zero grade
present), Iter. gránd-aunder -yti (compare grémžti above under ghrem-
ghrem-1); russ. grjada.
References: WP. I 656 f., WH. I 545 f., Trautmann 96 f.

Page(s): 459
ghrēi- : ghrǝi
Root / lemma: ghrēi- ǝi- : ghrī-
ghrǝi- ghrī- and (Lithuanian) ghrei-
ghrei-
Meaning: to smear, etc..
Note: extension from gher- `rub'; much less productive than u-extension ghrēu-.
Material: Gr. χρί̄ω ànoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick ' (*χρῑσ-ι̯ω or χρῑ-ι̯ω, compare
ἐχρί̄σθην, χρῑστός), χρῖσις ` smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing
', χρῖμα, new χρῖσμα ` ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace;
coating of wall, plaster ', ἐγχρί̄ω ` to rub, anoint; sting, prick '; χρίμπτω ` wander above the
surface, scratch ' etc.; Med. ` bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw
near, approach ';
Old Icelandic grīma `mask, helmet; riddle ', engl. grime ` dirt, smut ', Old English Old
Saxon grīma, -o m. `mask, helmet; ghost', Middle Low German grīmet ` lined in black ',
ablaut. grēme f. `smut';
Lithuanian griejù, griẽti ` skim the cream ' (older present form grejù), graĩmas `cream';
with transference in the mental area (compare similar under ghrēu-) here Germanic grī̆s- in
Old English ā-grīsan `shudder, fear, dread', grīslīc, Old High German grīsenlīh `terrible,
grisly', mnl. grīsen, Middle Low German grīsen, gresen `shudder', greselīk ` eerie '
(different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to Old Indic ji-hrēti ` feel shame ', wherewith Johansson
IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning `*cover', Old Icelandic grīma etc.); after
Kluge11 s. v. Griesgram here Old English grist n. ` milling ', Old Saxon grist-grimmo `
bruxism ', Old High German grist-grimmōn ds. (besides grus-gramōn ds.); out of it Middle
High German grisgram ds.; perhaps also Old English gristle f. `gristle', Old Frisian Middle
Low German gristel ds., also Old English grost, Middle High German gruschel ds.

Page(s): 457
ghrēu-1 : ghrǝu
Root / lemma: ghrēu- ǝu- : ghrū-
ghrǝu- ghrū-
Meaning: to fall down
Material: Hom. Aor. ἔχραον (ἔχραFον) ` attacked, pressed ', ζαχρηής ` attacking violently,
furious, raging ' (-χρᾱF-ής);
Latin ingruō, -ere ` to fall upon, assail, attack ', congruō, -ere ` to run together, come
together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree ';
Lithuanian griáuju, grióviau, griáuti ` break down (trans. intr.); thunder ' (iau from ēu; out
of it ŕ from:) griūvù (griųvù, Trautmann 100), griuvaũ griū́ti ` collapse, fall in ruins ' (griūvù =
Latin -gruō from *ghruu̯ō); Latvian gŕauju, grāvu, gŕaut ` shatter ', gŕũstu, gŕuvu, gŕũt `
collapse ', gŕuveši m. Pl. ` rubble '; double anlaut besides qreu- (see there)?
Russ. dial. grúchnutь śa ` collapse with noise ', klr. hrúchnuty ` rumble; crow ', Serbo-
Croatian grûhām, grúhati `crack, creak', sloven. grûh ` scree, stone fragments ', grúša `
coarse sand, grit ', poln. gruchnąć ` fall down with crashing sound; hit fast ' (gruchać ` coo
like the pigeon ').
References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?
Page(s): 460
ghrēu-2 : ghrǝu
Root / lemma: ghrēu- ǝu- : ghrū-
ghrǝu- ghrū-
Meaning: to rub
Note: extension from gher- `rub'
Material: Gr. *χραύω, Konj. Aor. χραύσῃ ` scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ',
ἐγχραύω ` hit in ', Cypriot χραύομαι, χραύζομαι ` bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be
adjacent to ', ἀχραής ` untouched, clean, pure cold water '; with gradation *ghrō[u]-: χρώς `
surface of a body (*which one touches)', hence `skin, complexion' (Nom. χρώς from
*ghrō[u]-s, Gen. χροός thereafter from *ghrǝu-ós; besides then later χρωτός), χρῴζω and
χροΐζω ` touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body ', χρῶμα, -ατος `skin,
complexion, paint, color, makeup ', χροιά, Attic χρόα ` body surface, skin, paint, color '
(*χρωF-ι̯ᾱ);
gall. *grava ` gravel ', cymr. gro, acorn. grow, mcorn. grow `sand', Middle Breton
grouanenn ds., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), nbret. gro(a) f. `sand beach', groan,
grouan ` engrave ' (vocalism unclear);
Old Icelandic grjōn n. ` cereal (*crushed corn, grain)', Middle High German grien m. n. `
gravel sand, sandy bank ', Middle Low German grēn `grain of sand' (*ghrēuno-; also
Norwegian isl. grugg n. ` residuum ' from *gruwwa- as ` sandy residuum ').
Because the extended root ghreu-d- plural applied is on the mental area (`touch hard in
the mind '), one also assumes affiliation from Old High German ingrūēn, Middle High
German grūen, grūwen `shudder, fear, dread', Middle High German griul, griuwel `fright,
horror', Old High German grūsōn, grūwisōn ` feel fright ', Modern High German `graus,
grausen' etc., Old High German grunn, -nnes ` misery, woefulness ', griuna ` eagerness,
vehemency, fierceness, atrocity ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
extension ghreu-d-:
Old High German *firgrioʒan ` grind ', participle firgrozzen, Middle High German ver-,
durch-griezen ` grind in small parts '; Old Icelandic grjōt n. (a-stem) ` stone, semolina ', Old
English grēot n. `sand, dust, earth', Old Saxon griot n. `sand, bank, border, shore', Old
High German grioz, Middle High German griez m., n. `grain of sand, sand, semolina ',
Modern High German ` semolina ' (Germanic *greuta- ` rock, sand, gravel ' also in VN
Greutungi ` shore inhabitant ' and in Finnish riutta `sandbank, cliff');
Old Icelandic grautr m. ` cereal, grain ' (` ground, scrunched, crushed, crunched roughly
'); Old English grēat ` coarsely granulated, big, large, thick' (engl. great), Old Frisian grāt,
Old Saxon grōt, Old High German Middle High German grōz `big, large', Middle High
German also `coarse, thick' (Germanic *grauta-); about Old Icelandic grotti `mill' see below
ghren-;
Old English grytt ` cereal, grain ' (engl. grits `ds., coarse sand'), Old High German
gruzzi, Middle Low German grütte ` cereal, grain ' (Germanic *gruti̯a-); Old English grūt
(Dat. grȳt) f. ` coarse meal, flour, grape marc ', Old Frisian grēt `sand', Middle High
German grūz m. `sand, grain ', Modern High German Graus `grain of sand, rubble, detritus
', Middle Low German grūt ` brittle as ferment, yeast, substance which causes
fermentation ', Dutch gruit ` malt, yeast, residuum ', Norwegian grūt n. ` residuum '; Old
English grot n. ` coarse meal, flour' (Germanic *gruta-);
with formants -to- or -so-: Middle Low German grūs, grōs ` crumbled stones, gravel ';
Balto Slavic *grūdiō ` stamp ' in Lithuanian grū́džiu or grū́dau, grū́sti `stomp (barley for
the pearl barley preparation); bump; touch '; ablaut. graudùs besides ` brittle ' also `
stirring, wistful ', Old Prussian engraudīsnan Akk. Sg. ` pity ', grūdas `corn, grain'; Latvian
grûžu, grûdu, grûst `bump, poke, stomp', grūdenes f. Pl. ` pearl barley '; ablaut. graûds m.
`corn, grain', graužu, graudu, graûst ` rumble, thunder ', graudiens m. ` lightning strike ',
graušli Pl. ` rubble, debris ';
Church Slavic gruda `clod of earth', collective grudije and (deriving from an already
collective *ghrōud-dhā) gruzdije; Serbo-Croatian grȕda `clump' etc. (ȕ proves initial long
diphthong ōu); with -mēn: Serbo-Croatian grȕmēn `clod', russ. grum ds.; here also with
transference on the mental area russ.-Church Slavic sъ-grustiti śa ` grieve ', russ. grustь f.
` distress, sorrow ', sloven. grûst m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (û from short diphthong,
Indo Germanic ǝu; the old sensory meaning still in grûšč m. ` grit, mountain rubble '), with
weak grade ŭ: Serbo-Croatian grst f. m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (proto
Slavic*grъstь), gr̀stiti-se ` be disgusted ', as well as *grъdъ in Old Church Slavic grъdъ
`horrendus, terribilis', Serbo-Croatian gr̂d ` hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty ', from
which also Old Church Slavic grъdъ `stout, proud' (originally ` feeling disgust, fastidiously
'), russ. górdyj ds., Serbo-Croatian gr̂d `stout, proud, terrible', etc.;
Maybe nasalized alb. (*krude) krunde, crumps `debris '
about Latin gurdus s. WH. I 627.
extension ghrēuĝ(h?)-:
Lithuanian gráužas ` gravel ', gružótas ` uneven, bumpy ' (is Latvian gruzis, Pl. gruži `
rubble, horror, dismay ' ndd. loanword?);
poln. gruz ` rubble, mortar', Pl. ` debris, ruins ', klr. kruź ` debris ', Pl. ` rubble ' (barely
from Middle High German grūs ` horror, dismay ' because of:) poln. gruzla `clump', Upper
Sorbian hruzɫa ` clump, clod '.
extension ghreu-bh-:
presumably in Germanic groups from Modern High German Griebe ` cracklings ' (Old
High German griubo, griobo), Griebs, perhaps also grob; compare with Germanic p,
Norwegian Dialectal grūpa, graup ` grind coarsely, crush ', gropa, grypja ds., grop n. `
crushed grain, coarse flour '.
References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.

Page(s): 460-462
Root / lemma: (ghrē

ghrē- :) ghrō-
ghrē- ghrō- : ghrǝ
ghrǝ-
Meaning: to grow, be green
Note: only Germanic (and slavisch?)
Material: Gothic gras n. `grass, herb', Old Icelandic Old Saxon gras, Old English græs,
gærs ds., Old High German gras, Modern High German Gras; full grade Middle High
German gruose f. ` young plant shoot, plant juice ', Middle Low German grōse f. ` plant
juice ', mnl. groese ` young vegetation, young grass ';
without the s-derivative: Old Icelandic grōa ` grow, be healed ', Old English grōwan `be
green, bloom', engl. grow, Old High German gruoen, gruowan, Middle High German
grüejen `grow, thrive, be green'; Old Icelandic grōði m. ` growth ', Middle High German
gruot f. ` greenery, fresh growth '; Old High German gruoni, Middle High German grüene,
Old English grǣne, Old Icelandic grø̄nn `green, fresh, good'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Grø̄naland `Greenland'.
With dental extension: Old English grǣd m. `grass', Middle High German graz, -zzes `
young branches of coniferous wood ' from ghrē-t-, ghrǝ-t-;
probably to ghrē-: ghrō-: ghrǝ- ` project, protrude, e.g. from plants shoots, plants
prickles, beard hair ' and its light basic root gher-
gher- ds. (see there would be to be covered by
Latin herba ` vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass ' to the latter,
if from *ĝherz-dhā `barley' with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-dhā.
Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for Old Church Slavic grozdъ `grape', groznъ ds. a
cognate of *ghras-dho-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justified at most through russ.
gránka ` bundle ' : Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian grána `twig, branch'.
References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.

Page(s): 454
Root / lemma: ghroud-

ghroud-
Meaning: a protruding body part
Note: only Celtic and Germanic
Material: Old Irish grūad (n. es-stem) `cheek', cymr. grudd ds., corn. grud `maxilla';
Old English grēada m. `bosom'.

Page(s): 462
Root / lemma: g(i̯i̯i̯)eu-

)eu-, ĝ(i̯i̯i̯)eu-
)eu )eu-
)eu
Meaning: to chew
Material: Npers. jāvīdan `chew', afgh. žōvạl, žōyạl ds., `bite, gnaw ' (iran. *jyav-);
Armenian kveni ` larch, any of a number of cone-bearing trees which yield a heavy solid
wood ';
Old Icelandic tyggja, -va `chew' (for *kyggja after tǫgla `chew'), Swedish tugga, Old
English cēowan, nengl. chew [common Illyrian-alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d-s];
Middle Low German keuwen, Old High German kiuwan, Middle High German kūwen
`chew' (*kewian); Old High German kewa, Middle High German kiuwe f. ` jaw, mandible,
lower jaw bone '; derived: Old English cēace, Old Frisian ziāke f. (*keukōn) and Old Frisian
kēse ` molar tooth ', Middle Low German kǖse, mnl. kūze, changing through ablaut mnl.
kieze ds.;
Balto-Slavic *ži̯aui̯ō ` chew ' in:
Lithuanian žiáunos f. Pl. ` jaws ', Latvian žaũnas f. Pl. ` jaws, maxilla, gill';
r.-Church Slavic žuju (*zjou-) and žьvǫ, žьvati (*zjьv-), Old Czech žiji, žváti, russ. žujú,
ževátь `chew'; in addition (from Balto-Slavic *ži̯áunā) Bulgarian žúna f. `lip' and Serbo-
Croatian žvȁlo n. ` pharynxes, throat, gorge ', žvà́le f. Pl. ` set of teeth in the bridle '; russ.
žvákatь `chew', žvak ` larch resin as a tooth cleaning material ';
Tocharian AB św-ā-tsi èat' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 43);
compare further gʷīu̯- `resin'.
References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Lidén Ann. Acad. Scient. Fennicae 27,
119.
Page(s): 400
glag- or glak-
Root / lemma: glag- glak-
Meaning: milk
Grammatical information: Nom. glakt n.
Note: only gr. and Latin
Material: Gr. γάλα, γάλακτος n. `milk'; originally probably *γλακτ, Gen. *γλακτός (compare
γλακτο-φάγος), out of it *γλάκ, *γλακτός (hence γλακῶντες μεστοὶ γάλακτος Hes. and
γλακκόν γαλαθηνόν Hes., probably a Kinderwort with hypocoristic gemination as μικκός),
further *γλά, with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child's mouth,
whence also die initial stress:) γάλα, whereupon also γάλακτος instead of *γλακτός. The
form hom. γλάγος (περιγλαγής, later γλαγάω), on the other hand dissimilated Cretan
κλάγος, goes back perhaps to Nom. *γλαγ < *γλακ.
Latin lac, lactis n., with dissimilation reduction of anlaut. Gutturals from *glact = gr. γάλα;
old- and late Latin i-stem lacte, compare Pl. lactēs f. ` milk of the male fish '; derived
dēlicus (*dē-lac-os) ` put away from the breast, weaned; the weaned mother's milk '?
About altchin. lac (*glac) from Indo Germanic *galakt s. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f.

Page(s): 400-401
Root / lemma: gleĝ-

gleĝ-
Meaning: soft, tender
Material: Nasalized in Old Icelandic kløkkr ` soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental ' (from
*klinku̯az), Old Icelandic kløkkva ` become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan,
moan', Swedish kläcka `frighten' (*klinkwan), Old Danish kliunka ds., Danish klynke `
whimper ', compare in addition the causative Old Norse kløkkva `soft make', Swedish dial.
kläkka `melt' (*klankwjan); ndd. klinker `tender, weak, lean ';
Lithuanian glẽžnas `tender, soft, flabby', gležnùs ds., glęžtù, gležaũ, glèžti ` soft, slack,
become wilted ', Latvian glęzns;
Bulgarian glézъ, glezíl ` forgive, coddle ', razgléza ` corruptness, unmannerliness '.

Page(s): 401
Root / lemma: gleub

gleu h-
Meaning: to cut, slice, pare
Material: Gr. γλύφω ` carve from, carve out, cut out with a knife; engrave; to note down [on
tablets] ', γλυφίς, -ίδος f. ` incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or
grooves for the fingers; poet. for the arrow itself; also in pl., notches in the arrow-head;
pen-knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pl., a lurking-place, den, hole,
cave ';
Latin glūbō, -ĕre `to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark ', glūma
` a hull or husk, esp. of corn '(forms -smā; glūbō with ū = eu, as Modern High German
klieben);
Old High German klioban, Old English cleōfan, Old Norse kljūfa `split', Old Norse klauf f.
`cleft, gap, the cloven hoof', zero grade Old Norse klofna, -aða `be split', klyfia klufða `split',
klof n. `cleft, gap, cleft, fissure', klofi m. ` door latch, clamp ', = Old Saxon kloƀo m. `cloven
stick, hook for fowling ' = Old High German klobo ` cloven stick for catching or capturing,
hook ', Old English clofe f. ` buckle ', clufu f. ònion, bulb', Old High German klobo-louh,
Modern High German with dissimilation Knoblauch, Old High German kluppa f. ` pliers,
tongs, split wood for clamping ', Modern High German Kluppe (*klubjōn-), Old Norse klyf f.
` the split packsaddle ', Old High German kluft, Modern High German Kluft; after
Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) with expressive lengthened zero grade ū: Old High
German klūbōn ` to pick to pieces; defoliate ', Modern High German klauben (in addition
probably with Germanic intensive consonant increase Old Norse klȳpa ` clamp, nip,
pinch');
Old Prussian gleuptene ` mouldboard, curved metal blade on the front of a plow which
loosens the earth '; but Lithuanian glaudýti ` take out its shell or pod ' has probably -d from
gvaldýti ` take out its shell or pod, core ' referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbýti ds. -b-
is covered by *glaubýti.
References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.

Page(s): 401-402
glōgh- : glǝgh
Root / lemma: glōgh- glǝgh-
ǝgh-
Meaning: spike
Material: Gr. γλῶχες ` spike of the ear ', γλωχΐς, -ῖνος f. `cusp, peak', γλῶσσα, Attic γλῶττα,
Ionian γλάσσα `reed' (originally Nom. *γλῶχι̯ᾱ Gen. γλαχι̯ᾶς);
serb.-Church Slavic (etc.) glogъ `thorn';

Maybe alb. -mb- formant glem, gjemb ` thorn ' similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '
perhaps Old Norse kleggi `gadfly, brake' as ` piercing little animal ', or as *klajjan- ` the
sticking, the clinging ' to Indo Germanic glei-, s. gel-1 ` clench ' extension gl-ei-, S. 363.
References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 474, 3.

Page(s): 402
gol-1, lengthened grade gōl-

Root / lemma: gol- gōl-, reduktions stem gol-
Meaning: to lie; den (of animals)
Material: Armenian kalaɫ `cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal';
gr. γωλεός `cave, pit, pothole';
Old Swedish kolder (= Old Icelandic *kollr from *kolÞaR), Norwegian dial. kold, kuld m.
and f. (*kolðṓ) ` birth of animal young, a full packed egg, children from the same marriage
(actually of the same bed ';
Lithuanian guõlis ` lair, camp, night campground ', Latvian guõl'a ` lair, nest '; Lithuanian
guliù (gulú), gul̃ti ` lie down, go to bed, go to sleep, lay down in bed and go to sleep ',
Latvian gul̃t ` lie down to sleep ', Lithuanian guliù, gulė́ti `lie', Latvian gula ` lair, camp, night
campground ', Lithuanian gulta, gultė ` lair (of an animal) ';
guõlis (and at most in *gōlei̯-ós traceable back to γωλεός) with frequent lengthened
grade in i-stem; Baltic gul-, Armenian kal- from reduplication-stem gol-.
Because of Lithuanian gvalis (Szyrwid) = guõlis, gvalà, gvalù Adv. ` lying ', gval̃sčias =
gul̃sčias ` lying', gvalìni torà = gulsčiu kartẽlų tvorà (Kvė́-darna, where uo would have led
to ū) after Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as *gu̯ol- (lengthened grade *gōl- from
*gu̯ōl- with Indo Germanic loss of u̯;gul- then = Indo Germanic *gul-); it seems Lithuanian
gval-forms demand a single-linguistic explanation. compare but Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 93 f.

Page(s): 402
Root / lemma: gol-

gol-2
Meaning: branch
Material: Armenian koɫr `bough, twig, branch'; russ. golьjá `twig, branch' (etc., s. Berneker
326).
References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.
Page(s): 403
Root / lemma: gou̯ǝ- (or gau̯ǝ-?:) gū-

gū-
Meaning: hand; to grab
Material: Avestan gava Du., gavō Akk. Pl. ` hands '; Avestan gūnaoiti ` supply, gain ',
gaona- m. `profit, gain' (see below Lithuanian gáunu);
gr. *γυFᾱ assumed from ἐγ-γυάω `
to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a
father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to
one; also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for '; Med.
` to pledge oneself '; postverbal ἐγγύη ` a pledge put into the hand: surety, security ',
ἔγγυος ` giving security ', Subst. ` bondman, guarantor '; ὑπόγυος, ὑπόγυιος `( under one's
hand, imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present '; ἐγ-γύ-ς `
of Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of
Relationship, akin to ' (as Latin comminus), ἐγγύθι ` hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand ',
ἐγγύθεν ` from nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him ' and
μεσσηγύ, -γύς ` of Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile ' (` between the
hands '); ἔγγυος ` secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for ', actually ` in
the hands (?)', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6203; compare but ἔγγυαλίζω ` properly, to put into
the palm of the hand, put into one's hand ' (above under gēu- S. 397), γυῖον a limb; the
hand ' (under gēu- S. 398);
Lithuanian gáunu, gáuti ` obtain, receive ' (gáudyti ` readjust '), Old Prussian po-gaunai
`receives', Inf. pogaut, participle Perf. gauuns ` receive ', Latvian gūnu, gūt ` catch, capture
', gūvejs ` gainer ', Lithuanian gaũklas m. ` acquisition ', guvùs, gavùs àgile, skilful';
Old Church Slavic o-, po-gymati ` touch' (due to a *gy-mā ` giving a hand '?).

See also: see also under geu-1.
Page(s): 403-404
Root / lemma: gō̆u-, gou̯ǝ-, gū-

gū-
Note: (onomatopoeic)
Material: Old Indic gavatē (only Dhatup.) ` sounds', Intens. jṓguvē ` allow to sound loudly,
spoken loudly ', jṓgū- (Gen. Pl. jṓguvām) ` loud singing ', gaŋ-gū-yáti ` exclaim shouts of
happiness ';
gr. γό[F]ος ` weeping, wailing ', γοάω ` wail, groan, weep ', γόης, -ητος ` magician
(enchanter, sorcerer)';
perhaps here Latin gāvia f. ` seagull' (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).
Old High German gikewen `name, call', Old English cīegan `call, shout, cry' (*kaujan);
Old High German kūma f. ` lamentation ', kūmo ` with grief, with pain ', Modern High
German ` with difficulty ', in addition Middle High German kūme `(* pitiable, mournful)
weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Old High German kūmīg ` weak, sick ',
Middle Low German kǖme `faint, languid', Old English cȳme `fine, beautiful', Swedish
(gotl.) kaum n. ` misery '; Norwegian dial. kauka ` entice the cattle with calls '; as base from
animal names in Middle Dutch cauwe `jackdaw', Old High German kaha, kā ` crow ',
Danish kaa `jackdaw' (*kavā) and in Old English cȳta m. ` bittern ', Middle High German
kūze, Modern High German Kauz òwl ', compare with identical forms isl. kýta `quarrel,
squabble', Middle Low German kūten (out of it Middle High German kūten, kiuten) `
babble, chatter '; ndd. köter from proto Germanic *kautāri, or as ` farm dog ' to ndd. kot
`cottage' (above gēu- S. 394);
Lithuanian gaujà ` pack of dogs, wolves ', gaudžiù, gaũsti `dull sound, clink' (*goudi̯eti),
ablaut. gúodžiu, gúosti ` comfort ', reflex. ` complain, bemoan ' (*gōudi̯eti); gaudùs ` wistful
', Latvian gauda ` lament ', gàust ` lament ', gavilêt ` jubilate ' (the Baltic words could also
belong to *ĝhau- `call, shout, cry', as also e.g. Old Norse gauð ` bark ');
Slavic *gǫdǫ, *gǫsti (shaped as *grędǫ and Latin jungō) in russ.-Church Slavic gudu,
gusti, κιθαρίζειν', klr. hudú, hustý `play', Serbo-Croatian old gúdêm, gústi `play; dull sound',
poln. old gędę, gąść ` fiddle, play ';
Old Church Slavic govorъ m. `din, fuss, noise', govoriti `rant, roister' (russ. etc. also esp.
`speak'), wherefore ablaut. russ.-Church Slavic gvorъ (*gъvorъ) m. `vesicle, blister', poln.
gwar (*gъv-arъ) m. `din, fuss, noise, noise', lengthened grade Czech havořiti `talk, chat,
prate', klr. hava `crow' (compare above Germanic *kău̯ā), sloven. gâvǝc ` lapwing,
European plover; plover, type of shorebird ', and due to a *gou-tā ` discourse ' with the
same forms as govorъ also russ. gútor ` conversation, entertainment, humorous speech '.

Page(s): 403
grō̆s-
gras- : grō̆
Root / lemma: gras-
Meaning: to gnaw, to devour
Material: Old Indic grásatē `gobbles (esp. from animals), devours' (*grasō), grāsa-ḥ `
mouthful, morsel, bite of food ';
gr. γράω ` gnaw, devour ' (= Old Indic grásati) γράστις ` grass, green fodder ' (Attic
κράστις through assimilation in voiceless internal consonance), γάστρις ` gormandizer,
gourmand, voracious eater ', γράσος m. ` smell of a goat: hence, of men ' from *γράσ-σος
(originally he-goat; billy goat as nibbler, as τράγος : τρώγω, τραγεῖν), γαστήρ f. `belly'
(*γρασ-τήρ ` devourer', compare κραστήριον ` rack, manger (of horse); in pl., bed-posts ',
assimil. from γραστ-; γάστρα ` the lower part of a vessel bulging out like a paunch ');
redupl. due to a *γαγ-γράειν ` devour ': γάγγραινα ` gangrene, the eating ulcer '; γρῶνος `
eaten out; eroded, hollowed ' (*grō̆s-no-s), γρώνη `cavity, kneading or dough trough;
dough tray; hutch ' (compare τρώγλη `cave': τρώγω);
Latin grāmen (*grasmen) n. ` grass, turf; any plant or herb ' (esp. as feed herb); about
Germanic gras compare under ghrē-
ghrē-.

Page(s): 404
gred- : grod-
Root / lemma: gred- grod-
Meaning: to scratch
Note: Only alb. and Germanic
Material: Alb. gërrusë, gërresë, krūs(ë) ` rasper' (from its first grade derives Latin grosa
ds.), to lengthened grade present gërruanj, kruanj, kruj, also gërruëj, gërüj `scratch, scrape
' (from *grōd-, Indo Germanic grēd-);
Old Norse krota (*gr̥d-) ` engrave ', ablaut. (with intensive gemination) Old Swedish
kratta `scratch, scrape', Old High German krazzōn, Middle High German Modern High
German kratzen ds. (Germanic *krattōn), besides j-verbs mnl. cretten (and cretsen),
Middle High German kretzen ds., kretze ` scabies ';
here with expressive vocalism Old High German krizzōn, Middle High German kritzen `
carve, scribble ', also Middle High German krīzen ` draw a circle ', with secondary ablaut
Old High German Middle High German kreiz (*kraita-) ` circle' (`*carved magic circle ');
expressive probably also the s-extension in ndd. kratsen, krassen `scratch, scrape'.
References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 175 f.
Page(s): 405
Root / lemma: grem-

grem-
Meaning: damp; to sink
Material: Latin grāmiae f. Pl. ` a viscous humor, rheum, that collects in the corners of the
eyes ', oculi grammōsi èye drip; pus in the eye ';
Old Icelandic kramr `humid, wet, half-melted (of snow)', perhaps also Gothic qrammiÞa `
dampness ', if for *krammiÞa;
Old Church Slavic grьměždь ` pus in the eye ';
Balto-Slavic root extension gremd-:
in Lithuanian grimstù (*grimzdù), grimzdaũ, grim̃sti ùnder-, sink ', gramzdė́ti ds.,
causative gramzdinù, gramzdìnti ` sink ', gramzdùs ` deeply sinking, pensive ', Latvian
grim̃stu, grim̃t ` sink ', causative grèmdêt ` sink ';
Old Church Slavic pogręznoti ` sink in the water ', Church Slavic gręza òrdure', russ.
grjáznutь ` sink in ordure ', grjazь òrdure, smut', Serbo-Croatian grȅznuti ` sink in ', poln.
grzęznąć, grząznąć ` submerge '; causative Old Church Slavic pogrǫžǫ, pogrǫziti ` sink,
submerge ', russ. gruzítь ` sink, immerse, freight '.
References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.

Page(s): 405
Root / lemma: greus-

greus-1
Meaning: to crackle, crush
Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)
Material: Gothic krius-tan ` gnash ', krusts ` the creakiness ', Old Swedish krȳsta ` gnash of
teeth ' and `squeeze', Old High German krustila, Modern High German Krustel, Krostel `
crash, rumble of the leg ';
Old High German krus-k ` bran ', Modern High German Krüsch ` bran ' (also Grüsch,
Grüst through hybridization with Gries, Grütze ` cereal, grain ');
Old High German kros-pel, Modern High German Kruspel, Krospel `gristle', kruspeln `
crunching to bite ';
maybe alb. kruspull `bent'
Lithuanian grukšė́ti ` gnash, rustle, crackle, of sand' (k-insertion?; about gráužas `

horror, dismay, gravel ' s. in the end from *ghrēu-2);
serb. grúhati `crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting ', grúšiti
`bump, poke, shuck, husk', sloven. grûh ` stone rubble ', grúša ` coarse sand', russ.
grúchnutьsja ` collapse with noise ', etc.

Page(s): 405-406
Root / lemma: greus-

greus-2
Meaning: to burn, smoulder
Material: Gr. γρῡνός or γρουνός `dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand', Γρύνειον, Γρῦνοι `town
in Aolis';
Lithuanian gruzdė́ti, grùzti, Latvian gruzdêt, grust ` smolder, gleam'; yet is quite doubtful,
whether gr., badly attested words originally rather stand for ` spinney '.
References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.

Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: greut

greut-
Meaning: to press; curds
Material: Irish gruth (*grutus) ` coagulated milk, curd';
Old English crūdan ùrge, press, push', engl. to crowd ` urge, press, push', mnl. kruden,
Middle High German kroten ùrge, press, push', Old English crod n., Middle High German
krot `crush, crowdedness', Middle English crudes, curdes, nengl. curds `curd'.

Page(s): 406
grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-
Root / lemma: grēb(h)o- grōb(h)o-s
Meaning: hornbeam
Note:
grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-
Root / lemma: grēb(h)o- grōb(h)o-s : `hornbeam' derived from zero grade of Root /
gere h- : `to scratch, write (carve wood)'
lemma: gereb
Material: Maked. (Illyrian) γράβιον `torch' (` oak wood '?);
Venetic PN Grēbia, Illyrian VN Grabaei, PN Γρᾶβος, Γράβων;
Umbrian GN Grabovius (== poln. grabowy, see below) ` Oaken God ' (Old Umbrian
Krapuvi, New Umbrian Grabovie, Dat.) borrowed from Illyrian grāb- (older grēb-);
likewise Illyrian loanword is Latin grabātus `bed' (*from oak wood) from gr.-Illyrian
κράβ(β)ατος ds.
Maybe alb. krevat (krabat) `bed'
grōb(h)o-
grōb(h)o-s:
Balto Slavic graba- m. `hornbeam' in:
Old Prussian wosi-grabis ` Spindle-tree ', Latvian PN Gruõbina (gruõbas);
Serbo-Croatian grȁb, russ. grab, poln. grab `hornbeam', grabowy ` belonging to beech ';
perhaps to gerebh- ` crack, split '.
References: WH. I 171, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
Page(s): 404
grōd-, grǝd
Root / lemma: grōd- grǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: hail
Material: Armenian karkut (with metathesis from reduplicated *gagrōdo- s. Meillet MSL. 10,
280) `hail';
Latin grandō, -inis f. `hail';
Lithuanian grúodas (Balto Slavic *grōda-) ` hard-frozen street excrement, stone frost,
frost without snow; mallenders ';
Old Church Slavic gradъ, russ. grad, Serbo-Croatian grȁd, poln. grad `hail'.

Because of Armenian word anyhow difficult seems and could be kept away, is perhaps a
basic form *ghrōdh-, ghrǝdh- must be assumed, to gr. χερμάς ` pebble ' (see gher-
gher-2),
compare Modern High German Hagel: gr. κάχληξ ` pebble ', etc.
Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: gru-

gru-
Meaning: grunting (of pigs)
Note: (gru-d-, gru-n-d-)
Material: Gr. γρῦ à grunt, as of swine', γρύζω (*γρυδι̯ω) `to grunt, grumble, mutter',
γρῦλος, γρύλλος `piglet', γρυλίζω ` to grunt, of swine', γογγρύζειν τονθορύζειν, τὸ τὰς ὗς
φωνεῖν Hes.;
Latin grundiō, with volkssprachl. assimilation grunniō `grunt' =
(with in onomatopoeic words faltering consonant shift in anlaut) grunnen, Old English
grun(n)ian, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), intensive Old High
German grunzian, Modern High German ` grunt ', Old English grunnettan ds., engl. to
grunt ds.;
Old Norse krytia (preterit krutta) ` growl, murmur', krutr m. `clamor', Danish krotte `drone,
grumble', engl. crout ` croak, caw ', whether not rather to ger-2 C.

Page(s): 406
Root / lemma: gu̯es-

es-, gu̯os-
es os gus-, extended gu̯oz-
os-, gus- oz-do-
oz do-
Meaning: branches, leaves
Material: Norwegian Danish kvas `small, chopped branches ';
1. with -d-extension:
alb. Geg ghethi `leaf', Tosc gjethe ` foliage, twig, branch' (collective Pl. to a Sg. *gath
from *gu̯ozd-); [common alb. gu̯- > gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].
Old High German questa f., Middle High German queste, koste, haste, quast m. f., `
foliage bunch, sprinkling whisk, besom ', Modern High German Quaste f., asächs. quest `
foliage bunch ', Old Swedish kvaster, koster, Swedish qvast, Norwegian Danish kost `
foliage bunch, rice broom ';
aserb. gvozd m. `wood, forest', apoln. gwozd ` mountain forest ', gozd ` dense wood,
forest', etc.;
2. with -t-extension:
gr. βόστρυχος ` a curl or lock of hair, anything twisted or wreathed, of a flash of lightning
';
3. with -p-extension:
Old Indic guṣpitá- ` interlaced, intertwined ';
Latin vespicēs Pl. ` dense shrubbery ';
Middle Dutch quispel, quespel, Middle Low German md. quispel ` tassel, whisk '.

Page(s): 480
Root / lemma: gu̯et-

et-
et
Meaning: swelling
Note: (extension from gēu- `bend'? see there)
Material: Latin botulus ` intestine, sausage ' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword);
perhaps Old Irish bél `lip' (*gu̯et-lo-s), whether not from *beklo-s to gall. beccos `bill,
beak, neb';
Gothic qiÞus ` stomach, womb', qiÞuhaftō `pregnant'; Old Icelandic kviðr m. `belly,
womb', kviðugr `pregnant', Old English cwið(a) m. `womb', Old High German quiti `vulva',
quoden ` interior of the thigh';
in addition further Old English cwidele f. `pustula, varix', Old High German quedilla ds.,
ndd. quadel ` inflamed swelling of the skin', zero grade Middle High German kutel, Modern
High German Kutteln ` tripe'.
References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. I 112 f.

Page(s): 481
Root / lemma: gu̯ozd(h)o-

ozd(h)o-, gu̯ozd(h)i-
ozd(h)o ozd(h)i-
ozd(h)i
Meaning: nail, penis
Material: Gallorom. bottos `hub of a wheel' (M-L. 1229a), cymr. both `hub of a wheel,
shield boss ', Middle Irish bot, nir. bod m. `tail, penis';
Maybe alb. bisht ` tail ' [common celt. kw- > p-, gw- > b- initial shift].
Old Bulgarian gvozdь `nail', poln. g(w)ózdź ds., Czech hvozděj ` punch wood '; in
addition poln. g(w)oździk ` carnation, clove ', Czech hvozdík ds.
Maybe alb. (*gu̯ozd-) gozhdë `nail' a Slavic loanword.
References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f.
Page(s): 485
Root / lemma: geli-

li-, glī-
glī-
Meaning: mouse
Material: Old Indic girí-ḥ, girikā f. ` mouse ' (Lex.);
gr. γαλέη (*gelei̯-ā, originally ` the murine '?) `weasel, marten', from which borrowed
Latin galea originally `*crest of the weasel fur ', then ` a helmet (usually of leather), head-
piece, morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl ' (also galērus ` a helmet-like covering for the
head, made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priest's cap; wig, a kind of
peruke; a rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap ' is uncovered to be borrowed from gr.
*γαληρός); to γαλέη also γαλιάγκων (γαλι- = Old Indic giri-), further γαληόψις, γαλεόβδολον
` brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle ', actually ` eye of the weasel ', probably
also γάλιον ds.;
Latin glīs, glīris ` dormouse ' (this inflection presumably after mūs, mūris); rom. also
*glēre, compare French loir besides liron.
common rom. gl- > l-
Maybe alb. gjer (gler) ` dormouse ' common alb. gl- > gj-
References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.

Page(s): 367
Root / lemma: ĝā̆b-

Meaning: to show, to watch
Material: It derived, if one might place with Zupitza gutturals 194 Old Icelandic kōpa (pÞ) `
stare, gawk', Old English cǣpan ` observe, look out after, provide for, protect ', changing
through ablaut Old English capian up `look up to', asächs. upcapen ` stand out, project,
reach upward ', Middle Low German kapen `gawk, see, show', Middle High German kaffen
ds., Old High German (with intensive gemination) kapfēn ` see, show, peer ' (out of it back
formation Old High German kapf `place, one looks out from, summit ') and Old High
German ūfkepfen `look up' to russ. zabota ` care, worry ', zabotitь śa ` are worried, are
concerned '.
Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and
final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction7 173
f.).

Page(s): 349
lemma: ĝā̆r-
Root / lemma:
Note: besides single-linguistic *garr- through expressive consonant increase in
onomatopoeic words
Material: palatal is proved through osset. zarị̀n, zarun `sing', zar ` song' and through
Armenian cicaṙn `swallow', cicaṙnuk ` nightingale ' (redupl. *ĝoi̯-gā̆r-ō̆n or -no-, Petersson
KZ. 47, 287);
Maybe alb. cicëron `(bird) sings'
gr. γῆρυς, Doric γᾶρυς `voice'; γαρριώμεθα λοιδορούμεθα Hes., with rr as
Latin garriō, -īre ` babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the
nightingale:) ', garrulus ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';
Old Irish gar- `call, shout, cry' in ad-gair àccuses' (*ĝar-e-t), ar-gair `prohibits', do-gair
`calls' etc.; cymr. gair `word' (*ĝar-i̯o-), dyar `din, fuss, noise, sadness': Middle Irish do-gar
` sad ' (*du(s)-ĝaro-); Old Irish fo-gor `sound, tone, sound' (*upo-ĝaro-), abret. ar-uuo-art `
enchant, bewitch, fascinate '; Old Irish gairm n. (Celtic *gar-(s)mn), cymr. corn. bret. garm
ds. (: Old Saxon karm ` lamentation '); lengthened grade Old Irish gāir f. `clamor', gāire `
laughter ', cymr. gawr `clamor, fight, struggle';
Old High German chara f. ` lamentation ', Modern High German Kar-freitag, Gothic kara
f., Old English cearu f. ` care ' (therefrom Old High German etc. karōn ` bemoan, lament',
Old High German charag ` grieving ', Middle High German karc `smart, cunning, stingy',
Modern High German karg, Old English cearig ` sad, afflicted ', engl. chary ` careful,
cautious '), Old Saxon karm (see above), Old English cearm, cierm m. `clamor'.
See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger- and *gʷer-.
Page(s): 352
Root / lemma: ĝebh-

Meaning: branch; stick
Note: only Germanic and Baltic
Material: Old Icelandic kafi m. ` sliced piece ', kefli n. ` cable, bit of wood, toggle', rūna-kefli
Material:
` rune stick '; Middle Low German kavele f. ` piece of wood (for drawing lots) ', Old Frisian
kavelia ` raffle', Dutch kavel m. ` allotment, lot, fate ', Modern High German dial. Kabel f.
and m. ds.;
Lithuanian žãbas m. `bough, deadwood, bridle, rein', žabà f. `rod', žãbaras ` thin bough',
žabóju, žabóti ` bridle ', žaboklas m. `rein', į́-žaboklis `toggle', ablaut. žúobris (žuobrỹs) `
plowshare ', Latvian žabuôt ` put a gag (stick) in the mouth of an animal '.

See also: compare also ĝegh-, S. 354.
Page(s): 353
Root / lemma: ĝegh-

egh-, ĝogh-
ogh-
Meaning: branch; bush
Note: (compare also ĝebh-)
Material: Norwegian dial. kage m. ` low bush ' (Germanic *kagan-), Swedish dial. ` stump
(out of it engl. cag `stump'), Modern High German dial. kag m. ` cabbage stalk, stump,
Dutch kag, kegge f. `wedge' (Germanic *kaʒiō), Old High German kegil `picket, pole, peg,
plug, nail' (Germanic *kaʒila-);
in addition with expressive consonant stretch (g : gg : kk):
Old Icelandic kaggi ` keg, chubby person ', Middle Low German kāk `tree trunk, pillory',
Old High German slito-chōho f. ` tub ', Modern High German (High German) kueche `
sledge skid '; dissim. Kufe ds.;
Lithuanian žãgaras ` thin twig, branch', Pl. `deadwood, shrubbery, bush', žãgrė `plough',
žiõgris `fence', Latvian žagari `deadwood', žagas Pl. f. ` loose foliage ';
Maybe alb. dḫ1ega ` twig, branch ' [common alb. ĝ- > d-

d-].
unclear is the origin of Old English cǣg(e) f. ` key, solution ', Old Frisian kei, kai (*kaiga-
), Middle Low German keie ds.; dubious from Armenian cag èlevation, acme, apex, end'
(Petersson Heter. 89 f.).
References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge11 334, Martinet Gémination 116.

Page(s): 354
Root / lemma: ĝeid-

eid-
Meaning: to suck
Material: Gr. hom. νεογιλλός ` new-born, young, sucking not for long (of animal young) ',
Γίλλος, Γιλλίς, Γιλλίων (from a *γιλλός from *γιδλός ` sucking, suckling ');
Lithuanian žindù žį́sti `suck'.

Page(s): 356
Root / lemma: ĝeis-

eis-
Meaning: gravel
Note: (gei-s-, if nld. kei ` stone ' < *keie < *kaijo belongs here or kei < *kagi to kegel? s.
Franck-v. Wijk 298)
Material: Middle High German kis m. n. ` gravel ', Old English ciosol, cisel m. ds., Old High
German kisili, kisel, kisilinc ` pebble, small stone ', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling ds.;
Old Prussian sixdo f. `sand', Lithuanian žiezdrà, ` gravel, corn, grain', žiẽzdros ` gravel,
coarse sand', žiẽgzdros ds., also m. žiẽgzdrai
Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phrygian γίσσα ` stone ' by Steph. Byz. s. v.
Μονογισσα.

Page(s): 356
lemma: ĝel-
Root / lemma: el-, ĝelǝ
elǝ-, ĝlē- *gelēi- :) ĝ(e)lǝi
lē-, (also *gelēi- (e)lǝi-
ǝi-
Meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful
Material: Armenian caɫr, Gen. caɫu ` laughter ' (probably with u from ō = gr *γαλώς,
therefore γέλως), cicaɫim ` laugh ', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caɫik (Gen.
caɫkan) `flower, blossom';
gr. γελάω, ἐγέλα(σ)σα ` laugh ', γελαστός ` laughable ', Doric (Pind.) γελᾱνής ` laughing,
cheerful ' (*γελασ-νής due to being reshaped from *γέλας, n. to m. γέλως, originally s-stem
as κρέας, Indo Germanic *ĝele-s, Aeolic to γέλος n.), γέλως, -ωτος, Akk. γέλω m. ` laughter
' (probably after γελάω colored *γαλώς = Armenian caɫr ds.); γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν Hes.;
with reduced grade the 1. syllable Γαλα-τεία Nereid name (?), γαληνός `cheerful, peaceful'
(*γαλασνός), γαλήνη (Aeolic zero grade γέλᾱνα) `cheeriness, calm (at sea) ';
with zero grade the 1. syllable γλῆ-νος n. `superb example, splendour piece; things to
stare at, shows, wonders ', γλήνη ` the pupil of the eye, eyeball '.
ĝlǝi-
ǝi- in γλαινοί τὰ λαμπρύσματα Hes., at first to Old High German kleini `gleaming,
dainty, fine' (Modern High German klein, in old meaning still in Kleinod and Swiss chlein
and chlīn, with unexplained ī), Old English clǣne `pure', engl. clean;
with formants -u̯o-: ἀγλα[F]ός ` of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events,

splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty ' (*ἀγα-γλαFός?), ἀγλαΐα ` splendour, beauty; joy,
triumph; pl., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse's mane, colours of oyster's shell;
one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games ' (here also ἀγάλλω ` glorify,
adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad ', with ἀ- == n̥ ìn'? An other attempt by Boisacq 5);
about Old English clǣnе `pure', Old High German kleini `gleaming' see above;
the Celtic and Balto-Slavic color adjective Old Irish gel `luminous, white', glan `pure',
Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow, blond' etc. might be placed because of the Germanic parallels
preferred to color root ĝhel- (see there); only if galbus was genuine Latin, it would have to
be put together with Lithuanian gul̃bis etc. here.
References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123,
144.
Page(s): 366-367
Root / lemma: ĝemb

em h-, ĝm̥bh-
Meaning: to bite; tooth
Comments:
Root / lemma: ĝemb
Root em h-, ĝm̥bh- :` to bite; tooth ' : Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-
ep(h)-, ĝebh- : jaw, mouth'
derived from Root / lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-, ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és Meaning: ` earth,
man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted
his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground. snake peeled its skin
and was reborn again, that is why warriors venerated the snake as the source of
immortality in battle.
Material:
Old Indic jámbhatē, zero grade jábhatē ` snaps ', Kaus.-Iter. jambháyati ` crunched ',
Avestan hǝm- zǝmbayati ds.; Armenian perhaps camem ` chew ', cameli ` maxilla, cheek,
mouth'; alb. dhëmp, dhemb ` it hurts me ', Lithuanian žembiù `cut up', Old Church Slavic
zębǫ, zębsti `tear';
Old Indic jámbha-ḥ m. `tooth, Pl. teeth ' (jambhya-ḥ ` incisor tooth or molar '), gr. γόμφος
`tooth', also `peg, plug, nail'; γομφίος scil. ὀδούς ` incisor tooth ', alb. dhëmb, Geg dâm
`tooth', Old Church Slavic zǫbъ `tooth', Latvian zùobs `tooth', Lithuanian žam̃bas ` sharp
edge'; žam̃bis `wooden plow';
Old High German kamb, Old English comb `comb' (`dentated'), Old Norse kambr `comb,
jagged edge (: Lithuanian žam̃bas), jagged ridge ', Modern High German ` ridge, mountain
range ' (but about ndd. kimme see above under gem-), Old English cemban, Old High
German kemben `comb', Swiss chambe ` Kamm bei Hähnen '; in addition Bavarian sich
kampeln `(quarrel =) tear, rend, fight, squabble', with expressive p;
Tocharian A kam, В keme `tooth'.
Under a meaning mediation `tooth' - ` like a small tooth of protrudent plant shoot ' one
lines up the family of Lithuanian žémbu, žémbėti `germinate', Old Church Slavic pro-zębati,
pro-zębnǫti ds., Latin gemma (*gembhnā) ` eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees;
gemstone, precious stone ', Old High German champ ` the stalk of a cluster of grapes and
similar plants; a bunch of berries, cluster of grapes ', Modern High German Kamm
(`dentated device '); the Lithuanian glottal stop is explainable through a lengthened grade
present formation like sérgmi, gélbmi, gélbu.
References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.
See also: see also under ĝep(h)-, ĝebh-.
Page(s): 369
Root / lemma: ĝem(e)-

em(e)-
Meaning: to marry
Material: Old Indic jārá-ḥ ` suitor, lover ' (*ĝm̥-̄ ró-s?); Old Indic jā́mātar-, Avestan zāmātar-
` man's daughter ', created after other relationship names in -tar- extension, with ā the
second syllable after mātar-; the basic root has been abbreviated *jāma-, compare
Avestan zāmaoya- ` brother of son-in-law ', also Old Indic jāmí-ḥ ` connected, related by
blood ', fem. nachved. ` feminine relatives, esp. daughter-in-law ', ved. ví-jāmi-ḥ) ` relative
by marriage ', jāmā ` daughter-in-law ';
gr γαμέω ` marry ' (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), ἔγημα (Doric
ἔγᾱμα), γεγάμη-μαι; γαμέτης ` husband ', γαμετή, γαμέτις, -ιδος `wife', γαμήλιος ` nuptial ',
γάμος m. ` wedding '; γαμβρός (*ĝem-ro-) `son-in-law';
Maybe alb. dasmë `wedding': gr. γάμος m. `wedding' common alb. ĝh- > d- phoentic
mutation.
Latin gener-, ī ds. (for *gemer after genus, gēns).

Page(s): 369-370
Root / lemma: ĝen-

en-1, ĝenǝ
enǝ-, ĝnē-
nē-, ĝnō-
nō-
Meaning: to bear
Material: thematic present Old Indic jánati ` generates, bears ', Old Latin genō, gr.
γενέσθαι (ἐγένοντο = Old Indic ajananta), compare Old Irish -genathar Konj. (to Indik. -
gainethar ` it is born ' from *gn̥-i̯e-tro), also cymr. genni `be born', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-), bret. genel ` to give birth to children ';
redupl. present unthematic Old Indic jajanti, Avestan zīzǝnti (v. 1. zazǝnti), themat.
Avestan zīzanǝnti ` they bear '; Konj. zīzanāt̃ ` she should bear ', kaus. Aor. Old Indic
ájījanat ` gave birth to ', Old Irish Fut. gignithir (*ĝi-ĝenā-) ` he will be born ' and with (old)
zero grade the root gr. γίγνομαι ` to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to
be produced; of events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses
to be; to come into a certain state, to become ', Latin gignō, -ere (genui, genitum) `
produce, bring forth';
Perf. Old Indic ja-jñ-é ` I am born ', 3. Sg. jajā́na, 3. Pl. jajñúr, gr. γέγονα, *γέγαμεν,
γεγαώς (Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), Old Irish rogēnar (*ge-gn-) ` be born ';
n-present Avestan zā-n-aite ` they are born ?' (*ĝn̥-̄ nā́-mi), Armenian cnanim, Aor. cnay
` is born; generate, bear ' (I 456; *gnǝ-n-), gr. γεννάω ` of the father, to beget, engender; of
the mother, to bring forth, to produce ' (*ĝn̥-̄ nā-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal
is γέννα `birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a
generation; a race, family', whereof γενναῖος ` suitable to one's birth or descent; of
persons, high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of
things, good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense '); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr
I 694
Kaus.-Iter. Old Indic janáyati ` generates, bears ' = Old English cennan ` produce '
(*ĝonéi̯ō); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), i̯i̯i̯o-present Old Indic
jā́yatē ` is born ' (therefrom jāyā ` woman '), npers. zāyad (*ĝen-ǝi̯ṓ; besides ĝn̥-i̯ṓ in:)
Avestan zayeite ds.; with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *ĝnē-i̯ō: Irish gnīu Ì make,
do' (`*engender, create ');
sko-present
sko Latin nā-scor (*gn̥-̄ skṓ-r) ` is born ';
common lat ĝn- > n-
to-participle
to and similar: Old Indic jātá-ḥ ` born ' (jātá-m `gender, sex, kind of'), Avestan
zāta-; Latin nātus (cognātus, agnātus) ds., ` born m., a son ';
Maybe alb. kunat `brother-in-law', kunata `sister-in-law' from Rumanian cumnat `brother-in-
law', cumnată `sister-in-law'; from Latin cognātus `related, connected by blood; m. and f.
as subst. a relation either on the father's or the mother's side. Transf., akin, similar'.
Paelignian cnatois ` the rump, the buttocks ' (*gn̥-̄ tós; so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gnātus
` firstborn ' (could be in itself also = gr γνωτός), f. gnātha `daughter'; Old Norse kundr `son',
Gothic -kunds (himina- ) ` be a descendant of ', Old English heofon-kund, with Þ Old Norse
ās-kunnr ` of divine origin '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero
grade Latin genitus (*genǝ- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. geneta `daughter', expressive cymr.
geneth (*genetta) ds., Old Irish aicned `nature' (*ad-ĝenǝ-tom or *-ĝene-tom); Lithuanian
žéntas `son-in-law' (*ĝenǝ-to-s), gentìs `kinsman, relative' (with g after gim̃ti ` be born '),
Old Church Slavic zętь m., Serbo-Croatian zȅt `son-in-law, sister's husband ' (*ĝenǝ-ti-s);
Maybe suffixed alb. Geg (*ĝen-tar) dhândër, Tosc dhëndër ` son-in-law ' [common alb. ĝ- >
d-]. Phonetically alb. dhândri ` son-in-law ' : Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor'.
with reduced e Old High German kind `kid, child' (*ĝén-tom), Old Saxon kind (*ĝentóm)
ds.;
with full grade the second base syllable gr. -γνητός ` born ' (διό-, κασί-; proto gr. -η-;
γνήσιος ` of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate '), with ō-grade Old
Indic jñātí-ḥ m. `kinsman, relative' (originally f. ` kinship'), γνωτός `kinsman, relative,
brother ', γνωτή ` sister ', mcymr. gnawt `kinsman, relative', Gothic *knōÞs (Dat. knōdai)
`gender, sex', Old High German knōt, knuot `gender, sex' (compare also Old High German
knuosal n. `gender, sex, stem', Old English cnōsl n. ` progeny, gender, sex, family '),
Latvian znuõts `son-in-law, brother-in-law';
from the light basis Avestan -zanta-, -zǝnta- ` born ' (compare φέρτρον : bharí-tram);
also acymr. -gint `kid, child' from gen-t-.
compare an other Aryan forms : Avestan fra-zaintiš ` progeny ' (against Old Indic prá-
jāti-ḥ); Avestan ząϑa- n. `birth, origin' (Aryan *ž́an-tha-m); ząϑra- n. `birth' (against Old
Indic jánitram `birth place'); zantu- ` district, administrative district ' = Old Indic jantú-ḥ
`creature'; Avestan ząhyamna- participle Fut. (against Old Indic janišyatē, Aor. ájaništa);
Old Indic jánman- n. besides jániman- n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage '.
Gr. γενετή `birth', Latin Genita Mana `name of a divinity', Oscan Deívaí Genetaí `
goddess of birth ', wherefore Latin genitālis ` of or belonging to generation or birth, causing
generation or birth, fruitful, generative, genital ';
gr. γένεσις ` origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ', Latin genetīvus ` of or belonging to
generation or birth '; with reduced ǝ: Avestan frazaintiš (see above), Latin gēns (or from
*gn̥tí-) ` a clan, stock, people, tribe, nation. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district,
country ' (then probably ingēns as ` monstrous, vast, enormous '), Germanic kindi- in
Gothic kindins (*ĝenti-no-s) ` provincial governor ', Old Norse kind f. èntity, gender, sex,
descendant '.
ĝn̥̄ti-
titi- in Old Indic jātí-ḥ ` birth, family ' = Latin nāti-ō `birth, gender, sex', Umbrian natine `
a birth, origin, people, nation ', Old English (ge)cynd f. ` kind of, nature, quality, origin,
source, beginning; an ancestor, descendant ' (engl. kind);
tu-stem Latin nātū (maior- ) `from birth', therefrom nātūra ` birth; nature, natural qualities
or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature';
praegnās `pregnant', new praegnans, from *-gnātis.
ĝenǝ ter- in Old Indic janitár- `progenitor, father', jánitrī ` begetter, mother', gr. γενετήρ, -
enǝ-ter-
ῆρος, γενέτωρ, -ορος `progenitor, father', γενέτειρα `mother', alb. dhëndër, dhândër `son-
in-law, bridegroom ' (*genǝ-tr-), Latin genitor, genetrīx (: Old Indic jánitrī) `progenitor';
Armenian cnauɫ `progenitor, father' (*genǝ-tlo-);

Old Indic jániman- (and jánman-) n. ` birth, gender, sex, lineage ', Latin germen `germ,
sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germināre ` sprouted out ', germānus, -a (-m- from -mn-
) ` brother, 1. sister (having the same father and mother)' (*ĝen-men).
enos- in Old Indic jánaḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) n. `gender, sex', Armenian cin `birth', gr. γένος
ĝenos-
`gender, sex', Latin genus ` birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence
offspring, descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action,
etc., fashion, manner, way ' (generāre ` produce ').
on-os in Old Indic jána-ḥ (Gen. jánasaḥ) m. `gender, sex', Avestan (in compound)
ĝon-
zana- `people, humankind ', gr. γόνος m., γονή f. `birth, parentage, ancestry';
Maybe alb. Geg zana `nymph, goddess';
-ĝeno-s, -ĝno-s, -ĝeni̯os, -gnios as 2. composition part e.g. in Latin capri-genus `

proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind ', indigena m. f. ` born in a country, native,
indigenous ' (= Armenian ǝndo-cin, ǝndo-cna-c̣, ` born in the house of the appropriate
patron '), alienigena m. f. ` born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a
foreigner, an alien ';
gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius; Old Irish ingen, ogom inigena `girl'.
ĝenā in ncymr. adian ` progeny ' (*ati-ĝenā), anian, bret. dial. agnen `nature' (*n̥de-ĝenā),
Loth RC 36, 106; 39, 63;
with gr. -γενής, thrak. -zenes (Διογένης = thrak. Diuzenus, Διζένης), compare venet.
volti-χenei and volti-χnos, Illyrian PN Anduno-cnetis (Gen.), Volto-gnas; Messapic
oroagenas ` inhabitant of Uria ';
gr. νεο-γνός ` new-born ', Gothic niu-kla-hs ` under-age ' (dissim. from niu-kna-, with
formants -ko-), also aina-kla- ` isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *-kna-) and Latin
singulus (from *sem-gno-) as well as Latin malignus, benignus, prīvignus (`separate, i.e.
born in other matrimony, stepchild '), Celtic -gnos in people's name, originally Patronymica,
e.g. gall. Truticnos (= Drūtignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, Irish Coim-ān;
gall. Ate-gnia; gr. ὁμόγνιος òf the same descent ';
about Cypriot ἶνις `kid, child' (barely *ἐν-γνις) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4503;
*gn̥-i̯o- (wherefore the above -gnio- additional weakening) in Latin genius ` the superior
or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or
genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste,
appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius ', originally the personified fertility
(at most zero grades *ĝen-i̯os), Gothic kuni (*ĝn̥-i̯o-m), Old High German (etc.) chunni
`gender, sex', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Gothic
sama-kunjans Akk. Pl. `the same gender': gr. ὁμό-γνιος; Latin progenies ` progeny ', Old
Irish gein (*genen < *ĝen-n̥) `birth', Old English cyne- in compound ` royal ', Old Norse
konr `son, noble-born man, husband' (Germanic*kuninga-z in Old High German etc.
kuning `king', i.e. `sprung forth from, belonging to a noble gender').
ĝn̥̄- in Old Indic jā-s ` descendant ', pra-jā ` progeny ', jā́s-patiṣ ` paterfamilias, male
head of a family ' (Meillet MSL. 10, 139);
about Latin ingenuus ` free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble,
upright, frank, candid, ingenuous ', genuīnus ` innate, native, natural; genuine' s. WH. I 593
f.
References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet
Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Page(s): 373-375
Root / lemma: ĝen-

en-2, ĝenǝ
enǝ-, ĝnē-
nē-, ĝnō-
nō-
Meaning: to know
Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. ĝen- are often used with various with ĝnō-
verbal forms.
Material: Old Indic jānā́mi Ì know', anu-jñā- ` acknowledge, admit, grant', Avestan paiti-
zānǝnti ` they take care of somebody ' (themat. 2. Pl. paiti-zānatā ` you recognize, take up,
absorb, take in '), Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā ` he knew ' (Indo Germanic *ĝn̥-̄ nā-mi,
besides enclitic *ĝn̥-nāmi in:) Avestan zanā-t̲, zanąn, afghan. pē-žanī `distinguishes,
recognizes';
Armenian Aor. cancay Ì recognize' (an-can ` unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to
present *ĝn̥-̄ nā-mi? or from *ĝen-? as:) canaut` `known';
Old Irish itar-gninim, asa-gninaim ` to taste, savor; to taste, smack, or savor of, to have
a taste or flavor of a thing ' (Fut. -gēna from *ge-gnā-, Pert ad-gēn-sa ` become acquainted
with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to know ' from
*ge-gn-; in present stem gnin- is the Vok. still unsolved; compare Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f.,
Marstrander Prés. nasalized 23);
Maybe alb. (*gina) di `know' : Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dānā ` he knew ' common alb. g- >
d-.
Gothic kunnan `know, have knowledge of ' (kann, preterit kunÞa; originator of the zero
grade plural forms kunnum, kunnun from *ĝn̥-nǝ-més); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan `
recognize ' etc. = Old High German kunnēn ` know ' (already proto Germanic, Wissmann
Nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades ōn-Verb Old Norse kanna ` examine '; (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Maybe alb. Geg njof, Tosc njoh ` recognize'
Old High German (etc.) intense Verb. kunnan (kann) ` know, have knowledge of, to be
able ' (in the older linguistic times only from insubstantial können ` can, be able to; may,
might' = kennen ` know', contrary to mögen); in addition das Kaus. Gothic kannjan (*ĝon-)
` announce, make known, disclose ', Old English cennan ` apprise, inform, define, impute ',
Old High German ar-kennen ` recognize ', bi-kennen ` avow ', Modern High German
kennen.
Lithuanian žinaũ, žinóti, Latvian zinât ` know, have knowledge of ' (žìno = *gen-,
thereafter Pl. žìnome, Inf. žinóti, participle žinótas) == Old Prussian posinna Ì avow ' (Inf.
posinnat, participle posinnāts), ersinnat ` recognize ';
sk̂o-present Old pers. (Konj.) xšnāsātiy ` he should recognize '; gr. γιγνώσκω, epir.
γνώσκω ` recognize ', Latin nōsco (gnōsco) ` recognize ', ignōsco ` to pardon, forgive,
excuse, overlook, allow, indulge, make allowance ' (compare Old Indic anu-jñā-); alb. njoh
Ì know' (*ĝnē-sk̂ō; 2. 3. Sg. njeh through umlaut); s. also under Lithuanian pažį́stu;
Perf. Old Indic jajñā́u, Latin nōvī, Old English cnēow (cnāwan) `recognize'; gr. Aor. ἔ-
γνων, Old Indic Opt. jñā-yāt; gr. γέγωνα ` to call out so as to be heard ' (also formally
become present γεγωνέω ds., γεγωνίσκω);
in addition i̯o-present Old Indic jñāyáte (Pass. to jānā́ti), Old High German knāu (ir-, bi-,
int-) ` recognize '(*gnē-i̯ō), Old English cnāwan (engl. know) ds. (to w compare Latin nōvī,
Old Indic jajñā́u), with Old High German urknāt ` cognition ', and Old Church Slavic znajǫ,
znati `know, have knowledge of ' (*ĝnō-i̯ō);
Desid. Old Indic jijñāsati, Avestan zixšnā̊ŋhǝmnā̊ ` the yearning to enquire '; Lithuanian
pažį́stu, -žinaũ, žìnti `know'; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 derived from *ĝn̥-skō; different
Persson Beitr. 341;
Kaus. Old Indic jñāpayati (the p-form would be old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 places
rightly Armenian canaut` `known', i-stem = Old Indic jñapti-ḥ ` cognition, knowledge'); but
jñapta- rather retograd from kausat. jñāpita-, IF. 57, 226 f.
to-participle
to ĝnō-
nō-tó-
tó-s (if that has maybe covered ō secondarily from the verbal forms):
Old Indic jñātá-ḥ `known', gr. γνωτός (newer γνωστός) ds. (ἀγνώς, -ῶτος ` unacquainted '),
Latin nōtus, Old Irish gnāth ` habitual, customary, known' (cymr. gnawd ` consuetude '; in
addition cymr. gnaws, naws `nature', bret. neuz ` appearance ', as brit. loanword Old Irish
nōs `custom'), gall. Κατου-γνᾱτος, Epo-so-gnātus; Old Indic ajñāta-, ἄγνωτος, ignōtus `
unacquainted ', Old Irish ingnad ` strange '; besides *ĝnŏ-tó-s (colored from *ĝnǝ-tós after
ĝnō-?) in Latin nota ` distinguishing mark, sign, spot, stain ' (substantive Fem. of
participle), Denom. notō, -āre ` mark, observe; reprove, reprimand; rebuke ', hence
probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation gr. *ἄ-γνο-Fος
in ἀγνοέω ` not to perceive or recognize; to be ignorant of; not to discern; fail to
understand ', ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοια ` want of perception, ignorance; mistaken conduct, a mistake
'; better about ἀγνόεω (stands for *ἀνόεω) and Latin nota (to ὄνοσθαι `rebuke') currently
Leumann Homer. Wörter 22823; Tocharian A ā-knats, В a-knātsa see below.
ĝnǝ-to-
to-s in mcymr. yngnad, ynad `judge' (*en-ĝnǝ-to-s), dirnad ` power of judgement '
(*dē-pro-ĝnǝ-to-), Loth RC 47, 174 f.
ĝn̥̄-tó-
tó-s in Lithuanian pažìntas `known', Gothic kunÞs, Old English cūÞ, Old High
German kund ` known ', Gothic unkunÞs ` unacquainted '; with lengthened grade the 1.
syllable Avestan paiti-zanta- ` recognized ' (as ā-zainti- `knowledge').
ĝnō-ti- in Old Indic pra-jñāti-ḥ f. ` cognition ', gr. γνῶσις f. ` cognition ', Latin nōti-ō f., Old
nō-ti-
Church Slavic Inf. znati, russ. znatь f. ` the acquaintance, friends '; compare Old High
German urchnât f. ` a knowing, knowledge ' (*ĝnē-ti-s);
ĝn̥-tí-
tí-s in Old High German kunst (-sti- for -ti-) ` art, knowledge, wisdom ' (Gothic kunÞi
`knowledge, cognition ' from *kunÞia- n.), Lithuanian pažintìs f. ` cognition ';
ĝnō-ter- in Old Indic jñātár-, Avestan žnātar- ` connoisseur, expert ', compare gr.
nō-ter-
γνωστήρ, Latin nōtor ` one who knows a person or thing, a voucher, witness; connoisseur,
expert '; compare Old Indic jñāna-m (*ĝnō-no-m) `knowledge, cognition '.
ĝnō-
nō-mn̥ in gr. γνῶμα ` purpose; judgement; a mark, token ' (out of it Latin grōma ` A
surveyor's pole or measuring-rod; the centre of a camp, where the measuring-rod was
planted, so as to divide the camp into four quarters by streets meeting at that point ' and,
of Akk. γνώμονα from, also norma ` a square, employed by carpenters, masons, etc., for
making right angles; a rule, pattern, precept '); Old Russian znamja (Old Church Slavic
znamenije, znakъ) `mark, token, sign' (influenced by a corresponding Latin *gnōmen is
*cognōmen, agnomen); gr. γνώμη òpinion' (probably for *gnō-m[n]ā), compare Lithuanian
żymė̃ `mark, sign' (*žįmė̃); γνώμων ` one that knows or examines, an interpreter, discerner
'.
ĝnō-telin sloven. znâtelj ` connoisseur, expert ', russ. znátelь ` confidant '; also Old
nō-tel-
Indic jñātár- could belong here instead of ĝnō-ter-.
ĝenǝ tlo- : ĝnō-

enǝ-tlo- tlo- ` mark ' in Lithuanian žėnklas `mark, token, sign'; Old Prussian
nō-tlo-
ebsentliuns ` identified ': Old Indic jñātra- n. ` ability of the recognizing ';
Germanic *knōÞla- in Old High German beknuodilen ` become perceptible ', einknuadil `
distinguished by a mark, remarkable, noted, eminent, distinguished, prominent,
extraordinary '; compare Latin (g)nōbilis ` that can be known or is known, knowable,
known; wellknown, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ' (adjective of a *ĝnō-dhlom `
distinguishing mark ');
ĝnō-ro- in gr. γνώριμος ` well-known; familiar, acquaintance; notable, distinguished ',

nō-ro-
γνωρίζω `make known' (to *γνῶρον), wherefore with ablaut *ĝn̥̄-ró-
ró-: Latin gnārus à thing
expert, skillful', ignārus ìgnorant' (ignōro rather from *ignāro after nōsco colored as with
the ablaut grade from γνώριμος), gnāruris Gloss. ` knowing or acquainted with a thing;
skilful, practiced, expert ', ignārurēs ` ignorantly ', nārrāre ` create knowledge, tell ' =
Umbrian naratu ` a relater, narrator, historian ', naraklum ` a declaring, announcing; a
declaration, announcement made by the augur respecting what he has observed '; as final
ending from compounds Old Indic -jnā̆-, Avestan uxδa-šna- ` knowing the speech '.
Here presumably Indo Germanic ĝnē-

nē-u̯os
os èxpert who knows about how one has to do
it, skillful ' in Old Norse knār `proficient, strong' (Old English gecnǣwe ` admitted, known'
is against it new formation from cnāwan); compare (from *ĝn̥-̄ u̯o-s?) Latin nāvus (old
gnāvus) ` busy, diligent, assiduous, active ', ignāvus ` inactive, lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish,
listless, without spirit, cowardly, dastardly ', next to which with *-ǝu̯- mcymr. go-gnaw `
familiar with ' (*upo-uk̂s-ĝnǝu̯o-?), Middle Breton gnou ` manifesto, obvious ', abret. inschr.
Bodo-cnous (i.e. -gnous, Loth RC 18, 93), Middle Irish gnō ` distinguished ', nir. gnō
`business, affairs'. A similar meaning-development in the Germanic family Old Icelandic
kø̄nn ` reasonable, smart, proficient', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), Old English cēne `bold, audacious', Old High German kuoni ` bold, pugnacious '
(lengthened grade as γέγωνα), compare with zero grade Lithuanian žýnė ` witch ' (`the
clever '), žýnis m. ` sorcerer ';
Tocharian AB knā- ` know, have knowledge of, recognize ', A ā-knats, В a-knātsa
ìgnorant'.
About Hittite ḫa-an-na-i àdjudicates' s. Pedersen Hittite 201 (a little plausibly).
Note:
Common IE ḫ- > k-.
References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f., Feist 316 f., Meillet
Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Page(s): 376-378
Root / lemma: ĝenu-

enu-1, ĝneu-
neu- (*ĝḫenu-)
Meaning: knee, joint
Grammatical information: n. inflection ĝonu,
onu ĝenu̯és, ĝnub
nu hís etc.; besides the n-stem
according to Old Indic jā́nunī ` both knees ' and gr. γόνατος etc. from ĝonu̯n̥-
Comments:
Root / lemma: ĝenu-
enu-1, ĝneu-
neu- : `knee, joint' > Root / lemma: ĝen-
en-1, ĝenǝ
enǝ-, ĝnē-
nē-, ĝnō-
nō- : `to
bear'. (the euphemism of lower part of te body)
Material: Old Indic jā́nu n. `knee', Pahlavi zānūk, npers. zānū `knee'; Avestan Akk. Sg.
žnūm, dat. abl. pl. žnubyō; Old Indic jñu-bā́dh- ` the bending knees ', abhi-jñú ` up to the
knee ', pra-jñu-ḥ ` saber-legged ', Avestan fra-šnu- ` holding the knees forwards ' (:gr.
*πρό-γνυ);
Armenian cunr `knee' (r-extension to old u-stem *ĝō̆nu-), Pl. cunk-k`, Gen. cng-ac̣ with
g-extension (*ĝon-g-o-, compare γνύ-ξ);
Maybe alb. Geg (*ĝō̆nu-) gjuni, Tosc gluri ` knee'.
gr. γόνυ, Gen. (Hom.) γουνός (*ĝonu̯ós), Pl. γοῦνα, Aeolic γόνα `knee' (compare also
γευνῶν γονάτων Hes.), besides Gen. Sg. γούνατος (for *γονFανος); lengthened grade
γωνία `point, edge' (*γωνFία), zero grade (compare under πρόχνυ) γνυ-πετεῖν ` drop to
one's knees ', γνύξ ` on the knees ', ἰγνύ̄η (besides ἰγνύς, Specht KZ. 59, 220) ` popliteus,
the part behind the thigh and knee, ham ' (*εγγνύᾱ, -γνύς);
πρόχνυ ` with stretched out knee ' II. 570 stands for *πρόγνυ (= Old Indic pra-jñú-ḥ);
Latin genū, -ūs ` knee; of plants, a knot, joint ', geniculum `knee, a little knee, a knot or
joint on the stalk of a plant; angle ';
Gothic kniu n., Old High German etc. knio, kneo (*kniwa-, Indo Germanic *ĝneu̯o-)
`knee' (Old Norse knē also from `knot in the straw', as Old English cneoweht ` knotty, from
plants '; Latin geniculum also ` a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant '; but Latin genista is
Etruscan); an extension with Germanic t in oberschles. knutzen ` squat on the knees ' and
perhaps in Gothic knussjan ` kneel ', kniwam knussjands ` bending in the knees together ',
if in a tu-stem *knussus from this verb *knutjan ` based on ';
Illyrian FlN Genusus, Low Italian PN Genusia, Messapic PN tri-gonoχoa, Ligurian PN

Genua, adjective derivative Genava ` Geneva ';
Tocharian A kanweṃ, В kenīne Dual. `the knees';
Hittite gi-e-nu (genu) `knee'.
Note:
Pronunciation of the labialized laryngeal: Hittite gi-e was gje- as in Albanian gju-
References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518.
References:
Page(s): 380-381
Root / lemma: ĝenu- ĝenǝ

enu-2 f. and (ĝenǝdh- :) ĝonǝ
onǝdh-
Meaning: chin
Note:
Root / lemma: ĝenu- ĝenǝ
onǝdh- : chin' derived from Root / lemma: ĝenu-
enu-1,
ĝneu-
neu- (*ĝḫenu-) : knee, joint'.
Material: Old Indic hánu-ṣ f. ` mandible ', Avestan zānu- ds., in compounds (with
secondary Aryan ĝh-, Güntert WuS. 11, 124 f.);
Phrygian α-ζήν Akk. ἀ-ζένα `beard' (prefix α- and *ĝen-); (common Occidental Romance
vowel prefix)
gr. γένυς, -υος f. `chin, mandible' (with secondary ū-stem; compare γένειον `chin beard'
from *γενεFιον, γενηΐς, Attic γενῄς f. ` edge of the hatchet ' from *γενεFίς);
Latin gena f. `cheek' (fur *genus after mala), genuīnus (dens) ` grinder, molar tooth ';
Old Irish gi(u)n `mouth', cymr. gen `cheek, chin', Pl. geneu, acorn. genau, bret. genou
(older Pl. *geneu̯es);
Gothic kinnus f. `cheek' (*genus, *genu̯es, -nn- from -nu̯-), Old Norse kinn f. ` cheek,
mountainside ', Old English cinn, Old High German kinni n. `chin'; (under the influence of
Tocharian A śanwe-m Dual f. `mandible, lower jaw bone ' (e-extension from ĝenu-).
gonǝdh- in Lithuanian žándas ` mandible', Latvian zuôds `chin, sharp edge'; maked.
gonǝ
κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι (compare Specht KZ. 59, 1131);
zero grade gr. γνάθος f., γναθμός m. ` mandible' (*gnǝdh-);
unclear is Armenian cnaut ` mandible, cheek'.
References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Dekl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 463.
Page(s): 381-382
Root / lemma: ĝep(

ep h)-, ĝebh-
Meaning: jaw, mouth
Note:
Root / lemma: ĝep(h)-
ep(h)-, ĝebh- : jaw, mouth' : Root / lemma: ĝemb
em h-, ĝm̥bh- : to bite; tooth'
derived from Root / lemma: ĝenu- ĝenǝ
onǝdh- : chin' : Root / lemma: ĝenu-
enu-
1, ĝneu-
neu- (*ĝḫenu-) : knee, joint'.
Material: With ph:
ph Avestan zafar-, zafan- `mouth, jaw', participle Med. vī-zafāna, compare
s-stem (besides r/n-stem) in ϑrizafah- besides ϑrizafan-;
Maybe alb. Geg za ` capture, bite'.
with bh : gallorom. expressive *gobbo-, Old Irish gop, nir. gob `bill, beak, neb, mouth';
Maybe alb. gop `vagina'.
Germanic with ph or to partial bh Old Norse kjaptr or kjǫptr (*keƀuta- or *kefuta-)

`muzzle, mandible, jaw ', Middle High German kivel, kiver ` jaw ' (*kefra-) Modern High
German dial. kiefe `gill', ndd. keve ` jaw, gill', wherefore the verbs Norwegian kjava `
quarrel, argue ' (` move the jaws ')
Maybe alb. (*zifem) zihem ` quarrel' [common alb. ĝ- > -z- ; -f- > -h-]
Middle Low German Low German kibbelen, kabbelen, kevelen ` babble, chatter loudly ',
Middle High German kibelen, kifelen `quarrel, squabble', kiven, kiffen ` gnaw ', kifelen `
gnaw, chew '; lengthened grade Old Norse kāfl, Old Saxon cāfl, Old English cēafl (engl.
jowl, jole) ` jaw ' (*kēfala-).
In addition as ` nibbler ':
Old High German chevaro, kevar, Middle High German kevere `beetle, chafer' (*kebran-
); changing through ablaut Old English ceafor (*kaƀra- or*kaƀru-), ndd. kavel ds.;
Lithuanian žėbiù, žė̃bti ` eat slowly ', žė́biu, žė́beti ` eat, peck ';
Old Church Slavic o-zobati ` λυμαίνεσθαι ', serb. zòbati ` eat, devour ', zôb f. ` oat ',
russ. zobátь ` eat, peck ', zob m. `bill, beak, neb';
Czech žábra `gill of the fish ', russ. žábry ds. could have covered ž from the e-grade and
contain a variant with g-.
from ĝembh- `bite' as a nasalized form belongs to our root?
References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge11 s. v. `beetle,
chafer' and ` jaw '.
Page(s): 382
Root / lemma: ĝers-

ers-
Material: Armenian caṙ `tree', Pl. ` brushwood ' (*ĝr̥so-); caṙay (*gr̥-āti-) `servant,
farmhand'; cuṙ `slant, skew, crooked' (*ĝorsos);
gr. γέρρον n. ` anything made of wicker-work; oblong shield, covered with ox-hide;
wattled screens or booths, used in the Athen. market-place, generally, wattles; wicker
body of a cart ' etc., also `penis' (`*rod') (*γερσι̯ον);
Maybe alb. kar `penis' : Gypsy kar `penis'.
Latin gerra ` anything made of wicker-work ', Pl. gerrae ` wattled twigs; trifles, stuff,
nonsense ' is gr. loanword; zero grade γάρρα ῥάβδος and γάρσανα φρύγανα. Κρῆτες
Hes.;
from Gr. γέρδιος derives Latin gerdius ` weaver ';

cymr. gyrr m. ` drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, livestock drive ' (*ĝersi̯o-),
therefrom gyrru ds.?;
Old Norse kjarr n., kjǫrr m. (*kerza-, kerzu-) `shrubbery, bush ', Swedish dial. kars, karse
m. `basket from withe, small bag, net bag ', Old Norse kass(i) m. (*kars-) ` wicker basket,
back basket ', Swedish kärsa f. `creel, net bag ', Norwegian kjessa `basket, bast netting '
(*karsi̯ōn).
In addition probably Middle High German kerren ` turn ' (*karzjan) = Old English cierran
`wend, in a certain position bring, intr. turn ', becierran `turn', cierr m. (*karzi-) `time, one
time, business '.
References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.
Page(s): 392-393
Root / lemma: ĝer-

er-, ĝerǝ
erǝ-, ĝrē-
rē-
Meaning: to rub; to be old; grain
Note: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-
no-, `corn, grain, seed ' (only NW-Indo
Germanic); the oldest meaning seems to have been `rub' (hence ` fruit grater, neatly
pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed '), intr.-pass. ` become faded, from age or
disease, malady'.
Material: Old Indic járant- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard' (=
osset. zärond òld', gr. γέρων; compare also npers. zar ` graybeard, hag '), járati `makes
fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, allows to grow old ' (`*rub, chafe '), jaraṇá- `
frail, old', jarás- f. (Nom. Sg. jarā́ḥ, Indo Germanic -ōs) and jarā́ ` age, grow older,
senescence, aging process, process of growing older, age'; redupl. jarjara- `frail,
breakable, decrepit ' (: gr. γεργέριμος); lengthened grade jā́ra- ` aging, maturing; growing
older ' (= npers. zār `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', zār ` graybeard, hag '; also in
Aor. jāriṣuḥ); heavy basis in Old Indic jarimán- m. ` old age, senility ', jī́ryati, jū́ryati `
become fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle,
grows old ', participle jūrṇá-, jīrṇá- ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, decrepit,
antiquated, worn out, old, decompose, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, old'; Avestan
azarǝšant- `not aging, maturing ' (participle of s-Aor.), azarǝma- `not decreasing,
lessening, diminishing, declining ' (from *zarǝma- m. `the abandoned, depraved, unkempt,
withered, shabby, dilapidated, neglected '), zairina- ` attritional, tiring, languishing,
wearying, exhausting ', zarǝta- àltersschwach' (probably = Old Indic *jīrta-), with formant u
(: gr. γραῦς? Old Norse kǫr, see below) zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness,
senility ', zaurura- ` decrepit, infirm, feeble, weak, frail, aged, fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated ', perhaps also zrvan- : zrū̆n- `time';
Armenian cer òld, graybeard' (*ĝero-);
gr. γέρων ` graybeard' (γέροντ-), γερούσιος ` pertaining to the council of the elders,
senatorial ', γερουσία ` Council of Elders, senate, esp. at Sparta, sacred college ', γέρας n.
(Indo Germanic *ĝerǝ-s, from the heavy basis) originally `*age, * age prerogative ', hence `
honorific title; award, prize, honorary position, guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy
', γεραρός ` venerable, stately, respectable ', later also òld, senile ', γεραιός òld' probably
from *γερασ-ι̯ός; in the meaning àge' is γέρας replaced through γῆρας; η from γηράσκω `
grown old ', participle present γηρά̄ς ` aging, maturing; growing older ', themat. Impf.
ἐγήρᾱ, etc. auf γῆρας (for γέρας) figurative, also in γηράω ` get old, grow old, mature, ripen
', γηραλέος (by Hes. also γεραλέος) òld'; Attic γραῦς, Gen. γρᾱ(*F)ός (hom. Dat. γρηΐ) òld
wife, woman' (hom. γρηΰς probably later inscription of a right one *γρη(F)ίς after the usual
one γραῦς); perhaps in relationship to Avestan zaurvan- m. ` hoariness, old age, grayness
', perhaps originally Nom. *ĝeŕ-us : Gen.*ĝerǝ-u̯-ós, from which γρᾱFός; s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I, 574; redupl. γεργέριμος ` dropping by itself or ripe fig or olive ' (see above);
Old Norse karl `man, husband, old man, husband, husband, free man, husband' = Old
High German karal ds., with ablaut Old English ceorl ` free man of the lowest class,
husband ', engl. churl ` rude person, person from the country, fool ', Middle Low German
kerle `free, common man, husband, sturdy man, husband', Modern High German (from
Ndd.) Kerl; basic meaning probably ` aged man, husband';
Old Church Slavic zьrěti `ripen', zьrělъ ` mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', causative
sьzori ` ripe '.
In the meaning ` corn, grain, seed ':
Latin grānum `corn, grain, seed ' (*gr̥-nóm, = Old Indic jīrṇá-, see above) = Old Irish
grān, cymr. etc. grawn (Sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from Latin is not provable) = Lithuanian
žìrnis, Latvian zir̃nis m. `pea', Old Prussian syrne f. `corn, grain'; Old Church Slavic zrьno,
serb. zȑno n. `corn, grain'; Gothic kaúrn, Old High German Old English Old Norse korn,
Modern High German Korn, Old English cyrnel ` seed ', next to which zero grades Old
High German kërno, Old Norse kjarni m., ds. (probably also Modern High German
Dialectal kern ` milk cream, milk skimmings ' granular becoming as in butter, Middle High
German kern ` churn, vessel in which butter is made ', Old Norse kjarni, kirna ds., Old
English ćiern, engl. churn ds.).
Maybe alb. (*kjern) thjerrě ` lentil ' not from Armenian siseṙn ` chickpea '
*grāros (*gr̥-̄ rós) ` pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed ' is continual probably in
Latin glārea (*grārei̯ā) ` gravel '; d-present *ĝrō-dō perhaps in Gothic gakrōtōn ` crunch '.
References: WP. I 599 f., WH. I 605 f., 618 f., Trautmann 371 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 514,
574, 682 under Anm. 5.
Page(s): 390-391
Root / lemma: ĝeus-

eus-
Meaning: to taste; to enjoy [` savor, enjoy, taste ', in the Germanic and Celtic 'choose', in
Indo Iran. and Alban. 'love']
Material: Old Indic jṓṣati, juṣátē ` tastes, enjoys, loves ', jōsáyatē `where one finds
pleasure', jṓṣa-ḥ ` contentedness, approval, sufficiency ', Avestan zaoš-, Old pers. dauš-
`where one finds flavor ', Avestan zaošō ` pleasure ', zuštō ` liked, beloved, fancied,
desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted '; khotan-sak. ysūṣḍē ` he appraises,
appreciates ', ysua, ysuyān (ys = z) `treat, delight ';
gr. γεύομαι ` feel, enjoy the taste of; experience, have enjoyment of, enjoy the company
of ' (therefrom γεύω ` allow to taste ');
alb. desha Ì loved', present do, dua (*ĝēus-n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);
Also alb. Geg me dashtë ` to love '.
n-present Latin dēgūnō, -ere `taste' (*gus-nō);
Old Irish asa-gū (*ĝus-s-t) `he wishes ' (ad-gūsi, asa-gūssi `he wishes ', s. to form
Pedersen II 549), do-goa (*ĝus-ā-t) `he chooses ', verbal noun togu ` choose ', preterit
dorōigu ` elegit ' (*to-ro-ĝi-ĝēus-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);
Gothic kiusan ` assay, try, test, check ', Old Norse kjōsa ` choose, wish' (also ` affect
through sorcery ', Old High German Old Saxon kiosan ` taste, assay, try, choose ', Modern
High German kiesen, Kaus.-Iter. Gothic kausjan ` assay, try, taste ' (= Old Indic iōšáyatē);
compare Old English wæl-céasig ` choosing corpses ' (of raven).
ti-: Old Indic júṣṭi-ḥ ` Liebeserweisung, favour ', Gothic ga-kusts f. `

noun actionis of ti-
examination ', Old Frisian kest, Old English cyst m. ` object of a choice, exquisiteness,
excellence ' (but gr. γεῦσις previously single-linguistic formation from γεύομαι): of tu-
tu-: Latin
gustus, -ūs ` a tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating a little of any thing, a light dish
at the beginning of a Roman meal, an antepast, whet, relish, taste, flavor ', Celtic *gustu- `
choice ' in names Irish Oengus, Fergus, acymr. Ungust, Gurgust and in Old Irish guss `
skillfulness, power ', Gothic kustus ` examination ', Old High German Old Saxon kust m. `
examination, appraisal, choice, excellence ', Old Norse kostr, -ar ` choice, capriciousness,
(good) quality '; derivative of participle *gus-tós: Latin gustō, -āre `taste, eat, drink; relish,
enjoy ' = Old High German Old Saxon kostōn `taste, try, assay, test ', Old English costian `
try, assay, test, plague', Old Norse kosta, -aða ` assay, try, exert oneself, strive '; previous
noun actionis is *kuriz in Old English cyre m. ` choice, judgement', Old High German kuri f.
ds. (Modern High German Kur-fürst `prince elector, elector, electoral prince, one of the
princes of the Holy Roman Empire entitled to elect the emperor', Will-kür `capriciousness,
despotism, arbitrariness'), with intersection in neuter Old Norse kør ` choice ', Old English
ge-cor ` verdict ', derived Old High German korōn ` taste, sip; have some experience of;
enjoy, try'.
References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f., Feist 312 f.

Page(s): 399-400
Root / lemma: ĝeu-

eu-, ĝeu̯ǝ- (besides geu̯ǝ-)
Meaning: to advance; to hurry
Material: Old Indic junā́ti ` drive, hurry, set in motion, stir into action as if by fanning;
arouse, instigate ', jávate ` hurries ', jūtá-ḥ `hurrying', jū- `quick, fast', jūtí ` quickness,
encouragement ', javín `hurrying', javá-ḥ `hurrying, quick, fast', jáviṣṭha-ḥ `the fastest', m.
`haste, hurry, quickness ', jávas- ` quickness ', jávana-ḥ ` driving, animating, inciting ';
Avestan zavah- n. ` power, strength ', zāvar- n. `(physical) power, strength ' (esp. of the
feet and the horse), npers. zōr ` power ', Baluchi zūt `quick, fast', Avestan zǝvīštya ` the
hastiest, most fastest, the most conducive ', uzutay- ` hurrying out, foaming ';
besides auf Indo Germanic geu̯ǝ- weisend: Avestan java ` hurry '; npers. zūd `quick,
fast' could belong to Aryan ǵ or ž;
perhaps to Old Norse keyra `drive, ride, push, throw, ride';
Serbo-Croatian žúriti se ` hurry ', from Trautmann 80 to gȕriti se ` brew ' placed, perhaps
in spite of unclear anlaut here.

Page(s): 399
Root / lemma: ĝēi-
ēi- : ĝī-
Meaning: to sprout
Material: Armenian ciɫ, ciuɫ, ceɫ ` stem, stalk', ǝn-ciuɫ `sprout, germ, sprout';
Gothic keinan, us-keinan `germinate', us-kijans ` germinated, sprouted '; Old High
German chīnan `germinate, split, open', Old English cīnan `break, crack, be open'; Old
High German chīmo m., asächs. kīmo `germ, sprout'; Old English cīð, Old Saxon kīð m.
`germ, sprout, young shoot ', Old High German frumakīdi ` first shoot '; Old Saxon kio, Old
English cēon, cīun ` gills ' (probably *kijan-).
Here probably with a previous form the bursting bud, sprout in general meaning `break,
crack, sich split' Old High German kīl, Modern High German Keil, Middle Low German kīl,
Norwegian kīle m. `wedge' (or this meaning of the sharpness deriving form of the plant
bud? formally from *kī-ðlā́-, compare *kī́-Þla- in:) Old High German kīdel, Modern High
German Dialectal keidel m. `wedge'; Old Icelandic kīll m. ` narrow sea bay ' (`*cleft,
fissure'), changing through ablaut Norwegian keila f. `small gully, canal', Middle Low
German kēl m. `narrow Meerbucht '; with ĭ Old English cinu f. ` cleft, col, gap', Danish
Dialectal kin `col, gap'; perhaps Old Middle High German chil `leek', Middle High German
kil m. ` onion, bulb of the leek ', Modern High German Kiel m. ds. (compare Bavarian
auskielen from acorn, onion , ` germinating the peel, break through skin ');
Latvian zẽiju, ziêt ` flourish, bloom, appear, come into view ', next to which with d-
extension (probably originally d-present) Lithuanian žýd(ži)u žydė́ti `bloom, blossom',
pražýstu, -žýdau, -žýsti ` blossom ', žíedas `bloom, blossom, ring', Latvian ziêdu (ziêžu),
ziêdêt `bloom, blossom'.

Page(s): 355-356
Root / lemma: ĝhaiso-

haiso- (or ĝhǝiso-
ǝiso- : ĝhēiso-
hēiso-)
Meaning: stick; dart
Material: Old Indic hḗṣas- n. `projectile' (yet see below ĝhei-1 `stimulate, invigorate');
gr. χαῖος m. (?) `shepherd's crook; crosier';
gall.-Latin gaesum, gall.-gr. γαῖσον `heavy iron spear, lance' (gall. gaesātī
`mercenaries'); Old Irish gaë `spear, javelin' (gāide ` lance '); fo-gae, Middle Irish fo-ga
`spear, lance' = cymr. gwayw (see in addition Thurneysen IA. 26, 25, compare also abret.
guu-goiuou ` a little sharp point or sting, a weapon used for fighting at a distance; a missile
weapon, missile, as a dart, spear, javelin ', BB. 17, 139), Middle Breton goaff, corn. gew;
Old High German Old Saxon gēr, Old English gār, Old Icelandic geirr m. ` throw spear '
(*gaizas); Gothic PN Rada-gaisu-s, wand. Gaisa-rīk-s.
In addition as -ilōn-derivative Old High German geisila, Modern High German Geißel
`lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur', Old Icelandic geisl, geisli m. ` stick of the
snowshoe runners '; with ablaut (Indo Germanic ēi? ī?) langob. gīsil ` arrow shaft ' (but
about Old High German gīsal ` captive = Bürgschaftsgefangener ' see below gheidh- `lust,
crave'), Old Icelandic gīsl(i) `staff'.

Page(s): 410
Root / lemma: ĝhalg(h)-

halg(h)-
Meaning: (flexible) twig
Material: Armenian jaɫk `twig, branch, horsewhip, stalk, captive' (< *ĝhalgā; Petersson
Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from g and gh from a paradigm *ĝhólgh,
*ĝhl̥gnés);
Gothic galga m. `picket, pole, cross', Old Icelandic galgi ` gallows ', Old English gealga,
Old Frisian galga, Old Saxon Old High German galgo ` gallows, cross', in addition further
formations Old Icelandic gelgia `twig, branch, shaft, pole, stick' (the oldest kind of the
gallows was a pliable branch in which the criminal would be hanged);
Lithuanian žalgà and žalgas m. `long, thin shaft, pole', Latvian žalga f. `long rod, fishing
rod'.

Page(s): 411
Root / lemma: ĝhal-

hal-, ĝhal-
hal-ar-
ar-
Meaning: flaw, defect
Material: Old Irish galar n. `disease, malady, distress ', cymr. corn. galar ` sorrow,
mourning, grief, affliction, distress, lamentation, a striking or beating accompanied by a
loud noise, a banging, rustling, roaring ';
Old Icelandic galli m. `blemish, fault, error, damage' (but gealla m. ` sore-grated place of
the horse ', engl. gall ds., Middle Low German galle ` damaged place', Middle High
German galle ` swelling, tumefaction of the horse, damaged place in the rock ', Modern
High German galle `swelling, lump, growth, flaw in rock, in farmland etc.' are with Galle
=Gall-apfel borrowed from Latin galla);
Lithuanian žalà `damage, injury ', žalìngas ` wicked, harmful ', Latvian zalba, zolba
`damage, injury in the body' (or borrowed from Russian? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);
perhaps also klruss. zolok ` the most painful place of a wound ', russ. nazóla
`ruefulness, distress, anger, irritation '.
Pedersen (Hittite 46) compares with Old Irish galar Hittite kal-la-ar (kallar) èvil, bad'.

Page(s): 411
lemma: ĝhan-
Root / lemma: han-s-
Meaning: goose
Note:
han-s- : `goose' derived from Root / lemma: gha gha, ghe ghi ghi : `to
gha ghe ghe,
cackle (of geese)'.
Material: Old Indic haṁsá-ḥ m., haṁsī f. `goose, swan'; soghd. z'ɣ `sorte d'oiseau';
Latin ānser, mostly m. `goose ' (originally *hanser; to stem formation compare Slavic
*žansera- (*gansera-) `gander' in Old Czech húser, polab. gûnsgarr, etc.);
Note:
Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-

h-.
gr. χήν, -ός, m. f., Doric Boeotian χά̄ν `goose ' from *χανς, χανσός (here, as in Germanic
and in Lithuanian Gen. Pl. žąsų̃, still the old conservative inflection);
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*he-nos) rosa `duck ' common alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn- > n-
italic-illyrian.
Old Irish gēiss `swan' (*gansī = Old Indic haṁsī, not reshaped from a conservative
stem);
Old High German gans (i-stem has changed), Old English gōs (Pl. gēs from *gans-iz =
gr. χῆνες), Old Icelandic gās (Pl.gǣs) `goose ' (from Old English gōs derives Middle Irish
goss);
Lithuanian žąsìs f. `goose ' (Akk. žą̃sį = gr. χῆνα, Gen. Pl. conservative žąsų̃, dial. also
Nom. Pl. žą̃ses), Latvian zùoss, Old Prussian sansy ds.;
Slavic *gǫsь (with probably auf Germanic influence based g instead of z) in russ. gusь,
sloven. ĝȯs, poln. gęś `goose ';
Specht Dekl. 204 will also Lithuanian gén-š-e, gen-ž-ė̃ f. ` egret, heron ' here place.
Old English gan(d)ra ` gander ' (engl. gander), Middle Low German ganre ds. is applied
as Mask.-formation of stem *gan- after kind of from Old High German kat-aro `tomcat,
male-cat'; if ein *ganezan- the basic lies, stand Swiss gann, ganner ` appellation from
aquanauts ' as *ganzá- with it in Suffix ablaut. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).
Besides certainly of the abbreviated stem ghan- (wherefore ghan-[e]s- as Indo

Germanic *mēn-ōt-: *mēn-[e]s- ` month ') on the exterior formation with -d-: Germanic
(zuerst by Plin.) ganta à kind of goose ' (out of it prov. gante `wild goose, stork '; the
meaning ` stork ' shows also Lithuanian gañdras, Old Prussian gandarus, from Germanic
*gan[d]ro), Old English ganot à wild water bird, e.g. a coot ', Old High German ganazzo `
gander ', also ganzo, Middle Low German gante ds. (A derivative therefrom with similar
meaning as Tirol gänzen ` flirt ', gänsern àct as a goose', also ` wish, adore cravingly ',
siebenbürg. goaseln ` philander, flirt ' is nisl. ganta ` philander, flirt ', ganti ` an idler, loafer,
man about town, a city buffoon, droll, jester, clown, pantaloon, parasite ', Swedish mdart.
gant, Danish gante ` dandy, fop, man excessively concerned with his clothes and
appearance ', wherefore as fem. Norwegian gjente `girl'.)
Maybe alb. gocë `girl'
There Indo Germanic ghan-s-, -(ǝ)d- with gr. χανεῖν (see ĝhan-) and generally with the
family 2. ĝhē- ` yawn ' zusammenhängt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by
open bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also ĝhē- ` yawn ' originally
identical Ausatmen beim Gähnen identified hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also
base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha-.
References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Dekl. 47, 204.
Page(s): 412
han-
Meaning: to yawn
Material: Gr. hom. ἔχανον Aor. (actually Imperf. to *χα-νᾱ-μι, *χά-νω), κέχηνα Perf. (Doric
Material:
κεχά̄ναντι) ` yawn, gape' (thereafter later present χαίνω), τὸ χάνος `yawn', by comedian
also `mouth', ἀχανής (ἀ- copulativum) `wide open, enlarged', etc.; besides χανύω,
χανύσσω `speak with open mouth' Hes.;
different about gr. ἀχανής Specht Dekl. 282 f., the in ἀ- sees the anlaut of the root;
about χαν-δόν ` with mouth wide open, greedily ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 626;
Old Icelandic gan n. ` yawn ' (probably = τὸ χάνος), Norwegian Swedish gan `gullet, jaw
', also `gill, head and entrails of small fish '; Old Icelandic gana ` gape, stare with an open
mouth, lust, crave, glotzen', gø̄nir ` mocker '. Also the name of the goose, Indo Germanic
ĝhan-s-, ĝhan-[ǝ]d-, is placeed here, see there.
References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 149 f.
Page(s): 411
Root / lemma: ĝhasto-

hasto-1, ĝhazd
haz ho-
Meaning: twig; pole
hasto-1, ĝhazd
haz ho- : (twig; pole) derived from Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-, (ak̂
ak̂-
sti- ):: (sharp; stone)
sti-
Material: Latin hasta ` shaft, pole, staff, spear, javelin, spear, lance', Umbrian hostatu,
anostatu ` armed with a spear ' (o not satisfactorily expounded), Middle Irish gass ` lap,
scion, shoot, rod ' (< *ghasto-); besides*ghazdh- in Middle Irish gat ` withe', Middle Irish
tris-gataim ` drill through, pierce '; perhaps in addition Old Irish gataid ` steal, rob ' as `
prick, stab with a sharp object '? (Thurneysen KZ. 63, 1144);
maybe alb. full grade heshta `spear' is older than Latin hasta `spear'
Gothic gazds m. `sting, prick', Old Icelandic gaddr `sting, prick, cusp, peak', Old Saxon
fiurgard ` poker, tool used to arrange hot coals ', Old High German gart m. ` stimulus '; in
addition with i̯ā-derivative Old English gierd f. `rod', afr. ierde ` horsewhip, measuring rod ',
Old Saxon gerdia `horsewhip, rod, staff, ray', Old High German gartia, gertia `rod, scepter'.
Perhaps identical with:

Page(s): 412-413

hasto-2
Meaning: hand, arm
See also: s. more properly under ĝhesto-
hesto-2.
Page(s): 413
Root / lemma: ĝhau-

hau-, ĝhau̯ǝ-
Meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess
Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en- Root / lemma: ĝhau-
en- : `to sound' derived from Root
en hau-,
ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'
Material: Old Indic hávate ` call, shout, send for, call out to, summon ' (other phrase
formations in hváyati, huvé, hóma, juhūmási), Pass. hūyáte, participle hūtá- ` loaded,
charged, filled with emotion, called', hávītave Infin., hávīman- n. àppeal, request, plea;
prayer', háva- m. n., havás-, hávana- n. ds., hóman n. ` caller of the price ', hvātar- ` caller
';
Avestan zavaiti ` calls, shouts, curses' (besides the present zbayeiti, zaozaomi),
participle zūta- ` call ', zavana- n. `shout, call, appeal, request, plea; prayer', zavan `shout,
call', zbātār- m. ` shouter, caller'; [common alb. Romanian Iranian -v- > -b-].
Maybe Albanian zana ` nymph ', alb. geg (*ĝhâ-) zâ, zani `voice, call'
Lithuanian žavė́ti `conjure, perform magic', Latvian zavēt ds., actually ` somebody to
curse something ' (compare Avestan zavaiti ` enchanted, spellbound, bewitched ');
Old Church Slavic zovǫ, zъvati `call, shout, cry', Serbo-Croatian zòvêm, zvȁti `call,
shout, cry', Old Czech zovu, zvati, russ. zovú, zvatь ds.; in addition sloven. zòv m. `shout,
call (whether not noun post-verbal, = Old Indic hava-ḥ, m. `shout, call').
Armenian jaunem ` consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain', n-zovk` ` curse ';
gr. καυχάομaι ` praise, oneself, boast, brag' (*ghaughau̯-, compare Avestan zaozaomi),
from which back formation καύχη f. ` boastfulness ';
maybe gemination alb. (*ghaughau̯-) gegë `northern alb. people.
Old Irish guth m. `voice' (*gutu-s); in addition gall. gutuater name a class of priests,
probably from *ĝhutu-pǝtēr `father (that is to say master) of calls (a god)', Loth, RC 15, 224
ff., 28, 119 ff., Rev. Archéol. 1925, 221;
Here probably (as *ghu-tó-m àngerufenes creature '):
Germanic *guða- n. `god' (compare Old Indic puru-hūtá-ḥ `loud call', ved. epithet of
Indras) in Gothic guÞ m. `god' (the originally neutral form still in Pl. guda and in galiuga-
guÞ ` idol '), Old Icelandic goð, guð n. ` heathenish god'; guð m. `( Christian) god', Old
English engl. Old Frisian asächs. god ds., Old High German got ds.;
therefrom derived Old High German gutin(na), mnl. godinne, Old English gyden
`goddess'; Gothic gudja m. `(originally heathenish) priest', Old Icelandic goði m. `
heathenish priest' (Proto Norse guðija), gyðja f. `priestess'; Middle High German goting
`priest';
previous Christian formations are Old High German *gotfater, gotmuoter, Old English
godfæðer, Old Norse guðfaðer, guðmōðer ` godfather, godmother ', in addition of the
name indicating fondness also Swedish gubbe ` graybeard', gumma ` hag ', Old High
German *goto, gota, Middle High German göt(t)e, got(t)e ` godfather, godmother '.
References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausführl. Lithuanian by Feist 227 f.
Page(s): 413-414
Root / lemma: ĝhāgʷh

hāgʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: young of an animal or bird
Material: Npers. zāq `young animal, esp. young chicken ' (q Arabic spelling for ɣ);
[Armenian jag `the young of an animal, esp. a bird, nestling, chick' is pers. loanword];
alb. zok, zogu `bird, young bird, the young of the donkey'.

Page(s): 409
Root / lemma: ĝ(h)eĝh

eĝh-
Meaning: ferret
Material: Old Indic jáhakā `polecat' (or `hedgehog'?), Lithuanian šẽškas `polecat'
(originated through double assimilation from*žežkas); compare Lithuanian oškà `goat'
compared with Old Indic ajikā ds.
References: WP. I 570, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 820.
Page(s): 424
Root / lemma: ĝhei-
hei-1, ĝhēi-
hēi-
Meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound
Note: from the meaning `projectile' or at most verbal `whereupon toss, fling, meet' could
have derived ` wound, hurt ' (group B) (root form ĝhei-s-).
Material: A. ĝhei- àntreiben':
Old Indic hinṓti, hínvati (participle háyant-) `set in motion, motivate, energize, stimulate,
hurl, sling, fling', participle hitá-ḥ; hēmán- n. ` eagerness '; hētí-ḥ m. `projectile' (compare
Germanic *gaidā);
Avestan zaēni- ` astir, keen, eager', zaēman- ` active, awake', n. `wakefulness, agility,
liveliness, lively being, aroused being ', zaēnahvant- (from a *zaēnah- n.) `waking,
watchful, wakeful'; zaēna- m. `weapon', zaya- m. `(*weapon), tool, piece of armament,
weapons ', zayan- àrmed'.
Also Old Indic háya-ḥ `steed' = Armenian ji, Gen. jioy ds. here as ` the living, the
energetic '?;
langob. gaida f. `spear, javelin', Old English gād f. `sting, prick, cusp, peak, stick ', PN
Old High German Gaido; in addition Old Icelandic gedda f. ` pike ' < geiðida, compare
lapp. kaito ds.;
Gothic langob. gain- `weapon' in PN (Gainhard, Gainwald), Old English gǣn- in PN;
Gothic *gails m. `spear, javelin' in PN Gēl-mīrus, Old English Gāl-frið, Old High German
Geil-muot.
B. ĝheis- ` wound, hurt ':
Old Indic hḗṣas- n. `projectile' (but it could also be Indo Germanic *ĝhaiso-s, see there);
in addition probably hį́sati (previously nachved. hinásti) ` hurt, harm, injure ';
Old Irish gōite ` a wounding, wound ', Middle Irish gāetas ` strike down, knock down, cut
down, cut off, kill, slay ' (*ĝhoizd-);
Lithuanian žeidžiù, žeidžiaũ, žeĩsti ` wound, hurt ', žaizdà `wound'. The same d-
extension by ĝheis : ĝheizd- ` angry, furious '.
References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Gothic etym. Wb. 34.
See also: compare still ĝheis-
heis-, ĝheizd-
heizd- ` be angry, furious ', as well as ĝhaiso-
haiso-.
Page(s): 424-425
Root / lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2 : ĝhi-
hi-
Meaning: winter; snow
Note: after Specht Dekl. 14, 330 f. older -men-
men- stem, with already Indo Germanic change
of mn to m.
Material: A. ĝhei-men-, *ĝheimn-
hei-men- heimn-:
The r-extension is analogical after *semero- `summery'.
Old Indic hḗman (Lok.) ìn winter', hēmantá-ḥ m. `winter' (: Hittite gimmanza ds.);
Latin hiems, -is `winter';
Note:

h-.
gr. χεῖμα n. `winter, winter storm, coldness', χειμών m. ` winter storm, winter weather,
winter' (in addition also χείμαρος ` spigot ', it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in
the land);
alb. Geg dimën m., Tosc dimër(ë) `winter' (older Akk. *ĝhei-men-om);
alb. Tosc dimër(ë) `winter' = Armenian ձմեռ ǳmeṙ `winter' = gr. χεῖμα n. `winter'.
Also alb. Geg (*χείμαρος) dzborë, Tosc dëborë ` snow ' = Armenian (*dzemon) ձյուն
ǳyoun ` snow ' = gr. χιών chiṓn ` snow '.
alb. (*χείμαρος) dëborë, dzborë, bdorë, vdorë `snow' [shift -m- > -mb- > -b- like Latin
hibernus (< *gheimrinos) `cold'].
Balto Slavic *žeimā (from *žeimnā) in Lithuanian žiemà, Latvian zìma, Old Prussian
semo `winter' and Old Church Slavic zima, Gen. zimy, russ. zimá, Bulgarian zíma, Serbo-
Croatian zíma, sloven. zíma, Czech zima, poln. zima `winter'.
Hittite gi-im-ma-an-za `winter' see above.
In addition ĝheim(e)rinos and ĝheiminos `wintery'.
In gr. χειμερινός, Latin hibernus (< *gheimrinos), Lithuanian žiemìnis, Old Church Slavic
zimьnъ, russ. zímnij, Serbo-Croatian zîmnî, Czech zimní (Czech zimný `cold'), poln. zimny
`cold, wintery' (compare with ablaut. i in the root syllable Armenian jmeṙn `winter').
To *ghei- allein: Avestan zayan-, zaēn- m. `winter', npers. dai; Avestan zayana- `wintery'
and with Vr̥ddhierung Old Indic hā́yana- ànnual, yearly', hāyaná- m. n. `year' (rhyme
meaning to Avestan hamana `summery').
Note:
at-, *atno
*atno-
et
lemma: ĝhei-
hei-2, ĝhi-
hei-men- heimn- : `winter; snow'
B. ĝhi̯ōm,
ōm, ghii̯ōm,
ōm, Gen. ĝhiemós,
ĝhiemós, ĝhimós,
ĝhimós, also ĝhi̯omós
mós (m from *mn?).
Avestan zyā̊ f. `winter' (Akk. zyąm, Gen. zimō);
Armenian jiun `snow' (< *ghii̯ōm), Gen. jean (< ĝhii̯on-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45);
gr. χιών (*χιώμ), χιόνος `snow';
Ligurian mōns Berigiema (` schneetragend '), with a reshaped ending;
Middle Irish gem-adaig ` winter night ' (gam `winter' is reshaped after sam `summer',
compare Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); acymr. gaem, ncymr. gauaf, acorn. goyf, bret.
goan̄v, gall. winter month Giamon[ios], Eigenname Giamillus, other formations Middle Irish
gem-rad n., mcymr. gaeaf-rawd `winter' (*ĝhii̯emo-rōto-, to ret-
ret-`run'); also Irish gamuin `
one year-old calf ';
Old Icelandic gōi f. and gǣ f., gōi-mānaðr ` the month from middle of February till the
middle of March ', isl. gōa, under f., Norwegian gjø f., Swedish göjemånad (gō- < gi̯ō- after
Bugge Ark. f. nord. Fil. 4, 123 ff.).
doubtably the apposition from Old Norse gamall òld', gemlingr òne year old sheep', Old
English gamol òld', gamelian ` grow old ', Old Saxon gigamalod àged', Old High German
only in proper name as Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga etc. as àged', compare
Latin annōsus.
C. ĝhimo-
himo- (from ĝhi-mn-o-?):
hi-mn-
Old Indic himá-ḥ m. `coldness, frost, snow', hímā f. `winter', Avestan zǝmaka- m. `
winter storm ' (compare den Gen. from zyā̊ : zimō under В.);
gr. δύσχιμος `wintery, stormy', ὁ χίμαρος `he-goat', ἡ χίμαρος ` the one-year-old (nanny
goat)', χίμαιρα `goat'
Maybe alb. geg (*ĝhein--) dhëj, tosk dhi Pl. dhen ` goat ' [common alb. ĝh- > dh-].
Latin bīmus (< *bihimos), trīmus, quadrīmus ` two years old or lasting two years ' (compare
ved. śatá-hima- `hundred-year-old'), Norwegian dial. gimber, Swedish dial. gimber, Danish
gimmerlam ` female lamb', dial. but ` one-year-old lamb' (Pedersen KZ. 32, 248), andfrk.
(Lex Salica) ingimus? ` porcus anniculus '. The forms with y: Old Icelandic gymbr òne-
year-old sow', Norwegian gymber, Swedish gymmer `lamb' are based probably on
influence of not related - by the way, uninterpreted - Old Icelandic gymbill, PN Gumbull,
Old Swedish gummerlamb àries, ram', isl. gummarr, Norwegian gumse, Swedish gumse
àries, ram', see Hellquist SvEO. 210.
References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.
Page(s): 425-426
Root / lemma: ĝhel- ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ

hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- : ĝhlǝ
hlǝ-
ĝhwel-)
(*ĝhwel
Meaning: to shine; green, gold, blue, yellow, moon
Note:
Root / lemma: ĝhel- ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ
hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- : ĝhlǝ
hlǝ- : to
shine; green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root / lemma: ĝel-
el-, ĝelǝ
elǝ-, ĝlē-
lē-, (also *gelēi-
*gelēi- :)
ĝ(e)lǝi
ǝi- : light, to shine; to be joyful.
(e)lǝi-
Material: In view of the frequent cases, where Indo Germanic palatals in Balto-Slavic are
represented by velar, instead of through a concurrence of ĝel-, ĝhel- and ghel- agreeable
with Persson (Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21, 115) the Balto-Slavic *gel- is defined
through borrowing from a Centum language (Venetic-Illyrian?).
Note:
ĝhwel-)-nta,
The enxtended root (*ĝhwel -na, -ta formants follow the model of Illyrian - Anatolian
attribute nouns, adjectives. (see alb. numbers).
Old Indic hári- `blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale', hariṇá-ḥ ` gazelle ', harít- `
dun-colored, light grayish brown ', hárita- `yellow, green', híraṇya- n. `gold, medium of
trade', hiranyáya- `golden'; about haṭaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition
being based on velar root Old Indic ghoṭa- `horse' as originally `fox'? (Sommer IF. 31, 364
under A. 3);
the normal development in Latin helvus ` honey-yellow, golden ' (*ĝhelu̯os) = gallo- Latin
gilvus `light yellow' (with dial. i from gall. *gelvos);
in addition Latin (h)olus, -eris (from *holos, *heleris) n., dial. folus, old helus, helusa `
herbage, vegetables, cabbage ';
Note:

h-.
Avestan zari- `yellow, yellowish, golden ', zairita- `yellow, paled-yellow ', zaranya-, Old
pers. daraniya- n. `gold', zaranaēna `from gold, golden', zāra- m. `gall' (= gr. χολή), named
after the color as gr. χόλος, Latin fel, [common Latin ghw- > ph- > f-], Old Norse gall usf.;
with velar root anlaut gǝrǝðō-kǝrǝta- ` cutting out the gall '? (see Bartholomae Altiran. Wb.
523 with Lithuanian);
Note:
From Root / lemma: ĝhel- ghel-?), also as i-, u- or n-stem; ĝhelǝ
hlē-, ĝhlō-
hlō- :
ĝhlǝ
hlǝ- : `to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root / lemma:
lemma: dhel-
el-1, dholo-
olo- : `curve;
thrak. ζηλτα `gold' (?), Phrygian ζέλκια λάχανα Hes.; Phrygian γλουρός χρυσός and
γλούρεα χρύσεα Hes. (borrowed from gr. χλωρός??);
alb. dhelpërë, dhelpnë, dhelbun(e) `fox', actually `the yellow one' (see Jokl Linguist.
kulturhist. Stud. 297 ff.);
Wrong etymology:
Alb. alb. dhelpërë, dhelpnë, dhelbuna `fox' derived from the transposition of Griko
Salentino lipunèddha; alipúna `fox', from earlier Greek Greek αλεπού `fox'.
gr. χόλος `gall, rage, fury', χολή `gall, rage, fury', χολ-έρα ` stomach disease ', χλωρός `
pale green. green yellow, fresh, strong' (:Old Icelandic glōr ` radiance ');
Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' (older n-stem as Old High German galla), f probably
dialect; WH. I 474, EM2 342 would be placed to fel and Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow' etc. (see
below) a root *gʷhel- (??);
Note:
Latin fel, fellis (*fel-n-is) n. `gall' derived from root *del because of common Latin d- > f-.
here also Latin galbus ` xanthous bird', galbinus ` green yellow ', whether Celtic or
Illyrian loanword (*ghel-bho- or *ghol-bho-, further to Lithuanian gul̃bis see below);
Maybe alb. (*gelben) gjelbër ` green ' < Rom. galben ` green ' < galbinus ` green yellow '.
Old Irish gel `luminous, white', nir. gealach f. `moon'; cymr. gell `yellow', bret. gell
`brown' (*ĝhel-no-);
in addition *ghlǝ
*ghlǝ- in Irish cymr. corn. bret. glan `pure, clean', Celtic FlN Glanis, Glanā,
Irish glain `glass, crystal' (*ghlǝni-), cymr. glain `gemstone, jewel' (*ghlǝni̯o-);
also in isl. glana ` clear up ', glan ` radiance ', Norwegian dial. glana `shimmer, gleam,
shine, clear up ', Swedish dial. glana `shine weakly, stare, peek', asäch. FlN Glana (further
see below den s-extensions).
Old Icelandic gall n. `gall, poison ' (*gallōn-, Indo Germanic *ghol-n-), Old English gealla
m., Old Saxon galla, intense f., Old High German galla, weak f. `gall';
zero grade Old Icelandic gulr `yellow', besides full grade Old English geolo, Old Saxon
Old High German gelo, Gen. gelwes ds. (< *gelu̯a-);
Gothic gulÞ n., Old Icelandic gull, goll n., Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High
German gold n. `gold';
Ablaut grade *ghlē- in Old Icelandic glāmr `moon', glāmsȳni ` optic deception, illusion ',
Swedish glåmig ` gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes ', Old Icelandic glǣr `bright'
(*glēi̯a = Lithuanian žlėjà under).
*ĝhlō-
hlō- (as in gr. χλωρός) appears in Old English glōm ` twilight, dawn, dusk' (yet ō
before m is ambiguous), Old Saxon glōian, Old High German gluoen `burn', glühen `shine
', Old Icelandic glōð `blaze, glow, glowing coal', Old English glǣd f. `blaze, glow, flame,
glowing coal, coal', Old Frisian glēd `blaze, glow', Old High German gluot `blaze, glow,
glowing coals'; Old Icelandic -glōr n. ` radiance ' (: χλωρός), Old Icelandic glōra `sparkle,
glitter'; s. also under S. 433 ĝhlōu-;
Lithuanian želiù, žė́liau, žé̇lti, Latvian zel'u, zel̂t `be green'; ablaut. Lithuanian žãlias,
Latvian zal'š, Old Prussian saligan `green', Lithuanian žolė̃, Latvian zâle f. `grass, herb',
Old Prussian sālin Akk. `herb', Lithuanian žãlas `red' (from cattle); Lithuanian žìlas `gray',
Latvian zils `blue', Lithuanian žel̃vas ` greenish ', Latvian zèlts (previous Neutr.) `gold',
East Lithuanian žel̃tas `golden'; Lithuanian žlėjà ` twilight, half darkness, dusk ' (*ĝhlēi̯ā),
Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lithuanian tulžìs `gall', through Metath. from *žultìs;
Latvian žults ds. (*ĝhl̥t-); to u-stem in Lithuanian žal̃vas, žel̃vas (= Latin helvus) `green',
žaliū̃kė ` green frog', etc. s. Specht Dekl. 120;
Old Church Slavic zelenъ `green', Serbo-Croatian zèlen, Czech zelený; russ. zelḗnyj,
poln. zielony ds. (compare Old Indic híraṇya- `gold'; in addition Old Church Slavic zelije n.
` vegetables ', russ. zelje `herb, medicinal herbs ', Serbo-Croatian zêlje ` herbage ', Czech
zelí n. `herb, cabbage');
in addition also russ. zoɫá àsh', Bulgarian zolá `Holzasche, out of it cooked lye'; Old
Church Slavic zlakъ `herb', russ. zlak `grass', Bulgarian zlakove ` grasses, herbs ';
Slavic *zolto in Old Church Slavic zlato `gold', russ. zóɫoto, Serbo-Croatian zlâto, Czech
zlato, poln. zɫoto ds.,
besides Slavic *zoltъ `golden' in russ. zoɫotój, sloven. zlât, Czech zlatý, poln. zloty
`golden';
Old Church Slavic zlъčъ `gall' (*ĝhl̥-ki-s); Bulgarian zlъčka `chicory' (z in folk etymology
connection with zelenъ etc.?); compare under Old Church Slavic žlъtъ ds. with velar
anlaut.
Besides anlautendes Balto-Slavic g- in:
Balto Slavic *gelta- and *gilta- `yellow' in: Lithuanian gel̃tas `yellow' (therefrom gel̃svas
`yellowish');
Latvian dzęlts `yellow', dzeltêt ` become yellow '; therefrom derived Old Prussian
*geltaynan (Hs. gelatynan); Lithuanian geltónas; Latvian dzeltains and dzèltãns `yellow';
serb.- Church Slavic žlьtь, Serbo-Croatian žût (f. žúta); Czech žlutý; russ. žóɫt (f. žeɫtá);
in addition Old Church Slavic žlъtъ, žlъčь `gall', russ. žolčь, Bulgarian žlъčka ds. and
`chicory', Serbo-Croatian žûč, Czech žluč, poln. żóɫć ds.; compare above with palatal.
anlaut Old Church Slavic zlъčь ds.;
besides the t-suffix in Farbadjektiv in n-suffix in animal names Balto-Slavic *gilnā- f. `

woodpecker ' in Lithuanian gil̃na ` fieldfare ', Latvian dzil̂na ` woodpecker '; Slavic *žьlna in
russ.- Church Slavic žlъna, Serbo-Croatian dial. žlná ` black woodpecker ', poln. žóɫna `
woodpecker ', russ. žeɫná ` black woodpecker ';
with other suffix Czech žluva f. ` oriole, songbird ' (from Slavic žьlva; compare in
addition above Latin helvus and with palatal. anlaut Lithuanian želvas ` greenish ', in
addition žalvė f. ` panicle, loose cluster of flowers ', želvỹs m. ` green stem');
here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under ĝel-) Old Prussian gulbis,
Lithuanian gul̃bis m. (*golbhi̯o-) gulbė f., Latvian gùl̃bis `swan' and ` white cow' (hence not
to ghel- `call, shout, cry');
further with unexplained k-:
Slavic *kъlpь, *kъlpъ in Upper Sorbian koɫṗ, Kashubian kôɫp ds., russ. kóɫpik m. `
spoonbill, large wading bird with a long bill with a broad flat tip ';
in addition further russ. goɫubój, Old Prussian golimban `blue', Lithuanian gelumbė̃ f.
`blue kerchief, cloth', Old Bulgarian golǫbь `dove', Serbo-Croatian gȍlūb m. ds., Czech
holub ds., etc.; to this formation compare Latin columba, palumbēs ds.;
Root extensions with Dental:
ĝhlǝd
ǝd- in Old English glæterian ` become bright, begin to shine, derive lustre ', participle
hlǝd-
` yellow '; Middle Low German glate, Middle High German glaz m. ` baldness '.
ĝhlend(
hlend(h)- `gleam, see, show, glance, look' in:
Old Irish as-gleinn `he guides ', in-glennat ` trace out, find out, discover, investigate,
search into ', fo-gliunn Ì learn', bret. goulenn `long, want'; Old Irish do-gliunn Ì collect '
(verbal noun díglaimm), bret. dilenn ` choose, select, pick ', gallorom. glennāre ` Ähren
lessen ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (glenn- < *glendn- s.
Pedersen KGr. I 157, II 539), glése `gleaming' (<*glendtio-); bret. glein `clear, bright'
(*glandi̯o-, Indo Germanic *ghln̥dhi̯o-);
Norwegian dial. gletta `peek', glett `clear Fleck am sky, heaven', Swedish dial. glänta `
gleam out, slightly opened ', Middle High German glinzen `shimmer, gleam', Old High
German Middle High German glanz `gleaming', Middle High German glanz, glunz `
radiance ', Old High German Middle High German glenzen `gleam'; Swedish glindra ` glint,
glitter ', Middle High German glander `gleaming, glimmering ', glander m. n. ` radiance,
shimmer '; compare with other meaning under ĝhlend(h)-;
Balto Slavic *glendi̯ō `look, see' (with anlaut. Velar) in:
Latvian (Curonian) glendi `search, seek';

Slavic *ględjǫ, *ględěti in:
russ. gljadě́tь `see, show, glance, look', Serbo-Croatian glédîm, Czech hledím, hleděti
ds. and as originally iterative Old Church Slavic ględati ` look at, see ', Bulgarian glédam,
Serbo-Croatian glȅdâm, glȅdati, Old Czech hladati, poln. glądać `see, show' (Trautmann
92 f).
ghlā h-, ĝhlǝ

Here ghlād hlǝdh- `gleaming, smooth '?
Latin glaber ` smooth, hairless, naked, bald, bleak' (*ghlǝdh-ro-);
Old Icelandic glaðr ` smooth, gleaming, blithe, glad', gleðia, glaða ` cheer, entertain ',
Old English glœ̄̆d `gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant', gladian
`gleam, shimmer, make shine, caress, comfort, cheer ', Old Frisian gled ` smooth ', Old
Saxon gladmōd (= Old English glædmōd) ` cheerful ', Old High German glat `gleaming',
Middle High German glat `gleaming, smooth '; with intensive gemination Middle High
German glatz ` bald head, baldness ' (compare Middle High German glitze ` radiance; bald
head ');
Lithuanian glodùs, glõdnas ` smooth, appurtenant; (about clothing) slinky, tight, form-
fitting; adjacent, near, adjoining; enclosed, gentle', glódžiu, glósti `polish, smooth', Latvian
glaštu, glãstît ` caress', Old Prussian glosto `whetstone';
Old Church Slavic gladъ-kъ ` smooth, even ', russ. gɫádkij ` smooth ', Bulgarian gladъkъ
` smooth, polished', Serbo-Croatian gladak, Czech hladký, poln. gɫadki ` smooth, beautiful,
cute '; causative russ. gɫáditь `smooth, iron, caress', Bulgarian gládja, Serbo-Croatian
glȁditi, Czech hladiti, poln. gɫadzić ds. (Trautmann 91).
Maybe alb. për-këdhel : Slovenian gladiti, po-gladiti : Albanian Kosovo gëdhel `caress',
truncated alb. dhelë ` caress ' : Rom. gudura `caress' : magj. gedel `caress'.
further with nasal infix ĝhlend(h)-

hlend(h)- `glide, slide' in ndd. glandern ` sled, travel by sled,
slide, skate, skid ', glander ` floe, floating mass of ice' (perhaps also Old English glendrian,
glentrian ` consume, plunge down, fall' as `glide, let slide '); Norwegian gletta, Swedish
mda. glinta `glide, slide' (compare above gletta `peek');
Lithuanian galándu, galą́sti ` sharpen, carve, cut ', Latvian galuods `whetstone', Old
Prussian glandint ` comfort ', glands ` consolation ' (compare to meaning above Old
English gladian ` caress, comfort '; compare above ghlend(h)- `gleam');
about Lithuanian glembù, glèbti ` become smooth, soft ' see below gel-
gel- ` clench '.
Maybe alb. glemb ` sharp thorn (smooth, sharp) ' : Old Prussian glosto `whetstone'.
s- and st-extensions:
st
Irish glass `green, gray, blue', cymr. glas `blue', bret. glaz `green', gall. glastum n. 1. `
woad, type of plant, Isatis tinctoria, Asp of Jerusalem', 2. ` blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779b); with
plain -s- gallorom. *glasina ` blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779a); to Irish glass still Old Irish glaiss f.
`river', Middle Irish glaisīn ` woad, type of plant', mcorn. glesin ` vermilion or a color like
vermilion ', in addition
Middle High German glast ` radiance ', glanst ds., glanster `spark', glasten `gleam',
ablaut. glosten, glusten;
Latin-Germanic glēsum ` amber ' = Old English glǣr m. ` amber, resin ', Old High
German glās ` amber ', Old Icelandic glǣsa ` make gleaming, decorate, furbelow,
embellish, ornament ', ablaut. Norwegian dial. glōsa `sparkle, glitter, gleam, shine, glance,
look', Old Icelandic gløsi-ligr `gleaming'; Old Icelandic gler n. `glass', Old English with s:
glæs n. `glass', Old Frisian gles, Old Saxon glas, gles n. `glass', Old High German glas
`glass'; Old Saxon glaso ` grey horse ', Middle English glaren `gleam', Middle Low German
glaren `gleam, glow'.
ĝhlei-
hlei- lies before in gr. (poet.) χλίω ` become warm or soft, indulge oneself, live
lusciously ', χλιαίνω ` make warm, soften ', χλιαρός `warm, lukewarm';
Irish glé, cymr. gloew `gleaming, clear, bright' (< *ghlei-u̯o), gledd (*ghlii̯ā) ` green lawn',
Middle Irish gléinech `clear, bright', mcymr. try-lwyn `very distinct';
Old Norse gljā ` glint, glitter ', Old Frisian glīa `glow', Old English glǣm ` radiance ', Old
Saxon glīmo ` radiance ', Old High German glīmo, gleimo ` firefly ', Middle High German
glīmen `gleam, shine, gleam', glimmen `glow, gleam', Norwegian dial. glīna `gleam, stare',
Swedish glina ` smile ', glena `gleam, shine, clear up, laugh '.
ĝhleid-
hleid-:
Gr. χλιδή ` softness, luxuriance, richness ', χλιδᾶν ` mushy, softish, delicate,
mollycoddle, be luscious ';
Gothic glitmunjan `gleam', Old Icelandic glita, glitra ` glint, glitter ': full grade Old Saxon
glītan ` shine ', Old High German glīzzan `gleam', glitzen intensive in addition, Old
Icelandic glit n., Old High German glī̆z ` radiance, lightning', glizemo ds., Old English
glitenian, Old High German glizinōn `shimmer'.
Here probably also ĝhleidh- `glide, slide':
Old English glīdan ` slide, fall', glidder ` slippery ', Old Frisian glīda `glide, slide', Old
Saxon glīdan ` labi ', Old High German glītan `glide, slide'; Old English ā-glǣdan `glide,
make slide ', asäch. bi-glēdian ds., Old Icelandic gleiðr ` with spreaded legs '.
About Lithuanian glitùs ` smooth ' see below glei- by gel- ` clench '.
ĝhleis-
hleis-:
Gall. glīso-margа f. ` bright marl ', gallorom. *glīso-, older *glēso- (Indo Germanic *ghlei-
s-o-); compare cymr. glwys `beautiful', abret. glois, gloes ds. (*ghlei-st-o); Old Icelandic
glissa ` laugh scornfully ', Old English glīsian, glisnian `gleam, shine', Old Frisian glisia
`shimmer, blink', Middle High German glistern `sparkle, glitter', Norwegian Swedish glīsa
`gleam, shimmer'; nasalized Middle High German glinsten `gleam', glinster ` radiance '.
ĝhleu-
hleu- and ĝhlōu-
hlōu-: ĝhlū-
hlū- perhaps in gr. χλό(F)ος, χλοῦς ` greenish-yellow or light green
colour: hence, pallor ', χλόη ` the first green shoot of plants in spring, young green corn or
grass ', χλο(F)ερός `green, fresh, strong';
further in Irish gluair (*ghleu-ri-) `clear, bright, pure, clean'; cymr. glo `coal', corn. glow,
Middle Breton glou, abret. glaou (see Pedersen KGr. I 63).
Gothic glaggwō ` clear ', glaggwaba ` carefully ', Old Icelandic glǫggr, gløggr `clear,
bright, distinct, painstaking, stingy', Old English glēaw, Old Saxon glau, Old High German
ndd. glau ` clear-eyed, hawk-eyed, smart', Old Icelandic gluggi ` light opening, window'.
(To arrangement of these words with Lithuanian žvelgiù, žvel̃gti `glance, look' compare
Trautmann 374.)
ĝhlōu-
hlōu- in Old Icelandic glōa `glow, gleam, shine', Old English glōwan ` fulminate ', Old
Icelandic himinglǣva ` daughter of Ägirs and Rān ' (impersonating the surge); -glō- f. `sun',
-glōa f. `moon'; s. also above S. 430 under ĝhlō-
hlō-.
hlū̆-: Norwegian dial. glȳma ` dim, lookthreatening or sneaky ', Old Swedish glūna `
ĝhlū̆
look askance ', East Frisian glūmen ` see and lurk hidden and secretly after something ';
Old Icelandic glūmr m. `bear'.
In addition s-(st-
st-)extensions:
Irish gluss (*ĝhlustu-) `light, brightness';
Old Icelandic glys ` radiance, frippery', nisl. glosa ` shine', Middle High German glosen,
glosten `glow, gleam', gloste `blaze, glow', Middle Low German glūren `lurk', engl. to
glower ` look dim, scowl ', steir. gloren ` stare ', Norwegian dial. glȳra ` look sideways,
squint, blink', Old Icelandic glyrna f. èye', Norwegian glōr ds.
ĝhlū̆
hlū̆d- : Middle English glouten, engl. to glout ` stare, look grievingly or sullenly ', to
gloat (< *glotian) ` feel or express triumphant and malicious satisfaction at another's
misfortune, exult, look, gaze malicious ', Old Icelandic glotta ` grin ', Middle High German
Modern High German glotzen.
References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868,
Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.
Page(s): 429-434
Root / lemma: ĝhel-

hel-2
Meaning: to cut
Material: Old Indic halá- m. n. `plough' (originally `bough, twig, branch'?); huḍu-, huḍa- m.
àries, ram' (*ghḷdu-);
Armenian joɫ `picket, pole, stick' etc., jlem ` groove, plow';
gr. γάλλος `priest of Cybele, the castrator ' (from Phrygian, whence also Hittite iskalla- `
shred, tear', Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Latin gallus ds.;
acymr. gylym, mcymr. geleu, gelyf `knife, dagger' (Vendryes Ét. celt. 4, 60) from *ĝhel-
mo- = Old English gielm;
Gothic gilÞa f. `sickle'; Old English gielm m. ` fascicle, sheaf '; Old Icelandic gǫltr, galti
`boar', gylr, gylta `sow; axe', Old English gielte `young sow', Middle Low German gelte ` a
castrated mother's pig ', Old High German galza, gelza f. ` castrated swine'; Old High
German Middle High German galt, Old English gielde, Old Norse geldr, Old Swedish
galder ` giving no milk, barren, infertile ', Old Icelandic gelda ` castrate '; Swiss galt also
`not giving milk ', galdvee = ` Jungvieh '.
Lithuanian žúolis ` piece of wood, tree trunk ' (ĝhōli-).

the above equation always doubtful.
References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., ЛУН. I 581.
Page(s): 434
Root / lemma: ĝhengh-

hengh-
Meaning: to march, step
Material: Old Indic jáṁhas- n. ` footstep, flapping ', jáŋghā ` shank, leg, shin bone ',
Avestan zangǝm ànkle of the foot', -zangra- (in compounds) ds., zero grade Old Indic
jaghána- m. n. `buttock, pubic region ' : gr. κοχώνη ` place between thighs' (assim. from
*καχώνᾱ);
Old English -gīht ` gait ', Middle High German gīht ` gait, journey' (proto Germanic
*ginxti- from ĝheng-ti-), with gradation o: Gothic gagg n., Old Icelandic gangr, Old English
Old High German gang ` gait ' and Germanic *gangjan Iter. (Gothic preterit gaggida `
walked ', Old English gengan, Middle High German gengen, gancte ` leave; wade in') and
thereafter also *gangan, Gothic gaggan `go' = Old Icelandic ganga (gekk), Old Saxon
gangan (geng), Old High German gangan (giang), Old English gongan ds., wherefore Old
High German gengi, Old English genge, Old Icelandic gengr ` feasible, able to be carried
out', Gothic framgāhts ` advance', Old Icelandic gātt ` incision in doorposts', gǣtti ` door
frame '; zero grade Old Frisian gunga `go', Danish gynge, older gunge `swing';
Lithuanian žengiù, žeñgti ` march, step, stride, strut ', pražangà ` contravention, violation
', žiñgsnis ` footstep '.
A duplicate Anlaut (through dissimilation?) perhaps in Old Irish cingim ` march, step,
stride, strut' (3. Pl. cengait, Perf. cechaing), cymr. rhy-gyngu ` going pass ', Old Irish cing,
Gen. cinged `warrior', gall. Cingeto-rīx, zero grade proto Celtic *kn̥gsmn̥ in Old Irish céimm
(*kenksmen), cymr. corn. cam, bret. camm ` footstep ' (*kanksman).
An other variant *ghenk- is (under ōkú-s `quick, fast') for Old High German gāhi `rash,
hasty, sudden' take into consideration.

Page(s): 438-439
Root / lemma: ĝherd

her h- and gherd
gher h-
Meaning: to encircle, enclose
Note: because of Latin hortus (see ĝher-
her-4) extension from *ĝher-4 `catch';
Material: A. gherd
gher h- (here also about the original anlaut nothing conclusive about words of
the centum languages):
here also about ursprüngl. Initial sound nothing to determining words of the Kentum spoke
Old Indic gr̥há- (*gr̥dhá-) `house, dwelling', Pl. ` rooms', Avestan gǝrǝða- m. ` Höhle als
Behausungdaevischer Wesen ' (an older meaning `house, dwelling' could be proven
through fiugr. loanword, as wotj. gurt ` residence, village', syrjän. gort `house, dwelling' and
` underground dwelling, vault, sepulchre, grave',);
alb. garth, gardhi ` hedge ' (*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);
Phrygian -gordum `town, city' in Manegordum ` Mannesstadt ' (besides Manezordum);
gr. (by Hes.) κορθίς σωρός, κορθέλαι σύστροφοι, σωροί;
Gothic bigaírdan ` cincture ', Old Icelandic gyrða, Old English gyrdan, Old Frisian gerda,
Old High German gurten ds.; Gothic gaírda f., Old Icelandic gjǫrð `belt, girdle', ablaut, Old
Icelandic gyrðell, Old English gyrdel, Old Frisian gerdel, Old High German gurtil(a) ds.
(Middle High German gurt is nomen post-verbal); Gothic gards m. `house', Old Icelandic
garðr m. `fence, paddock, courtyard, homestead ', Old English geard, Old Saxon gard `
enclosed, fenced property ', Plur. `dwelling', Old High German gart m. ` circle ' in mittilgart `
circle; territory, region; sphere ', heimgart ` forum ' etc.; Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ',
Old Frisian garda `garden', Old Saxon gardo, Old High German garto ds. (or from Indo
Germanic *ĝhor-tó-; compare χόρτος under ĝher-
her-4);
Lithuanian gar̃das m. `corral, pen, fold', gardìs f. ` gate, trellis, grate ';
Slavic *gordъ in Old Church Slavic gradъ `castle, town, city, garden', russ.- Church
Slavic ogradъ `garden' (therefrom Old Church Slavic graždь m. `stall'), russ. górod `town,
city', Bulgarian gradъ, Serbo-Croatian grȁd, sloven. grâd ds., Czech hrad ` castle, palace ',
poln. gród ds.; zero grade Slavic žьrdь in Old Church Slavic žrьdь `wood', russ. žerdь
`long, thin shaft, pole', poln. żerdź, sloven. žr̂d ` point tree ';
Tocharian В kercīyen `palace' absents (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 34f.);
Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝher-

her-4.
about Latin urbs `town, city', ostensibly from *ghordhos, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.
B. ĝherd
her h-:
Phrygian -zordum `town, city' (in Manezordum, see above);
Lithuanian žárdas ` rack for the drying of grain or flax sowing, pinfold, place for housing
stray animals, animal pound ', Latvian zãrds ` rack for drying, wooden layer, pyre ', with
intonation change Lithuanian žar̃dis ` horse garden ' m., Prussian sardis `fence' (= `
unfenced horse garden ');
russ. zoród `barn, haystack', weißruss. azoród ` dry hurdle '.
References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.
Page(s): 444
Root / lemma: ĝher-

her-1
Note: partly with forms from a basis *ĝherē(i)- : ĝheri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)
Material: Old Indic háryati `finds pleasure, desires'; Avestan zara- m. ` striving, purpose ';
Oscan herest (for *heriest), Umbrian heriest ` volet ', heris-heris ` conj. and adv. prop.,
will, choose, take your choice, hence, as disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an
alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion,
either ... or, be it ... or, in general but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive,
that is, where one must be right and the other wrong ', Oscan heriam ` a judgment,
decision of an arbitrator, mastery, dominion, authority, power, will, free-will, choice,
pleasure, denoting or containing power ', Herentateís ` Veneris ', prälign. Herentas, sabin.
hiretum ` a decree, decision, ordinance, vote, resolution, principle, doctrine, dogma '; Latin
horior, -īrī ` actuate, encourage', horitor, syncopated hortor, -ārī ds.
Note:

h-.
gr. χαίρω (*χαρι-ω), χαρῆναι ` be pleased', χάρις f. ` pleasantness, agreeableness,

favour ', χαρά̄ `pleasure, joy', χαροπός ` glowing joy of battle ', χάρμα n. `pleasure, joy,
pleasure'; also χάρμη `fight, struggle', originally ` joy of battle, lust of battle '? χαρτός
`joyful, gratifying' (?); after Pedersen 5е décl. Latin 73 here χρή etc. S. under ĝher-
her-6; here
after Leumann Homer. Wörter 318109f also δυσχερής ` unfriendly, unpleasant', εὐχερής `
unworried, undisturbed, light' (previously later in χείρ `hand' attribute);
Old Irish gor `godly, pious', goire ` devoutness, piety'; Middle Irish do-gar ` unlucky ', so-
gar `very lucky' (: gr. χαρά̄); cymr. dyar ` sad ', hyar `pleasant' (I. Williams RC 40, 487);
Maybe alb. gjorë ` poor, wretched '
Old High German ger ` yearning', gerōn `lust, crave', Old High German girīg, Old Saxon
gerag ` greedy '; Gothic faíhu-gaírns ` avaricious, greedy', Old Icelandic gjarn, Old English
georn `wherefore willing, inclined, whereupon eager, avid', Old High German Old Saxon
gern ` eager, avid, eager after something', Adv. Old High German gerno, Modern High
German gern, Denom. Gothic gaírnjan, Old Icelandic girna, Old English giernan, Old
Saxon girnean `lust, crave'.
Perhaps here as dh-formation from the basis ĝh(e)rē-:

h(e)rē Gothic grēdus `hunger', grēdags `
hungry', Old Icelandic grāðr, grāði m. `greed, lust, hunger', Old English gnǣd `greed, lust',
Modern High German jrāt `hunger' (Berlin), Old English grǣdig, Old High German grātag `
greedy '. In addition as *ghrǝdh- Germanic *graða- ` eager, avid, rutting, in heat' in Old
Icelandic graðr ` not castrated ', graðungr `bull'? In Middle High German grīt m. `
eagerness ', grītec ` eager, avid', Old Icelandic grīð f. `vehemency', griðjungr m. `bull' ein
ablaut. Indo Germanic *ĝh[e]rēi-dh- or *ĝh[e]rī-dh- to search, could be possible.
Middle Irish grād n. `love' is from Latin grātum facere alicui and similar change of
direction or position borrowed (d instead of th after grad ` step; position ').

Page(s): 440-441

her-2
Meaning: to scratch, scrape
Material: Gr. χαράδρᾱ ` Erdriß, crevice, gorge, ravine, gulch '; χαράσσω, Attic -ττω `whet,
Material:
sharpen, notch, incise', χάραξ, -ακος `picket, pole, vine-prop, pole, pale, used in fortifying
the entrenchments of a camp, cutting, slip, esp. of an olive, a seafish, one of the breams,
Sargus', χαρακτήρ èngraver, one who mints coins', then `mark engraved, impress, stamp
on coins and seals, distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing,
by which it is known from others, characteristic, character ' (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 254);
Lithuanian žeriù, žer̃ti ` scrape, scratch', žarstýti ` scratch often, scrape '.

Page(s): 441

her-3 and ĝherǝ
herǝ-, ĝhrē-
hrē-
Meaning: to shine, shimmer
Material: Old Icelandic grár (*ĝhrē-u̯o-s), Old English grǣg (*ĝhrē-u̯i̯o-s), engl. gray, Old
Frisian grē, Old Saxon grā, grē, Old High German grāo (Gen. grāwes) `gray';
Lithuanian žeriù, žerė́ti ` shine in brilliance ', žėruóti `glow, sparkle, glitter', ablaut. žarijà
f. `glowing coal', Old Prussian sari f. `blaze, glow';
Old Church Slavic zьrjǫ, zьrěti `see, glance, look', russ. zrětь, sloven. zrẹ́ti, Czech zřiti,
poln. źrzeć ds., Old Church Slavic zorja `shine, radiance ', zarja `ray', klruss. zórja `star,
stars, aurora', russ. zaŕá ` redness in the sky, heaven', Serbo-Croatian zòra ` rosy dawn',
Czech zoře àurora', záře `shine, radiance, ray', poln. zorza àurora'; Old Church Slavic
pozorъ ` sight, spectacle ', russ. pozór `sight, shame', nadzór ` custodianship ';
Maybe alb. zor `difficulty, shame'
Czech pozor ` attention, Acht ', názor ` outlook, conception'; here also Old Church Slavic
zrakъ `sight, form, kind of', russ. dial. zórok `look, front ', Serbo-Croatian zrâk `light', Czech
zrak `vision, face, eyesight', poln. wzrok èyesight, face'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic zrьcalo
n., Serbo-Croatian dial. zȑcalo, Czech zrcadlo `mirror';
about Latin grāvastellus s. WH. I 620.
root extension ĝhrēi-

hrēi-:
Old Irish grían f. `sun' (*ghrē̆inā);
Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German Middle High German grīs `gray', Modern High
German greis `gray, old', wherefore probably also Old Icelandic grīss `piglet', Old Swedish
grīs ds., Swedish Danish gris `piglet, swine'.
root extension (*gherē

*gherēu-) : ghrū-
*gherēu ghrū-.
In Old Icelandic grȳiandi f. àurora', Old Swedish gry `(of days) fright', Danish gry ds.,
gry n. `fright'; here also Old Icelandic grey n. `bitch, wimp ', greyhundr `greyhound', Old
English grīeghund `greyhound'?
References: WP. I 602 f., Persson Beitr. 300 ff., Trautmann 366.
Page(s): 441-442

her-4
Meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose
Note: extended ĝherdh- (see below)
Material: Old Indic hárati ` brings, carries, gets, takes ', háraṇa- n. `the bringing, receiving,
donation ' etc., háras- n. ` receiving, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might';
gr. χόρτος m. ` enclosed place (v. sub fin.), but always with collat. notion of a feeding-
place: in Il., farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, generally, any feeding-ground,
pasturage, fodder, provender, esp. for horses and cattle, courtyard, meadowland ';
doubtful, whether here χορός ` dancing place, place for dancing ' as originally ` inserted
place'; about χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth ', etc. see below ĝher-
er-5, about χείρ `hand' under
ĝhes-
hes-;
Oscan heriiad ` furled, ', [h]erríns ` wrinkled, to drawn together in wrinkles ', Latin cohors
` fenced courtyard, stockyard, troop, multitude, crowd, cortege ', from *co + Indo Germanic
*ĝhr̥tís ` summarization', in ablaut to hortus `garden as fenced place' (in old latin also villa),
Oscan húrz ` hortus lucus '; dubious is Latin hīr, īr ` palm of the hand ', s. WH. I 649;
Irish gort ` cornfield, the standing corn, growing corn, crop in a field, a field, ground, soil
', gall. gorto- and gortiā ` hedge ' (v. Wartburg), cymr. garth `corral, pen, fold, hurdle,
paddock ' (das a after Old Icelandic loanword gardd), bret. garz ` hedge, fence', in addition
Irish lub-gort `garden', acymr. Plur. luird, ncymr. lluarth, acorn. luworch-guit `wild garden',
mcorn. lowarth `garden', bret. liorz ds.
Maybe Albanian gardh ` fence ' : Welsh garth `fold, enclosure' common Illyrian Celtic -th
suffix.
Is not to be decided, whether Gothic garda ` hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda, Old
Saxon gardo, Old High German garto `garden' in Indo Germanic *ĝhor-tó- or in *ĝhordho-
are based on (see below *ĝherd
her h-). - Norwegian gaare ` annual ring (in a tree) in wood',
Swedish gåra, nisl. gāri `col, gap in wood' Ablauts form to χορός as ` place for dancing,
choir, band of dancers and singers ', is incredible.
Doubtful, whether here Lithuanian žãras `run, flow, way, circle, turn ' (Wackernagel
AIGr. 251); compare above gr. χορός;
Hittite gurtas `fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also ĝherd

her h-.
References: WP. I 603 f., WH. I 242 f., 660, 857.

Page(s): 442-443

her-5, ĝhor-
hor-nā
Meaning: bowels
Material: Old Indic híra-ḥ m. `band, strap', hirā́ f. `vein';
Latin haru-spex ` a soothsayer, diviner among the Etruscans, who foretold future events
from the inspection of the entrails of victims ' actually ` intestinal beholder ', hīra ` jejunum,
middle part of the small intestine', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', hillae ` the smaller and anterior
intestines of animals (other than men and sheep), a kind of sausage, smoked sausage ' (ī
Sabine for ē), hernia ` medical condition in which an organ protrudes through an opening
in its surrounding walls, break';
Note:

h-.
gr. χορδή f. ` intestine, catgut, gut string, string made from animal intestines, sausage ';
dubious χόριον ` placenta, afterbirth, meal from milk and honey, skin, leather';
Old Icelandic gǫrn f., Pl. garnar ` intestine ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ' (*ĝhornā), Old
English micgern n. ` fat, lard, suet', Old Saxon midgarni, Old High German mitti(la)-garni
ds.; Old Icelandic garn n. `thread, string, lift (in weaving)', Old English gearn ds., Middle
Low German garn, Old High German garn `thread, string';
Lithuanian žarnà, Akk. žárną ` intestine, small intestine', Latvian zar̂na f. ` intestine ', Pl.
` intestines, entrails '.
Note:
Maybe alb. zorrë (*ĝhornā) `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails'.

Albanian proves that Root / lemma: gʷer-
ʷer-1, gʷerǝ-
ʷerǝ- :` to devour; throat ' derived from Root /
lemma: ĝher- hor-nā : ` bowels '. [common alb. ĝh- > z-].
her-5, ĝhor-
whether Armenian jaṙ ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' belongs here, to
modify meaning according to the root.
References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.

Page(s): 443
Root / lemma: ĝher ĝherǝ

her-6 (ĝherǝ- : ĝhrē-
hrē-?)
Meaning: short, small
Material: Gr. χείρων (Aeolic χέρρων) from *χερι̯ων `bad', in addition Superl. χείριστος and
hom. Kompar. χερείων, χέρηες etc. (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 538), χειρόω, -όομαι ` dazzle, blind with bright light'. In addition perhaps χρή ` it is
necessary ', χρεώ ` necessary, necessity, need, desire', *χρῆος, χρεῖος, χρέος, χρέως `
necessary, desire, blame', χρῆσθαι ` take advantage of, utilize etc.' (< *χρηι̯εσθαι), besides
dial. χρη-εῖσθαι, χρῆμα `thing (the man used), event', Pl. `fortune, currency, possession ';
s. different under ĝher-
her-1;
Old Irish gair `short' (*ĝheri-s), gaire ` life shortness, near proximity, shortly ', Old Irish
garait, nir. goirid `short'.
root extension ĝheres-

heres-, ĝhres-
hres-, ĝhers-
hers-:
Old Indic hrasvá- `minder, short, small', compounds hrásīyaṁs-, Superl. hrásiṣṭha-,
hrasati ` abate, reduce, become shorter ', Kaus. hrāsayati ` decreases', Avestan zara-
hehīš `the small, weak' (for zra . .);
Middle Irish gerr `short', gerraim Ì shorten, abscise, remove, cut off', gerrān `(
castrated) horse'.
References: WP. I 604f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.
Page(s): 443

her-7
Meaning: ` gaze, stare '
See also: s. ĝhers-
hers-.
Page(s): 443
Root / lemma: ĝhers-

hers- and partly ĝher-
her-
Meaning: rigid, *pig
Note: (see also gher-
gher-3)
Note:
From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: eĝhi
eĝhi- eĝhi
eĝhi-
hi- (*eĝ no-s):: `hedgehog (*serpent
hi-no-
eater)' derived Root / lemma: ĝhers-
hers-, ĝher-
her- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: pork̂o-s : `pig' :
Illyrian-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p-; also (*eĝ
eĝhi
eĝhi- ĝhers)
no-s) > (*ĝ
hi-no- hers abbreviation and rhotacism n/r.
n/r
Note:
Root / lemma: eĝhi
eĝhi- eĝhi
eĝhi-
hi- (*eĝ no-s):: `hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root / lemma:
hi-no- lemma:
ʷ(h)i- (*eg
angʷ(h)i
angʷ(h)i- egʷhi
ʷhi-, ogʷhi
ogʷhi- eĝhi-
hi-):: `snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Material:
Old Indic hárṣatē, hŕ̥ṣyati ` becomes stiff, ruffles, shudders, is excited, is glad, is
aroused '; Latin horreō, -ēre ` to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough, tremble,
shudder, quake, shudder at, tremble at, be afraid of, dread ' (= Avestan zaršaya-); in
*gher-kʷo- with dial. i from e before r + gutturals (e.g. stircus : stercus) based on Latin
hircus, sabin. fircus `he-goat' (hirquīnus, hircīnus òf he-goat; billy goat ') = Oscan-sab.
hirpus `lupus' (whereof the people's name Hirpini); in addition also hirtus `bristly', hirsūtus
`struppig, rough'; based on parallel to *ĝhers-kʷos (as Oscan-Umbrian loanword) hispidus
`rough'; mars. sabin. herna n. Pl. ` rocks ' (*ĝhers-no-);
Note:

h-.
Maybe Latin horreō, -ēre ` dread ' > alb. n. urrejtja, v. urrej ` hate ': Sardinian
Campidanesu n. tìrriu ; tìrria, v. tirriai : Romanian n. ură, v. urî ; urgisi : French n. horreur,
v. horreur ` hate '.
Probably Latin Latin horreō, -ēre ` dread ' (*ghorreō) : Basque n. gorroto, v. gorrotatu :
Hungarian n. gyűlölet, v. gyűlöl ` hate ' as in: Proto-
Proto-Altaic: *gắli Meaning: to hate, wild
: Turkic: *K(i)al : Mongolian: *galǯaɣu : Tungus-
Tungus-Manchu: *galu- : Japanese: *kíráp-.
Avestan zaršayamna- ` die Federn aufsträubend ' (zarš- = zr̥š- = Latin horreō); zarštva-
n. ` stone ';
Armenian jar (-i, -iv) ` mane of horse ' (*ĝheri-);
Maybe from Armenian jar (-i, -iv) ` mane of horse ' > turk. yele ) ` mane of horse ' > alb.
jele ` mane of horse '.
gr. χέρσος (Attic χέρρος) f. ` mainland, continent or the main part of a continent as
distinguished from islands or peninsulas', nachhom. also Adj. ` barren, dry, tight, firm';
Maybe alb. (*ĝher) djerrë ` barren, dry land '.
gr. perhaps lengthened grade noun from the s- loose root form ĝher- (or gher-): χήρ χηρός
`hedgehog' (= Latin ēr, ēris ds., ērīcius, ērināceus, hērināceus ds.);
Maybe Latin ērĭcĭus , ii, m. [er] , ` a hedgehog, urchin ' : Romanian (*ērīcius ) arici
`hedgehog': Albanian (*ērīcius ) iriqi `hedgehog' [conservative singular definite form (alb.
phonetic trait)].
gr. χοῖρος (< *ĝhori̯os) `piglet' (as pig), χοιράς ` inflated gland in the neck; cliff' (or to gher-
gher-3
` project, protrude', see there);
alb. derr `swine' (< *ĝhōr-n- with lengthened grade as in χήρ), derk `piglet, sow' (<
*ĝhōr-n̥-k);
Note:
Note
Common alb. shift ĝh- > d-; also alb. (*derk-us) derkuc `piglet', (*ĝhork-os) dosë `sow' :
Latin hircus, sabin. fircus `he-goat' proves that solidified -us : -os ending was attested also
in proto alb.
Unique similarity Albanian derri : Basque txerri `pig'
Old Irish garb, cymr. garw `rough' (ghr̥-u̯o-); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Old English gorst ` gorse ' and the etymological cognate group ĝherzd- `barley'.
compare in allg. Fick I4 219, 435, II4 107, III4 130 (and Falk-Torp under gjørs m.
Lithuanian about the fish names Norwegian gjørs ` Pike Perch ', Swedish gers ` ruffe,
perch, chub', prakrit. jhaṣa- à kind of fish').
References: WP. I 610, WH. I 413 f., 650, 659.

Page(s): 445-446
Root / lemma: ĝherzd(h),

herzd(h) Gen. ĝhr̥zd(h)-es ĝherzdā
zd(h)-es;
zd(h)
Meaning: barley, grain, spike
Material: Gr. κρῖ n. (conservative stem, as alb. drith) `barley', probably from Indo Germanic
*ĝhr̥zdh, from which proto gr. *kr̥̄th; κρῑθή, mostly Pl. `barley', Sg. (later covered) `barley';
alb. drith (*ĝhr̥zdh), drithë m. n. `barley, corn, grain ';
Maybe alb. drizë ` bush'.
Latin hordeum (dial. fordeum) n. `barley' (from *ĝhr̥zd(h)ei̯om ` grain awn ', substantive
adjective);
zero grade: Old High German gersta `barley' (*ĝherzdā).

In addition perhaps gr. (*ákherdo-s) ἄ-χερδος f. `wild pear tree, hawthorn', maked. ἀ-
γέρδα, gr. ἀ-χράς `wild pear tree' (ἀ < *sm̥-), alb. dardhë `pear, pear tree' (*ĝhor-dh-) and
the antike VN Δάρδανοι;
alb. dardhë `pear, pear tree' = Armenian tanǳ `pear'
only under assumption a of guttural change (above S. 18, Anm. 1) has made Lithuanian
gìrsa ` darnel ' here place (see below ghers-
ghers-2).
References: WP. I 611, WH. I 414, 657, Specht Indog. Dekl.

Page(s): 446
Root / lemma: ĝhéslo

ĝhéslo-
slo-
Meaning: thousand
Note:
Root / lemma: ĝhéslo
slo- : `thousand' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
ĝhéslo- hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand,
*hand count' [r/l allophones]
Material: Old Indic sa-hásram n. ` thousand ' (sm̥ -ĝhéslom, to sem- ` one '), sa-hasriya-
`tausendfach', Avestan hazanrǝm n. `thousand', npers. hāzar, from which borrowed
Armenian hazar; sogd. z'r (= *zār), afgh. zạr;
Perhaps also Latin mīlle ` thousand; a thousand ', whether from *smī ĝzhlī (ĝhslī) ` one
thousand '; *smī : gr. μία.
gr. Ionian χείλιοι, Aeolic χέλλιοι (χελληστυς ` a division of the people at Ephesus '), Attic
χί̄λιοι (*χέσλιοι).
The basic word component *χεσλο- has been found in Sakisch ysāra and in loanwords
of Finno-Ugric languages (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.).
References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491, WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 593.
Page(s): 446
Root / lemma: ĝhesor-

hesor-1, ĝhesr- ĝhestor),
hesr- (*ĝ ĝhestar)
hestor (*ĝhestar
Meaning: hand
Note:
Both Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm'
derived from an extended archaic root ĝhes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix
variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre.
Material: Armenian jeṙn (*ĝhes-r-m̥), Pl. jeṙ-k` `hand' (Meillet Esquisse 83);
Material:
gr. χείρ f. `hand', Gen. χειρός, Doric χηρός, Dat. Pl. χερσί (thereafter the form χερ-);
Tocharian A tsar, В ṣar `hand' (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from *kesar =) (common
labialized gr. - Tocharian kʷ -> t-).
Hittite ki-es-sar (kessar) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as (kesseras) m., f., Dat. Sg. ki-is-sa-ri (kesri
= gr. χειρί?);
The earlier Hittite form was probably ĝhes-

hes-tar > ĝhessar common Illyrian suffix -tar, -tor.
about Latin īr, hīr `hohle hand' (from Oscan-Umbrian *hēr < *ghēsrā?) s. WH. I 649.
Maybe alb. (*ĝhestor) dorë ` hand '
Note:
Note
Clearly Root / lemma: der-

der-1 (: dōr-
dōr- : dǝr-
ǝr- : `hand span' derived through Root /
lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand'; Root / lemma: ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm' through Illyrian
intermediary.
Page(s): 447
Root / lemma: ĝhesto- ĝhes-

hesto-2 (*ĝhes-tor)
tor
Meaning: hand, arm
Note:
Both Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma: ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm'
derived from an extended archaic root ĝhes + reduced form of the common PIE suffix
variants -tar
tar -ter
tar, ter -tra
ter, tra -tre
tra, tre.
tre
Material: Old Indic hásta-ḥ m. `hand', Avestan zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;
Maybe alb. (*dasta) djathta `right hand'
Maybe Latin īr, hīr `hohle hand'
Note:

h-.
Maybe alb. (*ĝhestor) dorë ` hand '

Latin praestō ` at hand, ready, present, here ' from *prae-hestod (EM 805f.)?; different
see below stā-
stā-;
Lithuanian pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. ` place under the arm, armpit '.
Note: common Baltic-Illyrian ĝh- > z.
There Armenian jeṙn also in *ĝher-m̥ could also go back to gr. forms could have
expounded better from *ĝher-s, there further alb. dorë f. `hand', Pl. konson. duar required
a basic form *ĝhēr- (ĝhēsr- has produced *dostrë), with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69
ff.) could be considered, if not for the Hittite and Tocharian metathesis from -rs- to -sr- is to
be accepted, and to be placed the group 1 from 2 to separate and to ĝher-
her- ` grasp '.
References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL. 39,
References:
211, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 446, 569, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75.
Page(s): 447
Root / lemma: ĝheu-

heu-
Meaning: to pour
Material: Old Indic juhṓti, juhutḗ ` pours in fire, sacrifices ', Passiv hūyátē, hutá-ḥ `
sacrificed ', hṓman- n. ` sacrificial downpour, sacrifice, oblation' (= gr. χεῦμα), hṓma-ḥ m.
ds., hṓtar- ` offerer, sacrificer, priest', hṓtrā f. ` oblation ', havís- n. ds., hávanam n.
`sacrifice, oblation';
maybe alb. dhjamë `fat' : gr. δημός `fat' [common alb. ĝh- > d-];
Avestan zaotar, zaoϑr- m. `priest, priest of sacrifice ', Middle Persian zōt, Avestan
zaoϑra n., zaoϑrā f. ` liquid sacrificial donation, sacrificial drink, sacrificial downpour ',
npers. zōr ` holy water ', Avestan āzū̆tay- f. `fat, lard, luxuriance, abounding fullness,
wealth';
Note:
First of all Old Indic then Avestan, Middle Persian, npers. and alb. seem to employ Root /
lemma: ĝheu-
heu- : to pour + -tra suffix.
Armenian joyl ` poured' (< ĝheulo-), jew `form, shape'; here also jor `valley' (< ĝhou̯er-
o)?
Phrygian ζευμάν πηγήν Hes. (= gr. χεῦμα); thrak. ζετραία χύτρη (*ĝheutr-), FlN Γεῦδiς, -
ος;
gr. χέ(F)ω ` pour', Aor. hom. ἔχευα < *ἔχευσα, Perf. κέχῠκα, χυτός ` poured ', χεῦμα `
that which is poured, stream, cast vessels, bowls, river, libation, drink offering made to the
gods ', χόανος, χῶνος ` a copper cup, mold ', χοή ` libation for the dead', χοεύς m., f. `
measure for fluids ', χοῦς ds., Gen. χοός and χοῦς, older dial. χοῦ m., f. ` heaped earth',
χῶμα ` earthwall', χόω ` pile up earth, pour '; χύτρος, χύτρᾱ ` earthen pot, pan, χύτλον `
anything that can be poured, liquid, fluid, water for washing, the bath, a mixture of water
and oil, running water, stream ', χύδην ` as if poured out, in floods or heaps: without order
or system, promiscuously, indiscriminately, in unfettered language, i.e. in prose,
abundantly, rich ' (to δ compare the root extension gheud-), κοχυδεῖν ` stream forth
copiously ', κοχύ πολύ, πλῆρες Hes.; χύσις ` shedding, pouring out or forth, diffusion, e.g.
of nutriment, melting, liquid poured forth, flood, stream, of dry things, heap, of fluency or
copiousness of speech, quantity, abundance ', χῡλός `juice, sap' (< *ĝhuslo-, W. Schulze
mündl.), χῡμός ds. (< ĝhu-smo); further here χώομαι `rage against, be unwilling '
(χωόμενος = συγχεόμενος a severe critic; the term is derived from the name of the Greek
grammarian and critic Aristarchus, who was known for his harsh judgments)?
Latin fū-tis f. ` watering can, canister used for pouring water', fū-tilis, futtilis ` that easily
pours out, a water-vessel, broad above and pointed below, used at sacrifices to Vesta and
Ceres, that can not contain, brittle, untrustworthy, vain, worthless, futile ', exfūti = effūsī,
effūtiō ` babble out'.
Note:
Note
common Latin d- > f- shift. derived only from an intermediary Illyrian (*ĝheu- > du- > fu-).
very dubious is the affiliation from Middle High German gūl `male animal, boar, horse',
Modern High German Gaul (in Bayr. ` stud ', Swiss gūl `rooster, cock', compare Dutch guil
`mare, has not given birth to young yet ', s. Sommer IF. 31, 362 ff.), as ` seed spiller, seed
molder '.
Root extensions:
ĝheud-:
Latin fundō, -ere, fūdī, fūsum ` pour, lay the bottom, make a foundation, found, begin '
(about fūsus ` spindle' s. WH. I 474);
Note:
Note
According to phonetic laws Latin initial d- > f- hence Latin fundō cognate must have
derived only from an Illyrian (*ĝheun- > deun-) since there is no other cognate among IE
lang. to start with d-; see maybe alb. dhjamë `fat' : gr. δημός `fat', common alb. ĝh- > d-;
also common alb. n > nd shift .
Gothic giutan `pour', Old Icelandic gjóta `( boy) throw', Old English gēotan `pour, flow,
schütten', Old Frisian jāta, Old Saxon giotan, Old High German giozzan ds., nisl. gjóta
`cave, narrow alley', Old Swedish giuta ` mold ', Old High German giozo `running water',
Old English gyte ` downpour, flood ', Old High German guz ` a pouring out, a melting,
founding, casting of metals ', ndd. gēte ` low waterway ', Norwegian gota ` incised gully',
Old Saxon gota ` canal ', holl. goot ` gutter, gully', Modern High German Gosse, Old
English gutt, engl. gut ` intestine '.
Maybe alb. gotë `glass of water'.
gheus-:
Middle Irish guss (*ghus-tu-s) ` power, vehemency, rage, fury';
Old Icelandic gjósa, gaus ` burst out, break out, effervesce ', geysa ` bring into motion,
stir, agitate ', Geysir ` the known hot jumping streams in Iceland ', nisl. gusa èffervesce',
Old Icelandic gustr `gust of wind', engl. gush, Middle Dutch guysen ` flow out ', Old High
German gussa ` inundation ', urgusi ` overabundance '.
contrariness of irregular Anlautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here Lithuanian

gausùs, gausìngas `rich, productive, fertile', gausìnga ùpė ` plentiful amount of water of
the main river ', gausė́ti ` be provided with plentiful ', gausakal̃bis ` who is able to speak a
lot, well-spoken ' (compare Norwegian dial. gausta ` fast and indistinct talk, as if one
hastens to tell something '), Latvian gaũss ` long lasting '.

Page(s): 447-448
Root / lemma: ĝheu-

heu-, ĝheu-
heu-d-
Meaning: to disappear, get away
Material: Middle Irish gūass f. (*ĝhoud-tā) `danger', guss ds. = cymr. gwst ` evil,
wickedness, disease, malady' (*ĝhud-tu-s);
Old English gíetan, ā-gíetan ìnjure, slay';

Lithuanian žūvù, žū́ti ` perish ', žudaũ, žudýti `slay'; Latvian zùdu, zust ` disappear, get
lost ', zaudêt `lose'.
References: WP. I 564, WH. I 568, Loth RC 45, 193 ff.

Page(s): 448
Root / lemma: ĝhē-

hē-1, ĝhēi-
hēi-
Meaning: to be empty, lack; to leave, go out
Note: perhaps to ĝhē-, ĝhēi- ` yawn, gape' (compare ` yawning emptiness '); from ` stand
gapingly ' can also be changed ` leave, depart '.
Material: With the meaning- coloring B:
Old Indic jáhāti ` leaves, gives up, abandons, leaves behind ' (jahimaḥ, Imper. jahīhi,
Aor. ahāt, ahāyi, participle hīná-ḥ), jíhītē `goes, run into, bump into, come up against ',
hīyatē ` become abandoned, falls behind '; hāni-ḥ f. ` lack; release, giving up, giving way,
conceding ' (vihāyas- ` empty room' because of prefixes, that also in vi-hā- ` gape ');
compare S. 427;
Latin hērēs ` heir ' (*ghēro- + ē-d[ō]-, ` das verwaiste Gut an sich nehmend '?, s. about
the ending under ē̆-particle);
Note:

h-.
Avestan zazāmi Ì dismiss from, fire from ', with avā̆- ` leave, go away, scare, frighten ',
with upa- and fra- ` leave, allow here, lead here, conduct here '; ā-zā- ` go near, approach
', uz-zā- ` jump, be elevated ' (uzayantō participle Nom. Pl.);
Maybe alb. Geg me zanë ` quarrel, capture, occupy '
gr. hom. κιχά̄νω (*κιχανFω), Attic κιγχάνω (*ghǝ-n-u̯-), Inf. present hom. κιχήμεναι,
participle present κιχείς `reach, catch up, meet, attain, take'; with formant -d-: gr. χάζομαι,
Fut. ep. χάσσομαι, Aor. ep. χασσάμην ` retreat, flee, cease, stop, halt, desist ', ἀναχάζω tr.
` drive back, repel ', intr. ` retreat, go back', as Med. χαλάω ` reduce, decrease, become
limp ' in partizip. Adj. *ĝhǝ-lo-s ` going away, leaving ' or ` gaping, loose, slack '? be based
on, is perhaps mentionable; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to Armenian xaɫ `game', xaɫaɫ
` peaceful, friendly ' (with Indo Germanic kh-);
Maybe alb. ndal ` cease, stop, halt, desist ' [common alb. ĝh- > d-] : gr. χαλάω ` reduce,
decrease, become limp '.
Old High German gān (= Old Indic hāna-m) `go', Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English gān,
Old Swedish Old Danish gā, Crimean Gothic geen ds.; about the additional form Old High
German gēn s. Kluge11 193, Braune Old High German Gr.5 p. 3821; Lithuanian by Feist,
182 b.
With the meaning- coloring A:
gr. *χῆτις (Risch word formation d. hom. Spr. 74), Dat. χήτει ` in absence of, lack of ',
ablaut. (*ghǝ-t-) χατέω, χατίζω `lack, need, long for, yearn for, lust, desire'; χῆρος ` stolen;
looted, empty, bare, lacking' (= Latin*hēro- in hērēs), χήρᾱ ` orphan, widow'; with gradation
χῶρος, χώρᾱ ` empty, free room, free country (in contrast to town, city), region', epid.
χώρᾱ ` empty eye socket ', χωρίς Adv. and preposition m.Gen. àpart, separated; without;
with exception from; besides', χωρίζω `slit, separate', χωρεῖν `catch, can absorb, from
container' (actually `make room') and ` withdraw, leave, depart; go forever ';
Gothic gaidw n. `lack', Old English gād, gǣd n. `lack, need, desire', Old Frisian gād `
necessary', Old Saxon Gen. Pl. metigēdeono ` lack of food, famine' (basic form *ĝhǝi-tu̯ó-);
in addition probably also Old High German geisini ` indigence, penury, necessity, want ',
Old English gǣsne ` lacking, missing';
References: WP. I 542 ff., WH. I 451, 641 f.

Page(s): 418-419
Root / lemma: ĝhē- ghǝ- and ĝhēi-

hē-2 : ghǝ hēi- : ĝhī-
hī-
Meaning: to gape, yawn
Note: onomatopoeic for the yawning sound (in addition the further formation stem ĝhii̯-ā);
(see also under ĝhans- `goose '; similarly, but with Velar, gha gha for gaggle, cackle,
chitchat, talk, snicker and likewise, see there). Beside ĝhēi- also ĝhēu-: ĝhǝu̯- (see there),
either as other perception of yawning sound, or with originally formant u.
Material: Gr. χάσκω (ĝhǝ-skṓ) ` yawn, gape' (only present and Impf.; later replaced by
χαίνω, see below ĝhan-), χάσμα ` gaping mouth '; χηραμός `hole', χηραμύς à big, giant
shell ', after χαραμόςἡ τῆς γῆς διάστασις Hes., χηλός f. ` hutch, chest; drawer '; χήμη ` the
yawn, mussel living in the coral seas, mussel whose bowls have a leafy surface '.
Maybe alb. (ĝhǝ-skṓ) guaskë ` shell ' a Greek loanword.
Von ĝhēi- from: Old Church Slavic zějǫ ` to gape wide ' (*ĝhēi̯ō).
Von ĝhii̯-ā- from:
Latin hiō, -āre (*ĝhii̯a-i̯ō) ` yawn, gape, be open ', Oscan eehianasúm ` ēmittendārum
(an animal sacrificed, victim, sacrifice) ', Umbrian ehiato ` let go, let loose, release, drop,
let out ';
Lithuanian žió-ju, -ti òpen', reflexive žiótis ` yawn ' (žiótys Pl. f. `crack, deep cleft, gap;
mouth, jaw '), wherefore Lithuanian žióvauti, Latvian žãvâtiês ` yawn ' (žāvas f. Pl. ` yawns
')
and with p: Lithuanian žiopsaũ, -sóti ` sit there, remain with open mouth ';
Serbo-Croatian zjâm, zjȁti ` open the mouth', iterative Old Church Slavic zijają, zijati,
russ. zijáju, -átь ds. and sloven. zẹ́vati ` hold the mouth open ', Czech zívati, russ. zěvátь `
yawn ' (sloven. zẹ̀v, poln. ziew, russ. zěv ` jaw ');
with p (compare under the root form ĝheip-): blg. zě́pam, poln. ziepać ` breathe with
difficulty ', klr. zḯpaty ` struggle for breath ', Czech zípati `pant, gasp'.
similarly, but after ē-verbs, Old High German gīēn ` yawn ' (would be Gothic *gijan, -
aida); besides with still the need for clarification (but barely deriving from from the root
form ĝhēu-) w in Hiat Old High German anagiwēn ` gape, be open mouthed with
astonishment, covet, desire ', gēwōn ` open the mouth, yawn ' (Middle High German
gewen, giwen ds.), Old English giwian, giowian `long, want, arrogate' (from ` *with open
mouth, greedy whereupon pant for, long for, desire '); in addition Old Icelandic gjā f.
(*giwō) on the one hand `col, gap, cleft, gap in the earth', on the other hand (from ` pant
for, long for, desire ' from) ` voluptuous life', Middle High German giude (*giwiÞō) ` loud
pleasure, joy', giuden ` boast, brag (*open the mouth wide); be in noisy joy, live wastefully
', Modern High German vergeuden; Old High German inginnan ` open up, open, lacerate,
split' from *ginu̯an is probably Causative to Old High German ginēn (see below) in formal
connection with the similar sound biginnan. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).
sko-present:
sko Latin hīscō, -ere (*ĝhī-sk̂ō) ` yawn, gape, be open '; similarly Old English
giscian, Middle High German gischen ` sob, weeping ' and Norwegian Dialectal geiska `
stretch the legs ' (see Persson Beitr. 318).
n- present and related nouns: Old Icelandic gīna stem V., Old English tō-gīnan stem V.
`gape, yawn '; with ĭ Old Icelandic gine, Old High German ginēn, Middle High German
ginēn, genēn, Modern High German gähnen = Old English ginian, gionian ` be far open ',
Old Icelandic gina ` yawn ', gin n. `gullet', Old English gin n. ds.; with Germanic ai (Indo
Germanic ĝhǝi-? or rather the preterite ablaut of stem V. gīnan?) Old High German geinōn,
Swiss gäine, Gothic *gainon, Old English gānian; but engl. yawn ` yawn ' for *yone from
Old English gionian;
Old Church Slavic zinǫ, -ǫti (*ĝhīnō) ` yawn, gape '.
other nominal formation:
with u̯: Old English giw, gēow m. ` vulture' (*gīwaz `the voracious ');
with m: Old Icelandic gīma f. ` cleft, mouth ', Swiss gīm ds.; Old Icelandic geimi m. `
Meeresschlund '; nisl. geimr ` big, empty room';
with r: Germanic *gīr(i)a- ` greedy ' (actually `* long for, desire '), in Norwegian Dialectal
gīr m. ` eagerness, ferventness, passion', Old High German gīri ` eager, avid', gīr ` vulture';
with l: Old Icelandic Norwegian gil n. ` cliff crack ', Swedish Dialectal gilja f. ` defile,
narrow passage between mountains', Old High German Middle High German gil `break,
hernia'; Old Icelandic geil f. ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, Engpaß'; Middle
Low German gīlen `lust, crave, beg' (from *gīla- Adj. ` yearning', compare to meaning
above Old English gīwaz).
With meaning-development from `gape' to ` stand crookedly (at first e.g. from woods )'
probably to be added ndd. Dutch gillen ` abscise slantwise ', Dutch gillinghout ` cut through
wood at an angle ', further isl. geila `separate' (` *make gape '), Old English gǣlan
(*gailjan) `hinder, hesitate'; from r-forms Low German gīren, Dutch (out of it Modern High
German) gieren, Norwegian Dialectal gīra ` deviate from the course '; Dutch geeren ds.,
Norwegian Dialectal geira ` run crookedly '.
extensions with i-vocalism:
*ĝhei-gh- : Old Icelandic Norwegian dial., geiga ` deviate sideways ', Old Icelandic geigr
m. `damage' (originally outlook `* stand crookedly, gape' e.g. from woods); compare
Modern High German Swiss Geigle ` double branch in a tree which breaks up in any
corner; Pl. the thighs ', Modern High German Heugeige ` Stecken mit seitwarts
abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern des Heus '; Modern High German dial. geigen `
move to and fro ', Old Icelandic gīgja, from Middle Low German Middle High German gīge,
Modern High German Geige as musical instrument; Old English for-, of-gǣgan ` deviate
from, overstep ', gǣgl and gāgol ` exuberant, bending ', Old Frisian gēia ` contravene,
refrain from, desist from, penance, atonement pay for, atone'; Norwegian dial. giga, gigla,
gigra `lose stand, wobble, sway', engl. gig (nord. loanword) ` light cart, light racing boat ',
whirligig, Danish gig ` spinning top as plaything '; ndd. giggelen, engl. to giggle ` titter,
laugh in a foolish high-pitched manner, furtive, sneering laugh '; as ` sticking out freely,
movable sail pole ' here Dutch gei ` Raa ' (basic form geig(*j)a?), ndd. gīk, Dutch gijk ds.
and Middle Low German geck from revolvable things (e.g. lid, top, cover, shutter,
Pumpstangen), also `fool' (Modern High German Geck); here (after Wissmann Nom.
postverb. 41) Gothic geigō f. `greed, lust', ga-geigan ` gain ', faíhu-geigan `lust, crave'; s.
S. 427.
similar is (from ĝhii̯ā- from) with gh shaped Lithuanian ziógauti ` yawn ', žiógas ` locust,
grasshopper ', žiõgris ` palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence made from
poles that are inserted into the ground '.
ĝhei-p- (in Germanic perhaps partly also ĝhei-bh-):
Maybe with b- formant alb (*ĝhēi-bo--n) zhgabonjë, shqiponjë ` (greedy, voracious) eagle,
vulture ' : Old English giw, gēow m. ` vulture' : Old High German gīr ` vulture'
Latin (Gloss.) hippitāre, exippitāre (*hīpitāre) ` hietare, gape; yawn ' (span. hipar ` sob,
weeping '); Czech zípati `pant, gasp' (etc., see above);
Old English gīfer ` devourer', Old Icelandic gīfr m. `fiend, demon'; Modern High German
dial. geifen, geiben, geipen ` yawn, gawk, desire greedily '; from ` stand crookedly, stand
loose ' Norwegian dial. geivla ` deviate sideways; shiver', also geivra; from stretching the
mouth ndd. gib(b)elen ` mocking laugh ', Modern High German geifeln ` mocking laugh ',
engl. to gibe, jibe ` mock '.
In Germanic also:
ĝhei-b-, Germanic *gī̆p-: Old Icelandic gīpr m. `muzzle, jaw ', FlN for Gipa, Norwegian
Dialectal gipa ` make gape, struggle for breath ' = Old English gīpian ` struggle for breath ';
Middle Low German gippelt `crazy, stupid'; Swedish dial. gippa `crack, col, gap'; with ī
schwed dial. gipa ` stretch the mouth ', ndd. gīpen ` struggle for breath '; Modern High
German Bavarian gaif(f)en von einem nicht festsitzenden, schlotternden Schuh; with the
meaning ` twist mockingly the mouth '.
With Germanic ai: Old Icelandic geipa ` babble, chatter ', Norwegian dial. geipa `
chatter; open the mouth wide; sit or go with spread legs ' ;
Old Icelandic geispa ` struggle for breath ', Middle English gaspen < Old English
*gāspian, probably from *gaipsōn (through amalgamation from *gaip- and *gais).
gheis-: isl. gisinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness ' (participle from *gīsa =) Norwegian
dial. gīsa ` grin, blink'; Norwegian dial. gista `get split, become thin, of the wood ', Old
Swedish gistinn ` leaking, cracked from dryness '; from this meaning further Middle Low
German gēst, Old Frisian gēst, gāst ` the higher dry land in contrast to marsh depression '
(related u-forms Low German güste, Dutch gust ` infertile, dry, gelt' from the basis ĝhēu-??
S. Persson Beitr. 318).
extensions with ē- : ǝ-vocalism (fast only Germanic):
*ĝhǝgh- (: ĝhēgh-):
Old English gēagl m. n. `mandible, lower jaw bone, throat', Pl. ` grinder, molar tooth ',
Middle Low German gāgel, gēgel m. n. ` palate, gums' (*gāgula-, -ila);
Modern High German dial. gagen, gageln, gagern `spread themselves (from the legs,
the fingers), wobble, gesticulate, flutter ', gackelicht `foolish, loony', Middle High German
gagen, gageren ` move to and fro, thrash, wriggle ', Old Icelandic gagr ` writhed, crooked,
humped, crooked behind ', gaghals ` back crooked neck ', Norwegian dial. gag ` crooked
backward (e.g., from crooked standing off device parts) ', engl. gag-toothed (nord.
loanword) ` with protruding teeth ': ablaut. Old Icelandic gǣgjask ` prestretch oneself to
look ', and (both with consonant-sharpening) md. gāken `gawk'. ` '
Maybe alb. guak ` gawk ', expressive form alb. (*ĝhǝ-skṓ), gogësij ` yawn, gape '
Old Icelandic gjǫgrar Pl. ` cliff gaps ' (*gegura-) compares Lidén Armen. Stud. 70 f.
probably more properly with Armenian gez `col, gap, crack, incisure '.
*ĝhēp-:
Old Indic hāphikā ` echo, resound, ring ' (with new ph instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).
*ĝhǝb-: Old Icelandic gap ` wide aperture, hole, chaos; shout, call, scream ', gapa `
open the mouth, cry', Old English gapian, ndd. gāpen, Middle High German Modern High
German gaffen ` look with open mouth '.
*ĝhǝbh-:
Old English geaflas Pl. ` jaws ' (in the meaning directed after ceafl ` jaw ', see below
eph-), Old Danish paa gafle `weit offen', Swedish på gavel ds.
ĝeph-
Maybe Latin (*gnoffula) offula (-ae) [n] ` slice ' : alb. nofulla ` jaw ' : Rumanian falcă ` jaw '.
Old Icelandic gabba ` play jokes, play a joke on, fool ', Old English gabbian `babble;
deride, mock ', gaffetung ` derision ', gafsprǣc ` brainless speech ', Dutch gabberen ` trifle,
joke ' (probably from Ndd. derive Lithuanian gabl(i)ó-ju, -ti ` banter, vex ', gablỹs ` one who
teases, vexes ', s. Berneker 287 f. - also about poln. gabać `stir, tease, irritate, banter').
References: WP. I 548 ff., WH. I 647 ff., Trautmann 368, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694.
See also: compare still ĝhē-1 ` empty, bare, lacking sein, fehlen'; Specht (Dekl. 282)
places eine root *aĝh-ē- etc. an; see above under ĝhan-.
Page(s): 419-422
Root / lemma: ĝhēlā

Meaning: wine
Material: Old Indic hālā àlcohol';
gr. χάλις, -ιος ` unmixed wine ', χαλί-κρητος ds.; maked. κάλιθος οἶνος. ᾽Αμερίας Hes.;
thrak. ζίλαι ὁ οἶνος Hes. (*ĝhēl-).
Maybe alb. (*ĝhēlā) gjella ` food, dish '.
References: WP. I 631. very dubious.

Page(s): 434
Root / lemma: ĝhēu-

hēu- : ĝhō(u)-
hō(u)- : ĝhǝu-
ǝu-
Meaning: to yawn, gape
Note: (see above ĝhēi-)
Material: Gr. χάος n. `the empty room, airspace' (later also `cleft, gap'; probably from
*χαFος), χαῦνος ` gaping, lax ', χαυλι-όδοντ- `with spread teeth';
whether here also Gothic gawi `land, region', Old High German gawi, Modern High
German Gau, Old English gē, etc. from *ĝhǝu̯iom with similar meaning-development as by
gr. χώρος, χῶρα (see below ĝhēi- ` lack; abandon ') and Armenian gavar ` portion of land,
area, region'? or from Germanic *ga-awja (to akʷā, above S. 23) ` scenery in the water '?
Old High German goumo m. (*ĝhǝu-men-), giumo (*ĝhēu-men-) ` palate ', ablaut. Old
Norse gōmr `gums, palate', Old English gōma (engl. gums `gums'), Old High German
guomo (*ĝhō[u]-m-) ` roof of mouth = palate'; about Lithuanian gomurỹs see below;
in addition probably Old Icelandic geyja `bark, bay, scold, chide, mock ', Old English
gíegan `cry', Old Icelandic goð-gā ` blasphemy ', hund-gā ` bark ' and further formations
Old Icelandic gauta ` babble, chatter, brag, boast', ndld. guiten ` scold, mock ', Modern
High German dial. gauzen, gäuzen `bark, bay, cry', Gothic gaunōn ` wail, grieve ', Old
Icelandic gaula `howl'; about Lithuanian gaũsti see below gou- `call, shout, cry'.
In spite of the non-palatal root initial sound (see above about Lithuanian gomurỹs) it could
belong here, because many originally palatal gutturals appear in Lithuanian as g, k.
further in the meaning ` yawn ' with l-forms (: gr. χαυλι-) perhaps here Middle High
German giel m. ` jaw, gullet', Old Norwegian -gjōl in place names? as well as Norwegian
dial. gyl `cleft, gap, cliff gap ' (*gulja-; so also Swedish göl `puddle, slop, pond', Middle
High German gülle `puddle, pool, slop', Middle Low German göle, goel `swamp, marsh' as
` the cavity in which water is collected '?).
Modern High German Gosche, Gusche, ndd. goske, guske `big muzzle' as sk-formation
belongs here however, they would possibly be used with Old Indic ghṓṣati ` calls, shouts,
howls' are related (see Persson Beitr. 116 f.), it is not likely a trivial expression without
pursueable history;
Maybe alb. gusha `throat'
Baltic *gāmuri̯a- m. ` palate' in Lithuanian gomurỹs, Gen. gómurio m., also gomerė̃ (Akk.
gómerę) f.; Latvian gāmurs m. ` windpipe, larynx' (only by Miežinis doubtful guomurs); a
sound equivalent to Modern High German Gaumen produced Lithuanian Latvian úo (Baltic
ō); perhaps in vocalism it influenced German; to g- compare above S. 18 Anm.
An extension ĝheubh- in Old Icelandic gaupa f. ` lynx, wildcat ' (probably actually `the
thirsting, the greedy ', as Old English earn-géap ` noble falcon '), ablaut. Norwegian dial
gō̆p `gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss '; Old English gēap `wide, capacious '; gēopan ìntertwine,
entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume', Old Icelandic gaupn f. ` the hollow hand ',
Old High German goufana ds., wherefore Lithuanian žiùpsnis ` a little less than a handful ';
compare still Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.
Maybe alb. gop `vagina, hole'

Page(s): 449
Root / lemma: ĝhðem-

hðem-, ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és
Meaning: earth, man, dragon
Note: It was developed from the zero grade, from where the simple anlaut ĝh- also in
lengthened grade spread forms (about Old Indic anlauts jm-, gm- besides kṣm- compare
Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)
Comments:
Root / lemma: ĝemb
em h-, ĝm̥bh- :` to bite; tooth ' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-, ĝhðom-
hðom-
, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és Meaning: ` earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed
that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were
born from the ground. snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors
venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.
Material: compare to anlaut still Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209bɣ, III
241 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff., Specht Dekl. 241.
Old Indic stem kṣam-, Nom. Sg. kṣā́ḥ (= Avestan zā̊) f. èarth, ground; face of the earth,
earth's surface' [common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-], (Akk. kṣām = Avestan ząm; Lok. kṣámi and
*kṣām, if kṣā́man from this form with postposition *en ìn' to define is, compare Old Indic
pári-jman ` all around on the earth'; Instr. jmā́; Gen. jmáḥ, secondary gmáḥ, kṣmáḥ);
kṣámya-ḥ `placed on earth, earthly ';
Avestan zā̊, Akk. ząm, Lok. zǝmē, Gen. zǝmō èarth, ground, earth; face of the earth,
earth's surface';
Note:
the -m- suffix similar to alb. delme ` sheep ', zjarm ` fire '. Illyrian Nominative is the same
as Indo Iranian and in general Indo European Locative.
gr. χθών f. `ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface' (*χθώμ; thereafter with ν
also Gen. χθονός, χθόνιος `subterraneous, underground' etc.), χαμαί originally ` on the
ground, to earth ', (in addition to the other vowel gradation = Old Prussian semmai `low'
and presumably also = Latin humī `to bottom'), χαμᾶζε ` to the ground, on the ground ',
χαμηλός `low', χθαμαλός ` near the ground, on the ground, low ' (: Latin humilis), perhaps
νεο-χμός ` new, always of things, drastic, egregious, rude, flagrant, discourteous, impolite
(*low)';
Phrygian ζεμελω (thrak. Σεμέλη) `mother earth' (?), also Phrygian ζέμελεν βάρβαρον
ἀνδράποδον Hes. (compare russ. čelovek `person' and `servant') ; Γδαν Μα `Xθών Μᾶ'
can be genuine Phrygian (Indo Germanic ē > Phrygian ā), gd- : z- as Old Indic kṣāḥ :
Avestan zā̊; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
alb. dhe èarth' (= χθών) ;
Note:
Albanian dhe èarth' : Phrygian ζεμελω */h1/ for the non -colouring laryngeal.
[common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-]
Note:
[common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-]
Avestan gz- > Greek χθ- > Baltic dz- > Illyrian d- : Baltic dz- > Slavic z-]
compare gr. Δημήτηρ, Doric Δᾱμά̄τηρ, Thessalian Δαμμάτηρ, Aeolic Δωμάτηρ; Illyrian Δω-,
Δαμ- (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from Indo Germanic *ĝðhō, respectively Vokat. *gðhom; about
Δαμία, epithet of Demeter, s. WH. I 321;
Note:
Clearly Δημήτηρ `mother earth' was shaped according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws
[common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] Δημή-τηρ common venetic Illyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore
Δημήτηρ is an Illyrian goddess of earth.
Note:
gr. Δημήτηρ `mother earth' : Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den : Illyrian Δημήτηρ,
alb. dhe cognates evolved according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- >
d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.
Latin humus (from *homos) èarth, ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface',
probably reshaping of an old consonant -stem *ĝhom-; hence also f. as χθών; humilis `low'
(: χθαμαλός); in Oscan-Umbrian *homi-teros, -temos as Kompar. Superl. of Lok. *homi
ùnder' (: Old Indic kṣámi) : Oscan hu[n]truis ` below, beneath, underneath, lower ', huntrus
` below, beneath, underneath, lower '; Umbrian hutra, hontra ` on the under side, below,
underneath ', Abl. hondomu ` the lowest '; Umbrian hondu ` pessumdatō ' from *hon(d)-tōd;
about Latin hūmānus see below;
Old Irish dū, Gen. don `place' (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; the
development from ĝhð to d- similar to t from -kÞ- in art `bear' from erkÞos; n instead of -m
m-
as in χθόνος extended from the full grade *dōn - from *dōm - from dū);
Note:
Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den : Illyrian Δημήτηρ, alb. dhe cognates evolved
according to Illyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. ĝh- > d-, dh-] suggesting a
shared origin of those lang.
Lithuanian žẽmė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, semme èarth', semmai `base, low'
(: χαμαί, see above), Latvian zem ùnder' (probably Verkürzung of Lok. zemē); Lithuanian
żẽmas, Latvian zẹms `low';
Old Church Slavic zemlja èarth'; in addition also Old Church Slavic zmьja `snake'
(`creeping on the earth'), zmьjь `dragon' : gr. χθαμαλός ` near the ground, on the ground,
low '.
Maybe alb. (*dhemle) dhemje ` earth worm ' very important see up or below.
In addition words for `person' as ` earthly,of the earth ':
Latin homō, -inis `person', Old Latin hemō (also in nēmō ` nobody, no person, no one '
from *ne-hemō), Akk. hemōnem; to humus probably hūmānus ` human, of human beings,
of people; humane ', with unclear vocalism (*hoim- würde to oí of Old Irish Pl. doíni
`people', whether here lay before an older diphthong, but for Indo Germanic *gðhoim-
lacks every probability; s. also under); Oscan-Umbrian *homōn- (ablaut grade *ĝhom- as
humus, compared with Latin hemōn- or dialectic umlaut from *hemōn-), Oscan humuns ` a
human being, man, person ', Umbrian homonus ` a human being, man, person ';
Gothic guma, Old Icelandic gumi, Old English guma, Old High German gomo `person,
man, husband', Modern High German in Bräuti-gam (Indo Germanic *ĝhemon- or *ĝhomon-
);
Lithuanian (old) žmuõ (Daukša m. Akk. žmūnį) `person', nowadays žmogùs, žmõgus (g-
forms as in Old Church Slavic mǫ-žь) `person', Old Prussian smoy (leg. smoa?), other
formations Old Prussian smunents m. `person', smonenawins ds., and smūni f. `person',
Lithuanian žmonà f. `wife, woman', žmónės Pl. m. `people' (Akk. Pl. žmónis dial. from Indo
Germanic ĝhmōnens).
Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn.
bret. den `person', Proto Celtic *doni̯o- from *ĝhðomi̯o- = χθόνιος, Old Indic kṣamya-ḥ;
however, this would be the only evidence for Celtic ni̯ from mi̯; it could be considered the
transferenceof n from the paradigm *dōn `place' (see above). However, then the Pl. Old
Irish doíni, nir. daoine `humans, people' (typical diphthong) would have to be separated
from duine; far likely it is connected doíni as *dheu̯eni̯o- or *dhou̯eni̯o- and duine etc. as
strong grade *dhuni̯o- with Gothic diwans ` perishable, mortal ' connected (see *dhu̯en-
under dheu-
eu- `die'); incredible Borgström NTS. 12, 83 f.;
Note:
common Illyrian-celtic ĝh- > d-
Tocharian A śom `lad, young boy, youngling ', В śaumo, Pl. śāmna `person' (: Latin
hemōnem); s. Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.;
n (tegan
Hittite te-e-kan n), Gen. tagn ṃ, Gen. tkan
nās èarth' and Tocharian A tkaṃ ṃ
nis, В keṃ
ds.
Luvian: tiyamm(i)-
Meaning: èarth'
Attestations: [NSg] ti-ya-am-mi-iš: 54 ii 41.42.43*.51.iii 28 .35; 56,2*; KBo XXIX 40,5e.
ti-ya-am-me-iš: 107 ii 4*.
[ASg] ti-ya-am-mi-in: 103 iii 13; 139 i 4(?).iv 10e(?).
ti-ya-am-me-in: 107 ii 11.
[D-LSg] ti-ya-am-mi: 94,11e; VII 53 + XII 58 i 59e; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7*.
[ErgSg] ti-ya-am-ma-an-ti-iš: 39 ii 15.
[GenAdj]
[NSgC] ti-ya-am-ma-aš-ši-iš: 45 ii 26; 107 ii 12*.
[NPlC] ti-ya-am-ma-aš-ši-in-zi: KBo XXII 254 Vo 11*.
Commentary: Delocatival formation, as per Kimball, Hittite Plene Writing 42720, NOT
direct formal match of Hittite tēkan!
Hittite: tekan n., gen. taknas ' earth ', dagan, tagan ' down, to the ground '; HLuw takamia '
earth ', Luvian tiyammi- id. (Friedricḫ 204, 220)
Note:
Common Hittite Tochanrian ĝh- > tk- : common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Illyrian Albanian ĝh- >
dh- : Celtic ĝh- > d-.
They derived through metathesis from *ĝ(e)ðhom-, *ĝh(e)ðhom (Pedersen Group. 41 f.),
these explained from Indo Germanic *dh(e)ĝhom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.); against it with
substantial reasons Beuveniste Mél. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *dhegh- places also
Specht Dekl. 241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hittite and Tocharian
forms.
References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.
Page(s): 414-416
lemma: ĝhði̯
Root / lemma: hði̯és (zero grade ĝhðis?),
hðis vereinfacht (?) to ĝhðé
hðés, ĝhi̯és, ĝhés
ĝhés
Meaning: yesterday
Material: Old Indic hyáḥ ` yesterday ' (ghi̯és), hyastana-ḥ ` yesterday';
Latin herī̆, herĕ ` yesterday ', hesternus ` yesterday' (from *hestrinos with -troas in
Germanic *gestra-); Common Old Indic : Latin ĝh- > h-
h-.
Avestan zyō, Old pers. diya(ka), pers. dī(g);
alb. dje ` yesterday ', dial. ` morning' (*ĝhes), djethine ds., para-dje ` the day before
yesterday, two days ago';
Old Irish in-dē (*gdi̯és), cymr. doe, acorn. doy, ncorn. dē, Middle Breton dech, nbret.
deac'h ` yesterday ' (the brit. forms from *gdii̯es); cymr. neithiwr etc. ` yesterday evening'
rather from *nokti + cymr. hwyr `late' (loanword from Latin sērus);
gr. eleisch σερ-ός χθές Hes. (from *χι̯ες, Indo Germanic ĝhi̯és?); gr. χθές (*ĝhðés), ἐχθές
(after ἐκεῖνος : κεῖνος, independent particle or suggestion vowel, see above S. 283 and
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 413, Lejeune Traité 182); χθιζός, adverb. χθιζά ` yesterday', after
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 from χθές + *δι̯ά to Old Indic a-dyā́ `today' (Instrum. from Indo
Germanic *di̯os `day'; lacks above S. 183), with sound weakening from ε to ι, after Specht
KZ. 68, 205 from *ĝhðis > ĝhis with adverbial suffix (as in gr. κρύβ-δα); χθεσινός `
yesterday';
Gothic gistra-dagis `morgen', Old English geostra, wsächs. giestran-dæg, North

Umbrian gioster-dæg ` yesterday ', Old High German kestre, gesteron, gesterên `
yesterday '; lengthened grade Old Norse í gǽr (*gēz-), i gjār (Noreen Old Icelandic Gr.4 p.
72, 263а 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f.
References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68,
201 ff.
Page(s): 416
Root / lemma: ĝhðū

hðū- (or ĝhi̯ū-?)
Meaning: fish
Material: Armenian jukn `fish' (extension as in mu-kn ` mouse ');
gr. ἰχθῦς, -ύος (*ĝhðūs) `fish' (ἰ- is a vocal development as in ἰκτῖνος ` a number of small
predatory birds belonging to the hawk family type of predatory bird, kite ': Armenian c̣in
`falcon, kite', Indo Germanic kÞīno-);
ĝhðuu̯-: Lithuanian žuvìs (Gen. Pl. žuvų̃) f., Latvian zuvs, zivs m. ds.; in addition the
verbs East Lithuanian žústa, žùvo, žúti ` fish, catch fish ';
Gutturalsuffix: Old Prussian suckis m. (Akk. Pl. suckans) `fish' (Lithuanian žuk- in žū́k-
mistras ` Fischmeister ', žuk-sparnis ` Fischaar ', žū̆klỹs ` fisherman '); in addition further
Latvian zutis m. ` eel, snakelike fish '; Lithuanian žvejỹs m. ` fisherman ', Lithuanian žvejóti,
Latvian zvejuôt ` fish, catch fish ', žvýnas m. ` fish scale ', Latvian zvìńi m. Pl. ` fish scales
'; Old Prussian sucka-ns besides ἰχθῦς, as Latin sucu-la besides sūs, Old Norse askr
besides Lithuanian úosis.
To the initial sound question (ĝhð or ĝhi̯?) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325; it is of the
same kind especially χθών : žẽmė, and a parallel proposed with k- ἰκτῖνος : c̣in. No quite
sure indication is in *ghi̯-, because in its affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name ält.
Swedish gius, New Swedish gös `Perca Lucioperca', Modern High German dial. giesen
`Cyprinus cephalus' and ält. Swedish fiska-giusen à bird of prey, Falco haliaetus', wherein
*gjuse ` fisherman '.
References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 413; to Indo Germanic ð
compare lastly Lejeune Traité de Phonétique grecque S. 31 f.
Page(s): 416-417
Root / lemma: ĝhlād-

hlād-
Meaning: to sound, call
Material: Old Indic hrādatē ` sounds', hrāda- m. ` Getön, noise', Avestan zrāda- m. ` coat
of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ' (`rattling, clashing, clinking, chinking '), npers.
zirih àrmor, coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ';
gr. κέχλαδα (Pind.) `swell, of sound, ring out, murmur, rustle, roar, blossom ', καχλάζω `
plash or bubble, of the sound of liquids, of the sea, of rain, of boiling water, frothing forth
foam ';
Old Irish ad-glādur Ì address, speak to; refer '.
The Aryan words can but just as well with Indo Germanic r to Gothic grētan belong; see
below gher-1.

Page(s): 451
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ĝhō

Meaning: behind, towards
Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel
Material: Armenian z preposition and preverb ` referring to, applying to, pertaining to ' etc.
(Meillet Esquisse2 166);
Baltic *a-žō in Lithuanian dial. ažúo, ažu, až ` behind, for' (compare ažúot ` instead,
instead of', East Lithuanian ažuomarša ` oblivion '); Latvian az (compare azuots `bosom' =
East Lithuanian ažuñtis ds., to Latvian *uots = Lithuanian añtis `bosom'), newer aiz
(unexplained) ` behind, after, because of, instead of', also verbal prefix ` behind, from, to,
to-';
Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on', also verbal prefix; also in Old
Church Slavic zadъ ` the behind, buttocks part', compare na-dъ;
perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem ĝho- to ghe, gho (above S. 417) with anlaut. ĝh-;
s. also under ū̆d.
References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 485 f.
Page(s): 451-452
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯el-
el-
el
Meaning: to bend, swerve
Material: Old Indic hváratē ` turns from the straight direction, makes crooked way ', hválati
Material:
` makes on error, stumbles, wanders ', juhurāṇá-ḥ ` failing ', víhruta-ḥ ` defective, faulty,
lewd, sick ', hruṇāti ` go astray, lose one's way ', participle hrutá-, it has changed hvr̥tá-;
hū́rchati ` fails, glides, sways, falls '; hváras- n. ` curvature ', hvará- m. `snake', vihrút- f.
`kind of snake or worm';
Maybe alb. zvarranik ` reptile ', zvarris, zvarrit ` drag ', zvarritem ` draggle, creep along,
trapes, crawl '.
Avestan zbarǝmna- ` walking in a crooked way ', zbaraϑa- n. ` foot of a daēvischer

being ', zbarah- n. `hill', zūrah- n. ` wrong; injustice, deception ', npers. zūr ` incorrect; lie,
falsity';
gr. φαλίπτει μωραίνει Hes., φαλός `stammering, deaf, stupid' Hes. and probably φάλος
m. `horn of a helmet', presumably φολκός, epithet of Thersites B. 217, perhaps `
bowlegged, bandy-legged'; perhaps also ἀποφώλιος èmpty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless,
deceitful, deceptive ' (ō-grade), φῆλος ` deceitful ', φηλήτης ` cheater ', φηλόω (Doric
φᾱλόω) cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool';
Latin fallō, -ere ` trip, cause to fall: glacies, deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, elude, fail,
disappoint,be misled,lead into error, be deceived, err, mistake, deceive oneself,to mistake,
be deceived,violate, break, betray, deceive, disappoint, put on, avoid, confound, deceive in
swearing, swear falsely, be perjured, swear falsely by, faith pledged to, lie concealed, be
unseen, escape notice, remain undiscovered, elude, arrive secretly, infuse undetected,
escape recognition, lighten, appease, silence, beguile ' (`*walk in a crooked way; veer,
swerve, turn about '; *ĝhu̯elnō, compare Old Indic hruṇāti);
Lithuanian nuožvelnùs ` declive, sloping downwards; precipitous, very steep, having a

high degree of inclination, sloping, oblique '; žvalùs `skilful; agile, nimble; graceful; sharp,
keen ' (`*slightly bending '); ablaut. įžvil̃nas ` slantwise, slant, skew' (*ĝhu̯ḷ-), pažvil-ti, -au `
bend oneself ', žvylúoti `swing, waver'; pražul̃nas (*ĝhul-) ` slantwise, sloping, slant, skew',
pažùlnus ds.; atžúlas, -us ` brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep, hard, rude, pitiless ' ;
Latvian zvel'u, zvêl'u, zvel̂t ` roll, move, knock over, knock down, hit ', refl. ` move
slowly, roll, fall down ', zval̂stîtiês ` stagger, sway ', zval̂ns ` fluctuating ';
Old Church Slavic zъlъ `mad, wicked, evil, bad ', Serbo-Croatian zȁo (f. zlȁ), russ. zoɫ (f.
zɫa) ds.;
perhaps *ĝhu̯-el- from a ĝheu- `slant, skew' extended; compare *ĝhu̯-erin Lithuanian
žurlė ` a tendril plant ' (*ghu̯r-̥ lo-), gr. θέρμος m. ` lupine, lupin, any of a number of
leguminous plants which bear tall clusters of flowers in a variety of colors ' (*gu̯her-mo-).
Note:
Greek ĝh- > θ- common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic.

Page(s): 489-490
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯elg-

elg-
elg
Meaning: to glance
Material: Gr. θέλγω ` properly, to stroke or touch with magic power, in bad sense, to cheat,
cozen, to produce by spells, beguile, enchant, charm, captivate; bewitch, entrance; cast a
spell on ' (incredible above S. 247);
Note:
Greek ĝh- > θ- common Greek Dorian Illyrian Celtic.
Lithuanian žvelgiù, žvel̃gti ` look, gaze; watch; stare, gaze fixedly with wide open eyes',
Iterat. žvalgaũ, žvalgýti and žvil̃gis m. `look', žvìlgiu, žvilgė́ti ` look briefly '.

Page(s): 490
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en-

en-
en
Meaning: to sound
Note: extension from ĝhau-, s. Persson Beitr. 191
Material: Armenian jain (ĝhu̯on-i̯i-), i-stem `voice' (with i-Epenthese); alb. Tosc zē̈ `voice',
Geg zâ (< *ĝhu̯ono-s);
Armenian ձայն ǳayn = Albanian Geg zani `voice' conservative definitive forms versus
indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]
Note:
Alb. shows that Root / lemma: ĝhu̯en-
en- : `to sound' derived from Root / lemma: ĝhau-
en hau-,
ĝhau̯ǝ- : `to call'
russ.- Church Slavic zvьnju, zvьně́ti `ring, sound, clink', russ. zvenětь, Old Czech zvnieti,
Czech zníti, altpoln. wznieć ds., ablaut. Old Church Slavic zvonъ `sound, tone', Slavic
zvộn `bell', Bulgarian zvъnъ `sound, clangor ', zvъnecъ `bell', Serbo-Croatian zvȍno, russ.
Czech zvon, poln. dzwon ` clangor, bell'.
Balto-Slavic root extension ĝhu̯eng-

eng-:
eng
Lithuanian žvéngiu, žvéngti ` neigh ', su-žviǹgu, -žvìngti ` burst in neighing ', žvangùs
`loud, resounding ', žvángu, žvangė́ti `rattle, clash, ring, clang, clink', Latvian zvìegt ` neigh
';
Old Church Slavic zvęgǫ ` announce ', russ.- Church Slavic zvjagu `sing, babble', russ.
dial. zvjagù, zvjačь `bark, bay'.
Slavic root extension ĝhu̯enk-

enk-:
enk
Old Church Slavic zvękъ m. `sound', zvęknǫti `sound, clink', zvęcati `call, shout, cry',
Serbo-Croatian zvêk `sound', poln. zwięk, dźwięk `sound, clangor '; with ablaut Old Church
Slavic zvǫkъ `sound', russ. zvuk, Czech zvuk `sound, tone, sound, clangor ';
Slavic root extension ĝhu̯ent-

ent-:
ent
Bulgarian zvъntja `sound, clink '.

Page(s): 490-491
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ēr-

ēr-
ēr
Meaning: wild beast
Material: Gr. θήρ, -ός, m. late f. (θῆρες, θηρῶν = East Lithuanian žvė́res, žvėrų̃, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 424), Lesbian φήρ, hom. Φῆρες, Thessalian φείρ (πεφειρά̄κοντες = τεθηρακότες,
Φιλόφειρος) ànimal';
Note:
Common Greek Illyrian Celtic ĝh- > d-
d-, θ-.
Latin ferus, -a, -um ` wild, untamed, rude, uncultivated; savage, barbarous, fierce, cruel
' (*ĝhuero-s);
Maybe alb. ferrë ` thorny bush, prick, blackberry, blackthorn ' Latin loanword.
with structure in i- declination (after Akk. Sg. Pl. -ь, -i = m̥, -n̥s) Lithuanian žvėrìs m. f.,
Latvian zvêrs m.; Old Prussian Akk. Pl. swīrins;
Old Church Slavic zvěrь `wild animal', sloven, zvę̂r, Old Czech zvěř m. f., russ. zvěrь;
substantive adjective Lithuanian žvėrienà f., russ. zvěrína ` venison, deer meat', to Latin
carō ferīna ds.

Page(s): 493
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ

oigʷ-
oig
Meaning: to shine; star
Material: Gr. φοῖβος `pure, clean gleaming', ἀφικτός, ἀφικτρός (*ĝhu̯igʷ-) ìmpure, unclean';
From Root / lemma: ĝhu̯oigʷ
oigʷ- : `to shine; star' derived Root / lemma: bheigʷ
oig eigʷ- : `to shine'
(sse above) common ĝhu̯- > Greek ph- > Old Indic bh-.
Balto Slavic *žu̯aigzdā- f. `shine, star' (Indo Germanic *ĝhu̯oigʷ(e)s-dā) in:
Old Prussian Akk. Sg. swāigstan `shine', poswāigstinai ìlluminate' (?) ; Lithuanian
žvaigzdė̃, žvaigždė̃, dial. žvaizdė̃, Latvian zvàigzne f. `star'; in addition further Lithuanian
žvygulỹs ` radiance ', žváínas ` silberfleckig ', Latvian zvaigstīties `gleam', zvaidrīt
`shimmer';
Slavic *gvězda (from *gu̯aigzdā, through dissimilation from *žu̯aigzdā) in Old Church
Slavic dzvězda, Serbo-Croatian zvigèzda, poln. gwiazda, russ. zvězdá f. `star'.
References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunder décl. Latin 74, Mikkola Urslav. Gr.
166 f. Probably inaccurate about gr. φοῖβος etc. above 118.
Page(s): 495
Root / lemma: ĝhu̯ōkʷ

ōkʷ-, ĝhu̯ǝkʷ-
ōk ǝkʷ-
ǝkʷ
Material: Gr. διαφάσσειν διαφαίνειν Hes., φώψ φάος Hes.; παραι-φάσσει τινάσ-σει . . .
Hes., reduplicated παιφάσσω ` dart, rush about, quiver, wave violently';
Latin fax (old facēs), facis f. `torch; agitator, inciter, troublemaker, fomenter ', Demin.
facula `torch', facētus èlegant, witty ', facētia and -ae ` a jest, witticism; drollery, piece of
humor, a witty or clever thing in action or behavior, Wit, witty sayings ';
Lithuanian žvãkė `candle'.
References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.
Page(s): 495
Root / lemma: ĝlei-

lei-
Meaning: to run up to
Note: Only indoiranisch.
Material: Old Indic jráyati ` onrushes, attacks, starts, activates ', jráyas- n. `
impetuousness, hastiness, run, flow, river flow ', pr̥thu-jráya- ` distant running ';
Avestan zrayah-, Old pers. drayah- ` sea ', Middle Persian zray, npers. (with metathesis)
daryā, pǝrǝu-zrayah ` wide water surface stretching above '.

Page(s): 401
Root / lemma: ĝu̯er-

er-, ĝu̯erǝ
er erǝ-
er
Meaning: to burn and be hot
Note:
Root / lemma: ĝu̯er-
er-, ĝu̯erǝ
er erǝ- : to burn and be hot' derived from Root / lemma: ĝher-
er her-3 and
ĝherǝ
herǝ-, ĝhrē-
hrē- : to shine, shimmer'.
Material: Old Indic jvárati ` has a temperature, is feverish ', jvara-ḥ `fever, pain, distress ',
jū́rvati `singes, burns', jūrṇí-ḥ `blaze, glow' (< *jvūr-, *ĝu̯r-̥ ); besides jválati ` flames up,
glows, shines ', jvalita-ḥ ` flaming, burning, luminous', jvalaná-ḥ ` burning, ignitable ', m.
`fire', n. ` the burning, blazing ', jvala-ḥ m. `light, flame, torch', jvālā f. ds.;
mnl. coorts m., Middle Low German korts `fever'??;
Lithuanian žiūriù, žiūrė́ti `see', žiūrà `view, look', žiũras èagle owl';
full grade Latvian zvêrs `scintillant, flickering, sparkling', zvêruot `glow, flash'.
References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I p. 228.

Page(s): 479
Root / lemma: ĝ(e)lōu̯

lōu̯-
Meaning: sister-in-law
Material: Gr. *γάλωFος in hom. Dat. Sg. and Nom. Pl. γαλόῳ, Gen. Pl. γαλόων, Attic
γάλως, Gen. γάλω à husband's sister or brother's wife, a sister-in-law ';
Latin glōs, glōris ` a husband's sister, wife, woman of brothers' (*ĝlō[u]s);
spätChurch Slavic zъlъva, Old Czech zelva, serb. zȁova, russ. zoɫóvka ` a husband's
sister ';
perhaps also Armenian tal ` a husband's sister ' (for *cal after taigr ` husband's brother
').
That Phrygian γέλαρος ἀδελφοῦ γυνή Hes., also γάλλαρος, belongs here, is most
doubtful; whether recommended for *γελαFος?
After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142b were the non-palatal guttural through influence of ɫ limited,
whereupon also poln. żeɫw, żoɫwica (*geluu̯ā) besides zeɫw, zoɫwica (*ĝeluu̯ā) ` husband's
sister ' should indicate; compare though that under ĝhel- it is explained by Balto-Slavic gel-
`yellow'.
A gr. conservative stem *γάλω[u̯]-ς has contravened (only the case oblique) in the o-
Dekl. experienced; in Slavic lies an older ū-stem zьly, Gen. zъlъve, before which could be
compared with Latin glōs.
References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 480.

Page(s): 367-368
Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh-

Meaning: to sink, submerge
Material: Old Indic gā́hatē `dives, permeates, soaks', participle gāḍha-ḥ `deep, dense, tight
', gāhá-ḥ `depth, the interior '; with a: gáhana-, gáhvara- `deep, dense', n. `depth, abyss,
thicket ', dur-gáha-m ` wicked place or way';
the participle gāḍhá- is probably analogical form after roots with Old Indic h = Indo
Germanic ĝh; gādhá- ` shallow, having little depth ', m. n. ` shallow, ford' is perhaps from
an Old Indic root noun gā (to Indo Germanic gʷā- ` gait ') + dha as ` granting passage ' to
define;
Avestan Akk. Pl. vi-gāϑō ` canyon, gorge, gulch, ravine, abyss, steep narrow valley
carved by running water ' (: Old Indic vi-gāhá-) ` dipping oneself ', zero grade guδa-
`depth';
gr. βῆσσα, Doric βᾶσσα (*βᾱθι̯α) f. ` wooded combe, glen, mostly in the mountain glens,
gorge, ravine, gulch '; βάσσος n. ds. (*βαθσος), zero grade βυθός, βυσσός ` the depth,
esp. of the sea ' with β instead of γ after βῆσσα; ἄβυσσος ` with no bottom, bottomless,
unfathomed ', βάθος n. `depth'; βένθος `depth' secondary after πένθος : πάθος; Note:
Old Irish bā(i)dim ` go under, dive, submerge; sink, drown', cymr. boddi ` drown, flood ',
corn. bedhy, Middle Breton beuziff ` drown '; cymr. diffoddi ` extinguish, annihilate, erase '
from *di-spad- (*dī-eks-bad-).
Note:
From Root / lemma: gʷā̆dh- : to sink, submerge, derived Root / lemma: bhā̆u-1 : bhū̆- : to hit.
References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.
Page(s): 465
Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem-

ʷem-
Meaning: to go, come
Note:
ʷem- : `to go, come' from zero grade of Root / lemma: aĝ-
Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem- heĝ-):: `to
aĝ- (*he
heĝ
lead, *drive cattle'.
Material: Old Indic jí-gā-ti `goes' (= gr. *βίβησι, compare lak. 3. Sg. βίβαντι, hom. participle
βιβά̄ς ` walking along with big steps ', in addition also hom. βιβάσθων), Aor. á-gā-m ` I got
to, arrived at, reached, got there , left ' (Avestan Injunkt. gāt̃ ` he will get to, arrive at ') =
Armenian kam ` stand ', gr. ἔβην, Doric ἔβᾱν ` I undid; (a jacket, package, door, etc.)
opened, went '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Old Indic gā́tram `limb, member, body'; gātú-ḥ ` gait, way, room, place', Avestan gātu-š
`place, couch, long upholstered seat, folding bed; small spare bed; camp bed, seat,
throne', Old pers. gāϑu ds.; Old Indic ví-gāman- n. ` footstep ' (pr̥thú-pra-gāman- ` walking
further '; compare gāmin- `going', further formations an o-stem gāma-ḥ), Avestan gā-man-
n. ` footstep ', Old Indic gāya-m ` footstep ' in uru-gāyá- ` walking further, walking far ' (of
way), Avestan gāya- (Akk. gāim) ` footstep ' (with formants -ya-);
Armenian kam ` stand ' ( : gr. ἔβην);
gr. *βίβησι, βιβά̄ς, ἔβην see above; βηταρμός ` dance ', βητάρμων ` dancer ' (from
*βᾱτος or *βᾱτᾱ ` das Fußaufsetzen ' + ἄρμα ` structure, composition '); ἀμφισβητέω,
Ionian ἀμφισβᾱτέω ` dispute, argue, fight ' (` nach zwei Seiten auseinandergehend '), βῆμα
n. ` footstep ' changing through ablaut βωμός m. ` step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered
by the foot; footprint, track, grade, rack, altar'; infinitive βήμεναι; βηλός m. ` doorsill ';
βέβηλος, Doric βέβᾱλος, kyren. βάβᾱλος ` enterable, unhallowed, not consecrated, not
sanctified ' (contrast from ἄβατος ` immortal, holy'); zero grade βέβαιος `certainly' (*good
feasible); βάδην Adv. ìn footstep '; βάδος m. `way', βαθμός m. `grade, threshold, footstep
', βάθρον ` foundation ', ἐμβάτης ` man's shoe '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
alb. ngā Ì run, drive' (*ga-ni̯ō); Actually (*ga-sni̯ō) nasalized form prevented common
alb. ĝ- > d-.
Maybe alb. ngathtë `slow, lazy (walk)' [common alb. - Old Irish -s > -th]
Maybe zero grade in alb. garë `race' < Rumanian goană `race, battue'.
Lithuanian dial. góti `go'; Latvian gāju (preterit to iêt) Ì walked ' (places a present *gāi̯ō
ahead, whose j would be present formant), therefrom further gâjums ` gait, row'; gàita `
gait ' (with analogical ai, Endzelin Latvian Gr. S. 678); gātis Pl. ` Fluglöcher der Bienen ';
Lithuanian próga ` occasion, opportunity, term, deadline (*end of the road)' (prefix *prō̆ +
gā); Lithuanian gãtvė ` road, livestock pasture ', Latvian gatva `way, passage ' are
Germanic loanword
Perhaps here also Celtic words for `die' (as ` leave, depart ', ἐκ βροτῶν βῆναι), as Old
Irish baĩd `dead' (*bā-a-ti from *gʷā-), at-bath `died' (*-gʷǝ-t . .), bath `death' = cymr. bad
`pest, pestilence', bret. bad ` anesthetization ', corn. bad-us ` phrenetical '; Old Irish bās
`death' is shaped after gnās ` consuetude ' etc.. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gr. pp. 547,
728 is a stem bā̆s- not proved; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f. Note: common
Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
2. gʷem-
ʷem-:
Unthematic *(e)-gʷem-t (> *e-gʷen-t), -gʷm̥-té, -gʷm-ent in Old Indic Aor. ágan, gan (g for
j after forms with original *gʷm̥-, *gʷm-; 1. Sg. ágamam), ágata (*gʷm̥-), ágman, ágmata;
Gatha-Avestan 3. Sg. Inj. uz-jǝ̄n, 3. Pl. gǝmǝn;
Armenian 3. Sg. ekn `he comes ' (= Old Indic ágan); about still unclear 1. Sg. eki, 3. Pl.
ekin see Meillet Esquisse 134 f.;
gr. βάτην 3. Du., ὑπέρβᾰσαν 3. Pl. probably to root form *gʷā-; Note: common Illyrian gʷ-
> b-.
Konj. *gʷemeti in Old Indic gám-at, -anti, Gatha-Avestan jamaiti, jimaiti; Opt. gʷm̥-i̯ēt in
Old Indic gamyāt, Avestan jamyāt̃, ap. jamjāh (j for g from forms with lengthened grade
Indo Germanic *gʷem-); Old English cyme see below;
thematic: zero grade Old Indic gámati, Avestan jamaiti `goes' (Old Indic gamáyati
àllows to come, brings about, causes, makes happen ', Avestan jāmayeiti ` brings to the
side, flank '), zero grade Old Indic (Opt. Aor.) gamḗt, gamḗma, gamemahi, probably also
Aor. ágamat; Perf. ja-gā́ma Ì walked ' (compare Gothic 1. Pl. qemum); Avestan frā-ɣmat̃
(Gatha-Avestan-gǝmat̃) `he comes over, joins; ensues, follows as a consequence of,
happens as a result of ', Old pers. a-gmatā;
Oscan kúmbened ` it agrees, came together ', cebnust (from *ce-benust) ` (huc) vēnerit
', Umbrian benust, benurent ` venerit, -int '; Latin Konj. advenam (about n for m see below;
perhaps with analogical -en- after the forms as Latin veniō, ventum, vēnī);
Gothic qiman (preterit qam, 1. Pl. qemum: Old Indic 1. Sg. Perf. ja-gāma), Old High
German queman and (zero grade?) coman = Old English cuman, Old Norse kōma `come';
Old English Konj. Präter. (older Optat.) cyme (*gʷem-ī-t);
Tocharian A käm-, kum-, В käm-, kam-, śem `come'.
i̯i̯i̯o-present *gʷm-i̯ṓ in gr. βαίνω `go' (Fut. βήσομαι etc.), Latin veniō `come' with very old
alteration from -mi̯- to -ni̯-; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309 could n also be related to forms as
Avestan jantu (*gʷem-tu-), Armenian ekn (*e-gʷem-t); to vēnimus stimmt Gothic qemum;
sk̂o-present *gʷm̥-skṓ: Old Indic gácchati, Avestan jasaiti `he goes', gr. βάσκε `go!
come!' Tocharian A kumnäš `he comes ', Med. kumnästär, В känmasträ.
Verbaladjektiv: Old Indic gatá-ḥ ` gone, departed, left; dead; lost ', Avestan gata- ds., gr.
βατός ` feasible, able to be carried out ' (*gʷm̥-to-s), Latin in-ventus.
other nominal formation:
Old Indic gáti-ḥ f. ` gait ', Avestan aiwi-gati- ` coming along = entry, beginning ', gr. βάσις
f. ` footstep; base' (*gʷm̥-ti-s), Latin con-venti-ō ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention
', Gothic gaqumÞs ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention ' (*-gʷm̥-tis), Old Norse
samkund f. ds., Old High German cumft, Modern High German Ankunft ` arrival,
appearance, approach, incoming '; Old Indic gántu-ḥ m. ` gait, way', Latin adventus, -ūs `
arrival, appearance, approach, incoming '; Gothic qums ` arrival, appearance, approach,
incoming ' (*gʷem-is), Old English cyme, Old High German cumi; Old Indic gamya- ` where
one can go or should go ', Oscan kúmbennieís Gen. ` meeting, rendezvous, coming,
together, circuit, congress, assembly, union, session '; Old High German biquāmi `
bequem ' (compare ` digestible '), Old English gecwēme `pleasant, fitting', Old Norse
kvǣmr ` capable or allowed to come '; kvāma f. ` coming, visit, dropping by; inspection ',
kōma ds.;
Tocharian A kum-, AB kam-, A käm-, В śem- `come', A kumnǝṣ, Med. kumnǝṣtǝr `

comes ', A kakmu, В kekamu ` arrived; resulted '.
With a meaning- development ` come (to the world) ' = ` be born ':
Avestan ni-jāmayeinti ` be born ' (*ni-jāma- `birth');
gr. ἐ-βάθη ἐγεννέθη Hes.;
alb. pre-gjim ` feast in the first birth '; (common pronunciation alb. gj- = Slavic dz-)
Lithuanian gemù, gim̃ti ` be born ' = Latvian dzemu, dzìmt ds., Lithuanian gìmstu (for
pronunciation see Schulze KZ. 45, 230) = Latvian dzìmstu ds., Lithuanian giminė̃ ` family ',
gỹmis `birth', gãmas ` the innate ', causative gamìnti ` generate children, breed cattle ',
Latvian dzìmts ` congenital, existing from birth, innate, inherited ', dzìmša `birth' = Old
Prussian gimsenin Akk. Sg. `birth', Old Prussian gemton ` to give birth to children ',
gemmons participle Perf. ` born '.
References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 134 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309, 689, 7423,
7072, Trautmann 76, Pedersen Tocharian 170 ff., 221, 234.
Page(s): 463-465
Root / lemma: gʷed

ʷe h-
Meaning: to push, hit, harm
Material: Old Indic gandh- `bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy' (by grammarians), gandhá-ḥ
m. `smell, odor, fragrance ', Avestan gantay- ` fetidness ', Middle Persian gand ` fetidness
', Old pers. gasta- ` disgusting, unsavory, distasteful', afgh. ɣandal ` disgust, repulsion, feel
loathing ', Baluchi gandag èvil, bad'. (to meaning development `bump, poke, prick' >
`smell, odor' compare e.g. Old High German stinkan `smell, stink' against Gothic stigqan `
clash, bang together, collide, crash ' and gr. κνίση ` steam and odour of fat which exhales
from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice ' compared with Old Icelandic hnīta
`bump, poke, prick'.)
Gr. δέννος ` vituperation, shame' (*gʷendhno-); after Kuiper Nasalpräs. 65 here φθόνος
m. ` envy ' (present *φθένω from *gʷdh-en-);
Note:
common Illyrian gʷ- > d- ; gʷ- > b-.
about Middle High German quetsen, quetschen `hit, bump, poke, squeeze' s. Kluge s. v.
quetschen;
Lithuanian gendù, gésti ` be damaged, spoil, be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die ',
gadinù, gadìnti `spoil, damage, disturb, bother', pagadas `ruin', Latvian ǵinstu, ǵint ` be
destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die '.
Maybe alb. godas ` hit' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.

Page(s): 466-467
Root / lemma: gʷeid(h)-

ʷeid(h)-
Meaning: mud
Material: Gr. δεῖσα ` filth, slime, mud ' (*gʷeidh-i̯a or -sa, or *gʷeid-s-a); perhaps Old Norse
kveisa f. `swelling, blister, lump, growth', Middle Low German quēse ` blood blister, blood
pustule', besides Norwegian kvisa, Swedish kvissla ds.;
Old Church Slavic židъkъ ` succous, succulent, sappy, sapful, juicy, rich, opulent ', russ.
etc. žídkij ` fluid, liquid, runny; soft, pliable'.

Page(s): 469
Root / lemma: gʷei-

ʷei-1
Meaning: to cry, weep
Note: Beyond the Germanic only unsafe comparisons; probably onomatopoeic.
Material: Gothic qainōn `weep, cry, grieve ', Old Norse kveina ` lament', Old English
cwānian ` wail, be sad ', Old Norse kveinka ` wail, lament' and with other derivative Old
Icelandic stem Verb. kvīða ` be frightened ', kvīða f. ` trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,
anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', kvīði m. ds.; Old English cwīðan, schw. Verb. ` wail, bemoan ',
Old Saxon quīðian `lament';
here recalled formally Lithuanian gíedu and gíestu, giedóti `sing, crow ', etc., to the only
registered root in Satem languages *gēi- `sing' (see there); it is not listed because of
meaning in question.

Page(s): 467
Root / lemma: gʷei-

ʷei-2
Meaning: to put together, enclose
Material: Umbrian bio, Paelignian Akk. biam ` enclosed district, region, area '; Note:
Old Norse kvē f. ` pen, fold, narrow enclosed passage ', kvīa ` coop, place in a pen or
coop, pen '.

Page(s): 467
Root / lemma: gʷei̯ǝ-

Meaning: to prevail, be mighty
Material: Old Indic jyā́, jiyā́ f. ` suzerainty, sovereignty, political control ' (= gr. βίᾱ) = alb. f.
(*gʷei̯ǝ) zija ` mourning, grieving, lamentation; act of feeling sorrow for someone's death;
period of mourning; clothes worn by mourners; signs of mourning '.
Old Indic jyā́na-m, jyānī-ḥ ` oppression, depression, exploitation, suppression ', jyā́yān `
mightier, more prepotent ', jyéṣṭha-, jyeṣṭhá- ` most incredible, strongest '; jáyati (Perf.
jigā́ya) ` overmatched, overpowered, defeated ' (Avestan Inf. jayāi, full grade I the root, `to
defeat, conquer'), jayiṣnu- ` victorious ', jētár- ` defeating '; jinā́ti (Fut. jyāsyati, Pass, jīyáte,
participle jītá-) ` beaten, overpowered, oppressed'; jígīṣati `will defeat, conquer ' ( : Avestan
jijišaiti ` tries to attain for himself, cause to be found '), jigyú- ` victorious ';
Old Indic jināti stands also for ` bring about sth ', jyāni-ḥ also ` decrease, loss' and is so
both the extender of the palatal anlaut. root from Avestan zināt̃ ` damages ', Old pers.
adināt `bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dīta-, Avestan
zyānā, zyāni- f. ` damage, harm ', Inf. zyānāi `to harm', Baluchi zinaɣ ` seize, take forcibly;
grasp, snatch, take abruptly, seize hastily, take away by force ' (external Aryan
correspondences not known);
Maybe alb. Geg me zanë ` to gripe, capture ', Geg me u zanë, Tosc zihem ` quarrel '.
gr. βίᾱ ` force, might, power ' Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-. (= Old Indic jiyā́), βιάω,
βιάζω ` force, coerce ', βίαιος ` violent, brutal ', Αντίδιος probably = Αντίβιος; βῑνεῖν ` futuere
', ζάει βινεῖ Hes. ` rape ' (whereas βῑνεῖν would have derived from a participle *βῑ-νό-ς = Old
Indic jī-na-, Gramm.,); after Lidén IF. 19, 328 with npers. gāyad ` futuit ', Inf. gādan, gān,
from a root *gʷāi- or (?) *gʷōi-, which would be compatible only with the latter beginning
with gʷei- as lengthened grade of the o-gradation at most theoretically;
Maybe alb. (*zyānā) dhunë ` force, violence, forcing, viciousness, rape ' : Old pers. adināt
`bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dīta-.
with gʷei̯ǝ- ` suppress, crush; repress ' appear also the following words for ` exhaust,
weaken, make feeble ', Intr. Pass. ` go altogether, grow old, dwindle ' originally belonged
together:
Old Indic jināti also ` grows old ', jyāni-ḥ ` senility ', ájyāni-ḥ ` immortality ', jīna- àged,
old', á-jīta- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', á-jīti-ḥ ` intactness,
completeness, entireness, wholeness ', jívri- òld, fragile, easily broken; unstable,
dilapidated, helpless ', Avestan jyā-, present jināiti ` exhausts, weakens ', ajyamna- ` not
decreasing, inexhaustible ', wherefore Middle High German verquīnen, preterit quein `
dwindle away, decrease ', Old English cwīnan, ā-cwīnan, preterit cwān ` dwindle away,
decrease, abate, pain, feel ill ', extended Old English cwincan, ācwincan ` disappear,
abate ' (Kaus. with ablaut neologism ācwencan, engl. quench ` extinguish, put out '), and
with m-forms wfäl. kwīmen ` pain, feel ill ', kwīmelig ` softened, made soft; overindulged '.
From Germanic seem in both meaning of colouring addable:
Old Norse kveita ` dazzle, blind with bright light ' (d-present); s-extensions Middle Low
German quisten ` let perish, waste ', quist `damage, loss', mnl. quisten ` rub, rub away,
wear away, bruise, grind, bray triturate, rub against, wear ', Gothic qistjan `spoil', Old High
German quist f. ` annihilation ', archwistan, firquistan `spoil, destroy', Old English cwíesan `
crush, squeeze hard, squash ', jüt. kwīs `press, extract, squeeze ', nisl. kveisa ` stomach
ache '; Norwegian kveisa ` verkümmertes Geschöpf ', kvisla ` dwindle away, decrease '; g-
extension (fragmented reduplication?) Frisian kwīke, kwikken ` pinch, tweak, nip ', in the
reduced meaning in Prussian queicheln ` fondle '.
References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300, 694.

Page(s): 469-470
Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3 and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯i̯i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended
Meaning: to live
Material: A. from *gʷei̯ō:
Old Indic jīvātu-ḥ `life' (see below), gáya-ḥ ` house, courtyard, Hauswesen ' (see below);
Avestan jiɣaēsa ` you should live ' (2. Sg. present Med., or themat. 2. Sg. Opt. for
*jigāyaēša); jījišǝnti (originally subjunctive) ` be refreshed, nourished ', jaya- m. ` incitation
'; gayō m. `life, lifetime, lifestyle ' (= Old Indic gáya-ḥ ` house and courtyard, Hauswesen ' =
russ. goj `peace; salvation!'); Avestan gaēϑā, Old pers. gaiϑā èntity, house and courtyard
';
Armenian keam ` live ' (*gʷiyā-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.
gr. hom. βέομαι ` I will live ' (*βει̯εσομαι; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 780, 7881); Note: common
Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Lithuanian gajùs ` slightly healing '; Lithuanian gyjù, gýti (*gīti-) ` revive, recover,
become healthy ' (in addition į-gýti- ` attain ', actually ` live there '), Latvian dzît ` heal;
become healthy ', gýdau `heal', Latvian dziêdêt `heal, cure' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 559),
Old Church Slavic žiti ` live ' (present živǫ see below); in addition Old Church Slavic žitь
`life' (*gʷītis), pa-žitь ` pasturage, food, fodder, provender, esp. for cattle, grass, generally,
any feeding-ground, any moist, grassy place, meadow ';
Slavic *gojь ` life' (*gʷoi̯o-s) in Old Russian goj `peace', old Serbo-Croatian gôj ds., Old
Czech hoj `fullness, wealth' (: Old Indic gáya-ḥ), causative Slavic *gojiti ` make live ',
Serbo-Croatian gòjiti ` care, fatten, overfeed ', etc.;
Tocharian В śai- ` live ', Van Windekens Lexique 127.
*gʷi̯i̯i̯ō- in:
Avestan -jyāiti- f. (in compounds) `life', jyātuš Gen., jyātum Akk. `life' (in Old Indic if this
became *jyā-tu-ḥ after jīvati to jīvā́tu-ḥ);
ep. Ionian ζώω, gort. δώω ` live ' (from *ζω-ι̯ω, Indo Germanic *gʷi̯ō-i̯ō), Aor. ἐβίων
(*gʷii̯ō-m with vokal. i, which was presumably supported by βιόω), Attic ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ (*ζηι̯ει,
Indo Germanic *gʷi̯ē-), ζωός ` living ', ζώη `life', ζῷον ànimal'; gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-
gʷii̯ēs ` living well ');
*gʷī- (except in baltosl. *gīti-, see above) in Avestan yavaē-jī- ` perpetually living ',
*gʷ
Avestan jīti- f. `life', Old Indic jīrá- àgile, lively, rash, hasty', Avestan jīra- ` brisk of mind,
smart'; Old Prussian geits `bread', Old Church Slavic žito ` corn, grain '.
Maybe alb. Geg gja `thing, property' : Old pers. gaiϑā èntity, house and courtyard ';
With Indo Germanic g-suffix (gʷī̆g-): Old High German quëh and quëk, Gen. quëckes `
living ', Modern High German keck, Swiss check `strong, tight, firm' (kk from a form with kw
as Middle High German quicken ` refresh '), Old English cwicu, cucu ` living ', Old Norse
kvikr, kykr (Akk. kykkvan) ` living ', also Modern High German Quecke, Old English cwice `
orchard grass, cocksfoot grass, cock's foot' (from the extraordinary vitality and germ
strength of the plant);
Latvian dzîga `life' (as dzîve ds.), dzîguôt ` live ' (as dzîvuôt ds.).
Latin vigēre `be lively ' separate from vegēre ` move, excite, quicken, arouse, be lively,
active ' to, seems unjustified. Wood KZ. 45, 68 puts in a line an nord. kvikr etc. also plenty
Germanic words for lively movement of all kind, thus except Old Norse kveikja ` animate,
kindle, inflame', with other further formation Old English cwiferlīce Adv. `keen, eager', engl.
quiver àgile, lively, nimble', Frisian kwistern ` wave, wag (tail, etc.), sashay ', kwispeln `
sich rasch und unruhig hin und her bewegen ', Swedish dial. kvīd `throw', jüt. kwīðǝr àlert,
awake, smart'.
B. from *gʷi̯i̯i̯ōu-
ōu-, gʷīu̯-:
ōu
with ī: Old Indic jīvá- ` living, m. life', Old pers. jīva-, Avestan jva- (i.e. jīva-) ` living ' =
Latin vīvus ds., Oscan bivus Pl. ` vivi ', cymr. biw, corn. biw ` horned cattle ' (`*living cattle
'), Lithuanian gývas, Latvian dzîvs, Old Church Slavic živъ ` living ';
with ĭ: gr. βίος `life' (*gʷi-u̯-os), Gothic qius ` living ' (gaqiunan ` ἀναζῆν '), air, biu, beo,
cymr. byw, bret. beo, corn. byw, bew ` living ' (therefrom Celtic *bivo-tūt-s in Old Irish
bethu, Gen. bethad = cymr. bywyd `life');
*gʷĭ- in Celtic *bitu-, Old Irish bith (Gen. betho), cymr. byd, bret. bed `world';
Maybe alb. (*gʷ(i)i̯ō-të ) botë `world' : βίοτος; `life, means of living, substance, the world,
mankind, etc.' common Celtic - Illyrian gr. gʷ- . b-.
gall. Bitu-rīges, i.e. ` Leute des Weltkönigs ' (compare the similar meaning from Avestan
gaēϑā); besides zero grades Indo Germanic *gʷeito- in cymr. bwyd èat', acorn. buit `dish,
food', abret. boitolion ` esciferis ', nbret. boed `nourishment, food'; the disyllabic Old Irish
biad, Gen. biid `nourishment, dish, food' (previous *biveto-m).
with k-suffix: Latin vīvāx ` tenacious of life, long-lived, vivacious, lively, vigorous ', similar
formation with Lithuanian gyvókas ` living ', distant Old Indic jīvaka- ds.;
with t-suffix: 1. with ī: Old Indic jīvita-m ` life, living being etc.', Lithuanian gyvatà `life,
livelihood, farm ' = Latin vīta `life' (*gʷīu̯otā) and Old Church Slavic životъ m. `life', Old Indic
jīvatha-ḥ; common Latin gʷ- > gv- > v-.
Maybe alb. jeta : Bolognese vétta : Bresciano eta : Latin vīta `life'.
Note:
Root / lemma: aiu̯-, ai̯u- : `vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root / lemma: gʷei̯-3
and gʷei̯ǝ- : gʷ(i)i̯i̯i̯ē- : gʷ(i)i̯i̯i̯ō- : gʷī-, frequent, often with -u- extended:: to live
English life
Italian vita
Spanish vida
French vie
Aragones bida
Basque bizi
Breton buhez
Bolognese vétta
Bresciano eta
Albanian jetë
Calabrese vita
Catanese vita
Corsican vita
Furlan vite
Galician vida
Irish beatha
Scots Gaelic beatha
Welsh bywyd
Manx bea
Papiamentu bida
Latin vita
Leccese vita
Leonese vida
Lucchese vita
Mudnés vètta
Napulitano vita
Paduan vita
Portuguese vida
Romanian viaţă
Sardinian Logudoresu vida
Sicilian vita
Triestino vita
Umbro-Sabino vita
Wallon vèye
2. with ĭ: βιοτή, masc. βίοτος; `life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.';
with oi: Lithuanian gaivùs àlert, awake, smart, living ';
verbal derivative: Old Indic jī́vati, Avestan jvaiti (i.e. jīvaiti) `lives', ap. jīvā ` live!' = Latin
vivō, Old Church Slavic živǫ ` live ' (Inf. žiti see above), extended Lithuanian gyvenù ` live
'; Old Indic jinvati, prá-jinōṣi ` be alive, get excited; stimulate, animate, refresh '.
References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction7 165, Specht KZ. 62, 111, Schwyzer Gr. Gr.
I 298, 300, 330, 5014, 6756, Trautmann 75 f.
Page(s): 467-469
Root / lemma: gʷelb

ʷel h-
Meaning: womb; young of animal
Material: Old Indic gárbha-ḥ, Avestan garǝwa- `womb, foetus', gǝrǝbuš n. ` the young of
an animal '; Old Indic sá-garbhya-ḥ ` son of the same mother, brother and sister ' (= gr.
ἀδελφεός ds.);
gr. δελφύς, -ύος f., Doric δελφύᾱ ` womb, uterus' (see below); *δέλφος n. ds. as base
from ἀδελφεός (Hom.) `couterinus, brother ' (*ἁ-δελφε[σ]-ός), next to which Attic ἀδελφός
ds.; δέλφαξ m. f. `piglet', δελφί̄ς, -ί̄νος m. `dolphin', δολφός ἡ μήτρα Hes.; Specht (Indo
Germanic Dekl. 268) reconstructs from gr. ἀδελιφ-ήρ ἀδελφός. Λάκωνες (Hes.) an
originally root *gʷel-;
the -us-stem reappears in Old High German kilbur n., chilburra f. `mother lamb', Old
English cilforlamb ds. (besides of es-stem Old High German kilbira ds. and - with gradation
о after o-stem as δολφός, gárbha-ḥ - Modern High German Kalb, see above S. 359 under
*gel-, *gelebh- ` clench '), which point to purely velar anlaut (as gall.-Latin galba and Gothic
kil-Þei `womb' etc.).
Different and mutually influencing but similar in sound families lie before: *gʷelbh-,
*gʷerebh-, and from gel- extended bh-forms whose stem formation and specific meaning,
however, in Germanic are presumably assumed by absorption from gʷelbh-forms.
References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295.
Page(s): 473
Root / lemma: gʷel-

ʷel-1
Meaning: to stick; pain, death
Material: 1. Gr. δέλλιθες ` wasp, hornet', Hes.; [gʷ- d- Illyrian Albanian].
gr. βελόνη f. `cusp, peak, needle', ὀξυβελής ὀιστός Hom.; but βέλος n. `projectile' probably
rather to βάλλω, s. about the secondary amalgamation with the latter family under 2. gʷel-
`trickle down, drip; throw'; ὀβελός, ὀβολός, Arcadian Doric ὀδελός ` spit, cusp, peak,
pointed square pillar, obelisk, coin' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295;
Balto Slavic *geli̯eti ` it stings, hurts ' in:
Lithuanian gélti `prick', unpers. àche', gìlti ` begin to ache ', geluõ, geluonìs `sting,
prick', Giltinė̃ ` death goddess, death ', gãlas m. ènd, death, bottom, stretch, part, slice,
lump ' and gėlа̀ `pain' (= Modern High German Qual), Latvian gals `cusp, peak, end,
region', dzel̂t `prick'; Old Prussian Akk. gallan, Vok. golis m. `death', gallintwei `slay',
ablaut. gulsennin Akk. `pain';
russ.-Church Slavic želějǫ, želěti ` mourn ', Old Czech želeti ` bemoan ', Old Church
Slavic želja f. àffliction', ablaut. Old Church Slavic žalь f. `pain', Old Russian žalь ds.,
russ. žalь f. ` pity', dial. `grave, graveyard ', etc.;
the pure physical meaning ` pricking, pointed ' presumably also in Armenian ciuɫ `twig,
branch, finger' (from e before ɫ), in alb. glisht `finger' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36,
125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-; Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. had compared βλῑμάζω
` touch, feel, grope '), alb. gr. glimp (gjëmp, gjëmbi) `thorn' (*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);
but Middle English quille, engl. quill ` long feather; weaver's reel, pen made from a feather;
hollow spine found on some animals (i.e. porcupines) ', Middle High German kil, Modern
High German Federkiel (why w dwindled?), westfäl. kwiǝle ` quill ' have derived because of
mrhein. Keil `keel, wedge ' (Middle High German *kīl) probably an i-root, whether not folk
etymology distortions exit through influence of Middle High German Middle Low German
kīl `wedge' and Middle High German kiel `ship'.
2. With the meaning `pain - sorrow - death':
Armenian keɫem ` afflict ' (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);
Old Irish at-baill ` dies ' (ess + baln- from *gʷl̥̄-n- with prefixed object pronoun ìt';
nevertheless barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as namely ìt throws life away ' to ἐκ-βάλλω,
because of the meaning `die' returns also out of Celtic; compare also corn. bal à deadly,
esp. an infectious or contagious disease, a plague, pest, pestilence', cymr. aballu (*ad-
ballu), ballu `die' (*gʷl̥̄-n-), ad-feilio (*ate-bal- from *gʷel-) ds.; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-
.
perhaps Latin vallessit ` perierit ' (placed as Celtic verb, a present *gʷal-nō ahead;
different EM2 1129);
Old High German Old Saxon quelan, qual ` endure sorrow ', Old English cwelan `die';
Old Norse kvelia ` afflict ', Old Saxon quellian, Old High German quellen ds., Old English
cwellan `slay'; Old Norse kvǫl f. ` torment, pain, agony', Old English civalu `killing, violent
murder'; Old Saxon quāla ` agony, torture ', Old High German qualā ds., `violent death',
Modern High German Qual (lengthened grade as Lithuanian gėlà, Old Church Slavic žalь);
Old High German, Old Saxon qualm ` death. devastation ', Old English cwealm ds.,
Swedish kvalm ` abrupt indisposition, minor illness, nausea '; Old English cwield `death'
(gʷel-tī-), cwieldtīd ` eventide (*end of day'), Old High German quiltiwerk ` evening work ',
Old Norse kveld n. (*gʷel-tó-) èvening'.
About ` anlaut variations ' (probably at best rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy
KZ. 40, 420.
References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff.
Page(s): 470-471
ʷel-2, gʷelǝ-
Root / lemma: gʷel- ʷelǝ-, gʷlē
ʷlē-
Meaning: to drip, flow; to throw, *boil over
Note: though after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong a) and b) variant verbs.
Material: a) Old Indic gálati ` trickles down, falls down, disappears ', galitá-ḥ ` vanishes,
retreats, withdraws ', Kaus. gālayati ` pours away, makes flow, strains off '; Old Indic
galana- ` dribbling, running ' (Lex.), n. ` the trickling, gully, trench, ditch, small ravine,
runnel ' = ga-rana-m (Gramm.);
gr. βαλανεύς ` bath attendant ', βαλανεῖον `spa, bath' (> Latin balneum); βλύω, βλύζω `
gush forth ' (formation after φλύω), βλύδιον `humid, wet' Hes., and from the family of
βάλλω in similar meaning ἀμβολάδην ` bubbling up (of water)', Δέλλοι ` bubbling fountain
in Eryke', compare also εἰς ἅλα βάλλειν ` flow '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
In e- grade:
Hittite: kweluwana- (kuluwana-) c. ' washbasin, bowl ' (Tischler 604)
Old High German quellan (quall) `spring up, bubble, to swell' (ll probably from ln), Old
English (ge)collen `swollen', Old High German quella, Modern High German Quelle,
Middle Low German qualm (`*the gushing forth ' =) `fume, smoke, vapor, smoke', Old
Danish kval `vapor, haze, mist'; Modern High German Qualle, Dutch kwal, kwalle `
medusae '.
In connecting meaning (perhaps from ` cave in, crumple, collapse inward ') Old Indic
glā-ti, glā́yati ` feels tired, is irritated, dwindles ', participle glāná-, glāna-m, glāni-ḥ `
exhaustion, feebleness, decline, reduction ', Kaus. glā̆páyati ` exhaust, press; allow to
decay '?
b) Avestan niɣrāire ` they are flung down ' (ni-gar-);
gr. βάλλω `throw, cast, hit, strike ' (*gʷeln-ṓ), zero grade Arcadian ἐσδέλλοντες =
ἐκβάλλοντες, ζέλλειν βάλλειν Hes., Aor. βαλεῖν, Perf. βέ-βλη-κα, Aor. ἔβλην ` received a
shot, was offended, hurt ', ἔβλητο, βλητός; βλῆμα ` throw, cast, of dice, of a missile, shot,
wound, coverlet ', βολή, βόλος m. ds., βολίς, -ίδος ` missile ', βέλος, βέλε-μνον `projectile',
ΏΕκατη-βελέ-της;
From New Testament Greek παρα-βάλλω ` to throw beside or by ' > παραβολή ` juxta-
position, comparison, a comparison, illustration, analogy, a parable, i. e. a fictitious
narrative by which some religious or moral lesson is conveyed, a by-word, proverb ' > Latin
parabola `parable ' > Italian parlare : Spanish hablar : French parler : Bergamasco
baià : Ladin baié : Bresciano parlà : Calabrese parlà : Catalan parlar : Catanese parari :
Furlan sfevelâ : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian geg me folë ` to speak ',
Albanian tosk flas ` speak', Aorist fola ` spoke'.
Also Spanish hablar : French parler : Galician falar : Portuguese falar : Albanian tosk flas `
speak', Aorist fola ` talk '.
from Celtic perhaps cymr. blif ` catapult ' (*gʷlē-mo-, compare gr. βλῆ-μα); about Old
Irish at-baill ` dies ' s. gʷel- `prick';
Tocharian AB klā- `fall', Van Windekens Lexique 40.
With a meaning development ` sich im Geiste auf etwas werfen, βάλλεσθαι ἐν θυμῷ,
μετὰ φρεοί' places one to βάλλω also (?) the gr. family of βούλομαι ` will, wish, be willing '
(*βολσομαι, Konj. of s-Aor. to βάλλω); βουλή, Doric βωλά: f. ` resolution, decision, advice,
counsel '; but Thessalian βελλόμενος, Doric δηλ- from *gʷelso-; here also βάλε ` prevail
god, O that! Would God!'.
References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.
Page(s): 471-472
ʷel-3, gʷel-, gʷlā

Root / lemma: gʷel- ʷlā-
Meaning: acorn; oak?
Note: only in derivatives with the meaning ` acorn ' receive (after Specht Indo Germanic
ʷel-s, secondary gʷl̥-̄ s, Gen. gʷel-ós)
Dekl. 60 f. previous noun gʷel-
Material: Armenian kaɫin, Gen. kaɫnoi ` acorn ' (*gʷеl(ǝ)-eno-, ɫ from dem Gen.); kaɫni
òak';
gr. βάλανος m. ` acorn ' (gʷel-ǝno-); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Proto Baltic *gīls (*gʷl̥̄-s), Gen. *gīlés, what from *gīlii̯ā in Latvian (d)zīle, Lithuanian gylė̃,
and *gĭlii̯a in Lithuanian gìlė ` acorn ', Old Prussian gile ` acorn, oak';
extension -n-d- in:
Latin glāns, glandis f. ` acorn ';
Maybe alb. Geg landë, tosk (*glandis) lënde : Galician landra ` acorn ' [Italian ghianda,
French gland, Albanian geg landë, Catalan gla, Galician landra, Romagnolo, génda,
Roman ghianna, Romanian ghindă, Umbro-Sabino ghianna, Venetian gianda, Zeneize
gianda, Bolognese gianda, Bresciano gianda.]
Lithuanian giléndra, giléndrė ` rich harvest in fruits (originally acorn ');
russ.-Church Slavic želudь (Slavic *želǫdъ) m. ` acorn ', Serbo-Croatian žȅlûd m., russ.
žóludь m. ds.
References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Dekl. 60 f.,
173, 230.
Page(s): 472-473
Root / lemma: gʷem-

ʷem-
See also: see above gʷā-.
Page(s): 473
Root / lemma: gʷer(ǝ)-

ʷer(ǝ)-4
Meaning: to raise the voice; praise
Material: Old Indic gr̥ṇā́ti, gr̥ṇītḗ ` sings, praises, praises, announces ' (Fut. gariṣyati, Abs.
abhigū́rya), sam-giratē ` promises, pledges ', gurátē `greets', gī́r f., Gen. giráḥ ` laudation,
song ', Avestan gar-, aibi-gǝrǝnte ` praise, lobend einstimmen ', garo Gen. f. ` laudation,
praise, laudation; praise song ' (=Old Indic giráḥ), garah- n. ` laudation, canticle ', aibi-
jarǝtay- ` laudation song ', aibi-jarǝtar- `lauder' = Old Indic jaritár- ` caller, singer, bard,
glorifier', Avestan *ā-gra- ` approving ' in āgrǝmati- ` sense of approval '; Old Indic gūrtí-ḥ f.
` laudation ' = Latin grātēs Pl. f. ` gratitude ' (in addition grātia àcceptableness, good favor,
grace, gratitude '), Old Indic gūrtá-ḥ ` welcome ' = Latin grātus `compliant, praiseworthy,
grateful '; Oscan brateis ` favor, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship, partiality;
thankfulness, gratitude, acknowledgment ', βρατωμ ` a service, office, post, employment,
function, duty; burden, tribute; a service, favor, kindness; present, gift ', Paelignian bratom;
here gall.-Latin bardus ` bard ', Old Irish bard, cymr. bardd ds. (*gʷr̥̄-d(h)o-s);
alb. gërshás, grish ` invite to the wedding ';
Also alb. gërthas `scream'
Maybe alb. Geg gërshanë `scissors', gërshet `braid, tress, plait, queue, tail, plat'
Lithuanian giriù, gìrti `praise, laud, vaunt ', Latvian dzir̃tiês ` boast ', Old Prussian girtwei
`praise, laud', pogirrien Akk. Sg. ` laudation ', also Lithuanian gẽras `good' and Old Church
Slavic granъ (*gornos) ` formula, verse' (u likewise, see Berneker 332).
With b- extended: Lithuanian ger̃bti `honour', garbė̃ `honour', Old Prussian gerbt, gērbt
`speak', gīrbin `number'; Old Norse karp ` boastfulness ' does not prove for original g in
this b-extension gʷer-b-, because it would be reshuffled from from the equal meaning garp
through hybridization with onomatopoeic words with Germanic k- in anlaut.
With dh-extension perhaps here (see above gall. bardus) Armenian kardam ` raise the
voice ', Lithuanian ger̃das `clamor, message, official notice, communication transmitted
through a messenger ', iš-gir̃sti ` accepted to hear ', girdė́ti `hear', gar̃sas ` clangor ', Old
Prussian gerdaut `say', Latvian dzìrdêt `hear', Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 552 with Lithuanian
maybe alb. (*gar̃sas) gërthas > thëras `scream' : Lithuanian gar̃sas ` clangor '.
gr. δειριᾶν λοιδορεῖσθαι. Λάκωνες; δειρεῖοι λοίδοροι. οἱ αὐτοί; δερίαι λοιδορίαι Hes. (i.e.
probably δηρ- from *gʷer-s-);
Old High German queran `sigh'.

Compared with the similar onomatopoeic words ger-, ĝā̆r- a sure separation is not
everywhere possible; however, the concept of high utterance is unmistakeable here under
gʷer- combined words, not surely to be attached therefore up to dh-extension.
References: WP. I 686 f., WH. I 583, 619 f., Trautmann 88 f.

Page(s): 478
ʷer-1, gʷerǝ-
Root / lemma: gʷer- ʷerǝ-
Meaning: to devour; throat
Material: 1. Old Indic giráti, giláti, gr̥ṇā́ti `devours' (Fut. gariṣyati, participle gīrṇá- ` devour';
-gír (in compounds) ` devouring ', -gara- ds. (aja-gara- ` devouring nanny goats , boa ' :gr.
δημο-βόρος, Latin carni-vorus, gr. βορός ` voracious ') Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-,
gará-ḥ ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion',
gala-ḥ `throat' (perhaps to parallel root *g(ʷ)el- ìntertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up,
engulf, consume'), tuvi-gri-, -gra- ` devouring a lot ';
Avestan jaraiti ` gulp, sip, swallow, send down the throat', -gar (in compounds) `
devouring ' (aspō-gar- `horse v.'), f. Pl. `throat, neck ', npers. gulū `throat', Avestan
garǝman- `throat, neck ';
Maybe Latin gula ` throat '.
Armenian ker `dish, food, food fed to livestock ', kur ds. (*gʷur-), eker ` ate ', kokord
`throat' (also krcum ` gnaw '?? Pedersen KZ. 39, 427);
alb. ngranë ` eaten ';
Note:
alb. hangra Ì ate' : Armenian eker ` ate ' (common Avestan Greek Armenian aorist prefix);
From there alb. Geg. hangër ` to eat ', ha ` to eat '.
gr. βορά f. ` food fed to livestock, dish, food' (= Latin *vorā, whereof vorāre), βορός (see
above), βιβρώσκω `consume', hom. Opt. Perf. βεβρώθοις; βρῶμα, βρώμη, βρῶσις `dish,
food', βρωτήρ ` trencherman '; βρω- could have also originated from *gʷr̥̄- (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 361); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Maybe alb. bar ` fodder, grass, food fed to livestock '.
gr. βάραθρον, hom. βέρεθρον, Arcadian ζέρεθρον, δέρεθρον `gullet';

alb. zorrë ` bowel ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' (`*food fed to livestock, bowels ') from
*gʷērnā, in addition zgurdhë (*dz-guorda) ` intestines, entrails', ánger(r), angúrrë (*a-n-gʷor-
nā) ds., Jokl Mél. Pedersen 139 ff.;
Note:
Maybe alb. zorrë `bowel', Pl. ` intestines, entrails' didn't derive from Root / lemma: gʷer-
ʷer-1,
ʷerǝ- : to devour; throat; but from Root / lemma: ĝher-
gʷerǝ- her-5, ĝhor-
hor-nā : bowels. [common alb.
ĝh- > z-].
Latin vorō, -āre (see above) ` engorgement ', vorāgo `gullet', carni-vorus;
Maybe alb. uri `hunger' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. Geg (*gʷer- gʷha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish'.
Old Irish túarae `dish, food' (*to-gʷr-ii̯ā?), mcymr. breuad ` dead worm ', breuan ` carrion
crow ' (proto Celtic *brāvato-, *brāvanā after Fick II4 181; *brā = gr. βρω-?);
Old High German querdar ` sugarplum, bait' (*kver-Þra-), Modern High German `bait';
Old Icelandic krās f. ` tidbit ' (*gʷrē-so-);
Balto Slavic *girō and *gerō ` gobble' in:
Lithuanian geriù, gérti, Latvian dzeŕu, dzer̂t `drink' (Baltic *geri̯ō reshaped from Balto
Slavic *gerō), ablaut. Lithuanian gė̃ris m. ` drinking, drink ' and girà f. ` beverage, drink ';
Kaus. Lithuanian gìrdyti, Latvian dzir̂dît ` water, soak ';
Slavic *žьr-ǫ, žerti in Old Church Slavic pоžъro, požrěti, sloven. požrèm, požrẹ́ti, Old
Czech požru požřieti ` entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume, gobble up ', besides
Slavic *žerǫ, žьrati in Czech žeru, žráti ` devour ', compare russ. požrátь ` eat up ';
Balto Slavic participle Perf. Pass. *gīrta- in Lithuanian gìrtas ` drunk, intoxicated ': Old
Church Slavic požrъtъ ` devourer ' (*gr̥-̄ to-, compare Old Indic gīrṇá- ` devour');
Balto Slavic gurtla- n. `craw, throat' in:
Old Prussian gurcle f. ` gullet ', Lithuanian gurklỹs m. `craw, Adam's apple, projection of
cartilage in the front of the throat ';
Maybe alb. (*gurk-) grykë `throat' a borrowing of Lithuanian gurklỹs m. `craw, Adam's
apple, projection of cartilage in the front of the throat ';
Slavic *gъrdlo n. in russ.-Church Slavic grъlo `throat', Serbo-Croatian gȑlo ` neck, gullet
', poln. gardɫo ds., russ. gorɫo ds., besides Slavic *žьrdlo in russ.-Church Slavic vozopi
žerlom ` crying voice ' and klr. žórlo ` riverbed '; as well as Slavic *žerdlo in sloven. žrẹ́lo `
jaw, gullet'; Old Russian žerelo ` embouchure, estuary ';
Maybe alb. grellë `deep place, abyss' a Slavic borrowing.
Baltic -gara- ` devouring ' in Lithuanian pra-garas àbyss, hell', Latvian pragars `
wolverine ' (compare above Old Indic -gara- ` devouring ', gr. βορός ` voracious ', Latin
carni-vorus ` carnivorous ').
2. With full or fractured reduplication:
Old Indic gárgara-ḥ `gullet, whirlpool'; Intens. ni-galgalīti, ni-jalgulīti `devours', participle
járgurāṇa-;
Latin gurguliō (-uras in Balto-Slavic) ` gullet, windpipe ', gurges `(gullet =) whirlpool,
whirl, deep pool ', gurgustium (suffix after angustiae) ` a small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut
';
Old High German quer(e)kela, querka ` gullet ', Old Norse kverk (*gʷergā) `craw,
whereof Old Frisian querka, Old Norse kyrkia ` strangulate ';
Lithuanian gargaliúoju ` groan, gurgle '; after Specht KZ. 59, 1101 here Lithuanian
gvr̃ĩgšti, gvarždė́ti ` be hoarse ', Latvian gver̂g(z)dêt `creak, babble, chatter '; s. above WH.
I 628;
3. With formants -u̯ā-:
gr. Attic δέρη, Ionian δειρή, Lesbian δερρᾶ:, δέρα, Doric δήρα ` neck, nape ' (*gʷer-u̯ā);
Note: [common Illyrian Albanian g- > d-].
ʷrīu̯ā ` neck, throat area ' in:

due to an ī- feminine *gʷ(e)rī: *gʷrī
Old Indic grīvā́ f., Avestan grīvā ` nape ', Latvian grīva ` embouchure, estuary; triangular
land between rivers ', grĩvis ` tall grass';
Old Church Slavic griva `mane', grivьna `collar, neckband'.
Maybe alb. krifa `mane', grifshë ` jay, shrew, lumberjack ' Slavic loanwords.
4. As gh-extension
gh presumably here *gʷrō̆gh-
gh-:
gh
in gr. ἔβροξε, Aor. ` devoured ', hom. ἀνα-, κατα-βρόξειε, ἀνα-βροχείς, βρόξαι ῥοφῆσαι
Hes., βρόχθος m. `gullet, throat'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Middle High German krage ` neck, throat, nape '; Modern High German Kragen ` collar ',
Old Norse kragi ` neckwear, collar ', Middle English crawe, engl. craw ` bird or insect's
crop; stomach ' (lengthened grade in addition Middle Low German krōch, krūch ` hostelry,
inn ', Modern High German Krug in the meaning ` inn '? meaning as in Latin gurgustium ` a
small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut ');
Old Irish brāgae ` neck, nape ' (*gʷr̥̄g-n̥t-), acymr. abal-brouannou ` throat ' (actually `
Adam’s apple'), mcymr. breuant ` windpipe ' (proto Celtic *brāg-); acorn. briansen `guttur',
abret. Brehant-Dincat gl. ` guttur receptaculi pugnae ', maybe from *br̥g-, Pedersen KG.
100. Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
With nasalization in addition perhaps gr. βρόγχος m., Ionian βρογχίη ` windpipe ',
βράγχια, βαράγχια ` gill of fish; trachea, windpipe ' seems in Vok. reshaped after βραγχάω
`be hoarse', βράγχος ` hoarseness ', that related to Old Irish brongide `hoarse' (above
103), but it must be separated from βρόγχος to (: ἔβραχε ` jangle, crack, shout ', Old Indic
br̥ṃhati ` barrire '? Johansson KZ. 36, 345).
Note:
Gr. βράγχια, βαράγχια ` gill of fish' : alb. Geg (*gʷer- gʷha) verza ` (*throat), gill of fish' :
Latvian bārda `gill of fish' : Latvian : bā̀rda `beard' [f ā]; bārzda (dial.) `beard'.
ʷer-1, gʷerǝ-
Root / lemma: gʷer- ʷerǝ- : ` to devour; throat ' > Root / lemma: bhard
ar hā : ` beard'
5. With pure velar: gr. γέργερος βρόγχος Hes., γαργαρεών ` uvula in mouth', γαργαρίζω
`gurgle' (: Armenian kerkerim `become hoarse'?) perhaps through labialization after forms
with γυρ- (γοργύρη `subterraneous, underground jail, water pipe '), yet is previously ger-
besides gʷer- because of gel- besides gʷel- is safe.
References: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 110, 1.
Page(s): 474-476
ʷer-2, gʷerǝ-
Root / lemma: gʷer- ʷerǝ-, gʷerǝu-
ʷerǝu-, gʷerī
ʷerī-
Meaning: heavy
Material: Old Indic gurú-ḥ ` heavy, important, venerable ' (compounds gárīyān, Sup.
gāriṣṭha-ḥ), ágru- ` available, unoccupied; unmarried', gru-muṣṭí-ḥ ` heavy handful ',
garimā́ ` heaviness' (*gʷerǝ-); Avestan gouru- (in compound) ` heavy '; npers. girān ` heavy
' (*grāna-; reshuffling after *frāna- `full');
gr. βαρύς ` heavy ', βαρύνω `beschwere', βάρος n. ` heaviness'; Note: common Illyrian
gʷ- > b-.
Maybe alb. barrë ` burden, pregnancy '.
Latin gravis ` heavy, weighty ' (*gʷrǝ-u̯-is);
Middle Irish bair ` heavy ' (?), baire ` distress (?)', bruth ` weight, mass' (*gʷrutu-), cymr.
bryw `strong, strength ' (*bruwo-), Middle Irish bró `bulk, mass'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- >
b-.
Gothic kaúrjōs Nom. Pl. f. ` heavy ', kaúrjan ` grouch';
Lithuanian gùrstu, gùrti ` lie down (from the winds) ', Latvian gur̃stu, gur̃t ` tire; lie down
(from the winds) ', gur̃ds ` fatigued, faint, languid' (compare also βαρύς and gravis in the
meaning ` weighted, pressed down, faint, languid'), whereof with further shifting from `
faint, languid, weighted ' to `tame, domesticated, mild' (compare Old High German jāmar `
sorrowful ' : gr. ἥμερος `tame, domesticated') perhaps:
Gothic qaírrus ` of persons, gentle, kind ', qaírrei ` gentleness, softness, kindness ', Old
Norse kyrr, kvirr `still, peaceful', Middle High German kürre, Modern High German kirre `
tame, domesticated, trustful ' (*gʷer-ǝrós or -erós, -urós);
Latvian grũts ` heavy ' = Latin brūtus (Oscan-Umbrian loanword) ` heavy, clumsy,
insensible, unreasonable ';
Tocharian A kra-marts ` heavy ' (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44.
Here further as n- derivatives from gʷerǝ- and gʷerāu-: Gothic (asilu-) qaírnus `
(Esels)mühle ' (*gʷerǝnu-), Old Norse kvern f. (*gʷernā) ` millstone, quern ', Old English
cweorn ds., Old High German quirn, quirna ds.;
zero grade Balto Slavic ū-stem gīrnū- f. `quern ' (*ĝʷr̥̄nu-) in:
Old Prussian girnoywis (*girnuwis), Latvian dzir̃nus, dzir̃navas; besides Latvian dzir̃nas
f. Pl. and Lithuanian gìrnos f. Pl.; in addition Lithuanian gerúkštis, Latvian dzerûkslis m. `
dens molaris ';
Old Church Slavic žrъnъvi f. Pl. `mill', in addition žrъnovь m. ` millstone '; sloven. žr̂nǝv
f. `quern ', poln. żarna N. Pl. ds.; russ. žërnov m. ` millstone ';
Old Church Slavic žrъny `mill', and on the other hand Old Indic grā́van- m. ` stone to
press the Soma ', Armenian erkan ` millstone ' (*gʷrānā), Old Irish bráu, Gen. broon `
millstone, quern ', cymr. breuan (from the stem of the oblique case *gʷrāu̯n-̥ ), acorn. brou,
bret. breo (nominative case form *gʷrāu̯ō) ` millstone '.
ʷerī̆ī̆ī̆-: besides Old Indic gárī-yan (?, see above) here:

gʷerī̆
gr. βρῖθος n. ` force, weight, load', βρῑθύς ` massive, heavy ', βρί̄θω `be heavy, loaded,
trans. grouch ', probably also βρί̄μη `( massive) attack, rage, fury, abusive word, insult ',
βρῑμοῦσθαι ` heavy be angry with', ὄβριμος `vast, grand, strong', βριμός μέγας, χαλεπός
Hes.; βριαρός `tight, firm, strong', next to which the composition form *βρι(ι)- in βρι-ήπυος `
crying intensely ' Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Maybe alb. britmë ` scream', britmë ` autumn month '.
gr. Βρι-άρεως (`wer großen Schaden bringt'), βρι-ηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes. (βρῖ
βριαρόν and βρί ἐπι τοῦ μεγάλου perhaps previously from den compounds released,
liberated), here with prefix gr. ὑ- (*ud) probably also gr. ὕβρις ` wanton violence, arising
from the pride of strength or from passion, insolence, lust, lewdness ', ὕβρις ανήρ ` violent
man, husband' on grounds of the image ` rush with the whole weight of one’s strength
towards something '; -νδ-present βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν Hes.;
Old Irish brīg ` force, power, value, worth ', cymr. bri ` stateliness ', corn. bry ` value,
worth '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Modern High German Krieg, Old High German krēg ` stubbornness ', Middle High
German kriec ` exertion, fight, struggle', md. Middle Low German krīgen ` exert
themselves, strive, fight, attain, achieve ' (*grīgh-, respectively Germanic partly grēigh-)??
Latvian grins `cruel, savage, angry, irate', grînums ` hardness, austereness, severeness
'?
References: WP. I 684 ff., WH. I 117 f., 621, Trautmann 89.
Page(s): 476-477
ʷer-3, gʷor-
Root / lemma: gʷer- ʷor-
Meaning: mountain
Grammatical information: originally inflection gʷores,
ʷores Gen. gʷeros
Material: Old Indic girí-ḥ m. `mountain', Avestan gairi- ds.;
gr. δειρός (Hes.) `hill', ὑψίδειρος ` with high cliffs ', δειράς, Cretan δηράς f. `hill,
tableland, hill, plateau ' (*gʷeri̯o-?);
Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > d-.
in addition βορέᾱς `northerly wind' (to *βόρειος ` mountain ', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 461 and
Anm. 2); βαρύες δένδρα Hes.?;
the thrak. VN ΏΥπερ-βορέοι ` living beyond the mountain ' contains probably gr.
loanword *βορις;
lit nugarà `back, ridge ';
with the meaning development ` mountain - mountain wood - tree ': Lithuanian gìrė, girià
`wood, forest', Latvian dziŕē ds., and Old Prussian garian n. (Akk. garrin) `tree'; further
Latvian garš `wood, forest', gãršas `swamp, marsh';
Old Church Slavic gora `mountain', Serbo-Croatian gòra `mountain, wood, forest', etc.
alb. gur `rocks, stone' (gʷeri-) = Armenian քար ḳar ` stone'
Also alb. (*gʷeres) gërxh `rock'
References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqunder décl. Latin 37, 66.
Page(s): 477-478
Root / lemma: gʷeru-

ʷeru-
Meaning: pole, pike
Material: Avestan grava- `stick, cane, rod, reed ' (to ablaut compare Latin genu: Gothic
kniu);
Latin uerū, -ūs n. `spit, pike'; Umbrian berva ` uerua ', berus ` ueribus ';
Old Irish bi(u)r n., later f., `spear, javelin, spit, pike', cymr. corn. bret. ber f., m. ds.; Note:
Gothic qaíru n. `picket, pole, sting, prick';

perhaps as `twig, branch' to gr. βρύω ` sprout, bud, to be full of, to abound with, to be
bursting with, to be bristling ', βρύον n. ` moss, catkin, type of flower without petals ',
ἔμβρυον n. ` the newborn child ' and (?) Germanic *krūda- (Indo Germanic *gʷrū-to-) in Old
High German Middle High German krūt, asächs. krūd `herb'.
About Latin bruscum ` an excrescence on the maple-tree ' s. WH. I 117.

Page(s): 479
Page(s):
ʷes-, zgʷes
Root / lemma: gʷes- zgʷes-
ʷes-
Meaning: to extinguish
Material: Old Indic jásate, jásyati ` is exhausted ', jāsáyati ` extinguishes, exhausts ';
gr. Attic σβέννῡμι ` extinguish ' (for *σβείνυμι), Aor. hom. σβέσ-σαι, ἄσβεστος `
inextinguishable ', with σβεσ- after σβοσ- (see below) for lautges. σδεσ-, that in ζείναμεν
σβέννυμεν (*zdēn- from *zgʷesn-) Hes. is present; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
ἔσβην Ì die, I am extinguished ' (from the 2. Sg. é-zgʷēs-s, 1. Pl. é-zgʷēs-me `from which
ἔσβης, ἔσβημεν, whereupon also ἔσβην etc. because of type ἔβλην and weil also in
σβέννυμι the root final sound s for the sense of language no longer existed); Ionian
κατασβῶσαι ` extinguish, put out ', from *σβοάσαι from a present *σβο[σ]άζω, next to
which with from the type ζείναμεν carried anlaut ζοᾶς σ[ε]βέσεις, ζόασον σ[ε]βέσον Hes.;
Lithuanian gęstù (old gęsu), gesaũ, gèsti ` die, be extinguished, be exhausted ',
causative gesaũ, gesýti and gesinù, gesìnti ` extinguish, put out ', gesmė̃ `small, still
smoldering fire'; Latvian dziẽstu (from *genstu), dzisu, dzist (ablaut derailment), ` die, be
extinguished, become cool ', dzèšu (dzešu), dzèsu (dzesu), dzèst (dzest) ` quench;
annihilate ', dzesma (dzèsma) `the cool breath, breeze in the morning ', dzèstrs `cool';
Maybe reduced alb. (*ga-su) shuaj [extinguish, put out]
Old Bulgarian causative *gašǫ, *gasiti ` die, be extinguished, leave', in Old Church
Slavic ugasiti ` extinguish '; it is insecure, if in addition the changing by ablaut gʷēs- in Old
Bulgarian užasъ, russ. úžas `fright', Old Bulgarian žasiti `daunt, scare' is present
(Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *gēd-s-os to nasalized Lithuanian gañdinu-, -inti `daunt,
scare', išsi-gąstù, -gandaũ -gą̃sti `frighten, intrans.', ìšgąstis `fright', Scheftelowitz IF. 33,
155). from here Celtic *bās- `die'? (see below gʷem-
ʷem-, gʷā- `go, come');
doubtful is the kinship from Old High German quist f. `ruin, annihilation ' as *gʷes-ti-s `*
die, be extinguished ', whereof Gothic qistjan, fraqistjan `spoil, trans.', fraqistnan `spoil,
intrans.', Old High German firquisten `spoil, trans.'.
References: WP. I 693, Trautmann 86, Feist 388 f.

Page(s): 479-480
Root / lemma: gʷet-

ʷet-1
Meaning: resin
Material: Old Indic játu n. ` varnish, rubber ';
Latin bitūmen ` bitumen, asphaltum ' (Oscan-Umbrian or Celtic loanword); betulla `birch'
(gall. loanword), Middle Irish be(i)the (*betu̯iā
̯ ) ` the pale, evergreen box-tree ', cymr. bedw
(*betu̯ā) ` the birch ', corn. bedewen `populus', bret. bezuen ` the birch ' (named, because `
bitumen ex ea Galli excoquunt ', Plinius NH. XVI 75); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Old English hwīt cuidu, cweodo, cwudu ` mastic ', Old High German cuti ` gluten ',
Middle High German küte, küt, Modern High German kütt, kitt ` putty '; changing through
ablaut Old Norse kvāða f. `resin', Old Danish kvade, Norwegian dial. kvæde ` birch juice ',
Norwegian kôda, kvæda ` beestings '.

Page(s): 480
Root / lemma: gʷet-

ʷet-2
Meaning: to speak
Material: Old Indic gadati `says' (whether through analog. influence from *gátati)?
sogd. žāyǝm, žam Ì say', žut `he says' (Proto-Iranian *jā̆t-ati);
Armenian koč̣em (*gʷot-i̯-) ` shout, name, invite ', koč ìnvitation' (probably to post verbal
nouns); Gothic qiÞan `say, speak, name', Old Norse kveða ds. and ` sing, poetize ', Old
English cweðan `speak, say, name, order, define', Old Frisian quetha `say, speak, signify',
Old Saxon queðan, Old High German quedan ds.; Old Icelandic kviðr ` saying, gossip ',
Old Saxon quidi stem m. `discourse, word'; causative Old Icelandic kveðja `greet, address,
speak to, arrogate, exert', Old Saxon queddian, Old High German chetten `greet' (that is to
say ` bring to the discussion '); Old Norse kvǫÞ ` demand, subpoena, invitation to court,
summoning, commitment ' is to kveða retrograde shaped; Gothic un-qēÞs ` inexpressible '
(compare Old Norse sam-kvǣðr ` accordant, suitable; harmonious, agreeing, concordant,
congruous '), sama-qiss f. ` accord, agreement, settlement ' (*gʷet-ti-), to Old English ge-
cwiss f. ` conspiracy, plot '.
References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.

Page(s): 480-481
Root / lemma: gʷēbh-1 (or gʷābh-?), gʷǝb

ʷǝ h-
Meaning: to sink, submerge, plunge
Material: Gr. βάπτω ` dip, dunk ', βαφῆναι, βαφή ` diving, coloration ' (Aeolic βύπτειν
βαπτίζειν Hes. after δύπτω, the same hybridization from βάπτω with δύω; βιπτάζω
reconverted with metathesis from βαπτίζω); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
maked. βαβρήν ` residuum of oil ' Hes.; whether also γυβᾳ `dives' Hes.?
Old Norse kafa `dive', kvefja (and kefja after the preterit kōf from *kvōf) trans. `
submerge, choke; suppress, crush', kvafna intrans. `choke; suppress, crush', kaf n. ` depth
of the sea ', then ` dive, submersion, swimming under water '; Old Swedish kvaf `depth',
Old Norse kvǣfa (Indo Germanic ē!), kø̄fa trans. `choke; suppress, crush', Middle High
German erqueben ` choke; suppress, crush' (= Old Norse kvefja).
A possible cognate, but only the meaning `deep' showing the Aryan root *g(ʷ)embh-,
*g(ʷ)m̥bh- (whereas in Old Indic g of the zero grade or o-grade is carried out, compared
with Avestan j of the e-grade): Old Indic gabhīrá-, gambhīrá- `deep', gambha-, gámbhan-,
gambhára- n. `depth, abyss', gabhá- m. `vulva', gabhi-ṣák Avestan Adv. perhaps ` right
down at the bottom or inside ', Avestan jaiwi-vafra- Adj. `with deep snow', jafra- `deep',
jąfnu-š ` immersion, sinking in '; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.
Fick places the root *gʷābh- in what squeezes to the acceptance that Old Norse kvǣfa
ablaut is a new formation.
References: WP. I 674, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 75.

Page(s): 465-466
Root / lemma: gʷēb(h)-

ēb(h)-2
Meaning: slimy; toad
Note:
From Root / lemma: gʷēbh-1 (or gʷābh-?), gʷǝb
ʷǝ h- : to sink, submerge, plunge, derived Root
ēb(h)-2 : slimy; toad.
/ lemma: gʷēb(h)-
Material: Presumably onomatopoeic; yet it is possible to reckon, that an old word for frog
was involved previously only in the Germanic sound-coloring family.
Asächs. quappa, quappia, quappo ` burbot ' (with onomatopoeic words of frequent
consonant gemination), out of it Middle High German quappe, quape, kobe, Modern High
German Quappe, holl. kwab(be) ` tadpole, frog or toad larva, craw, dewlap ', isl kvap, kvapi
` jelly or gelatinous things', Swedish dial. (s)kvabb ` something fat ', (s)kvebba ` squabby
wife, woman', engl. quab `morass', quaver `tremble, vibrate '. In addition the verb of
Norwegian dial. kvapa ` emit liquid ', Swedish dial. kvabba, ndd. quabbeln ` shake from
fatness ';
Old Prussian gabawo ` toad ' (*gʷǝb(h)-);
Maybe alb. zhgaba, shkaba, shqiponjë, gabonjë, zhgabonjë ` vulture, eagle '.
Slavic *gēbā ` toad ': in Old Church Slavic žaba, russ. žába, Serbo-Croatian žȁba, etc.
Maybe alb. zhaba ` toad ' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 466
ēi- (or gʷei̯ǝ-): gʷī-

Root / lemma: gʷēi-
Meaning: skin
Note: with formants -no-, -lo-
Material: Old Indic jīna- ` leather bag', jīla-ḥ `hose'; Middle Irish bīan `skin, fell, fur'; Note:
the Irish cognate word could certainly belong also to bhei-
ei- `hit', whose Celtic representative
have also the meaning `cut, clip' (compare scortum : scheren ) ; see above S. 118.
References:
Page(s): 469
Root / lemma: gʷē̆nā ĝḫʷʷē̆nā)

nā (*ĝ nā
nā
Meaning: woman, wife, *goddess
Grammatical information: Gen. gʷn-
ʷn-ās and *gʷ ās also Nom. gʷenǝ-
*gʷen-ās, ʷenǝ-, gʷenī
ʷenī-
Note:
Root / lemma: gḫʷʷē̆nā lemma: ĝḫau
nā ` woman, wife, *goddess' could be a truncated Root / lemma: au-,
au-
ĝḫau̯
au̯ǝ- (*ĝ
ĝḫauvana
auvana : `to call, *priestess': mnl. godinne, Old English gyden `goddess'
auvana):
Material: Old Indic gnā (*gʷnā) f. ` divine woman, goddess ' (to partly disyllabic *ganā),
Gen. gnā́s-; Avestan gǝnā, ɣnā `wife, woman'; Old Indic jáni-ḥ = Avestan jaini-, npers. zan
ds. (Old Indic also jánī); in compounds Old Indic lengthened grade -jāni- = Avestan jāni-
ds.;
Armenian kin (*gʷena) `woman', Pl. kanai-k (*gʷen-ai + Plur.- ending-k) ; Old Phrygian
βονοκ, New Phrygian βανεκος ` woman, wife ' is probably loanword from Aeolic Gr.;
differently Kleinhans with Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.
gr. γυνή `woman' (*gʷunā), Gen. γυναικός, beside Boeotian βανά̄ (*gʷenā), Pl. βανῆκες;
*gʷnā-, from it *βνᾱ-, gr. μνᾱ- puts in μνάομαι ` unengaged, free ', in addition μνηστήρ `
suitor ', μνηστύς ` courtship ', μνηστη ἄλοχος ` lawful wife ' (with secondary -σ-);
Old Irish ben (*gʷenā), Gen. Sg. mná (*gʷn-ās), Gen. Pl. ban (*gʷen-ōm), ), in the
compound ban-(ban-chú ` female dog '); besides bé n. ` woman ' (*gʷen); cymr. ben-yw `
feminine, female ', corn. ben-en ` bride, betrothed woman '; [common Illyrian gʷ- > b-].
alb. gheg. grue, Tosc grua `wife, woman' (*gʷn-ōn), pl. gra;
Note: alb. grua : Breton gwreg : Welsh gwraig `wife, woman'.
after Vetter Gl. 23, 204 here Messapic benna `wife' and (?) lepont. venia (Gl. 15, 12);
Note: corn. ben-en ` bride, betrothed woman ' = Messapic benna `wife'.
Gothic qino (*gʷen-ōn-) = Old English cwene, Old High German quena, Middle High
German quene `woman, wife'; besides zero grade Middle High German kone, ds., Old
Norse kona (Gen. Pl. kvenna) `wife, woman' (*gʷen-on-); lengthened grade Gothic qēns
`wife' (*gʷēni-s = Avestan jáni-, Old Indic jāni-), Old Norse kvǣn, kvān, Old English cwēn,
asächs. quān ds.;
Old Prussian genna, Vok. genno `wife, woman';
Old Church Slavic žena `wife, woman'; ženinъ ` female ' = Gothic qineins ds.;
alb. zonjë ` mistress, wife, woman' (*gʷeniā).
Maybe alb. (*gʷaniā) zana `nymph, goddess', (*gʷoniā) zot m., Pl. zota f. `god' [common
alb. n > nt > t] : npers. zan, Old Church Slavic žena `wife, woman'
Tocharian A śäṁ (Pl. śnu) = В śana (Obl. śno) `wife, woman'; Pedersen Tocharian
Sprachg. 37 f.
References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 296, 582 f., Tagliavini L'Albanese di Dalmatia 126.
Page(s): 473-474
Root / lemma: gʷhed

ʷhe h-
Meaning: to beg, wish for
Material: Avestan jaiδyemi, Old pers. jadiyāmiy Ì beg for, entreat';
gr. Aor. θέσσασθαι (*gʷhedh-s-) ` plead, beg', participle -θεστός in ἀπόθεστος ` curses,
disdains ', πολύθεστος ` longs very much ', Pers.-N. Θεό-θεστος, Boeotian Θιό-φειστος;
πόθος m., ποθή f. `longing, yearning, desire', ποθέω ` long for, miss painfully, ask ';
Old Irish guidiu ` beg ' (= ποθέω), Perf. 1. Sg. ro-gād, s-Konj. 1. Pl. gessam (etc.); geiss
f. ` curse, enchantment, spell, bewitchment, taboo ' (*gʷhedh-ti-s); guide `prayer'
(*gʷhodhiā); foigde ` begging ' (*u̯o-gedi̯ā); cymr. gweddi `prayer' (*u̯o-godīmā);
Lithuanian gedáu-ju, -ti ` long, seek longingly, ask, want ', gedù (and gedžiù), gedė́ti `
long; be sad, mourn '; nasal present pasigendù, -gedaũ, -gèsti `long; miss something ',
ablaut. causative gadìnti `spoil, disturb, bother', hence secondary the ō-vocalism (instead
of uo) from gōdas `greed, lust; burdock', godùs àvaricious, stingy', godžiúos, godė́tis `lust,
crave, whereupon crave, wish, eager, be avid ';
in Slavic with implemented nasalization: Old Church Slavic žęždǫ, žędati, Old Czech
žádati `lust, crave, after which covet ', žęždǫ, žęděti ` cupere ', žęžda ` thirst ', poln. žądza
` lust, greed, lust, longing, yearning, wish';
doubtful because of the anlaut Old Norse geð n. (*gaði̯a-) `sense, mind, character,
desire, lust', geðlauss ` characterless ' perhaps = Old High German getilōs, Middle High
German getlōs ` unrestrained, bratty';
one follows the correspondent grouping θέσσασθαι : ποθέω = Irish gess-am (*gʷhedh-s-
o-mos) : guidiu (*gʷhodh-ei̯ō).
References: WP. I 673, Trautmann 84 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 577.

Page(s): 488
ʷheiǝ- : gʷhī
Root / lemma: gʷheiǝ- ʷhī-
Meaning: vein, sinew
Material: Cymr. gi-au Pl. ` nerves, tendons ';
Lithuanian gijà ` Faden im Aufzug eines Gewebes ', Latvian dzija ` filament', Pl. threads,
strings';
Old Church Slavic ži-ca `sinew', russ. dial. žíca ` worsted, knit made from spun wool ',
Serbo-Croatian žȉca ` filament, wire, cord, string '; the Balto Slavic-forms could also belong
to gʷii̯ǝ-.
īslo-:
gʷhīslo
ʷhīslo-
Armenian jil `sinew, cord';
Latin fīlum ` filament ';
Maybe alb. fill `thread' a Latin loanword.
Lithuanian gýsla `vein, sinew, midrib, center vein of a leaf ', Latvian dzîsla, dzîksla `vein'
(the nasalization in žemait. gį́nsla is secondary), Old Prussian pettegislo ` Rückenader ';
but Old Church Slavic žila, russ. žíɫa, Serbo-Croatian žȉla etc. `vein, sinew' are neologisms
to ži-ca, see above.
References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.
Page(s): 489
Root / lemma: gʷhel-

ʷhel-
Meaning: to wish
Material: Gr. θέλω, ἐ-θέλω (to prefix s. ē̆-, ŏ-particle) `will, wish, desire ', changing through
ablaut φαλίζει θέλει Hes.; ἐπιζάφελος `violent';
Old Norse gildra f.; gildri n. ` dragnet ', gilja àllure, entice', Old Swedish giæl-skaper `
lubricity ';
Old Church Slavic želěti, želati, iter. russ.-Church Slavic žalati `wish', Old Church Slavic
želja `wish, longing, yearning' (also ` grieve ' and `mourning, grief' through support in žalь
`pain' from *gʷel- `prick').

Page(s): 489
Root / lemma: gʷhemb-
ʷhemb-
Meaning: to spring, hop
Material: Gr. ἀθεμβοῦσα ἀκολασταίνουσα (èxuberant ') Hes.;
Middle High German gampen, gumpen `spring', gampel, gumpel ` amusing wilful
jumping, farce play ', gümpel, Modern High German Gimpel; with High German consonant
shift Middle High German gampf m. ` the swaying '; Norwegian dial. gimpa `sway, swing',
gamp m. ` big clumsy guy, ungainly horse '.
A short root form gʷhem- perhaps in Old Icelandic gaman n. `pleasure, joy, friskiness,
playfulness, sensuality, voluptuousness', Old High German gaman n. ds., etc.

Page(s): 490
Root / lemma: gʷhen-

ʷhen-1
Meaning: to swell, abound
Material: Old Indic ā-haná- `tumescent, plentiful, luscious', ghaná- `dense, thick', m.
`compact mass';
npers. ā-gandan `fill', āganiš `full';
Armenian yogn ` much, great, many, of things ' (Prap. i + *o-gʷhon- or *o-gʷhno-, in
prefix o- standing next to Aryan ā-);
gr. εὐθενής `rich, in fullness, wealth', Hes. εὐθενέω ` flourish', εὐθένεια ` fullness,
blossoming state ', lengthened grade Ionian εὐθηνής `rich, in fullness, wealth', Ionian Attic
εὐθηνέω ` flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power ', εὐθηνία f. `fullness, wealth'; o-grade
Πολυφόντης = Πολυκτήτης, Κλεοφόντης, etc., reduced-grade φανᾶν θέλειν Hes., probably
actually `be horny, lustful';
Lithuanian ganà ` sufficient ', ganė́ti ` suffice ', gandė́ti ` have enough ', Latvian gana `
sufficient ';
Old Church Slavic gonějetъ, goněti ` suffice ', Denomin. from *gona = Lithuanian ganà;
whether here gr. ἄφενος, ἄφνος n. `plentiful supply, richness ', ἀφνειός ` propertied,
owning property ' (φ and the vowel suggestion from the vowel loss form (α)φν- or *sm̥-
gʷh(e)n-?), also παρ-θένος `virgin' (physical fullness, wealth?)?
References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.
Page(s): 491
Root / lemma: gʷhen-

ʷhen-2(ǝ)
2(ǝ)-
ǝ)-
Meaning: to hit
Material: nominal formation: gʷhóno
no-s ` hit ', gʷhn̥-tó-
hóno- tó-s `beaten', gʷhn̥-tí-
tí-s and gʷhn̥-ti̯ā (?) `
hit ', gʷhen- ʷhen-tu̯o-s ` occidendus '.
el- ` hit ', gʷhen-
ʷhen-tel-
Old Indic hán-ti (newer thematic hanati) ` hits, strikes, kills, slays ', 3. Pl. ghn-ánti, Imp.
ja-hí, Opt. han-yāt, ghn-īta, Perf. jaghána; jaghanvā́s, Gen. jaghn-úṣ-aḥ, Pass. hanyáte,
participle hatá- `beaten, killed' (= Avestan jata-, gr. -φατος), hántva-ḥ `to hit, to slay' (:
Avestan jąϑwa-, Old Church Slavic žętva), vr̥tra-hán-, Gen. -ghn-áḥ (= Avestan vǝrǝϑra-
jan-, Gen. -ɣ-nō) ` knocking down the opposition ', ghaná- `killing, m. shillelagh, club,
mace, joint' (= gr. ἀνδρο-φόνος, Latvian gans), saṃ-há-t ` layer, stack, pile ', hatí-ḥ `
hitting, blow, multiplication ' (: gr. διφάσι-ος, Avestan-jaiti-, Old Norse guðr, gunnr), (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), hatyā́ (late!) `killing' (: Old High German
gundea, Lithuanian dial. ginčià), hantár- ` one who hits or kills ' (= Old Church Slavic
žęteljь); from the heavy basis Old Indic hanitum (late!) and ghāta- `killing ', m. `blow,
knock, killing, annihilation ', ghātayati ` slays '; Note: common Old Indic gʷh- > h-.
Avestan jain-ti (= Old Indic hánti-) ` he hits, strikes, kills ', Imp. jaiδi, 1. Sg. Med. ni-ɣne `
I knock down ', Opt. paiti-ɣnīta (= Old Indic ghnīta) ` he would like to fight around ',
participle jata- (= Old Indic hatá-, see above), jąϑwa- ` occidendus ', participle Perf. Akt.
jaɣnvā̊, npers. ajanam Ì killed = defeated ', 3. Sg. aja(n); Avestan jana- ` punching ', jantar-
`the hits, knocks, slays ', janti- f. ` the hitting, the killed ', -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) ` the
hitting ' (= Old Indic hati-); Vǝrǝϑrajan- ` knocking down the opposition ' = Old Indic Vr̥tra-
han-;
Armenian gan, Gen. gani (*gʷhe-n) `blow, cudgel ', ganem ` hit, beat ', jin `stick' (*gʷhen-
), jnem Ì hit' (about *jinem from *gʷhenō = hánati, Lithuanian genù, Old Church Slavic
ženǫ), jnjem `destroy, clean' (from *gʷheni̯ō = θείνω, Lithuanian geniù);
gr. θείνω (*gʷhen-i̯ō = Armenian jnjem `slay, kill', alb. gjanj ` hunt, chase', Lithuanian
geniù ` ästle ab ') `hit', θενῶ, ἔθεινα; redupl. ἔπεφνον `slay', πέφαται; -φατός in hom. ἀρηί-
φατος (= Old Indic hatá-ḥ), also in δίφατον διφάσιον Hes. i.e. `double' (`Mal' = `blow,
knock', also:) δι-φάσι-ος (: Old Indic hatí- s .above); φόνος `murder' (= russ. gon), φονή
ds., φονεύς `murderer', ἀνδροφόνος ` men killing ' (see also Boisacq under φοινός); Note:
common Illyrian gʷh- > d-, b-.
alb. gjanj ` hunt, chase, pursue' (*gʷheni̯ō);
Latin dēfendō, -ere ` refuse, defend ', offendere ` stumble, offend ', infensus (participle
*infendō) ` hostile ';
Old Irish gonim `wound, slay, kill', Perf. 1. Sg. gegon, 3. Sg. geguin; guin `wound';
Old Norse guðr, gunnr f. (= Old Indic hati-), Old Saxon gūðea, Old English gūÞ (*gunÞjō
= Old Indic hatyā́ besides the pronunciation) `fight, struggle, battle', Old High German
gund-fano ` war flag '; Old Norse gandr `stick', Swiss gunten à kind of wedge'; Norwegian
dial. gana ` clear out the boughs in trees ' as Lithuanian genė́ti;
Lithuanian genù (= Old Church Slavic ženǫ, Old Indic hánati, Armenian jnem) giñti `
drive (cattle on the pasture) ', Latvian dzenu-, dzìt ds., heavy basis: geniù (= θείνω) genė́-ti
`branch off, ramify, fork, divide' and ginù, gìnti `defend, shield ' (giñti : gìnti, giñtas : gìntas
= Old Indic hatá : ghātá-); to genù Iterat. ganýti ` (drive cattle =) protect, graze cattle ';
Lithuanian gãnas, let. gans `herdsman, shepherd' (= Old Indic ghaná-), gani m. Pl. `
pastures ', lengthened grade Lithuanian naktì-gonis m. ` night bird, reveller, merrymaker ';
Lithuanian genỹs, Latvian dzenis ` woodpecker ', Lithuanian dial. ginčià (= Old Indic
hatyā́), giñčas `fight', giñklas m. `weapon' (*gintlas, compare Old Church Slavic žęlo from
*gindla-), išganùs ` salutary, beneficial ' (Lithuanian gáinioti is iterative to giñti; Latvian
dzenis ` das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz ', dzenulis `sting, prick'
(compare to meaning under Old Church Slavic žęlo `sting, prick');
Old Church Slavic ženǫ, gъnati `drive, push' (as Lithuanian genù), Iter. gonjǫ, goniti
`drive, push, hunt, chase', whereof again poganjati ` pursue '; russ. etc. gon ` drive, impel,
drift, propel, push, thrust, hunt' (= φόνος), Czech úhona ` injury, damage', serb. prijègon
`fight, struggle' (in addition perhaps klr. honóba ` annoyance, plague', sloven. gonóba
`damage, ruin', ugonóba ` annihilation, Untergang ');
Maybe alb. (*ghanas) gjah ` hunt '.
Old Church Slavic žьnjǫ, žęti (serb. žȅti, also heavy basis) `reap', žętva (serb. žȅtva) f.
`harvest' ( : Old Indic hántva-); also žęlo (*žędlo) n. `sting, prick', poln. žądɫo ds., russ.
žáɫo `sting, prick, cutting edge of a knife, an axe'; Slavic *gen-tel- m. `reaper, mower' in
Old Church Slavic žęteljь (= Old Indic han-tár ` one who hits, kills ');
Hittite ku-en-zi ` slays ' (= Old Indic hánti), 3. Pl. ku-na-an-zi (kunanzi); compare Old
Indic ghnánti (*gʷhn-enti).
References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.
Page(s): 491-493
Root / lemma: gʷher-

ʷher-
Meaning: hot, warm
Material: Old Indic háras- n. `blaze, glow' (= gr. θέρος, Armenian jer), ghr̥ṇá- m. `blaze,
glow, heat' (= Latin fornus, Old Church Slavic grъnъ), ghr̥ṇṓti `glows, shines', gharmá- m.
`blaze, glow, heat', Avestan garǝma- `hot', n. `heat, blaze, glow', Old pers. in garma-pada-
name of a month, perhaps `* beginning of the heat' (= Latin formus, German warm `warm';
Old Prussian gorme); Note: common Old Indic gʷh- > h-.
Armenian jer ` warmth, good weather; warm', jernum ` warm me ', jerm `warm' (= gr.
θερμός; perhaps as *gʷher-mn-os derivative of men-stem:) jermn Gen. jerman `fever' (also
gr. θέρμα f. ` warmth ' originally a neuter?);
thrako-Phrygian germo- `warm' (in many PN: Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 142 f., 13, 285,
292, 294), kappadok. garmia(s) ` Stadtname auf der Peutingerschen Tafel ' (a = Indo
Germanic o);
Gr. θέρος n. `summer heat, harvest', θέρομαι `become hot', θερμός `warm', θέρμασσα
òven';
also Germ- in Illyrian PN, as also probably in originally North Illyrian VN Germani
(Pokorny ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); alb. Tosc zjarr `fire, heat' (rr from rm), gheg. zjarm (:
θερμός), ngroh `warm' (*gʷhrē- as in Old Church Slavic grěti `warm', Latvian grēmens
`pyrosis, heartburn'); alb. gatsë `burning coal' (*gʷhorti̯ā?);
Maybe alb. grij ` freeze ' : ngroh `warm '
Maybe other alb. cognates: zjej `boil, cook', duplicated zezë adj., f. `black, burnt'.
Also alb. Tosc zjarr `fire, glow, heat, fervour ' : Rumanian jar `fire, glow, heat, fervour '.
Latin formus `warm' (Festus), fornus, furnus (*gʷhorno-s), fornāx òven (latter being
based on a fem. ā-stem), fornix, -icis ` dome ' (*fornicos ` having the figure of a stove ');
Note:
The shift ĝ(h)- > d- is of Illyrian alb. origin, hence the common Latin shift d- > f- testifies a
loanword from Illyrian
Old Irish fo-geir ` warms up, heats up ' etc., bret. gred m. ` warmth, heat; courage ' =
Middle Irish grith `sun, heat' (*gʷhr̥tu-s), Middle Irish gorim, guirim `warm up, get warm,
burn', nir. gor `heat; brood; ulcer'; cymr. gori `brood', gor `brood, pus', bret. gor ` burning
fire, boil '; Old Irish gorn `fire' (= Latin fornus); against it is Irish gorm `blue' loanword from
cymr. gwrm `dark-(blue)' and this together with abr. uurm in Uurm-haelon MN ` aux
sourcils bruns ' from Old English wurma ` purple color ' borrowed (Gwynn Hermathena 20,
63ff.); Old Irish goirt `bitter' (`*the burning taste'), wherefore Old Irish gorte (*gʷhorti̯ā)
`hunger';
Maybe truncated alb. (*gʷhoria) uria `hunger', ura `burning log'.
Old Norse gǫrr (*garwa-), gerr, gørr (*garwia-) ` ready, willing, perfect ', Old High
German garo ` prepared, ready ', Old English gearu, Modern High German gar, Old Norse
gørva, Old High German garawen, Middle High German gerwen ` finish, prepare, make
ready, tan, convert hide into leather', Old English gierwan `prepare, concoct, cook', Old
Norse gerð (*garwiÞō) ` fermenting the beer ' (formal indeed = Old High German garawida
`preparing '), Middle High German gerwe ` yeast, filth ', Middle Low German gere `
fermentation, stench, dung pool, dirt ', geren `ferment, seethe' are rather after Holthausen
Wb. of old westn. 102 defined from prefix ga- and *-arwa- > Old Norse ǫrr `rash, hasty,
skilful' (above S. 331);
Old English gyrwe-fenn `morass', gyre ` manure', mnl. gore, göre `smoke, smell, odor',
Middle Low German göre `puddle, slop', Norwegian dial. gurm `yeast, ordure, food mash',
Old Norse gor n. ` the half-digested stomach contents ', gjǫr (*gerva-) ` residuum, sludge ',
Old English Middle Low German Old High German gor `crap, muck, manure'; to meaning
compare above cymr. gor `pus';
here probably Old Norse gersta ` embitter ', Middle High German garst, Modern High
German garstig `spoil';
about Gothic warmjan `warm' etc. see though under u̯er-`cook';
Lithuanian gãras `vapor; intense desire', Latvian gars `vapor, ghost, soul', Old Prussian
goro f. `stove, hearth', gorme `heat', Latvian gar̂me ` warmth ', Old Prussian garewingi
Adv. `rutting, in heat', Latvian grēmens `pyrosis, heartburn';
Old Church Slavic goritъ, gorěti `burn, grějǫ, grěti `warm', žeravъ ` blazing ', požarъ
`blaze', grъnъ ` Kessel ' (= Latin fornus), grъnilо òven', russ. gorn `stove, hearth', poln.
garniec `pot, pan'; further Old Church Slavic gorьkъ (*gʷhori-ko-) `bitter' (`*burning of
taste'; compare above Irish goirt), but sloven. górǝk also `warm', Czech horký `warm',
against it Old Czech hořký `bitter'; isolated Serbo-Croatian gr̂k, f. gŕka `bitter', compare
Berneker 232; Old Church Slavic gorьjь compounds èvil, bad' (`*burning, bitter'), gore
`blow!'
ʷhrē̆-ns-
gʷhrē̆ ns-o- (due to es-stem gʷhre-nes-):
Old Indic ghraṁsá-ḥ m. ` solar glow, sunshine, brightness ' = bret. groez, grouez
(*gʷhrenso-) `solar heat', cymr. gwres `heat' (to w s. Pedersen KG. I 108, e through the
influence of tes ds.); ī from Old Irish grīs `fire', grīsaid ` fires, stimulates ' probably from
*ghrēnso-, in spite of Thurneysen Gr. 130.
References: WP. I 687 ff., WH. I 532 ff., Trautmann 79, 102.
References:
Page(s): 493-495
Root / lemma: gʷhðei(ǝ)-

ʷhðei(ǝ)-
Meaning: to perish, destroy
Material: Old Indic kṣiṇā́ti, kṣiṇōti ( : gr. *φθινF-ω), kṣáyati ` destroyes, allows to pass ',
participle kṣitá-ḥ èxhausted' (= gr. φθιτός; śráva-ḥ ákṣitam = gr. κλέος ἄφθιτον
ìndestructible fame'), kṣīṇá-ḥ ds., kṣīyátē ` schwindet hin, nimmt ein Ende ', kṣayá-ḥ `
decline, reduction, ruin' (: gr. φθόη f.), kšití-ḥ `crime, ruin' (= gr. φθίσις and -?- Latin sitis;
compare -tu-stem Latin situs); [common Old Indic ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. ĝʷh- > ph- : Latin kṣ- > s-]
prakr. ajjḥitah- (= ἄφθιτος), jhīṇa- (= Old Indic kṣīṇa-);
Avestan aɣžōnvamnǝm ` sich nicht mindernd ' (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 651);
gr. ep. φθί̄νω, Attic φθῐνω (*φθίνFω, see above) `destroy', mostly intr. ` decay, wane,
perish ', φθινύ-θω ` decay, wane, make disappear', Fut. φθέισω (Attic ἀποφθί̆σω), Aor.
ἔφθεισα (Attic ἀπέφθῐσα), ἐφθί̆μην, φθί̆μενος `destroy', Pass. `be destroyed, perish',
participle Perf. Pass. φθιτός, φθόη `consumption, tuberculosis', φθίσις ds. (see above);
about perhaps old double forms, as ψίνεσθαι, ψινάζειν ` allow to drop, lose flowers or fruits
', ψίσις ἀπώλεια Hes., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.
From Latin probably situs, -ūs ` rust, mould, mustiness, dust, dirt, filthiness of the body,
neglect, idleness, absence of use, a rusting, moulding, a wasting away, dulness, inactivity '
and sitis ` thirst ' (if actually `*decline, languishing').
Maybe alb. et ` thirst ' : Italian sete, Spanish sed, Catalan set, Croatian žeđ, Czech žízeň,
Furlan sêt, Galician sede, Leonese sede, Portuguese sede, Romanian sete, Sardinian
Campidanesu sidi, Valencian set ` thirst ' < Latin sitis ` thirst '.
References: WP. I 505 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.
Page(s): 487
Root / lemma: gʷhðer-

ʷhðer-
Meaning: to run, flow
Note: (or better gʷðer-??)
Material: Old Indic kṣárati ` streams, flows out, melts away, disappears ', kṣara-m `water',
kṣārayati ` allows to flow ', kṣālayati ` washes away ' (compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr.
I 241); Avestan ɣžaraiti `streams, boils up ', ɣžārayeiti àllows to flow ', with vī- àllows to
overflow '; further formations in ā-ɣžrāδayeiti àllows to surge ', vī-ɣžrāδayeiti ` leaves
apart, flows '; reconverted with metathesis žɣar- in avifra-žɣaraiti ` flows here to '; common
Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz- > gr. φθ
probably Armenian jur, Gen. jroy `water' (*gʷhðōro-);
Maybe alb. (*gʷhðōro-) bdorë, vdorë, dzborë ` snow '.
gr. Attic φθείρω (*φθερι̯ω; Lesbian φθέρρω, Arcadian φθήρω), zero grade Doric φθαίρω
(*φθαρι̯ω) ` ruin '; in addition also φθείρ `louse' (ψείρει φθείρει Hes. is result of the later
spirant pronunciation of θ), φθορά̄ ` destruction, ruin, of persons, death, esp. by some
general visitation, as pestilence, of animals, loss by death, passing out of existence,
ceasing to be, deterioration, loss by deterioration, damage, seduction, rape, abortion or
miscarriage, gradation of colours in painting, storm-tossings or shipwrecks ' also
συμφθείρω besides ` ruin at the same time or totally ' also ` let colors flow into each other ',
then also ` melt, mix generally ', συμφθείρεσθαι `flow together'.
Maybe truncated alb. (*bdōr ) morri `louse' ` the scratching '? : gr. φθείρ ds.: φθείρω :
modern Greek ψείρα ` louse ' : Basque zorri ` louse '.
Note:
It seems that from Root / lemma: gʷhðer-

ʷhðer- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-
mer-5,
merǝ- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common Illyrian gʷh- > b.
merǝ
References: WP. I 700, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 714, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.
References:
Page(s): 487-488
Root / lemma: gʷhren-
ʷhren-
Meaning: phrenic; soul, mind
Material: Gr. φρήν ` phren' (Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), `soul, ghost, reason, heart', φρονέω
` think', φρόνησις ` thought, reason', φροντίς (: Old Icelandic grundr) ` care ', ἄφρων `
injudicious, crazy', σώφρων `sensible, wise', εὔφρων ` the kindly time; of sense, pleasing,
favorable ', εὐφραίνω `make glad, entertain';
Old Icelandic grunr m. ` suspicion ', gruna ` be suspicious of', grundr m. ` contemplation
', grunda `think'.

Page(s): 496
Root / lemma: gʷhrē

ʷhrē-
Meaning: to smell, scent
Material: Old Indic jíghrāti, ghrāti ` it smells, it smells in anything, kisses, perceives ',
participle ghrātá-, ghrā́ṇa- m. n. `smell, odor, fragrance ', ghrāṇā f. and ghrāṇa- n. `nose',
ghrāti- òlfaction, smell, odor';
gr. ὀσφραίνομαι `smell, scent, feel' (< *odes `smell, odor' + *gʷhr-), Aor. Attic ὠσφρόμην;
ὄσφρησις òlfaction, smell, odor' (: Old Indic ghrāti-);
Tocharian A krāṁ, В kor `nose'.

Page(s): 495
Root / lemma: gʷii̯ā, gʷii̯ós

Meaning: sinew
Material: Old Indic jyā́ ` sinew, tendon, string esp. of the bow', Avestan jyā ` bowstring (in
compounds also sinew of flesh)';
gr. βιός m. ` bowstring '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
about Lithuanian gijà ` filament ', Old Church Slavic ži-ca `sinew' etc. see below gʷhei-.
References: WP. I 670, 694, Trautmann 87, 90.

Page(s): 481
Root / lemma: gʷis-

ʷis-ti-
ti-s
Meaning: finger
Material: Cymr. bys, acorn. bis, bes, bret. biz `finger', Middle Irish biss ega ìcicle'; Celto-
Germanic PN Bissula ` little fingers '?; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Old Norse kvistr m. `twig, branch';
Middle Low German twist `twig, branch' had to be a miscellaneous word from kvistr,
what is as doubtful, as Old Norse kvīsl f. `twig, branch, fork, arm of a river ' to be separated
from Old High German zwisila ` fork-shaped object, twig, branch '; see above S. 232.
Maybe alb. gisht, glisht `finger', bisht `tail' common Illyrian gʷ > b.
b
Note: alb. proves that Root / lemma: gʷis-ti-s : ` finger ' derived from zero grade of
ʷis-ti-
Sanskrit: aṅguṣṭhá-
First attestation: ŚB+

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thumb'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HanguštHa-
Proto-Indo-
Page in EWAia: 49
See also: aṅgúri-
Avestan: YAv. aṇgušta- [m] `toe'
Khotanese: haṃguṣṭa- `finger'

Page(s): 481
Root / lemma: gʷīu̯-

Meaning: resin
Material: Armenian kiv m., Gen. kvoy ` resin, mastic ' (*gʷīu̯o-), therefrom kveni ` the pitch-
pine, larch';
Old Irish bī f. (?) `tar (*gʷīu̯ī); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
russ. živíca, Lower Sorbian žyvica `resin';
the connection with g(i̯i̯i̯)eu-

)eu- `chew' is dubious, but not impossible.
)eu
References: Thurneysen Mél. Pedersen 301 f.

Page(s): 482
Root / lemma: gʷl̥l̥l̥tur(os)
tur(os)
Meaning: vulture
Material: Gr. *βλοσυρός (with Aeolic λο for λα) ` vulture', Hom. βλοσυρ-ώπις ` grim-looking
', hence Adj. βλοσυρός `with terrible eyes, grisly looking, hairy, shaggy, bristling, ', etc.;
Latin voltur (vultur), -uris and volturus ` vulture'.
References: M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 141 f.

Page(s): 482
Root / lemma: gʷor-

ʷor-gʷ(or)o-
ʷ(or)o-
Meaning: dirt, dung
Material: Armenian kork `smut';
gr. βόρβορος `slime, mud, smut, ordure, crap, muck'. Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.

Page(s): 482
Root / lemma: gʷou-

ʷou-
Meaning: cattle
Grammatical ōus Gen. gʷous (and gʷou̯os?),
Grammatical information: m. f. Nom. Sg. gʷōus, os Akk. gʷōm,
os ōm
Lok. gʷou̯i
Material: Old Indic gáuḥ m. f. `cattle' (= Avestan gāuš ds.), Gen. góḥ (= Avestan gāuš),
Dat. gáve (= Avestan gave), Lok. gávi (= Latin Abl. boue), Akk. gā́m (also 2silb., as
Avestan gąm); Pl. Nom. gā́vaḥ (= Avestan gā̆vō), Gen. gávām (= Avestan gavąm), Akk.
gā́ḥ (= Avestan gā̊, Indo Germanic *gʷōs, gr. Doric βῶς) ; therefrom gō-pā́-ḥ `herdsman,
shepherd', gōpāyáti, gopayati `hütet', etc.;
Armenian kov `cow';
gr. Attic βοῦς m. f. `cattle, cow', Akk. βοῦν [both with fake ου in place of old *βοῦς (with
real ου), Akk. *βῶν], Doric βῶς, Akk. βῶν, Gen. βο(F)ός, etc.; also in βου-λῡτός m. ` time
of unyoking oxen from the plough, evening', βού-τῡρον m. ` butter' (out of it Latin butyrum,
Modern High German ` butter'), actually ` cow's cheese ' (τῡρός `cheese'), further in
strengthening prefix βου- from βού-λῑμος ` ravenousness ', etc. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434, 6;
577 β); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latin bōs, bovis m. f. `cattle' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword for Latin *vōs); derivatives of
stem bov- (*gʷou- before vowel) or bū- (*gʷou- before consonance), bū̆b- (redupl.
formation): bovīle ` cowshed ', bubīle ds., bovīnus ` of or pertaining to oxen or cows:
medulla ', būbulus ds. (lautl. identical with gr. βούβαλος ` gazelle ', that with Old Indic
gavala-ḥ `wild Büffel' is not to be immediately equated), Bubona ` cattle goddess ', etc.;
Umbrian bum ` bovem ' (*gʷōm), bue ` bove ', Oscan in Búvaianúd, Volscan bim ` bovem ';
Old Irish bó f. `cow' (from arch. *báu, Indo Germanic *gʷōus), Gen. arch. bóu, báu, later
báo, bó, in Brit. replaced through the derivative acymr. buch, ncymr. buwch, acorn. buch,
bret. buc'h `cow' (*boukkā); here the Proto Irish FlN Βοουίνδα (= *Bovovindā), nowadays
engl. Boyne, Old Irish Bó(f)ind ` die Kuhweiße '; *gʷou-, Celtic *bou- in compounds
gallorom. bō-tege (*gʷou-tegos) ` cowshed ' (M.-L. 1229a), cymr. bugail (*gʷou-kʷoli̯os) `
βουκόλος ', bret. bugenn ` cowhide ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), next to which *bovo-tegos in abret. boutig, cymr. beudy ` cowshed '; Middle Irish
búasach `rich (in cows)' from buas ` richness ' (*gʷou̯o-u̯id-to-s `cow- knowledge ');
Old High German chuo, asächs. Old Swedish kō (from dem Akk. *kōn, Indo Germanic
*gʷōm), Old English Old Frisian cú, Old Icelandic kýr `cow' (*kūz from gʷōus; Old English
cū could also be = Old High German kuo);
Latvian gùovs `cow', Demin. guõtin̨a;
Slavic *govędo `cattle', Old Church Slavic gu-mьno `threshing floor', i.e. ` place where
steers out the grain ';
Tocharian A ko `cow', Pl. kowi, В kau, Pl. Obliq. kewän; A kayurṣ, В kaurṣe `bull' <
*gʷou-u̯rs̥ o-, to Old Indic vŕ̥ṣaṇ- `bull'.
Maybe alb. (*kʷo-) kau òx' : Rumanian (*gʷo-) bou òx' common Illyrian - Celtic gʷ- > b-.
compare still i̯o-derivative Old Indic gávya-, gavyá-, Avestan gavya- ` bovinus ', hom.
τεσσαράβοιος ` worth four steers ', Armenian kogi ` butter' (*gʷou̯io-), and the zero grade
Old Indic śata-gu- ` owning hundred cows ' = Old pers. ϑatagu- `name of a country '
(originally people, actually ` owning hundred cows '), Old Indic náva-gva, dáśa-gva-,
Avestan aēta(*g)va- EN, i.e. ` one who has gleaming steers '; gr. ἑκατόμ-βη (*-gʷu̯-ā) àn
offering of a hundred oxen; sacrifice'; against it is Latin bŭ-bulcus ` one who ploughs with
oxen, a ploughman, a herdsman ' after sŭ-bulcus ` a swine-herd ' shortened from
*būbulcus; after Specht Indog. Dekl. 234 here Old Norse kvīgr ` bull calf', kvīge `young
cow' (after Holthausen Wb. of old westn. in addition westfäl. quīne, nld. kween ds.) and
kussi, kursi `calf', etc.
To cattle name one places the gr. family of βόσκω ` graze, feed ', βοσκή, βόσις ` feed,
pasture ', βοτόν `cattle', βοτάνη ` pasture herb, feed ', βοτήρ, βώτωρ `herdsman,
shepherd', βωτιάνειρα ` man-feeding, nurse of heroes, epith. of fruitful countries '; Note:
Maybe alb. (*βώτωρ) bari `herdsman, shepherd'.
as well as Lithuanian gaujà `herd', gujù, gùiti `drive, push', gúotas `herd'; the oldest parts
of these rows may have possibly been *gʷō[u]-to-m ` herd of cattle ' and *gʷou̯i̯ō ` be cattle
shepherd '? About gr. πρέσβυς òld' see below per-
per-3.
numerous would become borrowings from sumer. gu (older *gud) `bull, cattle'. Against it
Specht Indog. Dekl. 33.
References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 577, 708.
Page(s): 482-483
ōu-, gʷū-
Root / lemma: gʷōu-
Meaning: dung, dirt
Note: in Germanic and esp. in Balto-Slavic with meaning -development from `repugnance,
disgust, repulsion, loathing ' to `small, disgusting animal, reptile' and from ` pollute, soil,
defile, mutilate, deform' to `vilify, revile, rebuke'.
Material: Old Indic gū-tha-ḥ, -m èxcrement', Avestan gū-ϑa- n. `smut, ordure' (only by
Gramm. also guváti ` cacat ', gūnam ` cacatum ');
Armenian ku and koy `crap, muck' (*gʷō̆u-so; ? see below);
Latin būbināre ` soil with the menstruations ' could be transfigured from old *bovinō (with
Oscan-Umbrian b for gʷ), as bovīle to bubīle; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
maked. γοτάν (leg. γοῦταν) ὗν Hes. (?);
Slavic *govъno òrdure' in russ.-Church Slavic govno etc., in ablaut Slavic *gavjǫ, *gaviti
in russ.-Church Slavic ogaviti ` vexare ', serb. gaviti se ` be disgusted ' (and changing
through ablaut gȕvî mi se ` disgusts me, I must throw up ', gȕviti se), Czech o-haviti `
mutilate, deform', ohavný `hideous', russ. dial. gávedь f., `horror', klr. hávedńa ` plebs ',
Czech havěd' ` fowl, plebs ', poln. gawiedź ` small children and domestic animals; fowl,
lice; rabble, mob '.
dh-extension gʷē[u] dh-, gʷō[u] dh-, gʷūdh-.
Lithuanian gė́da f. ` shame, disgracefulness', gė́dingas ` schandbar ', gė́dinti ` humiliate,

revile ', Old Prussian gīdan Akk. `shame';
Old Church Slavic gadъ m. ` reptile (*disgusting animal); harmful animal' (*gʷōdh-),
Church Slavic gaždu, gaditi ` abhor, detest, rebuke', russ. gáditь `smudge, befoul, spoil',
serb. gȁd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing; snake, worms ', Czech haditi `vilify, rebuke' (etc., s.
Berneker 289);
poln. żadać się ` abominari ', żadny, żadliwy ùgly, nasty ' (*gʷēdh-); russ. dial. gídkij
`disgusting', klr. hyd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing '; with formants -d(h)a in Czech o-hyzda
(*gyz-dā) ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, repugnance', hyzditi `rebuke, vilify, reject', poln.
Dialectal gizd ` disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut, impure person' (with other meaning
change serb. gízda `pride, elegance, jewellery, pleasantness, agreeableness ' , s.
Berneker 374);
Middle Low German quād ` dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', Old High German quāt,
Middle High German quāt, kōt, kāt, Modern High German Kot, Tirol kōt ` disgusting
animal', Pl. köter ` all kinds of vermin ', Middle Low German quād, Middle Dutch qwaet,
holl. kwaad `mad, wicked, evil, ugly, spoiled', md. quād `mad, wicked, evil, disgust, weak';
with Indo Germanic -ǝu-

ǝu-:
cymr. budr `dirty, filthy', budro `smudge', Middle Irish buadraim `cloudy, bewilder'
(compare Pedersen KG. I 112); Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Old English cwēad òrdure', Old Frisian quād èvil, bad';
with u from *-ǝu- slovak. ohuda `monster', klr. ohúda `reprimand', Old Russian guditi `
slander, blaspheme, accuse, blame ' ;
with -ǝ- as zero grade from -ō[u] or Germanic ablaut neologism ndd. quadder ` dirty
dampness, mucus' = Middle Low German koder `mucus', Modern High German dial.
koder, Köder ` glutinous mucus, catarrh';
also ndd. quassen (*kwadsōn) ` dribble (in humidity) ', quasken, quatsken, Modern High
German quatschen, engl. quask, squash and perhaps the people's name Quadi;
alb. zī (*gu̯edhíi̯o-), fem. zeze (*gu̯edhi̯ā) `black, unlucky, bad ', zī f. `mourning, grief,
famine '.
References: WP. I 694 ff., WH. I 118f., Trautmann 81.

Page(s): 483-485
Root / lemma: gʷreb

ʷre h-
Meaning: embryon, young
Material: Gr. βρέφος n. ` foetus, youngling ', Middle Irish brommach (*gʷrombhākos); Note:
Old Church Slavic žrěbę ` plenitude'.
Page(s): 485
Root / lemma: gʷreiĝ-

reiĝ-
Meaning: to sleep, dream
Material: Gr. βρίζω (*βριγι̯ω) ἔβριξα `sleep, be inactive', ἀβρίξ ἐγρηγόρως Hes.; Note:
russ. grézitь ` talk in sleep, fantasize' (barely *grez-, rather *grьz-), grëza `dream,
maundering, silly discourse '. very doubtful; s. also Berneker 351.

Page(s): 485
Root / lemma: gʷrend

ʷren h-
Meaning: to swell; breast
Material: Gr. βρένθος `pride', βρενθύομαι ` bear oneself haughtily, hold one's head high,
swagger, plume oneself on '; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latin grandis ` Of things, full-grown, large, great, full, abundant: tumulus, Of persons,
grown up, large, big, tall: Of style, great, lofty, dignified, noble ' (a = e or o);
Old Church Slavic grǫdь `breast', slovak. hrud èlevation', poln. old grędzi `breast', grąd
` erhöhte Stelle im Sumpf, alt ` Insel, Werder ' (etc.).

Page(s): 485
Root / lemma: gʷretso-
retso-
Meaning: thick, big
Material: Latin grossus `thick' one maintains to bring together with Middle Irish cymr. corn.
bret. bras `big, large, thick', Middle Irish also `strong'. However, it makes the Celtic
vocalism a problem, and Middle Irish bres àlready' is barely an additional obstruction.
Whether bras rather as *gʷrǝ-sto- to Latin gravis, above S. 476?
Page(s): 485
ʷrēuĝh
Root / lemma: gʷrē ʷrū̆ĝh-
uĝh-, gʷrū̆
Meaning: to gnash the teeth; to bite
Material: a) gr. βρύ̄χω ` crunch with the teeth, to eat with much noise, to eat greedily '
(besides through derailment from βρύξω, ἔβρυξᾱ βρύ̄κω) `bite', βρύγδην `biting', βρυγμός `
bruxism ', βρῡχετός `cold fever' (`chattering of teeth').
b) Old Irish brōn ` distress ', cymr. brwyn ` piercing, biting pain ' (proto Celtic *brŭgnos);
Lithuanian gráužiu, gráužti ` gnaw ', sugrùžinti `destroy';
Old Church Slavic gryzǫ, grysti ` gnaw ' (in other Slavic languages also from gnawing
grief; here probably also sloven. grúže Pl. f. ` scabies ').
To gryzǫ probably russ. grustь ` distress ', sloven. grûst ` disgust, repulsion, loathing '.

Page(s): 485-486
Root / lemma: ha ha!

Meaning: interjection of laughter
Material: Old Indic ha ha, gr. ἅ ἅ (ngr. χαχά inscribed), Latin (ha)hahae, Modern High
German ha ha, serb. ha ha, russ. cha cha.
Maybe alb. ha ha
References: Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. I 284 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303, WH. I 630, 632;
Schwentner Interjektionen 18.
Page(s): 497
Root / lemma: hā̆

Meaning: ha! oh! (surprise)
Material: In certain interjections is probably to be accepted the anlaut h- or a kind of
guttural spirant; s. also above S. 293 and under kha kha.
Old Indic ha, gr. ἇ, Latin hā, Modern High German ha.
Page(s): 497
iēlo- : i̯ǝlo-
Root / lemma: iēlo- ǝlo-
ǝlo
Meaning: unripe, raw
Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic
Material:
Note:
Gall. -ialo- ` clearing ', often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, French Nanteuil `valley- clearing ', etc.;
cymr. ial f. ` clearing ', PN Ial (J. Loth Mabinogion2 II 356); an-ial ` waste land, wilderness ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ia- Celtic
Latvian jêls ` unripe, uncultivated, raw, sore (from the skin)';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > ye- > je- Baltic
Slavic *jalъ and *jalovъ in russ. jáɫyj and jáɫovyj ` infertile, uncultivated (of land)', serb.
jȁlov ` infertile ', Czech jalový ds., poln. jaɫowizna ` empty, waste place'.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ja- Slavic
References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.

Page(s): 504-505
Root / lemma: iē-
iē-ro-
ro-
Meaning: ` year, summer '
Note:
See also: see above S. 296 f. (ei
ei-).
ei-
Page(s): 506
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯agh-

agh-
agh
Meaning: to chase, wish for
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yahú-, yahvá- ` restless, rash, hasty shooting ahead', yahvī́ ds. (from Flüssen),
but sáhasō yahúḥ `son of the powerful ', whereas the concept `kid, child, son' has probably
evolved from ` the cheerful, movable '; in any case, it corresponds to the latter usage of
Avestan yazuš puϑrō `the youngest son', yezivī dugǝdrąm ` the youngest one of the
daughters ' (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1280); Old Indic (pra-)yakṣati ` penetrates, hurries,
strives ', yakṣin- perhaps `keen, eager, vivid ' (after Graßmann ` pursuing, avenging '),
yakṣya- àctive, quick, lambently fast ' (previous to s-formations).
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic
Old High German jagōn, holl. Modern High German jagen, Middle High German jaget
(*jagōÞ), Modern High German Jagd, Middle Low German holl. jacht ` hunt ', perhaps after
Graßmann Wb. 1001 to Old Indic.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Germanic

Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ag-

ag-
ag
Meaning: to worship
Comments:
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ag-
ag- : to worship : Root / lemma: aĝ-
ag aĝ- : to lead.
see Latin agō, -ōnis òf the priests killing the sacrificial animal', agōnium ` a victim, beast
for sacrifice '.
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yájati `venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation' (Perf. ījḗ, participle iṣṭá-) =
Avestan yazaite ds. (participle yasta- with lengthened grade after the present), Old Indic
satya-yáj- ` really adoring, veritable ', with zero grade r̥tv-íj ` sacrificing regularly according
to regulation' = ` sacrificial priest ', ijya- `to worship, revere, m. teacher ', ijyā `sacrifice,
oblation';
Note:
Old Indic yajas- n. `worship, veneration' = gr. ἅγος n. `blame, maculation, sacrifice,
oblation', *παναγής ` totally holy';
Old Indic yajñá-ḥ, Avestan yasna- m. ` worship (of God), sacrifice, oblation' (yajñíya-,
Avestan yesnya- `honorable offering, belonging to the sacrifice '), gr. ἁγνός `holy, pure,
candid ';
Tocharian A yäks- ` hug, embrace, hold tight ' (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)?
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Tocharian

gr. ἅζομαι (*ἅγι̯ομαι) ` shy', ἅγιος `holy, consecrated' (identical with it Old Indic yájya- `to
worship ' has been used in Vopadeva as a gerund. Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ἁγίζω `
consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ḫa- = Greek Øἄ-
Meillet (BSL. 21, 126ff., EM2 845) will connect the gr. words rather with Latin sacer
`holy';

Page(s): 501-502
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯āi

āi
Note:
See also: see above S. 285 (e
e-3)
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯ā̆m-

Meaning: to dig
Comment:
Root / lemma: i̯ā̆m- (*i̯i̯ā̆-mor-
mor-):: to dig, derived from a prefixed Root / lemma: mori,
mori mōri :
sea.
see Old Saxon meri m. ` ditch, pond '.
Note: (or i̯em- : i̯em- : i̯ōm-)
Material:
Note:
Old Church Slavic jama `pit, pothole' (originally anlaut j- verified through Old Bulgarian
and through that dial. russ. ńama, grown from *vъn-jamě, *jamǫ).
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya-, ja- Old Indic = ja- Slavic
Gr. ἄμη f. `shovel, hack, mattock, hoe', δι-αμάω `dig up, excavate, dig out', ἐξαμάω, -ομαι `
dig out '; ἀμάρᾱ `ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow', ἀμαρεύω ` irrigate ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ḫa- = Greek Øἄ-

References:
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ām

ām
Note:
See also: see above S. 285 (e
e-3)
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ā- : i̯i̯i̯ō-

Meaning: to be angry; to be punish
Material:
Note:
Old Indic ved. yā́-van- ` attacker, persecutor, pursuer', yā-tár- ` avenger', r̥ṇa-yā́-, -yā́-van-,
-yāt- ` avenging the guilt ', Old Indic yā-tú- m. ` witchery, ghost, magic demon ';
Avestan yā-tu- m. `sorcery, magician ', yā-sā `wish';
Note:
Armenian janam Ì exert myself ' (Meillet Esquisse2 52);
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Armenian
Slavic *i̯ōra- `violent' in Old Church Slavic jarъ ` strict, harsh ', jarostь `rage, fury,
vehemency', russ. járyj ìrascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried', etc.; in
addition nsloven. jâl ` envy ' (: gr. ζῆλος)? Different above Berneker 28.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic > ja- Slavic
In -m- formant:
Maybe alb. jerm `rage, fury, vehemency';
gr. ζῆλος, Doric ζᾶλος m. ` eagerness, jealousy, envy ' (: nsloven. jâl), ζητρός `tormenter
', ζημία, Doric ζᾱμία ` punishment, penance, atonement, loss'; ζωρός `fiery, strong, not
mixed (of wine), pure, sheer, prop. of wine without water ' (: Old Church Slavic jarъ);
ablaut. ἐπι-ζαρέω; ` onrush, attack, press '?;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto Greek yo-
> go- > Old Greek zo-, ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za-
Old Irish á(i)lid ` wishes eagerly, requests, craves', cymr. iawl ` command, laudation ',
iolaf Ì praise, laud ', eiriolaf (*are-i̯āl-) Ì beg urgently ', abret. 3. Pl. Konj. iolent ` precentur
';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto Celtic yo-, Old
Celtic io-, ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic ia-
References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-
Jones, Welsh Gr. 383.
Page(s): 501
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ā-

Meaning: ` go '
Note:
See also: see above S. 296 (ei
ei-).
ei-
Page(s): 501
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ebh-

Note:
See also: see above S. 298 (ei
ei h-)
eib
Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯eg-

eg-
eg
Meaning: ice
Note: only Germanic and Celtic
Material:
Note:
Old Norse jaki m. (*ekan- < *jekan-) ` ice piece', compare Swiss jäch, gicht (= gejicht) `
hoarfrost, frozen dew on trees '; demin. formation Old Norse jǫkull m. ` hanging down
icicle, glacier '; Old English gicel(a) m. ìcicle, floe, floating mass of ice', engl. icicle = Old
English īses gicel, Old Norse ichilla ` a frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle ', ndd.
īshekel, jäkel ìcicle' (Middle Low German jokele ds. might derive from Nord.); Old High
German ihilla (= *jichilla) à frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic je-, ie-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto
Germanic yo-, Old Germanic jo-, io-, ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Germanic ya-, Old Germanic ja-, ia-
Maybe alb. akulli ìce', abbreviated (*ihella) helli ìcicle' : Old Norse jǫkull m. ` hanging
down icicle, glacier '.
Middle Irish aig f. (Gen. ega) ìce' (*i̯egi-s), cymr. iā m. ds., iaen (*i̯eginā) ` glacicula ',
acorn. iey gl. ` glaties ', iein gl. ` cold, coldness, coolness ', mcorn. yeyn, yen `cold', br. ien
`cold'.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Celtic ye-, Old Celtic ie-, ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old
Celtic ia-
about Hittite e-ku-na-š `cold' compare Pedersen Hittite 171.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Hittite.
References: WP. I 206; Swiss Idiotikon II 112 f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ek-

ek-
ek
Meaning: to speak
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yā́cati ` begs, demands ', yācñā́ `request'; yācitá-, yā́citum, yācitar-, etc.
Note:
Tocharian А В yask- `long, want, beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yāṣṣuce, В
yāṣṣūca ` beggar'.
Note:
Old High German jehan, gehan `say, speak, avow ', asächs. gehan ds., Old High
German jiht (*jeχti-) `declaration, confession, admission', bijiht = Modern High German
Beichte ` confession, admission ', in addition illness name Gicht `gout, disease
characterized by the inflammation of the joints' (`caused by discussing');
Lithuanian juõkas, Latvian juõks ` joke ' is perhaps Latin loanword, as well as Modern
High German Jux ` joke'; against it Trautmann 108;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic je-, ie-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto
Latin iocus ` funny speech, joke '; Umbrian iuka, iuku Akk. Pl. n. ` prayers ', Oscan iúkleí
` inconsecratione ';
mcymr. ieith, cymr. iaith, bret. iez `language' (*jekti-);
Note:
References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also put here i̯ǝk-
`heal, cure', but because of Old Irish hīcc (Indo Germanic ē) it is not credible.
Page(s): 503-504
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯em-
em-
em
Meaning: to hold
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yámati ` reins, steers; stretches, presents ', yácchati ds., yatá-ḥ `kept, held',
yáma-ḥ m. `rein', yántra- n. `rope, band, strap'; Avestan yam-, yasaitē, Old pers. Imperf.
ayasatā, participle Avestan yata- `hold, stop', yāta- àssigned allotment, possession ' (to ā
compare the heavy root form Old Indic yámitavai, Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); Old Indic
yamá-ḥ m., Avestan yǝ̄ma- m. `twin'; Old Indic GN Yamá-ḥ `twin, hermaphrodite ' =
Avestan Yimō;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > yei-, yi- Avestan, ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic
Latin geminus ` born at the same time, twin-born, twin ' probably g- is attributed to the
root gem-
gem- ` grasp, press together ' (above S. 368 f.);
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > je- Proto Illyrian > ge- Latin, Illyrian (an Illyrian substrate
because Latin would have produced je- > ie-)
Middle Irish emon m., emuin f. (*emno-, *emnī) ` pair of twins ', emnaid ` double ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Celtic = ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Hittite
perhaps here Germanic *ibna- ` even, equable, uniform ', whether from *imná- <
*jemnó-, in Gothic ibns ` even ', Old Norse jafn, jamn, Old English efn, engl. even, asächs.
eƀan, Old High German eban ` flat, even ';
after Güntert (Weltkönig 337 ff.) here the Old Norse GN Ymir as ` hermaphrodite ' from
Germanic *i̯umii̯áz, Indo Germanic *iem(i)i̯ós?
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic e-, i-, y-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto
it is not certain, whether it also belongs here gr. ἥμερος `tame, domesticated, mild',
ἡμερίς, -ίδος ` the cultivated vine ', ἡμερόω ` tame, make tame ' (with lengthened grade ē),
and as zero grade Latin redimiō `to bind round, wreathe round, encircle, gird, wind, deck,
crown', as well as infula à white and red fillet or band of woollen stuff, worn upon the
forehead, as a sign of religious consecration and of inviolability, a sacred fillet; so a priest's
fillet' (*im-dhlā??).
That with gr. ἥμερος identical Old High German asächs. jāmar, Old English gēomor `
sad ', Subst. Old High German jāmar ` sorrowful, sad, regretful, full of pain, grieving,
mourning, lamenting ' (originally supposedly ` sad, gloomy ') might belong though because
of Old Norse amra ` lament', that to emja, ymja `howl', has rather originated from an
interjection. Cymr. afar àffliction, lament' (Middle Irish amar ds.) could not have lost j- and
therefore it must have already been been absent.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Germanic ye- > Øe- Celtic, Greek
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > Proto Germanic yo- > Øo- Celtic, Greek
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Germanic ya- > Øa- Celtic, Greek
References: WP. I 572, WH. I 587, Marstrander Ériu 5, 160.

Page(s): 505
Root / lemma: i̯énǝter-

ǝter-, reduced case i̯i̯i̯enǝtr-
ǝtr- (i̯i̯n̥̄tr-
tr-)
tr
Meaning: husband's brother's wife
Comments:
Root / lemma: i̯énǝter-
ǝter-, reduced case i̯i̯i̯enǝtr-
ǝtr- (i̯i̯n̥̄tr-
tr-):: husband's brother's wife = Root /
tr
lemma: ĝen-
en-1, ĝenǝ
enǝ-, ĝnē-
nē-, ĝnō-
nō- : `to bear' suffixed in -ter formant.
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yā́tar- ds. (pronunciation the strong case + vocalism of the weak case);
Note:
Phrygian Akk. ιανατερα;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > Øya- Proto Phrygian > ia Phrygian
gr. ἐνάτηρ ` husband's brother's wife ' (Ionian Psilose), Hom. εἰνατέρες, -έρων (εἰ-
verbalized metr. lengthening for ἐν-), inschr. (klein Old Saxon-gr.) ἐνατρί;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Greek = ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Hittite
Truncated (*ianiter) Armenian ner, more properly nēr, Gen. niri ` the wives of brothers or
the wives of the same husband ' (to the basic form supposition by Hübschmann Arm. Gr. I
478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet BSL. 30, CR. 90, in the end Cuny Recherches 66 f.);
Latin janitrīcēs (extension from *ianiter after Fem. of noun agents in -īc-) ` the wives of
brothers ' (i derives from *ianiter);
Old Lithuanian *jéntė, -ers ds. (gentė, žentė through hybridization with gentìs `kinsman,
relative', žéntas `son-in-law'), Latvian ìetere, iẽtal'a and Curonian jentere ds.;
Old Church Slavic *jętry (ending after svekry), russ.-Church Slavic jatry ds., serb. jêtrva
ds.
References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 568.
Page(s): 505-506
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯es-

es-
es
Meaning: to foam, boil
Material:
Note:
Old Indic *yásati, yásyati ` bubbles, boils; struggles ', yayastu ` shall scald '; with ā- ` exert
oneself ' (ā-yas-ta- ` arouses, instigates, strains, exhausts, grows tired, languishes ', ā-yās-
ayati `strains, fatigues, afflicts'), prá-yasta- ` boiling, bubbling ', Intens. i-yas-yatē ` grows
tired, dies away, disappears ', redupl. yeṣati (*i̯e-i̯s-) ` flows, bubbles ', Avestan yaēšyeiti `
boils (intr.)';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > yei-, ye- Avestan, ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic
gr. ζέω (= yásati) `cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.)', ζέσσε, ζεστός, ζέσμα and ζέμα
` decoction, extract acquired by boiling', ζόη τὸ ἐπάνω τοῦ μέλιτος (`scum, froth, foam')
Hes.;
Maybe alb. (*i̯e-) ziej, zjej ` cook, boil, simmer, seethe ', in -m- formant like (*ζέσμα) ζέμα `
decoction ' : alb. (*zesm-) zemëroj ` make angry', zemërim ` anger', zemër ` heart '.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto Greek yo-
> go- > Old Greek zo-, ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za-
gallo-rom. i̯estā `scum, froth, foam' (v. Wartburg), cymr. ias f., Pl. iasau ` boiling, foam,
bubbles, cooking '; Old Irish ess m. (older n., from *i̯estu) `waterfall'; bret. gòi `ferment,
seethe' perhaps abstracted from gòell `yeast' (*upo-i̯es-lo-); (common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > -
ll-)
Note:
Old High German jesan `ferment, seethe, foam ' = Swedish Dialectal esa (as) `ferment,
seethe', Norwegian æse, Swedish Dialectal äsa (*jēsian) ds., Norwegian Dialectal asa
(*jasàn; preterit ōs) `flare up, foam, ferment, seethe, roar, storm, dash', esja (*jasjan)
`ferment, seethe', Old Norse ø̄sa (*jōsjan) ` stir in violent movement ', compare Norwegian
Dialectal ` the roaring, restlessness in animals and people ', Old Norse jǫstr, Gen. jastar m.
(at first from *estuz, *estauz, older jes-) and jastr n. (at first from *estra) `yeast', Old
English giest (engl. yeast) `scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast', Middle Low German gest
`yeast', Middle High German jest, gest m. `scum, froth, foam', Modern High German Gest
and Gischt `scum, froth, foam, yeast';
Tocharian A yäs- `simmer, seethe, boil'.
References: WP. I 208. O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 144 f.

Page(s): 506
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯et-

et-
et
Meaning: to set out for; to strive
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yátati, -te after Pet. Wb. ` connects, joins together; set out for; to strive ', after
Geldner Ved. stem 3, 11 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gr. Lautst. 157) ` amounts, is equal with,
agitates after, competes; it is jealous, envies, argues; pushes to the front, attacks, stirs
oneself, hurries, marches ', Kaus. yātáyati ` forms an alliance, combines; lays the
responsibility, prosecutes, avenges ', yáti- m. àscetic' (`*striver'), yatúna- ` keen ', yatná-
m. ` aspiration, endeavor, exertion, toil', Avestan yateiti, yatayeiti ` sets into movement
(Perf. be in motion), stirs, is industrious, strains eagerly ', with frā- ` approaches; it
concerns somebody about something ', Kaus. yātayeiti ` brings to the use, pursues,
worries, takes pains ';
perhaps here Tocharian A yat- `reach, attain ', present Med. yatatär, В yototär, Schulze-
Sieg Tocharian Gr. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Tocharian 221; also AB
yāt- ` be able, command ' (Van Windekens aaO.)?
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic, Avestan, Tocharian
cymr. add-iad `longing, yearning', gall. Ad-ietu-mārus, Ad-iatunnus, (common Celtic -ns-
, -nt- > -nn-), Ad-ietuanus (: Old Indic yatú-na-), nasalized (compare with nasal suffix Old
Indic yat-ná-) cymr. add-iant `longing, yearning', Irish ēt (nir. éad) ` eagerness, jealousy ',
gall. Iantu-māros, Ientu-māros (= Irish ētmar ` jealous '); Old Irish ītu, Akk. ītith, nir. íota `
thirst ' maybe from lengthened grade *i̯ētu-tut-s;
Maybe alb. etja `thirst'.
Note:

Page(s): 506-507
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯eu-

eu-dh-
eu
Meaning: to move swiftly, to fight
Material:
Note:
Old Indic ud-yōdhati ` boils up (from the water); make someone angry ', Kaus. yōdháyati `
involves in fight ', yúdhyati, yōdhati `fights', yúdh- m. ` combatant ', f. `fight, struggle,
battle', yudhmá-ḥ ` warlike ', m. ` combatant ', yṓdhīyas- ` more pugnacious, combative,
better fighting '; Pali yū̆hati `fights';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > yo-, yu- Old Indic = ḫ3ʷo- > yui- Avestan = ḫ3ʷo- > yu-
Tocharian
Avestan yūiδyeinti ` sie kämpfen ', yūiδišta- ` he fights best of all ';
Tocharian A yutk- `worry about'.
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ3ʷoḫ1ʷe- > Avestan (*you-ei-) yui-

changing through ablaut Lithuanian jaudà f. ènticement, seduction ', whereof jáudinti `
wake somebody's passion , entice somebody ', refl. ` be agitated, get excited ', Latvian
jaũda `fortune, power ', jaũdât ` have the necessary strength ';
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ3ʷo- > Baltic (*ya-ou-) yau-
Latin jubeō, -ēre ` order, give an order, bid, tell, command ' (= Lithuanian judė́ti), jussī
(alt. iousī), jussum actually `* set in movement, rouse ', hence; juba f. `the flowing hair on
the neck of an animal, the mane' (`*the shuddering, flowing ones ') ; (about jubar, -ăris `
the radiance of the heavenly bodies, light, splendor, brightness, sunshine ' see WH. I 724);
acymr. acorn. abret. Jud- `fight, struggle' (*i̯oudho-), ` combatant ' (*i̯oudhi̯os), in MN as
acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual ` tremendous fight '; this Jud- (= iuð-) became later in
anlaut polysyllabic names of mcymr. to Id- (= īð-), in all other positions to ud (= ǖð), so
acymr. Mor-iud ` sea fighter ' to mcymr. Mor-uð, independent cymr. udd `master, mister'
(*i̯oudhi̯os);
Lithuanian judù, -ė́ti `be shaking, trembling, move, quarrel, squabble', jundù jùsti ` in
zitternde Bewegung, in Aufruhr geraten ', Old Lithuanian judùs `quarrelsome', judra
`whirlwind';
poln. judzić ` stir, tease, irritate, incite, argue about something bad ' (: Old Indic
yōdháyati); perhaps Old Church Slavic ojьminъ, Pl. ojьmi `warrior' (= Old Indic yudhmá-ḥ
with prefix o-); (common Occidental Romance = Slavic prefix)
also Bulgarian juda ` nymph ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > yei-, yi- Avestan, ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic
gr. hom. ὑσμῖνι Dat., ὑσμί̄νη ` fight, battle, combat' (*i̯udh-s-mīn-, derivative from a *i̯udh-
s-mó-s, compare Old Indic yudhmá-ḥ); (Illyrian substrate abbreviation)

Page(s): 511-512
Root / lemma: i̯euĝ-

uĝ-
Meaning: to wave, unsteady
Material:
Note:
Avestan yaozaiti ` be moved, be excited, sprunt up (from the water, from restless lands) ',
yaōšti- ` activity, wakefulness, agility, liveliness ';
Armenian yuzem ` enrage' is iran. loanword;
Tocharian A yok-, А В yuk- `defeat, conquer'.
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ3ʷo- > Avestan yao- > Armenian yu-, Tocharian A
yo-, В yu-
Gothic jiuka `rage, fury, fight', jiukan `fight', Middle High German jouchen, jöuchen
`drive, push, hunt, chase' and Old English gēocor `full of hardship', gēocre Adv. `stern';
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in ḫ1ʷeḫ3ʷo- > Germanic (*yiu-) jiu-, jeo- > Old English
jeo- > geo-
References: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.

Page(s): 512

eu-1
eu
Meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)
Note: (: i̯ēu-, i̯ō[u]-; i̯u-, i̯ū-; latter due to the lengthened grade or from a heavy basis *i̯eu̯ǝ-
), originally probably ` set in motion '; s. i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-dh-.
eu
Material:
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yā́uti, yuváti ` mixed ', ud-ā-yāuti ` agitates, stirs up ', pra-yāuti ` stirs, mixes ',
yū̆tí- f. ` mixture ', ā-yávana- n. ` mixing spoon ';
Lithuanian jaunù, joviaũ, jaũti ` pour hot water about ', Latvian jàut ` stir in, mix dough ',
javs ` mixture of cattle feed ', Lithuanian jõvalas ` pig's food; waste, pigswill, grape marc ';
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ3ʷo- > Old Indic yau- > Baltic jau- = ḫ3ʷoḫ3ʷo- > Baltic jou-
gr. ζῦθος, ζύθος ` Egyptian barley beer '??; (Illyrian substrate g- > z-)
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > Proto Greek jou- > gou- > Greek zu-
alb.-Tosc gjär `soup' (*i̯ō-no-), Geg gjanë `smut, pond, pool, watering-place ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > Proto Albanian ja- > Albanian gja-
Maybe alb. (*jesla) gjella ` soup, dish ' (common Celtic Illyrian -sl- > -ll-)
ablauteud gallorom. iutta from gall. *i̯u-tā, Middle Latin iotta `broth', mcymr. iwt, ncymr.
uwd, iwd m., acorn. abret. iot, nbret. ioud, iod `porridge, mash'; Old Irish íth `porridge,
mash, broth' ī probably is attributed to íth `fat' (Thurneysen Gr. 39).
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷoḫ3ʷo- > Celtic iou-
s-stem i̯ō̆(u)s-
u)s-, i̯ūs-
ūs- `broth':
ūs
Old Indic yūṣ (only Nom.), yūṣá-, уuṣa- m. n. `broth', Latin iūs, iūris `broth, soup',
Lithuanian júšė (*i̯ūsii̯ā) ` bad soup from sour dough mixed with water thoroughly ', Old
Prussian juse `broth, meat broth', Old Church Slavic jucha (*i̯ousā) `broth, soup' (Modern
High German Jauche from West Slavic); in addition to- derivative of New Swedish ōst
(*i̯ūsto), Old Norse ostr (secondary ō) `cheese' and Finnish-Proto Norse juusto, New
Swedish dial. ūst ds.;
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷoḫ3ʷo- > Germanic juu-
perhaps in addition gr. ζύ̄μη ` sourdough' (*i̯ūsmā or i̯ūmā) and ζωμός `broth, soup'
(*i̯ō[u]smos or *i̯ō[u]mos).

Page(s): 507

eu-2, i̯i̯i̯eu̯
eu eu̯ǝ-, i̯eu̯-g-
Meaning: to tie together, yoke
Note: probably as 1. i̯eu- ` mix' evolved from ` set in motion '; s. also i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-dh- and i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu ni-.
eu-ni-
eu
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yáuti, yuváti `bands, joins together, harnesses, places a harness on a draft
animal ' (also ` mixed '), participle yutá-, yū̆tí- f. `connection' (and ` mixture '), ni-yút- f.
`row, yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', yūthá- m. ` association, troop, multitude, crowd',
yōtra- n. `rope, band', yūna- n. `band, strap, cord', avayava- m. `limb, member, part';
Avestan yav- òccupy oneself with sth. ' (present yavayeiti, Inf. yūtō, yūta), yaona- n.
òccupation ', yav- (yu-) Adj. ` holding, standing by somebody ' = Old Indic yú- `
journeyman, fellow ' (see Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yáv-
`duration');
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- Old Indic = ḫ3ʷo- > yo-
Latvian Pl. jũtis `joint (*connection), crossroads ', Lithuanian jáutis m. òx' (`*strained
before wagon, a beast used for drawing or carrying, draught-cattle ' = Latin jūmentum;
Baltic heavy root); here also Latvian jumis ` Doppelfrucht, Felddämon ', jùmt `(roof) cover'
(Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 177ff.). doubtably Armenian yaud `connection' because of
vocalism (iran. loanword?).
Perhaps here Latin juvāre ` support, help; delight'; probably compatible with Old Indic
yu-yṓ-ti ` cuts off, protects from, separates, severs, defends, keeps away, it is separated ',
ví-yavanta ` tending to repel, driving away ' merge to a particular family.
Note:
Reduplicated initial laryngeal in ḫ3ʷoḫ2ʷa- > Latin juvā- = ḫ3ʷoḫ3ʷo- > yu-yṓ-
with as g-derivative also Old English (*jeoc) géoc `help, consolation, certainty ', géocian
`preserve, protect, rescue'; see below i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-4. (common Occidental Romance j- > g- )
eu
Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places juvāre to Old Indic ávati, whereat above S. 77;
against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.
i̯i̯i̯u-go
go--m ` yoke ':
Old Indic yugá- n. `yoke; pair' (also `gender, sex, generation') =
gr. ζυγόν `yoke ' =
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷeu- > Proto Greek yeu- > geu- > Greek zu-
Latin jugum ds. (see also WH. I 728 f. about Umbrian Iguvium) =
Gothic asächs. juk n., Old English geoc, Old Norse ok ` yoke ', Old High German juch,
joch yoke; also so much land when one can plow with an ox's pair during one day ';
Lithuanian (with n after jùngiu) jùngas ` yoke ';
Old Church Slavic igo (Gen. iga) ` yoke ' (es-stem), Czech jho ds. (Slavic *jьgo from
*jъ́go, see also Berneker 421 f.; in addition Old Russian оbьžа ` a land size; so much that
a man plows with a horse ' from *ob-jъgjā, nowadays obža and obga- d. j. *ob-jъga- `
Deichselarme des Hakenpflugs '; Church Slavic Pl. ižesa, sloven. Gen. ižêsa with results
of Indo Germanic stem *i̯eugos-, see below);
cymr. iau f., acymr. iou, acorn. ieu, bret. ieo, geo ` yoke ', kazelyé, kazelgé ` bondage,
slavery ' = mcymr. kesseyl-yeu àxillary yoke' (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); gall. PN Ver-iugo-
dumnus; see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen IA. 26, 26 doubts the affiliation of Irish
and proto relationship of brit. words; doubtful is also the assessment from Irish cuing `
yoke '; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing (*i̯ungis) through influence of the
preposition com-; furthermore mcymr. kyn-iwng ` association ' (Loth RC 38, 160);
Armenian luc ` yoke ' created not originally for anlaut li̯- root; influence of lucanem `
unhitch, unharness'; (common Celtic Armenian j- > l- see acymr. Jud-gual, abret. Iud-uual `
tremendous fight ')
Hittite i-ú-ga-an (yugan) ` yoke ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷou- > ḫyu- > iu- Hittite
Tocharian A yokäm f. `door, gate' (Old Indic loanword?).
without historical connection between them are Old Indic yugalá- n. `pair', Latin jugulum
(Demin.) ` cheekbone, collarbone', jugulae ` the three stars which form Orion's belt; also,
the whole constellation '
Maybe alb. Slavic jugu ` south, southern night sky'
Gr. ζεύγλη ` loop attached to the yoke, through which the beasts' heads were put, cross-
bar of the double rudder '; with Hittite yugas ànnual', dāyugas ` biennial ' compare
Lithuanian dveigỹs ` biennial ' (treigỹs ` triennial ', etc.), above S. 229, 230.
i̯i̯i̯eu
eugos-- es-stem:
eu-gos
Maybe alb. Geg zgjedhë,-a ` yoke ', gjedhë ` (harnessed) oxen ', zgidh, zgjidh, Tosc zglidh
` untie ', Geg zgjedh ` select' (common alb. -g > -dh).
gr. τὸ ζεῦγος ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', Pl. ζεύγεα = Latin jūgera (*i̯ougesa),
wherefore a new Sg. jūgerum ` an acre, or rather measurement of land, measuring 28,800
square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth ' = Middle High German jiuch n. `
measurement of land ', compare also above Church Slavic ižesa, further perhaps (that
certainly late) ἀζυγής ` not joined, unmarried ', as well as Latin iouxmenta, iūmentum (see
S. 510); zero grade (as ἀζυγής, but from ζυγόν could be a neologism from) probably
Gothic jukuzi f. ` yoke, bondage, slavery ', compared with Old English gycer ` yoke '
(*jukizi-), with u the 2. syllable through assimilation? (common Occidental Romance Old
English j- > g-)
verb stem i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-g-:
eu
Old Indic yunákti (3. Pl. yuñjánti = Latin jungunt), yuñjati ` harnesses, tightens, connects
', compare full grade yōjayati (*jeugei̯eti) ` joins '; Avestan yaoj-, yuj- ` harness an animal,
yoke up; accustom ';
gr. ζεύγνῡμι `harness, bandage ', ζεῦξαι ζυγῆναι;
Latin jungō, -ere, -nxi, -nctus ` connect ';
full grade Old High German untar-jauhta ` subjugavi ';
Lithuanian jùngiu, jùngti ` connect, tighten in the yoke '; participle Old Indic yuktá-,
Avestan yuxta-, with präs. -n- Latin junctus, Old English geoht, iukt n. ` yoke ', Lithuanian
jùngtas, with the (as in present deriving from ζεῦξαι, ζευκτήρ etc.) lengthened grade
ζευκτός;
root nouns i̯i̯i̯ug-

ug- in:
ug
Old Indic yúj- ` Gefährte, Genosse; geschirrt, bespannt mit ', ayúj- ` without comrades,
not in pairs ' = gr. ἄζυξ ùnyoked, unpaired, unmarried, isolated ', σύζυξ òf a wedded pair,
united ', Latin conjux ` husband, wife'; Superl. *i̯ugistos in Latin juxtā òf several objects,
near together, in close proximity, near at hand, near, near by, hard by, close to, by the side
of, next to, immediately after, beside, on a par with ' (*jugistā, scil. viā ` via, by way of, by
means of '); in the strong Kas. analogical Old Indic yúñj-, Latin conjunx.
Additional derivatives in:
Old Indic уṓgа- m. ` harnessing, connection '; уṓgya- m. ` draft animal ', compare Old
Norse eykr ` draft animal, horse' (Germanic *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian ` harness
' assumed through Old Norse eykt f. ` working hours between the meals ' from *jaukiÞō) =
Latin jūgis `perpetual; beständig flowing ' (besides iūges, -ĕtis àngespannt'); Old Indic
yṓjana- n. ` a road measure ', Avestan yujasti- f. ds.; Old Indic yukti- f. ` harnessing ', gr.
ζεῦξις ` harnessing, bandage', Latin juncti-m, juncti-ō, compare of es-stem Avestan
yaōxšti- àbility, capacity, skill, adroitness '; Old Indic yōktár- `harnesser', yṓktra- n. `rope,
belt', Avestan yaōxǝδra- n. ` warlike strain, undertaking, attack', gr. ζευκτῆρες `yoke
straps', Latin junctor, junctūra; Old Indic yugmán- ` paired, coupled', gr. ζεῦγμa ` that which
is used for joining, a band, bond, yoke, a bridge of boats ', Latin jug(u)mentum ` jamb,
crossbar, crossbeam', due to es-stem in addition Old Latin iouxmenta, Classical iūmentum
` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '.
Perhaps with i̯eu̯- are also related the families i̯eu̯(e)s- ` statute ' as ` obligation,
commitment, liability, bond' and i̯ōs- ` gird ' as *i̯ō[u]s-.
References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 70 ff.,
109, Renou BSL. 41, 18 ff.
Page(s): 508-510

eu-3
eu
Meaning: young
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yúvan- (yúvā, Gen. yū́naḥ) ` young; youngling ', f. yūnī, compounds Sup. yávīyas-
, yáviṣṭa-ḥ; Avestan yvan-, yavan- (both written for yuvan-), Gen. yūnō ` youngling ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷou- > Old Indic yu- = ḫ2ʷa- > Old Indic ya-
Latin juvenis ` young; youngling, virgin' (to -ven- instead of -vin- compare EM2 509)
instead of *i̯uu̯ō due to the old conservative case Gen. juven-is, Dat. -ī, Akk. -em etc.; jūnī-
x `young cow' Latin -c-extension besides Old Indic yūnī, against it compounds jūnior with
new jūn- (through Latin development from *juvenios); Umbrian iouies ` juvenibus, militibus
', Akk. Pl. jovie (one of the back formation compounds *joviē-s `troop, multitude, crowd of
juniors?);
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian iou-
Lithuanian jáunas, Latvian jaûns; Old Bulgarian junъ ` young ' (-no-stem instead of -n-
stem after *seno-s òld'; i̯uu̯eno- after Kompar. reconverted with metathesis to *i̯eu̯eno-,
Balto Slavic *i̯ōuno-).
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian iou-
Old Irish (*ho-ia) ōa ` younger ', ōam ` youngest', mcymr. ieu (ncymr. iau) ` younger ',
ieuaf (so also ncymr.) ` youngest', bret. iaou ` younger ', next to which the Positive Old
Irish ōac (arch. oëc), Middle Irish ōc, cymr. ieuanc, bret. iaouank, acorn. iouenc, mcorn.
yowynk ` young ', gall. Jovinc-illus, -a (Indo Germanic *i̯uu̯n̥k̂ós, see below), unvocalized
after compounds-Sup. to Celtic *i̯eu̯-, *i̯ou̯nk̥ o-;
Note:
derivatives of stem *i̯uu̯en-

en-:
en
i̯uu̯n̥k̂ó-s: Old Indic yuvaśá-ḥ, yuvaká-ḥ ` juvenile ', Latin juvencus, -a `young bull, young
cow, youngling ', Umbrian iveka, iuenga ` young cow| heifer; girl ', Gothic juggs, Old
Icelandic ungr, Old High German jung, Old English geong ` young ' (Proto German *jūngaz
from *juwungáz; in addition a new compound *jū́nhizan- in:) Gothic jūhiza, Old Icelandic
ø̄re ` younger ' (compare also Old Icelandic ø̄ska ` youth ' from *jū[n]hiskōn-).
ent-, i̯uu̯n̥t-: Old Indic yúvant-, f. yuvatí-ḥ ` young; virgin'; Old High German jugund,
i̯uu̯ent-
ent
Old Saxon juguð, Old English geoguð (g instead of w after *duʒunÞi- ` virtue, uprightness,
integrity, skillfulness '), Gothic junda ` youth ' (*i̯uu̯nt̥ ā); Latin juventūs, -tūtis ` youth '
(jūventa = Gothic junda?) = Old Irish ōetiu, ōitiu, Gen. -ted ` youth ' (*i̯ou̯nt̥ ūt-s, reshaped
from i̯uu̯nt̥ ūt-, see above to ōac).
A s-extension probably in Old Indic yṓṣā, Gen. *yōṣṇáh, N. Pl. yóṣūḥ, yṓṣaṇaḥ ` young
woman, wife '; for Latin Jūnō ` Juno, goddess of marriage and wife of the god Jupiter ', if
the goddess actually stands for ` youth, young persons ', it has derived from jūnīx, jūnior
present stem i̯ūn-; different Leumann-Stolz5 239.

Page(s): 510-511
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯eu-4

Meaning: to separate; to hold off
Note:
Note: see above S. 508; after Renou (mündl.) is the Old Indic root yu- `separate' with yu- `
connect ' identical and meaning included in the compounds with ápa- and ví-.
Page(s): 511

eu ni- or i̯i̯i̯ou-
eu-ni- ou-ni-
ou ni-
Meaning: the right way
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yṓni- m. `residence', f. `womb', Avestan Akk. Sg. yaonǝm `way' (probably from
yaonim, see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition Old Indic syoná- `comfortable' from
*su-yoná-, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > yo- Old Indic
Old Irish úain f. `possibility, opportunity (i.e. the more proper place = the right time),
leisure, time'.
References: WP. I 204;

See also: probably to i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-1 ` set in motion '.
eu
Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯eu̯o-

Meaning: corn; barley
Material:
Note:
Old Indic yáva- m. ` corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum' = Avestan yava- m. ` corn, grain ',
npers. jav `barley' (= Lithuanian javaĩ); Old Indic yavya- m. ` fruit supply ' (: Lithuanian jáuja
`barn'); yavasá- n. `grass, food', Avestan yavaŋha- n. ` willow '; Avestan yǝvīn- m. `
grainfield ';
Lithuanian jãvas m. `species of grain', javaĩ Pl. ` corn, grain ', jáuja `barn'.
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in ḫ2ʷaḫ2ʷa- > Old Indic yava- > Baltic java-
hom. Attic ζειαί f. Pl. ` spelt ', hom. ζείδωρος ` grain-giving, as epith. of the earth,
producing grain ' (for *ζεFεδωρος), φυσί-ζοος (αἶα) ` grain-giving, producing grain ' (: i̯eu̯o-s
= εὔ-φρων : φρήν);
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto
Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, do-

Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯eu̯os-

os-
os
Meaning: norm, right
Note: perhaps as ` obligation, commitment, liability ' to *i̯i̯i̯eu-
eu-2 ` connect '
eu
Material:
Note:
Armenian, Celtic, Illyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian
Tosc.
Old Indic yōḥ n. `salvation!' (only in connection with śáṃ; to form s. Bartholomae Airan.
Wb. 1234); Avestan yaožda-δāiti `makes bright, purifies, cleans ritually ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > yo- Old Indic
Latin iūs ` statute, enactment, right' (Old Latin ious from *i̯ou̯os, compare:) iūstus (Old
Latin iovestōd) ` justified, legitimate '; jūrō, -āre `swear, vow' (Old Latin probably in iouesat
Duenos-Inschr.), about jūrgō, iniūria; pe(r)ierāre, ējerāre, dēierāre (zero grade i̯ŭsā-) s.
WH. I 732 ff., EM2 506 ff.; about jūdex `judge' see above S. 188, WH. I 726;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > you- > iu-, ju- Latin
Old Irish huisse ` justified, legitimate ' (*i̯us-ti̯os).
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > Celtic hu-

Page(s): 512
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ēgʷ

ēgʷā
ēg
Meaning: force
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Lithuanian nuo-, pa-jėgà ` power, ability ', jėgiù, jė̃gti ` be capable, be strong ', Latvian
jẽga `reason', jẽgt `catch, understand, comprehend '; whether here the isolated russ. dial.
jáglyj `violent; keen, eager; fast, rapid'? (see Berneker 443).
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > ye > je- Baltic = ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ja- Slavic
Gr. ἥβη `youth strength, pubescence', ἡβάω `be nubile, marriageable', ἡβάσκω `become
m.', ἔφ-ηβος ` youngling ' (compare ἐπ-άργυρος); (common Illyrian gʷ- > b-)
Doubtful is the interpretation from gr. ἁβρός `tender, fine, luscious' from *i̯ǝgʷ-rós ` being
full of strength in youth '.
Note:
Root / lemma: abhro- ro-):: ` strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma: i̯ēgʷ
ro- (*ḫ2abhro- ēgʷā : force
ēg
extended in -rr- formant.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe-, ḫ2ʷa- > Øa- Greek
gr. ἁβρός `tender, fine, luscious' = also, whether Latin Iegius, Oscan Ieíis (with ē?) belong
here.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > ye- > je- > le- Latin (common Celtic Armenian j- > l-)

Page(s): 503
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ēk-

ēk- : i̯i̯i̯ǝk-
ēk ǝk-
ǝk
Meaning: to heal
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Old Irish hīcc (*i̯ēkko-) `healing, payment ', cymr. iach `fit, healthy', corn. yagh, bret. iac'h
ds. (*i̯ǝkko-), with unclear consonant doubling.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > hye- > hi, ḫ2ʷa- > ya-, ia- Celtic
Gr. ἄκος n. `remedy', ἀκέομαι `heal', delph. ἐφακει̃σθαι, ἀκέστωρ (as epithet of Apollos,
`physician, medicine man, savior, redeemer', ἀκεστήρ `healer, physician, medicine man',
Epic -ionische Psilose), in Attic prose seldom used words;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe-, ḫ2ʷa- > Øa- Greek
References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303;

See also: see above i̯ek-
ek- `speak'.
ek
Page(s): 504
Root / lemma: i̯ē̆kʷ-r̥(t-

(t-), Gen. i̯i̯i̯ekʷ
(t ekʷ-n-és
ek
Meaning: liver
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Old Indic yákr̥t, Gen. yaknáḥ `liver'; pers. jigar (*yakar-), afghan. yī̆na (obl. *yaxna-);
lengthened grade (?) Avestan yākarǝ (after W. Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also
Avestan *ha-yākana-, compare Old Norse lifre m. ` belonging to the same liver, brother ',
lifra f. ` sister ') =
Note:
gr. ἧπαρ, -ατος (*-n̥-tos);
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Øe- Greek
Latin jecur, -oris and -inoris (proves previously *jecinis; amalgamation of r-and n-stems);
Baltic *i̯eknā f. in Lithuanian jãknos, old jeknos, jekanas, Latvian aknas, aknis f. Pl. Old
Prussian iagno (Hs. lagno) f.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > ye- > je- Latin, Baltic = ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ja- Baltic
After Pedersen KG. I 129 here Middle Irish i(u)chair (*ikuri-) f., Gen. i(u)chrach ` roe,
eggs of a fish, eggs of various crustaceans ' and Church Slavic ikra, russ. ikra, Upper
Sorbian jikro, jikno ds., that is further identical with Slavic ikra `plaice' and ikra `calf' (and of
that Baltic correspondences or rather leaning forms, Old Prussian yceroy, Latvian ikrs, Old
Lithuanian Gen. ikrū) under a basic meaning `clump, intumescence '. Also Indo Germanic
*i̯ekʷr̥t could be based on the same view.
It is difficult perhaps distorted taboo Armenian leard, Gen. lerdi `liver' (compare finally
Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong Old Norse lifr f. `liver', Old English lifer, engl.
liver, Old High German libera, lebara to gr. λιπαρός `fat' (see Root / lemma: leip-
leip-1: to
smear, stick), so that the original epithet of the (fattened) liver also the old word for liver
was displaced, like Latin jecur ficātum has lead to Italian fegato etc..
A proto Indo Germanic basic form *li̯ekʷr̥t appears to be risky.
References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518,
Benveniste Origines I 8f.
Page(s): 504
lemma: i̯i̯i̯ē- : i̯i̯i̯ǝ-, with -k- extended i̯ēk-

Root / lemma: ēk-, i̯i̯i̯ǝk-
ēk ǝk-
ǝk
Meaning: to throw; to do
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Tocharian A ya- `make', supplied through y-pa-, in preterit through yām-, in В has been
carried out in the whole paradigm; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also А В yäk-
`neglect'?
Note:
Latin iaciō, iēci, iactum, iacere `to throw, cast, fling, hurl, catapult; spread';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ia- Latin
Hittite i-ja-mi Ì make', pí-ja-mi ` send to', u-i-ja-mi ` send here '; here Luvian a-i-ja-ru
(from *i-ja-ru?) ` it should be done '?;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ja- Hittite
Gr. ἵημι (Inf. ἱέναι, Fut. ἥσω, Aor. ἕ-ηκα, ἧκα) `set in motion, throw, cast, send' (*i̯i-i̯ē-mi);
ἧμα n. ` throw, shot'; (common Avestan, Greek aor. prefix)
Pedersen places also here gr. ἰάπτω ` send, dispatch '.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > ye- > ie-, ḫ2ʷa- > ya- > ia- Greek
Against derivation from gr. ἵημι from *si-sē-mi with good reasons WH. I 667, EM 468.
doubting Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 741. Frisk (Eranos 41, 49 f.) decides because of
Armenian himn ` foundation ' (`*the thrown?' = Latin sēmen ` of plants, seed, of men or
animals, seed, race, a shoot, graft, scion, set, slip, cutting ') for *si-sē-mi.
References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hittite 129, 198, Tocharian 166, 191,
Lykisch under Hittite 30.
Page(s): 502
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯oi-

oi-ni-
oi ni-
Meaning: bulrush
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Latin iuncus ` bulrush' (*i̯oini-ko-s) belongs to Middle Irish aín ` bulrush' (*i̯oini-), Gen. aíne;
about Latin iūniperus ` the juniper-tree ' s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74;
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷou- > you- > iu- Latin
Old Icelandic einir, Swedish en ` juniper ', ndd. ēn(e)ke ds. whether from *jainia-, by
which the meaning change of bulrush : juniper (see above) would be assure as old.
However, it is then with Middle Low German eynholz and Modern High German
Einbeerbaum (from Old Icelandic eini-ber ` juniper berry ') to be influenced by ein ` one '.
References: WP. I 208f., Kluge11 126.

Page(s): 513
lemma: i̯i̯i̯ork-
Root / lemma: ork-
ork
Meaning: a kind of roebuck
Note:
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ork-
ork- : a kind of roebuck : Root / lemma: ĝhers-
ork hers- , ĝher-
her- : rigid : alb. derk `pig'
(< *ĝhōr-n̥-k);
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
gallo-rom. *i̯orkos `roe deer', cymr. iwrch ` male roe deer ', corn. yorch, bret. iourc'h `roe
deer' (presumably from Celtic come the later isolated forms ἴορκος, ἴορκες, ἴυρκες by Opp.
and Hes.); gall. FN Jurca.
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷo- > Celtic yo-, io-, ju-, iu-
Gr. ζόρξ, ζορκάς, with folk etymology connection in δέρκομαι mostly δόρξ, δορκός; δορκάς
f., δόρκος m. `roe deer, gazelle '; (Illyrian substrate)
Note:
labialized laryngeal ḫ1ʷe- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, ḫ3ʷo- > Proto
Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, do-
References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.

Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ou,

ou i̯i̯i̯u
ou
Meaning: ` already; before, ever; just '
Note:
Tosc.
See also: see above S. 285 (e-3, etc..)
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯o-

Meaning: relative stem
Note:
Tosc.
See also: see above S. 283 (e-3, etc..)
Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯ō[u]s-
ō[u]s- : i̯i̯i̯ūs-
ō[u]s ūs-
ūs
Meaning: belt; to begird
Note: (presumably to i̯eu-
eu-2)
eu
Material:
Note:
Tosc.
Avestan yā̊ŋhayeiti (mostly with aiwi-) ` girds ', participle yāsta- ` girded ', yāh n. ` belt
string ';
gr. ζώννvμι ` gird ', ζωστός (= Avestan yāsta-, Lithuanian júostas) ` girded ', ζωστήρ
`belt, girdle', ζῶμα ds. (*ζωσ-μα compare Lithuanian juosmuõ `belt'), ζώνη ds. (*ζωσ-νᾱ,
compare russ.-Church Slavic pojasnь ds.); ζούσθω ζωννύσθω Hes. perhaps thessal. =
*ζώσθω?
alb. n-gjehs, ngjesh ` gird, put on a belt ';
Lithuanian júosiu, júosti ` gird ', júostas ` girded ', júosta `belt, girdle' besides pa-jūsė́ti `
gird ' (ablaut ōu : ū);
Old Church Slavic pojaśǫ, -jasati ` gird ', pojasъ `belt, girdle' (etc., see Berneker 449).
References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108 f.

Page(s): 513
Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯u-1

Meaning: you (pl.)
Grammatical information: originally only Nom.; case oblique of stem u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s- (from *i̯i̯u̯es,
es
es
*i̯u̯os?)
os
os
Material: 1. Old Indic yuvám ` you ' Du., yūyám Pl., Avestan yūžǝm, gathav. yūš;
Armenian having a lasting effect in those with je- anlaut. case e.g. Dat. jez (e after mez `
nobis ', kèz ` tibi ');
Gothic jūs ` you ' Pl. otherwise reshaped after ` we ' (see u̯e-) Old Icelandic ér, Old
English gē, Old Saxon gī̆, ge, Old High German ir; Du. Gothic *ju-t (: Lithuanian jù-du),
otherwise reshaped after ` we ' Old Icelandic it, Old English Old Saxon git;
Lithuanian jū́s, Latvian jũs, Prussian ioūs, iaūs ` you ' Pl., Lithuanian jù-du ` you both';
Old Prussian iouson, Lithuanian jū́sų, Latvian jũsu ` your '.
alb. ju ` you ' from *u = Old Indic vaḥ with hiatus erasing j-;
Also alb. juve `you', jush `from you'.
u̯ē̆s-, u̯ō̆s-: Old Indic vaḥ, Avestan vā̊ enkl. for Akk. Gen. Dat. Pl., Dual. Old Indic vām;
of Akk. *us-sme (= Lesbian ὔμμε) from with takeover of nominative i̯- Old Indic yuṣmā́n
Akk. (etc.), Avestan Abl. yūšmat̃;
gr. Lesbian ὔμμε (*us-sm-), Doric ὑμέ Akk., out of it nom. Lesbian ὔμμες, Doric ὑμές, as
well as Attic ὑμεῖς etc.;
Latin vōs (= Avestan Akk. Pl. vā̊?), Paelignian vus ` vos ' and ` vobis ', Latin vester,
Umbrian uestra ` vestrā ';
Old Prussian wans Akk.; Old Church Slavic Nom. Akk. Pl. vy, Gen. Pl. vasъ, Dat. Pl.
vamъ, Instr. Pl. vami;
Hittite šu-(um-)me-es (sumes) from *usme (compare Pedersen Hittite 75 f);
Tocharian A yas, В yes (y from the 1. Pl.).
Besides with anlaut su̯ : Old Irish sī, sissi ` you ' (uai-b `from you ' from *ō-su̯ī), cymr.
etc. chwi ` you ' (-ī < -*oi of Nom. Pl. the o-stem?); Irish far n. ` your ', indala-sār ` one of
you both ', sethar ` your ' (compare Thurneysen Gr. p. 449), and with anlaut esu̯- Gothic
izwis ` you ', izwara ` your ', Old Icelandic yðr, yðuar ds., West Germanic without s (i.e.
probably with s- reduction) Old High German iuwih ` you ' (Akk.), iuwēr ` your ' etc.;
perhaps it is also gr. σφώ ` you both' after the reflexive, where *σFε- through σφε- it was
replaced the older *σFω.
References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 600 f.
Page(s): 513-514
Root / lemma: i̯ū̆ 2

Meaning: exclamatory interjection
Material: Gr. ἰαυοῖ ` exclamation of sorrow!' (ἰαῦ, ἰύ:), ἰύ: ` interjection of amazement'; with
silbischem, to partly long i- (ī̆u-) ranks ἰ̄υγή ` howling, shrieking, as of men in pain, but also
of the shout of heralds, the hissing of snakes ', ἰυγμός ds., ἰ̄ύζω (Fut. ἰύξω) `cry' (Lithuanian
by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf Lithuanian ývas ` a night-owl, an owl ', Old
Prussian ywo-garge òwl's tree' and in n-present refers ἰνύεται κλαίει, ὀδύρεται Hes.); not
here, but to au1 (above S. 71) there belongs ἀῡτή ` scream ', older inschr. ἀFῡτά;
Latin jūbilō ` rejoice, shout, to raise a shout of joy, call out to a person ' (perhaps *i̯ūd-
dhǝ-lō) ; in addition iugō, -ere ` to utter the note of the red kite ';
Middle Irish ilach (*ii̯uluko-) `victory cheering';
Middle High German jū, jūch èxclamation of pleasure, joy' (similarly jō with the
exclamation and shout), therefrom Middle High German jūwen, jūwezen ` shout, jubilate ',
jūchezen, Modern High German jauchzen ` whoop ', Middle High German jōlen, jodeln,
Modern High German johlen, jodeln, also Old Norse ȳla, engl. yowl `howl' from *jūljan;
serb. jȕ, íjù, ijuju ` hurray, hoorah!, hurrah!!';
Lithuanian ývas ` a night-owl, an owl ' see above.
References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.

Page(s): 514
Root / lemma: īli-

īli-
Meaning: groin, intestines
Material: Gr. ἴλια μόρια γυναικεῖα; ἴλιον τὸ τἡς γυναικὸς ἐφήβαιον δηλοῖ. καὶ κόσμιον
γυναικεῖον παρὰ Κῴοις Hes. (presumably ἰ-, compare:)
Latin īlia, -um ` intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen' (Sg. īlium Gl., īle `the
genitals' constructed by Catull); or ἴλια Latin loanword?
whether here cymr. il ` ebullition ' (*swelling?), gall. PN Ilio-mārus `with big groin ' and
Scots Gaelic island Old Irish Īle, Gaelic İle, engl. Islay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)?
Perhaps here Slavic *jelito (from *jilito?) etc. ` groin, intestines, testicles' (t-forms as in
lanita `cheek', isto `kidney', lysto `calf', usta `mouth') in wruss. jality `testicles', serb. old
jelito ` a sausage, a small sausage ', čak. olìto ` intestine, a sausage ', poln. jelito `
intestine ', dial. ` sausage ', Pl. ` intestines, entrails ', russ. litónьja ` manyplies of
ruminants, psalterium ' (Old Prussian laitian n. ` sausage ' probably from apoln. *lito?).
Page(s): 499
Root īl-, īlu-

Root / lemma: īl- īlu-
Meaning: dirt; black
Material: Gr. ἰλύ̄ς, -ύος f. `slime, mud, ordure; dregs, sediment (of wine); impurity ', εἰλύ
(i.e. ἰλύ) μέλαν Hes.;
Latvian īls ` very dark ' (*īlus);
Old Church Slavic ilъ ` mud, mire, dirt; clay; bog ', russ. iɫ, Gen. íɫa `slime, mud', Czech
jíl `slime, mud, loam, clay', poln. iɫ, jeɫ ` clay, natural dampness of earth ', wherefore
maybe the name of the whitefish living in the mud (Squalius vulgaris), russ. jeléc, Gen.
jelcá, Czech jelec, jilec, poln. jelec, Lower Sorbian jalica (to anlaut alteration compare
under īli- ` groin, intestines ').

Page(s): 499
Root / lemma: *ati-

*ati-, ateli-
ateli-, -o-
Meaning: a kind of fish
Material: Gr. ἐτελίς ` a kind of fish ' (could be assimilated from *ἀτελίς), Latin attilus ` a kind
of large fish found in the Po ' (probably gall. or Ligurian: Holder Altcelt. Sprachsch. s. v.,
M.-L. 766; different Hirt IF. 37, 222); Old Lithuanian atìs, Lithuanianõtas, Latvian ãte `
turbot, type of flatfish eaten as food '.
Page(s): 70
Root / lemma: *dǝĝh-mó-

mó-
Meaning: slant
Material: Old Indic jihmá- ` slantwise, slant, skew ' (Proto Aryan *žižhmá- assim. from
*dižhmá-), gr. δοχμός, δόχμιος `slant, skew' (assim. from *δαχμός?).
References: WP. I 769, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 302 g, 327.
Page(s): 181
Root / lemma: (*g

*gʷhēi- :) gʷhǝi-
*gʷhēi
ʷhēi- ʷhǝi-, gʷhǝid-
ʷhǝid- : gʷhīd
ʷhīd-
īd-
Meaning: bright, shining
Material: Gr. φαιδρός `clear, bright, luminous; cheerful' (= Lithuanian giẽdras), next to
which φαιδι- in φαίδιμος `gleaming, stately'; φαιός ` dim, dark, hazy, brownish, gray' (basic
form *φαι-Fός or -σός); φαικός λαμπρός Hes.; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Lithuanian giẽdras, gaidrùs `cheerful, clear, bright' (therefrom giedrà, gaidrà f. ` nice
weather '), Latvian dziedrs ` azure, sky-blue color', changing through ablaut dzīdrums
`brightness'; Lithuanian gaĩsas (*gʷhǝid-so-s), gaisa ` gleam in the sky, heaven', Latvian
gàiss m. àir, weather', gaišs (*gaisus) `clear, bright', gàisma f. `light', Lithuanian gaĩsras
m. ` gleam in the sky, heaven, conflagration; rage, fury', gaĩzdras m. ` gleam in the sky,
heaven'; probably also Old Prussian gaylis `white'.

Page(s): 488-489
Root / lemma: *ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-

*ōs ōs- en-, os-
os-k- (*ḫwōks-, ḫw
wōks- ōsk- in centum languages))
wōsk-
Meaning: ash tree
Material: Latin ornus ` the wild mountain-ash ' (*os-en-os); cymr. acorn. onn-en, bret.
ounn-enn àsh tree', cymr. Pl. onn, ynn (proto Celtic *onnā < *osnā); (common Celtic -ns-,
-nt- > -nn-), Old Irish (h)uinnius, Dat. uinnsinn (*onn-is-ō) ds.; Lithuanian úosis f., m.,
Latvian uôsis m., Old Prussian woasis (*ōsi-s; in addition Illyrian-Pannonian VN Osi, PN
Osones); Slavic *jasenь (*jasenъ) m. in serb. jȁsên, russ. jásenь;
with k-extension: Armenian hac̣i àsh tree'; alb. ah `beech' (*oskā);
Note:
Maybe wrong etymology as alb. (*phau) ahu ` beech ' : Spanish haya, French hêtre,
fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye, Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano fò, Breton
favenn, Calabrese fagu, Catalan faig, Furlan fajâr, Galician faia, Irish feá, Manx faih,
Piemontese fò, Portuguese faia, Romagnolo fàz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian
faig, Venetian fagaro, fagher, Welsh ffawydden ` beech '.
gr. ὀξύη `beech, spear shaft' (*ὀσκ[ε]σ-?); Ligurian PN ᾽Οσκέλα àsh-tree forest' (?); Old
Icelandic askr m. àsh tree, spear, javelin, ship', Old English æsc (Germanic *askiz), Old
High German asc àsh tree';
compare tscherem. oško àsh tree'.
References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 223, Trautmann 203, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59.
Page(s): 782
Root / lemma: (*(s)pen
*(s)pen-2), (s)pon-
*(s)pen- (s)pon-, (s)pond
(s)pon ho-
Meaning: a kind of wooden vessel (pail)
Note: related to sphē-
sphē-, sphǝ- `long, flat piece of wood' (compare -no-derivative Modern
High German Span).
Material: Armenian pànd `vessel' (*phondho-); Latin sponda ` the frame of a bedstead,
sofa, bed, couch, bier '; Middle Irish sonn m. ` jamb, pillar ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), sonnaid ` bumps, presses ', cymr. ffon f. `stick' (*spondhā); Old Icelandic spann n. `
bucket, pail ' (Danish spand ` bucket, pail '), Middle Low German span, -nnes ` wooden
bucket ', fat-span ` wooden vessel handle ' (Germanic *spanna-, perhaps o-Ableit. an en-
stem *spanan-, or from *spondh-no- or *spon-u̯o-); Old Church Slavic spǫdъ ` a corn-
measure, measure, peck ';
e-forms missing; Dutch spinde ` larder, pantry, warehouse for storing food ', Modern
High German Spind ` cupboard ' derive from Middle Latin *(dis)penda (Frings, Germania
Romana 146).
References: WP. II 662, WH. II 578.

References:
Page(s): 989
*(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erǝg
Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
(s)p(h)erǝg- (s)p(h)rēg- (nasalized spreng-
spreng-)
Meaning: to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle
Note: g-extension to sp(h)er-
sp(h)er
Material: A. With onomatopoeic word formation:
Old Indic sphū́rjati, sphūrjáyati (`bursts out, appears' and) `beats, rattles, roars'; sphū́rja-
, sphū́rjaka- m. à certain plant'; onomatopoeic word formation also gr. σφαραγέομαι`be
abundant, bristle, hiss, be full to bursting (from full udder' and) `beat, hiss, burst with loud
bang';
Lithuanian sprãga, -ė́ti ` crackle, crack, creak', causative sprãginti ` make crackle, roast';
ablaut. sprógti ` burst '; Latvian sprâgt and sprêgt `break, crack', spruogt `bud', Lithuanian
spùrga f. ` Hopfenblüte ', Latvian spurdzes f. Pl. ds.; spurgt `spray'; proto Slavic *pragnǫ,
*pragnǫti in Czech prahnouti `dry up, wilt, wither, languish ' PN Praha ` clear place';
causative slov. prážiti `braise', ablaut. serb. pȑžiti `roast' (proto Slavic *prъžiti);
maybe alb. (*prážiti) përzhit `burn' a Slavic loanword.

В. alb., Germanic and Celtic of speech: alb. shpreh Ì speak' (*spreg-sk-); but cymr.
ffraeth (*spreĝh-to-) `quick, fast, willing, ready', bret. fraez, freaz `distinct', corn. freth àgile,
lively' belong to sperĝh
sperĝh- S. 998; cymr. ffreg `gossip' has unclear -g (from *-k); Old English
sprecan, Old Saxon sprekan, Old High German sprehhan `speak', Old English sprǣc, Old
Saxon sprāca, Old High German sprāhha `language' (besides forms without r unclear
occurrence: Old High German spehhan, Old English specan `speak', spǣc ` discourse ',
engl. to speak, speech, Middle High German spaht `gossip, loud song', spehhen `babble');
in more general onomatopoeic word formation Old Icelandic spraka ` crackle, patter '
(spraki `rumor'), Danish sprage `crack, creak, rustle '.
C. In other meaning:
Old Indic sphū́rjati ` bursts out, appear, come into view ' (see above); parāgas ` pollen ';
Maybe alb. shpërthej ` blow, blossom, appear, come into view ' common alb. -k > -th.
Avestan sparǝga- `scion, shoot' (` from the barbs below the head of the arrow '),
frasparǝɣa- `sprout, twig, branch';
gr. σφαραγέομαι ` burst with a noise, crackle, sputter, as liquids when thrown upon the
fire, groan with fulness, to be full to bursting ', σπαργάω ` to be full to bursting, swell, be
ripe, of nursing mothers, swell with milk ', σπαργαί ὀργαί ὁρμαί Hes., σποργαί ἐρεθισμοὶ εἰς
τὸτεκεῖν Hes., ἀσπάραγος, ἀσφάραγος ` stone sperage, Asparagus acutifolius, the edible
shoots thereof, the shoots of other plants ';
Latin spargō, -ere `strew, distribute, scatter, sprinkle, spray';
Middle Low German sparken ` spark, produce sparks, sparkle, glitter', Old English
spearcian ds. (engl. sparkle), spircan ` spark, produce sparks, spray', Middle Low German
sparke, Old English spearca (engl. spark) `spark', nasalized Middle Low German spranken
`sparkle, glitter', mnl. spranke `spark, the spraying, small stain ';
Old Icelandic sparkr àgile, lively, strenuous ', Old Icelandic sprǣkr, Norwegian sprǣk,
Swedish dial. spräker àgile, lively', also `radiating, gleaming', Danish dial. spræg `
haughty, boasting ' (*sprēgi-); engl. sprinkle ` sprinkle, spray', Swedish dial. spräkkel `
stain ' (`*splash, dash '), spräckla ` measles, morbilli, contagious virus occurring mostly in
children that is characterized by red spots on the skin', Norwegian and nisl. sprekla, Middle
High German spreckel ` chloasma, skin spot, brown spot on the skin ', nasal. Middle High
German sprinkel, sprenkel ` speckle, stain '; r-lose forms are Middle Low German spinkel =
sprinkel, mnl. spekelen `sprinkle', nl. spikkel ` stain, speckle ', Old English specca ds.,
Lithuanian spúogas ` stain, dot, speck '; - without anl. s, and concomitant as variant
besides *perk̂-, *prek̂- ` dappled ' (see 820 f.): Old Icelandic freknōttr ` freckly, freckled ',
Norwegian and nisl. frekna ` freckle ', engl. freak ` make striped ';
Old English spræc n. `scion, shoot, twig, branch', spranca m. ds. (sprincel `basket-
snare'); in the meaning ` crackle, rustle, break, crack' based on Norwegian sprek `dry
deadwood', Old Icelandic sprek ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood', Old High
German sprahhula `splinter, chaff', Middle Low German sprok, sprokkel `deadwood'; holl.
sprokkig ` brittle ', sprokkeln `break, crack', Norwegian dial. sproka, sprokka ` crack,
spring, cleft, fissure', Old English forspiercan `dry, dehydrate, desiccate'; mnl. sporkel
`february' (probably of bud sprout, compare engl. spring ` spring '), Low German sprickel
`deadwood, dry twig, branch';
compare also Old English spracen ` alder ', Norwegian sprake ` juniper ', Old High
German sporah, spurcha ds., also (`twitching, shooting up, elastic') Old High German
houue-spranca `locusta (grasshopper)', Old Saxon sprinco ds., Middle Low German
spranke, sprinke, sprenkel ds.; Middle High German sprinke ` bird trap ', Low German
Modern High German Sprenkel `speckle ' ds.; Low German sprenkel ` clamp wood ';
Old High German springa ` shackle, fetter, or chain for the feet, a springe, gin, snare ',
older Modern High German Sprengel ` bird trap ', engl. springe, springle ` bird's loop ' are
influenced by springen;
Latvian spir̃gt ` become fresh, strengthen ', spir̃g(t)s `fresh, alert, awake, smart, fit,
healthy'; spir̃gsti (pirgsti) `glowing coals under the ash'; spir̃gulis `splinter'
(`*Weggespritztes '); spridzinât ` spray around, spring ', spridzîgs `rash, hasty, alert,
awake, smart'; spur̃guls `small, munteres child', spę̄rgans ` brittle, alert, awake, smart';
Lithuanian sprõgis, Latvian spradzis ` Erdfloh ';
D. without anlaut s- compare still: Old Indic parjánya- ` rain cloud (squirting, spraying);
the rain God and thunderstorm God ' (see above S. 819, 823); Old Irish arg `drip', mcymr.
eiry, cymr. eira `snow', acorn. irch, ncorn. er, bret. erc'h ds. (*pargo-, *pargi̯o-); common p-
> zero Celtic Armenian.
probably also Old Church Slavic prъga ` neuer Kornansatz des Weizens ', russ. pergá `
pollen ' ; Old Church Slavic is-prъgnǫti `spring out', poln. pierzgnąć `break, crack (skin)';
nasalized Old Bulgarian vъs-pręgnǫti ` sprout ', prǫgъ ` locust, grasshopper '; as `shooting
up ' Old Church Slavic prǫglo ` a little snare, noose, a little stretcher ', russ. prúga, pružina
`jumping feather', u-prúgij ` shooting up flexibly, bulging ', also the family proto Slavic
*pręgǫ ` tighten, hitch, harness an animal; tense, pull taught, stretch tight ', prǫgъ ` yoke ',
poln. poprąg `belt' etc.
Maybe alb. pranga ` cuffs ' : Slavic prǫgъ ` yoke '.
References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450.
Page(s): 996-998
Root / lemma: *u̯ep-

ep-1 : u̯ō̆p- : up-
ep up-
Meaning: water
Material: Old Indic vāpī- f. `deep pond, pool'; the above S. 52 mentioned pre-Celtic FlN
Material:
with -up- in Celtic bottom, wherefore still Uxantia (*upsantiā) ` Ousance ' (Orléans), the
Ligurian PN Vappincum ` Gap '; Lithuanian ùpė `river' (barely to ap-); Old Prussian wupyan
`cloud'; Old Church Slavic vapa `sea' (*u̯ōpa; barely after W. Schulze, Kl. Schr. 1152 to Old
Russian vapь `paint, color' etc.); Hittite u̯appu- ` riverbank, wadi, dry river valley '.
References: Trautmann 11, 342, Vasmer 1, 168 f., Krahe BzNF 5, 98 ff.
Page(s): 1149
Root / lemma: kad

ka h-
Meaning: to guard; to cover
Material: Latin cassis, -idis `helmet' (if first Latin, s. WH. I 177, then from *kadh-tis);
perhaps Middle Irish cais `love', mis-cuis `hate' (*kadh-ti-s);
Old English hædre ` thoughtful, anxious '; Old High German huota f. `the hat, guarding,
wardership', Old English hōd, Old Frisian hōde `guarding', whereof Old High German
huoten, Old English hēdan `look after, watch over, keep, guard, watch'; Old High German
huot m. `the hat, bonnet, helmet', Old English hōd m. `cap'; Old Icelandic hǫttr and hattr,
Old English hætt, engl. hat `the hat' (*had-tu-), Old Icelandic hetta ` covering; shelter'
(*hattjōn-); Kluge under Hut, Zupitza gutturals 206 f.; Old English heden `dress' = Old
Icelandic heðinn ` fur skirt ' (*haðina-). (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-).

Page(s): 516
Root / lemma: kaghlo-

kaghlo-
Meaning: small round stone
Material: Gr. κάχληξ, -ηκος `stone, pebble ', Abl. from *κάχλος =
Old High German hagal, Old English hagol, hægel m. Old Norse hagl n. `hail'.

Page(s): 518
kagh- : kogh-
Root / lemma: kagh- kogh-
Meaning: to sew, plait, etc..
Material: Latin caulae (*caholae) ` sheepfold, enclosure around temple and altars ',
wherefore (dial. development) cōlum ` A vessel for straining, a strainer, colander, a bow-
net, a net of wicker-work for catching fish, a wear, fish snaring net' (all from wickerwork),
cōlō, -āre ` strain, filter with a sieve or strainer, purify '; ablaut. Latin cohum, after Paul.
Diac. ` the strap by which the plough-beam was fastened to the yoke ' as ` holder,
encirclement ', in addition incohō, -āre ` to lay the foundation of a thing, to begin,
commence ', actually ` harness ' (word of farmers);
here Oscan κα, ας ` incipias ', kahad ` capiat ': Umbrian 3. Pl. Konj. Perf. kukēhē(n)s `
occupaverint ' = Latin capere : cēpi (see below S. 527 f.); Umbrian cehefi ` captus sit ' is
Konj. Pass. of f-Perfekts (E. Fraenkel, Fil. Biedr. Rāksti 1940, 8 f.);
gall. (5. Jh., Zimmer KZ. 32, 237 f.) caii `cancelli' Gl., caio ` breialo sive bigardio ' Nom.
Gall. (out of it French quai, Old French chai ` river dam '); abret. caiou Pl. ` munimenta ',
cymr. cae ` paddock ' and `collar, neckband', corn. kē ` paddock ', Middle Breton kae
`thorn hedge, fence'; derived cymr. caü ` make a hedge, fence ', bret. kea ` make a hedge
'; perhaps cymr. caen f. ` covering, operculum, skin' (*kagh-nā) Vendryes WuS. 12, 242;
out of it borrowed Middle Irish caín ` surface '); cymr. cael ` das Erlangen ' (*kagh-lā), see
above S. 408; ablaut. in bret. mor-go (*mon-go, to *mon- ` neck ') ` Halsring der Pferde ',
whether -go from *kogho- (after V. Henry, Lexique, though to cymr. caw `band, strap'), and
cymr. myn-ci ds., whether from *-cei, Indo Germanic *koghi̯o-; out of it Middle Irish muince
`collar, neckband';
Old High German hag ` hedge, paddock ', Old English haga m. ` hedge, garden', engl.
haw, asächs. hago, Old Icelandic hagi ` meadowland '; Old English hæg n. ` paddock,
small area of land', engl. hay, Old English hecg f. ` hedge ', engl. hedge, Old High German
heckia, heggia ` hedge ', to Old Icelandic hegg-r ` Ahlkirsche ' (*hagjō; out of it French haie
ds.); derivatives: Old English hagu-rūn `charm, spell', hegi-tisse, Old High German haga-
zussa `witch'; Old Icelandic hegna ` make a hedge, fence, shield ', to Old High German
hagan `briar', PN Hagano, Old Norse Hǫgni, etc.
References: WP. I 337 f., WH. I 187 f., 243 f., 631, Loth RC 45, 198 f.
Page(s): 518
Root / lemma: kaĝo

kaĝo- or koĝo
koĝo-, -ā-
Meaning: goat
Note: only Slavic and Germanic
In Albanian the old laryngeal gave h- > k-.
Note:
From the older root Root / lemma: aiĝ- h2eviĝ-
aiĝ- (*h eviĝ-):: `goat', derived Root / lemma: agʷh
agʷh-
ʷh-no-
no-s
(*heg
hegʷh
hegʷh-no-s ):: `lamb' and Root / lemma: ā̆ĝ- : `goat' : Root / lemma: kaĝo
ʷh-no- kaĝo- or koĝo
koĝo-, -ā- :
`goat'.
Material: Old Bulgarian koza `goat', kozъlъ `he-goat' (Latvian kaza `goat' from Russ.),
therefrom abgel. koža `skin' (*kozjā, originally `* goatskin ', as Church Slavic (j)azno `skin,
leather': Lithuanian ožỹs `he-goat');
from the meaning ` (nanny goat fur as of covering, mantle ' goes probably also Gothic
hakuls `mantle', Old Icelandic hǫkoll ds. (fem. hekla ` mantle with hood, cowl '), Old
English hacele, Old Frisian hezil (*hakil), Old High German hachul m. ds. back; with
lengthened grade probably Old English hēcen, Middle Low German hōken, Middle Dutch
hoekijn `young goat, kid' (*hōkīna-).
Meillet Ét. 246 reminds an *aĝos `goat(nbock)' (above S. 6 f.) as ` rhyme word ', what
would speak for kaĝo- with a. The low spreading of the word can be explained from the
extent of the standing contest among nanny goat names, s. in addition Lidén Arm. stem 13
f.
Maybe alb. kedhi `yound goat, kid' but not keci `yound goat, kid' from Turkish keçi ` goat '.

Page(s): 517-518
Root / lemma: kai-

kai-ko-
ko-
Meaning: one-eyed
Material: Old Indic kēkara- ` squinting ';
Latin caecus `blind, dark', Old Irish caech ` one-eyed, squinting, blind', cymr. coeg `
vacuus, deficiens ', coegddall ` one-eyed', acorn. cuic ` luscus vel monophthalmus ',
Gothic haihs ` one-eyed'; Middle Irish leth-chaech ` squinting';
perhaps here gr. καικίας `northeasterly wind' as ` *the dark ' (Güntert, Kalypso 676,
compare aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Fick GGA. 1894, 238: Κάικος, a river the
Äolis);
Lithuanian kéikti ` curse ', actually `lay an evil eye ' (*kēikmi : *kaikmés).
Because of the basic meaning ` one-eyed' compare *kai-

*kai- ` alone '.

Page(s): 519-520
Root / lemma: kaik̂- or koik̂-

Meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair
Material: Old Indic kéśa- m. ` hair of the head ', kēśín- mähnig ' (as Old Church Slavic kosa
`hair' : česati `comb' from *kes- `scratch, scrape, comb');
Maybe alb. (*cěs-) qeth `to cut hair of the head' common alb. -s > -th.
Lithuanian kaĩšti `scrape, rub, smooth', iškaĩšti `glass, wood make smooth inside ',
kaĩštuvas ` plane instrument of the cooper ', Old Prussian coysnis `comb', coestue `comb,
bristle brush';
Old Bulgarian cěsta `way, road' as `smooth way'.
References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113.

Page(s): 520
Root / lemma: kai- kai-u̯o-, kai-

kai-1, kai- kai-u̯elo-
elo-
elo
Meaning: alone, whole
Material: Old Indic kḗvala-ḥ ` belonging exclusively to somebody ', hence ` alone ' and
`whole, complete ';
Latin caelebs, -ibis ` unmarried, single (whether of a bachelor or a widower) ', probably
from *kaiu̯elo-lib(h)-s ` living alone ', to Gothic liban ` live ' etc.; compare Latvian kaîls `
single, childless '.
References: WP. I 326, WH. I 130, 455;

See also: compare also kai-
kai-ko-
ko-, kai-lo-.
kai-lo-
Page(s): 519
Root / lemma: kai-lo- (kai
kai-lo- kai-lu-)
kai-lu-
Meaning: bright; safe, healthy
Note:
Root / lemma: kai-lo- (kai
kai-lo- kai-lu-) : bright; safe, healthy, derived from Root / lemma: kai-
kai-lu- kai-1, kai-
kai-
u̯o-, kai-
kai-u̯elo-
elo- : alone, whole.
elo
Material: Cymr. coel f. òmen, sign', acymr. Pl. coilou ` auspiciis ', abret. coel `
(h)aruspicem ', leg. ` (h)aruspicium ', acymr. coiliaucc, acorn. chuillioc ` augur ' (Old Irish
cēl ` augurium ' brit. loanword);
Gothic hails, Old Icelandic heill, Old High German heil `fit, healthy, whole', Old English
hāl, engl. whole `whole', Old High German heil n. ` salvation, luck', Old English hǣl `
auspicious omen, sign, luck, haleness, healthiness', Old Icelandic heil (*heilz, s-stem) n. f.
`good omen, luck', Old High German heilisōn èmblem, landmark, mark observe', Old
English hālsian `(mad, wicked, evil ghost) adjure ', Old Icelandic heilsa `greet' (compare
also Gothic hails!, Old English wes hāl! as greeting), Old English hālettan, Old High
German heilazzen `greet', Old High German (etc.) heilag `holy'; Old English hālan Pl. `
placenta, afterbirth ' = Norwegian heile ds.;
Old Prussian kailūstiskan Akk. Sg. ` haleness, healthiness' (derivative from *kailūsta-s
Adj., this from *kailu-s), kails! - pats kails! ` Heil! - selbst Heil! ', Trinkgruß;
Old Bulgarian cělъ `heil, fit, healthy; whole, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed,
undamaged ', cěljǫ, cěliti `heal, cure', cělujǫ, cělovati ` greet ', then also `kiss'.
References: WH. I 130, Trautmann 112, Lidén KZ. 61, 25 f.

See also: Perhaps to kai-
kai- ` alone ', above S. 519.
Page(s): 520
Root / lemma: kais-

kais-
Meaning: hair
Note:
kais- : hair, derived from Root / lemma: kaik̂- or koik̂- : to scratch, itch,
Root / lemma: kais-
comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair.
Material: Old Indic kēsara- m. n. hair, mane' (s instead of ṣ from a form *kēsra-, e.g.
Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 232); compare above kéśa- under kaik̂-;
Latin caesariēs ` hair of the head '

about Tocharian A śiśäk, В ṣecake ` Leo (constellation) ' s. Van Windekens Lexique 120
f., E. Schwentner IF. 57, 59, Pedersen Tocharian 247.

Page(s): 520
Root / lemma: kaito-

kaito-
Meaning: forest
Note: (Celtic and Germanic)
Material: Acymr. coit, ncymr. coed `wood, forest', acorn. cuit, mcorn. coys, cos ds., bret.
coet, coat `wood, forest, spinney', gall. PN Καιτό-βριξ, Cēto-briga, Eto-cētum (die spätere
rom. pronunciation -zētum lies den Modern High German place names auf -scheid am
linken Rheinufer the basic);
Gothic haiÞi f., Old Icelandic heiðr, Old English hǣð, engl. heath, Old High German
heida f. ` heath ', Middle High German heide f. ` moor, heath, moorland '; besides Old
English *hāð, engl. dial. hoath; proto Germanic *haiÞanas ` steppe inhabiting, wild',
probably similar to Latin pāgānus (: pāgus `land'), in addition Gothic haiÞnō f. ` pagan,
heathen ', Old Icelandic heiðinn, Old English hǣðen, engl. heathen, asächs. hēthin, Old
High German heidan, heidin, heidanisk `heathenish, of or pertaining to heathens, pagan';
different W. Schulze Kl. Schriften 521 ff.
about Latin būcētum à pasture for cattle, cow-pasture ' s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48,
398.

Page(s): 521
Root / lemma: kaiu̯r̥-t, kaiu̯n̥-t

Meaning: hole, ravine
Material: Old Indic kḗvaṭa- m. `pit, pothole';
gr. καίατα ὀρύγματα Hes., hom. καιατόεσσα (Λακεδαίμων; so for expressed κητώεσσα
originate) ` klüftereich ', καιάδας Erdschlund in Sparta (δ as in δεκάδ- : Lithuanian dẽšimt-).
References: WP. I 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 25.

Page(s): 521
Root / lemma: kai 2

Meaning: and
Material: The equation gr. καὶ ànd, also' : Old Church Slavic cě in a cě, cě i ` καίτοι,
καίπερ, εἴπερ ' (compare the still unclear forms Arcadian Cypriot κας, Cypriot κα) is very
doubtful; for cě is probably as `*as = as also, as probably' at first with Lithuanian kaĩ,
Latvian kâ, kaî, Old Prussian kai ` like, as' of Pron. stem kʷo-, to connect, during καὶ could
have barely evolved from kʷ- (infolge proclitic position?); not to Latin ceu às' (*kai u̯e
barely with ē from ai as prehendō after Wackernagel and Niedermann IA. 18, 76).
References: WP. I 327, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 5672, Trautmann 112, Endzelin Latvian Gr. p.
474, WH. I 209.
Page(s): 519
Root / lemma: kakka-

kakka-
Note: babble-word the Kindersprache
Material: Armenian kàkor `crap, muck', gr. κακκάω ` cacō ', κάκκη ` human excrement ',
Latin cacō, -āre, Middle Irish caccaim ` caco ', cacc òrdure', cymr. cach, bret. cac`h, corn.
caugh ds., russ. etc. kákatь `defecate', Modern High German kacken;
Maybe alb. kaka òrdure'.
in addition perhaps as baby talk - compare Modern High German gegga `fie, shame on
you! for shame!' - also gr. κακός èvil, bad'; New Phrygian κακουν èvil, harm', after
Friedrich (Eberts Reallexikon I 139) gr. loanword; barely here Κακασβος, klein Old Saxon
horseman's God (in Lycian), compare above S. 309.

Page(s): 521
Root / lemma: kal-

kal-1
Meaning: hard; blister
Material: Old Indic kíṇa- m. `weal, callus' (Middle Indic from *kr̥ṇa-s); about Old Indic
kaṭhina-, kaṭhora- see below kar-
kar-3;
Latin callum n., callus m. ` hardened thick skin, weal, callus' (in addition calleō, -ere ` to
be callous, to be thickskinned, To be hardened, insensible, unfeeling, To be practised, to
be wise by experience, to be skilful, versed in; in a pun on the literal sense, to know by
experience or practice, to know, have the knowledge of, understand ', callidus `sly,
cunning');
alb. a-kul, akull ìce';
Note:
Wrong etymology. alb. akull ìce' derived from Old Norse jǫkull m. ` hanging down icicle,
glacier ' see Root / lemma: i̯i̯i̯eg-
eg- : ìce'
eg
Old Irish Middle Irish calath, calad `hard', cymr. caled ds., gall. VN Caleti, Caletes; in
addition gallo-rom.*cali̯o-, *cali̯au̯o- `stone' (M.-L. 1519a), as well as gall.-Latin callio-
marcus ` coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in
medicine to treat coughs ' (for*callio marci ` testiculus equi '), epo-calium (leg. -callium),
ebul-calium (for *epālo-callium, to mcymr. ebawl, bret. ebol ` plenitude ') ds., to cymr. caill,
bret. kell f. `testicle' (Dual *kalnai);
Church Slavic kaliti ` temper, harden (glowing iron)', serb. prìkala ` hoarfrost '.
Maybe alb. kalit ` temper ' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388.

See also: Zusamenhang with kel-
kel- `hit' would be possible.
Page(s): 523-524
kal-2, kali-
Root / lemma: kal- kali-, kalu-
kalu-
Meaning: handsome; healthy
Material: Old Indic kalyá- `fit, healthy, lively ', kalyā́ṇa- `beautiful, healthful ' (-āṇa- = *ālno-
to gr. ὠλένη, ὠλλόν, above S. 308 f.); gr. *καλλο- = Old Indic kalya- (?) as base from
καλλίων, κάλλιστος `schöner, schönst', κάλλος n. `beauty'. καλλύ̄νω `make beautiful',
Ionian καλλονή `beauty', καλλι- as 1.composition part; besides with formants -u- Boeotian
καλFός = hom. κᾱλός, Attic etc. κᾰλός `beautiful'; in addition as Spottname καλλίᾱς àpe'
and perhaps κάλλαιον n. (mostly Pl.) ` cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb '.
i-stem Old Norse halr (*hali-) `man, husband, master, mister' (poet.), Old English
hæle(ð) `man, husband', asächs. helið, Old High German helíd `man, husband,
combatant, hero ', Old Swedish hälith, besides u-stem Old Norse hǫldr `free farmer, man,
husband' (*haluÞ).
References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 128, 195; Seiler, The primären
gr. Steigerungsformen 68 ff.
Page(s): 524
Root / lemma: kalni-
kalni-
Meaning: narrow passage
Material: Latin callis ` lane, trod, path, footpath, forest path, pathway, sideway, trackway,
mountain-track, forest pastures ';
bulgar. klánik `room between stove, hearth and wall', serb. klánac, Gen. klánca ` defile,
narrow passage between mountains ', sloven. klánǝc ` defile, narrow passage between
mountains, mountain path, rivlet of a brook, village lane ', Czech klanec ` saddle, pass,
narrow road between mountains '.

Page(s): 524
Root / lemma: kamb-

kamb-
Meaning: ` bend, curve, crook '
See also: see below (s)kamb-
(s)kamb-
Page(s): 525
Root / lemma: kam-

kam-er-
er-
Meaning: to bend, curve, vaulted
Material: Old Indic kmárati (only Dhātup.) ìs crooked';
Material:
Avestan kamarā f. `belt, girdle' (and `* dome ');
gr. κμέλεθρον `beam, ceiling, roof, house' (probably dissim. from *κμερεθρον), καμάρα `
dome, four-poster bed; covered cart ' (to Solmsens BPhW. 1906, 852 f. assumption Carian
origin, κάμαρα λέγεται τὰ ἀσφαλῆ, s. Boisacq 402 Anm.; Latin loanword camera, camara à
vault, an arched roof, an arch'); at most κάμῑνος òven' (certainly this could have derived
from a culture word);
Latin camur(us), -a, -um àrched, writhed, crooked, humped ' (dial.), genuine Latin
camerus.
References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256;
See also: s. also kam-
kam-p-.
Page(s): 524-525
Root / lemma: kam-

kam-p-
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old Indic kapanā́ `worm, caterpillar, inchworm' (*km̥penā), kampate `trembles', if
originally ` writhes, curves ' (doubtful); ablaut. kumpa- (uncovered) ` lahm an der Hand ';
doubtful Old Indic kapaṭa- n. `deceit, insidiousness' (would be *km̥p-).
gr. καμπή `bend', κάμπτω `curve, bend', καμπύλος, καμψός ` writhed, crooked, humped
'; κάμπη `caterpillar, inchworm'; Pannonian PN Campona;
Maybe alb. Geg kama, Tosc këmba `leg, bent leg' : engl. jamb n. Also jambe.. ME. [(O)Fr.
jambe leg, vertical support, f. Proto-Romance (whence late L gamba hoof) f. gr. καμπή.]
The characteristic alb. m > mb shift.
Latin campus `field' (originally `bend, indentation, lowland, depression', as Lithuanian

lankà `valley, meadow' to leñkti `bend');
Gothic hamfs `mutilated', Old English hōf ` paralyzed hands ', asächs. hāf, Old High
German hamf `mutilated, lamed ';
Lithuanian kam̃pas `point, edge, angle ', Latvian kampis ` Krummholz '; reduced grade
(with Indo Germanic u = e in dark environment) Lithuanian kum̃pti ` crook oneself ', kum̃pas
`crooked', Latvian kùmpt ` become hunchbacked, crooked ', Old Prussian etkūmps Adv.
àgainst'; in addition probably Lithuanian kùmstė `fist' as *kùmp-stė ` the fingers bending
together ';
perhaps poln. kępa `river island covered with bush, shrubbery', Old Church Slavic
kąpina `ἡ thorn - bushes, thorns, rubus, bush, shrub', russ. kupiná `shrubbery, bush,
mound, knoll; bunch, fascicle, sheaf ';
Indo Germanic kampis possibly an extension from *kam- `bend, curve ' (see also the
similar root (s)kamb-
(s)kamb- from gr. σκαμβός, gall. Cambio-dūnum etc.); yet compare also the
nasalized equal meaning family of Old Indic cāpa- m. n. `bow', capalá- `restless,
fluctuating ', npers. čap `left', i.e. `*crooked'; Endzelin KZ. 44, 63 reminds of *capala- also
in Latvian kaparuôtiês ` wriggle ', kèparât ` wriggle, move with difficulty ', Lithuanian
kãpanotis ` liegend sich aufzuhelfen suchen ' or ` go laboringly '.
References: WP. I 346, 350 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 116.
Page(s): 525
Root / lemma: kand-, skand-

lemma: kand- skand- and (Old Indic) (s)kend-
(s)kend-
Meaning: to glow; bright, *moon
Note:
kand-, skand-
Root / lemma: kand- skand- and (Old Indic) (s)kend-
(s)kend- : `to glow; bright, *moon' derived
from Root / lemma: sen(o)-
sen(o)- (*heno):: òld, *old moon'
Material: Old Indic candati `shines', Intens. participle cáni-ścadat ` exceedingly gleaming'
(*skn̥d-), candrá- (ścandrá-, EN Hári-ścandra-) `luminous, gleaming, burning; m. moon',
candana- m. n. ` sandalwood (incense ');
gr. κάνδαρος ἄνθραξ Hes.;
alb. Geg hânë, Tosc hënë `moon' (*skandnā) : Urdu chand `moon'
PN Candavia : Maybe Illyrian PN Sca(n)din-

Sca(n)din-avia
(Κανδαοΰια), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating Illyricum from Macedonia,

across which the Via Egnatia ran.
Latin candeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer, bright glow', transitive *candō, -ere in accendō,
incendō ` set on fire, ignite, inflame ', candidus `blinding, dazzling white, gleaming', candor
` A dazzling, glossy whiteness, a clear lustre, clearness, radiance, brightness, brilliancy,
splendor, glitter ', candēla, candēlābrum `candlestick, flambeaux' (out of it cymr. etc.
cannwyll ds. {common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-}), cicindēla ` little luminous beetle, oil lamp ',
cicendula ` lamps ' (redupl. *ce-cand-);
cymr. cann `white, bright', Middle Breton cann ` full moon ', abret. cant ` canus ';
borrowing from candidus takes Pedersen KG. I 190 (compare Latin splendidus > bret.
splann), but cymr. cannaid `luminous; sun, moon' and numerous derivatives leave perhaps
a genuine Celtic *kando- seem possible, whereas the FlN Kander (Baden, Switzerland)
does not belong to Indo Germanic gand- ` waste, desolate reclining land', Bertoldi BSL 30,
111 and Anm. 2.

Page(s): 526
Root / lemma: kan-

kan-tho-
tho-
Meaning: angle, curve
Note: probably from kam-tho- to kam-
kam-tho- kam-p- `bend'
Material: Gr. κανθός ` corner of the eye'; in the meaning ` wheel rim' meaning-loanword
from Latin cantus;
Latin cantus ìron wheel rim' is again loanword from:

gall. (also gallo-rom.) *cantos ìron ring, edge, point, edge', cymr. cant (hence ceiniog `
penny, coin ') ds., bret. kant ` circle ', Old Irish cétad `(round) seat' from *kanto-sedo-,
Middle Irish cét `round stone pillar'; derivatives: gall. cantalon, probably ` pillar ', cantena,
καντενα dss.?; also gall. cando-soccus ` Rebsenker ', lies canto-soccus (to gall. succo- `
pig's snout, plowshare '; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);
abret. int coucant `complete'; mcymr. yn geugant ds. (actually `very skillful ' from *kou̯o-
kantos, Latin caveō); to kant ` circle ' > ` perfect ' compare acymr. lloergant ` full moon';
cymr. cant `troop, multitude, crowd', in addition Middle Irish céte (*kanti̯ā) `congregation,
meeting', probably as *` a division of 100' identical with cymr. cant `100' above S. 92;
Slavic *kǫtъ m. ` angle ' in russ.-Church Slavic kutъ etc.
Maybe alb. kënd àngle' a Slavic loanword?.
References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f., Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45,
331 ff.
Page(s): 526-527
Root / lemma: kan-

kan-
Meaning: to sing, sound
Material: Gr. κανά(σσω), Aor. κανάξαι ` pour with a gurgling sound ', καναχή ` shrilling,
noise', καναχέω, καναχίζω ` sound, ring out ' (compare στενάχω, στοναχή : στένω), ἠι-
κανός `rooster, cock' (`cackling in the early morning '); κόναβος `noise'?
Maybe alb. këndes ` rooster' a Greek loanword.
Latin canō, -ere ` o utter melodious notes, make music, sing, sound, play ', canōrus ` of
or pertaining to melody, melodious, harmonious, euphonious ' (compare sonōrus), carmen
` song' (*canmen), Umbrian kanetu ` canito ', procanurent ` praececinerint ', ař-kani `*
accinium, cantus flaminis '; perhaps also Latin cicōnia ` stork ' (out of it probably
syncopated praen. cōnea; compare to vowel gradation Old High German huon, russ.
kánja);
maybe alb. Geg kanga ` song '.
Old Irish canim Ì sing ', cymr. canu, bret. cana `sing', Middle Irish cētal n., cymr. cathl f.
` song', bret. kentel f. ` lec̨on ' (*kan-tlo-m, previously brit. has changed to Fem., s.
Pedersen KG. II 66); lengthened grade mcymr. g(w)o-gawn ìllustrious', cymr. go-goniant
`fame';
Gothic hana, Old High German etc. hano `rooster, cock', fem. Old High German henīn,
Gen. -nna (*hanen-i, -i̯ās), henna (*han[e]n-ī, -i̯ās) and Old Norse hø̄na `hen' (*hōnjōn), Pl.
hø̄nsn (hø̄ns, hø̄sn) ` chicken ', Old High German huon ` chicken ' (Germanic s-stem
*hōniz);
perhaps (Berneker 483 between) russ. (etc.) kánja, kanjúk ` kite, type of predatory bird,
Weihe, durch sein Geschrei lästiger Raubvogel ' (: cicōnia);
Tocharian A kan ` melody, rhythm '.

References:
Page(s): 525-526
Root / lemma: kapro-

kapro-
Meaning: goat
Material: Old Indic kápr̥th- m., kapr̥thá- m. `penis';
gr. κάπρος `boar', also σῦς κάπρος;
Latin caper, caprī `he-goat, billy goat ' (in addition a new formation Fem. capra `goat' as
well as due to of Adj. *capreus ` of a goat ' : caprea `roe deer', capreolus ` roebuck '),
Umbrian kabru, kaprum ` caprum ', cabriner ` caprīnī ';
Maybe alb. kaproll ` roebuck ' a Latin loanword.
gall. *cabros ` he-goat; billy goat ' reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from gallo-rom.
*cabrostos ` honeysuckle, privet ';
Old Norse hafr `he-goat', Old English hæfer ds. (figurative `crab', as French chevrette),
Modern High German Habergeiß (from the grumbling estrous sound of the bird);
proto Celtic *gabros ` he-goat; billy goat ', *gabrā `goat', gall. PN Gabro-magos
(Noricum) ` goat's field ', Γαβρῆτα ὕλη ` Böhmerwald ' (Illyrian?), Old Irish gabor, cymr. gafr
m. ` he-goat; billy goat ', f. `goat', Old Irish also `mare', etc., g-is perhaps attributed to an
equivalent from Indo Germanic ghaido-
ghaido- (above S. 409).
To Germanic hafra- ` he-goat; billy goat ' seems to belong as ` goat's grain ' the word
Hafer, because this was built originally only as cattle feed:: Old Norse hafri m., Old Saxon
haƀoro, Old High German habaro, Modern High German Haber, Hafer.
A miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre, Swedish Norwegian dial. hagre, Finnish loanword
kakra ` oat '; it belongs to after Falk-Torp aaO. as the hairy, i.e. begranntes grass to
Norwegian dial. hagr n. ` coarse horsehair ', perhaps concomitant to Middle Irish coirce,
cymr. ceirch, bret. kerc'h ` oat ', if this through dissimilation from *korkri̯o-.

Page(s): 529
Root / lemma: kap-ut -(ē̆)lo-

kap-ut, )lo-
)lo
Meaning: head; pan, etc..
Note: originally perhaps ` Schalenförmiges ', see below
Material: Old Indic kapúcchala- n. (from *kaput-) ` hair on the back of the head, tuft, bowl';
Latin caput, -itis ` head '; bi-caps ` bicipital ';
Maybe truncated Albanian (*conca) kokë : Bergamasco (*capoccia) có : Bolognese :

(*capoccia) zócc : Bresciano (*capoccia) có : Calabrese capa; capu : Catalan cap : Griko
Salentino (*capoccia) cóccalo (contaminated by Greek κεφάλι) : Greek κεφαλή : Lombardo
Occidentale coo : Marchigiano (*capoccia) zocca : Napulitano (*capoccia) capa; chiocca;
coccia : Occitan cap : Reggiano (*capoccia) sòca : Romagnolo zòca : Romansh chau :
Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*capoccia) conca : Sardinian Campidanesu
(*capoccia) conca; corroça ; carroça Umbro-Sabino capoccia : Valencian cap : Venetian
capocia : Viestano : chep' : Welsh copa ` head '.
Maybe Galician caluga, cocote : Romagnolo còppa : Sicilian cozzu : Venetian copa :
Romanian ceafă : Albanian qafa ` nape ; nape of the neck ' : Furlan cjâf : Turkish kafa `
head '.
Old Norse hǫfuð n. ` head'; in Germanic besides Gothic haubiÞ ` head ', Old Norse
haufuð, Old English hēafod, Old High German houbit, Modern High German Haupt
through amalgamation with one to Old Indic kakúbh- f. `cusp, peak, acme, apex '.
Maybe alb. kaçube ` bush '.
Old High German hūba `bonnet' etc. (compare keu-

keu-2) respective words; Cretan κύφερον ἤ
κυφήν κεφαλήν Hes.
With l-suffixes: Old Indic kapā́la- n. `bowl, cranium, Pfanne am Schenkel,

schalenförmiger oder scherbenförmiger Knochen ', Pahlavi kapārak (Scheftelowitz BB. 28,
144) `vessel', kapōlī ` kneecap ', kapōla- m. `cheek';
Old English hafola `head'.
doubtably is affiliation from Latin capillus `hair, esp. hair of the head ', see WH. I 158.

Page(s): 529-530
Root / lemma: kap-

kap-
Meaning: to grab
Note: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); various in words for Gefäße
Material: Old Indic kapaṭī `two handful ' (ṭ Middle Indic for t), Old pers. ἡ καπίθη ` δύο
χοίνικες '; with Indo Germanic e npers. časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan ` grasp, capture,
catch ';
gr. καπέτις à measure of capacity ', κάπη ` crib, manger ', καπά̄νη ds., Thessalian ` the
cross-piece in a chariot seat, the side-pieces ', κάπτω ` snap, swallow ', κώπη `handle,
grasp';
alb. kap ` gripe, seize, catch', kapasë ` oil vessel ', kam `have' (*kapmi or *kab(h)mi- to
root form *kabh- to Modern High German haben);
Latin capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus `take', au-ceps, -cupāre ` a bird-catcher, fowler ', parti-
ceps ` sharing, partaking, participant ', capāx ` that can contain or hold much, wide, large,
spacious, roomy, capacious, susceptible, capable of, good, able, apt, fit for, suitable ',
capēdo, -inis ` a bowl or cup used in sacrifices; drinking vessel', capulus `barrow, bier,
later coffin' and `handle, grasp, that by which any thing is seized or held ', capula ` a small
bowl with handles ' (capulāre ` von einem Gefäß ins andere schöpfen '), caputrum ` loop
for catching a thing; esp. halter ' (but capis, -idis ` a bowl with one handle, used in
sacrifices ', Umbrian kapiře ` a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices ', Oscan καπιδιτομ
` a pot, jar ' maybe from gr. σκαφίς with s-drop in all three Italian languages; certainly is
capisterium loanword from σκαφιστήριον); capsa ` a repository, box, esp. for books,
bookcase, satchel ', capsus `the carriage body; cage for wild animal' (out of it gr. κάψα,
κάμψα);
Maybe alb. (*capsa) kafsha ` (*captive) animal ' from ` cage for wild animal ' common alb. -
ps- > - fsh- similar to npers. časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan ` grasp, capture, catch '; also
from Latin capesso ` seize ' > alb. kafshoj ` (*seize with the teeth) bite '.
Latin captus, -a = Old Irish cacht ` maid, female servant, slave ', cymr. caeth `slave',
acorn. caid ` taken prisoner, captive ', nbret. keaz ` unlucky, arm', gall. Moeni-captus `
slave of Main (river in Germany) ', Middle Irish cachtaim ` to take somebody prisoner' =
Latin captāre ` try to seize ' (coincidental also = asächs. haftōn ` stick '); Irish cúan
(*kapno-) `(sea-) harbor, seaport ';
Gothic -hafts (= Latin captus, Irish cacht) ` to be marked with something ', Old Norse
haptr ` a prisoner, captive ', hapt n. `manacle', Old English hæft m. `captive, slave, band,
strap, manacle', n. ` haft, handle, grasp', Old Saxon haft ` a binding ', Old High German
haft ` bound, attached, engaged, caught, afflicted with ', m. n. `custody, manacle', whereof
Old Norse hefti n. ` haft, hold, grasp', Old High German hefti n. ` haft, handle, grasp' and
Gothic haftjan `fasten, clip, bind', Old Norse hefta `bind, hinder', Old English hæftan, Old
Saxon heftan, Old High German heften `bind, arrest, detain'; Modern High German
haschen (*hafskōn) = Swedish dial. haska ` run after to catch up ';
Gothic hafjan (= Latin capiō) `heave', Old Norse hefja (hafða), Old Saxon hebbian, Old
English hebban, Old High German heffen, heven, Middle High German Modern High
German heben (Swiss only `hold, stop'); in addition (compare to form Latin habēre) Gothic
haban, -aida `hold, stop, have', Old Norse hafa (hafða), Old Saxon hebbian, Old English
habban, Old High German habēn `have';
Old Norse -haf n. `lifting', Old English hæf n., Middle Low German haf `sea' (ndd. Haff),
Middle High German hap, -bes `sea, harbor '; Old Norse hǫfn f. ` harbor ', Old English
hæfen(e) f., Middle Low German havene, Middle High German habene f. ds. (Modern High
German Hafen from Ndd.; compare Irish cuan); Old High German havan m. `pot, pan,
kitchenware ', Modern High German Hafen; Old Norse hǫfugr, Old English hefig, Old
Saxon heƀig, Old High German hebīc, -g ` heavy ' (actually `holding something'); Old
English hefe, hæfe m., Old High German heve, hepfo, Modern High German Hefe (` what
lifts the dough '); isl. Norwegian dial. havald n. `band, strap', Old English hefeld, Middle
Low German hevelte (*hafaðla-; Old High German haba, Modern High German Handhabe
` hold, grasp';
Old Norse hāfr m. ` creel, basket for holding fish after they have been caught ' (ē as in
Latin cēpī);
Old Norse hōf n. ` the right measure or relation', hø̄fa ` aim, fit, send ', Gothic
gahōbains ` abstemiousness, austereness ', Old English behōfian ` have need of, need ',
Old High German bihuobida ` praesumtio ', Middle High German behuof m. ` business,
purpose, benefit, advantage', Modern High German Behuf ` end, purpose, aim, goal ';
[Old Norse haukr (*hǫƀukr), Old English heafoc ` hawk' (out of it mcymr. hebawc, and
from this Old Irish sebocc `falcon'), Old Saxon haƀuk- in EN, Old High German habuh `
hawk' from Germanic *haƀuka- (Finnish loanword havukka), are to be compared probably
better with russ. (etc.) kóbec, poln. kobuz ` names of falcon's kinds ']
Maybe alb. (*gabokna) gabonja, zhgabonja, shqiponja ` eagle' (common alb. -kn- > -nj-).
Albanian has preserved allophones shift k- : g- guttutals (typical in Celtic Baltic languages).
with the meaning from gr. κάπτω and Germanic pp as intens. consonant-Gemination
(due to the root form in p or bh or b) Modern High German (actually ndd.) happen, hapsen
` devour '. holl. happen ` snatch ' ;
Lithuanian kúopa 1. `troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off', 2. ` ransom for
distrained livestock ' (= gr. κώπη); Latvian kàmpju, kàmpt ` gripe, catch';
about Trojan name Κάπυς, Latin capys, capus `falcon' (Illyrian?) s. Bonfante REtIE 2,
113.
The vocalism is absolutely almost a, also in Old Indic kapaṭī (that as an isolated word
could not have been a as derailment for i = ǝ); besides occasional ē (cēpi, hāfr) and ō
(κώnη, Lithuanian kúopa, presumably also Germanic hōf-), the barely placed as normal
grades (ē: ō: ǝ) (vocalization by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). The same vocal relation between
Oscan hafiest : hipid, Lithuanian gabénti : preterit atgė́bau, Gothic gabei : Old Norse gǣfr;
considering of vocalization appears in the root anlaut and auslaut (final sound ) sway
between Tenuis (*A tenuis consonant is one which is unvoiced and unaspirated. That is, it
has a voice onset time close to zero), voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, which can be
explained from the imitation of short snapping sounds (kap, ghap, ghabh etc.) and
imitation of quick snaps through this sound (`catch, grasp, snap ').
About that in detail Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224-237; s. also above S.
407ff.; different EM3 173.
Altaic etymology :
Protoform: *kăp`è
Meaning: to squeeze, press together
Turkic protoform: *Kɨp-
Mongolian protoform: *kajiči
Tungus protoform: *kap-
Comments: KW 180, Владимирцов 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's
doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It
is interesting also to mention the forms meaning 'to wink' ( < *'press eyelids together')
among the reflexes of PT *Kɨp- (usually confused with *Kɨp- 'spark') and the TM derivative
*kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- 'flat'). Cf. also *kàp`V.
References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.

Page(s): 527-528
Root / lemma: kar-

kar-1
Meaning: to scold, punish
Material: Gr. κάρνη ζημία, αὐτόκαρνος αὐτοζήμιος Hes.;
Latin carinō, -āre ` scoff, mock ' (probably ă);
Old Irish caire f. `reprimand', acymr. cared ` wickedness; idleness', cymr. caredd `fault,
error', corn. cara `rebuke', Middle Breton carez `reprimand' (*kr̥i̯ā);
Old High German harawēn, Middle High German herwen ` deride ', Old English hierwan
` deride ', Old Norse herfiligr ` contemptible, degrading', Middle High German here, herwer
` sharp, tangy', Finnish loanword karvas ` bitter| brackish| pungent; harsh| shrill; sad| calamitous;
ill-natured| caustic '; zero grade Old English gehornian ` affront, offend';
Latvian karināt `banter, stir, tease, irritate'; ablaut. East Lithuanian kìrinti ds.;
Old Church Slavic korъ, u-korъ ` indignity| affront| abuse/insult ', u-koriti `vilify, scold', po-
koriti ` subject, subdue', Czech po-kora `humility', po-korný `humble, humiliated', ablaut.
serb.-Church Slavic kara f. `fight', Czech kára ` reproach, accusation, punishment ', etc.;
Maybe alb. korit `make ashamed' a Slavic loanword.
perhaps here Tocharian A kärn-, В karn- `torment, smite'.
References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places Balto Slavic words to Indo
Germanic kori̯o-, see there.
Page(s): 530
kar-2, karǝ
Root / lemma: kar- karǝ-
Meaning: to praise, glorify
Note: also (still) more in general onomatopoeic words as many other, the connection from
k and r included roots
Material: Old Indic carkarti ` erwähnt rühmend ' (Aor. ákārīt), carkr̥tí- `fame, praise,
laudation', karkarí-, karkarī́ ` a kind of sound ', kīrtí- f. `fame, knowledge' (thereafter with ī
also kīrí-, kīrín- `singer'); kārú- `singer, bard' (: κήρυξ);
gr. καρκαίρω ` thunder out, roar, rumble ', κήρῡξ, Doric κά̄ρῡξ ` herald ';
Old Norse herma (*harmjan) ` apprise, notify ', hrōðr m. `fame, laudation ', Old English
hrōðor m. `pleasure, joy', hrēð (*hrōÞi-) `fame', Old High German (h)rōd-, (h)ruod- ds. (in
EN), Gothic hrōÞeigs ` glorious ', Old Norse hrōsa ` vaunt ' (*hrōÞ-s-ōn); Old High German
(h)ruom, Old Saxon hrōm `fame, laudation, honour', in addition Old English brēme
ìllustrious' (*bihrōmi-);
Maybe alb. mbrëmbje èvening, dark' common alb. b > mb.
perhaps as b-extension: Gothic hrōps `clamor', Old High German ruof `shout, call', Old
Saxon Old English hrōpan, Old High German (h)ruofan `call, shout, cry', Old High German
(h)ruoft, Middle High German gerüefte, geruofte n. `shout, call, scream ', Middle Low
German ruchte, rochte n. `shout, call, scream, rumor', Modern High German (from Ndd.)
Gerücht . ` rumbling, rumor, hearsay ';
Lithuanian kar̃das ` echo ', Old Lithuanian ap-kerdžiu Ì announce ', Old Prussian kirdīt
`hear'.

Page(s): 530-531
kar-3, redupl. karkar-

Root / lemma: kar- karkar-
Meaning: hard
Material: Old Indic karkara- `rough, hard' = gr. κάρκαροι τραχεῖς Hes., Old Indic karkaśa-
`rough, hard' (also karaka- m., `hail'?); presumably gr. κρανα[F]ός `hard, rough, rocky'.
In addition probably die words for ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac': Old Indic karkaṭa- m.
` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' (karkin- ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac as constellation',
loanword from gr. καρκίνος), karka-ḥ m. `crab';
gr. καρκίνος ds., Latin cancer, -crī ds. (dissim. from *carcro-, perhaps already Indo
Germanic, compare Old Indic kaŋkaṭa- m. àrmor, coat of mail, garment made of linked
metal rings ' from *kaŋkr̥ta-);
Old Church Slavic rakъ ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' from *krakъ dissim. sei, is
possible; die Ähnlichkeit with Norwegian (etc.) ræke `cапcег squilla, prawn, shrimp' places
borrowing of Norwegian words ahead;
further words for hard shell, nut, dry fruit contained in a shell: gr. κάρυον ` nut, dry fruit
contained in a shell', καρύα f. ` walnut'; Latin carīna f. ` nutshell, the keel of a ship, ship'
(maybe from Gr. after Keller Volkset. 279, in which case καρύινος is the origin); cymr. ceri
(*carīso-) `kernel '.
With t-suffixes: Gothic hardus `hard, stern', Old Norse harðr `hard', Old English heard
`hard, strong, valiant', Old Saxon hard, Old High German hart, herti `hard, tight, firm, heavy
', Adv. Old Norse harða, Old English hearde, Old High German harto, Middle Low German
harde `very, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly,
separately, extra, notably ' (compare gr. κάρτα), proto Germanic *harðú- from Indo
Germanic *kar-tú-; due to an Indo Germanic extension *kre-t-, *kr̥t- Aeolic (Gramm.)
κρέτος, next to which with the vocalism of Adj. Attic κράτος, ep. Ionian κάρτος ` strength,
power ', hom. κρατύς `strong' Komparat. Ionian κρέσσων, Attic κρείττων, Superl. κράτιστος,
ep. κάρτιστος, Adv. κάρτα `strong', κρατερός, καρτερός `strong, tight, firm, violent' (etc.);
remains far off Old Indic krátu-, Avestan xratuš ` spiritual power '.
Old Indic kaṭhiná-, káṭhora- `hard, tight, firm, stiff ' could also belong to Indo Germanic l
to cymr. caled, Middle Irish calad `hard', gall. -caletos (see kal- `hard').
Because of the existence of a widespread iber.-mediterr. *carra `stone, cairn, pile of

stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind ' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v.) the affiliation
of the following words is dubious, they could partly belong here or to (s)ker-
(s)ker- `cut, clip':
Old Irish carrac f. (nir. carraig) `rocks, cliff' and crec f. ds., Gen. craice, creice, Middle
Irish also Nom. craic (nir. craig) f. ds., Gen. creca, derive all from Brit., also Middle Irish
crach `rough' (= scabbed); to acymr. carrecc, cymr. carreg f. `stone, rocks' (*karrikā), bret.
karreg, corn. carrek ds., compare cymr. carrog `stream, brook' (*karrākā), actually ` rock
brook ' = Middle Irish carrach ` scabbed ' and gallo-rom. *cracos `stone' (v. Wartburg FEW.
s. v), acymr. creik, cymr. craig f. (*krakī) `rocks', bret. krag ` sandstone ', cymr. crach
`scurf' = bret. (Vannes) krah ` small hill, cusp, peak' (*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through
metathesis from *kar-k-) etc. basic forms are Proto Indo Germanic*karr- or Indo Germanic
*(s)kr̥-s- (ergäbe Celtic carr-), respectively *kar-k-; also zweidentig Italian-venezian.
(Venetic) scaranto, caranto ` stony mountain brook ' and Venetic PN Scarantia > Scharnitz
(Tirol), Carantania `Carinthia, region in southern Austria', etc.;
likewise Germanic *har(u)gaz ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind, sacrificial altar ' in Old Norse hǫrgr ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial
or mark of some kind ', Old English hearg m. ` heathenish temple', Old High German harg
` grove, temple' (Finnish loanword karko ` woodpile, pile, stack ', harkko `clump, heap'),
perhaps also to Old Irish cymr. bret. corn `stone hill, stone grave ', and Old High German
hart ` mountain forest ', Old English harað, -eð ds.; barely here as `woodlander, forest-
dweller ' the Old Germanic VN Χαροῦδες, Harudes, Old English Hæreðas, Old Icelandic
Hǫrdar; rather to Old Irish caur, cur ` hero ' (*karut-s).
References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ.
48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.
Page(s): 531-532
Root / lemma: kars-

kars-
Meaning: to scratch, rub
Material: Old Indic kaṣati ` rubs, scrapes, scratches ' (Middle Indic from *kr̥ṣati), unclear
kaṣāya- `tangy, bitter, sharp' etc. (also kuṣṭha- n. ` leprosy ', Middle Indic from *kr̥ṣṭha-?);
Latin carrō, ere `(wool) krämpeln', carduus `thistle' (due to from *carridus ` grating,
scraping, coarse ');
Maybe alb. (*koro) kore : russ. korósta `scab'.
Lithuanian karšiù, kar̃šti `comb, curry, krämpeln', Latvian kā̀ršu, kā̀rst `wool comb';
Old Bulgarian krasta (*kor-stā), russ. korósta f., Serbo-Croatian krȁsta ` scabies, crust,
scab, eschar ';
Middle Low German harst ` rake ', probably also Middle Low German Modern High
German harsch `hard, rough', Modern High German verharschen ` form hard crust over a
wound ', Dialectal harsch ` snowy crust ', Middle High German harsten, verharsten `
become rough, hard '; with Germanic ablaut neologism and anlaut. s- from the root sker-
here also andd. ofskerran intense Verb ` scrub, scrape ', Old High German scerran, Middle
High German scherren intense Verb `scratch, scrape', intensive formation *skarzōn in
Norwegian skarra ` produce a scratching sound ', Middle Low German Middle High
German scharren `scrape, scratch', Swedish skorra, Middle Low German schurren ` give a
scratching sound '.
Maybe alb. (*schurren) shkurre `thorny bush'

The root vowel is a; the the intonation difference between Lithuanian and Slavic still
remains to be explained.

Page(s): 532-533
Root / lemma: kat-

kat-1
Meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net
Material: Latin catēna ` chain ' (*cates-nā), cassis, -is ` a hunting-net, snare, net' (because
of catēna rather = *kat-s-is as *kat-ti-s; perhaps also casa `primitive cottage' (originally
from easy netting; probably dial. from *cati̯ā, as Oscan Bansae from Bantiae);
perhaps here caterva f. `heap, troop, multitude, crowd' (*kates-ou̯ā), Umbrian kateramu,
caterahamo ` catervamini, congregamini ', yet see below under ket-
ket-1.
cymr. cader `fortress' (only in PN), Old Irish cathir `town, city';
perhaps Old Icelandic hadda f. `ring, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by
the hand, hanger' (*haÞiÞōn: catēna; rightly doubtful), probably Old English heaðor n. `
confinement, jail ';
Church Slavic kotьcь `cella, nest', russ. kotý Pl. ` fish weir ', Serbo-Croatian kôt, (dial.)
kòtac ` small stall'; dial. `kind of fishing' etc. and Bulgarian kótara, kótora, kótor ` hurdle ',
Serbo-Croatian kȍtar `fence', kȍtār ` region, area, limit, boundary' (`*from fence '), sloven.
kotár ` district, region, area ' (see Berneker 386, 588);
Maybe alb. kotec `cell, nest' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.

Page(s): 534
Root / lemma: kat-

kat-2
Meaning: to bear young; animal cub
Material: Latin catulus ` a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp.
young dog or cat]', Umbrian katel, Gen. katles ` catulus ';
Maybe alb. kotele `young cat' .
Old Icelandic haðna f. `young goat', Middle High German hatele, Modern High German-
Swiss hatle `goat';
Slavic kotiti sę (russ. kotítьsja etc.) `kitten, give birth to kittens ', dial. kótьka `lamb',
Serbo-Croatian kot `brood', poln. wy-kot `young goat, kid' etc. (see Berneker 589 f.).
References: WT. I 338 f., WH. I 183.

Page(s): 534
kau-l-, ku-
Root / lemma: kau- ku-l-
Meaning: hollow; bone
Material: Gr. καυλός m. ` stalk; quill, shaft'; Latin caulis (cōlis, caulus) ` the stalk or stem of
a plant'; Middle Irish cuaille `picket, pole' (*kaulīni̯o-); Lithuanian káulas m. `bone' (glottal
stop secondary), Latvian kaũls ` stalk, bone', Old Prussian caulan n. `bone, leg'.
zero grade: Old Indic kúlyam n. `bone', kulyā́ f. `stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel,
canal'; Old Norse holr `hollow', Old High German Old English hol ds., Gothic ushulōn
`hollow out'.
References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-.
References:
Page(s): 537
Root / lemma: kaus-

kaus-
Meaning: to draw lots
Material: Gr. καῦνος `lot, fate' (*καυσ-νος); Church Slavic kъšь m. `lot, fate'; kъšiti sę `
draw lots for ', prěkъšiti ` gain in dice game '.
Page(s): 537
Root / lemma: kau-

kau-
Meaning: to put down, discourage
Material: Gr. καυνός κακός (σκληρός, in latter meaning to καίω, Schulze KZ. 29 270 Anm.
1) Hes. and καυρός (or καῦρος) κακός, also καυαρόν κακόν Hes.;
Gothic hauns `low, humble' (haunjan ` abase, degrade'), Old High German hōni `
despised, woeful, wretched, miserable, low' (hōnen `vilify, scold, scoff '), Old English hēan
`low, woeful, wretched, miserable, pitiful ' (hȳnan `vilify, scold'), Old High German hōnida,
Old Saxon hōnða ` shame', Old Frisian hānethe ` accusation ', Old High German hōna `
derision, ridicule';
Old Norse hāð (*hawiÞa-) n. ` derision ', Middle High German hūren ` cower, cringe';
Latvian kàuns m. `disgrace, shame, shame, the genitals', kàunêtiês ` be ashamed, be
stupid ', kàunîgs ` shamefaced, shy, bashful, stupid ';
Lithuanian kūviúos, kūvė́tis ` be ashamed'.
References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.

Page(s): 535
lemma: kā̆d-
Root / lemma:
Meaning: to harm, rob, chase
Material: Old Indic kadana- n. ` annihilation ', cakāda (doubtful, if not cakāra?) kadanam `
have arranged destruction ';
gr. hom. κεκαδών ` causing deprivation ', Fut. κεκαδήσει ` will rob ', κεκαδῆσαι βλάψαι,
κακῶσαι, στερῆσαι Hes., in medial-pass. meaning hom. κεκάδονto `caused to retire ',
ἐκεκήδει (Konjektur) ὑπε(κε)χωρήκει Hes., ἀποκαδέω ἀσθενέω Hes.; κάδυρος κάπρος
ἄνορχις Hes.
References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under k̂ād-.

Page(s): 516
Root kāi-d-4, kāi-

Root / lemma: kāi- kāi-t-
Meaning: ` bright, radiant '
See also: see below (s)kāi-d-, (s)kāi-t-.
Page(s): 519
Root / lemma: kā̆i-3, kī̆ī̆ī̆-

Meaning: heat
Material: Old High German hei àrid', gihei n. `heat, aridity ', arheigētun `withered, wilted ',
Gothic Dat. Pl. haizam ` the torches ' (es-stem *hai̯-iz-).
With -d-extension: Old High German heiz, Old Saxon hēt, Old English hāt, Old Icelandic
heitr `hot' (whereof Old High German Modern High German heizen, Old English hǣtan,
Old Icelandic heita ds.); Gothic heito f. `fever'; Old High German hizza `heat', (*hitjō) Old
Saxon hittia, Old English hitt f., Old Icelandic hiti m. ds.
With -t-extension: Lithuanian kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti ` become hot ', kaitrà ` fire glow, fire
heat ', kaitrùs ` giving heat ', prãkaitas m. ` Schweiß ', Latvian kàistu, kàitu, kàist ` become
hot, burn' , figurative Latvian kaĩtinát ànger, stir, tease, irritate' (kaĩte `damage, affliction,
disability, plague', compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 135), Old Prussian ankaitītai `
Angefochtene ';
Old Icelandic hāss (*hairsa- from *hais-ra-), Old English hās (*haisa-), engl. hoarse
(from Middle English hōs + coarse), Old Saxon hēs, Old High German heisi `hoarse'
(unclear is, whether here from *kirsem alb. kirrem ` become hoarse '?).

Page(s): 519
Root / lemma: kāi-

kāi-t-
Meaning: ` light, illuminated, pale, bright '
See also: see below under skāi-
skāi-t-
Page(s): 521
Root / lemma: kāk-

kāk-
Meaning: to croak
Material: Old Indic kāka- m. `crow', kākāla-, kākola- m. raven'; Latvian kāk'is `jackdaw'
(also Old Prussian koce ds., if so to change after kote); to Latvian FlN Kak'upe, Lithuanian
FlN Kakupis (compare Κακύπαρις, FlN in Sicily?)? Different about the Baltic words
Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 190.
Page(s): 521
Root / lemma: kā̆l-3 (k

kō̆l-?)
Meaning: prison
Material: Old Indic kārā ` jail '; Lithuanian kaliù, kalė́ti ` sit in jail ', kalinė̃, kalė́jimas ` jail ',
kalinỹs `captive'.
Page(s): 524
Root / lemma: kā̆m-

Meaning: ` lust, desire, crave; seek after, look for '
See also: see above S. 515 kā-
kā-.
Page(s): 525
Root / lemma: kā̆pho-

pho- or k̂ō̆pho-
pho pho-
pho
Meaning: hoof, *claw, nail
Note:
Root / lemma: kā̆pho-
pho- or k̂ō̆pho-
pho pho- : hoof, *claw, nail' derived from Root / lemma: k̂eub-
pho eub- :
eub
thorn'
Material: Old Indic śaphá- m. `hoof, claw, nail ', Avestan safa- m. `hoof of the horse';
Old Icelandic hōfr, Old English hōf, Old High German huof `hoof'.

Page(s): 530
Root / lemma: kā̆po-

po-
po
Meaning: things that float in water
Material: Old Indic śā́pa- m. ` was fließendes Wasser mit sich führt, Trift, Geflößtes ',
śāpēṭa- m. ` washed ashore reed '; Lithuanian šãpai ` scattered stalks, remains which an
inundation on the fields leaves behind ', šãpas ` stem, straw, bough'.
Page(s): 529
kāp-, kǝp-
Root / lemma: kāp- ǝp-
Meaning: a piece of land
Material: Gr. κῆπος, Doric κᾶπος `garden', Hes. κάπυς κῆπος (Cretan ` uncultivated small
area of land', s. Gl. 3, 303); Old High German huoba, Old Saxon hōƀa ` a piece of land ',
Modern High German Hufe, Hube; alb. kopshtë `garden'.
References: WP. I 345, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 27, places here Old High German
habaro etc. ` oat '.
See also: S. under under kapro-
kapro-.
Page(s): 529
Root / lemma: kār-

kār-
Meaning: wax
Material: Gr. κηρός ` wax ', κηρίον `honeycomb, a cutaneous disease', although Doric
κᾱρός can be secure enough, out of lon.-Attic are loanwords from this dialect group, Latin
cēra as gr. loanword;
Lithuanian korỹs ` honeycomb, honeycomb of the bees'.
In -dh
dh extention:
dh-
Maybe (*kro-dhë) krodhë `beehive'.

Latvian kâres Nom. Pl. ds.;
poln. skarzyk `the thrust in the beehive'.
References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 52.
Page(s): 532
Root / lemma: kā̆u(ǝ)l

ǝ)lā : kūlā
u(ǝ)lā
u(
Meaning: abscess, boil
Material: Gr. Ionian κήλη, Attic κά̄λη `swelling, lump, growth, esp. a tumor ', βουβωνοκήλη
`hernia'; καλάζει ὀγκοῦται. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes., κάλαμα ὄγκος Hes. (Ionian κήλη from *κᾱF-ελ-ᾱ,
Attic ach. κά̄λ-η, -ᾱ from κᾰF-ελ-ᾱ?);
Old Norse haull, Old English hēala, Old High German hōla f. `hernia' (*kāu[ǝ]lā, at most
*kǝu̯[ǝ]lā);
zero grade Church Slavic kyla `ds.'; russ. kilá `ds.; knag in a tree', serb. kȉla ds.;
Lithuanian dial. kúle f. ` hunch, outgrowth, knag'.

Page(s): 536-537
kāu-, kǝu-
Root / lemma: kāu- ǝu-
Meaning: to hit, cut
Material: Latin (with present formation d) cūdō, -ere `hit, knock, stomp, stamp ' (probably
for *caudō after many frequent compounds; compare) caudex, cōdex ` The trunk of a tree,
the stock, stem, The block of wood to which one was bound for punishment, A block of
wood split or sawn into planks, leaves or tablets and fastened together, (Since the
ancients orig. wrote upon tablets of wood smeared with wax.) A book, a writing (its leaves
were not, like the volumina, rolled within one another, but, like those of our books, lay over
one another, A code of laws ', cōdicillus ` logwood ', caudica ` barge made from a tree
truck ', incūs, -ūdis f. ` anvil '; Tocharian A kot-, В kaut- `split';
Maybe Italian incudine : Basque ingude : Calabrese 'ncudina : Polish kowadło : Sicilian
'ncunia : alb. (*incūdis) kudhër ` anvil', nasalized thundër ` hoof (which the smith shoes, fits
a horse with horseshoes)', thua ` nail'?.
Old High German houwan (hīo), Old English hēawan (hēow), Old Icelandic hǫggua (hiō)
`hew, hit (blow)' (in addition as `the hitting ' Gothic etc. hawi `hay');
Lithuanian káuju, kóviau, káuti (*kāu̯iō
̯ ) `hit, forge; fight', kovà `fight, struggle', Latvian
nuò-kaût `slay, kill', kava `blow, knock, layer ' (*kǝu-), Lithuanian kújis `hammer' = Old
Prussian cugis ds. (Old Bulgarian kyjь ds.; Lithuanian kúgis is reshaped from kújis after
kúgis ` haycock, haystack ');
Old Bulgarian kovǫ (later Church Slavic kujǫ) kovati ` forge ' (= Old High German
houwu), serb. kȕjēm (dial. kòvēm) kòvati ` forge, stamp; shoe, fit a horse with horseshoes
', Church Slavic kyjь `hammer' (*kū-i̯o-), russ. kuznь ` smith's work ', zero grade Old
Bulgarian kьznь `shrewdness' (`forge a conspiracy') etc.; Tocharian A ko-, В kau- `slay'.
Maybe alb. (*pod ùnder '-kova) patkua, Czech podkova, Hungarian patkó, Polish
podkowa, Romanian potcoavă `horseshoe', alb. kovaç `smith' Slavic loanwords.
References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.
Page(s): 535
Root / lemma: kā̆u-, kē̆u-, kū-

kū-
Meaning: to howl
Note: onomatopoeic words, partly with anlaut. k, partly with k̂.
Material: Old Indic kā́uti `shouts, howls', Intens. kōkūyate ` shouts, sounds, sighs '
(Gramm.), kṓka- m. òwl, dog'? (` shouting; howling '); kokila- `cuckoo';
Armenian kùk` ` sighing, groaning ' (: Lithuanian kaũkti, Meillet Msl. 12, 214; the non-
conversion of 2. k to s after u is not an objection in onomatopoeic words);
gr. κω-κύ̄-ω `cry, lament ' (dissim. from *κῡ-κύ̄-ω), κώκῡμα ` lamentation '; καύᾱξ, -ᾱκος,
Ionian -ηξ, hom. κήξ, -κός f., κῆυξ, -ῡκος à kind of gull'; with fractured reduplication (as Old
Indic kṓka-, Lithuanian kaũkti, šaũkti, Slavic kukati etc.) καυκαλίας, καυκίαλος, καυκιάλης
bird name (Hes.);
but mcymr. cuan, cymr. cwan, abret. couann, nbret. kaouan, dial. cavan, kohan, kouhen
ds. (Ernault RC 36, 2063) are probably onomatopoeic neologisms;
Latin (gall.) cavannus ` a night-owl, an owl ' (Anthol. Latin); (under the influence of
Old High German hūwo òwl ', hūwila, hiuwula ` a night-owl, an owl ', Old High German
hiuwilōn ` jubilate ', Middle High German hiuweln, hiulen `howl, cry', Middle Low German
hūlen, Middle English hūlen, engl. howl;
Lithuanian (see above) kaukiù, kaũkti, Latvian kàukt `howl, of dogs or wolves ',
Lithuanian sukùkti `ds., start howling', kaukalė à kind of water bird ', Latvian kaũka
`whirlwind';
Lithuanian kóvas m. `jackdaw', kóva f. ` rook, black European bird of the crow family '
(*kāu̯ā = poln. kawa);
russ. kávka `frog', dial. `jackdaw', kávatь ` cough intensely ', klr. (etc.) kávka `jackdaw',
kavčáty ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '; ablaut. (*kēu-) Bulgarian
čávka, serb. čâvka, Czech čavka `jackdaw';
Maybe alb. çafka `heron' a Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic kuja-jǫ, -ti `murmur'; russ. kúkatь `murmur, mutter, mumble ', serb.
kȕkati `lament' etc.
Maybe alb. kuja ` lamentation ' a Slavic loanword.
With -b-, -b(h)o-: Old Indic kúkkubha- m. `wild rooster, cock, pheasant', gr. κουκούφας `
hoopoe' (late, barely genuine gr.); onomatopoeic words are: κίκυβος probably ` a night-
owl, an owl ' (besides κικκάβη, κίκυμος (out of it Latin cicuma), κικυμίς ds., κικκαβαῦ ` cry
in imitation of the screech-owl's note '), Latin cucubiō, -īre òf scream of an owl' (Thomas
Stud. 39 takes the filling hiatus b); also b(h)-` suffix ' of the aforementioned ones could
have arisen like that.
With -ĝ-: Old Indic kū́jati ` growls, hums, murmurs'; Norwegian hauke ` howl, call, shout,
cry'.
Maybe alb. kujit ` growl', kuja f. `lament'.
With -p-: Gothic hiufan `lament', Old Norse hjūfra ds., Old English hēofan ds., Old Saxon
hiovan, Old High Germanhiofan, hioban ds.
With -r-: Old Indic cákōra- m. à kind of partridge, game bird '; Latin caurīre `cry, of
panther in heat '; Old Church Slavic kurъ `rooster, cock', Church Slavic kurica `hen';
With anlaut. palatal:
Old Indic śúka- m. `parrot'; Armenian sag `goose ' (*k̂au̯ā) = Old Church Slavic sova
òwl ' (: Celtic cavannus); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian šaukiù, šaũkti `cry,
loud call, shout, cry, name'; russ. syčь ` midget owl, sparrow owl ', Czech sýc òwl ' (*k̂ūk-
ti-); doubtful Old Church Slavic šumъ `noise' (*k̂ē̆u-mo-s? Brugmann II2 1, 247).
Maybe alb. zhurmë `noise' a Slavic loanword.
compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism Old High German kaha
`jackdaw' etc.; compare Lithuanian kóvas etc. ds.).
References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.
Page(s): 535-536
Root / lemma: kā-

kā-
Meaning: to like, wish
Material: Old Indic kā́yamāna- ` having with pleasure ' (ā-kāyíya- ` desirable ' with from this
Material:
i̯o-present carried-y-), Perf. cakḗ ` take pleasure in, love, long for ', -kāti- (in compound) `
demanding, requiring '; Avestan kā- `long, want' (kayā 1. Sg., kāta-; čakuše);
-mo-stem Old Indic kā́ma- m. ` lust, wish, love', Avestan Old pers. kāma- m. `desire,
wish';
Note:
-m- stem is of Greek Illyrian origin.
kā̆m- in Old Indic kāmáyati, particle Perf. Med. cakamāná-; kamra- `charming, beautiful',
kamana- ` eager, avid, lascivious '; Lithuanian kamaros `lust, desire' and Latvian kãmêt
`starve'.
ro-stem:
ro Latin cārus `dear, worth, precious (also of price)'; Gothic hors (*hōra-) `
adulterer, Hurer ', Old Icelandic hōrr ds., hōr n. ` wooing, lubricity ', Old English hōr n. ds.,
Old High German huor n. ds., Old High German huora (and huorra from *hōriōn-) ` whore ',
Old English hōre, Old Icelandic hōra- (*hōrōn-) ds.; Latvian kārs ` lascivious, covetous '
(kāruôt `lust, crave, long, want');
reduced grade gall. Carant-us, -illus etc., abrit. Carant-īnus, -orius, Old Irish caraim
`love', carae `friend'; cymr. corn. bret. car `friend' (*kǝ-rānt-s), cymr. caraf Ì love'; about
(gall.?) caris(s)a s. WH. I 169; Tocharian Akk. Sg. A krant, В krent `good' (= Celtic carant-).
Based on Aryan kan- (Old Indic Perf. cākana, Aor. akāniṣam, Avestan čakana), can-
(Old Indic caniṣṭám; Old Indic cánas- n. ` pleasure, satisfaction', Avestan čanah-, činah-
`desire, demand') ` be given satisfaction, find pleasure ', Avestan činman- n. ` lust, strive '
in a Indo Germanic -(e)nes- stem k-e-nes-? The forms cani-, kani- can also be secondary
as kami-ṣyate, -tar- besides kāma- (if Stokes KZ. 40, 246 has rightly compared Middle
Irish cin, Gen. cena `love, affection ' as *kenu-, would be assessed k-en- : kā-as ks-en- :
kes-).
Old Indic cā́ru- `pleasant, welcome, mellifluous', cāyamāna- ` covetous ', nicāyya- ds.,
cāyú- ` yearning', with previously Indic replacement from k through c after the concurrent
from kan- and can- (see above).
References: WP. I 325 f., WH. I 169, 175, 885, 886, Pedersen Tocharian 109, 234.
Page(s): 515
Root / lemma: kā̆, ke,

ke kom
Meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)
Material: Old Indic kám behind dative from Personen (as Dat. commodi; so also once
Avestan kąm) and from abstract (as final dative), also in Imper., after the particles nú, sú,
hí, and in indik. main clause;
Old Church Slavic kъ(n) with Dat. `to'.
Nasallos gr. κᾱ, κε (κεν could have ν ἐφελκυστικόν) perhaps `probably', modal particle,
Slavic -ka (-ko, -ku, -ki, -kъ, -če, -či, -ču), affixture particle esp. by Pron., through Imper.
and through Adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g.
russ. kó-vorotъ ` cervical vertebra, nape ');
Lithuanian -ki (perhaps originally ke), -k in Imper. (e.g. dúo-ki, -k ` give !').
References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 568, Trautmann 111f.

Page(s): 515-516
Root / lemma: ked-

ked-
Meaning: to smoke, fume
Material: Old Indic kadrú- `brown', perhaps also kadamba- m. ` Nauclea cadamba, a tree
with orange flowers ' and kādamba- m. ` a kind of goose with dark grey wings ';
Old Church Slavic kadilo ` incense ', kaditi ` fume ', russ. čad `haze, mist', serb. čad ` be
dark, gloomy, misty ', čaditi ` become sooty ' (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps Old
Prussian accodis (*at-codis) ` Rauchloch, durch das der Rauch herauszieht ';
These are placed as ` Räucherhölzer ' (?):
gr. κέδρος ` juniper; later: Pinus cedrus', κεδρίς ` juniper berry; fruit of cedar '; Lithuanian
kadagỹs, Old Prussian kadegis ` juniper ' (borrowed from Estonian kadakas?).
Maybe alb. kedër ` cedar ' a Greek loanword?.
References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 147.
Page(s): 537
keg-, keng-
Root / lemma: keg- keng- and kek-
kek-, kenk-
kenk-
Meaning: hook, grappling hook, handle
Note: compare das similar k̂ak-
ak-, k̂ank-
ak ank-; and k̂enk-
ank enk-, k̂onk-
enk onk-
onk
Material: Npers. čang ` claw, nail, fist' (*kengo-);
Middle Irish ail-cheng f. ` rake, weapon rack ' (: Lithuanian kéngė, see below);
Germanic *hakan-, *hōka-, *hēkan- m. `hook' in: Old Icelandic PN Haki m. `hook', haka
f. `chin', Old English haca m. `bar, bolt', hæcce f. ` crosier, crozier, bishop's staff '; Old
Icelandic hākr m. ` Frechling ', Old High German hāko, hāggo `hook', Old English hōc m.
`hook', Middle Low German hok, huk m. ` angle, point, edge, foreland, promontory ', Old
Icelandic høkja f. (*hōkiōn-) ` crutch ', høkill m. ` Hinterbug '; with intensive Gemination:
Old English haccian `hacken', Middle Low German, Middle High German hacken ds., and
the j-verbs: Old English ofhæccan ` cut off ', Old High German hecchen `bite, prick', Middle
High German hecken `hew, hit, prick'; nasalized Middle Low German hank ` handle, part of
an object designed to be gripped by the hand ' (out of it Old Icelandic hǫnk m., hanki f. `
handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '), Dutch honk, East Frisian
hunk `picket, pole, jamb ';
Germanic *hakilō f. ` hackle, heckle ' (from crooked iron teeth) in: asächs. hekilon `
hecheln? ', engl. hatchel, Middle High German hechel ` hackle, heckle ', Norwegian hekla `
hackle, heckle, stubble, bristle ';
Germanic *hakuda- m. ` pike ' (after den spitzen teeth) in Old English hacod; *hakida in
Old English hacid m., Old High German hachit, hechit, Middle Low German heket ` pike ';
Lithuanian kéngė f. `hook, handle ';
Slavic *kogъtь m. in russ. kógotь ` claw, nail, crooked iron point ', Upper Sorbian kocht
`thorn, sting, prick' (: Germanic *hakuda-);
Maybe alb. (*kógotь) kthetra ` claw, nail', kthej ` bend, make crooked ' common alb. -g- > -
th-, -dh-.
perhaps here, ` hang on a hook, scratch, irritate as with a hook ' : Bulgarian káčъ,
káč(u)vam ` elevate, raise, hang ', za-káčъ, -káčam `hang, catch, banter ', serb. zàkačiti `
hook, hang ', sloven. káčiti `banter, anger' (Berneker 465 f.).
Maybe alb. kacavirrem ` clamber, scramble, climb up, cling ' a Bulgarian loanword.
References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f.,
Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252.
Page(s): 537-538
Root / lemma: keid-

keid-
Meaning: to fall
Material: Cymr. cwyddo, di-gwyddo `fall, happen, occur ', cwydd `fall', bret. koezaff `fall', di-
gouezout ` happen, occur ';
Old Icelandic hitta á ` hit, strike, hurt, meet, encounter ', hitta í ` get involved into, get
into ', dan. hitte paa ` auf etwas verfallen ', Swedish hitta `find', Middle English (from Nord.)
hittan ` hit on something, find', engl. hit (originally ` fall on something, go down, deteriorate
'?).

Page(s): 542
Root / lemma: keis-

keis-
Meaning: arm; thigh
Material: Old Indic kiṣku- ` forearm ';
Dutch hijse, hijs f. ` muscle, fillet, slice of boneless meat or fish, joint', limb. hies `
popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ';
Lithuanian kiš-kà ` popliteus '; Latvian cis-ka ` thigh, hip, haunch'.
References: WP. I 365, E. Lewy PBrB. 32, 140.

Page(s): 543
Root / lemma: keku-

keku-
Meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel
Material: Avestan čakuš- n. ` throw hammer, throw ax ', npers. čakuš `hammer';
Old Prussian queke ` stick ', i.e. ` firs or spruces branch as a fence stick ', Latvian čaka
`cudgel, club with knag as handle, grasp'; compare but Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D.
Wb. I 401.

Page(s): 543
Root / lemma: kek̂-

Meaning: weasel
Material: Old Indic kaśa- m. kaśīkā́ f. à kind of of rodent animal, weasel'; but with anlaut.
Pal. Lithuanian šẽškas `polecat', Latvian sesks ds.
Different about Lithuanian šẽškaš W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 630.
Page(s): 543
Root / lemma: kelg-

kelg-
Meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue
Material: Middle Irish celg f. àrtifice, betrayal ' (out of it cymr. celg ` hiding place, cover');
Armenian keɫck` ` hypocrisy ';
changing through ablaut Old English hylc ` curvature, convolution ' and Slavic *čъlgati in
poln. czoɫgać się ` grovel, truckle, creep, glide, slide, drag onself on '.

Page(s): 554
kel-1, kelǝ
Root / lemma: kel- kelǝ-
Meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion
Material: Gr. κολωνός, κολώνη `hill', κολοφών m. ` acme, apex, cusp, peak' instead of
*κολαφών due to an *kolṇ-bho-s);
Latin ante-, ex-, prae-cellō, -ere ` jut, project, protrude, stick out ' (*cel-d-ō with present
formation -d-), participle celsus `high'; collis `hill' (*kl̥n-is or *koln-is); columen, culmen ` the
top, summit, roof, gable ' (*kelomn̥ èlevation'), columna ` a column, pillar, post ' (*kelomnā
` the rising ');
Maybe alb. (*culmen) kulm `ridge, peak' a Latin loanword.
Maybe Italian collina : French colline ` hill' > alb. kodrina ` small hill', kodra ` hill' common
Calabrese Albanian -ll-> -dd- similar to changes in Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella : Italian
ascella : Spanish axial : French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla :
Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc sqetull ` armpit ', common Calabrese -ll-> -dd- : Sardinian -ll-> -
dd-. [see aĝes
es-, ak̂s ` (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ': from Root / lemma: aĝ-
aĝes- eĝ-):: ` to
aĝ- (*ḫe
lead '].
Middle Irish coll ` head, guide, leader' (*kolnos); gall. celicnon `tower' (out of it Gothic
kelikn ` tower, upper room, upper chamber, loft, upstairs room ');
gallorom. calma ` desolate land ' is probably pre-Celtic;
Old English hyll m. f., engl. hill `hill' (*hulnis, Indo Germanic *kḷnis); Old Saxon holm
`hill', Modern High German Holm, Old English holm ìsland, sea wave, (high) sea', Old
Icelandic holmr, holmi `small island' (*kḷmo-);
Maybe alb. kolmë `fat, big'.
Lithuanian keliù, kélti (heavy basis) ` lift, raise, heave, weigh up, advance, further,
aggrandize, arouse, wake, awake, rouse, open, shut, ferry, arrange, make up, excite,
create, stir ', Latvian ceĺt `heave, life', Lithuanian iškéltas `convex, elevated'.
Note:
adjective prefix i-, e- common alb. Lithuanian.
Lithuanian kálnas, Latvian kal̂ns `mountain', compare Lithuanian kalvà f. ` small hill',
Latvian kalva `hill, river island'; in addition Lithuanian kìlti ` rise, ascend, climb', iškilùs
`high'.
Note:
adjective prefix i-, e- common alb. Lithuanian.
Lithuanian kilmė̃ f. ` lineage, gender, sex', kìltis and kiltìs f., Latvian cil̂ts f. `gender, sex';
Latvian kala f. ` lever '; Lithuanian kélnas m. ` ferry, barge', Lithuanian kélta f., kéltas m. =
kéltuvas m. ` ferry '; Latvian cel̂tava f. `small ferry ';
Slavic *cьlnъ m. in Serbo-Croatian čûn (Gen. čûna), `barge', Czech člun, russ. čoɫn
`boat, Weberschifflein ';
Old Bulgarian čelo `forehead', russ. čeló `forehead, head, cusp, peak' etc., russ.-Church
Slavic čelesьnъ ` that is taken before other things, particular, peculiar, especial, special,
chief, principal, excellent ' (originally -es-stem).
References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.
References:
Page(s): 544
Root / lemma: kel-

kel-2
Meaning: to stick; sting
Material: Old Indic kaṭambá- m. àrrow' (*kol-to-);
Middle Irish cuilenn, cymr. celyn, corn. kelin, m. bret. quelenn `holly, mouse thorn, forest
thistle ' (Celtic *kolino-);
Maybe alb. Geg kallini, Tosc kalliri ` ear of corn ' = (Celtic *kolino-).
Old High German hulis, huls ds., Modern High German Hulst, Middle Dutch Middle Low
German huls ds. (Dutch hulst), Old English hole(g)n, engl. holly and holm-oak, Middle
English also hulvir, Old Norse hulfr ds.;
Old Church Slavic klasъ ` ear of corn ' (` the piercing '), russ. kólos = alb. kall ds., kashtë
(*kallshtë), Jokl IF. 36, 124, `straw, chaff' (-s-forms then as in huls);
alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) rë-kuall `thistle' (*për-kēl ` incision, wound, sting, prick').
g(h)-extension in Middle Irish colg `sword, awn the barley, sting, prick', acymr. colginn `
the top of an ear, beard of corn ', ncymr. cola àwn', col `cusp, peak, awn', colyn `sting,
prick', cal, cala, caly `penis', bret. kalc'h ds.
Maybe alb. (*kali) kari : Kurdish (Kurmancî): kîr m, xirr m, Kurdish (Soranî): kêr ` penis'.
On grounds of Celtic forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer KZ. 38, 100f. also an
equal meaning root kʷel- `stick, dig' an: cymr. palu `dig', pal, corn. bret. pal `spade' (from
Latin pāla? certainly doubtful because of Ligurian pala `grave', cymr. paladr ` spear shaft;
spear; cane ', also `balk, beam, ray').
kol-no-s in Old Indic kāṇá-ḥ ` durchstochen, being pierced, being poked full of holes,
kol-no-
being perforated, being punctured, like a sieve, like a strainer, one-eyed' (*kolno-; to ā
compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 168) = Old Irish (acymr.?) coll ` with closed eye, with
one eye closed, one-eyed', Middle Irish (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated) goll `blind';
changing through ablaut gr. κελλάς μονόφθαλμος Hes.
Alb. qorr ` blind' : Kurdish: kor ` blind' from Turkish kör ` blind'.

See also: s. kel-3 and skel- `cut, clip'
Page(s): 545
kel-3, kelǝ
Root / lemma: kel- kelǝ-, klā-
klā- extended klād-
klād-
Meaning: to hit, cut down
Note: separation from kel- `prick' and from skel- `cut, clip' is barely feasible; observed esp.
Slavic *kólti `prick' = Baltic kalti `hit'.
Material: Gr. κελεός (*κελεFός) ` green woodpecker ' (as δρυκολάπτης); κελέις ἀξίνη Hes.;
κελοί ` ξύλα ' after Hesee below κελέοντας; δίκελλα ` two-pronged fork, hack, mattock, hoe
'; compare σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe' under skel- `cut, clip';κόλος `mutilated, unhorned ',
κόλ-ουρος ` with trimmed tail ', κολάζω ` mutilate, hinder; castigate, punish ', κολούω `
mutilate; hamper '; κολετρᾶν `tread, trample on ';
with formants -bo-: κολοβός `mutilate' (compare also the root form *k(e)lemb-);
with formants -bho-: κόλαφος `slap in the face, box on the ear, slap in the face ',
therefrom derived κολάπτω `hew, strike, hoe', from the heavy basis κλά̆ω `break' (κλά̆σω,
ἔκλᾰσα, ἀποκλάς, κλαστός), κλάσις ` breaking, fracture, bending of the knee joint,
modulation of the voice ', κλάσμα `piece, fragment', κλῆμα n. `twig, branch; a vine-twig,
vine-branch, a cutting, slip ', Demin. κληματίς esp. Pl. `deadwood'; κλῆρος, Doric κλᾶρος
m. ` lot, casting of lots, drawing of lots, that which is assigned by lot, allotment of land,
piece of land, farm, estate, legacy, inheritance, heritable estate, collect., body of inheritors,
Astrol., certain degrees in the zodiac connected with planets and important in a nativity,
province, sphere ' (= Old Irish clār, cymr. clawr `board, slab ', bret. kleur ` Gabelbaum am
Wagen ');
Note:

ur : bret. kleur ` Gabelbaum am Wagen ') : Ἰλλῠ
ur- ριοί , οἱ, Illyrians,
ῠριοί
Ἰλλυρ
υρικό
υριστί
gr. κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout, shoot, rod', κλώνακα ῥάβδον Hes., κλῶναξ κλάδος Hes.
(close kinship to: Old Icelandic hlunnr ` rolling rollers for vehicles ', hlu(m)mr ` the upper
thick part of the oar ' from *hlunma-?) - κλῶμαξ, -ακος m. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a
memorial or mark of some kind, rocks';
Latin calamitas `damage' (from *calamo- from *calimo-, Indo Germanic *kele-mo-
`beaten'), in addition incolumis ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged '; further
from *kel-nō : percellō, -culi ` to beat down, throw down, overturn, upset ', se procellere `
throw oneself down ', procella f. ` a violent wind, storm, hurricane, tempest ', recellō ` to
spring back, fly back, recoil '; not *kel-dō because of gall. GN Su-cellus `good stick ';
Old Irish clār etc. see above S. 545;
Lithuanian kalù, kálti, Latvian kalu, kalu, kal̃t `hit, forge ', Lithuanian pãkalas ` scythe
wedge ', príe-, prei-kãlas ànvil, incus', Old Prussian kalo-peilis ` chopping knife, mincer ',
Lithuanian káltas `chisel', Old Prussian calte ` unit of currency (coin)', i.e. ` beaten, struck,
hit = the stamped currency', Lithuanian kálvis ` smith ', causative Lithuanian káldinti ` allow
to forge ', Latvian kal̃dît ds.; Lithuanian kuliù, kùlti `thrash', Latvian kul'u, kũlu, kul̃t `hit,
thrash'; Lithuanian kélmas ` stump ', could also be ` cut, carved, split';
Maybe alb. kalit ` forge' a Slavic loanword.
Old Bulgarian etc. koljǫ klati `prick, slaughter ' (Old Bulgarian also `sacrifice'), russ.
kolótь `prick, slaughter; split, hack'; Old Bulgarian kolъ `peg, plug', russ. koɫ, Gen. koɫá `
shaft, picket, pole', ablaut.*kъlъ in klr. koɫ (Gen. kɫa) ` canine tooth, sharp tooth, fang ',
sloven. kɛ̀l (Gen. klà); Czech klanice ` shaft, pole', poln. kɫonica ` Seitenholz am Wagen '
(in participle *kolno- being based on klati); serb. kláto `kind of neck yoke for swine ', Czech
klát ` stump, clot, chunk, club, cudgel' (= Lithuanian káltas see above); Church Slavic pro-
klė́ju, -klěti `germinate', russ. (etc.) klin `wedge' (formation as mlinъ to meljǫ); doubtful
Slavic*kolt-jǫ, -iti in Old Bulgarian klaštǫ, klatiti `move, shake, bump, poke', russ. koločú,
kolotít `hit, knock; chatter' etc.; whether in addition zero grade r. koltátьsja ` move, wobble,
sway'?
Maybe alb. kolovit ` shake, swing ' a Slavic loanword.
d-extension kelǝd
kelǝd-
ǝd-, klād-
klād-:
Gr. κλαδαρός (*klǝderos) `frail, breakable; decrepit, antiquated ', κλαδάσαι σεῖσαι Hes.,
ablaut. καλαδία ῥυκάνη Hes., κλάδος m. `twig, branch', conservative d-stem *κλάς, κλάδεσι
etc. ds., κλαδών, -ονος Hes. ds., κλαστάζω ` dress vines, cut grapevine ';
Latin clādēs f. ` injury; damage, mischief, beating ';
Middle Irish claidim `ditch, grub' (with ad- ` pursue, hunt, chase, fish, catch fish ' etc.),
cymr. claddu, bret. claza `dig', Middle Irish clad, cymr. cladd `ditch, trench, channel';
lengthened grade cymr. clawdd, corn. claud `ditch, trench, channel', bret. kleuz `ditch,
trench, channel, hedge ' (*klādo-); cymr. cleddyf `sword', bret. klézé `sword, blade' (cleddyf
diss. from *cleðyð, Celtic *kladi̯os), Irish claideb is loanword from Cymr., Latin gladius
`sword' from Celtic;
Middle Irish caill (Gen. caille) `wood, forest', cymr. celli `wood, forest', corn. kelli ` a tract
of woodland, forest pasture, meadow with shade, grove ' (Celtic *kaldī);
Old Irish cymr. coll, bret. koll `ruin, damage'; Middle Irish cellach `war, fight' and those
related to it Old Icelandic hildr f. `fight, struggle, fight goddess ', Old Saxon Old English hild
` struggle, war, fight', Old High German hiltia, hilta `fight, struggle' have Indo Germanic -dh-
and probably as basic meaning `hit, lash out ';
Gothic halts, Old Icelandic haltr, Old English healt, Old High German halz `lame' (= Old
Irish coll; basic meaning ` broken '), perhaps at first from fragmented limbs;
Old Icelandic Old English holt, Old High German holz `wood, forest' (= κλάδος), in
addition Old Icelandic hjalt n. ` the hilt of a sword ', Old English hilt f. ds., Old High German
helza ` the hilt of a sword, haft ', Old Saxon helta ` handle in the oar ';
Old Bulgarian klada `balk, beam, block ', russ. kolóda ` chunk of wood, clot, chunk, tree
block, from a chopped piece trunk ' etc.; Church Slavic kladivo `hammer' (proto Slavic
*klād-: Latin clādēs).
Labial extension:
klomb(h)o- in: gr. κλαμβός `mutilated', Old English laempi-halt, lamp-healt ` lame '
klomb(h)o-
(Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 262); compare Lithuanian klumbas `lame'.
References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130 f.,
262, 322, Trautmann 114 f.
Page(s): 545-547
kel-4 and kāl-

Root / lemma: kel- kāl-
Meaning: a kind of dark/light spot
Meaning:
Note: compare also k̂er-3 and kers-1.
Material: I. Old Indic kalaŋka- m. ` stain, Rost', kalana- n. ` stain, smut', káluṣa- `dirty,
filthy, black', kalmaṣa- m. ` stain, smut', kalmā́ṣa- `varicolored, dappled '; with formants -
ko-: karka- `white', m. ` mildew ', karkī vaśā ` white cow', karkā ` white mare' (Persson
Beitr. 169), kalká- m. òrdure, filth ', cāṣa- m. `the blaue Holzhäher' (*kel-so-);
npers. čarma ` mildew ', Kurdish čerme `white' (: Swiss helm);
gr. κελαινός `black', κιλλός `gray', κίλλος ` donkey ' and ` cicada ' (vowel as in πιλνός
besides πελιός; -λλ- from -λν-?); very probably κόλυμβος (*kolu-mbhos) ` diver (bird's kind)
', whereof κολυμβάω ` dive ', called from the dark color; here also κίλλ-ουρος ` wagtail '
Hes.;
Latin columba f., -us m. ` a dove, pigeon ' from *kol-on-bho- or *kolu-mbho-, then
identical with κόλυμβος; to -mb- from -mbh- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333;
Modern High German Swiss helm `weißer stain beim Vieh auf the forehead', helme
`name of a cow with white-mottled head ', Swedish dial. hjälm ` white ox or white horse'
(compare to m-forms Old Indic kalmaṣa-); probably Middle High German hilwe f. `fine fog',
Bavarian gehilb `fog, Herdrauch' (-w- in relationship to u from Old Indic káluṣa-ḥ),
wherefore Old High German huliwa ` moisture, dampness, swamp, marsh, bog, mud ',
Middle High German hülwe `puddle, slop, pool, swamp ' stands in ablaut;
here (from the black berries) also Old High German holuntar, holantar èlder', Old
Swedish hylle ds.; s. Berneker 473 m. Lithuanian, the also for russ. kalína `Viburnum
opulus, common snowball ' considers affiliation to kalъ (see below).
II. root form kāl-

kāl- : kǝl-
ǝl- (with unclear relationship to kel-):
Gr. κηλί̄ς, -ῖδος (Doric κᾱλί̄ς) ` stain ', κηλιδόω `sully, dirty, soil ', κηλήνη μέλαινα Hes.,
κηλάς νεφέλη ἄνυδρος καὶ χειμερινη ἡμέρα καὶ αἴξ, ἥτις κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον
ἔχειτυλοειδές Hes.;
Latin cālidus, callidus (Gl.) ` warm, hot, fiery, rash, eager, spirited, fierce, impassioned,
vehement, hasty, rash, practised, shrewd, experienced, adroit, dexterous *(from horses)' =
Umbrian kaleřuf (buf) ` adroit, (oxen)'; Latin cālīgo f. `fog, darkness ';
Old Irish caile, Middle Irish gaile ` stain ';
Lithuanian kalýbas, kalývas ` weißhalsig ';

Old Church Slavic kalъ ` dark-coloured, ordure' with the meaning `swamp, marsh,
morass, smudge with ordure '; in addition (after the paint, color) russ. kalína ` Viburnum
opulus, common snowball ', as also sloven. kalina `puddle, slop' and russ. kalú-ga
`morass', kalú-ža `puddle'.
Maybe alb. kaush ` cup ' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 140, 1433,
Trautmann 113 f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f.
Page(s): 547-548
Root / lemma: kel-

kel-5
Meaning: to drive, force to move quickly
Material: Old Indic kā̆láyati ` floats, carries, perceives, holds ';
alb. Geg qil, sizil. qel `bring, bear', shqiltsë ` rennin, enzyme used to curdle milk and
produce cheese, active component in rennet (derived from the mucous membrane of the
fourth stomach of young cows), a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the
curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet,
(that which holds or binds together) ', probably also kal, kall ` cause, make happen, bring
about, put, place ' (Jokl IF. 30, 198);
gr. κέλλω `drive on; land; go ashore (from a boat); arrive on the ground, touch ground '
(present only by Gramm. and in ὀ-κέλλω trans. ` go ashore; run ashore, fail, be
unsuccessful, make unsuccessful, break down, fall through '; otherwise only Aor. Fut.
ἔκελσα, κέλσω), κέλης, -ητος ` rusher, racer (horse); quick-sailing ship'; κλόνος ` intense
movement', κλονέω ` drive tumultuously or in confusion, o be agitated, rush wildly, o be
beaten by the waves ' (compare θρ-όνος, χρ-όνος; Boisacq s. v. m. Lithuanian); perhaps
(Persson Beitr. 179) κολεῖν ἐλθεῖν undκολέα, κολία `kind of dance ' Hes.;
Latin celer `quick, fast, rash, hasty' (as κέλης), celeber, -bris, -bre ` frequented, much
visited, thronged, crowded, populous, abounding ' (*kele-dhlo-, -dhli-);
as t-present Gothic haldan ` tend, feed, graze cattle ' (to a-Vok. s. Brugmann IF. 32,
181), Old High German haltan `beware, guard, hold, stop', Old Saxon haldan, Old English
healdan, Old Icelandic halda, Old Swedish halla (*halÞan) `hold, stop', Middle Low
German hilde, hille `rash, hasty, keen, eager'.
References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;

See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu- ` wander '.
Page(s): 548
kel-6, k(e)lē-
Root / lemma: kel- )lā- or kl̥̄-?
)lē-, k(e)lā-
Material: Old Indic uṣā-kala- m. `rooster, cock' (`ἠι-κανός'), kalādhika-, kalāvika- ds., kala-
víŋka- `sparrow', kala- - ` leise tönend, undeutlich vernehmbar ', kalakala- m. ` bewildered
clamor, noise';
gr. καλέω (instead of *κάλω) ` call, summon, name, rufe herbei' (Aeolic κάλημι), Futur.
καλέσω, Attic καλῶ, Perf. κέκληκα, κλητός; ἐπίκλησις èpithet', κλῆσις `shout, call,
invitation, subpoena, invitation to court, summoning ', κλητής, κ(α)λήτwρ `Rufer', ὀμοκλή
`shout' (to 1. part see below omǝ-); κικλήσκω (or κικλῄσκω) `rufe an, flehe', κληΐζω, κλῄζω
`name' (*κλη-Fε-ς-ίζω?); zero grade κελ(α)- in κέλομαι `treibe an (through shout)', hom.
Aor. (ἐ)κέκλετο, Doric κέντο = (ἔ)κελτο; [about κελεύω see below k̂leu-]; κελαρύζω
`rausche, riesle (water )', κέλωρ φωνή Hes.; extension κέλαδος ` din, fuss, noise',
κελάδων, κελαδεινός ` roaring ', κελαδέω ` sound as flowing; shout aloud, of various cries,
e.g. of a new-born babe, sing of, celebrate loudly ';
Umbrian kařitu, kařetu, carsitu ` to call together, summon, convoke, drive to, move up,
bring along, force towards ' (*kalētōd);
the fact that a corresponding Latin*caleō has stood once in the proclamation formula of the
calendar data Dies te quinque, respectively septem, calo, Iuno Covella and calendae `the
erste day of month ' would be named from this exclamation, is probable (Salonius Z. röm.
Dat. 1 ff.);
Latin calō, -āre èxclamation, to call together, summon, convoke ' (: Latvian kal'uôt),
calātor ` a servant for calling, etc., a crier ', nōmen-clator ` one who calls by name, a
monitor ' (back formation from nōmen calāre), calābra (curia) ` Curia Calabra, a court,
curia so called from the proclamation of the dates which was there made ', perhaps
concilium ` a meeting, rendezvous ' (*cón-caliom), con-ciliāre ùnite, connect, gain etc.',
clāmō, -āre `call, shout, cry' (compare Old High German hlamōn etc.), clāmor `scream',
clārus `lauttönend, fernhin resounding; illustrious; clear, bright', Umbrian anglar Nom. Pl.,
anglaf Akk. Pl. òscines' (*an-klā àvis inclamans'); Latin classis Àufgebot: army, fleet;
class, dividing off, partitioning off' (*klad-ti-: κέλαδος?);
Maybe alb. Geg kla, Tosc qanj, qaj ` cry, scream '.
Old Irish cailech, ogam Gen. caliācī, cymr. ceiliog, corn. chelioc `rooster, cock'
(*kaljākos);
Old English hlōwan ` roar, cry out, resound ', Old High German (h)lōian, (h)luoen,
Middle High German lüejen `roar, bellow'; Old English hlētan `grunt'; Old High German
hluoticla ` a barking '; with lengthened grade the first syllable Old High German hel `loud,
sounding ' (Modern High German hell `gleaming'), hëllan ` resonate', Middle High German
hal ècho, clangor ', Old Norse hjala ` babble, chatter ', hjal n. `gossip', hjaldr `
conversation, fight noise, fight, struggle'; Old Frisian halia `herbeiholen, heimführen, take',
Old English geholian ` attain, achieve, fulfill (goal, desire, etc.); get, receive, obtain ',
asächs. halōn ` appoint, bring, carry with, take with ', Old High German halōn and ablaut.
holōn, holēn `call, shout, cry, get, fetch', ndd. halen `pull, drag'.
Latvian kal'uôt ` babble, chatter ' (kalada `clamor, din, fuss, noise' is russ. loanword),
Lithuanian kalbà `language', Old Prussian kaltzā, kelsāi ` sie lauten ' (Lithuanian *kalsóti);
redupl. Lithuanian kañkalas (*kalkalas) `bell', Old Church Slavic klakolъ, russ. kólokolъ
`bell', kolokólitь `chime, clink; babble, gossip ', Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 115.
Hittite ša-ra-a kal-li-iš-ta (sarā kallesta) ` rief (lockte) herauf '.
*k(e)lem- (compare Latin clā-m-āre): Old Indic krándati ` shouts, howls,

extension *k(e)lem-
bellows, roars, neighs ' (*klem-d-?); Old English hlimman, hlymman `ring, sound, clink,
sough, rustle, roar, bellow', hlimme ` violent stream', hlemm (*hlammi) ` clangor ', Old High
German (h)limmen `drone, grumble, howl', Old Norse hlymja ` clink, crack, creak, rant,
roister ', Old High German hlamōn `sough, rustle, bawl, blaster';
*k(e)len- in Old English hlyn(n) ` clangor, din, fuss, noise, violent stream', hlynnan,
*k(e)len-
hlynian ècho', hlynsian ds., hlynrian ` thunder ', gehlyn, asächs. gihlunn ` din, noise ';
Similar to skel- ʷel- (s

skel-, (s)kʷel
(s)kʷel- s-Dublette besides kel-):
1. skel-
skel-: Old Icelandic skjalla stem V. `sound, clink, loud hit' = Old English sciellan
`sound, sound, clink', Old High German scellan `sound, clink, ring, rant, roister', Modern
High German verschollen ` fade, disappear, decline '; Kaus.-Iter. Old Icelandic skella `
bang, rant, roister, scold, chide, laugh loudly ', Middle High German schellen schw. V. `
allow to sound, shatter ', Modern High German zerschellen; t- or dh-present Old Frisian
skelda `scold, chide, rebuke, define loudly ', Old High German sceltan `scold, chide, vilify,
scold, revile, rebuke'; Old Icelandic skǫll f. ` derision, ridicule, din, fuss, noise', skellr
(*skalli-z) ` clangor, Knall' = Old High German scal (-ll-) ` clangor, row'; Old Icelandic skjallr
` lauttönend ' = Old English sciell, Dutch schel ` echoing, schrill'; Old High German scella
`bell'; with plain l (-ll- based on the aforementioned in a n-present *skel-nō) Old Icelandic
skal n. `din, fuss, noise', skjal n. ` chitchat, small talk ';
Lithuanian skãliju, -yti `continuously bark, strike ' (of hound), whereof skalìkas ` a
continuously barking hound (see below because of gr. σκύλαξ); Old Prussian scalenix `
pointer, setter ' derives from poln. skolić ` whine like a dog '; Latvian skal'š ` clinking, sharp
sounding '; with (b)h-extension (as Lithuanian kalbà) Lithuanian skélb-iu, -ti ` spread a
rumor ';
Czech skoliti ` belfern ', poln. skolić, skulíć ` whine like a dog '.
2. (s)kʷel
ʷel-: Old Icelandic skval n. ` useless gossip, torrent of words ', skvala `loud talk,
(s)kʷel-
call, shout, cry', skvaldr n. ` loud discourse '; without s- Old Icelandic hvellr ` sharp
sounding ';
the changing by ablaut skʷel- perhaps in gr. σκύλαξ ` young dog, dog; young animal',
also κύλλα σκύλαξ. ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes., as from *skel- the above called Lithuanian skalìkas, and
from kel- from: Lithuanian kãlė, kalė̃ `bitch', alb. këlüsh `cub, esp. young dog', Middle Irish
cuilēn, cymr. colwyn, acorn. coloin, bret. kolen `young dog', (Celtic *koli-gno-); these
names for young animals, esp. dogs, would be taken from yelping or whining.
At least, however, σκύλαξ, κύλλα as (s)kol-, also as Indo Germanic or gr. reduction forms
(influence of κύων?) could belong together directly from Celtic *koligno-, Lithuanian kãlė,
alb. këlüsh.
References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;
See also: probably identical with kel-5.
Page(s): 548-550
kel-7 (kol
Root / lemma: kel- kol-, kol-)
kol-
Meaning: goblet
Note: with k̂-suffix
Material: Old Indic kaláśa-ḥ m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl' (*kolek̂o-, -ok̂o-);
gr. κύλιξ, -ικος `goblet' (*keli-k);
= Latin calix, -icis m. `deep bowl, goblet, calix' (from calix derives Old High German
chelih, Modern High German Kelch ` calix '), wherefore perhaps with moveable s Umbrian
skalc̨e-ta, scalse-to `former low bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer ', scalsie ìn a
low bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer '; Latin culigna ` small calix' from gr.
κυλίχνη (*κυλικ-σνᾱ) ds.;
There s- also in Modern High German Schale ` shell ' (that to (s)kel- `cut, clip') and in gr.
σκάλλιον, σκαλίς ds. Hes.,.
In addition gr. κάλυξ, -υκος f. ` fruit cup, grain cup ' and perhaps Old Indic kalikā f. `bud'
(different in gutturals of suffixes from kaláśa-ḥ).

Page(s): 550-551
Root / lemma: kel-

kel-7
Meaning: ` chop, cut '; ` be at fault, be to blame, be wrong; ` parch, dry '; ` bend '
Meaning:
See also: see below (s)kel-
(s)kel-
Page(s): 551
kelp-, kl̥p-
Root / lemma: kelp-
Meaning: jar, cauldron
Material: Gr. κάλπις, -ιδος, κάλπη f. `crock, pitcher; cinerary urn ';
Latin calpar, -āris ` wine cask ' (*calp-āli-, probably Latin further formations of gr.
κάλπᾱ);
Old Irish cilornn, cilurnn ` urn ' (*kelpurno-), cymr. celwrn ` milk bucket ', bret. kelorn `
bowl, basin ', brit. PN Celurnum.
Note:

ur : brit. PN Celur
ur- urnum
ur : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ, Illyria, also
υρί
Ἰλλυρ
υρικό υρίζω ,
υρί
speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
Page(s): 555
kemero-, komero-
Root / lemma: kemero- komero-, kemero-
mero-
Meaning: name of a plant
Material: Old High German hemera (*hamirō) `hellebore', Modern High German dial.
hemern ds.;
r.-Church Slavic čemerъ ` poison ' (originally the hellebore), russ. čemeríca f. `hellebore'
(etc. s. Berneker 142 f.);
Lithuanian kemerai Pl. ` Alpkraut, Wasserdost '; presumably gr. κάμαρος ` larkspur, any
of a number of tall flowering plants ', κάμμαρον, κάμμορον (latter spelling after hom.
κάμμορος ` ubject to destiny, i.e. ill-fated '?) ` a poisonous plant, wolf's-bane, aconite ' and
Old Indic kamala- n. `lotus' (would be besides gender = Old High German hemera; also in
the flower form similarly), camarika-m. ` Orchid Tree '.

Page(s): 558
kemǝ-, komǝ
Root / lemma: kemǝ komǝ-, kmā-
kmā- (*ḫank-mḫnos)
Meaning: piece
kemǝ-, komǝ
Root / lemma: kemǝ komǝ-, kmā-
kmā- (*ḫank-mḫ(e)nos):: piece, derived from Root / lemma:
ak̂-, ok̂- : sharp; stone.
Material: Gr. ἄκμηνος ` without Imbiß, hungry', ἄκμᾱ (Aeolic) νηστεία, ἔνδεια Hes.; zero
grade κομῶσα γέμουσα Hes.?
Latvian kumuôss `morsel, mouthful' (-um-reduced grade; the ending -uoss from -ansas
perhaps through hybridization with a *kan[d]s-as = Old Church Slavic kąsъ `piece, morsel,
mouthful'? compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 313);
ndd. ham, hamm `bite, morsel, mouthful, piece, cut'.

Page(s): 557-558
Root / lemma: kem-

kem-1
Meaning: to press, squeeze
Material: Armenian kàmel `to press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow';
Old Norse hemja (hamda) `curb, restrain, hinder, hamper ', hemill ` leg fetter ', hamla f. `
Ruderband ', Middle High German hemmen and hamen `hinder, hamper', sal- Franconian
chamian ` clamp, press', Old Frisian hemma `hinder', Modern High German dial. ham,
hamen ` horse collar ' (compare that maybe from a Gothic *hamands hemmend `
hindering ' borrowed Slavic *chomǫtъ, russ. etc. chomútъ ` horse collar '); Middle Low
German ham, Old English hamm ` enclosed piece of land', ndd. hamme ` fenced field', Old
English engl. hem(m) èdge, hem', engl. to hem (in) `to hem, gird, border, envelop,
surround';
Old Norse hafna ` abandon, give up from ' (`*be restrained '), causative hefna ` avenge ';
with labial Middle English hamperen, engl. to hamper `hinder, bother, annoy' (: Old
Prussian kūmpinna ` hindered ', kumpint `move, displace'); (under the influence of
Balto Slavic *kama- m. `clump' in Latvian kams m. `clump', in addition Lithuanian

kamúoti ` press together, stuff ', kãmanos ` leathery bridle, rein', kẽmuras `grape',
kamíenas m. `stem', Latvian kamuot `torment, smite, plague', Lithuanian kamuolỹs,
Latvian kamuolis ` ball, tangle, knot '; ablaut. Latvian cęmu(o)rs m. `grape', extended
Lithuanian kemšù, kim̃šti ` stuff ', Latvian ḱemsu, ḱimst (Lithuanian loanword) `ds.', also `
devour ', Lithuanian kamšà ` crush, squash, corduroy, brushwood road ';
russ. kom `clump', komítь ` clench together ', serb. kȍm ` husks of grapes ' (` what
remains of the pressed grapes '); in addition russ. kómelь m. `thick end of a rod ', poln.
komel m. `knag' (*kamli̯a-), russ. komúlja f. `clump', serb. kȍmina f. ` husks of grapes '; in
ablaut Slavic *kъmy, Gen. *kъmene m. in Czech kmen `stem'; as ` be pressed '
presumably also Slavic *čьma in serb. čáma ` boredom, weariness ', čȁmati ` wait with
displeasure, hold on'; Old Church Slavic čęstъ `dense' (= Lithuanian kim̃štas `stuffed').
Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from gr. κώμῡς, -ῡθος ` bundle, truss of hay,
branch of laurel, placed before the gates, reed-bed ', κῶμος ` revel, carousal, merry-
making, concrete, band of revelers, the ode sung at one of these festive processions,
festival to honor of the Dionysios '; gr. κημός (*kāmos because of Latin loanword cāmus)
`muzzle' is not compatible in vocalism.
References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.

Page(s): 555
Root / lemma: kem-

kem-2
Meaning: to buzz
Material: Old Indic camara- m. ` Wild Yak ';
Middle High German Modern High German hummen, Modern High German hummeln,
holl. hommelen `buzz', Middle English hummen, engl. hum ds., Norwegian humre ` neigh
quietly '; in addition originally probably also Old High German humbal, Middle High
German humbel, hummel m. `bumblebee', Middle Low German hummel f., engl. humble-
bее, Norwegian Dialectal humla f. ds.;
Lithuanian kìmstu, kìmti ` become hoarse ', kìminti `make the voice dull ', kimùs `
hoarse, raucous, thick, husky ', kamãnė ` bumblebee, humblebee ', kamìnė ` Feldbiene ',
Latvian kamines f. pl. ` bumblebees, humblebees ', Old Prussian camus `bumblebee';
Slavic *čьmelь (ablaut equally with Hummel) in russ. dial. čmelь etc., ` bumblebee,
humblebee '; Church Slavic russ. komár etc. ` mosquito ' (ablaut equally with Lithuanian
kamãnė).

References:
Page(s): 556
keng-, kenk-
Root / lemma: keng- kenk-
See also: see above under keg-
keg-.
Page(s): 565
Root / lemma: kenk-

kenk-1
Meaning: to bind, girdle
Material: Old Indic káñcatē (Dhatup.) `binds', kañcuka- m. àrmor, coat of mail, garment
made of linked metal rings, jerkin, corsage', kāñcī f. `belt, girdle';
gr. κιγκλίς ` lattice, latticework, trellis, structure of interwoven strips of wood or metal ' (to
ι from ε s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), κάκαλα n. Pl. ` walls ' (*kn̥k-), ποδο-κάκ(κ)η ` foot
plague, a kind of stocks ';
Latin cingō, -ere ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ',
Umbrian s̀ihitu ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ', perhaps
also c̨ihc̨eřa ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars, railings, bar in a court of
justice ' (*kinkedā-); Latin -g for c derailment due to the ambiguous cinxi, cinctum after
present as clingō, mingō; WH. I 217 places here Celtic cing- ` march, step, stride, strut'
(different above S. 439), whether originally `*turn in circles '; however, the variation of the
Auslauts would be easy to understand, as the page 439 accepted initial sound variation;
still different about Celtic cing- Kuiper Nasalpräs. 168 f.;
Lithuanian kinkaũ, -ýti ` harness horses '.

An unnasalized root form *kek- one seeks in Old Indic kaca- m. ` hair of the head
(`*fastened together '?); scar, band, strap' and Latin cicātrīx `scar, scratch ' (due to a
*cicāre from *cecāre ` tie together, heal ')?

Page(s): 565
Root / lemma: kenk-

kenk-2
Meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)
Material: Old Indic kāŋkṣati ` longs for ' (` brennend verlangen '), kákatē (Dhatup.) ` covets,
thirsts '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
gr. κέγκει πεινᾳ (after Aor. *κακεῖν originated a new present *κάγκω, compare:)
καγκομένης ξηρᾶς τῷ φόβῳ Hes., hom. πολυκαγκής (δίψα) ` parching, very dry ', κάγκανος
àrid', καγκαίνει θάλπει, ξηραίνει Hes., καγκαλέα κατακεκαυμένα Hes.; κακιθής ἄτροφος
ἄμπελος; κακιθές λιμηρές; κακιθά λιμηρά Hes. (in the ending supposed Schulze Kl. Schr.
329 *aidh- `burn');
Gothic hūhrus, with gramm. variation Old Norse hungr, Old English hungor, Old High
German hungar (*kn̥kru-) `hunger' (= gr. κακ-); ablaut. Old Norse hā `plague, torment,
smite' (*hanhōn');
Lithuanian kankà `pain, agony', kankìnti ` afflict ', keñkti `harm'.
References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 42.

Page(s): 565
Root / lemma: kenk-

kenk-3
Meaning: knee-cup, heel
Material: Old Indic kaŋkāla- m. n. `bone, skeleton ';
Old Norse hā (*hanha-) in hā-mōt m. ` ankle joint, heel joint ', hā-sin f. ` Kniesehne des
Hinterbeins bei Tieren, Fersensehne beim Menschen ', Old English hōh-sinu f., Old Frisian
hō-sene ` heel tendon ', Old English hōh `calcaneus, heel bone ' (*hanha-), Old Norse hǣll
`calcaneus, heel bone ' (*hanhila-), Old English hēla m. `calcaneus, heel bone ';
Lithuanian kenklė̃ ` popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ', kìnka `ds., hock,
joint in the hind leg of a quadruped; shank, leg ', Latvian cinksla `sinew in the knee-bend '.

Page(s): 566
Root / lemma: ken-

ken-1
Meaning: to press, pinch, etc..
Note:
ken-1 : `to press, pinch, etc.' derived from Root / lemma: gen-
Root / lemma: ken- gen- : `to pinch,
pluck, press, etc.'.
Note: meaning- scope as in gen-
gen-.
knek- (only german.):
Material: knek-
Old Icelandic hnakki, hnakkr m. ` nape ' (Norwegian nakk also ` mountain top, small
hillock '), Old High German hnac, -ckes ` nape, acme, apex ', Bavarian nacken `bone',
changing through ablaut Old English hnecca ` nape, occiput ', Middle Low German necke
ds., Middle High German genicke ` nape '; with the meaning ` snap; crease, fold ' here isl.
hnakki ànchor', Norwegian nakke ` small iron hook', nøkia `crook, bend', Middle English
nōk, engl. nook ` angle, point, edge' (Old Icelandic hnekkja ` repel, hamper', actually ` to
press together '?).
knes- perhaps in Old High German hnel, Middle High German nel(le) `cusp, peak,
knes-
acme, apex, peak, highest point, top, summit ', Old High German hnol ` acme, apex ', Old
English hnoll `Scheitel' (*hnezlá-, hnuzlá-?) and Latvian knese `club, cudgel'.
A i-basis in kneigʷh-, knei-b- ` incline '? (see there).
u-basis kneu-
kneu- and extensions:
Middle Irish cnū, Gen. cnō (*knūs, *knuu̯os), cymr. cneuen, Pl. cnau, mcorn. knyfan,
Middle Breton knoen `nut, dry fruit contained in a shell', gall. *knou̯ā; derived Middle Irish
cnuas ` nuts; harvest '; with d-suffix Old Icelandic hnot, Old English hnutu, Old High
German (h)nuz ` nut, dry fruit contained in a shell'; with k-suffix Latin nux, -cis ` nut, dry
fruit contained in a shell' (`nut, dry fruit contained in a shell' also actually ` pellet, globule,
clots '); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
kneu-b-: Lithuanian kniùbti ` bend down ', Latvian kn̨ubt ` incurve, bend inward ';
kneu-
nisl. hnypra sig saman ` squat, sit on one's haunches, crouch down low ', hnypur `
crouching down position '.
kneu-d-: Norwegian nut `knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ', Old
kneu-
Icelandic hnūtr m., hnūta f. `swelling, lump, growth, ankle', Swiss nossen m. ` cliff point,
protrusion'.
kneu-
kneu-g-, -k-:
Old Irish cnocc, nir. cnoc (*knukkos), cymr. cnwch (and as loanword from Irish also
cnwc) (ablaut. cnuch ` joint, coitus '), abret. cnoch ` mound, hillock; mound, tomb ';
Old Icelandic hnūka ` curve together ', hnokinn ` writhed, crooked, humped ', hnykill
`swelling, lump, growth, knot', Norwegian nykkja `bend, crook (e.g. an iron nail); jut,
project, protrude, stick out ', nisl. hnjūkr, hnūkr `round mountain top ', Norwegian dial.
nykkla n. ` ball, tangle, knot ', nisl. hnokki m., Norwegian nokka f. ` small iron hook ', Old
English hnocc `penis' (engl. nock ` incision ' is Swedish loanword), Middle Dutch nocke `
incision in a arrowhead ', ndd. nock, nocke ` protruding end of something ', Old English
ge(*h)nycned ` puckered, wrinkled, creased, rugose, furrowed ', Modern High German dial.
nock, nocken ` small hill; dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ' (also
Old Icelandic hnykkia ` seize, take forcibly; grasp, snatch ', perhaps from ` to press
together '?); besides nock stands Modern High German dial. knock `hill' (also in whole
remaining Germanic language area),
the above S. 372 on top middle should be mentioned (compare also Old Norse knjūkr,
knykill besides hnjūkr, hnykill), but also secondary Germanic formation could be neologism
to nock, and kn- could be attributed perhaps to words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, Knoten,
Knüppel etc.; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;
compare Latvian knaũk'is ` Knirps; Querholz am langen Sensenstiel ' and gr. κνυζόν
ἀέρα ἐπινέφελον, κνυζώσω συσπάσω Hes.; Tocharian A k`ñuk ` nape '.
kneu-p-: Latvian kńūpt ` zusammengekrümmt liegen ', Lithuanian kniū́poti ds.;

kneu-
Old Icelandic hnūfa ` blunt, stop short, crop, trim, prune '.
kneu-t-: Old Icelandic hnoða n. ` ball, tangle, knot '.

kneu-
kondo- ` the pursed, constricted into folds or wrinkles, puckered ':

kondo-
Old Indic kanda- m. `tuber, bulb', kandúka- m. ` balloon d'essai, ball for playing sports ',
kanduka- n. `pillow, cushion';
gr. κόνδοι κεραῖαι. ἀστράγαλοι Hes., κόνδυλος ` knuckle of any joint, as of the humerus,
of the finger (middle joint), (a slap in the face), pudding and knuckle-sauce to it, i.e. a good
thrashing, knot in a string, any hard, bony knob, of the teeth ', κονδύλωμα `swelling, lump,
growth';
Lithuanian kánduolas m. ` seed '.
References: WP. I 390 ff., WH. II 191 f., J. Loth RC. 40, 366.
Page(s): 558-559
Root / lemma: ken-

ken-2, kenǝ
kenǝ-, keni-
keni-, kenu-
kenu-;
Meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes
Note: various with conservative extensions
Material: I. Light basis: Gr. κόνις, -ιος f. `dust, ash' (-is-stem, compare κονίσσαλος `cloud of
dust', κεκόνισ-ται Theokr., κονί̄ω ` make dusty, cover with clouds of dust, cover with dust, o
be sprinkled as with dust, roll in the dust, like birds, horses ' from *κονισ-ι̯ω, hom. κονίη
`dust, sand, ash' from κονισᾱ); ἀκονῑτί ` without the dust of the arena, i.e. without struggle,
without effort, usu. of the conqueror ' (Jüthner Gl. 29, 76);
ablaut. with Latin cinis, -eris f. m. àsh' (from *cenis), Dimin. cinis-culus (κόνις, cinis are
probably originally a neutr. is-
is stem, and have suffered gender changes only single-
linguistically because of Nom. in -is
is).
is
Maybe zero grade Latin cinis -eris m. f. àshes' : alb. Geg hini àsh'
Note: [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].
II. Heavy basis kenǝ knē-: Attic κνῆν, 3. Sg. present κνῇ, later κνή-θω ` scrape,
kenǝ-, knē-
scratch; itch', κνηθμός, κνησμός, κνησμόνη `the itchiness', κνῆσις ` the grating, scratch;
itchiness', κνῆσμα ` scrapings ', κνηστήρ ` scraper ', κνῆστις ` rasper ' and `backbone,
spine' and ` stinging nettle '; Attic Κονίσαλος ` cloud of dust, the mixed dust, oil and sweat
on wrestlers, a demon of the same class as Priapus, lascivious dance ' (in an Aryan
*knāth- same meaning would go back to Avestan xnaąϑaitī ` name of a Pairika 'Güntert
KZ. 45, 200).
Old High German nuoen, Middle High German nüejen ` durch Schaben glätten, genau
zusammenfügen ', Old High German hnuo, nuoa ` seam, suture, joining together of two
sides of a wound or incision, groove ', Old Saxon hnōa ` seam, suture, joining together of
two sides of a wound or incision, groove, narrow scratches ', Middle High German nuot `
mortise, recess or groove in a piece of wood or another material that fits together with a
corresponding projecting piece of material, joint, slot ', Modern High German Nut, Nute `
rabbet, groove or notch in a timber into which another timber is inserted (for joining timbers
without using nails or screws) '.
Middle Irish cnáïm `consume, gnaw '; ēcna ` consume ' (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite
doubtful;
Middle Irish cnāim m. `bone' (*knō-mi-s ` the gnawed '), cymr. cnaw, Pl. cnofein.
1. d-extension kenēd-
nēd-, kenǝ
kenǝ-d-:
gr. κνώδων, -οντος Pl. ` projecting teeth on the blade of a hunting spear, ', Sg. ` a two-
edged sword, sword', κνώδαξ, -ᾱκος m. ` pin or pivot on which a body or machine turns,
axis of a sphere, sockets in which the axes of a drum turn ' (`*tooth'), κνώδαλον `(
snappish =) any dangerous animal, from a lion to a serpent or worm, a monster, beast '
(from Hom.), zero grade κναδάλλεται κνήθεται Hes., with e the first syllable (as κίναιδος,
κινώπετον, see below) κίναδος sizil. `fox', Attic as swearword, by Hes., θηρίον, ὄφις';
Maybe alb. kunadhe `marten' : κίναδος sizil. `fox'.
Albanian kunadhe ` marten ' derived from Greek (*δενδρο-κούναβο) δενδροκούναβο

[common Albanian -v- > -dh-], similar to Croatian kuna, Czech kuna, Polish kuna, Slovak
kuna, Slovenian kuna, Sorbian (upper) kuna, Sorbian (lower) kuna, Bulgarian куна, kuna,
Macedonian куна, kuna, Serbian куна, kuna, Belarusian куніца, kunica, Russian куница,
kunica, Ukrainian куниця, kunicja, Lithuanian kiaunė, Latvian cauna.
Lithuanian kándu, ką́sti (*konǝd-) `bite', kándis `mite', kañdis `morsel, mouthful'
(secondary second accent) ką́snis `morsel, mouthful', Latvian kuôžu, kuôdu, kuôst `bite, be
sharp, divide';
Church Slavic kusъ ` a piece, bit ', serb. kus `morsel, mouthful, piece', Church Slavic
kusaju, kusati, serb. kûsām, kúsati (etc.) `bite'; Old Bulgarian čęstь `part' (*kn̥d-ti-); without
s-extension poln. kądek `morsel, mouthful, piece, gobbet '.
nē-p-: gr. κνώψ, -πός ` snappish animal', κνωπεύς ἄρκτος Hes.; κῐνώπετον (*kenōp-)
kenē-
ànimal, esp. venomous beast, esp. serpent '.
Maybe alb. (*knafsa) kafsha ` animal', kafshoj ` bite '.

nē-bh-, kenǝ
kenē- kenǝ-bh-:
gr. κνήφη ` scabies, mange ', with anlaut. s- σκνήφη Hes. ` stinging nettle '; κνάπτω
(γνάπτω) ` to card or dress cloth, (which was done either with a prickly plant, the teasel, or
with a comb):--of torture, to card, lacerate ', κνάφος ` the prickly teasel, a plant used by
fullers to dress cloth, a carding-comb, also used as an instrument of torture ', κναφεύς `
fuller, cloth-carder or dresser, kind of fish ', κνάφαλον (κνέφαλλον Eur., γνόφαλλον
Alkaios) ` wool torn off in carding or fulling cloth, flock, used for stuffing cushions or
pillows: hence, cushion, pillow ' (the perception from κναφ- as hybridization from κνεφ- and
καφ- =κn̥φ- is incredible, s. Persson Beitr. 139);
gall. GN Cnabetius (: Runic Gen. Hnab[ī]das), Old Irish cnai ` wool shorn off, a fleece '
(from Cymr.), cymr. cnaif ` fleece ', cneifio ` to shear, clip, crop, shave ', ncorn. (?) kneu,
bret. kreoñ, Vannes kaneo ` fleece '; different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;
Runic Gen. Hnab(i)das (Indo Germanic *knǝbhetós `mutilated'), Old Icelandic hnafa,
preterit hnōf `cut, clip', hnefi m. `fist, sword', Middle High German neve `fist', PN Old
English Hnæf, Old High German Hnabi; geminated Old Swedish nappa ` nip, pinch, to pick
to pieces ' and the j-verbs Old Icelandic hneppa `nip, pinch, clamp, press', Old English
(once)hnæppan ` hit, bump against something ';
remain far off though Old English hnappian ` drowse ', Old High German hnaffezen ds.,
Modern High German dial. na(p)fezen ds. (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 183);
Lithuanian kniebiù, kniẽbti ` quietly pinch '; Latvian knā̀b-ju, -u, -t ` peck, pluck', Iter.
knābāt; Lithuanian knab-ù, -ė́ti ` peel (potatoes)', knabùs ` light-fingered, thievish, sneaky,
skilful', knabénti, knebénti `pick up, dig ', knimbù, -aũ, knìbti `pluck, pick out, pick up,
collect; pinch', Latvian knibêt, knibinât Iter. ` pick out, pick up, collect; pinch' (-ni- could be
zero grade of -nĕ-); whether the following words inferred previously from knib- ablaut after
the i-row have or partly old remnant of the i- variation of kenei-bh- are, is not certain;
Lithuanian knỹburiuoti ` be occupied with any manual labor or finger work ', Latvian kniêb-
ju, -u, -t ` pinch, tweak, nip ', Iter. knaibît.
3. s-extension kene-
kene-s-, k(e)nē-
k(e)nē-s-:
Old Indic redupl. ki-knasa- m. ` parts of the ground grain, groats, semolina ';
gr. κνέωρος, -ον ` spurge-flax, kind of nettle, any of numerous plants with stingy hairs
that irritate the skin on contact ' (probably from *κνη[σ]ορος);
Gothic hnasqus `soft, fine' (from dress; originally either ` durch Reiben oder Knistern
weich gemacht ' oder ` weich wie gekratzte Wolle '), Old English hnesce `tender, soft,
weak', Old High German [h]nascōn ` naschen (*abknipsen), Leckerbissen genießen ';
Latvian knùosti, knuost ` pluck the plumage with the beak '. compare from the i-basis
kenei-s-: Lithuanian knisù etc., see below.
III. i-basis keni-

keni-, kenǝ-i:
1. base of -w-stem gr. κόνις, Latin cinis, see above; gr. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, δια-κναίω `scrape or
grate away, to be lacerated, wear out, wear away ' (seems *knǝi̯-ṓ with after ἔκναι-σα,
κναί-σω preserved i); in addition gr. κίναιδος ` catamite, generally, lewd fellow, public
dancer, obscene poems, a sea-fish, wryneck ', actually ` itch ', grown from an Adv. auf -
δόν as βάδος ` walk, march ' from βαδόν Adv.
k(e)nē̆i-d-:
gr. κνίζω (Fut. κνί̆δω) ` scrape, scratch, prick ' (*κνιδι̯ω), κνισμός ` itching, tickling,
irritation, lovers' quarrel ', κνίσμα ` scratches, irritation, of lovers' quarrels '; κνί̄δη ` stinging
nettle ';
Middle Irish cned `wound' (*knidā), in addition Irish cymr. cnes `skin' (*knid-tā);
Old Icelandic hnīta (hneit) ` stumble against something ', hneita (*hnaitjan) `bump, poke,
affront, offend', hnita, -aða `rivet', Old English hnītan `bump, poke, prick ', hnitol (Middle
Low German netel) ` kicking, pushing, goring with horns ', gehnǣst n. ` crash, fight,
struggle', Old Saxon of-hnītan `tear away';
Latvian kniẽdêt `rivet' (as Old Icelandic hnita); Latvian knidêt ` itch, grovel, truckle,
creep, move '; besides from a root form in t: Latvian knìest, 3. present knìeš preterit knìete
ìtch', kniẽtêt ds.
Under the imagining of the scratching, piercing smell are addable: hom. κνί̄ση ` steam
and odour of fat which exhales from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice,
fume, smoke' (*κνῑδ-σ-ᾱ, compare Latin lixa : liquor, Lithuanian tamsà : Old Indic tamas-; in
the ă-Dekl. transferred Attic κνῖσᾰ);
Latin nīdor (*cnīdōs) m. ` a vapor, steam, smell, fume (from something burned) ';
Old Icelandic hniss n. ` smell, revolting taste of food ' (: hnīta; compare Gothic stigqan
`bump, poke': Old English Old High German stincan `stink').
gr. κνί̄ψ, Akk. Pl. κνῖπας `sknips, small creatures which infest fig and oak trees and
devour the fig-insect, small ants ', with anlaut. s- σκνί̄ψ ` skniphes, an insect found under
the bark of trees, eaten by the woodpecker, an insect which attacks vines ', κνῑπός,
σκνῑπός ` bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ', σκνί̄πτω, σκενί̄πτω, οκηνί̄πτω `nip'; κνίφεα
κνίδας Hes., κνίφων (see in addition also *gen-, gneibh- ` to press together ');
Middle Dutch nipen stem and schw. V. (Dutch nijpen) ` pinch, nip, press, feel; touch on,
grasp ', Middle English nīpin `press' (Germanic -p[p]-, compare:) Old Icelandic hnippa
`bump, poke, stick', hnippask `quarrel, squabble', Middle English nippen `nip, pinch, clamp
', engl. nip, Low German Dutch nippen `sip', Modern High German Bavarian nipfen, nipfeln
`sip'; Low German nibbelen `bite off'; perhaps Lithuanian knimbù (see above under kenē-
bh-), if with old i-vocalism.
4. s-extension: Lithuanian knisù, knìsti ` gnaw, dig', Latvian knisis, knislis `small
mosquito '.
IV. u-basis kenu-

enu-, kneu-
kneu-:
1. Gr. κνό(F)ος, κνοῦς ` the box of a wheel, sound of footsteps ', κνύ̄ω `scratch lightly ',
κνῦμα ` scratching, k. tôn daktulôn, of a person feeling for the door-handle in the dark ',
κνύος n. ` scabies ', κνύ ἐλάχιστον Hes.;
Old Icelandic hnøggva, hnǫgg (and weak hnyggja) `bump, poke' (originally `rub, scratch,
scrape') = Old High German hniuwan, Middle High German niuwen ` grind, crush, squeeze
hard, squash ' (Old English hnygelan, Plur. ` Abschnitzel ' from *hnuvilan-?); further with
the meaning ` penurious ' (compare schäbig : schaben) Old Icelandic hnøggr `concise,
penurious, economical ', Old English hnēaw ` penurious, bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ',
Middle Low German nouwe èng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, concise, small, genau',
Middle High German nou, nouwe èng, accurate, painstaking ', Modern High German
genau ` accurate ';
Latvian knūdu and knūstu, Inf. knūt and knūst, preterit knūdu ìtch' (d(h)- and st-present,
compare with root-like treated -d- also knudêt ds.); poln. knować ` dismember, ästeln ',
knowie ` straw splinter '? (see also Brückner KZ. 45, 313 because of Slavic *kъnъ `stem',
*kъńiga `book', whereat different Berneker 663, 664).
With d: gr. κνῦζα, κνῦσα ` scabies ', κνυζοῦμαι ` kratze myself '; about κόνυζα see
below; Old English hnot ` worn out, naked, bald, bleak, shaved '.
With dh: gr. κνύθος ἄκανθα μικρά Hes., κνυθόν σμικρόν Hes.;
Old Icelandic hnjōða, hnauð `bump, poke, hit, rivet', Old High German pi-hnēotan
`fasten, clip, bind', Middle High German niet m. f. ` broadly hit nail, rivet ', nieten `rivet'; Old
Icelandic hnyðia ` tools for hitting or beating ';
Norwegian dial. nuddast ` become dull ' (with s- Swedish Dialectal snudda ` touch softly
', Falk-Torp under nudd); Old High German hnotōn `shake', Middle High German notten `
move to and fro ', Middle English nodden, engl. nod ` nod '; Old Icelandic hnoss f. ` Kleinоd
' (`hammered '), Old English hnossian `knock'. About Latvian knudêt etc. see above 1.
With t: presumably Gothic hnuÞō, hnutō ` anything pointed: esp. pale, stake ', Old
Icelandic hnūðr ` shaft, picket, pole', Latvian knute, knutele `thin shaft, pole' (or loanword
from Modern High German Knüttel?).
3. g-extensions: gr. κόνυζα, σκόνυζα, κνῦζα ` strong-smelling plant, Erigeron

viscosumL.' (if -ζ- from -γι̯- ; also -δι̯- is equally possible; the smell formation compare
above κνῖσα, nīdor); Old Icelandic hnykr (*hnuki-) ` fetidness ' (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr,
nykr ds., late anlaut alteration forms).
With Indo Germanic b: Gothic dis-hniupan `tear', dishnupnan ` become torn ', Old
Swedish niupa `nip, pinch', Old English ā-hnēopan ` pick '; with intensive consonant-
doubling Norwegian Dialectal nuppa `pluck', Old English hnoppian `pluck', Danish Middle
Low German noppe `flock, tuft of wool, Hechelhede ';
with Indo Germanic bh: Old Icelandic hnȳfill ` short, blunted horn, lamb with such horns ',
ndd. nobbe, nubbe `flock, tuft of wool', Middle High German noppe, поp ` Tuchflocke '
(rather loanword from Middle Low German noppe).
5. s-extension: Latvian knaũsis `small mosquito ' (as knisis, k̨nislis from the i-basis).
References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., II 166 f.

Page(s): 559-563
Root / lemma: ken-
ken-3
Meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young
Material: Old Indic kanī́na- ` young ', compounds Sup. kánīyas-, kániṣṭha-, kaniṣṭhá-;
kanyā̀, Gen. Pl. kanī́nām (older n-stem) `girl', Avestan kaine, kainī-, kainīn- ds.;
gr. καινός ` fresh, egregious ';
Latin recens `fresh, young, new', actually ` lately arisen, not long in existence, fresh,
young, recent ';
Middle Irish cinim ` rise, puff up, originate ', ciniud `gender, sex, stem, line '; Old Irish
cenēl `gender, sex', acymr. cenetl, ncymr. `gender, sex, nation'; perhaps also acymr.
mcymr. cein, ncymr. cain, Middle Breton quen, Old Irish - from Brit. - caín `beautiful' (: gr.
καινός `beautiful' = ` young '?); genuine Irish is căin (*keni-) ds.;
Middle Irish cano, cana à wolf cub', cymr. cenau `young dog or wolf' (*kenǝu̯ō: ken-);
gall. Cintus, Cintugnātos (` Primigenitus '), Old Irish cētne, cēt- ` previous ', cymr. etc.
cyn(t) ` previous, before, rather', cyntaf `the first';
burgund. hendinos `king'; controversial Gothic hindumists ` extreme, hindermost ', Old
High German hintana, hintar ` behind ', Old English hindema ` the last ' (`new, not old,
young, fresh, recent ');
Old Church Slavic vъ-, na-čьną, -čęti `begin', začęti `ds.; receive (of woman)', konъ `
beginning ', konьcь ènd', Old Church Slavic čędo `kid, child' (if not loanword from Modern
High German Kind; s. Berneker 154); with flexible s- Upper Sorbian ščeńo ` the last-born
child ', russ. ščenók `young dog', Old Church Slavic štenę ` a young animal, whelp '.
References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.

Page(s): 563-564
Root / lemma: ken-

ken-4
Meaning: to strain, strive
Material: Gr. κονεῖν ἐπείγεσθαι, ἐνεργεῖν, κόνει σπεῦδε, τρέχε, κοναρώτερον
δραστικώτερον Hes., κονηταί θεράποντες, ἀγκόνους διακόνους, δούλους Hes., διά̄κονος,
Ionian διήκονος ` servant, messenger, attendant or official in a temple or religious guild,
esp. in the Christian church, deacon, servile, menial ', ἐγκονέω ` o be quick and active,
esp. in service, urge on, incite ', ἐγ-κονίς ` maid ';
Latin cōnor, -āri ` to undertake, endeavor, attempt, try, venture, seek, aim, make an
effort, begin, make trial of';
proto Celtic *kān- (Indo Germanic *kōn-) ` accomplish ' in mcymr. digoni `make',
dichawn, digawn, cymr. dichon, digon ` can ', digon ` sufficient ', acymr. MN Guoccawn,
mcymr. gochawn, gogawn ` distinguished ', abr. MN Uuocon.

Page(s): 564
Root / lemma: kenth(o)-

kenth(o)-
Meaning: rag, cloth
Note: also ket(h)-
Note: ket(h)-?
Material:
Old Indic kanthā ` repaired dress'; Armenian kòtànak `dress, cover';
gr. κέντρων ` skirt from rags ' meaning leans from Latin;
Latin centō ` a rag cushion, patchwork quilt ';
without nasal Old High German hadara f. `rag, clout' (*haÞrō, Indo Germanic *kotrā),
Modern High German Hadern; in addition with l-derivative Middle High German Hadel,
ablaut. Modern High German dial. Hudel, therefrom hudeln `smear'.

Page(s): 567
Root / lemma: kerd-

kerd-1
Meaning: to girdle
Note: only Celtic and Slavic
Material: Old Irish fo-cridigedar ` to gird to, gird on, bind on, put on with a girdle, gird round
', cri(u)ss `belt, girdle' (*kr̥d-su-), Middle Irish fo-chrus ` Gürtung ', cymr. crys `belt, girdle,
shirt', gwregys (fur *gwe-grys from *gwo-grys) `belt, girdle', acorn. kreis ` shirt ', grugis
`belt, girdle', bret. krez ` shirt ', gouriz `belt, girdle';
russ. čéres (besides čérez, has z through influence of the preposition črěz) ` Geldgurt ',
klr. čéres ` leathery, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze ', poln. trzos ` Geldgurt, Geldkatze ';
perhaps an extension from (s)ker-

(s)ker- `turn'.
Page(s): 579
Root / lemma: kerd-

kerd-2
Meaning: talent, craft; talented
Material: Gr. κέρδος n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage', κερδίων ` useful, beneficial ',
κέρδιστος ` der Verschlagenste (Hom.); ersprießlichst ', κερδαλεός ` captivating, useful,
cunning', κερδαλέη, κερδώ `fox', κερδαίνω ` gain '; from gr. *κέρδων derives Latin cerdō ` a
workman of the lowest class ';
Old Irish cerd f. ` art, handwork; artist, bard'; cymr. cerdd f. ` art, poetry ';
Old Icelandic epithet horti m. `smart' (?), horskr ds., Old English asächs. Old High
German horsc ds. (*hort-ska-).

Page(s): 579
Page(s):
Root / lemma: (kerem

kerem-), krem-
kerem- krem- (: krom-
krom-) and kerm-
kerm-
Meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree
Note: (esp. with s-forms); anlaut k-, occasionally k̂-
Root / lemma: (kerem

kerem-), krem-
kerem- krem- (: krom-
krom-) and kerm-
kerm- : 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree, derived
from an -m
m- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-
(s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ
(s)kerǝ-, (s)krē-
(s)krē- : to cut. see in -d
d- formant:
(s)ker-d-: Illyrian Scordus, Σκάρδον (ὄρος): gr. σκόρ(ο)δον n. ` garlic ', alb. hurdhë, hudhrë
(s)ker-
ds. (*skord-); Material: Gr. κρέμυον Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) κρόμυον `
onion kind ' (*kremusom);
Middle Irish crim, Gen. crema, cymr. (reduced grade) craf ` garlic ';
Old English hramsan, engl. ramsons ` ramson ', Norwegian Swedish Danish rams ds.,
Middle Low German ramese, remese ds., Old High German ramusia, Modern High
German (Bavarian) rams `ds.' (Allium ursinum, Bear's Garlic L.);
Lithuanian kermùšė f. `wild garlic ';
Slavic *čermъša, *čermucha in russ. čeremšá, čeremíca, čerëmuška ` ramson, Allium

ursinum, Bear's Garlic ', poln. trzemucha ds., with Pal. Serbo-Croatian srȉjemuś m. -ša f.
uud srȉjemuž, -ža `kind of wild-growing vegetables '; in addition of the appellation of `
Prunus padus, Bird Cherry, Mayday tree, Maybush ' (likewise strong-smelling plant);
Lithuanian šermùkšnis m. šermùkšlė, šermùkšnė f. ` rowan, mountain ash ', Latvian
sę̄rmūkslis etc. ds., with other guttural line Latvian cērmauksis etc., ds.;
russ. čerëmcha, čerëma, čerëmucha ` alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche,

Prunus padus', klr. čerém-cha, -ucha ds., sloven. črệm-ha, -sa (and with palatal) srệm-ša,
-sa ds., poln. trzemcha, Czech třemcha, nowadays střemcha ds.,
perhaps here the venet. PN Cremōna.
References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 168.
Page(s): 580-581
Root / lemma: ker(ǝ)

ker(ǝ)-
ǝ)-3
Meaning: to burn
Material: Old Indic kūḍayāti ` singes ' (*kr̥̄-d-, i.e. *kerǝ-d-); nasalized kuṇḍatē `burns';
about kuṣāku-, kaṣā́ku- see below;
dubious Latin carbō, -ōnis m. `coal' (Indo Germanic *ker-dhō?), from Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 266 placed to color root ker- (*ker-bhō?); [common Latin -dh-> -b-].
Gothic haúri n. `coal', Old Icelandic hyrr m. `fire' (*hurja-, Indo Germanic *ker-i̯o-);
Old High German herd, Old Saxon herth, Old English heorð `stove, hearth'; Old High
German harsta ` a frying-pan ', gahurstit ` roasted, fried ', Middle Low German harst ` grill
(to roast) ', Old English hierstan `roast', hierstepanne ` frying pan ';
Lithuanian kuriù, kùrti ` heat ', kūrénti ` heat continuously ', kùrstyti `schüren', Latvian
kur'u (kurstu), kurt, frequent. kur̃stît, kurinât ` heat ', Old Church Slavic kurjǫ, kuriti sę
`smoke', kurenьje ` coal fire ' etc.; Baltic kūr-, Slavic kur-, must be explained through this
interpretation ablaut neologism to *kŭr from a Indo Germanic reduplication-grade o; an
other interpretation under (s)ker- `cut, clip';
Latvian cęri ` glow stones ', cęras ` fervor, ardor ', cerêt `love, sehnen, hoffen'; russ.
čeren ` Salzpfanne der Salzsiedereien ', klr. čereń `bottom of the oven and high-level
stove, fire stove ', poln. trzon `stove, hearth';
Lithuanian kárštas `hot', kar̃štis `heat', Latvian kar̂sts `hot', kar̂sêt ` warm up, inflame,
arouse, instigate ', (*kor-s-); wherefore as `stormy, hot tempered' also Lithuanian ker̃štas
`rage, fury', kerùs, kerìngas ` full of rage ', kir̃šti ` become angry '; probably to Old Indic
kuṣāku- ` burning; fire, sun ' and kaṣāku- `fire, sun' (both Middle Indic from *kr̥šāku-;
compare Armenian xaršem `cook, burn' from intensive *khr̥s-); compare Mühlenbach-
Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.
A cognate root form krā-s- as ` fire brilliance, blaze, glow', from which partly `red', partly
`luminous, bright, beautiful', in Old Church Slavic krasa ` charming, pleasing, winning,
agreeable, beautifu, pulchritude ', russ. krasá `beauty, adornment, jewellery', Old Church
Slavic krasьnъ ` nicely, pleasantly, whitely dressed ', russ. krásnyj `red, beautiful', Czech
krásný `beautiful', old also ` light, gleaming' and `reddish' (etc.); Latvian krāsus `beautiful'
is russ. loanword
Maybe alb. Geg kreshnik `noble man, lord' a Slavic loanword.
One seeks a root ker- widened to *k(e)r-em- in Latin cremō, -āre `to burn, consume by
fire (tr.)', Umbrian krematra Pl. *crematra ` kind of vessel to the roast of the meat, roast ';
in addition as ` decoct, extract a substance through boiling ' also cremor ` to burn,
consume by fire, a thick vegetable juice '; further gall. κόρμα, κοῦρμι, Old Irish coirm n.,
mcymr. cwrwf, acorn. coref, coruf `beer', wherefore perhaps Old Indic karam-b(h)á- m. `
cereal, grain, porridge, mash', kulmāṣa- m` sour mucus of fruits, sour rice mucus ';
compare further Tocharian В kark-, kärk- `fry, roast'.

Page(s): 571-572
ǝp-, krēp-
Root / lemma: kerǝp
kerǝp- krēp-
Meaning: cloth, leather; shoe
Material: Latin carpisculum à kind of shoes' (previously by Vopiscus and of foreign origin
suspicious as the similar carpatinus from gr. καρβάτινος `from leather', καρβατίνη ` leather
shoe ');
Old Irish cairem ` shoemaker ' (*kariamos, Indo Germanic *ker[ǝ]p-), cymr. crydd ds.
(*cerýdd, Celtic *karíjos), acorn. chereor, bret. kere, kereour ds.;
Old Icelandic hriflingr, Old English hrifeling ` shoe ';
Lithuanian kùrpė, Latvian kur̃pe, Old Prussian kurpe ` shoe ' (*kūrpi̯ā, Indo Germanic
*korǝp-);
Old Church Slavic krъpa ` a web, texture, rag', is-krъpiti, -ati ` patch up, mend ',
Bulgarian kъ́rpa `rag, kerchief, cloth; patch ', serb. kȑpa ` patch, shred, piece of canvas,
fabric'; with the meaning ` shoe ', serb. kȑplje `snowshoe', poln. kierpce ` kind of shoe ',
Czech krpec ` bast shoe ';
with full grade the 2. syllable κρηπίς, -ῖδος ` man's high boot, half-boot, soldiers' boots,
shoeshaped cake, groundwork, foundation, basement of a building or altar, walled edge of
a river or canal, quay, ox-tongue, Helminthia echioides, a bandage ' (Latin loanword
crĕpĭda ` a sandal, sole with straps, half-shoe, Grecian shoe ').
There kerǝp- is probably an extension from (s)ker(e)- `cut, clip',.

Page(s): 581
kerk̂-:) kork̂- : kr̥k̂-

Root / lemma: (ker
kerk̂
Meaning: to wrinkle, become thin
Note: (or at most kark̂- : kr̥k̂-)
Material: Old Indic kr̥śá- ` emaciated, lean, weak', kŕ̥śyati ` peaks, becomes thin ', Avestan
kǝrǝsa- ` skinny ';
Maybe alb. (*kerk) kërthi ` young, small', kërthizë ` umbilical cord of the baby' (common
alb. -k > -th).
Latin cracentēs, leg. gracentēs ` thin, slight, slender, slim, meagre, lean ' to gracilis `
skinny, slim, arid', dissim. from *cracilis;
Old Icelandic horr (*hurha-) ` thinness, leanness ';
Lithuanian karšė́ti, intensiv kárštu, káršti ` become old ', iškáršąs ` frail before age ',
káršė ` senility ', Latvian nuo-kārst ` become old, mature, ripe, mellow, become seasoned
';
klr. kors ` cleared line of land ', Serbo-Croatian kȑšljav ` be slow in growth ', sloven. kr̀š
m. `shrub, bush', Czech krs ` dwarf tree ', krs-ati, -nouti ` abate ', poln. dial. karślak ` low,
crooked tree, firewood'.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.

Page(s): 581
ker-1, kor-
Root / lemma: ker- kor-, kr-
kr-
Meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane
Note:
ker-1, kor-
Root / lemma: ker- kor-, kr-
kr- : à kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc..), *crane' derived
from Root / lemma: ger-
ger-2 : `to shriek (in expr. forms), *crane'.
Note: anlaut mostly k-, rare k̂- also with moveable s- : (s)ker-
(s)ker-.
Material: I. Old Indic karaṭa- m. `crow' (?), karāyikā à kind of crane '.
Gr. κόραξ, -ακος m. `raven', κοράκιον `bill, beak, neb of raven ' (*kor-n̥-k-, compare Latin
cor-n-īx), σκορακίζω `dismiss contemptuously (from ἐς κόρακας βάλλειν ), κορώνη `crow',
κόραφος ποιὸς ὄρνις Hes. (*kor-n̥-bhos); κορκορυγή `rumbling noise, tumult';
Latin corvus `raven', cornīx, -īcis `crow', Umbrian curnāco ` a crow ' (-īk- besides -āk-);
Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and cornīx to color root ker-;
Alb. korb : French corbeau ; corbin : Bresciano corf : Catalan corb : Finnish korppi :
Romanian corb : Sardinian Campidanesu crobu : Swedish korp : Valencian corp `raven'
[common alb. -v- > -b-].
Czech krákorati ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' (*kor-kor-, compare
κορκορυγή), serb. krakoriti ` cackle ', klr. kerekoríty ` gobble, coo '.
see also kar-

kar- `loud praise '.
Old Danish skrade `rattle, clash, groan ', Swedish Dialectal skrata `sound', Norwegian
Dialectal skrata ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, scold, chide, loud lachen', skratla
`rattle, clash', Swedish skratta `lachen', Danish skratte èinen gesprungenen Ton give'.
A. Auf -k- (broken reduplication): kerk-

kerk-, krek-
krek-, krok-
krok-:
Old Indic kr̥kara-, krakara-, kr̥kaṇa- m. à kind of partridge, game bird ', kŕ̥ka-vāku- m.
`rooster, cock', kr̥kaṣā, kr̥kālikā `bird name'; Avestan kahrkatāt- f. `rooster, cock', npers.
kärk ` chicken ', Avestan kahrkāsa- m. ` vulture, actually Hähneesser'; Old Indic karkati
(uncovered) `lacht', krákṣamāṇa-, -krakṣa-, -krakṣin- perhaps `knarrend'; common Old
Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Armenian perhaps as neologism karkač̣ `Rauschen, noise', karkačem èxcessive

lachen, roar';
gr. κέρκαξ ἱέραξ Hes., κερκάς κρεξ τὸ ὄρνεον Hes., κερκιθαλίς ἐρωδιός Hes., κερκίς
...εἶδος ὄρνῑθος Hes., κέρκνος ἱέραξ, ἤ ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κέρκος ... ἀλεκτρυών Hes., κίρκος
`ἱέραξ', κορκόρας ὄρνις. Περγαιοῖ Hes., κρέξ èine Vogelart', κέρχνος m. ` hoarseness ' (if
from *κερκ-σνος), κέρχνη, κερχνηίς f. `Turmfalke';
Latin crōciō, -īre and crōcō, -āre ` croak, caw ' (: Irish crāin, Lithuanian krokiù, Latvian
krācu, Slavic krakati, compare with -g: gr. κρώζω, Old Norse hrókr);
Middle Irish crāin, Gen. crāna `sow' (`grunzend'; proto Celtic *krākni-); cercc `hen' (but
cymr. ysgrechf. `scream' from Old English *scrǣc `clamor'; Middle Irish scrēch `scream'
from Old Norse skrǽkr); abret. corcid, nbret. kerc'heiz, cymr. crychydd `Reiher', Irish corr
(*kork-so-) ` crane ';
Old Prussian kerko f. ` aquanaut (bird)', Latvian ḱḕrcu, ḱḕrt ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat,
talk, snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make', Lithuanian karkiù, kar̃kti ` burr, croak,
caw, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ', Lithuanian kirkiù, kir̃kti ` screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell (from the Bruthenne)'; Lithuanian krẽkinuos, -intis
`rutting, in heat sein (of swine)', Latvian krecêt `hoarse become'; Old Prussian kracto (lies
kracco) ` black woodpecker ', Lithuanian krãkė ds., Lithuanian kr(i)okiù, kr(i)õkti ` groan,
grunt' (: Latin crōciō etc.), kr(i)oklỹs `waterfall', Latvian krā̀cu, krā̀kt ` croak, caw,
schnarchen, groan, bawl, blaster'; Lithuanian kurkiù, kur̃kti `quarren', Latvian kùrcu, kùrkt
`quarren' (: Old Church Slavic krъknǫti; changing through ablaut with Lithuanian kvar̃kti?);
compare Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;
Old Church Slavic krъknǫti ` croak, caw ' (etc.); russ.-Church Slavic krečetъ ` cicada ',
russ. krëk Àufstehnen', krečet `Jagdfalke', serb. krȅka `clamor of the chicken or Frösche'
(etc.), Czech škřek `clamor', Upper Sorbian škŕekava Èichelhäher'; russ. krochálь
`Tauchergans', Bulgarian krókon `raven', serb. krȍčēm, kròkati ` croak, caw ' (etc.); russ.-
Church Slavic (etc.) kraču, krakati ds.; in addition slovz. krẽk (*krakъ) m. `raven'.
Also alb. krokat ` croak, caw ' a Slavic loanword.
Nasalized: Old English hringan `sound, clink, rattle, clash, clatter', engl. to ring `lauten,
clink ', Old Norse hrang n. `din, fuss, noise', hringia `chime', Lithuanian krankiù, krañkti `
croak, caw, groan ', krankščiù, krañks̀ti ds., russ. krjákatь `crack, creak, groan, burr, croak,
caw '; Tocharian В kraṅko rooster, cock; Old Indic kruṅ, kruñca-, krāuñca m. `Brachvogel'.
With anl. k̂-: Old Indic śāri- f. à bird', sārikā `the Indian magpie '; Armenian sareak
`Star'; Lithuanian šárka, Old Prussian sarke ` magpie ', russ. soróka, Czech straka, serb.
srȁka ` magpie '; besides Old Church Slavic svraka, serb. svrȁka ds., see below.
With anlaut. k̂u̯-: alb. sorrë (*k̂u̯ērnā) `crow' (Jokl, Mél. Pedersen 146);
Note:
Wrong etymology because of alb. sorrë, sorra f., Bresciano cornacia, Calabrese ciavula,
Catalan cornella f., Corsican curnachja, currachja, French corneille f., Friulian çore,
cornile, Greek κουρούνα (kouroúna), Irish caróg dubh, Italian cornacchia, Reggiano
curnacciòun, Romagnolo curnàcia, Romanian cioară, Romany korung m., Sardinian
Campidanesu carroga, corroga, Sardinian carroga, corrancra, corranca, Scottish starrag,
Spanish corneja f., Valencian cornella `crow' from Latin cornix (-icis) ` crow, carrion crow '.
Old Church Slavic soraka, serb. svrȁka ` magpie'.
B. Auf -g-:
Old Indic kharjati `knarrt', khargálā èin certain Nachtvogel (owl?)';
gr. κρώζω `krächze', κράζω, ἔκραγον, κέκρᾱγα ` croak, caw (of raven), cry'; κάραγὺς ὁ
τραχὸς ψόφος οἷον πριόνων Hes.;
Old Norse hrōkr, Old English hrōc, Old High German hruoh `crow'; ndd. harken, Danish
harke `sich räuspern', Swiss harchlen ` groan ', Old Norse hark, skark `din, fuss, noise',
herkir, skerkir `fire' (`*knisternd'), Old Norse harka `rant, roister', ndd. harken `scratch,
scratch, scrape', harke ` rake ', Modern High German loanword Harke; to Old Indic kharju-
m. (uncovered) `the itchiness, scratch ', khr̥gala- m. ` crutch ' (?);
Old High German rachisōn `sich räuspern', Old English hraca m., hracu f. `throat', Old
High German rahho ` jaw ', Old English hrǣca m. `das Räuspern; saliva', hrǣcan `sich
räuspern, spucken', Old Norse hrāka m. `saliva'; Old Norse skrǣkr m. `scream' (*skrēki-),
skrǣkja, skrǣkta `cry', skrǫk n. Pl. `lie, falsity', skrǫkva èrdichten, erlügen';
Lithuanian kregždė̃ `swallow', krėgė́ti `grunt', krogiù `röchle, grunt'.
A. With -p-: Old Indic kŕ̥patē, Aor. akrapiṣṭa ` lament';

kr̥cchrá- ` bad '; n. `need', Middle Indic from *kr̥psra-;
npers. särfāk ` clangor ', surf (iran. *sǝrǝfa-) ` cough ';
Latin crepō, -ās and -is, -āre `knattern, rustle, crack, creak', crepundia, -ōrum `Klappern
as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten' (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan);
EM3 268;
Old Norse hrafn `raven', Proto Norse HrabnaR, Old English hræfn `raven', Old High
German hraban, hram `raven' (Middle High German also rappe), Old Saxon naht-ram ` a
night-owl, an owl ';
With s-: Old Norse skrafa ` babble, chatter ', skraf (and skrap see below) n. `gossip'; Old
Norse skarfr `Seerabe', Old English skræf ds., Old High German scarba, scarva f., scarbo
m. ds., Modern High German Scharbe; bret. scrav `Meervogel' is Germanic loanword;
Latvian krepēt, krēpēt `dirty, filthy become', krẽpât `zähen mucus auswerfen' (from
`*räuspern'), Lithuanian skreplénti ds., Latvian krẽpalas Pl., Lithuanian skrepliaĩ Pl.
`Schleimauswurf, Old Church Slavic kroplją, kropiti ` besprinkle, sprinkle' etc., russ.
kropotátь `drone, grumble, grumpy, surly, sullen sein, sich sorgen' etc.
With -b-: Old Norse skrap `das Rascheln, gossip', skrapa `rustle, babble'; Lithuanian
skrebė́ti `rustle', Old Church Slavic skrobotъ `noise'. Nasalized gr. κρέμβαλα
`Kastagnetten'.
II. i-basis (s)(k)erei-

(s)(k)erei-:
Old Irish scret f., nir. scread `scream' from *skri-zd(h)ā; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;
with s-: bret. screo (*skriu̯ā) `kreischender Meervogel';
Old High German Old Saxon scrīan `cry', Old High German screi n. `scream', ndd.
schrēwen, Dutch schreeuwen `cry' (*skraiwian), West Flemish schreemen, engl. scream
ds. (*skraimian);
without s-: Old Norse hreimr `clamor', Old Norse hrīna `cry' (of swine); compare Latvian
krī̆na `sow' (also Irish crāin ds. : Latin crōcio) and piem. crin (Ligurian?) `swine'.
A. With -k-: gr. κρίκε `(the yoke) knarrte, kreischte'; Lithuanian krykščiù, krỹkšti `
screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', kriksėti `quaken';
Old Church Slavic krikъ `clamor', kričati `cry';
Old Norse hegri, Old English hrāgra, Old High German heigaro and (h)reigaro, Middle
High German heiger and reiger, Modern High German Reiher (*kroikro-, *krikro-), partly
with diss. Schwunde of first r;
cymr. cryg `hoarse', fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr `Reiher';
eine various Lautnachahmung is Bulgarian cъ́rkam `zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze' (etc.
s. Berneker 132);
B. With -g-: gr. κρῑγή `das Schwirren; creakiness (the Zähne)', κριγή ἡ γλαῦξ Hes.,
κρίζω, κρίξαι, κέκρῑγα ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell, growl ',
Boeotian κριδδέμεν (δδ = γ) `γελᾶν';
cymr. cre (*krigā), dychre (*dī-eks-krigā) `clamor'; derived crë-ydd, crë-yr `Reiher';
Old Norse hrīka ` gnash ', hrikta ` screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ';
with s-: Old Norse skrīkia `Vogelschrei', as verb `chirp, twitter', Old English scrīc
`Würger', Norwegian skrīka, skreik `cry', Old Saxon skrikōn ds., Old Norse skrǣkr
`scream';
late neologism: Modern High German Krickente, Swedish krickand, krikka ds., Dutch
kriek, krekel ` cricket, Heimchen', French criquet ds., Dutch kricken, kreken `Zirpen (from
the cricket)', Middle English creken `creak', engl. creak ds., French criquer ds.;
with s-: Old Church Slavic skrъgati (i.e. skrъg-) ` gnash ', skrъžьtъ (i.e. skrьž-)
`Geknirsche'.
III. u-basis (s)k(o)reu-

(s)k(o)reu-, (s)k(o)rau-
(s)k(o)rau-:
1. Latin corvus (see above S. 567); Middle Irish crū `raven' (*krou̯os); ndd. schrauen,
schraulen, Norwegian skryla, ryla `cry', Norwegian dial. skrynia `clatter, noise make, sharp
clink; cough'; Old Norse skraumi ` bawler, crier, Hanswurst'; North Frisian skrummel ` din,
noise, rumor', Modern High German schrummeln ` thunder ', Old Norse skrum `gossip;
Lithuanian kriunù, -ė́ti `cough, groan, moan'; perhaps also Tocharian В keru `drum'.
With -d-:
Old Norse hrjóta `roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble', Old English hrūtan
`schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Old High German rūzan, rūzōn `rattle, clash, schnarchen,
buzz'; compare Old English hrot m. ` thick Flüssigkeit, mucus', etc. under S. 537;
Middle Low German schrūten `schnarchen, wheeze, prusten', wfäl. Schrute `Truthenne',
Swedish skryta `brag, boast', dial. `schnarchen', Norwegian dial. skrȳta `pant, sniff, snort,
prusten', skrota (*skrutōn) `brag, boast' (perhaps also Old Norse skraut n. ` splendor,
jewellery', skreyta àdorn', if actually `brag, boast', compare Norwegian skrøyta àdorn,
praise, laud, brag, boast', røyta ds.).
With Indo Germanic -t-: Old Norse hryðja f. `Spucknapf', isl. hroði `saliva', Norwegian
dial. ryda, skryda f. `mucus in neck'.
With -k-: Lithuanian krauklỹs `crow', kraukiù, kraũkti ` croak, caw ', ablaut. kriūk-iù, -ti
`grunt', krùkė `Gegrunze'; Latvian kraûklis m. `raven', kraũḱis ` rook, black European bird
of the crow family ', kraukât `cough, mucus auswerfen (of cattle)'; kraũka f.
`Schleimauswurf';
Old Church Slavic krukъ `raven' (etc.);
isl. hrygla `rattle in the throat', Middle High German rü(c)heln, Modern High German
röcheln `groan', Norwegian rugde ` Waldschnepfe '; in addition probably Old English hrog `
nasal mucus ';
with gemination -kk-: Danish skrukke `chortle, chuckle', skrokke `chat, prate', next to
which Old Danish krokke `call, shout, cry, from chickens ', Middle Low German krochen
`grunt; hoarse cry (of raven)'.
With -k-̂ : Old Indic krṓśati, Avestan xraosaiti ` shrieks, shouts, howls', Old Indic krōśa-,
klṓśa- m. `scream, earshot ', (: Old English hrēam ` emergency call ' from *hrauhma),
npers. xurōs `rooster, cock'; s. W. Schulze Kl. Schr.166.
With -g-: gr. κραυγή `clamor', κραυγός δρυκολάπτου εἶδος (`kind of woodpecker ') Hes.;
Gothic hruk Akk. ` the crows ', hrukjan ` crow '.
References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann
Nom. postverb. 130 f.
Page(s): 567-571
Root / lemma: ker-

ker-2
Meaning: `cut'
See also: see below (s)ker-
(s)ker- .
Page(s): 571
Root / lemma: ker-

ker-4
Meaning: cherry
Material: Gr. κράνος m. f. = Latin cornus (*kr̥nos) ` a cornel cherry-tree ', κράνον = Latin
cornum ` cornel, cornelcherry ', Lithuanian *kirnas as base from Kirnis ` deus cerasorum ';
in addition probably gr. κέρασος ` cherry tree ' (out of it Latin cerasus), perhaps thrakisch-
Phrygian word.
Contrariness to phonetically concordance remain far off the meaning because of:
Lithuanian kìrna f. ` Strauchband aus Weiden ', kirnis `swamp, marsh', Old Prussian kirno
f. `shrub, bush'.
Maybe alb. (*kurna) shkurre ` shrub, bush '.
ablaut. Lithuanian kẽras ` hoher, verwitterter Baumstumpf; Staude ', kerė́ti ` shoot in the
branch ', Latvian cęrs `shrub, bush, gnarled tree root ', Old Prussian ker-berse `
Wirsenholz ' (perhaps ` birch shrub '), with formants -ba, Lithuanian kìrba (out of it Latvian
ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass'; russ.-Church Slavic kъrjь, russ. korь `root', Czech keř
`shrub, bush', o-grade Old Church Slavic (etc.) korenь, Gen. -ene (en-stem) `root';
together with russ. čéren, čerenók ` Heft, Stiel, Griff eines Messers; Pfropfreis ' etc. (see
Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker-
(s)ker- `cut, clip'.

Page(s): 572-573
ker-5?), kō̆r-
Root / lemma: (ker
ker-
Meaning: to hang
Material: Lithuanian kariù, kárti ` hang, halter, gibbet ', Latvian kar'u, kãrt ` hang ',
Lithuanian pakara ` Kleiderständer, Pflock zum Kleideraufhängen ', Latvian pakars ` hook
for hanging up ', Old Prussian paccaris `strap', Lithuanian pakorė̃ ` gallows '; perhaps also
Lithuanian prã-kartas ` crib, manger ', Old Prussian pracartis `trough', if originally `
vorgehängter Futtersack ';
in addition perhaps as extension *krem(ǝ)- in gr. κρεμάννυμι ` hang ', older κρίμνημι ds.
(besides κρήμνημι, s. Specht KZ 59, 97), κρέμαμαι `hang', κρεμάθρᾱ ` hammock ', zero
grade κρημνός `slope'.

Page(s): 573
Root / lemma: ker-

ker-5
Meaning: ` jump, turn '
See also: see below (s)ker-
(s)ker-.
Page(s): 574
Root / lemma: kerm-

kerm-
Meaning: to be tired, rest
Material: Old High German Middle High German hirmen, Middle Dutch hermen `rest, halt';
Lithuanian kirmy-jù, kirmýti, kirmė́ti ` start to rot, become faul ' (influenced from kirmìs
`worm'?).
Maybe alb. kërmill ` snail, slow creature'.
Page(s): 582
ker-6 and k̂er-

Root / lemma: ker- er-
er
Meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc..
Note: often extended with -i and -u; s. the extensions kerb(h)-
kerb(h)- and kers-
ers-.
Material: Old Indic karaṭa- ` oxblood, indigo ' (?), kuruṅgá-, kuluṅgá- m. ` antelope ',
kirmira- `varicolored', kárīṣa- n. ` sputum, spit, saliva, manure', kardama- m. `slime, mud,
smut, manure'; kalka- m. òrdure, filth ', karka- `white' (: Middle Irish corcach); npers.
cardeh ` blackish, darkish ', kari, karah `smut', Pahlavi karic `crap, muck'; gr. κόρυζα
`catarrh, snot', κορύναι μύξαι Hes., καρυμόν μέλαν Hes., κροῦμαι μύξαι Hes.;
Maybe alb. qurratë ` nasal mucus, snot ' a Greek loanword.
about Latin carbō ` burning or burnt wood' see above under 3. ker-;
Middle Irish corcach f. `swamp, marsh' (: Old Indic kalka-, karka-, see above);
Old High German horo, Gen. horawes, Middle High German hor, hurwe òrdure, smut'
(*kr̥-u-); Old English horh, Gen. horwes, Old High German horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr̥-k-u̯-o); Old
Icelandic horr m. ` nasal mucus, snot, smut'; Old English hrot m. `snot', Old High German
hroz ds., asächs. hrottag `snotty'; Old High German ruoz, rouz, Middle High German ruoz,
ruost, asächs. hrot `smut'; Old English hrum m. `smut', asächs. hrum, Middle High German
PN Rum-olt;
with palatal in anlaut:
Armenian saṙn, Gen. saṙin ìce', saṙnum ` freeze ';
With -m- formant:
Venetic-Illyrian PN Carmō (Steiermark, Austrian province), rätoroman. carmún `weasel';

see below k̂or-men-;
alb. thjer-më `gray', per-thjerm ` lazuline' (*k̂er-u̯o- with secondary -më); i surmë àshen'
(*k̂or-mo-); s. Jokl Mél. Pedersen 153 ff.;
Note: alb. Illyrian Celtic Greek common -m

m- formant.
Old Icelandic hjarn n. `frozen snow' (: Armenian saṙn, Slavic *sernъ); Old High German
hornunc, Modern High German Hornung ` february '; Old High German harmo m. èrmine'
(: Venetic-Illyrian carmō); common alb. - Illyrian h- > k-.
Lithuanian šir̃vas `gray, greyish-blue' (*k̂r̥-u̯o-s), šir̃mas ds. (*k̂r̥-mo-s), Latvian sirms
`gray' (compare Old Indic śyā-má- `black, dark' besides śyā-vá- ds.); Lithuanian šir̃vis
`(*gray) hare'; in addition Lithuanian šarmà f. ` hoarfrost', Latvian sarma, serma ds.,
Lithuanian šarmuõ, šermuõ `(*gray) ermine' (: Old High German harmo, Venetic-Illyrian
carmō); šarmuonỹs m. `(*gray) weasel', with ablaut East Lithuanian širmuonė̃lis ds.,
Latvian sermulis m. `(*gray) ermine';
Note:
-m- common stem formation Illyrian Greek.
proto Slavic. *sernъ in russ.-Church Slavic srěnъ ` many-coloured, spotted, pied,

dappled ', Old Russian serenyj `white' (from horses) and as m. sloven. srė̂n, srė̂nj `
Raureif, gefrorene Schneerinde ', russ. serën `frozen snow', poln. szron (older srzon) `
hoarfrost (: Old Icelandic hjarn);
Lithuanian šer̃kšnas (besides šer̃kštas) ` white-gray, mouldy', šer̃knas m. ` hoarfrost ',
ablaut. šir̃kšnas ` hoarfrost ' and širsňija širšnyti ` cover itself with white frost '; Latvian
serns, serksns m., also sersni m. Plur., sersna f. ` hoarfrost ' and serstu laiks ` Zeit, da der
Schnee trägt '.
Note:
Maybe (*hurve) Hrv > Hrvat `dark people' = Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from Lithuanian sarma
`gray, white weasel', Thee names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots
are distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv).
Sarmantia PN
References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118 f.,
179, 199, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.
Page(s): 573-574
Root / lemma: kerno-

kerno-
Meaning: jaw
Note: only Celtic and Slavic; compare ker-
ker-2.
Material: Cymr. cern `mandible, lower jaw bone ', bret. kern ` Mühltrichter, Scheitel, Tonsur
'. Middle Irish cern `point, edge, angle ' (es liegt die Vorstellung des Knicks am Kinnbacken
vor);
Slavic *černъ in: Old Bulgarian črěnovьnaja ` μύλαι ', r.-Church Slavic črěnovъnъ
(zubъ), črěnovítьcь ` μύλη ' ` dens molaris ', slovak. čren `mandible, lower jaw bone ' etc.
After Būga RFV. 67, 234 to Latvian cęruo-k(s)lis ` grinder, molar tooth ', Old Indic carvati
`chew'.
References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 141, 169.
Page(s): 582
Root / lemma: kers-

kers-
Meaning: a kind of colour (black)
Note: and probably also bloßes ker-
ker-; compare also kel-4 and ker-6.
Material: Old Indic kr̥ṣṇá- `black' = Old Prussian kirsnan ds., FlN Kirsnappe = Old
Bulgarian črъnъ, russ. čërenъ, Serbo-Croatian cr̂n etc. `black' (*čьrxnъ, *čьrsnъ); without -
no-forms Lithuanian kéršas ` mottled, speckled black and white, *tabby', kéršė ` dappled
cow', kéršis `black dappled ox', keršulis ` Ringeltaube '; karšìs f. `Brassen, lead (fish)',
kiršlỹs m. àsh'; the intonation from kéršas fits but not to Old Indic;
Note:
Old Church Slavic: črьnъ `black' : Lithuanian: kir̃snas `black (of a horse)' : Old Prussian:
kirsnan `black' : Krishna ` Vedic black god '
Swedish Norwegian harr ` ash ' (*harzu-); Old English heard-hara, heardra- m., Modern
High German holl. harder, herder `sea-ash'.
References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.

Page(s): 583
kert-, kerǝt
Root / lemma: kert- ǝt-, krāt-
kerǝt- ku̯ers-
krāt- (*ku̯ ers-t)
ers
Meaning: to turn, roll, wind, net
kert-, kerǝt
Root / lemma: kert- ǝt-, krāt-
kerǝt- ku̯ers-
krāt- (*ku̯ ers-t):: to turn, roll, wind, net, derived from the suffixed
ers
with -tt- formant of Root / lemma: ku̯res-
res-, ku̯ers-
res ers-, ku̯r̥s- : wood, trees.
ers
Note: extension from ker-
ker-7, S. 574; see below (s)ker-
(s)ker-3.
Material: Old Irish kr̥ṇátti ` twists the thread, spins ', karttar- `the spinner ', cr̥táti ` binds,
fixes together ', kaṭa- m. `netting, mat ' (Middle Indic for *kr̥ta-), probably also kuṭí-, kuṭī f.
`cottage' (*kr̥tī̆), kuḍya- n. (*kr̥tya-) ` (*geflochtene) Wand ', pāli koccha- ` wickerwork ' (Old
Indic *kr̥tsa-); Old Indic kr̥tsná- `complete, whole' (compare Latin crassus, Slavic *čьrstvъ);
gr. κάρταλ(λ)ος m. `basket', κροτώνη ` excrescence on trees, esp. on the olive,

fragments of bronchial cartilage ' (*κρατώνᾱ); with u-colored reduced grade κύρτος, κύρτη
` a fishing-basket, fish snaring net, cage', κυρτία ` wickerwork ';
Latin crātis ` wicker-work, a hurdle ', crātēs dentatae ` harrow ', crātiō, -īre `harrow'
(*kerǝti-, or *krāti-, compare Latvian krâtińš, Lithuanian krõtai); crassus `thick, strong,
coarse'; probably cartilāgo `gristle' (probably ker[ǝ]t-, compare palma : παλάμη);
In e-grade:
alb. kjerthull ` circle, thread reel, thread coil, windlass ' (: Middle Irish ceirtle see below);
Maybe alb. kërthiza ` navel, navel cord ' : sloven. krotíca ` knot in the weave ': alb. kurth `
trap, (net) '.
Middle Irish ceirtle f. ` ball, tangle, knot ' (*kerteli̯ā); cert f. `scrap, shred, sundries ';
Gothic haúrds (*kr̥tis) `door', Old Norse hurð ds., Old Saxon hurth `netting', Old High
German hurd, Pl. hurdi ds., Modern High German Hürde ` hurdle ', Old English hyrdel and
(old) hyrÞil ` wickerwork ';
doubtful (*kert-s-to-, *kr̥t-s-ti-?) Old Saxon harst m. ` wickerwork, Rost ', harsta `Rost';
Middle Low German harst ds., `deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost' (whereof Middle Low
German harsten, Old High German hersten, Old English hierstan `roast'), Norwegian dial.
rust ` spinney', Old English hyrst m. `wood, forest', Middle Low German horst, hurst
`shrubbery, bush', Old High German horst, hurst m. `shrubbery, bush', Modern High
German Horst ` eyrie, nest of a bird of prey ';
Old Prussian corto ` paddock '; nasalized (as Slavic krę[t]nąti) perhaps Latvian krìetns
(would be Lithuanian*kreñtnas) `proficient, valiant' (if originally as much as russ. krutъ, see
below);
Lithuanian krañtas ` steep bank, border, shore'; compare klr. krutýj `winded, upright,
brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep ', krúča ` steep bank, border, shore' (Trautmann
142);
r.-Church Slavic črьstvъ, čьrstvъ `tight, firm; pure, candid, genuine', russ. čerstvъ `hard,
dry; unfeeling; old ', serb. čvr̂st ` tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig ' etc. (*kr̥t-tu̯-os);
nasalized Slavic *krętati, *krę[t]nąti, russ. kŕátatь, kŕánutь `move from the place, upset;
touch ', sloven. krę́tati ` turn, steer, move ' etc., changing through ablaut *krǫtъ in russ.-
Church Slavic krutъ ` a twisting, winding coil, not mellow, harsh, unripe, sour ', russ. krutъ `
twisted tightly; abrupt, upright (see above to Lithuanian krañtas); thickly preserved; cold;
hard, strict ', serb. krût `violent', poln. kręty ` twisted tightly; winded, crooked; twiddled,
rotated, revved, revolved, curled ', Church Slavic krąštǫ, krątiti sę ` turn about, turn away,
twist, bend, wind ', russ. krutítь `turn, coil, whirl, lace, tie ' etc., sloven. krotíca ` knot in the
weave ', Czech krutína `ds.; convolution: cradle ', poln. skrętka ` Weidenseil ';
after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. here Tocharian В kerccīye `palace'.
References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.
Page(s): 584-585
kes- (*ĝhes-)
Root / lemma: kes-
Meaning: to scratch, itch
Material: Gr. κεσκέον (to form κεσκίον s. Boisacq) ` oakum ' (*kes-kes-);
Middle Irish cīr f. `comb' (*kēs-rā); [common Celtic Albanian abbreviation]

Old Norse haddr m. ` hair of the woman ' (*hazda-z); Old English heord f. `hair'
(*hezdā), in addition heordan Pl. ` oakum ', engl. hards, Middle Low German herde
`Flachsfaser'; hēde, Middle Low German hēde, heide (Dutch Modern High German Hede)
` oakum '; [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r- : common Germanic Anatolian s- > z-].
Lithuanian kasà ` braid, plait, pigtail ', kasaũ, -ýti ` continuously scratch mildly ', kasù,
kàsti ` dig over ', Latvian kast ` rake ', kasît `scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape'.
Alb. kosit `harvest the crops' Slavic loanword.
In addition Lithuanian kasa f., kasus m. kašḱis m., ` scabies '; Old Prussian kexti f. ` braid
hair, (development from a participle *kestas or a *koz-dho- = Germanic *hazda-);
maybe alb. (*češ) qeth `dress hair' [common alb. s > th shift] Slavic loanword.
Old Church Slavic češǫ, česati ` comb; wander, stray (e.g., berries) ', Bulgarian (etc.)
čéšel `comb', Czech pa-čes m. ` buckwheat, oakum ', russ. čëska ` buckwheat, oakum ',
češujá `dandruff', česotka ` scabies '; Church Slavic kosa `hair', russ. (etc.) kosá `lichen,
pigtail ', Church Slavic kosmъ `hair'; Old Church Slavic kosnąti `touch, feel; touch on',
kasati sę `touch' (from `pluck'), serb. kȍsīm, -iti `lacerare, vellere' probably iterative to
česati; Czech (etc.) kochati `delight, caress, love' (to kosnąti as ` caressing, zärtlich touch',
perhaps `krauen'; compare Berneker 152, 491, 538, 580 ff.).
Root extensions:
ks-enin gr. ξαίνω (*ksn̥i̯ō) `scratch, comb; drum; tumble, beat ', ξάνιον ` card for
ks-en-
combing wool ', ξάσμα ` carded wool ', ἐπίξηνον ` chopping-block, executioner's block ';
Latin sentis (*ksen-tis) `briar', sentus ` thorny, rough, rugged, standing on end, rough,
shaggy, bristly, prickly ' (by Prudentius ` thorny ');
ks- eu- in:

ks-n-eu-
Old Indic kṣṇāuti ` trails, races, rubs ', kṣṇṓtra- n. `grindstone, whetstone', participle
kṣṇutá- Avestan hu-xšnuta- ` well sharpened '; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin novācula à sharp knife, razor' (due to a verb *novāre from *ksneu̯ā-);
Old Norse snøggr ` shaved ', snoðenn ` clipped bald '; snauðr ` bald, poor, needy', Old
English besnyððan `mug, rob', Middle High German besnoten ` sparse, poor, needy ',
snæde `small, weak', Modern High German schnöde ` disdainful '.
ks-es- in: gr. ξέω (*ks-es-ō), Aor. ξέσσαι `scrape, smooth', ξεστός ` scraped '; common
ks-es-
Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > gz-, z- : gr. z-
ks-eu- in:
ks-eu-
Old Indic kṣurá- m. ` shearing knife, thorn plant '; npers. šor ` salty ', Kurdish śūr ds.;
Note:
ur : Old Indic kṣurá- m. ` shearing knife, thorn plant ' : Ἰλλῠ

ur- ριοί , οἱ,
ῠριοί
υρικό
υρί
Ἰλλυριστ
υριστί.
υριστί
gr. ξύ̄ω ` scrape, rub, smooth ', participle ξυστός ` scraped, smoothed ', -όν `(smooth)
spear shaft', ξύσμα ` scrapings ', ξύστρα `currycomb', ξυστήρ ` rasper', ξυρόν (: Old Indic
kṣurá-) ` shearing knife ', ξυρόν τομόν, ἰσχνόν, ὀξύ Hes.; ξόανον (*ks-ou̯-enom) ` image
carved of wood, image, statue, esp. of a god ' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- >
gz-, z- : gr. z-
gr. ξώστρα ψηκτρίς, ψήκτρια Hes. (`currycomb '), rather with ksō[u]- here, as with *ksōs-
to root form ks-es-;
here probably with metathesis Baltic *skuu̯ō ` shave ' in Latvian skuvu, skũt, Lithuanian
skutù, skùsti ds.
References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 239, 250, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 851.
Page(s): 585-586
Root / lemma: ǝd-, kū̆d-

lemma: keuǝd
keuǝd-
Meaning: to cry
Material: Old Indic kutsáyati ` blasphemes, reproves ', kutsā ` abuse, reprimand ', npers.
nikūhīdan `rebuke, vilify, scold';
gr. κυδάζω, -ομαι ` abuse, revile, scold ', κυδάγχας μάxας, λοιδορίας Hes., κυδαγχόμενα
λοιδορούμενα Hes.; from a stem κυδοι- : κυδοιμός ` din of battle, uproar, hubbub ',
κυδοιμεῖν ` make an uproar, spread confusion ', κυδοι-δοπᾶν ds.;
agutn. huta ` send for, call out to, summon ', Norwegian dial. huta ` shout, make a noise,
at a dog shout threateningly, contemptuously treat ' (Middle English hūten, hōten, nengl. to
hoot `cry, make a sound like the cry of an owl ' from Old Norse hōta `threaten');
Maybe alb. huta ` owl'.
Old English hūsc (*kūd-sko-), Old High German Old Saxon hosc (*kŭd-sko-) ` abuse,
derision, ridicule', Old English hosp ` disgrace, shame, insult', hyspan ` mock ' (with -sp-
suffix), Middle High German hiuze ` cheeky, alert, awake, smart', hiuzen ` sich erfrechen '
(`*shout challengingly '), gehiuze, gehūze ` din, clamor, derision, ridicule', hiuzen, hūzen `
shout to the pursuit ' (in addition the Interj. hussa?);
with anlaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreien ?) perhaps Middle English schūten `
cry out, shout, bawl, exclaim ', engl. to shout ` cry loudly ', Old Icelandic skūta, skūti `
derision, gibe ';
Old Bulgarian kuždǫ, kuditi ` ruin ', Church Slavic also `vilify, scold, rebuke', russ.
prokúditь ` make bad pranks, play practical joke ', kúdь f. ` black art, black magic,
witchcraft ', Serbo-Croatian kudīm, -íti `rebuke, slander', poln. dial. prze-, przy-kudzić
`spoil, tire, bore '.

Page(s): 595-596
keu-1, skeu-
Root / lemma: keu- skeu-, lengthened grade kēu-
kēu-
Meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear
Note: heavy basis kou̯ǝ-; s-extension keu-
keu-s-; about forms with anlaut. s- s. at the end;
kou̯o-s `sorgsam'; d-extension kēud- kūd- in kēudos : kūdos `fame'.
kēud-: kūd-
Material: 1. Old Indic kaví- `smart, wise; seer, bard', kavārí- ` selfish; penurious ', á-kava-
`not stingy'; ā-kúvatē ` intentional, deliberate ', ā-kūta- n., ā-kūti- f. ` intention';
Avestan čǝvīšī 1. Sg. Med. Aor. ` ich erhoffte, versah myself ';
gr. κοέω ` mark, perceive, hear' (Denomin. from *kou̯os; = Latin caveō); *κοFος placed
in Ionic-Attic ἀνακῶς ἔχειν ` carefully, look well to a thing, give good heed to it '; Doric
ἐκοᾶμες ἠκούσαμεν Hes.; κοίης, κοιόλης ἱερεύς; κοῖον, κώιον ἐνέχυρον; κοῦα, κῶα ἐνέχυρα
Hes.; maked. κοῖος `number'; PN Λᾱο-κό(F)ων, Λᾱο-κόωσα, etc.; κῦδος n. `fame' (see
below to Slavic čudo);
from the basis keu-
keu-s-: ἀκούω `hear' (*ἀκουσι̯ω), ἀκοή, hom. ἀκουή ` ear, hearing '
(*ἀκουσά̄), ὑπήκοος ` hearkening, answering with both gifts, a hearer, scholar, obeying,
subject ', lak. ἐπά̄κοος ` witness, testifier ', ἀκεύει τηρεῖ Hes., gort. ἀκεύοντος (with old e-
Vok., during ἀκούω depends from *ἀκουσά:); about κῦδος see below;
ἀκούω ` hear, understand ' etc. at first related to Gothic hausjan etc., see below; ἀ- is
barely = n̥ ìn', but = ἁ- (*hα-κουhι̯ω, *hα-κευhω) through breath dissimilation, or Indo
Germanic sm̥- `together'; different above S. 18, whereas ἀκεύω ablaut formation would
have to be kept away what is not likely;
Latin caveō, -ere ` to be on one's guard, take care, take heed, beware, guard against,
avoid ' (*covḗre, Denom. from *kou̯os), cautus ` careful ', Umbrian kutef ` careful ';
Maybe alb. (*kou̯tos ) kujtoj ` mark, perceive, remember '.
Gothic hausjan, Old Icelandic heyra, Old English hīeran, Old Saxon hōrian, Old High
German hōr(r)en `hear' (see above); lengthened gradees *kēu- in Old English hāwian
`see, show';
Latvian kavēt (: Latin cavēre) ` vacillate, hesitate';
wruss. s-kumá-ju, -ć ` understand, comprehend ', Czech koumati, s-koumati ` mark,

perceive, hear, become aware' (denominative a (s)kou-mo-, -mā); Old Bulgarian čujǫ, čuti
` feel, mark, perceive, hear ', serb. čȕjēm čȕti `hear, feel ' (etc.; *kēu-);
Old Bulgarian čudo, -ese `wonder, miracle', čuditi sę ` to wonder at, be surprised ' (*kēu-
dos, changing through ablaut:)
Maybe alb. çudi `wonder, miracle, surprise', çuditem ` to wonder at, be surprised ' a Slavic
loanword, common Slavic alb. č > ç.
gr. κῦδος `fame, honour', κύ̄διστος ` most honoured, noblest ';
serb. čúvati `beware, guard'; proto Slavic *čevǫ, *čeviti in Old Czech vš-čieviti, na-vš-
čieviti, nowadays navštíviti ` call, visit '.
Maybe alb. çohem ` get up, wake up', çoj ` send' Slavic loanwords, common Slavic alb. č >
ç.
keu-s- in russ. dial. čúchatь `perceive, hear', sloven. čûha-m, -ti `feel, foresee, predict ',
keu-
Czech čich `sense, mind, scent, spoor'; compare above to ἀκούω.
2. With initial sound s-:
miran. śkōh, np. šikōh, šukōh (Proto-Iranian *skau̯aϑa-) ` splendor, glory, magnificence,
majesty, stateliness '; Armenian c̣uc̣anem ` allow to look, point, show ' c̣oyc ` pointing,
show ' (skeu-sk̂ō);
gr. θυοσκόος ` sacrificing priest ' from gr. θυοσ à sacrifice, offering';
Gothic us-skaws `(* looking out =) prudent, cautious, careful ', Old English scēawian,
Old Saxon skauwōn, Old High German scouwōn `see, show'; Old Icelandic skygn ` seeing
', skygginn `clear, bright' (*skuvvini-), whereof skygna ` peer '; Gothic skauns `beautiful'
(ibna-skauns ` from the same figure '), Old High German scōni ds., Old Icelandic skjōni,
Old Saxon skōni `gleaming, beautiful', Old English scīenc ds. (actually `conspicuous'); zero
grade *sku-ni- in Old Icelandic skyn f. n. òrder, information, message, discernment',
skynja ` examine, understand, comprehend '; Old Icelandic skoða ` peer ';
Maybe alb. shquaj ` perceive, distinguish '.
Old Prussian au-schaudītwei `trust'.
References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.

Page(s): 587-588
keu-2, keu̯ǝ-
Root / lemma: keu-
Meaning: to bend
Note: Numerous parallel formations from the root geu- see there, compare esp. the
confrontations by Persson Beitr. 100 f., 104 Anm. 1. - About the attempt of a mediation
with (s)keu- `cover' see there.
Material: The f. root in Old Indic kora- m. ` movable joint '; Avestan fra-, apa-kava- ` vorn,
hinten buckelig '; klr. kúlity ` shrink up, before coldness', poln. kulić `pull together, crook'.
Also the prehistory from Latvian kuza `craw, goiter ' and such is not to be judged
because of the rhyme relation to guza etc. not certain, see below geu- `bend' above S.
395.
Under an initial sound variation kh Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here will place Old Indic
khōlaka- ` ant heap ' (also Lithuanian kūlỹs ` bundle straw'), more confidently Armenian
xoyl, Gen. xuli ` a scrofulous tumor, swollen gland, struma, scrofula, tuberculosis of the
lymph glands of the neck ', russ. šuljata `testicles', serb. šúljevi ` golden vein'.
Maybe alb. kulë ` hernia' = Armenian xoyl, Gen. xuli ` swollen gland ', alb. kulpra, kulpër
`bendable ivy, clematis ' = (*kupra) thupra, thupër ` twig, rod' see below.
Maybe alb. për-kul, përkul ` bend'.
A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-d-: Old Indic kakúd- ` summit, acme, apex ', kākúd- `
ka-ku-
oral cavity, palate', kakúdmant- ` provide with a summit or hump '; Latin cacūmen `cusp,
peak, acme, apex ' (the men- further formations probably after acūmen), basic meaning `
bulge '; in Germanic *hagu = Old Indic kakúd- one introduces also Old Frisian heila `head'
back (*hagila-, with suffix change for hagu-la-); compare also Old Indic kakúbh- ` acme,
apex ' under `labial extensions'.
B. guttural extensions.
B. I. keu-
keu-g-:
Old Icelandic hūka ` cower, cringe, crouch ' (hūkta, stem participle hokinn), hoka, hokra
` grovel, truckle, creep ', høykiask `sink down, creep together ', Middle High German
hūchen ` cower, cringe, crouch ', Modern High German hocken; Swiss hock m. `heap',
Tirol hocken m. `heap of hay', with anlaut. s- Middle High German schoche m. ` stacked
heap of hay ', (with kk:) asächs. skok m. `60 pieces', Middle High German schoc(kes)
`heap tussock, number of 60 pieces ', Middle English shock ` heap sheaves (12 - 16)';
about Schoch s. lastly Sommer ` Zum Zahlwort ', S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bayr. Akad. 1950, Heft 7;
Lithuanian káugė, ablaut. kiū́gis ` hay heap ', Old Prussian kugis ` Knauf am
Schwertgriff ', Lithuanian kaugurė̃ ` small precipitous hill ', Latvian kàudze `heap, barn,
haystack' (and skaudze).
B. II. keu-
keu-k-:
Old Indic kucáti, kuñcatē ` contracts, curves ', kuñcikā ` key ', kuca- m. ` female breast',
kōcayati ` raises together ', kōca- m. ` the shrinkage ', npers. kōž ` crooked, hunchbacked
';
Old Irish cūar `crooked' (*kukro-); (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation).
Middle High German hocker, hogger, hoger ` hump, hunchback, hunch '; Gothic hauhs,
Old Icelandic hōr, hār, Old English hēah, Old Saxon Old High German hōh `high' (`*bulged
'); Old Icelandic haugr, Middle High German houc `hill', Gothic hiuhma `heap; bulk, mass',
hūhjan ` heap, gather, collect', Modern High German (md.) Hügel ` hill';
Lithuanian kaũkas `swelling, blister, purulent ulcer ', kaũkos Pl. f. ` glands ', kaũkas
`fairy demon, ghost, dwarfish ghost', Old Prussian cawx `devil', Lithuanian kaukarà `hill',
kukulỹs ` dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', kùkis ` Misthaken ',
Latvian kukurs, kukū̀ms ` hunch, swelling, blister', kūki's ` dwarf; wren, songbird ', kūkša `
eine vom Alter Gebeugte ', russ.-Church Slavic kukonosъ ` crooked-nosed ';
russ. kúka `fist', Bulgarian kúka `hook, crutch ', Serbo-Croatian kȕka `hook', kȕkonosast
` hook nosed ', kùkara ` Haken bei der Pflugdeichsel ', ȍkuka, ȍkuč f. ` bend of a river ';
Serbo-Croatian čúčīm, čúčati ` crouch, cower, cringe', sloven. čučím, čúčati and kučím,
kúčati ds.; russ. dial. kúčeri Pl. f., klr. kučery Pl. m. ` curls '; with a meaning `heap' russ.
kúča `heap', dial. `haystack', kúčkatь ` conglobate, heap', kúčki ` Pleiades {pl} ', Czech
kuče `mass', poln. kuczki Pl. `small heap'. Old Bulgarian kъkъnjь ` shank, leg, shin bone '.
From klr. kučery Pl. m. `curls' derived Ukraninian kúcheri, kucher'ávij, Czech N kučera, A
kučeravý : Slovak N kučera, V kučeraviť sa, A kučeravý : Albanian diminutive n kaçurrel, v
dredh, kaçurrel, bëj kaçurrela. common alb. slav č > ç. Lack of this cognate in Bulgarian,
Romanian, Russian, Serbian speaks of an early borrowing of Albanian from Old Slavic
Church.
C. Labial extensions.
C. I. keu-
keu-b-:
a. In application to bends in the body, bend in the joint:
gr. κύβος ` a cube: a cubical die, marked on all 6 sides, in pl., dice, cavity before the hip
of the cattle; vertebrae ' (out of it Latin cubus; κύβωλον èlbow' Poll. either from κύβος with
Suff. -ωλο- or reshuffling from κύβιτον ds. - from Latin cubitum - under influence from
ὠλένη);
Latin cubitum n., -us m. ` elbow' (out of it gr. κύβιτον ds.);cubō, -āre `lie' (Faliscan cupa,
i.e. cuba[t], besides loferta ders. Inschr., proves Italian b; also Paelignian incubat), Latin
(ac-)cumbō, -ere ` to lay oneself down, lie beside ', (in-)cumbō, -ere ` to lay oneself, lean,
press, support oneself ', sabin. cumba ` a litter, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa,
lounge ';
cymr. gogof `cave' (derivative mcymr. guocobauc), bret. kougoñ ds. (*upo-kubā);
Gothic hups m. (stem hupi-), Old English hype m., Old High German huf f. `hip, haunch';
Old Icelandic hopa, Old English on-hupian ` recoil ', Old English (fen-, mōr-)hop n. `hiding
place, nook, bolt-hole' (as ` lair, cavity');
intensive j-verb is ndd. hüppen, Modern High German hüpfen, Middle High German
hüpfen, hupfen, hopfen; ō-verb with gemination: Old Icelandic hoppa, Old English hoppian,
hoppettan, Modern High German hopsen; geminated voiced-nonaspirated in Swedish dial.
hobba, hubba `bump, poke', Modern High German dial. hoppen ` jump ', engl. hobble `
limp ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174 f.).
b. Mit nicht aufs Biegen des Körpers gewendeten Bedeutungen :
Old Indic kubra- n. `cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring'; gr. κύβος ... Πάφιοι δε τὸ
τρυβλίον Hes.;
[but Old English hōpig ìn hills and hollows', hōp m. ` ring, hoop ', engl. hoop, Dutch
hoep `ring, hoop', Old Icelandic hōp n. `bay' to Lithuanian kabė̃ `hook'?];
Old English hēap m. f., Old Saxon hōp, Old High German houf `heap; troop, multitude,
crowd', Middle Low German hūpe, Old High German hūfo, Modern High German Haufe
(also), Middle High German hūste (see above under keu-p-).
keu-bh- (including from words, can contain the bh or b).

С. II. keu-
Old Indic kubhanyú- perhaps ` rotary, gyratory, dancing ';
redupl. Old Indic kakúbh- f. ` fingertip; rounded projection; small hillock, acme, apex ',
kakubhá- ` protruding, towering ' (previously reshaped after kakúd-?);
Maybe alb. kaçube ` shrub, bush ' [hill = forest, bush very often in Indo Germanic].
in final sound ambiguous bakhi (pāmird.) kubūn ` wooden drinking bowl' (: poln. kubek
`goblet', gr. κύβος ` cube, esp.cubical die, marked on all six sides, mostly in pl., dice ',
nasalized gr. κύμβος etc.; Uhlenbeck Old Indic Wb. 59);
gr. κῡφός ` crouched, writhed, crooked, humped ', κῦφος n. ` hump, hunchback ', κύ̄φω `
bend forward, curve ', probably also κύπτω ` bend forward, stoop, hang the head from
shame, bow down under a burden, of animals, to be bowed forward, opp. the erect figure
of man ', κυπτός ` humble', κύβδα ` with the head forwards, stooping forwards ' (original
labial not objectively noticeable); κύφερον ἤ κυφήν κεφαλήν Κρῆτες Hes.; maybe from the
northern language (thrak., maked.) derive hence probably κύβη ` head, ' EM., κύβηβος `
stooping with the head, Kubêbos, minister of Cybele, one ecstatic or frantic ' EM., κυβηβᾶν
` to be frantic ' EM., ` be seized by rage ' Hes. Poll., as well as κυβιστάω ` tumble head
foremost ';
to the labial extensions in the meaning from κύπτη τρώγλη probably κυψέλη ` any
hollow vessel: chest, box (whence Cypselus was called), hollow of the ear, ear-wax ',
κύψελος ` of swallows' or sand-martins' nests, wax in the ears ';
Old High German hūba, Old Saxon hūva, Old English hūfe, Old Icelandic hūfa `bonnet,
cap';
russ. kubarь à humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes a humming noise ',
kúbaremъ `headfirst, hastily', kubécъ à humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes
a humming noise ', kúbélъ Dialectal ` wooden ball to the play ', kúbokъ `goblet, cup ', klr.
kub ` aus Holz ausgehöhltes Geschirr ', kúbok ` Napf, hauchiges Gefäß, kleines Geschirr ',
poln. kubek `goblet, Schoppen, Obertasse '.
C. III. keu-
keu-p-:
a. Old Indic kū́pa- m. `pit, pothole, cave';
gr. κύπη τρώγλη Hes. (ῡ?), κύπαι εἶδός τι νεώς, καὶ αἱ ἐξ ὕλης καὶ χόρτου οἰκήσεις;
κύπελλον `goblet', κύπρος m. ` grain measure ';
Latin cūpa f. ` cask, butt ', roman. also ` bath' (besides gloss. and roman. cŭppa `goblet'
seems late short form with consonant doubling besides κύπελλον to sein); about
respective forms from Latin and Rom. directed Berneker 645 f.;
Maybe alb. qyp ` jug' a Latin loanword.
Old Icelandic hūfr m. ` hull, hulk, body of a ship ', Old English hȳf `beehive'; here (or to
root form in -bh- or -b-) probably also Old English gehopp ` a small bag, little sack ', hoppe
f. ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, capsule ', Middle English hoppe ` boll, seedpod of
flax ';
at most Slavic *kъpъ, Czech kep `vulva', poln. kiep `ds.; fool, good for nothing, useless
person' (Berneker 664 f. between).
b. Meaning group ` curvature upwards, heap ':

Apers. kaufa- `mountain', Avestan kaofa- `ds.; camel hump ', npers. kōh `mountain'
(place -ph- ahead);
alb. (South Tosc) kjipī́ `heap' (*kūp-íjā);
Middle Irish cūan f. `group, bunch, heap' (*koup-nā);
Old High German hovar ` hump, hunchback ' (: Lithuanian kuprà), Old English hofer m.
ds., Old High German hubil `hill', Old Saxon huvil ds. (therefrom Modern High German
hobeln as `smooth wood using a plane, make smooth, remove rough areas '); perhaps Old
High German hūfila, hiufila `cheek', Modern High German Swiss hüfelin ` part of the cheek
lying down under the eyes '; Norwegian hov n. ` tableland, hill, plateau, small hill', Old
Icelandic hof n. `temple', Old English hof n. `paddock, house, temple', Old Saxon hof, Old
High German hof m. ` surrounded space at the house, court, property ' (originally from the
position on hills); Middle High German hūste ` auf dem Felde zusammengestellter
Getreidehaufen, Hauste ' (: Lithuanian kùpstas); *hūfsto is ablaut equally with Old High
German hūfo and appears like this probably rather to belong to keu-b- to (see there); is
also connected with russ. kustъ `shrub, bush, bunch', klr. kust `shrub, bush, bunch';
Maybe alb. (*kupra) thupra, thupër ` twig, rod' (the meaning ` bush' derived from ` hill, hill
forest' (common alb. k- > th-) = Lithuanian kuprà ` hunch '.
Lithuanian kaũpas `heap' = Old Bulgarian kupъ ds. (serb. kȕp certainly with other
intonation as kaũpas; s. Berneker 646); Lithuanian kaupiù, kaũpti `häufeln', kupiù, kùpti `
lay, place on a heap, sort, order, arrange', kuprà ` hunch ', kùpstas `hill', kùpeta ` haycock,
haystack ', kùpinas `gehäuft', Latvian kupt `sich ballen', kupenis `Schneehaufen', kuprs `
hunch ';
with lengthened grade *kō[u]p-: Lithuanian kuopiù, kuõpti ` pile up, heap up (corn,
grain)', Latvian kuops `heap', kuopiná ` fascicle, sheaf ';
russ. (Berneker 646) kuprъ, kúper ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column, rump ', poln. kuper `rump, buttocks '.
D. Nasalized kum-
kum-bh-, mostly kum-
kum-b- :
Old Indic kumba- m. `the thick end (bone)'; kumbha- m. `pot, pan, crock, pitcher', Du. `
both rises on the forehead of the elephant ' = Avestan xumba- m. `pot, pan; extension ',
npers. xumb, xum `pot, pan, crock, pitcher' (this with anlaut. Tenuis asp.);
gr. κύμβη `bowl, bowl, barge', κύμβος, κυμβίον `vessel', mostly Pl. `cymbalum, bowl'
(after Banateanu REtIE. 1, 120 from Semitic qubbāh; Van Windekens Lexique 48
compares Tocharian A kumpäc `drum');
κύμβη `head' EM., Suid., hom. κύμβαχος `crown of a helmet ' (compare κύμβη), s.
Leumann Hom. Wörter 231 ff.;
Latin (with present nasalization) -cumbō (see above S. 590);
Middle Irish comm `vessel'; cummal `goblet, bowl', cymr. cwmm `valley' (m.), bret.
komm `trough' (m.); from urbrit. *kumbos derive Old English cumb `valley', engl. coomb,
combe `basin, hollow, coomb, narrow valley ', whereas is gall.-rom.cumba `valley, trough'
Fem.; from French derives bret. komb `valley'; compare the unnasalized vascular names
pam. kubun, poln. kubek, also gr. κύβος ` cup. bowl ';
Old Icelandic aptr-huppr, Norwegian Dialectal hupp and hump ` the hip of the cattle ',
Modern High German humpeln, Middle Low German humpelen ` limp ' and in not
especially on the bending of the body ability meaning:
Norwegian hump m. `bumpiness, knag' (ndd. loanword), engl. hump ` hump, hunchback
', ndd. humpe f. `thick piece', humpel ` low hillock', Dutch homp `thick piece of bread';
perhaps Modern High German (ndd.) Humpen (compare κύμβος).
References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.
Page(s): 588-592
keu̯ǝp-
Root / lemma: (keu̯ ǝp-:) ku̯ēp-
ǝp ēp-, ku̯ǝp-
ēp ǝp-, kū̆p- next to which occasional keu̯(e)p-
ǝp (e)p-, k(e)u̯ep-
(e)p ep-
ep
Meaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook
Note: From ku̯- plural only k- probably through previously proto Indo Germanic
simplification
Material: Old Indic kúpyati (= Latin cupiō) ` is seething, is angry ', kṓpa- m. `surge, rage,
fury', kōpáyati ` shakes, angers'; cṓpati ` moves, stirs '; kapi- (uncovered) ìncense',
wherefore as `* smoke-color ' kapilá-, kapiśá- ` brownish, reddish', also kapí- m. àpe';
alb. kapitem `breathe heavily ' (as Lithuanian kūpúoti ` breathe heavily ');
Maybe alb. këputem ` be tired', këput ` cut '.

gr. καπνός `smoke', hom. ἀπὸ δε ψυχην ἐκάππυσεν èxhale, breath out; give off ' :
κάπυς uud κάπος πνεῦμα Hes., κέκηφε τέθνηκε Hes., κεκαφηότα Hom. èxhaling';
compare to dissimilation from *ku̯ap-no-s to καπνός Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302;
Latin cupiō, -ere `lust, crave' (= Old Indic kúpyati), cuppēdo = ` a desire, wish, longing,
eagerness, passion ', also cuppēs ` lascivious, esp. of treat, delight ', cuppēdium `
snacking, tidbit '; Umbrian Cubrar ` Bonae ', sabin. cuprum ` good ' (`*worth having,
welcome, wanted, desirable ' with passive forms -ro- as clārus etc.); vapor `haze, mist,
vapor', old uapōs (*ku̯apōs);
Old Irish ad-cobra ` wish, desire, want ' (*-kuprāt), verbal noun accobor (*ad-kupro-)
`wish', Thurneysen Gr. 139;
Gothic afƕapjan (*ku̯ǝb- besides other *ku̯ǝp-) `choke; suppress, crush, extinguish,
annihilate, erase ', afƕapnan ` die, be extinguished ' (: ἀπο-καπύω), Middle High German
verwepfen ` kahmig werden, vom Wein ', nisl. hvap `dropsical flesh';
Lithuanian kvãpas m. `breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch' (: Latin vapor), kvepiù, -
ė́ti ` smell ' (-ĕ- could be Baltic ablaut neologism), kvėpiù, kvė̃pti `breathe', Latvian kvêpt
`smoke', kvêpes Pl. `breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut', kvêpêt ` fume ', changing
through ablaut Lithuanian kūpúoti ` breathe heavily ', Latvian kûpêt `smoke; steam, raise
dust, cause dust', kupināties àufgehen (of dough)', kupt `ferment, seethe', Old Prussian
kupsins `fog' (derivative from an es-stem as Latin vapor);
Old Church Slavic kypljǫ, kypěti `boil, overflow', kyprъ ` lax, porous ', Czech kyprý old
`keen, eager, fresh'; klr. kvápyty śa ` hasten, hurry'; with (Indo Germanic) reduced u̯ russ.
kópotь (*koput-) f. `fine smut, dust', koptítь ` make black with smoke, fume '; perhaps Old
Church Slavic koprъ `dill' (smelling plant; s. Berneker 564).

Page(s): 596-597
Root / lemma: kēi-

kēi-
Meaning: to move, go, departure, *die
Note:
kēi- : to move, go, departure, *die, derived from Root / lemma: k̂ei-
Root / lemma: kēi- ei-1 : to lie
ei
down.
ǝi- : kī̆ī̆ī̆-); eu-basis
Note: (: kǝi- eu (partly with n-Infix) kī-
kī-(n-)eu-; heavy basis kiǝ
(n-)eu- kiǝ- (: kiē-
kiē-?)
Material: Gr. κίω `go away, travel' is late neologism to Aor. ἔκιον; Imper. κίε, participle κιών;
hom. imperfect μετ-εκί̄αθε, -θον (ī metr. lengthening) ` folgte nach, durchstreifte ', κίατο
ἐκινεῖτο Hes. (heavy root); όνο-κίνδιος, -κίνδας `muleteer, driver of mules', κίνδαξ
`movable, nimble, easily moved, agile,' (compare to formation ἀλίνδω, κυλίνδω);
from kī- eu-: gr. κί̄νυμαι ` to set in motion, to move ', κῑνύσσομαι ` waver, sway
kī-n-eu-
backwards and forwards ', κῑνέω `set in motion, drive' (*κῑνέF-ω);
alb. qoj ` awake, animate, arouse ' (*kiēni̯ō), çoj `send, dispatch ' (*ds-kój) (common
Slavic alb. č > ç).
alb. cys, cyt ` irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, banter ' (*ter-ki̯u-t-i̯ō), syei,
syen (*ki̯u-n-i̯ō) ` assail, assault, spring on, attack ' (Jokl Mél. Pedersen 149 f.);
Maybe prefixed alb. mbë-syj, mësyj ` attack'.
Latin cieō, ciēre (secondary ciō, cīre) ` to cause to go, move, stir, drive ' (ciēre = Indo
Germanic ki(i̯)ē-??), citus `quick, fast', citō, -āre ` to put in quick motion, rouse, excite ',
solli-citus ` thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbed ', cunctus (*con-citos) ` all in a body, all
together, the whole, all, entire '.
Maybe nasalized alb. nxit ` urge, stir, drive ', nxitoj ` hurry ' < Latin excito, (*ex-citare) ` to
call out, summon forth, bring out, wake, rouse '.
extensions from the simple root form kei-

kei- from:
With d (d-present?): perhaps Irish cid- e.g. in cisse ` to carry in, bring to, introduce ',
Pass. Konj. as-cesar gl. ` to stretch out, thrust out, put forth, take out ' (etc., Pedersen KG.
II 490 f.), very probably Gothic haitan, Old High German heizan, Old English hātan, Old
Saxon hētan, Old Norse heita `call (= set in motion), order, name'; compare osset. sīdin
`call, shout, cry'.
With l(o)-formants:
l(o) On *kē̆i-lo-s `moves, seesawing ' can be based: Lithuanian kíelė,
kýlė, Latvian ciẽlawa, Old Prussian kylo ` wagtail ', Old Czech čilý àgile, lively'; Latin cillō,
-ere `move' is perhaps only grammarian's invention.
With s: Old Indic cḗṣṭati ` moves the limbs, is in motion ', cēṣṭa- n., cēṣṭā `movement,
gesticulation '.
root form ki̯-eu-

eu- without nasal infix:
Old Indic cyávatē ` stirs, goes away, leaves, departs ', Avestan š(y)avaite ` gets going,
march ', Old pers. ašiyavam `marched', Old Indic cyautná- n. ùndertaking, endeavor ',
Avestan šyaoϑna- n. ` deed, action, work ', šyaoman- n. `feat, dead, act, work';
Armenian č̣u (= Old Indic cyuti-) ` departure ', č̣vem ` I sally, burst forth, rush forward;
leave on a journey, set out on a trip, depart ', Aor. (to present ertàm) č̣ogay Ì walked '
(*ki̯ou-):
gr. σεύω ` put in quick motion, drive, hunt, chase, set on, let loose at, drive or hurry
away to or from a place ', Med. ` to be put in quick motion, and so, run, rush, dart or shoot
along, be excited, aroused ' (σεύεται = cyavatē), hom. ἔσσυτο ` to put in quick motion: to
drive, hunt, chase away ', participle Perf. ἐσσυμένος, ἐπί-σσυτος `hurrying, eager,
impetuous, eager, yearning for ' (= Old Indic cyutá- `driven, propelled ', compare Avestan
fra-šūta- `get in motion '), παν-συδίῃ ìn haste, hurry'; Attic σοῦμαι ` move quickly or
violently ' (*σοFόομαι), σύει (Bacchyl.) ` driven ', ἐσσοημένον τεθορυβημένον, ὁρμημένον
Hes., hom. λᾱο-σσόος ` causing the people to gather, popular, urging the people to the
fight '; Attic τευμῶμαι ùndertake; pursue, persist in' (compare Avestan šyaoman-); τευτάζω
ò be employed upon, engaged in, concerned with a thing, be busy, bustling, '; a long
grade formation as Old Indic cyautná-, but with reduced u, is probably here suitable
σῶτρον ` wooden felloe of the wheel ', ἐπίσσωτρον ` wheel rim, the metal hoop round the
felloe '.
References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679, 686, 745.
Page(s): 538-539
kēl-, kōl-
Root / lemma: kēl- kōl-, kǝl-
ǝl-
Meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc..
Material: Gr. Attic κηλέω (proto gr. η) ` enchant, beguile, bewitch ', κηληθμός ` enthrallment
', κηληδόνες Pl. f. ` enchanting creature ';
Latin calvor, -ī and calviō, -īre ` devise tricks, use artifice, attack one with artifice, to
intrigue against, to deceive ', calumnia `false accusation, deceit, slander, trickery, artifice,
chicanery, cunning ' (*calvomniā), very probably also cavilla (*calvilla) ` badinage, mocking
', cavillor, -ārī to jeer, mock, criticise, satirize, jest '; -v- is unclear;
Gothic hōlōn, afhōlōn `slander', Old Norse hōl n. ` laudation, boastfulness ', hø̄la `
praise, brag, boast', Old English hōl n. ` slander ', hōlian `slander', hōlunga, hōlinga ` in
vain, groundless ', hēlan `slander', Old High German huolen `cheat, deceive'.
Should probably Perssons (Beitr. 148) citation of gr. κόλαξ ` adulator ' apply to (?), it
would be assumed the root as short vocal, hence gr. κηλ- and Germanic hōl- lengthened
grade, Latin cal- reduced grade.
References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 125.
Page(s): 551
Root / lemma: kē̆t-, kot-

kot-
Meaning: dwelling space
Note:
Root / lemma: kē̆t-, kot-
kot- : dwelling space, derived from Root / lemma: kat-
kat-1 : to link or
weave together; chain, net.
Material: Avestan kata- m. ` chamber, storeroom, cellar ' (: Gothic hēÞjō), npers. kad
`house', from which Finnish kota; but about Old Norse kot `miserable cottage', kytja
`cottage', Old English cot `cottage, chamber ' etc. see above S. 393 f.;
Maybe alb. (*kotu-) katua `stable, basement, cellar', katund `house, village'.
Gothic hēÞjō ` chamber ';
Church Slavic kotьcь `cella, nest' etc.; whether `residential pit, hole in the earth' the
original meaning, can be added:
Maybe alb. kotec ànimal shelter' a Slavic loanword.
gr. κοτύλη, κότυλος ` cavity, hole, empty space, hollow ', further ` hollow vessel, bowl,
goblet';
Latin catīnus ` a deep vessel of earthenware, bowl ' (Demin. catillus, out of it Gothic
katils, German Kessel ` kettle ', out of it again Old Bulgarian kotъlъ, Lithuanian kãtilas) =
Old English heden ` pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '.

Page(s): 586-587
ē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)
Root / lemma: kÞē(i)
kÞē(i)- kÞǝ(i)- ĝhðē(i)
ǝ(i)- (*ĝ ē(i)-)
hðē(i)-
Meaning: to acquire, possess
Material: Old Indic kṣáyati ` owns, controls ' (*kÞǝi̯-éti) = Avestan xšayati ` has power,
force, it rules, disposes of what owns ', xšayō `power'; Old Indic kṣatrá- n. `power, rule',
Avestan ap. kšaϑra- n. `power, rule, empire; imperious power' (Proto Aryan neologism to
kṣayati), Old pers. xšāyaϑiya- ` king in the possession of the imperious power ' (npers.
šāh), Xšayāršan- ` Xerxes ' (xšaya-aršan- ` ruling heroes '); common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- :
Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-.
gr. κτάομαι ` acquire ' (= kṣayati), Perf. κέκτημαι ` possess ', κτέανον (with unclear ε) `
possession, property, fortune', poet. κτέαρ, Dat. Pl. κτεάτεσσιν ds., κτῆμα n. ` acquisition,
possession, property', κτῆνος n., Pl. ` possession, fortune', Sg. ` the single piece of cattle ';
with the same initial sound relation as between κτείνω: gort. κατασκένῃ also Attic Φιλο-
σκήτ[ης] = -κτήτης; through hybridization from ἔγ-κτησις and ἔμ-πασις (: πᾶμα) dial.
ἔγκτᾶσις ` land acquisition '.
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-,
ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : èarth'.
References: WP. I 504, BSL. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325 f., 5196.
Page(s): 626
Root / lemma: kha kha!

Meaning: interjection of laughter
Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism
Material: Old Indic kákhati (Gramm.) `laughs'; Armenian xaxank ` laughter ', gr. καχάζω
(from *χαχάζω) ` laugh loudly'; Latin cachinnō, -āre `to laugh aloud, laugh immoderately',
cachinnus ` laughter '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High
German kachazzen, kichazzen, Old English ceahhettan ` laugh loudly '; Old Church Slavic
etc. chochotati ds.; compare Lithuanian kikénti, kiknóti ` giggle '.
Similar to onomatopoeic words kāk-

kāk- ` flout, show scorn, mock ' in gr. κηκάζω ` abuse,
revile '; Old High German huohōn ` mock, scoff ', Old Saxon hōhi-līk ` laughable'; with
Germanic -k-: Old English hocor n. ` derision '.
--------------------------------
*) According to WP. I 341, 348 f., 399 mentioned roots khād- `bite', khābh- : khōbh-
`feeble', khenǝ `dig' are not to be proved as Indo Germanic, just as little as those from
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 263, Anm. 4) set khā-mo- `crooked';
those mentioned by him (see 256) Old Indic Beispiele khalati-, kharva-, khara-, khaṇḍa-,
khora- are all not of Indo Germanic origin. Old Indic khādati ` bites to pieces, chews ',
npers. xāyad ds., could belong to Armenian xacanem `bite', but also with secondary
expressive Aspiration as *kn̥̄d- to Lithuanian kándu `bite' (somewhat different above S.
560).
ken- (above 559 ff.) could belong Old Indic khánati ` digs ', Inf.
To the same root root ken-
kháni-tum, participle khātá- (*khn̥-̄ to-), together with the neologisms khá- n. `cave', ā-khú- `
mole ', khā- `stream, brook'= Avestan Nom. Akk. Pl. xā̊ ds.; Old Indic khaní- ` burrowing ',
f. ` mousehole, entrance to the burrow of a mouse ' = Avestan kani- `ditch, trench,
channel'; Avestan Old pers. kann- `dig' (k- from kh- from the compounds with us-, ham-).
Maybe in -m
m- formant etymology in alb. Tosc f. (*kam muridhe ` mole ' > Geg m.
mur-is) ham
urithi ` mole ' ; common alb. Avestan k- > h-.
Note:

ur : alb. Tosc (*kamur-is) hamuri
ur- uridhe
uri ` mole ' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians,
ῠριοί
Ἰλλυρ
υρικό
υριστί
The anlaut from gr. κᾱφά̄ν, κηφήν `drone', κωφός `dull, deaf' is doubtful, also from Church
Slavic chabiti `spoil', chabenъ ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', as also the from Church
Slavic chomǫ-tъ ` horse collar ', placed by Specht to Latin hāmus (*khā-mo-) `hook', gr.
χαμός ` writhed, crooked, humped ' (and χαβός ds.) (different above S. 555).
About the problem of the Tenues Aspiratae, which is to be understood partly indeed as
secondarily expressive, compare Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Arsskr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff.,
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 ff. For Slavic beginning ch- compare V. Machek Slavia 16
(1938), 161 ff. and J. J. Mikkola Urslav. Gramm. 174 ff.
numerous Old Indic words not of Indo Germanic origin with anlaut. kh-, below the above
mentioned, by Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff.
References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.

Page(s): 634
Root / lemma: kik-

kik-
Meaning: jay
Note: onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic kiki-, kikidīví- m. ` blue wood jay ' (k not to c to the firm position of the
sound imitation);
gr. κίσσα, Attic κίττα (*κικι̯-α) `jay';
Old English higora m., higore f. ` a woodpecker (magpie or wood jay)', Middle Low
German heger n. `jay', Old High German hehara `jay'.

Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: kistā

Meaning: a kind of basket-work
Material: Gr. κίστη `box, case, basket, hamper ' (out of it Latin cista, cisterna);
= Old Irish cess f. `basket, hurdle ' (compare ro-cess ` get twisted '), cisse `twisted'
(compare but Pedersen KG. II 491).

Page(s): 599
Root / lemma: klau-

klau-
Meaning: to weep
Note: only gr. and alb.
Material: Gr. κλαίω (Ionian), κλάω (Attic) `cry, weep' (*κλαF-ι̯ω : κλαύσομαι, ἔκλαυσα,
κλαυτός and κλαυστός): alb. klanj, kanj, qaj `cry, weep' (*klauni̯ō).
References: WP. I 490; compare 6. kel-.
Page(s): 599
Root / lemma: klād

klā hrā
Meaning: alder
Material: Gr. κλήθρα ` alder, Betula alnus L.', Modern High German dial. (Zillertal) lutter,
ludere, ludern (Schmeller I2 1542) Àlpine alder, Betula nana L.'.
Page(s): 599
Root / lemma: klā-

klā-
Meaning: to heap up, to put
Material: Lithuanian klóju, klóti ` hinbreiten, breit hinlegen ', Latvian klâju, klât ds.,
Lithuanian klõtas ` das Pflaster im Hofe ', ùžklodas ` bedspread ', paklõdė `sheet, type of
bed covering' (-d- from d- or dh-present as:)
Old Bulgarian kladǫ, klasti `load, lay, place' (etc., in addition also russ. kladú `clip, cut ');
t-present (partly perhaps also original to-nouns)

to in Gothic afhlaÞan òverburden ', Old
Icelandic hlaða, Old English Old Saxon hladan, Old High German hladan (participle
gihlatan) `stratify, layer, load'; Old Icelandic hlað `Pflaster im Hofe, pile, stack, heap', Old
English hlæd n. ` Erdaufwurf, heap', hlædel ` dipper ', and full grade (compare Lithuanian
klõtas) nisl. hlóð Nom. Pl. `stove, hearth' as well as Old English hlōð f. `booty; bulk, mass,
troop, multitude, crowd', Old Franconian hlōtha `booty', Middle High German luot, md. lūt
`load, big, giant bulk, mass, gang'.
to- or -sto-
-to- sti-noun to *hlaÞan is Old Icelandic hlass n. `load, cargo', agst. hlæst n.,
sto-, -sti-
Old High German last, Pl. lesti f. `load'.
Special position from Old English hlóð f. ` robbery, booty', hlóðere ` robber ' (: Old High
German landēri ` a mercenary soldier ', Old Icelandic hlenni ` robber, thief', hlanna `rob',
Germanic *hlanÞ-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), then also
Middle High German luot, md. lūt, which have not derived from *hlanÞ-, whose meaning
`gang', is only for the Old English.

Page(s): 599
Root / lemma: kleik̂-

Meaning: to press, squeeze
Material: Old Indic kliśṇā́ti àfflicts, bothers ', klíśyatē ` is tormented, suffers ', klḗśa- m.
`pain, affliction, complaint ', saṁ-kliś- `squeeze';
Lithuanian klìšė f. `crab's claws' (therefrom probably also klìšas `crooked-legged'),

kleišiúoti ` run with crooked feet ';
Slavic *kliša and *klěša `pliers, scissors' (from Balto Slavic *kleiši̯ā- and *klaiši̯ā-) placed
in poln. kliszawy and klr. *klíšavyj ` bowlegged'; besides r.-Church Slavic klěšča `pliers',
sloven. klẹ́šče, klr. kliščí f. Pl. ds. (from Balto Slavic *klaišti̯ā-);
Church Slavic klěšta `pliers', klěštiti ` press ', Old Bulgarian sъ-klěštati sę ` torture,
torment', russ. dial. klestítь (= klěstítь) `press, clamp ' etc.

References:
Page(s): 602
klem-, klēm-
Root / lemma: klem- klēm-, klem-
Meaning: weak, ailing, feeble
Note: (barely better as klēm- : klǝm- must be assumed)
Material: Old Indic offers on the one hand klā́myati, klā́mati ` becomes tired, grows tired ',
on the other hand śrā́myati ` becomes tired, struggles, castigates oneself ', śrāntá- `
fatigued, exhausted ', śráma- m. ` fatigue, tiredness, exhaustion, feebleness '; śramaṇá- `
castigating, mendicant ' is to East Asiatic languages as Schamane ` shaman, magician '
after they arrived to Europe (Indo Germanic change chain of events?; also the ambiguity of
the liquid complicates the judgment; from kerm- èxhaust, get tired ' in any case, at least
through the divided vowel position);
gr. κλαμαράν πλαδαράν, ἀσθενῆ Hes.;
Old Irish clam ` leper, outcast, one who is rejected by society', cymr. acorn. claf, Middle
Breton claff, nbret. klañv, klañ ` sick '.

Page(s): 602-603
kleng- and klenk-

Root / lemma: kleng- klenk-
Meaning: to bend, wind
Meaning:
Material: 1. Latin clingō, -ere ` go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe,
crown ' (Paul. ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);
Old Icelandic hlykkr ` curvature ', hlekkr `ring' (*hlanki-, =) Old English hlence `limb,
member or ring in a chain '; Old High German (h)lanca `hip, haunch' (ìncurvation ' or `
place where one bends oneself '), Middle High German lanke ` haunch, side, hip, flank ',
Middle High German gelenke `bend', Modern High German gelenk Subst., gelenk `pliable',
Middle High German lenken `bend', Modern High German lenken `lead', Old English hlanc
` slim, thin' (actually `pliable'), gehlencan `flax, wattle, braid', also Old English hlinc `slope,
hill'; Tocharian В kleŋke ` fortification ';
2. with auslaut. Tenuis:
Balto Slavic *klenki̯ō ` hobbles, limps ' in: Lithuanian klénkti ` go quickly, fast ', Latvian
klencêt ` hobble, limp ', Old Church Slavic klęčǫ, klęčati, klr. kljačú, kljačáty, Serbo-
Croatian klȅknem, klȅći ` kneel ', sloven. klę́cati ` limp ', etc.
See also: compare the rhyme roots lenk- `bend', sleng-, slenk- ` coil, turn', skreng(h)-,
skrenk- ds.
Page(s): 603
Root / lemma: kleno-

kleno-
Meaning: maple
Note: partly with still unsettled i, ei
Material: Maked. κλινότροχον (see G. Meyer IF. 1, 325 f.) ` a kind of maple ', gr. γλεῖνον
(loanword);
Middle Low German lönenholt ` maple '; ndd. löne, läne in pomm.-rüg. lön etc. ` maple '
(*hluni-z; from Low German Modern High German Lehne, Lenne ` Spitzahorn ') = Old
Icelandic hlynr (hlunr), Danish løn, Swedish lönn ` maple ', Old English hlyn ds. (probably
better as hlīn); besides Old High German Middle High German līn-, līm-boum, Modern High
German Leim-, Lein-baum, -ahorn;
Lithuanian (with quite unclear v) klẽvas ` maple ';
russ. klënъ ` maple ', serb. klȅn and kljȅn `common maple', kūn (*klъnъ) `kind of tree'
etc.

Page(s): 603
Root / lemma: klep-

klep-
Meaning: wet
Material: Gr. κλέπας νοτερόν, πηλῶδες, ἤ δασύ, ἤ ὑγρόν Hes.;
Old Irish cluain `meadow' (k̂lop-ni-, also k̂leu-ni- possible); (common Celtic Alb.
abbreviation).
Lithuanian šlampù, šlapti ` become damp ', šlapumà ` wet place on the field ', šlãpias
`damp', Latvian slapêt ` make damp ';

See also: s. still under k̂leu- ` rinse '.
Page(s): 603
klēg-, klōg-
Root / lemma: klēg- klōg-, klǝg
ǝg-, klang-
klǝg- klang-; kleg-
kleg-; klōg-
klōg-; kleig-
kleig-; kleik-
kleik-
Meaning: to cry; to sound
Note: various extensions of onomatopoetic words kel-
kel-6 `call, shout, cry'
Material: 1. Gr. κλαγγή f. `rattle, woozy din, fuss, noise', κλάζω ` make a sharp piercing
sound: of birds, scream, of dogs, bark, bay, of things, as of arrows in the quiver, clash,
rattle, of men, shout ' (*κλαγγι̯ω; κλάγξω, ἔκλαγον, κέκλαγγα, κεκληγώς); full grade κλώζω
(κλωγι̯ω) `flick, crack, cry', κλωγμός `clucking of hens, clucking sound by which we urge on
a horse ';
Latin clangō, -ere ` clang, to sound, resound; cry, caw (from birds)', clangor ` a sound,
clang, noise ';
Old Icelandic hlakka (= Latin clangō) `cry (eagle), jubilate '; Old English hlacerian `
deride '; Old Frisian hlakkia `laugh';
Lithuanian klagė́ti, Latvian kladzêt ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; with ē̆:
Latvian klę̃gât `cry', Lithuanian klegė́ti ` laugh loudly ';
ĭ-forms: Lithuanian suklìgo ` he squealed ', Latvian klidzêt `cry like a hawk', klìedzu,
klìegt, Iter. klaĩgât `cry' (Leskien Abl. 275, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.).
ŭ-form: Lithuanian klugė́ti `chortle, chuckle';
2. with final sound Tenuis:
gr. κλώσσω ` cluck ' (late, perhaps rather back-formation from κλωγμός);
Middle Irish clocc m., cymr. etc. cloch f. `bell'; the origin of Modern High German Glocke
etc. is Middle Latin-rom. clocca `bell';
Gothic hlahjan (hlōh), Old High German (etc.) lahhēn, lahhan `laugh', hlahtar n. `
laughter ', Old English hleahtor ` laughter, jubilation, lust', Old Frisian hlackia `laugh', Kaus.
Old Icelandic hlø̄gia `make someone laugh', Gothic ufhlōhjan ` make burst into laughter ';
Old Icelandic hlǣja `laugh', Old English hliehhan ds.;
russ.-Church Slavic klegъtati, klekъtati `cry, esp. of eagle', Old Bulgarian klьčьtъ `
chattering of teeth ' (etc., s. Berneker 511), Old Bulgarian klokoštǫ, -otati ` cluck n, gaggle,
cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' (etc., Berneker 521).
ī̆ī̆ī̆-forms: Old English hlīgan `to give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to', hlīsa, hligsa
àccount, shout, call, fame', Middle Dutch līen bе-līen, līhen `say, notify ', Dutch belijden,
Old Frisian hlīa ` notify, avow ';
Lithuanian klinkù klìkti ` scream suddenly, whistling '; ablaut. klykiù, klỹkti ` screech,
shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ';
russ.-Church Slavic kliknuti `squeal ', Iterat. Old Church Slavic klicati `call, shout, cry',
klikъ `clamor' (etc., Berneker 519).
Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with anlaut. g-: Latin glōciō, -īre ` cluck ', Middle
High German klukken, Old English cloccian ds.; Old Icelandic klaka `babble', engl. clack `
rattle, clatter ', Middle High German Klechel, Kleckel ` bell stick '; with anlaut. k-: Church
Slavic klъcati `knock', Lithuanian klukšė́ti ` cluck '; The sound root offers onomatopoeic
words ker-
ker-1 S. 567 f.
References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.
Page(s): 599-600
Root / lemma: klēp-

klēp-
Meaning: to hold in the arms, in one's lap
Note:
klēp- : `to hold in the arms, in one's lap' derived from labial extensions
Root / lemma: klēp-
geleb(h)-, glēb(
geleb( glēb(h)- (: glǝb gleb(h)- (::gl̥b(h)-) of Root / lemma: gel-
ǝb(h)-) and gleb(
glǝb( gel-1 : `to curl; round,
*fathom, arm' [see above].
Material: Middle High German lāfter ` fathom, arm', Latvian klèpis `lap, lapful', Lithuanian
klėbỹs ` fathom, armful, armload ' (b perhaps after glėbỹs ` armful, armload ').
Initial sound variation besides Lithuanian glėbỹs, Modern High German Klafter ` fathom'?
(see above S. 359 under gel- ` clench '). - Old High German halftra ` halter ', Lithuanian
kìlpa ` loop, noose, snare, steep hill ' (Persson) see below skel- `split'.
References: WP. I 498, Būga Kalba ir s. I 71, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 224.

Page(s): 604
klēu- (also klĕu-?) and klāu-

Root / lemma: klēu- klāu-
Meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..
Material: Gr. Ionian κληΐς -ῖδος, Old Attic κλῄς, Attic κλείς, Doric κλᾱΐς, -ΐδος ` key ' (also
`bar, bolt; hook-shaped noose; oarlock ')., Doric secondary κλᾳξ, epidaur. Gen. κλαικος
ds., κληΐω (Ionian), κλῄω (Old Attic), κλείω (Attic) ` ‘draw forward’ the bolts closing the
door, by means of the thong, bar, bolt, key ', κλήιθρον (Ionian), κλῇθρον (Old Attic),
κλεῖθρον (Attic) ` bar for closing a door, boom of a harbour, fences, railings ';
Latin clāvis ` key ', Demin. clāviculae ` a tendril ', clāvus `nail ', claudō, -ere `shut, lock '
(*klāu̯i-dō, with present formation d); in addition probably claudus `lame' (to clūdus, clōdus
s. WH. I 231), claudeō, -ēre ` limp '.
Old Irish clō, Pl. clōi `nail'; unclear mcymr. clo m. `bar, bolt, fastener ', Pl. cloeu ` nails ',
Middle Breton clou ` ferrement ' (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);
from Germanic probably here (with moveable s-) Old High German sliozan, Middle Low
German slūten, Old Frisian slūta `shut', Old High German sluzzil, asächs. slutil ` key ', Old
High German sloz n. ` lock ' (sl- from skl-); compare Middle English slote = Low German
slaten `bar, bolt', Middle Low German slēt from *sleuta- ` flexible shaft, pole', if from ` little
peg, branch piece '.
without s- perhaps Old Norse hljōta strong. V. ` draw lots for, receive', Old English
hlēotan, Old Saxon hliotan ` draw lots for, release, liberate ', Old High German hliozan `
draw lots for, forecast, soothsay, conjure, perform magic', Gothic hlauts `lot, fate, heritage',
Old Icelandic hlautr `lot, fate', Old High German hlōz n., Old Saxon hlōt `lot, fate, the
assigned right or property', Old Icelandic hlutr `lot, fate, allotment, thing', Old High German
(h)luz ` lot, closed allotment, portion of the land, allotment, plot of land', Old Frisian Old
English hlot n. `lot, fate', Dutch lot ds.;
Latvian kĺũt `become, succeed, attain ', kĺũtas `fate, destiny', Lithuanian nekliūtas
`mishap, mischief ' and Lithuanian kliudýti ` make hang ';
Lithuanian kliūvù, kliū́ti ` hook, hang, remain hung', kliū́tìs, kliū́tė ` hindrance ', kliáutė `
hindrance, disability ', pasikliáu-ju, -ti ` trust on ' (`*cling on to something '), Latvian kĺūstu,
kĺũt `( remain hung), (whereto) obtain, become', kĺaustîtiês ` remain hung ', kĺūm-s, -a, -e `
hindrance '; causative with -d-: Lithuanian kliudaũ, -ýti ` make hang ', kliaudaũ, -ýti `hinder',
kliaudà ` the physical disability ' (see above to Latin claudus), Latvian kĺũdît Iter. to kĺũt
(see above);
with k-forms Old Church Slavic ključь `hook, key ', ključ-ǫ, -iti ` combine, merge '; russ.
kljuká ` crutch, crosier, crozier, bishop's staff, Ofenkrücke ', serb. kljȕka `hook, key, agrafe,
clasp ', Old Church Slavic ključ-im, -iti `bend, crook', also Church Slavic kljuka àrtifice,
deceit' , and as ` hook, hang = fit together, suit, occur ' Old Bulgarian kĺučiti sę ` fit,
assemble '; probably also serb. kljȕna `kind of hook, cramp', kljûn ` something crooked'.
Maybe alb. çelës ` key ', çel òpen, unlock ', çiltër `sincere ', çelët `light (color) ', çalët `lame
(with crooked legs) ', çaloj ` limp ', çalaman ` limped person ' Slavic loanword (common
Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kʷ -> t-).
References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231, Trautmann 137 f.

Page(s): 604-605
Root / lemma: knei- ʷh-, knei-

knei-gʷh- knei-b-
Meaning: to incline, bend
Material: Latin cōniveō, -ē̆re, -nīvī and -nīxī ` to go together, come together, meet,
assemble, collect ', as *con-cnī(g)ueō to nictō, -āre `wink, wink at, nod ', nītor, -ī, nīsus and
nīxus (gnixus Festus) ` to bear upon, press upon, lean, support oneself '; Umbrian
conegos, kunikaz ` to put forth all one's strength, make an effort, strive, struggle, endeavor
' (as though *conigātus: -g- probably analogical form after verbs in -g);
Gothic hneiwan, hnaiw ` bend ', hnaiws ` humble, low' (`*crouched '), Old Icelandic knīga
` bend, sink ', Old Saxon Old English hnīgan ds. (Old English hnāg ` stooped, bowed,
contemptible'), Old High German hnīgan ` incline '; Old High German hnëgēn ` be willing,
inclined ', Old English hnigian (see in addition Schulze Kl. Schr. 599 f.); Kaus. Old High
German hneicken ` incline ', Old Icelandic hneigja ` incline, bend, bow before ';
denominative (from hnaiws) Gothic hnaiwjan ` abase, degrade', Old English hnǣgan `
humble, humiliate '; Old High German nicken `bend, be bent, bow, nod '.
Besides Indo Germanic knei-

knei-b- in Old Icelandic hnīpa (*hnīpēn, -ōn) ` allow the head to
hang, be disgruntled ', hnī̆pinn ` sullen, gloomy ', gnīpa f. (*ga-hnīpōn-) ` overhanging rock
', Old English hnipian ` allow the head to hang, be disgruntled '; Gothic *ga(h)nipnan ` be
sad '; Lithuanian knimbù, knìbti ` snap together '.
References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 64, 183.
Page(s): 608
Root / lemma: kneug-

kneug-
Meaning: expr. root
Material: Gr. κνυζᾶν, -εῖν ` growl (of dogs), whimper (of infants)': Lithuanian kniaũkti ` cry
like a cat '. Probably only accidental resemblance.
Page(s): 608
Page(s):
knid-, k̂nid-
Root / lemma: knid- nid-, sknid-
nid sknid-
Meaning: louse, nit
Note: often distorted taboo; compare above S. 437 ghnīdā ds.
knid-, k̂nid-
Root / lemma: knid- nid-, sknid-
nid sknid- : ` louse, nit ' derived from Root / lemma: ghen-
ghen- : `to
ghnī̆ī̆ī̆dā
crack open, grind, scratch' hereupon root ghnī̆ dā ` nit, louse '. That means zero grade
mutations: ghen > kn-, skn-: Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial. gnit f., Old Swedish gnether,
Swedish gnet, Danish gnid; Latvian gnīda ` nit, louse ' (Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 633),
Lithuanian glìnda (from *gnìnda dissimilated?); russ. gnída, sloven. gnjìda, Czech hnída,
poln. gnida; about Latin lēns, -dis f. ds.compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44.
Material: Armenian anic `louse' (*nid-s);
alb. thënī́ `louse' (*k̂(ë)nid-); alb. Tosc (*konida) thërriza ` louse ' (common alb. n- > r-).
Maybe alb. (*koni) thoi, thua, Pl. thonj ` nail' (for scratching louses?)
gr. κονίς, -ίδος f. (*knid-s), probably assimilate κόνις `dust';
Middle Irish sned f. `nit, egg of an insect (usually a louse) ', kymr. Pl. nedd, nkorn. neð,
bret. nez ds. (*s(k)nidā);
Common kentum k- > sk- > satem s- >.
Old English hnitu f., Old High German (h)niz, Modern High German Nisse ègg of the
louse' (*knidā).
Could belong to (s)ken- `scratch, scrape', as ghnīdā to ghen- ds.
References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 93.
Page(s): 608
Root / lemma: ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

ko kak(k)- ku(r)kur-
Meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock
Material: I. Gr. κακκάβη f., κακκαβίς f. ` partridge, game bird ', κακκαβίζειν from the
physical sound of the partridges (also the borrowed Latin cacabāre), κακκάζειν ` gaggle,
cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ';
Latin cacillāre ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of the hen)';
ndd. kakkeln ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ', nl. kokkelen ` coo (of rooster,
cock)', next to which Old High German gackizōn ` cluck (of the hen laying an egg) ',
Modern High German gackern, dial. gaggezen, Modern High German Gockel (see also
under ghegh-).
II. Latin coco coco ` physical sound of the chickens ' (Petron 59, 2), franz. coq `rooster,
cock', Danish kok, Swedish Dialectal kokk `rooster, cock', Old Norse (Old French
loanword) kokr, Old English cocc, nl. old cocke ds.; Old Church Slavic kokotъ `rooster,
cock', kokošъ `hen', russ. kokotátь ` gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' etc.
Maybe alb. kokosh `rooster, cock' a Slavic loanword.
III. Old Indic kurkuṭa-, kukkuṭa- m. `rooster, cock', kukkubha- m. (Middle Indic for
*kurkubha-) ` pheasant'; Latin cūcurriō, -īre `kollern' (of rooster, cock), cūcuru interjection;
Modern High German kikeriki (older kükerukü, kükerlüküh), md. kuckern, kockern, köcken
`crow, cackle'; Lithuanian kakarýkū ` cock-a-doodle-doo, call of a rooster ', klruss. etc.
kukuríku ds., serb. kukùriječēm-, -ijèkati, russ. kukorékatь etc. `crow, cackle', gr. κουρίζω
ds.
Maybe alb. kukurisem ` laugh ' a Slavic loanword.
Maybe alb. kikiriku ` cock cackle ' a Germanic loanword.
Maybe alb. kakaris ` hen cackle ', a Lithuanian loanword.
IV. Gr. κίκιρρος, κικκός `rooster, cock' Hes.; Oscan cicirrus, cognomen of Messius,
probably `gamecock, fighting cock '.
References: WP. I 455 f., WH. I 126, 212, 242, 300.

Page(s): 611
Root / lemma: kob-

kob-
Meaning: to fare well, be successful
Material: Old Irish cob n. `victory', gall. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos > Cobnertos MN,
Cobrūnus, -rūnius MN (also in Slavic shifted as Kobrynъ, whereof the town name of russ.
Коbrynь, poln. Kobryń in Gouv. Grodno);
Old English gehæp ` fitting', nasalized Swedish hampa sig ` occur ' = Norwegian heppa
ds., heppen `lucky, günstig', Old Icelandic happ n. `luck' (engl. hap ` chance, luck ', to
happen ` occur ', happy `lucky' from Nord.);
Old Bulgarian kobь f. ` fortune, chance, good or bad, Muse, poet's source of inspiration
(Greek Mythology), protective ghost ', Church Slavic kobь ` augury, the observance of
omens, interpretation of omens, divination ', russ. old kobь ` divination, foreboding after the
bird's flight or encounter ', today dial. ` horror, monster ', Serbo-Croatian kôb `good omen,
congratulation; foreboding, bad foreboding ', etc.
Maybe alb. kob ` horror, bad omen ' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: koi-

koi-lo-
lo-
Meaning: naked; miserable
Note: only Celtic and Baltic
Note:
Material: Old Irish cōil, cōel ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', cymr. corn. cul `
macilentus, macer ';
Latvian kaîls ` naked, bald, bleak, bare', kaîli ĺaudis ` married couple without children '
(could also belong to kai- ` alone ').
References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.

Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: kois-

kois-
Meaning: to care for, cure
Material: Latin cūra ` care ', cūrō, -āre `to care for, take pains with, be solicitous for, look
to, attend to, regard ', Old Latin coiravit etc., pal. coisatens ` to care for, take pains with, be
solicitous for, look to, attend to, regard ', Umbrian kuratu ` to care for ';
in addition at most Gothic ushaista `poor' as ` neglected '?
Here perhaps gall. PN Koisis, Coisa.

References:
Page(s): 611
koi-, ku̯ī-
Root / lemma: koi-
Meaning: squeaking noise
Material: Gr. κοΐζειν ` squeak as a sucking pig ', Modern High German quieken, quieksen,
quietschen, Lithuanian kvỹkti, russ. kvičátь ` squeak, chirp, twitter, whimper ' etc.
References: WP. I 455, Berneker 656 f., Trautmann 147.
Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: kok̂sā

sā (*hoĝhā)
Meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)
Note: (Aryan also *kok̂so-s)
Material: Old Indic kákṣā f., kakṣa- m. Àchselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde', Avestan
kaša- m. Àchsel' (proves -k̂s-); common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin coxa f. `hip, haunch';
Maybe Rumanian coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh', kafsha ànimal (*meat)', kafshoj `bite
(like an animal)' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷhs- > phs-, fs-..
Old Irish coss f. `foot', abrit. Αργεντό-κοξος perhaps ` white foot ' (but cymr. cоеs `leg' is
borrowed from Latin);
Old High German hāhsina ` knee bow of the hind leg ', Middle High German hehse,
Modern High German Hächse, Hesse Bavarian Haxn.
References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.

Page(s): 611
kol(ē̆)i̯-
Root / lemma: kol(
Meaning: glue
Note:
kol(ē̆)i̯- : `glue' derived from a reduction of the extended *glei-bh- Root /
Root / lemma: kol(
gel-1 : `to curl; round' [see above].
lemma: gel-
Material: Gr. κόλλᾰ ` glue ' (*κόλι̯α);
Middle Dutch Middle Low German helen `stick, glue' (*haljan);
Old Church Slavic klějь, klejь ` glue ' (proto Slavic. forms *kъlějь, kъlьjь, kъĺe, s.
Berneker 659 f.); Lithuanian klejaĩ ` glue ' is loanword from Slavic; Slavic -ъl- reduced
grade to -ol-.

Page(s): 612
kolǝ- : klō-
Root / lemma: kolǝ klō-
Meaning: to spin
Material: Gr. κλώθω, κλώσκω ` spin ', κλωθώ actually `die Spinnerin', κλωστήρ, -ῆρος `
filament, spindle';
Latin colus, -ūs or -ī `distaff'.
Against connection from colus with kʷel- `be spinning, move around ' speaks, daß the
distaff does not turn.
formally could be κλώθω a dh-present from a heavy basis kolǝ- : klō- (*klō-dh-ō or kolǝ-
dhō); the kinship at first with κάλαθος `basket' (`*netting') would be possible.

Page(s): 611-612
Root / lemma: koli-

koli-
Meaning: ` young dog, animal-young '
See also: s. S. 550 under kel- `call, shout, cry'
Page(s): 612
Root / lemma: kom

Meaning: by, beside, at, with
Material: Gr. κοινός ` collectively, communally, jointly, cooperatively, conjointly, in unity, in
cooperation, together' from *κομ-ι̯ό-ς (*-i̯ó-s `going');
Ligurian FlN Com-beranea, Venetic PN Com-petalis, hispan. PN Com-plūtum, Com-

pleutica (Ligurian? veneto-Illyrian?);
Latin cum `with, by', preposition and (after Pron.) postposition in Abl. (= Instr.), as prefix
com-, from which con- and before v- (as in Celtic) and vowels mostly cocō-;
also cōram, which is reshaped after palam, clam from co-ōro- ` in the presence, before the
eyes, in the face, openly, face to face ';
Oscan com, con preposition `with' in Abl. (= Instr.), com-, kúm- prefix `with' (derivative
comono, Lok. comenei ` a place of assembly, place of meeting ' from *kom-no-); Umbrian
com `with', preposition (only by pronoun postposition) in Abl. (= Instr.), stets postposition in
the meaning ` with, at, by, near ', likewise in Abl. (= Instr.), prefix kum-, com- (cо- again
before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); Faliscan cuncaptum ` to take hold of, take up, take in, take,
receive ', Volscan co-uehriu Abl. ` a court, curia, association ' (*ko-uīrio-, compare Latin
cūria ` a court, curia, association ' probably from *co-uĭriā);
Note:

ur : Latin cūria
ur- ūria ` a court ' : Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ, Illyria,
υρί
also Ἰλλυρ
υρικό υρί
υρίζω
, speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
Italian comparative in -t(e)ro-, -, which together from two ones, the compared with
typically, in Latin contrā `compared with, against it, against' contrō-versia ` a contention,
quarrel, question, dispute, controversy, debate ', Oscan contrud ` in opposition, opposite,
face to face, in front, on the other side ';
Old Irish cоn- `with', preposition in Dat. (= Instr.), prefix gall. com-, Old Irish com-
(proklit. con-), cymr. cyf-, cyn-, corn. kev-; reduction of -m before u̯-, e.g. cymr. cy-wir,
abret. keuuir-gar, gall. Covīrus MN, cymr. cy-wely `bed';
therefrom different Old Irish cо `to, twice, at two times, on two occasions ', preposition
m. Akk. co a chēle ` to his comrade ' = cymr. bw-y gilydd `(from one) to other', also with
originally kʷ; *kom-dho-s ùnderstanding ' is perhaps the base of Old Irish cond `sense,
mind, reason' (= Old Church Slavic sǫ-dъ `judgement');
alb. kë- = Latin co(m)-;
for citation also of Germanic prefixes ga- speaks this basic meaning `with', compare e.g.
Gothic ga-juka ` a connection, conjunction, comrade', ga-mains `com-mūnis', ga-qiman `
con-venire ' and similar congruities; Germanic g- from χ- in the unstressed prefix;
the nasal faded before the association with verbs and and according to their model also in
possibly overcome olde nominal compounds as gamains; unequivocal *kom stecktin Old
Franconian ham-ēdii ` coniūrātōres ';
Old Church Slavic sǫ-dъ `judgement' see above.
cognate km̥ta
ta `besides, along, downwards, with' in:
Note:
cognate km̥ta
ta ` with' is used as an adjective like Anatolian and Albanian numbers in suffix -
n- > -nt-.
gr. κάτα, κατά preposition in Akk. àlong, about - toward, through - to, in, by' in Gen.
àbout - toward, along, downwards ', in Gen. (= Abl.) ` von etwas her herab ', also prefix;
Old Irish cēt-, preceding ceta- (*km̥ta); in cēt-buith `sense, mind' and also otherwise with
the verb Subst.; acymr. cant, mcymr. can, gan, acorn. cans, bret. gan `with, by, alongside';
Hittite kat-ta (a from m̥?), postposition in Dat` under, below, at, in, on,, by, with ' in Abl.
`from, back, for, to - down'; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (?) enclitic -kán, Pedersen Hittite
158 f.
References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 473 ff., wrongly ZceltPh.
22, 325 ff.
Page(s): 612-613
ǝmo-, knāmo
Root / lemma: konǝmo
konǝmo- knāmo- or kenǝmo-
ǝmo-
Meaning: shin; bone
Material: Gr. κνήμη f. `shinbone, spoke, the radius or ray of a wheel', κνημί̄ς, -ῖδος f.
(Aeolic κνᾶμῐν Akk. κνά̄μιδες Nom. Pl.) ` shin pad ';
Old Irish cnāim `leg, bone' (whether gr. Celtic -nā- = Indo Germanic n̥,̄ i.e. -enǝ-, or =
Indo Germanic -nā-, i.e. full grade is the 2. syllable, is undecided);
with full grade the 1. syllable (kon[ǝ]mā) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- (out of it partly -
m-):
Old High German hamma ` thigh, popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ',
Old English hamm ` popliteus ', Old Icelandic hǫm f. ` thigh of (an animal)'.
It is doubtful, whether the meaning from hom. κνημός ` projecting limb, shoulder of a
mountain (above the foot), mountain wood, covered mountain slope, public grove, an acrid
herb ' through ndd. hamm ` mountain forest ' would be verified as old, because latter
maybe as fenced woodland is to be connected with Middle Low German ham ` enclosed
piece of land', ndd. hamme ` fenced field' (see kem- ` to press together ').

Page(s): 613-614
Root / lemma: kopso-
kopso-
Meaning: blackbird
Note: (: k̂op-
op- ` onomatopoeic words'?)
op
Material: Gr. κόψ-ιχος `blackbird', κόσσυ-φος (diss. from *κοψ-υφος) ds.;
russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) kosъ `blackbird'. - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under
assumption from Indo Germanic k̂- (because kosъ would be held on following see
consecutive s as k) an onomatopoeic word k̂op- the basic: Church Slavic sopǫ ` play the
flute ', Old Bulgarian sopьcь ` the court-yard ', russ. sopětь `pant, gasp' etc. and Old Indic
śáb-d-a- m. `sound, clangor, discourse, word' (to -d-suffix in words for din, fuss, noise s.
Brugmann II2 1, 467), śápati ` curses ', -tē ` declares, promises '.
Maybe alb. shqiptoj ` pronounce, utter, speak', shqiponjë, shkabë, gabonjë, zhgabonjë `
eagle (as black bird?)', (common gutturals k- > g- Celtic Baltic), shqiptar ` eagle man',
shqip ` clear, fluently '.

Page(s): 614-615
koro-s, kori̯o-s
Root / lemma: koro-
Meaning: war, warrior
Material: 1. without formant -i̯o-, -i̯a-: Lithuanian kãras `war, fight' and lengthened grade
Old pers. kāra- m. ` war people, army; people', npers. kār-zār ` battlefield '.
2. Gr. κοίρανος (from *Κοίρονος) ` military leader, king, master, mister' (derivative from
*κοῖρος from *κόρι̯ος with formants -no-; also Old Icelandic herjann ` father of the army ' as
epithet of Odins from harja- ` army ' from; κοιρανέω ` command; rule ', κοιρανία `power,
rule', compare of the unadjusted *κοῖρο- EN as Κοιρόμαχος (Boisacq s. v.);
Middle Irish cuire m. `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass', gall. Tri-, Petru-corii
Völkernamen (`die drei-, vierstämmigen');
Gothic harjis, Old Icelandic herr, Old English here ` army ', Old High German Old Saxon
heri ` army, bulk, mass', PN Old Germanic Hari-gasti (Dat.), perhaps god's name (Neckel
KZ. 60, 284);
Lithuanian kãrias ` army ', kãrė `war, fight', karỹs `warrior', Latvian kar'š `war, fight, army
', Old Prussian kargis (consigns kragis) ` army ', caryawoytis Akk. Sg. `military parade,
military march';
compare also above kar-
kar-1 S. 530, where Balto Slavic examples can also belong here.
References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.

Page(s): 615-616
Root / lemma: kos(e)lo-

kos(e)lo-
Meaning: hazel
Material: Latin corulus ` a hazel-tree, filberttree ', colurnus (*corulinos) ` of the hazel, of
hazel-wood ';
Old Irish coll, acymr. coll etc. ` hazel' (also gall. Coslo- in EN); (common Celtic alb.
abbreviation). [common Celtic sl- > ll-]
Old High German hasal(a), Old English hæsel, Old Icelandic hasl m. ` hazel', Old High
German hesilīn, Old English hæslen ` of hazel-wood ';
Old Lithuanian kasulas ` Jägerspieß ' as ` Hasler '.

Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: kost-

kost-
Meaning: leg; bone
Material: Latin costa f. ` rib '; Old Bulgarian kostь f. `bone' (Serbo-Croatian kôst ` rib ').
assumption of a k- prefixe (to Latin os etc.) is incredible.
Maybe alb. Geg koc, Tosc kos-kë `bone, leg bone', kashtë `straw, *bone? ' (common alb.
diminutive -kë
kë)
kë

Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: krāt-

krāt-
See also: see above S. 584 under kert-.
Page(s): 616
krā[u]- : krǝu
Root / lemma: krā[u]- krū̆-
ǝu- : krū̆
krǝu-
Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed
Note:
krā[u]- : krǝu
Root / lemma: krā[u]- krū̆- : to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed,
ǝu- : krū̆
krǝu-
derived from Root / lemma: k̂er-
er-, k̂erǝ
er erǝ- : k̂rā-
er rā-, k̂erei-
rā erei-, k̂ereu-
erei ereu- : head; horn, cow.
ereu
Material: Old Irish cráu, cró m. `stall, cottage, shack, shed' (*krǝu̯o-), cymr. craw m. `stall',
corn. crow, bret. kraou ds.;
Lithuanian kráuju, króviau, kráuti ` place one on top of other, heap, pack, load'; Latvian
kŕaũnu (kŕauju), kŕãvu, kŕaũt `heap'; Iter. Lithuanian kráustyti, Latvian kŕaũstît `heap',
kravât ` snatch ', krauja, kŕava, kŕuva ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind '; Lithuanian krūvà (Akk. krũva) `heap', kriáutė, kráutė ` loft ';
Maybe alb. (*kruva) krye ` head, top'.
Old Bulgarian krovъ `roof' (*krǝu̯o-), ablaut. kryjǫ, kryti `cover, wrap, conceal' etc.;
with s-extension:
russ. krýša `roof', serb. krîšom Adv. ` clandestine ' (etc., also:)
Old Icelandic hreysar Pl. f., hreysi n., besides Norwegian rūsa, ndd. rūse `heap'; Old
Icelandic hraun n. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, stony
ground'.
Auf krā[u]- based on perhaps Latvian krãju, krât `gather, collect, heap', Old Bulgarian
(with present formation d) kradǫ, krasti `steal'.
Labial extension (--bh-): gr. κρύπτω `hide', κρυφῆ ` clandestine ' , κρύβδην ds.;
with p-extension (compare above κρύπτω) Latvian krâpju, krâpu, krâpt `steal, cheat,
deceive', Lithuanian krópti `steal'; about Gothic hrōt and Old English hrōf `roof' see below
kred- and k̂rapo-, also Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 269; Tocharian В kraup-, В
krop- `gather, collect'; compare also k̂lep-;
for Old Icelandic hraukr, Irish cruach `heap', such which could be descended
themselves from a k-extension, s. another interpretation under sker-, skereu- `turn'. In
same sense dubious is Old Norse skrūf n. `piled heap', skrūfr m. `tuft', Norwegian dial.
skrauv ` Schaumgipfel ', etc. (would have the movable s-).
Dental extensions seem: Old Icelandic hrauð f. poet. ` medieval coat of mail ', Old
English hréad f. `jewellery'; Old Icelandic hrjōða `cover, adorn', Old English hréodan ds.
(compare Lithuanian kráudinu àllow to load?') besides hyrst m. `jewellery, armament,
armor', Old High German hrust m. ds., Old High German (h)rusten àrm, equip with
weapons'.
References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.

Page(s): 616-617
Root / lemma: kreb-

kreb-5
See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: kred-

kred-
Meaning: beams, roof
Note: (k̂red-? see below)
Note:
kred- : beams, roof, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: krā[u]-
Root / lemma: kred- krā[u]- : krǝu
ǝu- :
krǝu-
krū̆-
krū̆
Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed.
Material: Gothic hrōt n. `roof', Old Norse hrōt `roof, attic ', Old Saxon Old English hrōst `
Sparrenwerk des Daches ' (*krōd-s-to-) = Dutch roest `perch, chicken roost, chicken
ladder', Middle High German rāz, rāze `pyre, stake' (*krēdā; fem. collective as Old Church
Slavic krada); with Middle High German rāz(e) `pyre, stake' corresponds to Middle High
German rāz, rāze `honeycomb', afr. rāta, mnl. rāte `honeycomb', next to which with ablaut
mnl. rēte (*hretōn-) and rōte, Dialectal still röte (*hruti-) `honeycomb';
Old Bulgarian krada `pyre, stake, woodpile ' (*krōdā).
Als ` Sparrenwerk, aus Latten usw. Gezimmertes ' kann hierher gehören: Lithuanian
krė́slas `stately stool', Latvian krę̂sls, Old Prussian creslan àrmchair', Lithuanian krãsė
`stool', russ. kréslo, Czech křeslo àrmchair', as well as Lithuanian krósnis, Latvian krāsns
òven', Church Slavic krosno ` a weaver's beam ', russ. krósno `loom; piece of canvas,
fabric', Bulgarian krosnó ` Aufzug beim Webstuhl; Torriegel ', krósna f. ` cradle ', Serbo-
Croatian krȍsna `loom', Czech krosna, kru̇sna (old krósna) `pannier, basket for carrying
food or supplies'.

Page(s): 617-618
kreg-1 (and kerg-

Root / lemma: kreg- kerg-?)
Meaning: to suffer
Material: Old Indic kárjati àfflicts, torments' (Dhātup.);
Old Icelandic hrekja `torment, smite, bother, annoy, pursue ', Old Frisian hreka ` rend '.

References:
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: kreg-

kreg-2
Meaning: ` onomatopoetic word '
See also: see above S. 569 under ker-
ker-1.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: krei-

krei-1
Meaning: to touch, brush
Material: Old Icelandic hrīna ` have an effect, seem ', Old English asächs. Old High
German hrīnan `touch, stripe' (no-present); after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 152 ff. here
Old English hrenian ` give off a smell ', Old Frisian strong. V. hrena ` sense a smell '; Old
English Old Icelandic hrīm, Middle High German rīm ` hoarfrost ';
Lithuanian krėnà f. ` skimmings, cream' (` was man abstreift, abschöpft '), Latvian kreju,
krèju, krìet ` skim, remove the cream from the top of milk ', krèims m. ` skimmings' (from
the verb krèjums ` was man abstreifen kann ');
besides with Germanic p: asächs. hrīpo, Old High German hrīfo ` hoarfrost '.

Page(s): 618
krei-2, kreig-
Root / lemma: krei- kreig-, kreik-
kreik-
See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-
ker-1.
Page(s): 618
krek-1 (--k̂-?)
Root / lemma: krek-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Gr. κρέκω `hit, beat; weave, strike a stringed instrument with the plectron, of any
sharp noise ', (Cf. Old Norse hræll (*hrahilaz) 'weaver's sley', Old English hrægel 'dress',
'garment', perh. Lett. krekls 'shirt'.)
κρόκη ` Einschlagfaden, Gewebe ', κρόξ ds., κροκοῦν `to weave', κροκύς, -ύδος f. `flock,
tuft of wool';
Old Icelandic hræll (*hraŋhilaz) à weaver's reed ', Old English hrēol (*hrehulaz) `
windlass, reel '; Old English hrægl n. `dress, garment ', engl. rail, Old Frisian hreil; Old
High German hregil n. ` a garment, the skin, hide, fell ';
Latvian krękls ` shirt ';
if the Latvian word has received a second k through West Indo Germanic influence, it
can also be followed by the Slavic family: russ. krešú, kresátь ь ` mit dem Feuerstahl
Feuer schlagen ', klr. kresáty, kresnúty `fire hit', dial. `hew, hit, strike ', Serbo-Croatian
krȅšēm, krèsati `fire hit; scabble, cut or chisel stone roughly; branch cut off the branch '
(etc., s. Berneker 611).
Maybe alb. krismë n. `strike, shot ' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 618-619
krek-2, kr̥k-
Root / lemma: krek-
Meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water
Material: Old Icelandic hrogn n., Old High German (h)rogan, rogen ` spawn, fish eggs,
spat, spawn of oyster ';
Lithuanian kurkulaĩ Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', Latvian kur̂kulis ds., Lithuanian apkurkóti `
refer to water moss ';
Maybe alb. karkalec `grasshopper (jumping like a frog)' : Bulgarian скакалец (skakalec)
`grasshopper' [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from Bulgarian скачам (skakam)Ì jump' a
misinterpretation of Lithuanian kurkulaĩ Pl. ` spawn of frogs ', Latvian kur̂kulis.
in spite of phonetic difficulties here Slavic family of serb. ȍkrijek ` water moss, algae ',
slov. krė́k, žabo-krė́čina ` spawn of frogs ' etc., ablaut. slov. krâk ` spawn of frogs; green
coating in pools, water moss ', with remarkable ja: russ. krjak ` spawn of frogs '
(common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ).
Czech Dialectal okřaky ` collective name for water plants '?
References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.

Page(s): 619
Root / lemma: krek-

krek-3
ker-1.
Page(s): 619
Root / lemma: krem-

krem-
See also: see above S. 580 f. under kerem-
kerem-.
Page(s): 619
krep-1, kr̥p-
Root / lemma: krep-
Meaning: body
Note: (or kʷerp-
ʷerp-? see below)
Comments:
krep-1, kr̥p- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-
Root / lemma: krep- (s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ
(s)kerǝ-
, (s)krē-
(s)krē- : to cut
Material: Old Indic kr̥pā́ Instr. Sg. `shape, beauty', Avestan kǝrǝfš, kǝhrpǝm `shape, body',
Middle Persian karp ` body ' (Avestan xrafstra- n. ` predator ' from *krep + *[e]d-tro- to ed-
èat'?);
perhaps (?) alb. sh-krep, sh-kep ` resemble a little ' (sh = Indo Germanic sem, som, sm̥-,
compare to meaning Old High German gi-līh ` alike ': līh `body');
Common alb. Celtic -e- grade.
Maybe taboo words alb. shkrep ` rock, fire rock ', shkrep, shkref, shkreh ` trigger, fire',
shkrepje ` glance, flare, gun '.
But alb. qep ` sew ' < sh-kep , shqep ` unpick, rip, tear, take out stitches; unfasten threads,
resemble a little '; shqepoj ` to be lame'.
Comments:
krep-1, kr̥p- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-
Root / lemma: krep- (s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ
(s)kerǝ-
, (s)krē-
(s)krē- : to cut
β) (s)kerp-
(s)kerp-, (s)krep-
(s)krep-:
alb. karpë, karmë (*korp-n-) `rock, cliff' krep, shkrep `rock, slope';
Latin corpus, -oris n. ` body';
Middle Irish crī f. `body' (*kr̥pes);
Old High German (h)rëf m. `body, lower abdomen, womb', Old Frisian href, hrif `belly',
Old English hrif n. `womb, belly' (*hrefiz- = *krepes-), Old English mid(h)rif, Old Frisian
midref ` phren, diaphragm, wall of muscles or membranes that separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity ' (`*cavity in the middle of the body ').
Gr. πραπίς, mostly Pl. -ίδες ` phren', which would prove the initial sound as kʷ , is
doubtful in its affiliation, because the suitable meaning from Old English mid(h)rif is
probably based on the first part of the compound;
it would have to be then πραπίς a short form to a similar composition; after Vendryes
RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. would be Indo Germanic *kʷerp- taboo metathesis to
*perkʷ- `life, world, oak' (Gothic faírƕus `world').

Page(s): 620
Root / lemma: krep-

krep-2
ker-1.
Page(s): 620
Root / lemma: kret-

kret-1
Meaning: to shake
Note: (whether as `bump, poke' with kret-
kret- `hit' identical? or extension from sker-
sker- `turn,
kreisend schwingen'?)
Material: Lithuanian krečiù, krěsti `shake, strew shaking ', Iter. krataũ, -ýti ds., kretù kretė́ti
` move to and fro, shudder, shake ', Latvian krèst `shake', Iterat. kratît, krętulis ` kind of
sieve ' (Latvian kraitât `lurch' derailment from a *krit-);
Maybe alb. kredh `turn, twist', shkrydh, shtrydh ` squeeze ', kridhem ` dive';
Middle Irish crothaim `shake', gall.-rom. *crottiāre `shake';
Old High German redan ` sieve ', Modern High German Dialectal räder, rädel ` sieve ';
Old Icelandic hraðr `quick, fast', Old English hræÞ, hräed `quick, fast, nimble, agile;
graceful; sharp, keen ', engl. rather ` very, quite ', Old High German hrad, hrat ` swift, fleet,
rapid, speedy, brisk, nimble, quick, prompt, active, vigorous, strenuous '; Old Icelandic
hrǣða `frighten (trans.)', hrǣddr ` to be horrified ';
also Old English ā-hreddan ` set free, release, rescue', Old High German retten `move,
drive, push; set free, release, rescue' as ` von der Gefahr wegstoßen '?
References: WP. I 484, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.

Page(s): 620
Root / lemma: kret-

kret-2
Meaning: to hit
Note: probably originally with kret-
kret-1 identical
Material: Gr. κρότος ` rattling noise, made to collect a swarm of bees '; κροτεῖν ` bang,
clap, knock, hit', κρόταλον ` clapper, tongue of a bell; rattle', κρόταφος ` temple, flattened
region on either side of the forehead ' (actually `* the beating '); `mountainside, mountain
slope; side', κροταφίς ` pointed hammer ';
in addition with probably original bare present nasalization of Old Icelandic hrinda, hratt,
Old English hrindan, hrand `bump, poke';
perhaps the Slavic family of Old Bulgarian kroštǫ, krotiti `tame', krotъkъ `gentle, mild,
sparse, reduced ', if originally ` durch Prügeln mürbe machen '?

Page(s): 621
kreu-1, kreuǝ
Root / lemma: kreu- kreuǝ- : krū-
krū- ; kreus-
kreus-, krus-
krus-
Meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust
Material: A. Old Indic kravís- n. ` raw flesh' (= gr. κρέFας), kravyam n. `blood' (*krou̯io
̯ -=
Old Prussian krawian n.), krū-rá- `bloody, cruel, savage' = Avestan xrūra- `bloody, frightful,
cruel, savage' (: Latin crūdus?) in compound with i- for ro-stem, Avestan xrvi-dru- ` he
wields a bloody wooden weapon ', i.e. xruvi-dru-, Avestan xrū- f., xrūm (= xruvǝm) Akk.
`piece of bloody flesh', xrvant- (i.e. xrūvant-) `terrible, frightful ' (: Latin cruentus), xrvī̆šyant-
` blutdürstig, Grausen erregend ', xrūta- ` frightful, cruel, savage', xrūnya- n. `bloody deed,
serious crime, bloody abuse ', xrūma- `terrible, frightful '; with a meaning `*clotted,
congealed, coagulated* = `thick, hard', Old Indic krūḍáyati `makes dick, tight, firm',
Avestan xrū̆ždra- `hard' (besides again with i- instead of ro-stem in compound xruždi-
vačah- ` speaking with crude, loud voice '), xraoždva- `hard';
gr. κρέας n. `flesh' (*kreu̯ǝs);
Latin cruentus `bloody' (see above), cruor m. `the raw, thick blood' (*kreu̯ōs), Oscan
krustatar ` crusta tegitor ' (Denom. from *krus-tā), Latin crusta `crust, bark, scurf', originally
` das fest gewordene Blut auf einer Wunde ' (*krŭs-tā), crūdus `raw, rough, hard' (*krū-do-
), crūdēlis `cruel, savage, heartless ';
gall.-rom. crōdios `hard' (*kroudios);
maybe alb. (*krodios) krodhe `bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot'.
Middle Irish crú (*krūs), Gen. cráu, cró (*kruu̯os), cymr. crau, corn. crow (*kruu̯ā) `blood'
(see Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.), Old Irish crūaid
(*kroudis) `hard, tight, firm', bret. kriz (*krūdis) ` cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; not loanword
from Latin crūdus); because d in Celtic and Latin through dissimilation from r?
Lithuanian kraũjas `blood' (: Old Indic kravya-m), Old Prussian crauyo, krawian ds.,
Lithuanian krùvinas `bloody', krùvinu `make bloody', participle krùvintas ` made bloody ',
Latvian kreve `coagulated blood, scurf, crust';
maybe alb. kruaj `scratch, damage, injure', krua, kroje Pl. `liquid, rapid', (*krev-) kredh
`plunge in water' [common alb. f > th, v > dh shift]; Kruja alb. city.
Slavic *kry (*krūs), Gen. *krъve `blood' in slov. krî, apoln. kry, Old Church Slavic krъvь;
Old Church Slavic krъvьnъ `bloody' (= Lithuanian krùvinaš);
Old High German (h)rō, (h)rawēr, Old Saxon hrā, Old English hrēaw, Old Icelandic hrār
`raw' (*hrawa-).
B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. Καύκασις ` Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains ' (as ` smooth ice
');
gr. τὸ κρύος `frost' (= *κρύσος?), κρυσταίνω `make congeal, freeze ', κρύσταλλος ìce;
crystal', κρῡμός `frost' (*κρυσμός), from κρύος derived (?) κρυόεις ` eerie ', κρυερός ` eerie,
cruel, savage';
Old Icelandic hriōsa, hraus `shudder', hrjōstr n. ` rough bottom' (: Latin crusta), Old High
German (h)roso, (h)rosa ìce, crust' (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), Old English
hrūse èarth, ground' (these s-forms in relationship to τὸ κρύος and:)
Maybe nasalized alb. (*kri-) ngrij ` freeze', ngricë ` frost' (common k- > g- gutturals in Celtic
Baltic).
Latvian kruvesis, kruesis `frozen ordure', Lithuanian atkrũsti, preterit -krūsaũ `

wiederaufleben, von Erfrorenem ' (`*freeze '); Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 291.
Note:
adjective prefix i-, e-, (*at

at-) të- common alb. Lithuanian.
at të-
without -s
s- presumably Norwegian dial. ryggja `shudder' (compare κρυερός), much more
doubtfully Old English hrēoh `rough (of weather), grieving, wild'.
References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1
(1922), 3 ff.
Page(s): 621-622
Root / lemma: kreu-

kreu-2
Meaning: to fall down, collapse
Material: Old Icelandic hrun n. ` breakdown, collapse', hrynia `fall';
Old Prussian krūt `fall', kruwis `fall' (but Latvian kruts ` steil abfallend, steil abhängend '
as loanword to klr. krutoj ` sinuous, crooked, precipitous, steep ', see below kert- `turn');
perhaps Latvian kràulis `falling, tumbling, dropping', kràuja ` steep bank, border, shore',
krauta `bank, border, shore';
with -s- Old English hrēosan `fall';
with -d- Old Icelandic hrjōta `fall, spring', Middle High German rūzen ` move in a hurry ';
with -t- Old English hrīðig `snowcapped, topped with snow (about a mountain) ', Old
Icelandic hroði òffal', hrȳðr ` it bursts out ' (of vapor, fire under likewise), hryðja `cold,
damp weather, rain and snow'.
References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 127.

Page(s): 622
kreu-3, krou-
Root / lemma: kreu- krou-s-
Meaning: to push, hit, break
Material: The unadjusted root perhaps in Old High German (h)riuwan àfflict, sadden, to
irritate somebody ', Modern High German reuen, Old English hrēowan àfflict, sadden', Old
Icelandic hryggr ` grieving ', Old English hrēow ds., f. ` repentance ', Old High German
(h)riuwa ` repentance ' (different Persson Beitr. 178); about Old Bulgarian krupa ` gobbet,
lump, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ' (would be a p-extension) see below
kreup- `scurf'.
kreup-
Maybe alb. krypë ` salt' a Slavic loanword.
krous-: gr. κρούω `poke, push, hit' (*κρούσω, compare ἐκρούσθην, κρουστέος;
krous-
κρουστικός `pushing, thrusting, echoing '); hom. κροαίνω `stamp, strike with the hoof '
(*κρουσανι̯ω), κροιός ` ruptured, broken, damaged ' (*κρουσιός);
Old Icelandic hrosti m. `crushed malt ';
Lithuanian krušù, krùšti (kriùšti) `stomp, grind ', krušà f. `hail', Latvian krusa `hail',
Lithuanian Iter. kriaušaũ, -ýti, Latvian kràusêt `stomp', Lithuanian kr(i)aũšius, pakraũšius
`slope';
Old Bulgarian u-kruchъ (Church Slavic also kruchъ) `piece, fragment, gobbet ', Old
Bulgarian sъ-krušiti `break, rupture, grind (trans.)', sъ-krušenьje `remorse, contrition' (poln.
s-krucha ` repentance '), ablaut. *krъchá ` gobbet, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a
pinch ' (russ. krochá `shred'), *krъchъkъ `frail, breakable, brittle ' (poln. krechki), *krъšiti
(slov. kŕšiti) ` dismember, break, rupture, grind' (etc., s. Berneker 628-630).
Alb. kris ` break', krismë ` strike', krasit ` mow ' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 622-623
Root / lemma: kreu-

kreu-4
See also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-
ker-1.
Page(s): 623
Root / lemma: kreup-

kreup-
Meaning: scab
Material: Gall. cruppellarii ` armoured gladiators of the Aedui [Celtic tribe] ', brit. Mons
Material:
Graupius (leg. *Croupios), because of Indo Germanic p veneto-Illyrian origin (Pokorny
Urillyr. 131);
Old Icelandic hrjūfr `rough, scabbed ', hrȳfe `scurf, scab', hrūfa ` sore bark ', Old English
hrēof `rough, scabby, having leprosy, scabby ', Old High German riob ` having leprosy,
scabby ', hriupī `scabies', (h)ruf, Pl. hruvi, Middle High German ruf `blister, bubble, scurf,
scab, crust, eschar, leprosy ', Modern High German Bavarian ruff f` crust on quickly dried
earth ', rüfe, riefe ` leprosy, scurf, scab', Old High German ge-rob, Modern High German
grob;
Lithuanian su-si-kraũpti ` shudder together ', nu-krùpęs ` scaly, scabby ', kraupùs
`rough', Latvian kŕaũpa ` crust, scab, eschar, wart ', kŕaũpis ` crust, scab, eschar; toad '
(from the warty skin; Old Prussian crupeyle `frog'), kŕū̀pu, kŕupu, kŕupt `shrunk', krupis `
toad, dwarf '; of the ruptured skin (becoming rough) (` goose bumps ') also Lithuanian
pakraũpti, kruptis `shudder, frighten'.
Maybe alb. krupë ` horror' a Slavic loanword.
Against it russ. krúpnyj ` coarsely granulated; big, large', Czech krupý ` clumsy, rough '
at first to Old Bulgarian krupa ` gobbet, tiny bits ', etc. [in addition changing through ablaut
alb. krip(ë), krüp f. `salt' (*krūpā)]; this family probably actually `the ruptured ' or likewise to
kreu-3, krou-s- `break, rupture, bump, poke', see there.

Page(s): 623
kreu-t- (kreu
Root / lemma: kreu- kreu-dh-?)
kreu-
Meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly
Material: Middle High German rütten (*hrudjan) `jolt, shake', Modern High German zer-
rüttet', zerrüttet ` shattered, ruined, destroyed', engl. rudder, ruddle ` sieve '; Old English
hrēaðe-mūs `bat'; probably Old Icelandic hraustr `rash, hasty, gamy'; perhaps as `be
shaking, fluctuating ': Old High German hriot, Modern High German Riet, Old Saxon hriod,
Old English hrēod ` reed ' (*kreu-dho-);
compare Tocharian A kru `reed'?
Lithuanian krutù, -ė́ti ` stir, move ', krutùs ` strenuous, active ';

Page(s): 623
krē̆k-4 : krok-
Root / lemma: krē̆ krok-
Meaning: to tower; beams
Note: with -u- extended
Material: Gr. κρόσσαι ` stepped copings of parapets, courses, steps of the Pyramids'
(*kroki̯ā); in addition probably also as ` protruding filament ' κροσσοί ` tassels, fringe,
lappets';
Old Irish crích f. (*krēku̯ā) ènd, limit, boundary, furrow' = cymr. crib `comb, cusp, peak,
acme, apex ';
Old High German *hragēn, Middle High German Modern High German ragen, Middle
High German rac ` stiff ', to ræhe, Old High German *hrāhi ` rigid, stiff ', further Middle High
German Modern High German regen ` stir, move, uplift, set up'; Old English ofer-hrǣgan `
exceed; surpass, tower';
Lithuanian žem. krãkė f. `stick';
Slavic *kroky, Gen. -ъve in russ. krókva ` shaft, pole; toggle; rafter, sloped beam that
forms the framework of a roof ', Czech krokva, old krokev, Gen. krokve ` rafter, sloped
beam that forms the framework of a roof ' (Berneker 621).
Maybe alb. (*krake) kërcej ` jump, dance', kërcënoj ` threaten (dance in a threatening
manner)', diminutive (*krak-al-ec) karkalec ` grasshopper ' Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 619
Root / lemma: krēp-

krēp-1
Meaning: strong
Material: Old Icelandic hrǣfa `bear, endure' (compare russ. krěpitьsja èndure,
persevere'); Old Bulgarian krěpъ, krěpъkъ `tight, firm, strong';
cymr. craff `quick, fast' from Old Icelandic krappr ds. (= krappr `narrow', S. 388).

Page(s): 620
Root / lemma: krēp-

krēp-2
See also: see above S. 581 under kerǝp
ǝp-.
kerǝp-
Page(s): 620
Root / lemma: kr(o)k-sko-, -u-
kr(o)k-sko-
Meaning: arm
Material: Old Indic kiṣku- m. ` forearm; Stiel an axe; ein measurement of length' (Middle
Indic for *kr̥sku-); (common alb. Indic kr- > k-)
alb. krakë ` upper arm, shoulder, wing' (*krok-sko-?);
Maybe alb. krah àrm', kraharor `chest' [common alb. -sk- > -h-].
probably to Lithuanian kárka ` Schweinefuß, Vorderbein des Schweines ', ablaut. East
Lithuanian kirkãlis m. `stilt';
Slavic *korka f. in sloven. kráka, kráča ` Schweinefuß ';
besides Slavic *korkъ in Bulgarian krak `leg, foot', russ. ókorok `ham'; in addition ablaut.
Slavic *krokъ m. in Serbo-Croatian krôk (Gen. krȍka), Czech krok ` footstep ' and Slavic
*korakъ m. in Serbo-Croatian kȍrâk, sloven. korák ds.
Quite unclear the ablaut relation.

Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: krom-

krom-
Meaning: wooden fence, etc..
Material: Old Icelandic hremma `catch, clamp ', Old English hremman ` tighten, restrict,
hinder' (probably from `*fence'), Old Frisian hrembend `manacle', Dutch remmen ` restrain,
block (a wheel) ' (`*with a beam'), presumably also Old Icelandic hrefni ` the lowest plank
above the ship ground ' and Gothic hramjan `crucify ' (as ` an ein Gestell heften ');
russ. krómy Pl. `loom', zakromítь ` mit Brettern umstellen ', klr. prykromýty `tame,
domesticate', russ. s-krómnyj `blushful' etc. (common Slavic alb. k- > sk- , shk-).

Page(s): 623-624
krū̆t-
Root / lemma: krū̆
Meaning: protuberance; breast; belly
Material: Middle Irish crott f. ` hunch, harp', nir. cruit ds., altbrit.-gall. crotta `harp', cymr.
crwth m. ` hunch, fiddle, violin', croth f. `belly, uterus, vulva';
Lithuanian krūtìs ` female breast', krūtinė `breast', Latvian krùts `hill, breast'.
Probably to kreu- ` curve ', see below (s)ker-, (s)kereu- `turn'.
References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 772.

Page(s): 624
kseip-, kseib-
Root / lemma: kseip- kseib-
Meaning: to throw, be thrown
Material: Old Indic kṣipáti ` throws, flings ', Kaus. kṣēpáyati, kṣiprá-ḥ `quick, fast'; with
voiced-nonaspirated Old Church Slavic ošiba-jǫ, -ti ` avert, prevent; turn away ', russ.
šibátь `throw', šíbkij `quick, fast', ošibátь `chop, cut, reject', ošibátьsja ` wander '.
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-
Hence Slavic xš- > š- is of npers. origin.
Page(s): 625
Root / lemma: ks-en-, ks-

ks-enes-, ks-
ks-es- ks-eu-
eu-
See also: see above S. 585 f. under kes-
kes-.
Page(s): 625
Root kseu h- (*ĝhseubh-)

Root / lemma: kseub
Meaning: to sway, swing
Material: Old Indic kṣúbhyati, kṣṓbhatē (kṣubhnṓti, -nā́ti) ` sways, trembles ', kṣōbhayati `
sets in motion ', kṣōbha- m. ` sway, tremor '; Avestan xšaob- `go into raptures, become
excited ' (xšufsąn), npers. ā-šuftan, ā-šoftan ` in Bewegung versetzen ', ā-šōb `perplexity,
tumult ';
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-
poln. chybać ` swing, move to and fro '; chybki ` nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen,
rash, hasty'; klr. chybáty ` be ambivalent, have mixed feelings ', chýba (*kṣūbā) `lack, fault,
error' etc.
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch-
Page(s): 625
kseud- (*ĝheud-)
Root / lemma: kseud-
Meaning: to grind in little pieces
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic kṣṓdati ` stamps, crushes ', kṣōda- m. ` push, stamping, crushing; flour,
powder, mash ', kṣudrá- `small; low, despicable ', compounds kṣṓdīyas-; kṣudrá- n. `mote,
speck'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ch-
Old Bulgarian chudъ `small; small, evil, bad', compounds chuždьjь (: Old Indic kṣṓdīyas-
).
Machek (Slavia 16, 174) takes as originally meaning ` skinny ' an (Czech chudý ` poor,
bad, lean '), which he consequently would place to Old Indic kṣudhyati `starves', kṣōdh-
uka- ` hungry'.
Old Church Slavic: xudъ `small, insignificant, scanty' [adj o]; xuždii `worse'; Russian: xudój
`thin, lean, bad, full of holes' [adj o]; xúže `worse'
Maybe alb. (*kṣōda-) hollë ` poor, bad, lean ' common Slavic- alb. ch/h reading; common
alb. Italic -d- > -l-.
connection from Old Indic kṣudrá- with Avestan xšudra- `fluid' (see kseud-
kseud-2) attempts
explain Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21).

Page(s): 625
Root / lemma: kuku

Meaning: cuckoo cooing
Material: Old Indic kōkilá- m. `the cuckoo pertaining to India ', kṓka- m. `cuckoo' (also
`goose; wolf' see below kān).
kān
Gr. κόκκυξ, -ῡγος m. `cuckoo' (dissim. from *κυκκυ-), κόκκυ: `shout of cuckoo ', κοκκύζω
` shout cuckoo';
Latin cucūlus `cuckoo' (directly shaped from *cucū);
Middle Irish cūach (or neologism to Old Irish cōi < *kovik-s, Gen. cūäch?), cymr. cog
`cuckoo'; Modern High German Kuckuck;
Lithuanian kukúoti, Latvian kū̆kuôt `cuckoo cry'; serb. kȕkavica `cuckoo' russ. kukúša
etc. ds., r. kukuvátь etc. ` cry like a cuckoo '.
maybe alb. kukuvajkë `cuckoo' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 627
ku-, kus-
Root / lemma: ku- kus- (*kʷukʷh-)
Meaning: to kiss
Note: (compare bu-
bu S. 103)
Material: Gr. κυνέω, ἔκυσσα `kiss' (Greek -ne
ne infix of the present *κυ-νε-σ-[μι]).
ne-
Comments:
Greek infix -ne
ne : Hittite infix -nin
ne- nin which is used, like the more frequent suffix -nu
nin- nu in order
nu-,
to build the causative of some verbs : hark- "to collapse" harnink- "to throw down", istark-
"to be ill" istarnink- "to make ill".
With the stop of the consonant shift in onomatopoeic words of Old Icelandic koss, Old
English coss, Old High German kus `kiss', Old Icelandic kyssa, Old English cyssan, Old
High German kussen `kiss'; Gothic kukjan, East Frisian kükken seems out of it to be
reshaped in the baby talk;
Hittite 3. Pl. kuwassanzi ` they kiss '. (common -wa

wa infix of the present in Hittite).
wa-
similar Old Indic cū́ṣati `sucks', cuścuṣā ` munching the food '.
References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 151.

Page(s): 626
Root / lemma: ku̯ak-

ak-
ak
Meaning: croaking, quacking
Material: Gr. κοάξ ` of the croaking of the frog ', Latin coaxare `quack' (probably imitation of
κοάξ), German quack, quacken ` from frogs; cackle (duck) etc.', Swedish Dialectal kvaka `
cackle like a duck ', Old Icelandic kvaka `chirp, twitter', russ. kvákatь `quack',
Maybe alb. (*ku̯ak) kuak `croak'.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: ku̯at(h)-

at(h)-
at(h)
Meaning: to ferment, become sour
Material: Old Indic kváthati ` boils, cooks ', kvāthá- m. ` Decoct ';
Gothic ƕaÞō f. `scum, froth, foam', ƕaÞjan ` foam ', Swedish dial. hvā (*hvaÞa) `scum,
froth, foam', Old English hwaÞerian, hwoÞerian ` foam, seethe';
Latin cāseus `cheese' (from *cāso- from *ku̯āt-so- ` the coagulated ', ablaut equally with
Old Bulgarian kvasъ; the absence of u̯ still awaits the explanation);
Maybe alb. kos `sour yogurt, clotted curds' a Slavic loanword.
Old Bulgarian kvasъ `sourdough, sour drink ' (ku̯āt-so-) etc., zero grade Old Bulgarian
vъ(s)-kysnǫti, -kysěti ` become sour ', kysělъ `sour' (-s- from t + s);
Latvian kûsât ` simmer, seethe, boil', kūsuls ` mineral water ', also probably kùstu, kust
`melt'; the from `ferment, seethe, sour become' entwickelte concept `faulen' schlägt die
bridge to Church Slavic kъsьnъ `slow'; compare Latvian kust `melt, thaw - exhaust',
kusināt ` make tired '; Latvian kusls ` stiff, weak', Lithuanian dial. kùšlas, kušlùs `weak', Old
Prussian ucka kuslaisin `the weakest '.
References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.

Page(s): 627-628
Root / lemma: ku̯elǝk

elǝk- or kelǝk
elǝk- ǝk-, kolǝk
kelǝk- kolǝk-
ǝk-
Meaning: bundle, bale
Material: Old Indic kūrcá-ḥ m. `bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin culcita `pillow, cushion'; s.
ku̯elp-
elp-2 ` curve '.
elp
Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: ku̯elp-

elp-1, ku̯elb-
elp elb- : ku̯l̥p/b-
elb p/b- : klup/b-
p/b klup/b-
Meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot
Material: Gr. κάλπη `trot' (*κFάλπα, *ku̯l̥pā);
Modern High German holpern, Dialectal holpeln, hülpen, holpel ` clumsy person'; under
assumption secondary lengthened grade *kleup/b- one has added Gothic hlaupan `run',
us-hlaupan ` jump ', Old Norse hlaupa `spring, run', Old English hlēapan ds., Old High
German (h)loufan `run' (Middle High German participle geloffen);
Old Prussian po-quelbton Nom. Sg. `kniend' (b = p), Lithuanian klumpù, klùpti `stumble',
klúpau, klúpoti ` kneel ', Latvian klūpu Adv. ` stumbling ', Lithuanian klaupiúos, klaũptis `
bow, kneel '; Latvian kluburât ` limp ', kluburs ` lame person' (Lithuanian klumbas `lame'
here or to Latvian klam̃bât ` walk clumsily ').

Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: ku̯elp-

elp-2
elp
Meaning: to be curved
Material: Gr. κόλπος ` a bent surface, curve, fold, hollow, coil ' (from ku̯olpos through diss.
reduction of u̯ against the following p);
Old Icelandic participle holfinn àrched', Middle High German preterit walb ` arched ',
Kaus. Old Icelandic huelfa ` curve ', Old High German (h)welben ds., Old Saxon
bihwelbian ` vaulted ', Old Icelandic hualf n. ` dome ', Old English hwealf f. ` bulge '
(heofon-hwealf) ` vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies ': gr. αἰθέρος κόλπος), Adj.
àrched', Middle High German walbe ` gewölbtes Oberblatt der Schuhe, Einbiegung des
Daches an der Giebelseite ', Modern High German Walm ; Gothic ƕilftrjōm Dat. Pl. `coffin'
(two hollow dugouts put on top of each other).
That Old Indic kūrcá- m. `bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin culcita `pillow, cushion' stand in
relationship to the root variation (*ku̯elǝ-k- : -p-) of the above words, is quite doubtful.

Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: ku̯erp-

erp-, also kuerb-
erp kuerb- (*(s)k(u)er
(s)k(u)er-p-)
(s)k(u)er-
Meaning:
Note:
Root / lemma: ku̯erp-
erp-, also kuerb-
erp kuerb- : to turn, wind, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma:
(s)ker-3 : to turn, bend as Gr. καρπός `wrist' : Old Icelandic hreife m. `wrist'.
(s)ker-
Material: Gr. καρπός `wrist' (fulcrum of the hand), καρπάλιμος ` agile, quick, fast'
(formation as εἰδάλιμος; reduction of u̯ through Diss. against the final position labial);
besides with auslaut voiced-nonaspirated κύρβις ` drehbarer Pfeiler mit Gesetztafeln ';
zero grade probably Middle Irish carr f., cymr. par m. `spear, javelin' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1,
172; compare perhaps tela vibrāre, fulmina torquēre); (common Celtic ku̯- > p)
p
Gothic ƕaírban ` περιπατεῖν ' (ƕeilaƕaírbs ` fickle, changeable ', gaƕaírbs ` obedient,
submissive '), Old Norse hverfa ` turn, sweep, disappear', Old English hweorfan ` turn,
travel, change ', Old Saxon hwerƀan ` turn, return, stroll, change ', Old High German
hwerban, hwerfan ` turn, turn back, work at '; trans. ` set in motion, tackle', Modern High
German werben (compare the meaning of Latin ambīre), Gothic etc. ƕarbōn `change',
next to which zero grade Old Norse horfa ` turn, think, belong' (*hwurƀōn), Kaus. Old
Norse hverfa, Old Saxon hwerƀian, Old English hwierfan, Old High German werban
`change', Old Norse hverfr `quick, fast', hvirfill, Old High German wirvil, wirbil `whirl' (and
Old High German werbil from *hwarbila- ds.), Old Saxon hwarf ` circle, swarms of people,
crowd ', Old High German warb ` turn, rotation of circular battlefield ', Old English hwearf
m. èxchange, variation', anord hwarf `das Verschwinden';
Tocharian A kārp- `climb down, go down', В kā̆rp- ` sich wenden nach, gehen '.

Page(s): 631
Root / lemma: ku̯ēt-

ēt- : ku̯ǝt-
ēt ǝt- : kū̆t-
ǝt
Meaning: to shake, winnow
Material: Latin quatiō, -ere, quassum ` shake; shatter, poke, push, swing, brandish';
Middle Irish cāith ` a needle, bran ' (`*Abgebeuteltes'; *kvōti-);
very doubtful gr. πήτεα πίτυρα (bran), πητῖται πιτυρίνοι ἄρτιοι. Λάκωνες Hes., whereof
πίτῡρον ` bran ' in spite of still unclear ι is not to be separated;
there from `shake' could have also evolved ` shake out, strew, distribute', is identical with
quatiō possibly gr. πάσσω, Attic πάττω (πάσω, ἔπασα, ἐπάσθην) ` scatter, spray ' (in the
weavers' language ` weave colored figures ', hence χρῡσόπαστος ` gold embroidered ',
παστός m. ` bridal chamber, bridal bed '); certainly πάσσω is to be connected at first with
Doric πῆν πῆ καὶ πῆν ἐπὶ τοῦ κατάπασσε καὶ καταπάσσειν Hes., epidaur. ἐπιπῆν
φάρμακον;
Old English hūdenian `shake', Middle High German hotzen `run, swing', nisl. hossa
`shake, toss, fling'; about forms with s- see below (s)kū̆t- `jiggle';
Lithuanian kutinė́tis ` sich zurechtzupfen ' (of birds), kuntù, atkutàu, kùsti ` sich erholen '
(*aufrütteln).
References: WP. I 511, II 601, WH. II 399 f.

Page(s): 632
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ku̯oi-
oi-, ku̯ī-
oi
Meaning: to wish for; to invite
Material: Old Indic kēta- m. `volition, eagerness, intention, request, invitation', kētana- n. `
request, invitation';
gr. κοῖται γυναικῶν ἐπιθυμίαι (?) Hes., dubious also κίσσα, Attic κίττα (*κιτι̯α) ` morbid
desire of a pregnant women ';
Old Prussian quāits `volition', quoi `he will', quoitīt `want, desire, will', Lithuanian kviečiù,
kviẽsti ` invite '.

Page(s): 632
Root / lemma: ku̯res-

res-, ku̯ers-
res ers-, ku̯r̥s-
ers
Meaning: wood, trees
Material: Gr. πρῖνος `Steineiche', whether from *ku̯r̥s-no-s (?); gall. prenne ` arborem
grandem ', cymr. corn. bret. prenn `tree' (*ku̯res-no-); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
ablaut. Old Irish crann (*ku̯r̥s-no-), Gen. cruinn ds., cymr. prys (prysg) ` spinney' (*ku̯r̥s-to-
); Old English hyrst `shrubbery, bush, spinney', Old Saxon Old High German mud. horst,
hurst ds., Modern High German Horst ` eyrie, nest of a bird of prey ' (*ku̯r̥s-to-; less
probably above S. 548); Slavic *chvorstъ, Church Slavic chvrastije, russ. chvórost
`deadwood, shrub, bush', slov. hrást òak' (*ku̯ors-to-?), with unexplained anlaut.
Maybe alb. shkurre ` bush' [common Italic Illyrian sr- > rr].
References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f.,
Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gr. 284) contemplates gr. because
of Carian PN as pre Greek - Asia Minor.
Page(s): 633
Root / lemma: kelǝu̯o-, keleu̯o-

Meaning: bald
Material: Old Indic áti-kūrva-, -kū̆lva- ` completely naked, bald', Avestan kaurva-, npers. kal
` hairless, naked, bald', Old Indic kālvālīkr̥ta- ` made bald ';
Latin calvus `naked, bald, hairless ' (basic form Italian kalou̯os from Indo Germanic
*keleu̯os because of:) Oscan Kalúvieís (besides Oscan Kalaviis ` Calvius ', Paelignian
Calauan[s]), wherefore Latin calva `cranium, the scalp, bald head', calvāria ds., in
commentary also `skull'.
About the tried arrangement with Modern High German kahl under assumption Indo
Germanic initial sound variation see below kal-
kal- `naked, bald'; other assonant words are
(with expressive kh-) Old Indic khalatí- ` baldheaded ', khalvāta- ds. (: Armenian xalam
`cranium'?).

Page(s): 554
Root / lemma: kemer-

mer-
Meaning: cancer, turtle
Note:
mer- : cancer, turtle, derived from Root / lemma: kam-
Root / lemma: kemer- er- : to bend, curve,
kam-er-
vaulted.
Material: Old Indic kamaṭha- m. `turtle, tortoise' (Middle Indic from *kamar-tha-); gr.
κάμ(μ)αρος ` sea cancer, lobster ' (out of it Latin cammarus ds.) = Old Norse humarr, Low
German Modern High German Hummer; presumably as ` vaulted animal' to kam-er- `
curve '.
Page(s): 558
Root / lemma: kenǝkó-

kó-
Meaning: gold; honey, yellowish
Meaning:
Note: (with unclear vowel gradation relations)
Material: Old Indic kāñcana- `golden', m. `name of a plant', kāñcana- n. `gold';
gr. κνηκός, Doric κνᾱκός `yellowish, safflower-coloured ', κνῆκος ` safflower, Carthamus
tinctorius ';
Latin canicae ` bran ';
Old Icelandic hunang, Old Swedish hunagh n., Old English hunig, Old Saxon honig, Old
High German honag, honang `honey' (named after the color; basic form probably
Germanic *hunaga-, from which Finnish hunaja; partially before g appearing n based on
nasalization of the vowel through the preceding n and supporting influence of Germanic
suffixes -ung-, -ing-);
Old Prussian cucan `brown' (l. cũcan, i.e. cuncan; u is Baltic development from reduced
vowel in disyllabic base);
about Old Indic kánaka- n. `gold' s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.;
gall. caneco-sedlon barely as ` golden seat' here, also not to Middle Irish canach `
marsh grass ' (: cymr. pân ds.);
References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis Ét. Celt. 1, 320 f.
Page(s): 564-565
Root / lemma: k̂ad-

ad-1
ad
Meaning: to fall
Material: Old Indic śad-, Perf. śaśāda, Fut. śatsyati ` drop off, fall down, fall out' (: Latin
cadō);
Armenian c̣acnum (*k̂adi̯o-) `fall, get low ';
Latin cadō, -ere `fall' (Oscan anṭkaḍum? s. WH. I 128); cadāver n. ` corpse ' as `the
fallen ' (*kadā-u̯es); cadūcus ` fragile ';
Old Irish casar f. `hail; lightning' (*k̂ad-t-arā), Pl. cymr. cesair `the finished ', corn. keser,
bret. kazerc'h `hail'.

Page(s): 516
Root / lemma: k̂ad-

ad-2
ad
Meaning: to shine, to flaunt
Material: Old Indic Perf. śāśadúḥ, participle śāśadāna- `sich auszeichnen, jut, project,
protrude, stick out ';
gr. Perf. κέκασμαι, Plusqpf. ἐκεκάσμην, participle κεκασμένος (Hom. Aisch.) ` honor,
grant ', κεκαδμένος (Pind.) ` prangend ', Κάστωρ actually ` the shining ' (?), Καστι-άνειρα `
excellent among men ', etc.; in addition κάστωρ m. `beaver' with transference of GN
because of the healing effect of the castor: καστόριον (> Old Indic kastūrī f. ` musk ');
present καίνυμαι seems neologism after δαίνυμαι;
perhaps Middle Irish cā(i)d `holy', wherefore gall. caddos ` consecrated, established as
inviolable, sacred, inviolable ' C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;
abrit. Belatu-cadrus epithet of ` god of war '?? reshuffling a *katros `valiant' (compare
kat- `fight') to kadros would be certainly excluded totally.
kat-
Page(s): 516-517
Root / lemma: k̂ak-

ak-
ak
Meaning: to become thin
Material: Avestan kasu- ` small, little', compounds Superl. kasyah-, kasišta-;
Modern High German hager (Trautmann ZfdtWtf. 7, 267, KZ. 43, 153);
Lithuanian nukašė́ti ` become totally weakened '.

Page(s): 521-522
Root / lemma: k̂ak-

ak- (k̂
ak ek-?) (*k̂eĝh-)
k̂ek-
ek
Meaning: to help; to be able
Material: Old Indic śaknṓti ` can, is able, helps ', Desid. śíkṣati ` helps, honors, serves,
learns ', śaktí- f. `help', śakrá- `wealthy', śagmá- `wealthy, helpful', śácī f. `fortune, help',
śā́ka- m. ` power, help', śāká- `strong, helpful; m. helper ', śā́kman- n. `help'; compare
śákvan- `skilful'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš-, č-
Maybe alb. sak-të ` accurate '
Avestan sačaiti òf course, certainly, surely, naturally ', Desid. sixšaiti ` learns ', npers.
saxt `hard, tight, firm, very' = Old Indic śakta- `wealthy';
Old Irish cécht `power' (*k̂ankt- or *k̂enkt-);
Perhaps Lithuanian kankù, kàkti ` reach, suffice, hand, give ' (Reihenwechsel?); doubtful
also Old English hagan ` genitalia ', Middle High German hagen ` breeding bull ', Modern
High German dial. hegel ds., haksch ` breeding pig ', Modern High German hecken `
copulate (of birds)', engl. hatch `brood', Old High German hegi-druosa `testicle'.
Also, because never -h-, but only -g- in root final sound, Germanic family Old Icelandic
hagr ` fitting, skilful', hagr m. ` position, benefit, advantage, prosperity ', haga `dispose',
hōgr, hø̄gr ` fitting, comfortable ', hāttr (*hahtu-) `manner, way ' (would be tu-stem besides
the ti-stem Old Indic śakti-), Old High German stem participle ki-hagan, bihagan `cheerful',
Middle High German behagen `fit, suit, be right ', Modern High German behagen, Middle
High German hage m. ènjoyment, satisfaction ', Old Saxon bihagōn `please, favor ', Old
English onhagian `fit, please ', gehagian unpers. `chance, occasion ';
under assumption from auslaut -gh- compares Zupitza gutturals 104 with prakr. ca(y)ati ìs
able ', Ac̨oka-Inschr. caghati ` is ready, willing for something ', Avestan čagǝd- (with
rafǝδrǝm) ` granting help ', čagǝman- n. `gift', čagvah- ` offering, granting ', admittedly on
the other hand in its e-vocalism does not agree so directly with Germanic a : ō;
Tocharian A kākmart, В kamart `power, rule'.
References: WP. I 333, 334.

Page(s): 522
Root / lemma: k̂ank-

ank-
ank
See also: s. k̂āk-1 and k̂āk-2.
Page(s): 526
Root / lemma: k̂as-

as-, k̂as-
as as-no-
as no-
Meaning: gray
Material: Latin cānus (*cas-no-s) `gray, ash-colored ', Paelignian casnar ` old, aged,
advanced in years ', Old High German hasan `gray gleaming, finely polished '; sabin.-Latin
cas-cus òld' (originally ` aged-gray ');
Old Norse hǫss (*kas-u̯o-), Old English hasu ` gray-brown', Middle High German heswe
`pallid, faint, languid'.
In addition the descriptive name of rabbit (compare russ. sěrják ` grey hare' : sěryj
`gray'):
Old Indic śaśá- m. (from *śasá-), afghan. soe, Pāmird. süi; cymr. ceinach (-ach-
extension of a *cein = *k̂asnī ` doe, female hare', Pedersen KG. I 86); Old High German
haso, with gramm. variation Old English hara, Old Norse heri (an ablaut formation with
Germanic e seems Norwegian Swedish Dialectal jase = Old Norse *hjasi), Old Prussian
sasins m. `hare', sasin-tinklo ` hare's snare', PN Sassenpile ` hare's mountain'.
An extension of the stem *k̂asen- (: k̂as-n-o-) and *k̂aseu̯-, k̂asou̯- (: k̂as-u̯-o-) with
formants-dho- and zero grade of the root syllable is supposed in gr. ξανθός `blond, brown'
from *k̂s-en-dho- (whether ξαν- amalgamation from *ξεν- and *ξα- =*ξn̥-)? and ξουθός
ostensibly ` golden ', whether from *k̂s-ou-dho-, but very dubious.
References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gr. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
329.
Page(s): 533
Root / lemma: k̂at-

at-
at
Meaning: to fight; battle
Material: Old Indic śātáyati ` smashes to pieces, throws down '; śátru- m. `besieger, fiend';
gall. catu- `fight, struggle' in GN Catu-rīx `battle king', Old Irish cath `fight, struggle;
troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. cad ds., corn. cas m. `fight, struggle'; cymr. cadr (*kat-ro-)
`strong', abret. cadr, Middle Breton kazr, nbret. kaer `beautiful'; cymr. cadarn `strong', bret.
kadarn `valiant'; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. cymr. cadw m. ` troop, multitude,
crowd' (*k̂atu̯o-), as Verb `preserve, protect, shield '; abrit. Mars Belatu-cadros contains
whereas the root k̂ad-
ad- `gleam';
ad
Old Icelandic hoð f. `fight' (= gall. catu-), GN Hǫðr, Gothic MN Theuda-hatha-s, Old
English heaðu-, Old High German hadu- `fight, struggle' in names as Hadu-mār, Hedwig;
Middle High German hader `quarrel, fight';
whether one here Slavic k- for k̂- accepts the possibly (compare above S. 181), Old
Bulgarian kotora, russ.-Church Slavic kotera ` fight, struggle ';
possible would be citation of thrak. VN the Σάτραι, Σατρο-κένται;
That in gr. σατίνη ` luxury chariot ', σάτιλλα πλειὰς τὸ ἄστρον, as Phrygian words
interrelate with Armenian sayl ` cart ' (Armenian-Phrygian *satili̯a), which is the original
meaning of ` chariot ', is unproveable.
References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.
Page(s): 534
Root / lemma: k̂ād-

ād- : k̂ǝdes-
ād ǝdes- : k̂ǝd-
ǝdes ǝd-s-
ǝd
Meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate
Note:
It derived from Root / lemma: od-
od-2 (*had
had-):: `disgust, hate' earlier Root / lemma: od-
had- od-1 (*had
had-
had-
):: `to smell, *have repulsive smell', old laryngeal centum ḫ- > a-, e- : satem ḫ- > s- ;
Material: Old Indic ri-śādas- ` worrying about the stranger ';
Avestan sādra- n. àffliction, labour pains, mischief ' (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);
gr. κῆδος n., Doric κᾶδος `sorrow, mourning, care about, anxiety, grief, esp. for the
dead, funeral rites, mourning, connexion by marriage ', κήδιστος ` most worthy of one's
care, most cared for ', κήδειος ` cared for, beloved, areful of, or caring for, of a funeral or
tomb, sepulchra ', κηδεστής, Cretan κᾱδεστᾱς ` connexion by marriage ', κηδεύω ` provide,
supply, tend, look after; bury; be related by marriage ', κηδεμών ` protector; undertaker;
connexion by marriage ', κήδω `make worried, sadden ', also ` injure, hurt '; ἀκηδής `
untroubled, unburied ', whereof ἀκηδέω `neglect';
Oscan cadeis amnud ` inimīcitiae causā ' (: Modern High German Haß, Kern KZ. 21,
242);
Middle Irish caiss, cymr. cas, bret. cas `hate' (*k̂ǝds-i- as further formations of -es-stem
from Gothic hatis); cymr. cawdd ` disfavor, offence, hatred, enmity, anger, wrath, rage, ire,
passion, displeasure, indignation, disdain ' corn. cueth, Middle Breton cuez, nbret. keuz
(*k̂ādo-s) àffliction, mourning, grief';
Gothic hatis n. `hate, rage, fury', Old Norse hatr n., Old English hete m., Old Saxon heti
m., Old High German haz m. `hate' partly also `lose control of in pursuit', hence the
meaning ` pursue ' from Old Norse hata, Old Saxon hāton partly also Old High German
hazzōn, compare also Old High German hetzen from *hatjan; for a basic meaning ` pursue
'; ablaut. Old Saxon hoti ` hostile ';
Tocharian A kat ` destruction '.
References: WP. I 340 f.,

See also: compare above kā̆d-.
Page(s): 517
Root / lemma: k̂āk-

Root āk-1 : k̂ǝk-
āk ǝk-, probably k̂ā[i]k-
ǝk ā[i]k- : k̂īk-
ā[i]k īk-
īk
Meaning: to jump, spring out
Note: (with k̂ǝk- as ablaut neologism from k̂āk-)
Material: Gr. κηκίω ` rise, bubble out ', κᾱκίω ἱδροῦν ἄρχομαι. Λάκωνες Hes., κηκί̄ς, -ὶδος,
Doric κᾱκί̄ς f. ` all bubbling out (blood; magenta juice; burning fat; steam) '; Lesbian
καγκύλη ds. Hes.;
Lithuanian šókti `spring, dance '; nasalized šankùs àgile', šankìnti ` make spring (of a
horse) ' (compare καγκύλη) and Old High German hengist, Old English hengest `stallion,
uncastrated male horse', actually Superl. ` best of all jumping, riding ', Germanic *hangista
besides *hanhista (gramm. variation) in Old Norse hestr `horse', to Positive *hanha-, in
addition Dat. Proto Norse hahai `the rusher, racer' and Old High German Hāh-, Hang-, Old
Icelandic Hā- in PN; in addition Celtic *kankstikā `mare' in cymr. caseg ds., bret. Pl. kezeg
` horse', dial. ` mare', acorn. cassec `mare', gall. PN Cassiciate (Lok.) ` Pferdepark '.
For k̂āik-: k̂īk- one introduces probably thrak.-Phrygian σίκιν(ν)ις ` dance of the satyrs to
honor of the Dionysos ' (namely ĭ by Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also may be evaluated with ī),
probably also κῖκυς f. ` power ', accurate ` flexibility, briskness', κῑκύω ταχύνω, ἰσχύω
Zonar, ep. Ionian ἄκῑκυς, -υος `weak, flabby';
Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (κῖκυς:) Irish cīch f. ` female breast', cymr. cig, bret. kik,
acorn. chic `flesh'.
References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gr. Wb. 142, Kluge11 s. v. Hengst.
Page(s): 522-523
Root / lemma: k̂ā̆k-2, nasalized k̂ank-

ank-
ank
Meaning: branch
Material: Old Indic śākhā f. `bough' (: Gothic hōha, Armenian c̣ax); śákala- m. n. `chip,
splinter, splinter, wooden log, schnitzel, shred' (: Lithuanian šakalỹs); śaŋkú- m. ` wooden
nail, peg, plug, picket, pole, stick ' (: Old Church Slavic sǫkъ, cymr. cainc, Old Norse hār);
śakti- f. `spear, javelin' (: Old Irish cēcht);
Armenian c̣ax `twig, branch', perhaps loanword from pers. šāx ds., and these from Old
Indic śākhā; after Meillet Esquisse2 36, Slave commun8 23 f. rather from Indo Germanic
*k̂sākh-;
because of the meaning doubtful alb. thekë `fringe, tail ', compare after all the same
meaning from Norwegian hekel ` corner, tail' under *keg-;
cymr. cainc (*kankū, compare u-stem of Old Indic śaŋku-), Pl. cangau, mcymr. canghau
`bough', Middle Irish gēc, nir. géag `bough' (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in anlaut),
with -sk- suffix gallo-rom. *gascaria (French jachère) ` arid land', actually ` arable field ',
Hubschmied Vox Rom. III 1233; Old Irish gēscae `twig, branch, bough'; with t-suffix Old
Irish cēcht `plough' (probably as *kank-to- next-related to Old Indic śakti-);
Gothic hōha `plough' (= Old Indic śākhā), Old High German huohili ` a small arable field
'; nasalized Old Norse hār ` oarlock' (*hanha, Finnish loanword), hǣll `peg, plug, stick'
(*hanhila-);
Lithuanian šakà `bough' (ablaut. with Old Indic śā́khā), šãkė ` fork ', šakalỹs `splinter' (:
Old Indic śákala-), šaknìs, Old Prussian sagnis f., Latvian sakne `root'; Lithuanian šakarnis
` brachiating ', Latvian sakārnis ` Wurzelende '; Old Church Slavic *sǫkъ ` a tender young
twig, branch, shoot, sprout, sprig ';
Slavic socha `club, cudgel (Old Church Slavic etc.), hook, plough (russ.), Gabelstange '
(poln.), poln. rozsocha ` forked bough', Old Church Slavic posochъ m. `cudgel, club'.
References: WP. I 335, Trautmann 297 ff., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 55, 254;
See also: compare under ke(n)g-, ke(n)k- `peg, plug, hook' S. 537 f. and k̂enk-, k̂onk-
`waver, hang ', S. 565.
Page(s): 523
Root / lemma: k̂ās-

ās-, k̂ǝs-
ās ǝs-
ǝs
Meaning: to teach, indicate
Note: only Aryan and Armenian
Material: Old Indic śā́sti, 1. Pl. śiṣmáḥ `weist zurecht, züchtigt, herrscht, befiehlt, belehrt',
participle Aor. śiṣánt- `teaching', śiṣṭá- ` reprimanded, instructed, instructed ' (newer śāsta-
, as Avestan sāsta-); Avestan sāsti ` is called, teaches ', Opt. sīšōit̃, a-sīšta- ` promise ';
Old Indic śāstár- ` castigator, lord, master' = Avestan sāstar- ` master, prince, lord ', Middle
Persian sāstār `ruler', Old Indic śāstrá- n. `directive, teaching, textbook ', Avestan sāxvan-
n. `doctrine', sāsnā `doctrine, command ', Old Indic śiṣṭi- f. ` punishment, command, order'
(newer śāsti-), śiṣya- `to instruct', m. ` learner ';
Armenian sast ` reproach, accusation, threat, austereness, severeness, authority ',

sastem ` threaten, urge, order ', sastik `violent' (all iran. loanword?).

Page(s): 533
Root / lemma: k̂ei-

ei-1
ei
Meaning: to lie down, *die
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic śḗtē (older śáyē), 3. Pl. śērē, Avestan saēte (: gr. κεῖται) `lies', 3. Pl.
sōire, Old Indic śayate, -ti ` lies, rests ', śayā́, śayyā ` lair ', madhyama-śī́- ` settling in the
middle, recumbent, lying down ', ni-śī-tha- m. ` midnight ', etc.;
Maybe alb. katua `basement, cellar, stable' a Greek loanword.
Maybe alb. Geg katun, Tosc katund `village'.
Maybe alb. kotem ` rest '.
gr. κεῖται `lies', 3. Pl. κέαται from *κεjn̥t-, reshaped after κει-, hom. κείαται; new is hom.
κέονται (: Old Indic śayantē); κοῖτος m., κοίτη f. ` lair ', ἄκοιτις ` wife ' (with Ionian reduction
from *ἅ-κοιτις); compare bret. (d)argud ` light sleep (*-are-koito-); κοιμάω `bring to bed, put
to sleep ' (compare Gothic haims, Old Irish cōim, Latvian sàime, also Lithuanian šeimýna,
Old English hǣman). Second composition part -κι̯-ο- in περισσός, νεοσσός, very probably
Latin cūnae, cūnābula Pl. ` cradle, nest' (*k̂oi-nā) and Old Norse hīð, hīði n. ` lair of bears '
(*k̂ei-to-);
Hittite Mediopassiv ki-it-ta (kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri (kittari) `lies'; perhaps also Lycian sijęni
`lies' (Pedersen, Lykisch under Hittite 17).
Note:
Anatolian Albanian k- : s- allophones before the kentum : satem differentiation.
With the concept `home, trusted, dear':
with l-suffix Old Indic śīla- n. ` consuetude, character', Old Irish cé(i)le `comrade,
husband ' (*k̂ei-lii̯o-s), with secondary i cymr. cilydd `comrade', etc.;
with m-suffix:
Note:
-m- suffix is of Illyrian Greek origin.
gr. κοιμάω (see above), κειμήλιον ` preserved blessing' (from *κεῖμα n. ` lair ');
lengthened grade κώμη f. `village' (*k̂ō[i]mā);
Old Irish cōim, cōem `dear', acymr. cum, ncymr. cu etc. `dear' (koimo-);
Gothic haims f. (i-stem) `village, dot; Pl. ἀγροί', Old Norse heimr m. `homeland, world',
Þing-heimr `die beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting', Old English hām, Old
Saxon hēm, Old High German heim `homeland, house, dwelling' (Old English hǣman
`sleep on, marry', originally ` κοιμᾶν ');
Latvian sàime f. ` house servants, family ', ablaut. Lithuanian šeimýna f., Old Prussian
seimīns m. ` servants ';
Old Church Slavic sěmьja ` servants, slave', sěminъ ` belonging to the servants, slave';
Lithuanian kiẽmas ` farmstead, káimas `village', Latvian cìems `village, meeting-house',

Old Prussian caymis `village', Lithuanian kaimýnas `Nachbar', kaĩmenė `herd' are the
borrowing from Germanic *haimaz dubious;
Trautmann (112 f.) takes ablaut. Proto Baltic *kaima- m. and *kōimā f. an (Indo
Germanic ōi : ai);
with ro-suffix:
ro Armenian sēr `leaning, tendency, love', sirem Ì love' (*k̂eiro-);
with u̯o-suffix: Old Indic śḗva- (= Germanic hīwa-) ` trusted, friendly, dear, worth ', śivá-
(= Germanic *hĭwa-) ìntimate, dear, healthful ';
Latin cīvis `guarantor' = Oscan ceus ds.; the i-inflection after hostis (M. Leumann
Gnomon 9, 237);
Gothic heiwa-frauja ` householder ', Old English hīw-cund `homey', hīw-rǣden f.

`housekeeping', Old High German hī-rāt ` marriage', Old English hī-rēd ds., agutn. hī-skepr
` family ', Old Norse hȳ-bȳli Neutr. Pl. ` house beings ' (besides ablaut. *hĭwa- = Old Indic
śivá- in Old Norse herað, Old Swedish hæ-raÞ ` district, region, area ', hæ-skaper ` family '
from *hĕwa-); the Germanic stem *hīwa- is composition form *hīwan- `
Hausgenossen(schaft) ' in Old Norse hjū(n), hjōn ` married couple, servantship, servants ',
Old English hīwan, hīgan ` housemate, family ', hīwen n. ` household ', asächs. sinhīwun `
husband', Old High German hī(w)un ` married couple, servant', hī(w)o ` husband;
housemate, farmhand', hīwa `wife', asächs. hīwa ds.; with -ro- extended Old Norse hȳrr
`friendly, kind, gracious', Old English hēore, hīere `friendly, gentle ', Middle High German
gihiure `mild, comfortable', Modern High German geheuer, Old High German Old Saxon
unhiuri ` scary, terrible ';
Latvian siẽva `woman' (*šeiu̯ā with the intonation change of Femin.).
References: WP. I 358 ff., WH. I 224 f., 306 f., 856, Trautmann 112 f., 300 f.
Page(s): 539-540
Root / lemma: k̂ei-

ei-2
ei
Meaning: a kind of dark colour
Note: (see also k̂ē-ro-)
Material: Old Indic śi-ti- `white', śitiŋ-g-a- `whitish';
gr. κίραφος, κίρα `fox' Hes., κιρρός ` orange-yellow ' (-rr- probably expressive);
Middle Irish cíar `dark brown' (*k̂ei-ro-), cíarann m. `beetle, chafer'; cir (*k̂iru-), Gen. cera
` tar coal '; céo (*k̂i-u̯o-k-s) `fog', Gen. cīach (: Gothic hiwi);
Old Icelandic hārr `gray, old', Old English hār, engl. hoar, asächs. Old High German hēr
(*haira-) ` dignified, honorable, convex, elevated'; comparative *hēriro, hēr(r)o ` army '; Old
English hǣwen `blue' (*haiwina-); Gothic hiwi n. `shine, appearance ', Old Icelandic hȳ n. `
fine hair, fluff, underfur ', Swedish hy `skin, complexion', Old English hiew, hi(o)w n.
àpparition, paint, color, beauty', engl. hue `paint, color' (Indo Germanic *k̂i-u̯o-);
Old Church Slavic sěrъ, russ. sěryj, sloven. sę̂r `gray' (*k̂oi-ro-), with -d-suffix (?) Old
Church Slavic sědъ, Serbo-Croatian sȉjed, russ. sědój `gray' (if not reshaped after smědъ
`pale, wan', blědъ ` greenish-yellow, pale green, pale, pallid '); Old Czech šěrý, poln. szary
`gray', Old Czech šědivý ds. show nevertheless of a proto Slavic. anlaut. ch-, that from
Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) is expounded from Indo Germanic k̂h- (probably expressive);
whereas Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 takes for proto Slavic. *chěrъ a borrowing from
Germanic *haira- an, which in itself has mixed with genuine Slavic sěrъ.
Besides an extended root form the same meaning:
k̂i̯ē-, k̂ī-; k̂i̯ē-mo-

mo- ` dark grey '.
Maybe alb. (*k̂ei-mo-na) shqiponja, zhgabonja, gabonja èagle, black bird' : Old Indic śyā-
má- ` black', śyāmaka- ` swart, blackish ', śyená- m. èagle, falcon' : gr. EN Κίμων.
Old Indic śyā-vá- ` brownish black, dark', Avestan syāva- `black', npers. siyāh `black';
Armenian (probably iran. loanword) seav `dark, black';
reduced grade Lithuanian šývas `whitish, moldy (from horses)', Old Prussian sijwan
`gray', Old Church Slavic sivъ ` dark grey ', russ. sívyj, serb. sȉv ds.;
Old Indic śyā-má- ` black-gray, black-green, black', śyāmaka- ` swart, blackish ' =
Avestan syāmaka- m. ` name of a mountain ' (also sāma- `black' with s- from sy-,
sy
Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1571);
Lithuanian šė́mas, šė̃mas `greyish-blue, blue';
reduced grade *k̂ī-mo- probably in Latin cīmex `bedbug' (`swart '; forms -ko-, as Subst.
after the conservative Dekl. as sene-x to Indo Germanic *seno-s); perhaps in gr. EN
Κίμων;
Mayeb alb. qime ` hair '.
with other suffix: Old Church Slavic sinь, russ. sínij ` dark blue';
In -n
n- formant:
Maybe truncated alb. (*k̂īna) thinjë `grizzle, gray hair' [common alb. k- > th-] Slavic
loanword.
based on a root form k̂i̯ei- shine, appear, seem Old Indic śyḗnī f. (wherefore m. śyētá-
probably previously created anew after ḗnī́ : ḗta-, háriṇī : hárita- etc. and śvētá-) a kind of
colour `bright, white, reddish', and those named after the color Old Indic śyená- m. èagle,
falcon', Avestan saēna- ` a big bird of prey, probably eagle'.
In -bh- formant:
Maybe alb. (*k̂i̯e-bh-on) shkaba, gabonjë, shqiponjë ` eagle' : Old Indic (*k̂i̯ei-na) śyená- m.
èagle, falcon', Avestan saēna- ` a big bird of prey, probably eagle'.
References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121,
References:
179.
Page(s): 540-541
Root / lemma: k̂eipo-

eipo-, k̂oipo-
eipo oipo-
oipo
Meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone
Note: also sk̂eipo-
eipo-
eipo
Material: Old Indic śḗpa-, śēpha- m. ` tail, penis ' (with sk̂- prakr. cheppa- ds.);
Latin cippus ` a pale, stake, post, pillar ' (*keipos);
alb. thep m. ` sharp cliff ' (*k̂oipos), tsep `prick, sting, point, edge, angle ', metath. step
èdge, cusp, peak'.
Maybe alb. sqep ` beak'.
Additional connection with Latin scīpio, gr. σκῑπων and root skē̆ip- `cut, clip' is probably.
References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.

Page(s): 543
Root / lemma: k̂eip-

eip-
eip
Meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces
Material: Old Indic śiprā f. `whisker, moustache, flowing plume, feather', Avestan (with
metathesis) srifa- m. ` nostril '; Avestan saēf ` whisk, small broom for dusting '; the
meaning of Avestan saēpa- is unclear;
Lithuanian šiepiúos, šiẽptis and šaipaũs, šaipýtis ` making faces, making facial
expressions ', šyplà ` mocker, person who mocks, scoffer ', šypsaũ, -óti ` grin, smile
broadly, bare the teeth, grimace '.
References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.

Page(s): 543
Root / lemma: k̂ekʷ

ekʷ-
ek
Material: Old Indic śákr̥t n. Gen. śaknáḥ n. `crap, muck' ; compare chagaṇa- n. ds.;
Material:
gr. κόπρος `crap, muck, manure, smut';
Lithuanian šikù, šìkti `defecate'. Perhaps here also Old Irish cechor f. Gl. `palus'
(*k̂ekurā), Middle Irish cechair `slime, mud, ordure' (if ` bodily excrement ' is the original
meaning).
Note:

ur : Celtic (*k̂ekurā
ur- urā `slime, mud, ordure' : Ἰλλῠ
urā) ριοί , οἱ, Illyrians,
ῠριοί
Ἰλλυρ
υρικό
υριστί
References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.
See also: See still *kakka-
*kakka- `defecate'.
Page(s): 544
Root / lemma: k̂elb-

elb-, k̂elp-
elb elp-
elp
Meaning: to help
Material: Gothic hilpan, Old Icelandic hjalpa, Old Saxon Old English helpan, Old High
German helfan, helphan `help';
Lithuanian šelpiù, šel̃pti, Old Lithuanian šelbinos `help, aid '; unclear is the relationship
to gélbėti `help'.
References: WP. I 447 f., Trautmann 302, Feist 255 f.

Page(s): 554
Root / lemma: k̂el-
el-1
el
Meaning: cold; warm
Material: 1. Old Indic śiśira- `cool, cold', m. ` cool time, coldness', Avestan sarǝta- `cold',
npers. sard ds., osset. sald `coldness', Avestan sarǝ-δā- ` bringing coldness ';
Old Icelandic hēla ` hoarfrost (hi-hlōn-, compare Old Indic śi-śira-); Dutch hal n. `frozen
bottom', with lengthened grade ē Old High German hāli ` slippery, smooth ', Modern High
German Bavarian hāl, Swiss hǟl ds., Old English hǣlig ` changeable ', Old Icelandic hāll `
smooth, cunning';
Lithuanian šąlù, šálti ` freeze ' (Latvian sal̂t), šáltas `cold' (Latvian sal̂ts), šalnà `
hoarfrost (Latvian sal̂na), pãšalas `frozen earth' = Old Prussian passalis `frost', Lithuanian
pašolỹs ` night frost, frost in the earth';
Old Bulgarian slana ` hoarfrost '.
2. Old Indic śarád- fàutumn', with numeral, word that represents a number `year',
Avestan sarǝδ- f. `year' (see also Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to Lydian σαρδις `year'), osset. särd
`summer', npers. sāl `year' (àutumn' as ` warm time ', also Lithuanian šilus Àugust', more
properly šilius);
Latin caleō, -ēre `warm, be hot, glow', calidus `warm, hot', calor ` warmth, heat';
cymr. clyd (*k̂l̥-to-) `warm, warming' (: Lithuanian šil̃tas); in addition perhaps from an ei̯-
extension cymr. claear ` lukewarm ', bret. klouar ds.?
Old Saxon halōian `burn'; in Germanic became an extension *k̂leu-: Old High German
lāo, flect. lāwēr `lukewarm, warm', Old Icelandic hlǣr ds., of weather (*hlēwia-), hlāna `mild
become', Bavarian läunen `thaw', Old Icelandic hlāka `thaw': Old Icelandic hlȳr `lukewarm',
hlȳ n. ` warmth ', Old English hlēowe `lukewarm', Old Icelandic hlē (*hlēwa-) n. ` protection,
lee, side protected from the wind', Old Saxon hleo m` protection before the weather ', Old
Frisian hlī, Old English hlēo, hlēow n. `hideout, cover, protection' (compare also Middle
High German liewe, lie f. `bower, network of branches, shaded place', Swiss lē `sheltered
position, sunny side', Swedish lya `cave of animals '); Norwegian Danish lum, lummer
`mild, lukewarm', Swedish ljum ds., Swiss lūm `mild, of weather' , ndd. luk, holl. leuk
`lukewarm'.
Lithuanian šylù, šilaũ, šìlti `warm become'; šil̃tas `warm' (: cymr. clyd).
References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.
Page(s): 551-552

el-2
el
Meaning: to incline
Material: The base of the root form developed much more k̂lei- `lean' (see below) and very
probably in consecutive words to recognize:
Latin auscultō ` to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to', originally ` bend the ear '
from *auscl̥tāre, derivative from *aus-kl̥tos (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333);
different WH. I 86 f.;
Lithuanian šalìs `side, region';
Old Icelandic hallr, Old English heald, Old High German hald ` willing, inclined', Old High
German halda, Modern High German Halde ` mountainside ' (Old Icelandic halla ` incline ',
Old High German haldōn ` bend ', Old Icelandic hella ` pour out, tilt a vessel ', as Swiss
helde), Gothic wilja-halÞei `leaning, tendency, favour '; Gothic hulÞs ` sense of inclining,
gracious', Old Icelandic hollr, Old English Old Saxon Old High German Modern High
German hold ds. (Old High German huldī ` grace, inclination ' etc.); in addition also Middle
Low German helde f. `slope', Low German hille ` space about the cattle stables for
sleeping ' (from hilde ` inclined, sloping cover ') and the nord. family of Norwegian hjell
`scaffold, trestle, bottom', Old Danish hjæld `hayloft, chicken steep track, top seller ', Old
Icelandic hjallr `scaffold, trestle, elevation', hjalli ` bench, step, terrace ', hilla ` cornice,
board, shelf ' (= Middle Low German hilde); changing through ablaut Danish hylde ` shelf ',
Swedish hylla.
References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;

See also: about kel- ` incline ' (with velar) s. (s)kel- `bend'.
Page(s): 552

el-3
el
Meaning: a thin shaft, stalk
Material: Old Indic śalá- m. `stick, sting, prick of porcupine', śalala- n., śalalī `sting, prick of
porcupine', śalyá- m. n. ` arrowhead, spearhead, thorn, sting, prick', śályaká- m.
`porcupine'; dial. additional form ablaut. śila- m. ` ear ' = Lithuanian šìlas ` moor, heath,
moorland '; in addition śará- `reed, arrow', śáru- àrrow, spear, javelin';
doubtful Armenian saɫart` `foliated twig, branch, long hair';

gr. κῆλον àrrow, projectile';
Middle Irish cail `spear, javelin', celtair f. `spear, spearhead';
Old Norse hali m. ` apex of a shaft, tail ';
Old Prussian kelian `spear, javelin' with West Indo Germanic k for k̂; Lithuanian šìlas `
moor, heath, moorland ' (after the rigid stalks).

Page(s): 552-553

el-4
el
Meaning: to conceal
Material: Old Indic śaraṇá- `sheltering', n. ` shelter, protective roof, cottage', śárman- n. `
shelter, protective roof, cover, guarding' (: Modern High German Helm), lengthened grade
(as Latin cēlō, cella, Old High German hāli) śā́la f. `cottage, house, chamber ', śālá- m. `
enclosure, hedge ', śālīna- `verlegen' (*hidden, concealed); very doubtful Old Indic śāṭa-m.,
śāṭī f. `kerchief, cloth, bandage';
gr. καλῑά: `cottage, barn, nest'; κόλυθρος m. `sack, bag, pouch '; hom. κολεόν, stretched
metrically κουλεόν, Attic κολεός `vagina' (*κολεFός; unclear Latin culleus `leather sack',
from which russ. kulь, poln. kul `sack, bag', out of it again Lithuanian kulìs ds., kulìkas, Old
Prussian kuliks `bag '); with labial extension καλύπτω ` wrap, hide', καλύβη `hideout,
cottage', κέλῡφος n. `bowl, husk'; labial shows also probably cognate Middle High German
hulft ` quiver ' (see below);
Maybe alb. kulë `hernia'.
Latin *cĕlō (= Old Irish celim, Old High German helan) in occulō, -ere `conceal'; color, -
ōris `paint, color' (arch. colōs, actually `sleeve, wrapping, external side '); lengthened
grade cēlō, -āre ` hide, conceal', nominal cella `storeroom, chamber, cell ' (probably with
consonant increase for *cēlā = Old Indic śālā); zero grade clam ` clandestine ' (Akk. a
*clā), clandestīnus `secret ' from *clam-de; also Oscan kaíla ` a place of concealment,
store-room, cell, granary ' (*kaljā);
cilium (from Plinius) èyelid, esp. the low' and the older supercilium ` upper eyelid'
probably from *super-keliom `the upper cover';
Old Irish celim `hide', cymr. celu `conceal', Old Irish cuile `cellar, warehouse ' and `
kitchen ' (not from Latin culīna, but influenced in the meaning therefrom), Middle Irish luid
ar cel ` obiit ', actually ` fuhr zur Hölle '; Middle Irish cul ` protection', culaid `sleeve,
wrapping ' (*colu-), probably also colum, Dat. Pl. colomnaib `skin, hide' and cuilche
`mantle' (*kolikiā); Middle Irish clithar m. ` protection' (*k̂l̥-tu-ro-);
Old High German Old Saxon Old English helan `conceal', next to which from an present
Aorist -hulan, Gothic hulundi f. `cave' (*k̂el̥ntī ` the rescuing '), Gothic huljan, Old Norse
hylja, Old High German hullen ` veil, cover ', whereof with Germanic Suff. -stra-, Gothic
hulistr n. `sleeve, cover', Old Norse hulstr ` sheath '; in an old -es
es-stem
es (see Latin color)
based on whereas probably Middle High German hulst f. `cover, sleeve ' and Middle Low
German hulse, Old High German hulsa, hulis `husk' (Old English helustr, heolstor `sleeve,
hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, darkness' with Germanic suffix vowel gradation or at most
with Indo Germanic *k̂elu-); compare in similar meaning Old English hulu f. `bowl, husk',
Old High German helawa, helwa ` oat chaff ', Swedish dial. hjelm m. ds., Old High German
hala `cover, bowl'; Gothic hilms, Old High German Old Saxon Old English helm `helmet',
Old Norse hjalmr ds., Old English helm also ` protector ' (: Old Indic śarman-; word has
shifted in this Slavic in Baltic: Lithuanian šálmas `helmet' etc.); Gothic halja, Old High
German hella, Old Saxon hellia, Old English hell f. ` underworld, hell ', Old Norse hel `
death goddess ' from *halja-, Indo Germanic *k̂oli̯o-, compare Finnish-ugr. Koljo `
underworld demon ';
after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soll Germanic *haljō ` the concealing, the kingdom of
the dead ' have merged already early with *halljō(n) `flagstone ' (to Gothic hallus `rock'); s.
also under (s)kel-
(s)kel- `split'; Old High German Old Saxon halla, Old English heall ` hall ', Old
Norse hǫll f. `big house' (*kolnā); Norwegian hulder (participle Pass. f. *hulÞī), hulda `
forest elf ', Modern High German Frau Holle `hell';
lengthened grade Old High German hāla ` the concealment ', Middle High German hǣle
` concealment ', Old Norse hǣli n. ` hideout ', Old High German hāli ` concealing, hidden '.
With labial extension: Middle High German hulft, holfte, hulfe, hulftr ` quiver ', Middle
Low German hulfte ds. (: καλύπτω); compare also k̂lep-
lep-.
lep
References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.
See also: s. also under k̂lep-
lep- `conceal'.
lep
Page(s): 553-554
Root / lemma: k̂em/ǝ/

em/ǝ/-
em/ǝ/-4
Meaning: to be tired
Material: Old Indic śamnītē, śámati, śamyati, Imp. śamī̆-ṣva ` exert themselves, slave,
work, prepare, concoct', śamitá- ` prepares ', śamitár- `worker for preparing of pressure
pieces, fabrics, leather', śámī f., śámi n. ` endeavor, work, Fleiß' (brought about śimyati =
`śamyati', śima- m. `Zubereiter' are through das bedeutungsgleiche śímī `diligence');
śāmyati ` stops, decreases ' from `*fatigued', Aor. aśamat, aśamīt; śāntá- `relieved,
peaceful, gentle, mild' (*k̂emǝtós, is associated ā partially in the meaning close to śāmyati);
gr. κάμνω `work, win by toil, oil, labour, o be hard-pressed, worsted, in battle or contest,
to be sick or suffering, to be distressed, meet with disaster, of the dead, i. e. either
outworn, or those whose work is done, or those who have met with disaster ' (probably
*km̥-n-ā-, as Old Indic śamnītē), Fut. καμοῦμαι, Aor. ἔκαμον, Perf. κέκμηκα, Doric κέκμᾱκα,
participle κεκμη(F)ώς, κμητός, Doric κμᾱτός, πολύκμητος ` wrought with much toil, epith. of
iron (as distinguished from copper), elaborate, laborious, of persons, toiling hard ', κάματος
` fatigue, exertion, hardship, affliction ', ἀ-κμής, -ῆτος, ἀκάμας, -αντος ` untiring, fresh',
καμόντες ` the dead people ', as Attic κεκμηκότες; o-grade εἰρο-κόμος ` preparing wool ',
ἱππο-κόμος ` groom, stableman ', κομέω `tend, look after' etc., κομιδή `nourishment, care,
cultivation etc.'; lengthened grade κῶμα ` deep, peaceful sleep';
Middle Irish cuma, Middle Breton caffou ` distress ' (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); Middle
Irish cumal ` slave ' (`*striving, strenuous ', as:) gall. Camulos ` god of war '?

Page(s): 557
Root / lemma: k̂em-

em-1 or k̂am-
em am-
am
Meaning: stick, pole, horn
Material: Old Indic śámyā `stick, spigot, wooden nail, supporting nail', Avestan simā (-i-
seems Indo Germanic ǝ; or = Old Indicśámyā?) à part of the harness of the horse-drawn
chariot ', npers. sīm ds.;
Armenian sami-k` Pl. ` Stirnholz des Ochsenjochs ' (iran. loanword?);
gr. κάμαξ f. m. ` shaft, pole, picket, pole, shaft of javelin ';
Danish Swedish hammel, Norwegian dial. humul (-hǫmull) ` the crosspiece in front in
the chariot ', Middle High German hamel ` shaft, pole, clot, chunk';
about the difficult Latin camox `chamois, small goatlike antelope', vorrom. *kamōsso-, s.
J. Hubschmid ZrPh. 66, 9ff.

Page(s): 556

em-2
em
Meaning: hornless, young deer
Material: Old Indic śáma-ḥ `hornless';
gr. κεμάς, -άδος f., later also κεμμάς `young deer'; κεμφάς ἔλαφος Hes.;
Old Norse hind f., Old English hind, Old High German hinta `hind, female deer ' (*k̂em-t-
ō);
Lithuanian žem. šmùlas `hornless', šmūlis m., šmùlė f. ` ox, cow without horns ' (*k̂m-ū̆-
+ forms -lo-), liv. loanword smoul';
perhaps here russ. komolyj `hornless'; compare also W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 619.
References: WP. I 385 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 132.

Page(s): 556

em-3
em
Meaning: to cover, wrap
Material: Old Indic śāmulyà- n., śāmūla- n. `woolen shirt ', śamī́ `Prosopis spicigera;
legume, pod vegetable, bean ';
Latin camisia (late) ` shirt ' (gall. word; borrowed from Germanic *χamiÞja- ` shirt ';
previously from Latin stamen again Old Irish caimmse ` shirt ', acorn. cams ` white ', bret.
kamps ` mess garment, priest's garment used during Mess (Roman Catholicism) ');
Alb. këmisha ` shirt' a Latin loanword.
unclear is the anlaut in mcymr. hefys ` chemise ', akorn. hevis, bret. hiviz ds.; Old
English cemes ds. is loanword from camisia;
Old High German hemidi n. ` shirt ', Old English hemeðe (*hamiÞia-) `shirt'; Old Norse
hamr m. `wrapping, skin, shape', Old English homa `wrapping, cover, suit '; līc-hama, Old
Saxon līk-hamo `body', Old High German līhhin-[*h]amo ` body, corpse', Gothic ana-, ga-
hamōn ` get dressed ', Old Norse hama-sk `(* be disguised in animal figure, hence:)
bucket '; Old Norse hams `bowl, husk, serpent skin ' (*hamisa-), compare Norwegian
hamar ` core '; here also Gothic himins, Old Norse himinn (Dat. hifne with -ƀn- from -mn-,
compare:) Old English heofon, Old Saxon heƀan `sky, heaven', next to which Old High
German Old Saxon himil, md. humil `sky, heaven'; Old High German himil also ` ceiling ',
Dutch hemel ` palate, roof', Modern High German Himmelbett ` four-poster bed ', Old High
German himiliz(z)i, Middle Low German hemelte ` ceiling '; barely right above S. 22 to ak̂-
`stone'.
A s-form sk̂em- one seeks incredible in Gothic skaman ` be ashamed', Old English
skamian ds., Old Icelandic skǫmm, Old High German scama `the genitals, shame' etc.
(`*be covered'?).

Page(s): 556-557
Root / lemma: k̂enk-

enk-, k̂onk-
enk onk-
onk
Meaning: to sway, hang
Material: Old Indic śáŋkatē ` sways, doubts, fears ', śaŋkā́ ` anxiety, fear, doubt', śaŋkita-
`worried';
Latin cunctor ` to delay, hesitate ' from *concitor frequentative to *concō, respectively
Ableit. of participle *concitos = Old Indic śaŋkita-;
Old Icelandic hǣtta `venture, risk' (*hanhatjan-), hǣtta f. `danger, risk ', hāski m. ds.
(*hanhaskan-); Gothic stem V. hāhan (preterit haíhāh) ` hang, keep suspended or
uncertain ', Old Icelandic hanga (preterit hekk), Old English hōn (preterit heng), Old High
German hāhan (preterit hiang) ` hang ' (trans.); Gothic schw. V. hāhan (preterit hāhaida) `
hang ', Old Icelandic hanga, Old English hongian, Old High German hangēn ` hang '
(intrans.); causative Old Icelandic hengja, Old High German hengēn ` hang '; Old High
German Middle High German henken ` hang ' from *hengjan, therefrom Modern High
German Henkel, Swiss henkel ` sling, strap ', compare Middle High German hengel ` iron
hook, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '; in addition probably
Old High German hāhila, -ala f., Middle Low German hale n. ` pothook, metal hook used to
hang or lift pots ' (*hanhilō);
Hittite ga-an-ki (kanki) ` hangs '.
References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above k̂ā̆k- and keg-.
Page(s): 566
Root / lemma: k̂ens-

ens-
ens
Meaning: to proclaim, announce
Material: Old Indic śaṁsáyati àllows to recite, proclaims, announces ' (= Latin cēnseō),
śaṁsati ` recites, praises ', śáṁsa- m. ` laudation, glorification prayer ', śastí- f. ` laudation '
(*k̂n̥s-), śásā f. ` song of praise to God ';
Avestan sah- ` to make publicly known, publish, proclaim, announce ', Optat. sahyāt̃,
sasti- `word, instruction '; sǝ̄nghaitē, Old pers. ϑātiy `speaks, announces' (*ϑa(n)hati);
alb. thom Ì say' (*k̂ēnsmi), 2. Sg. thua, thue, ablaut. participle than ` said ' (*thonsno-);
Latin cēnseō, -ēre ` examine, assess ', Oscan censamur ` censetor ', censaum ` to tax,
assess, rate, estimate ', keenzstur, kenzsur (= cēnsor: Old Indic śaṁstar- ` he recites there
'), an-censto f. = in-cēnsa ` non censa ', Latin cēnsus (: Old Indic śastá-ḥ ` spoken, praised
'), censtom-en ` in censum ', Kenssurineís Gen. (= Cēnsōrīnus);
Old Bulgarian sętъ ` to say ' (older root Aorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun2 209).
References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM3 201.

Page(s): 566
Root / lemma: k̂ent-

ent-
ent
Meaning: to stick
Material: Gr. κεντέω (from the 5. Jhd.; older:) *κέντω, Aor. κένσαι `prick', κέντρον `sting,
prick' (forms-ro-) ` pricking ', κέντωρ ` goader, driver ' (to κέντρον shaped after other -τωρ
besides -τρο-), κεστός ` embroidered ' (*κεντ-τός), κέστρον ` pointed iron', κέστρος àrrow',
κέστρᾱ f. ` pointed hammer ', κοντός ` pole, punting-pole, pike, crutch, goad ' (out of it Latin
contus ds., whereof percontārī actually ` to question strictly ');
Old Irish cinteir (Latin loanword) ` a spur ', cymr. cethr `nail', corn. kenter ds., bret. kentr
` spur ' (borrowing aller from Latin centrum ` the stationary foot of the compasses ',
Pedersen KG. I 198, is barely provable, but probably; Vendryes Mél. Saussure 319 allows
only the ir. word to derive from Brit.);
Old High German hantag `sharp'; Gothic handugs `wise', Old Norse hannarr ` skilful,
smart' from *hanÞara-, actually `sharp witted, shrewd'?; (under the influence of common
Latvian sīts (= Lithuanian *šiñtas) ` hunting spear '.

Page(s): 567
Root / lemma: k̂en-

en-
en
Meaning: empty, puny
Grammatical information: only gr. and armen.
Material: Armenian sin ` empty, bare, lacking, vain', gr. hom. κενε[F]ός, Cypriot κενευFός,
Ionian κεινός (*κενFός) = Attic κενός ` empty, bare, lacking, vain'.
Page(s): 564
Root / lemma: k̂erbero-

erbero- and kerbero-
erbero kerbero-
Meaning: variegated
Note: (compare S. 573 k̂er- besides ker-6 in color names)
Material: Old Indic śárvara- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', śárvarī f. ` animal of
the Maruts, night ' (v stands for b, compare Wackernagel Old Indic Gr. I 184 and:) śabála-,
śabára- (diss. reduction of first r) `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ' (besides karbará-,
karvará-, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.);
Note:

ur : Old Indic karbura- ` dappled ' : Ἰλλῠ
υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
gr. Κέρβερος originally ` the dappled '; compare the mythological turn of Old Indic
śarvarī;
Slavic sobolь ` sable ' seems to derive from Aryan.
The root kerb- seeks Lidén Stud. 50 f. in Old Irish corbaim `besmirch, sully' and
Lithuanian kìrba (> Latvian ḱirba) `swamp, marsh, morass' and contemplates *kerb- as
extension the color root ker- (see S. 583 kers-
kers-); Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 383.
References: WP. I 425, Schulze Kl. Schr. 125, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119, 262.
Page(s): 578
Root / lemma: k̂erd
er ho-, k̂erd
er er hā
er
Meaning: troop, line
Material: Old Indic śárdha- m., śardhas- n. `herd, troop, multitude, crowd', Avestan sarǝδa-
, Old pers. ϑard- ` kind, type ';
gr. κόρθυς `heap', κορθύομαι ` rise to a head, tower up ', κορθύ̄νω ` gather, pile up ';
mcymr. cordd f. ` troop, multitude, crowd, family ' (*k̂ordhā; wrongly Loth RC 42, 276 f.);
maybe alb. kordhë `sword (of soldiers)'.
Gothic haírda, Old Icelandic hjǫrð, Old English heord, Old High German herta `herd'
(therefrom Gothic haírdeis, Old High German hirti etc. `herdsman, shepherd') and Old High
German herta `variation' (actually òrder ');
in Balto Slavic with West Indo Germanic guttural: Lithuanian ker̃džius (and sker̃džius)
`herdsman, shepherd' (places ein *kerdà `herd' ahead), Old Prussian kērdan Akk. `time'
(actually `*row, order ');
Old Bulgarian črěda ` division of the priests for the daily service of the temple, the
service itself, series after order of the day ' and ` herd', črěditi `(* queue, dispose =) host ',
klr. čeredá `row; herd' (etc.).
References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.
Page(s): 579
k̂ered-
Root / lemma: (k̂ ered-:) k̂erd-
ered erd-, k̂ērd-
erd ērd-, k̂r̥d-, k̂red-
ērd red- (nasalized PIE
red
Meaning: heart
Material: Armenian sirt, Instr. srti-v `heart' (*k̂ērdi-);
gr. καρδίᾱ (Attic), κραδίη (hom.), κάρζα (Lesbian), κορίζᾱ (Cypriot) `heart; stomach;
marrow of flowers ' (*k̂r̥d(i̯)a), poet. κῆρ, -ος n. `heart' (*k̂ērd); κέαρ neologism after ἔαρ :
ἦρος;
Maybe alb. (*κορίζα) kërthizë `navel, center of the body', kërthi `baby' Greek loanwords.
Latin cor (from *cord), cordis `heart', con-cors, -dis ` harmonious ', dis-cors ` discordant,
disagreeing, inharmonious, at variance ';
Maybe alb. kërdia ` massacre ' a Latin loanword.

Latin cor (cordis) ` heart', Latin ex corde > Italian scordare, Asturian escaecer, Bolognese
dscurdèr, Calabrese scordara, Galician esquencer, Mudnés descurdèr, Napulitano scurdà,
Portuguese esquecer, Sardinian Campidanesu scadesciri ; scaresci ; scarèsciri, Zeneize
ascordâ, Albanian harroj (common alb. sk- > h-).
Old Irish cride n., nir. croidhe `heart, center ', cymr. craidd ` midpoint ', corn. cre(y)s,
bret. kreiz ` center ' (the Irish can be explained from *k̂redi̯om or *k̂r̥di̯om, provided that the
dark colouring of the anlaut. consonance explanation finds (after crú `blood'?); the brit.
forms require against it a basic form *k̂redi̯om);
Gothic haírto, Old High German herza, Old English heorte, Old Norse hjarta n. `heart'
(*k̂ē̆rd-on-);
Lithuanian širdìs f. (older m.), Akk. šìrdį `heart, seed, marrow of trees '; Latvian sir̂ds f.
(older m.) `heart' and ser̂de f. ` marrow, seed in wood' (basic forms *šérd- and šir̃d-,
compare the old Gen. Sg. širdés and Gen. Pl. širdų́, the Indo Germanic based on *k̂erdés
and *k̂erdṓm; see Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 302); Old Prussian seyr n. (*kērd), to m. o-stem
extended sīras, Akk. sīran `heart';
akl. srъdьce, serb. sȑce `heart'; zero grade Old Church Slavic srěda ` center ' (*serda),
russ. seredá ds.;
Hittite ka-ra-az (karts) `heart', Gen. kar-di-aš (Pedersen Hittite 41).
Not here (but to Middle Irish cretair ` relic ') Indo Germanic k̂red-
red-dhē- ` witchcraft
red
whereupon place, believe, trust' in Old Indic śrád-dadhāti ` trusts, believes ' (separated still
e.g. śrád asmāi dhatta ` have faith in him, trust him!'), śrad-dhā `reliance', Avestan zrazdā-
`believe' (from *srazdā- through folk etymology support in zǝrǝd- `heart');
Maybe
Luvian: UZUzƒrt-
Meaning: `heart'
Attestations: [N-ASg] UZUza-a-ar-za: 16 i 7*(?); XXXII 7,12.
[D-LSg] za-ar-ti-: 133 ii 4.
Maybe Alb. nasalized (*zanra) zemëra `heart' : Hieroglyphic Luvian: UZUzƒrt-, UZUza-a-ar-za,
zar-za `heart', zart- `heart' (with loss of nasal before dental stop) : Avestan zrazdā-
`believe' (Melchert, 1987:197-198; MA:262-263)] (Sapir, 1936:263, VW:235; H:100).
common alb. Luvian Hittite -n- > -m- > -p-, -f-
Latin crēdō ` believe ' (*krezdō-, Indo Germanic *k̂red-dhē-);
Old Irish cretim ` believe ', cymr. credaf ds. (not *crethaf, hence previously late has
changed to a fixed composition ), corn. crežy, Middle Breton cridiff, nbret. credi `believe';
in addition Old Irish cretar, mcymr. creir, cymr. crair (*kredrā) ` relic '.
rhyme word to k̂er(e)d- is ĝhērd-, ĝhr̥d-, only Aryan, in Old Indic hr̥d `heart', etc.
Number: 125
Proto-
Proto-Semitic: ḳ
* Vrb-
Meaning: inner part, middle (of the body)
Akkadian: ḳ erbu 'intestines, insides ' (in the pl.), 'mind, heart' OB on [CAD ḳ 216], [AHw 914-915]
Ugaritic: ḳrb 'Körpermitte' [Aist 282]
Hebrew: ḳ äräb 'entrails, inward parts ' [KB 1135]
Arabic: ḳ urb- (u < *a assimilated to b ?) 'flancs, à partir des hanches jusqu'au bas-ventre' [BK 2 704]
Notes: Note a derived meaning 'inside, (in the) middle': AKK ḳerbu 'inside, inner part, middle' (the first and
main meaning in AKK) OA on [CAD ḳ 216], [AHw 914-915]; UGR ḳrb (prep.) 'inmitten, in, an' [Aist 282];
ḳ
MOAB b- rb 'in the midst' [Segert 266].
Cf. SOQ di- ríkob (di-ríḳab) 'boyau' [LS 400]; see also QALAN-V d-ī́rǝḳɔb 'estomac de chèvre' et al. [SSL 4
ḳ
100]; metathetic of * Vrb-?
ḳ
Cf. * alb- 'heart, middle, center' (No. ).
[Holma 61]: AKK, ARB, HBR; [KB 1135]: HBR, MOAB, UGR, AKK, ARB
References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436.
Page(s): 579-580
Root / lemma: k̂erǝ

erǝ-, k̂rā-
er rā-
rā
Meaning: to mix; to cook
Material: Old Indic śrā́yati ` cooks, roasts ', śrīṇā́ti ` mixes, cooks, roasts ', śrītá- ` mixed ',
śīrtá- ds. (: gr. ἄ-κρᾱτος), śrātá-, śr̥tá- `cooked, boiled, roasted' (śráyaṇa- n. ` the mixing ',
ablaut neologism as Kaus. śrapáyati ` cooks, roasts, burns pots etc. '), ā-śir- f. ` mixture of
warm milk with Soma';
Avestan sar- med. ` sich vereinigen mit, sich anschließen an, es halten mit ', sar- f. `
association, connection';
gr. κίρνημι `mix, mingle, bandage, balance ', newer κιρνάω, κεράω, κεραίω, Attic
κεράννvμι, Fut. κεράσω, Attic κερῶ, Aor. ἐκέρασ(σ)α, Ionian ἐπικρῆσαι Perf. κέκραμαι. ἄ-
κρᾱτος ( : Old Indic śīrtá-) ` of liquids, unmixed, neat, esp. of wine, of conditions or states,
pure, untempered, absolute, of persons, intemperate, violent ' (*k̂erǝ-tós); κρᾶσις f. `
mixture ', κρᾱτήρ ` mixing bowl for wine '; hom. ἀκήpατος in the meaning `pure (water)',
metr. lengthening for *ἀκέρατος (?);
Old Norse hrø̄ra, Old English hrēran, Old High German (h)ruoren, German rühren ` set
in motion, move = bestir ', Old Saxon hrōra `movement, agitation', Old High German ruora
`movement ', Modern High German Ruhr ` river in western Germany ', Old English Old
Saxon hrōr ` strenuous, strong', Old English hrēr (engl. rear) `half cooked, boiled'.
References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227.
Page(s): 582
Root / lemma: k̂er-

er-2, k̂erǝ
er erǝ-, k̂rē-
er rē-
rē
Meaning: to grow
Material: Armenian ser ` lineage, progeny, gender, sex', seṙ, Gen. seṙi ds. (k̂eṙ-si-), serem `
bring forth, produce, create ', serim ` be born, grow', seṙn `gender, sex, progeny ', serm,
sermn ` seed, sperm ';
gr. ἐκόρεσα, κορέ-σω (later present κορέσκω and κορέννῡμι; Perf. κεκόρεσμαι) ` satiate
', κόρος ` satiation '; *κορFος in Attic κόρος = hom. Ionian κοῦρος, Doric κῶρος ` growing,
near maturity, young, youthful ' (later also `lap, sprout, young twig, branch'), fem. Arcadian
Dat. Sg. κόρFαι, Attic κόρη, hom. Ionian κούρη, Doric κώρα `girl, virgin; the pupil of the
eye, eyeball ', hom. κούρητες ` waffenfähige Jungmannschaft '; probably κέλωρ, -ωρος
`son, offspring, descendant ' (diss. from *κερωρ, originally n. ` progeny ');
alb. thjer m. ` acorn ' (*k̂er-), thjerrë `lentil' (*k̂er-n-), actually ` food '; (actually alb. root
*kers- because of common Italic Illyrian rs- > rr-).
Latin Cerēs, -eris ` the daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ', Oscan kerrí ` the
daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ' (etc.), ` to bring forth, produce, make, create,
beget, give origin to ', Latin masc. Cerus manus ` creator bonus ' with r as Old Latin
spelling for rr (*cerso-) because of Umbrian S̀erfe Vok. etc., (Umbrian behaves like satem
language) Oscan caria `bread'; lengthened grade Latin pro-cērus ` high, tall, long '; from
the heavy basis creō, -āre `make, create ' (Denom. a *crēi̯ā ` growth '), crē-sco, -vī `grow',
crēber ` thick, close, pressed together, frequent, numerous, repeated ' (*k̂rē-dhros);
Old Icelandic hirsi (Middle High German loanword) m., Old High German hirso (*k̂ers-
ion-), hirsi ` millet, sorghum ';
Lithuanian šeriù, šérti `feed' (heavy basis), pãšaras m. `food', šer̃mens and šer̃menys
Pl. ` burial meal ', Old Prussian sermen ds.
References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.

Page(s): 577

er-3
er
Meaning: rope; to weave
Note: only Armenian and gr.
Material: Armenian sari-k` Pl. (Gen. sareac̣, Instr. sareōc̣) `band, strap, cord' (*k̂erei̯ā), sard
(i-stem) ` spider' (*k̂r̥-ti-);
gr. καῖρος (*k̂eri̯-os) σειρά τις ἐν ἱστῷ, δι' ἧς οἱ στήμονες διεγείρονται Phot., perhaps `
row of thrums in the loom, to which the threads of the warp are attached, ravel ', καίρωμα `
ds., of the web so fastened ', καιρόω ` band the fabric together ', zero grade κειρία ` the
strap of the bedstead ', Pl. (NT.) ` shroud ' (the forms κηρία, καιρία s. Liddell-Scott; the
meaning ` shroud ' through connection in κήρ ` death goddess '?).
References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.

References:
Page(s): 577-578

er-4 and k̂erǝ
er erǝ- : k̂rē-
er rē-
rē
Meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled
Material: Old Indic śr̥ṇā́ti ` breaks, crushes ', śī́ryate, śīryáte ` it is broken, disintegrates ',
participle śīrṇá-, -śīrtá-, śūrtá- `broke, decayed ', Inf. śaritoḥ;
Avestan asarǝta- ` not broken, not made discouraged ' (= Old Indic áśīrta-), sari- m.
`piece, fragment, shard', sāri- f. `break, ruin'; ein d(h)-present in addition is perhaps npers.
gusilem `rupture, slit, separate' from Old pers. *vi-sr̥dāmiy;
gr. κεραΐζω `devastate, despoil ' (*κεραF-ίζω, due to a *κεραFο-ς; κερᾰ- = Old Indic śari-
), ἀκέραιος ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', κεραυνός `thunderbolt,
lightning' (*κερα-F[ε]ν-ος, actually ` smasher '); lengthened grade gr. κήρ, κηρός, f. `death,
ruin; death goddess ', (proto gr.ē; Attic saying θύραζε κᾶρες (κῆρες) ... one explains from a
secondary Nom. *καρ from *κᾰρς with ᾰ from previous paradigm κῆρ : *καρός); καριῶσαι
ἀποκτεῖναι Hes. contains reduced grade, as alb. ther; ἀκήριος ` unharmed by the Kêres;
generally, unharmed, harmless ', κηραίνω `spoil, hurt ', whereof ἀκήρατος ùnharmed', also
`pure, candid ' (reduced also with ἀκήρατος `not mixed ');
Latin cariēs (*k̂r̥-i̯ē- to present *cariō) ` the rotten being, decayed being ', cariōsus ` full
of decay, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', carius ` dear, precious, valued, esteemed,
beloved ';
alb. ther ` slaughter, cut, bite' (*k̂r̥-), tsirrís ` prick ' (*k̂er-n-);
Maybe alb. çjerr ` prick '; (common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian
labialized kʷ -> t-).
Old Irish ar-a-chrin (*-k̂r̥-nu-t) ` decomposed ', do-cer `he fiel' (*-k̂erǝ-t), crín ` wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered ' (*k̂rē-no-s), irchre n. `ruin' (*peri-k̂r-i̯o-m);
Tocharian A kāryap, В karep `damage'.
References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gr. 437, 462.
Page(s): 578
Root / lemma: k̂er(s)-

er(s)-1
er(s)
Meaning: bristle, stiff hair
Material: Old Indic *śala in kapucchala- n. ` hair at the back of the head ';
Middle Irish carrach ` scabbed, scabby, stony '; different above S. 532;
Old High German hursti ` a tuft, comb, crest ', Norwegian herren ` stiff, hard', Old
Icelandic herstr `rough, harsh', Middle High German hersten ` solidify, congeal '; perhaps
Old High German Old Saxon Old Icelandic hār, Old English hǣr `hair' from a s- loose the
abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);
Lithuanian šerỹs `bristle', šeriúos, šértis ` lose hair, go bald, come off badly, come out of
something not without damage ', šiurkštùs, šiurgždùs `rough'; ablaut. East Lithuanian
šer̃šas ` shiver '; Latvian sari ` bristle, stiff hair ';
Slavic *sьrstь (= Old High German hurst) in russ.-Church Slavic sьrstь f. `wool', sloven.
sr̂st ` animal hair ', russ. šerstь `wool', ablaut. russ. šóroš m. `rough surface ', Old
Bulgarian vъsorъ `rough'; Slavic *sьrchъ in sloven. sr̂h m. ` shiver ', russ.-Church Slavic
srьchъkъ ` rough, harsh, bitter, stubborn ', sloven. sŕhɛk ùnkempt, shaggy'.

Page(s): 583
Root / lemma: k̂ers-

ers-2
ers
Meaning: to run
Material: For palatales k̂ speaks σάρσαι ἅμαξαι Hes., as Latin sarrācum, serrācum (Italian
-rr- from -rs-) ` a foreign chariot ' could have originated Illyrian *sarsa = Indo Germanic
*k̂r̥sā;
Note: [k̂- > s- satem: Maybe pre-Illyrian substrate satem?]
gr. ἐπίκουρος `to help hurrying' (*k̂orsos);
Note:

ur : gr. ἐπίκουρο
ur- υρο `to help hurrying' : Ἰλλῠ
υρος ριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
Latin currō, -ere `run' (*k̂r̥sō), cursus `run, flow', currus ` cart ', equirria ` chariot race '
(*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria and Haplologic equirria);
gall. carros, Latinized carrus ` carriage, cart ', Old Irish mcymr. carr; bret. karr ` biga,
vihiculum ' (*kr̥sos); compare mcymr. carrawc f., ncymr. carrog ` torrent, stream ' (*karsākā
` the running '?), different above S. 532.
alb. karrocë ` cart' a Latin loanword.
Middle High German hurren ` move quickly '; doubtful Old High German hros, -ses, Old
Icelandic Old Saxon hross, Old English horg `horse, steed' (*hrussa-), Old Low German
hers ds. (*herssa-), because -ss
ss from one has understood in -s
ss- s auslaut root maximally as
consonant increase in a shortened name; hence rather to a dental extension (: Old Indic
kū́rdati ` hops, jumps ') the not palatalen root (s)ker- `spring';
Armenian kar̄k` ` cart ' is probably loanword from Galatian.

Page(s): 583-584

er-, k̂erǝ
er erǝ- : k̂rā-
er rā-, k̂erei-
rā erei-, k̂ereu-
erei ereu-
ereu
Meaning: head; horn, cow
Material: Old Indic śíras- n. (ved. only Nom. Akk.) `head, cusp, peak', Avestan sarah- n.
`head' (in the 2. syllable not genau = gr. κέρας from k̂erǝ-s from the heavy basis;
the reduplication-grade of the first syllable, instead of *śaras-, is carried previously by Indic
or Proto Aryan from preceding Old Indic Gen. śīrṣṇáḥ etc.), Gen. Old Indic śīrṣṇáḥ, Abl.
śīrṣatáḥ (*k̂r̥̄sn̥-tos : gr. κρά̄ατος);
śŕ̥ṅga- (*k̂r̥-n-go-) n. `horn', of n-stem *k̂er-(e)n- with perhaps originally bare nominative
g, compare gr. κραγγών `crab' and from the u-basis gr. κορυ-γγ-εῖν κερατίζειν (see also
under about Irish congan);
from the u-basis Avestan srū-, srvā- ` horn; nail in fingers and toes ', srvara `horned '
(*srū + bhara-), srvī-stāy- ` with horny barbs ';
Armenian sar `height, acme, apex, slope' (k̂ero-);
gr. κάρ in hom. ἐπὶ κάρ ` on the head ', Hippokr. ἀνάκαρ ` up to or towards the head,
upwards', originally probably *k̂er Gen. *k̂er-ós (καρός), from which analogical κάρ, καρός;
besides κάρᾱ, Ionian κάρη ` head'; an s- loose stem κᾰρ- is decisive for ἔγ-καρος (and ἄ-
καpος with α- as zero grade to ἐν), ἴγ-κρ-ος ` brain ';
perhaps here Ionian κᾱρῖς, -ῖδος, Attic κᾱρίς, -ίδος f. ` a shrimp or prawn ', Doric κωρίς
κουρίς ds.;
ǝs- in gr. κέρας `horn' (Gen. ep. κέραος, Attic -ως, newer -ατος, later Epic -ά̄ατος)
kerǝs
kerǝs-
see below Latin cerebrum;
*καρασ- (*k̂erǝs-) in: Attic κάρᾱ `head' (n. *kerǝs-n̥ > *καραα), Ionian κάρη ds., oblique
stem *krāsn- (with -ατ- for -n-) Aeolic Gen. κρά̄ατος, out of it κρᾱτός; hybridism are
καρήατος and κάρητος (*κρᾱσν- = Old Indic śīr̥ṣṇ-); κάρηαρ; in addition καροῦσθαι ` sich
schwer im Kopfe fühlen '; hom. κάρηνα Nom. Pl. ` heads, mountain summits ' (secondary
Sg. κάρηνον, Attic Doric κάρᾱνον, Aeolic καραννο-), basic form *κάρασνᾰ Pl.; compare M.
Leumann Homer. Wörter 159.
καρά̄ρα κεφαλή Hes. (*καρασ-ρα; therefrom Καρά̄ρων, father of Κάρᾱνος);
about κρήδεμνον, Doric κρά̄δεμνον ` head fascia ' s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about hom.
κατὰκρῆθεν (= κατ' ἄκρηθεν) s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56 ff.;
perhaps κρᾱαίνω ` accomplish, complete, perform, execute, achieve, finish, fulfill '. If
κραιπάλη ` drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' is to be understood because of
Latin crāpula as κρᾱιπαλη ` drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' (in 2. part then
πάλλω), κρᾱ[σ]ι- could stand beside *καρασ-ρᾱ, as adjective e.g. κῡδι-άνειρα besides
κῡδρός;
*κρᾰσ- (*k̂rǝs- or *κρᾱσ-, *kr̥̄s-) in Attic κράσπεδον ` edge, border, skirt, esp. of cloth,
Theoc.2.53; of the fringe or tassel worn by Jews, affection of the uvula, fimbria '; ἀμφί-
κρᾱνος (*κρᾰ̄σ-νο-) ` two-headed ';
alb. Geg (*karena) krena, Tosc krerë Pl. ` heads', shqipja me dy krena ` double headed
eagle', krye ` head' a Greek loanword (common alb. -n- > -r-), alb. krenar ` proud', kreu `
beginning', (through metathesis) (*kreu) krye ` head'.
alb. Geg krena Pl.` heads' = gr. neut. nom. pl. ionic ἀμφί-κρηνα
κρηνα ` two-headed '.
gr. ἐκατόγ-κρᾱνος ` 100 headed ', Ionian ἐπίκρηνον κεφαλόδεσμον Hes., Attic κρᾱνίον
`cranium', ὀλε[νο]κρᾱνον, ωλέκρᾱνον èlbow'; κρανίξαι ἐπὶ κεφαλήν ἀπορρῖψαι Hes. next
to which with lengthened grade (: κέρας) κερανίξαι κολυμβῆσαι κυβιστῆσαι Hes., ναυ-
κρᾱρος ` the chief official of a division, of the citizens for financial and administrative
purposes' (diss. ναυ-κλᾱρος, -κληρος), Boeotian Λᾱκρᾱρίδᾱς from *Λᾱ-κρᾱρος ` head of
people '; in addition κραῖρα f. `head', ἡμίκραιρα etc. (from *κρασ-ρια);
o-grade *κορσ- in Ionian κόρση, Attic κόρρη, Doric κόρρα ` temple, flattened region on
either side of the forehead, head' (Indo Germanic *k̂ors-);
er(e)n- : κράνος `helmet' (*k̂r̥no-s); κάρνος ... βόσκημα, πρόβατον Hes.;

of -((e)n-stem k̂er(
er
κέρναι, κέρνα Pl. `transverse processes of the vertebrae' (*k̂ern- or *k̂ers-n); κραγγών
`crab' (compare above Old Indic śŕ̥ṅga-); unclear is the formation from κεράμβυξ, -υκος `
stag-beetle '; κά̄ραβος m. ` horned or cerambycid beetle, a prickly crustacean, crayfish, a
light ship ' (> Latin carābus ds.), perhaps with maked. (?) derivative (gr. *-φος) to κᾱρίς `
shrimp (Crangon) and prawn (Palaemon) ', see above; but all doubtful.
Von k̂ereu-
ereu- : κόρυδός m., f. ` crested lark ' (: Germanic herut- `deer'); κόρυς, -υθος
ereu
`helmet', hom. κῦμα κορύσσεται ` rears up ' κόρυμβος, κορυφή ` acme, apex ', κορύπτω `
butt with the head, the horns ', κορυγγεῖν κερατίζειv Hes. (to -γγ- see above to śŕ̥ṅga-).
erei- : κρῑός àries, ram' (compare in the meaning κεραστής), ablaut. with Old
Von k̂erei-
erei
Norse hreinn, Old English hrān ` reindeer '.
Vereinzeltes: κάρτην την βοῦν. Κρῆτες Hes. (if *k̂r̥-tā ` the horned '); κυρίττω, κυρηβάζω
` butt with the horns, like goats or rams ' (as κορύπτω; *k̂or-);
Latin cerebrum ` brain ' (*k̂erǝs-ro-m, compare gr. καρά̄ρα); cervīx ` nape ' (*cers-vīc-);
cernuus, cernulus ` turning a somersault, stooping forwards, head-foremost ' (*k̂ers-nou̯os;
if not rather loanword from gr., compare κερανίξαι), crābrō `hornet' (see below). From (e)n-
(e)n
stem: cornū `horn' (the u-stem perhaps as gall. κάρνυξ; ` trumpet ' through amalgamation
of n- and u-stem); compare also Illyrian PN Τρικόρνιον (Moesia), PN Cornuīnus etc.
(Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from *k̂r̥n-;
to crābrō ` hornet ' (*crāsrō, k̂erǝsron-) is placed (Indo Germanic k̂r̥̄s-еn-

еn-):
Maybe nasalized alb. (*kerenza), grenzë, grerëza, grerë, greth ` wasp ' (common k- > g-
gutturals in Celtic Baltic). (common alb. Tosc -n- > -r-).
Old High German hurnū̆z, hornaz, m., Old English hyrnet(u) ` hornet ' (*hurznuta); Dutch
horzel (*hurzla-), Modern High German Horlitze;
Lithuanian šìršė f., širšlỹs m., šìršuolis, old širšuo `wasp', šìršuonas, šìršūnas ` hornet ',
Latvian sirsis, Old Prussian sirsilis ` hornet ';
russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) sъrъšenь ` hornet, gadfly, brake', serb. sȑśljén ` hornet ';
compare Būga Kalba ir senovė I 191, 224;
bret. kern ` Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ', Middle Irish cern f. `point, edge'; gall. κάρνυξ `
trumpet ', κάρνον την σάλπιγγα. Γαλάται; cymr. corn. bret. karn `hoof the soliped, animal
which does not have cloven hoofs ' (from `*horn'; but Middle Irish corn. bret. corn ` drinking
horn ', cymr. corn `horn'; because of brit. VN Cornoviī etc. barely from Latin);
Old High German hirni, Old Norse hiarni ` brain ' (*k̂ersniom), Dutch hersen ` brain ', Old
Norse hiarsi ` Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ' (*k̂erson-);
(e)n-stem: Gothic haúrn, Old High German Old Norse horn `horn, drinking horn, trumpet
of (e)n-
' (see above to Latin cornu).
with t-suffix (compare above gr. κάρτην) in addition Old High German (h)rind, Old English
hrīðer n. ` horned animal ', zero grade Old English hrȳðer ds., Low German Dutch rund
`rother, cattle'.
From the u-basis: Old High German hiruz, Old Saxon hirot, Old English heorot, Old Norse
hjǫrtr, Modern High German Hirsch (-d-forms as in gr. κόρυδος; also in:) Old Norse hrūtr
àries, ram';
Latvian sirnas Pl. ` roe deer '. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = Old Church Slavic srъna `roe
deer' (: κάρνος); ablaut equally with cymr. carw;
in addition belongs the derivative:

k̂erǝ
erǝu̯o-s : k̂ṝu̯o-s ` horned, deer-headed, as Subst. of deer' or `cow'.
er
gr. κεραός ` horned ';
Latin cervus, -ī m. `deer', cerva f. ` hind ', therefrom cervīnus ` of a deer ', gall.-Latin
cervēsia, cervīsia ` deer-coloured, brown drink, beer ' (Pokorny Vox Rom. 10, 259);
cymr. carw, corn. carow, bret. karo m. `deer' (*kr̥̄u̯o-s); in addition the mountain name
Karawanken;
Old Prussian sirwis m. `roe deer' (out of it borrowed Finnish hirvi ` elk, deer' compare
also sarve, lapp. čuarvi ` elk ');
probably from a centum language derive:
alb. ka òx' (*k̂r̥̄u̯-);
Note:
Wrong etymology because alb. kau òx' : Rumanian bou òx' derived from Root / lemma:
ʷou- : `cattle'.
gʷou-
Lithuanian kárvė `cow'; in addition kárviena f. ` cow's meat ' (: Czech kravina ` cowhide
');
russ.-Church Slavic krava, poln. krowa, russ. koróva f. `cow' (*k̂orǝu̯ā); ablaut. apoln.
karw (*k̂r̥̄u̯o-s) ` aged ox' (out of it borrowed Old Prussian curwis Vok., Akk. kurwan òx').
References: WP. I 403 ff., WH. I 164, 203 f., 206, 207, 276, 283 f., 284, 856, 858,
Trautmann 119, 305 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583, Benveniste Origines 24 f., 175.
Page(s): 574-577
Root / lemma: k̂es-

es-
es
Meaning: to cut
Material: Old Indic śā́sti, śáśati ` cuts, slaughters ', śasta-ḥ ` massacred ', śástrá- n. `knife,
dagger', śāsá- m. ` butcher's knife ';
gr. (*kesazo) κεάζω `split', εὐ-κέατος `light to split', (*kesarnon) κέαρνον `carpenter's
axe';
alb. thadrë (*k̂as-dhrā) ` two-edged ax ';

Latin careō, -ēre ` to be without, be free from, be destitute of ', Oscan kasit ` it is
necessary, is proper, is becoming, behooves '; to-participle, Latin castus ` morally pure,
unpolluted, spotless, guiltless, virtuous, an abstinence from sensual enjoyments on
religious grounds ', originally ` cropped, truncated, cut off , apart, separated'; thereof
castīgō ` chide, scold, attack '; neologism is cassus ` empty, void, hollow '; *kastrom `
cutting tool ' ( : Old Indic śastrám) was assumed from Latin castrō, -āre ` abscise, clip,
castrate ', castrum ` encampment ' as ` sliced piece of land', Oscan Gen. Sg. castrous `
pour, pour out, shed ', Umbrian castruo, kastruvuf ` the bottom, lowest part ' (u-stem after
peku- `cattle');
Middle Irish cess f. `spear, javelin' (*kestā);
Old Norse hes f. ` spigot in cow's rope ';
Old Church Slavic kosa f. `sickle, scythe' (k- instead of s- through dissimilation against
the following s?).
References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.

Page(s): 586
Page(s):
Root / lemma: k̂eub-

eub-
eub
Meaning: thorn
Material: Asächs. hiopo `briar', Old High German hiufo ds., Old English héopa m., héope
f., engl. hip, Norwegian hjūpa ` rosehip, dog rose ';
Old Prussian kaāubri `thorn'.
Maybe alb. (*k̂eub-) thumb `thorn' common alb. s- > th-.

Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂euk-

euk-
euk
Meaning: to shine, glow
Material: Old Indic śṓcati, śúcyati ` lights, shines, glows, burns, suffers violent pain,
mourns ', śocáyati ` kindles, saddens; it is sad, deplores ', śṓka- m. `blaze, glow, flame,
pain, mourning, grief', śúci- `luminous, gleaming, pure', śukrá-, śuklá- ` light, white, pure',
śukti- f. ` shell, pearl mussel, mother of pearl, iridescent lining of a mollusk shell ' (if
`*gleaming'), perhaps śuktá- `sour' (if ` burning from taste') ;
Avestan saočint- ` burning ', saočayeiti ` set on fire, light up, kindle = set in rapid motion,
urge on, hurry, hasten, accelerate, quicken ', npers. sōxtan `kindle, inflame, burn ',
Avestan upa-suxta- ` kindled ', ātrǝ-saoka- m. ` firebrand ', np. sōg `mourning, grief,
distress ' (Armenian sug `mourning, grief' is iran. loanword); Avestan suxra- `luminous (of
fire)', np. surx `red';
gr. κύκνος `swan' as `the white'.
References: WP. I 378. extension from k̂eu-

eu-2.
eu
Page(s): 597
Root / lemma: k̂euk̂-, k̂uk̂-

Meaning: to mix, to whirl
Note: very doubtful.
Material: Gr. κυκεών ` mixed drink ', κυκάω ` stir in, mix in, mix into, mingle', κύκηθρον
`Rührkelle';
Lithuanian šáukštas `spoon', šiùkšmės ` a rubbing away, sweepings ', šiukštùs ` mixed
with chaff or bran '.

Page(s): 597
Root / lemma: k̂eu-

eu-1, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā-
eu
Meaning: to swell
Material: Old Indic śv-áyati ` rises, becomes strong, mighty ' (Perf. śū-śuv-uḥ); śu-ná- n. `
growth, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation'; śávas- n. ` strength, heroic strength ',
śávīra- `strong, mighty' (ī probably secondary for ī, so that = gall. κάυαρος), śáviṣṭha- `
übermächtigst ', śūná- `swollen, turgid ' (Old Icelandic hūnn etc.; about Old Indic śū́na-m
`lack' s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); śūnyá- ` empty, bare, lacking' (and Armenian sun ` sehr
gering, entbloßt von '); śū́ra- `strong', mostly ` hero ' (= Avestan sūra-, gr. ἄ-κυρος etc.);
śṓ-tha- m. ` intumescence, swollen state ', śṓ-pha- m. `swelling, lump, growth, ulcer'; śāva-
m. ` the young of an animal ', Old Indic śi-śu- m. `kid, child, youngling ';
śvā-trá- ` thriving, strong', n. ` power, strengthening '; śá-śvant- ` each, every ', see
below; from an s-extension probably śuṣi- m. `cavity' (= Old English hyse ` youngling '),
suṣirá- (from śuṣ-?) `hollow'; n. `cavity, a wind instrument ';
Avestan spā(y), redupl. present participle sispimna- `swell up', sūra- (= Old Indic śū́ra-)
`strong, vast, grand', Superl. sǝvišta- (= Old Indic śáviṣṭha-); sūra- m. `hole, lacuna', npers.
sūrāx `hole' (: κύαρ = ὕδρος : ὕδωρ; s. also Armenian sor, at most Latin caver-na);
Armenian sun (see above to Old Indic śū́na- ` emptiness '); sor `hole' (*so[v]oro- from
*sovaro- = Old Indic *śavīra-, gr. κύαρ), soil `cave' (*k̂eu-lo-);
alb. thelë, thellë `deep' (= κό(F)ιλος; о to a and through umlaut to e); thanë ` cornel,
cornelcherry ' (*k̂ousnā), Tosc i thantë ` made of cornel, strong ' (Jokl by WH. I 277);
(common Celtic alb. abbreviation)
Maybe alb. Tosc i thartë ` sour '.
gr. κόοι τὰ χάσματα τῆς γῆς, καὶ τὰ κοιλώματα Hes. (: Latin cavus, Middle Irish cūa),
κοῖλος `hollow' (κόFιλος = alb. thelë), lengthened grade κῶος `cave, jail '; κύαρ (*k̂uu̯r̥)
`hole' (see above to Avestan sūra- `hole', Armenian sor); (perhaps borrowed word κύαθος
`goblet' and κώθων ` Laconian drinking-vessel, used by soldiers, drinking bout, carousal,
the inner harbour at Carthage ' from *κοFαθων?); κύλα τὰ ὑποκάτω τῶν βλεφάρων
κοιλώματα Hes. (also κύλον ` the parts under the eyes, groove above upper eyelid ' Poll.,
Suid.; also κυλάδες, κυλίδες; in addition, as it seems, κοικύλλω ` gawk around ', Κοικυλίων
actually ` gawper, starer ';
with the meaning `to swell' etc.: κυέω, (ἐγ)κύω, Aor. ἔκῡσα ` be pregnant ', κύος n.
`foetus' (: cymr. cyw), ἔγκυος `pregnant', ἐγκύ̄μων (?) ds.: κῦμα ` surge '; Κυάρη ἡ Αθηνᾶ
Hes. (`*the strong', ablaut. with Old Indic śavīra-, gall. Καυαρος) ; ἄ-κῡρος ` invalid ' (= Old
Indic śū́ra-), κύ̄ριος ` having power or authority over, legitimate, lawful, goodness proper,
lord, master ', κῦρος n. `power, force, influence, verdict '; in addition from the grade *k̂u̯ā-
(as Old Indic śvātrá-) Doric Aor. πά̄σασθαι, Perf. πέπαμαι ` received possession, power on
something ', πᾶμα `Besitztum', PN Θιό-ππᾶστος (ππ < k̂u̯), Ionian ἔμπης, Doric ἔμπας `
alike, anyhow, generally '; in addition ἐμπάζομαι ` busy oneself about, take heed of, care
for ', κατεμπάζω ` gripe, seize, assault ' (`*take in possession '), ἔμπαιος èxpert, skillful,
knowing, practised ';
πᾶς `whole' (*πᾱ-ντ- from *k̂u̯ā-nt-); also = ἅ-πᾱς ` someone, each, every ', Old Indic śá-
śvant- (*sa-śvant-) ` jeder der Reihe nach, vollständig ';
Latin cavus `hollow, arched (concave)' from *cou̯os (compare port. covo etc.), caverna
`cave'; cumulus (*k̂u-me-los ` intumescence ') `heap'; inciēns `pregnant' (*en-cu̯iens,
similarly Old Indic śvayatē); here also cavea f. `cage', Middle Latin cavellum `basket',
roman. *cavāneum (M.-L. 1786) `basket, cradle ';
gall. PN Καυαρος, Cavarillus (assimil. from *covaro-: Old Indic śavīra-), cymr. cawr
(*cawar), corn. caur ` giant '; Middle Irish Nom. Plur. cōraid ` heroes ', religiously
aggravated to ` sinner'; Middle Irish cūa (*k̂ou̯i̯os) `hollow' (: κόοι, Latin cavus); cūass
`cave'; bret. kéo ` grot, cave ' (*kou̯io-); cymr. cyw m. ` the young of an animal ' (*k̂uu̯os: gr.
κύος);
Old Icelandic hūnn m. `dice, cube, block-like piece; youngling ', (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English hūn m. ` youngling ', *hūni- ` power, strength '
in EN as Old High German Hūn-mār (= Old Indic śūná-), elsäss. hünsch ` tumefaction of
the milk veins '; probably also the strengthening Old Icelandic hund-, e.g. hund-diarfr `
πάν-τολμος ', i.e. participle*hunda = *k̂u̯-n̥t- (: *k̂u̯-ent-, during gr. παντ-, *k̂u̯ā-nt has
derived from the heavy basis k̂u̯ā-); Old English hyse ` youngling ' (: Old Indic śuṣi ` hollow
stalk '), hoss m. `twig, branch';
Latvian šâva ` fissure or cavity in the tree shaped like a sheath ' (lengthened grade,
compare κῶος); from `to swell' from: Lithuanian šaũnas, šaunùs `strong, proficient',
pašū̆nė ` power, strength ' (: Old Indic śuná-m; Persson Beitr. 192, would like to add also
šaulis (Old Lithuanian) `hip, haunch', šuka ` haycock on the field ', šū́snis `heap', šū́tis `
woodpile ', šū́tis `heap of stone or wood '??);
Maybe alb. sukë `hill'. (in PIE word and hill are of the same origin).
Old Bulgarian sujь ` void, vain'; compare Būga Kalba ir. sen. I 291.
A root form k̂u̯-el- perhaps in Old English hwylca (leg. hwelca) ` pustule, swelling, lump,
growth ', wherefore hwelian ` fester ' and (?) Latvian kvel̂dêt, kvèlêt `glow' (Mühlenbach-
Endzelin II 352).
References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 301.
Page(s): 592-594
Root / lemma: k̂eu-

eu-2
eu
Meaning: to shine, bright
Material: Avestan savahī- `name of the continent situated in the east ' (actually Nom. Du.
from *savah- ` morning, east '), with zero grade root syllable Old Indic śvaḥ Adv. èarly to-
morrow morning '; r-stem Avestan sūrǝm ` early in the morning' (thematic Akk. a
conservative stem), a-sūiri ` in the morning darkness ' (sūirya-), Akk. sūirīm ` breakfast ';
perhaps Armenian šukh ` radiance, splendor, fame' (as *k̂u̯ō-ko-; therefrom škheɫ
`glamorous etc.'), šol `ray, beam of light' (as *k̂u̯o-lo-), nšoyl ` light, radiance, sparkle ' (*ni-
k̂u̯oli̯o), probably šand, šant` `spark, lightning, glowing iron' (k̂u̯nt̥ i-; probably from a
participle-stem k̂u̯-ent- : ku̯-n̥t- derive ).
no-stem:
no Old Indic śóṇa- `red, bright red ' (n̥ for n), gall. COVNOS (coin), Old Irish
*cuan-dae, Middle Irish cuanna, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. cun ` mellifluous'
(Sommerfelt BSL. 24, 219 ff.); russ. sunica, sunika, Serbo-Croatian sunica ` raspberry ';
russ. kuná `marten' etc., Lithuanian kiáunė, Latvian caûna, caûne, Old Prussian caune ds.
could lie a corresponding color adj. from a root form with velar of the basic; about
Lithuanian švìnas `lead', Persson Beitr. 745 between adds as k̂ueno-, s. Boisacq s. v.
κύανος `cyanus, a dark-blue substance'.
Maybe alb. kunadhe f. `marten' : gr. κουνάβι `marten' : russ. kuná `marten'.
Root extensions:
eu-bh-: Old Indic śúmbhati `shines', śṓbhatē ` ist stattlich, nimmt sich schön aus ',
k̂eu-
eu
śōbhaná- `beautiful, gleaming', śubha- `pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying', śubhrá-
`beautiful, gleaming, light color ' = Armenian surb `pure, holy', srbem `clean, holy, sacred '.
eu-dh-: Old Indic śúndhati `purifies, cleans', śudhyatē ` becomes pure ', śuddhá- `pure',
k̂eu-
eu
Kaus. śundhayati `purifies, cleans' (Avestan sudu- ` cleaning of the grain? grain mill? ' s.
Bartholomae Wb. 1583).
k̂eu-
eu k̂euk-
eu-k- see below esp. headword (k̂ euk-);
euk
k̂u̯-en- k̂u̯-en-
en- `hold festivities, sanctify '? see below esp. headword (k̂ en-);
k̂u̯-eid-
eid-, k̂u̯-eit- k̂uei-
eit- see below esp. headword (k̂ uei-3).
uei
References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121; s. k̂u̯on-
on- `dog'.
on
Page(s): 594-595
Root / lemma: k̂e-

See also: see below k̂o-
Page(s): 537
Root / lemma: k̂ēi-
ēi-bh-
ēi
Meaning: quick, hasty
Material: Old Indic śī́bham Adv. `rash, hasty, quick, fast', śī́bhya- ` wandering quickly, fast ',
śibhrá- `horny, lustful (?)';
Gothic haifsts `fight, quarrel', Old Norse heipt, heifst f. ènmity, rage, fury, hate', Old
High German heiftīg `violent'; Old English hǣst `force, might, vehemency', Old Frisian
haest `haste, hurry', Middle Low German heist `vehemency'; Old English hǣste, Old High
German heisti `violent, forcible '.
References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to k̂ēi-gh-, see below.

Page(s): 542
Root / lemma: k̂ēi-

ēi-gh-
ēi gh-
Meaning: quick, hasty
Material: Old Indic śīghrá- `rash, hasty, quick, fast';
Old English hīgian ` stretch, make tense, stretch out, spread out, distend, extend,
hasten, make haste, be in haste, hurry, be quick, bear upon, press upon, lean, support
oneself ', engl. hie `hurry', geminated Norwegian hikka ` sob ', Old Swedish hikka ` gasp,
have the hiccups ' (onomatopoeic words?);
russ. sigátь, signútь `spring', wruss. sigáć, signuć ` walk, make big steps '; wherefore
also russ. sig à kind of fish', as Salm to saliō, so that Lithuanian sýkis etc. and Old Norse
sīkr maybe are borrowed from Russ..
References: WP. I 363, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 249;
See also: belongs to k̂ēi-
ēi-bh-, see above.
ēi
Page(s): 542-543
Root / lemma: k̂ē(i)-

ē(i)- : k̂ō(i)-
ē(i) ō(i)- : k̂ǝ(i)-
ō(i) ǝ(i)-
ǝ(i)
Meaning: to sharpen, whet
Note: probably further formations from ak̂- `sharp' (see 18 ff.)
Material: Old Indic śi-śā-ti (śi-śī-tē), śy-áti ` sharpens, whets ', participle śitá- ` sharpened,
pointed ' (= Latin catus, Old Irish cath), śāta- ds., śāṇa- m. (with Middle Indic n̥ for n) `
whetstone, touchstone, yardstick, criterion ' (= npers. san `whetstone'); perhaps also Old
Indic śilā́ `stone, rock' (*k̂ǝ-lā);
Avestan saēni- `cusp, peak, treetop, sharp' (npers. sāyaδ `reibt') = Old Norse hein;
Armenian sur `sharp' (*k̂ō-ro-), srem `sharpen', sur, Gen. sroy `sword, knife', sair
`cutting edge' (*k̂e-ri-), compound sairadir `cutting edge', therefrom *sardrem, sadrem `
irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, set in motion '; perhaps also sal, Gen. sali
`flagstone, anvil ' (*k̂ǝ-li-, compare above Old Indic śilā́);
gr. κῶνος m. ` cone, a pine-cone, the cone of a helmet, top ' (= Old Indic śāṇa-),
therefrom κώνειον ` hemlock, Conium maculatum ' (after the leaves);
Latin catus (after Varro Sabine) àcutus, sharp witted, shrewd' (= Old Indic śi-ta-, Old
Irish cath); cos, cotis `whetstone', also cotes, cautes f. Pl. ` pointed rock, reef' (-au-
hyperurbanism); catanus ` cedar juniper ' is perhaps gall. loanword;
Old Irish cath `wise' (= Latin catus, Old Indic śi-tá-);
Old Icelandic hein f. `whetstone', Old English hān ` boundary stone ', engl. hone
`whetstone' (*k̂ǝi-n- : Avestan saēni-); Middle High German hār ` tools to sharpen the
scythe ' (*k̂ē-r-), Middle Low German haren ` sharpen, be sharp '.
References: WP. I 454 f., WH. I 181, 183 f., 190 f.

Page(s): 541-542
Root / lemma: k̂ēko-

ēko-
ēko
Meaning: green grass, green fodder
Material: Old Indic śāka- m. n. ` edible herb, vegetables ';
Lithuanian šė́kas ` freshly mowed grass, green fodder '', Latvian sēks ds., Old Prussian
schokis `grass' (these at first from *sjākas; -jā- from -ē-?);
Old Icelandic hā f. ` bumper crop, byproduct' (probably from Germanic *hēhōn-).

Page(s): 544
Root / lemma: k̂ē-ro-

Root ro-
Meaning: a kind of colour
Material: Old Indic śārá- `varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', this -ra- as formant was
verified through the Avestan composition form *śā-(i̯)i- in sāi-mužay- EN ` varicolored
colored female donkey ';
gr. κηρύλος `the blue kingfisher ' (diminutive formants -ύλος).
*kē-ro- perhaps as *k̂e[i]-ro- to k̂ei-2 in ` color names '?

Page(s): 582
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-

ēu-1 : k̂ū-
ēu
Meaning: to sway
Material: Latin cēveō, -ēre `wobble, sway; to agitate one's self, (the figure taken from the
wagging of the tail of a dog), to fawn, flatter ';
Old Bulgarian po-kyva-jǫ, -ti (mainly with glavǫ) ` shake the head, nod ', Czech kývati
`wave, beckon, nod, wag, move, shake' (etc.).

Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu-

ēu-2 (: k̂ǝu-
ēu ǝu-, k̂ū-)
ǝu
Meaning: to light, to burn
Note: Only gr. and Lithuanian
Material: Gr. καίω (Ionian), κά̄ω (Attic) from *καF-ι̯ω `to light, kindle', Aor. hom. ἔκηFα, Old
Attic Gen. Sg. κέᾱντος (*κηFαντ-), New Attic ἔκαυσα, Med. Epic κηάμην, Pass. ἐκά̆ην,
ἐκαύθην, delph. κηΰᾱ, θυσία', κήια καθάρματα and κεῖα ds. Hes., hom. κηώδης ` smelling
as of incense, fragrant ' (from a *κῆFος `blaze, incense '), καῦσις, καῦμα n. `blaze', κᾶλον `
dry wood' (*καF-ελον), Aeolic καυαλέος ` burning hot', hom. κήλεος (*κᾱFαλέος) etc.;
Lithuanian kūlė́ti ` become blight-ridden, of corn, grain ', kūlė̃ ` smut, blight '. (common
Celtic alb. abbreviation)
Maybe alb. kulë ` hernia '.

Page(s): 595
Root / lemma: k̂ēu̯ero-

ero-, k̂ōu̯ero-
ero ero- (also sk̂ūro-
ero ūro-?)
ūro
Meaning: north, north wind
Material: Latin caurus (cōrus) `northerly wind' (*k̂ǝu̯ero-);
Lithuanian šidurė f. `north', šiaurỹs m. `northerly wind';
Old Bulgarian sěverъ (*k̂ēu̯ero-) `north';
Maybe reduced alb. (sveri) veri ` north' a Bulgarian loanword?.
moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with anlaut. s-:
Armenian c̣urt `cold; coldness, shiver ' (*sk̂ūr-do-);
Old Icelandic Old High German skūr ` thunderstorm ', Modern High German Schauer,
Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English scūr, scéor ` shiver ', Gothic skūra windis `whirlwind',
Norwegian dial. skøyra (*skauriōn-) ` Windschauer ', skjøra (*skeurōn-) ds., Norwegian
skøyra, skūra ` drive off blindly on something ', Old Icelandic skȳra ` run there fast '.
Note:
Uralic etymology :
Alb. (*k̂ēu̯ero-) veri ` north '
Proto: *orja
English meaning: slave
Finnish: orja 'Sklave, slave ' ( > Saam. L år'jē 'Leibeigener, Knecht, Sklave', oarji (I)
'Sklave')
Estonian: ori (gen. orja) 'Sklave, Frohnarbeiter'
Saam (Lapp): oar'je -rj- (N) 'who, which is found in or belongs to the southwest';
southwest, west', år'jel (L) 'Leute von Süden', vi̊ørje (T) 'Norden', orjal (A) 'Nordwest',
vu↔<ǝr̄jel↔< (Kld.), vŭᾰr̄je
̀ l↔< (Ko. Not.) 'Nordwesten' ?
Mordovian: uŕe (E), uŕä (M) 'Sklave; Lohndiener', uŕeńd́e- (E) 'mühsame Arbeit verrichten'
Udmurt (Votyak): var (S), war (G) 'Sklave, Diener, Knecht'
Komi (Zyrian): ver (altsyr.) 'слуга, раб', Ud. vere̮s, veres 'Ehemann, Gatte'
References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 65.

Page(s): 597
Root / lemma: k̂Þei-

Þei-
Þei
Meaning: to settle
Material: Old Indic kṣḗti, kṣiyáti ` stays, dwells ', Avestan šaēiti ds., Old Indic kṣití-,
Avestan šiti- ` residence, settlement', Old Indic kṣḗtra-, Avestan šōiϑra- n. ` estate,
residence ', Old Indic kṣēma- m. ` quiet, peaceful staying ';
Maybe alb. (*kṣati) fshati `village' : Rumanian sat `village, countryside' identical to
Rumanian coapsă `thigh' : alb. kofsha `thigh' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷhs- > phs-, fs-.
[see Root / lemma: kok̂sā
sā : a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].
Armenian šēn, Gen. šini ` inhabited, farmed, village ' (: gr. κτοίνᾱ);
Common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-; hence Armenian šēn `
village ' is of Persian origin.
gr. κτίζω ` of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into
being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed ', ἐυκτίμενος ` well-built,
furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought ', ἐΰκτιτος ds., περικτίονες, περικτίται `
dwellers around, neighbours ', ἀμφικτίονες ` they that dwell round, next neighbours ' (to
form ἀμφικτύονες Lithuanian by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), κτίσις ` a founding, foundation, a
doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation,
an authority created or ordained ', rhod. κτοίνᾱ ` a local division, township ', also κτίλος `
peaceful, tame; a ram ' (actually ` tame, docile, gentle, domesticated ');
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Hittite ĝh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- (see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-,
ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : earth)
See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kÞē(i)
kÞē(i)-
ē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)
kÞǝ(i)-
ǝ(i)-
Page(s): 626
Root / lemma: k̂ik-

ik-1
ik
Meaning: strap
Material: Old Indic śic- f., śikya- n. ` loop, noose, snare, suspenders ', śāikya- `
damascenes, provide with loops ';
gr. κίσσαρος and κισσός ìvy' (?);
Lithuanian šikšnà ` fine leather to manufacture straps '.

References:
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ik̂er-
er-
er
Meaning: pea
Note: barely indogermanisch
Material: Armenian siseṙn ` chickpea ' (seems to continue k̂eik̂er- or k̂oik̂er-);
gr. (maked.) κίκερροι (so for expressed κίβερροι demanded through alphabetical
sequence) ὠχροί. Μακεδόνες; gr. κριός ` chickpea ' (would be from *κικριός dissimil.);
Latin cicer ` chickpea ';
Alb. qiqër ` chickpea ' a Latin loanword.
[Lithuanian kekė̃ `grape', Latvian k'ekars ds. seem to form against it with a different
family Latvian k'eḱis ` umbel, grape', Lituanismus to Latvian cekulis ` pigtail, tassel, fringe,
bunch, tussock ', cecers `frizzy hair, curly head' and Czech čečeřiti ` make unkempt,
shaggy, frill, friz '.]
Maybe alb. (*katsurel) kaçurel ` curly hair' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂iph-

iph-
iph
Meaning: a small twig or root
Material: Old Indic śiphā `thin root, rod'; gr. messenisch κίφος n. ` a crown, wreath,
garland, chaplet '; at most also Latvian sipsna `strong rod', Lithuanian šipulỹs `chip of
wood, wooden log'.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂ī̆k-2

Meaning: to rain, drizzle
Material: Old Indic śīkára- m. `fine rain', śīkāyati ` dribbles '; Norwegian higla `drip, trickle',
higl `fine rain'.
Page(s): 598
Root / lemma: k̂īō̆n- (k̂

k̂īsō̆
īsō̆n-?)
īs
Meaning: pillar
Material: Armenian siun = gr. κί̄ων ` pillar '.
Page(s): 598
lemma: k̂lei-
Root / lemma: lei-
lei
Meaning: to tip, incline, lean
Material: Old Indic śráyati ` leans, puts against ', śráyatē ` leans, resides ', śritá- = Avestan
srita- (: sray-) `leaned';
Avestan sray-, srinav-, srinu- `lean' (compare gr. κλινι̯ω);
Armenian leaṙn, Gen. leṙin `mountain' (*k̂leitr̥no-??);
doubtful Armenian linim `become, originate, befall, be' (compare Old Indic śráyate `be');
gr. κλί̄νω, Lesbian κλίννω (*κλῐνι̯ω) ` make one thing slope against another, turn aside,
make another recline, make subservient, inflect ' (Fut. κλῐνῶ, Perf. κέκλιμαι), κλιτός
`suitable', κλίσις `tendency', κλισία f. `cottage, tent', δικλίδες `double door', κλί̄νη `bed',
κλιντήρ, κλισμός `couch, bed, place for resting ', κλῑτύ̄ς (lies κλειτύ̄ς, Herodian.) f. `slope,
hill' (hellen. κλῖτος, κλίτος `hill'), κλίμα n. ` inclination, slope of ground ', κλῖμαξ f. `ladder';
Latin clīnō, -āre `bend, bow, incline ' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic
reshuffling a *klī̆-nā-mi), acclīnis ` leaning on, inclined to ', triclīnium ` a couch for three
persons reclining at meals, eating-couch, dinner-sofa, table-couch ', cliēns, -tis ` a
personal dependant, client ', clēmens `milde, gentle' (*k̂léi̯omenos?); clītellae ` a pack-
saddle, sumpter-saddle ', diminutive of a *k̂leitrā = Umbrian kletram ` a litter, bier, sedan,
portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ' (and Gothic hleiÞra f. `tent'); clīvus `hill' (= Gothic
hlaiw n. `grave'), clīvius `slant, skew = unlucky, of omen, sign';
Middle Irish clē, cymr. cledd, bret. kleiz, corn. cledh ` left, unlucky ' = `slant, skew'
(*k̂lei̯os), Middle Irish fo-chla, cymr. go-gledd `north'; Middle Irish clen `leaning, tendency',
wish' (: cymr. dichlyn `watchful, wakeful' from *dī-eks-klin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);
Old Irish clōin, clōen `slant, skew, krummrückig '; gallorom. *clēta ` hurdle ', Middle Irish
clīath `crates', cymr. clwyd ` hurdle, barrier ', acorn. cluit gl. ` clita ', bret. kloued-enn
`grove, hedge ' (k̂leito-, -tā); in addition acymr. clutam ` lump, mass together ', clut, ncymr.
clud `heap' (*k̂loi-tā); Middle Irish clēthe n. `roof beam, roof', zero grade cymr. cledr-en
`rafter, lath, fence' (*k̂li-trā = Middle Irish clethar `pad'), Middle Breton clezr-en, nbret.
klerenn ` main piece of the wicker rack ' (ablaut. with Umbrian kletram, Latin clītellae,
Gothic hleiÞra and Old High German leitara);
Old High German (h)linēn `lean (intr.)', asächs. hlinōn, Old English hlinian, hleonian
(*hlinēn) ds.; Old High German hlina ` the back of a couch ', Old English hlinbedd, hlinung
` lair ', Old High German hlinā ` a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars,
railings, bar in a court of justice '; Kaus. Old High German (h)leinen, Old English hlǣnan
`lean (tr.)'; Gothic hlainē Gen. Pl. `the hill', nisl. hleinn ` rock ledge ', Norwegian dial. lein f.
` mound, hillside, slope' (: Latvian slains); Gothic hlaiw `grave', Proto Norse hlaiwa ds., Old
High German Old Saxon hlēo `burial mound, grave', Old English hlāw `burial mound,
gravestone ' (= Latin clīvus); Gothic hlija m. `tent, cottage'; Old High German (h)līta,
Modern High German Leite ` mountainside ', Old Icelandic hlið f. `slope, mountainside '
(compare gr. κλειτύς, Lithuanian šlaĩtas); Old Icelandic hlið f. `side', Old English hlīð n. `
heap, mound, hill' (: κλίτος, Lithuanian šlìtė); Gothic hleiÞra `cottage, tent' (see above to
Latin clītellae etc.); Old High German (h)leitara `ladder', Old English hlæd(d)er ds.; Old
English -hlīdan `cover', hlid n. `cover, door', Old High German lit `cover' (Modern High
German Augenlid), Old Icelandic hlið `door, Gattertür', Gothic hleiduma `linker';
Lithuanian šliejù, šliẽti (older žem. šlejù = Old Indic śráyati =) Latvian sleju, slìet ` lean ',
in addition Lithuanian šlýti ` lean, incline, verge ', su-šlìjęs ` be bending ', causative nu-
šlajìnti ` turn over, overturn, capsize; keel over '; nouns: Latvian slejs m., sleja f. `line'; Old
Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid ', Nom. Pl. slayo ` sled ', Lithuanian šlãjos f. Pl. ds.; at-
šlainis m. ` wing, outhouse, outbuilding ', Latvian slains ` wo man einsinkt ', Lithuanian
šlaĩtas m. `slope', šlýna f. ` loam, clay ', at-šlaĩmas m. `forecourt'; Latvian slita f. `fence',
Lithuanian žem. pã-šlitas `slant, skew' (= Old Indic śritá-, gr. κλιτός); Lithuanian šlìtė, šlitìs
f. ` Garbenhocke ' (: gr. κλίσις), Old Lithuanian šlitė `ladder'; Lithuanian šleivas `
bowlegged' (compare Latin clīvus `slope'), ablaut. šlivìs m. `bowlegged person'; to the
rhyme word Lithuanian kleĩvas, klývas ` bowlegged' see below (s)kel- `bend'; different
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130, 3171;
Slavic *slojь ` layer ' (*k̂loi̯o-s) in sloven. slòj ` layer, lair ', russ. Czech sloj ds.; compare
formal above Old Prussian slayan n. ` sledge skid '.
About the extremely dubious affiliation from Old Bulgarian etc. klětь ` room, cell '
(Lithuanian klė́tis ` granary, garner, barn ' is Slavic loanword) under assumption from West
Indo Germanic Guttural s. Berneker 517 f.
References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f.,
Trautmann 308 f., Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.
See also: extension from k̂el-
el-2 ` incline '; s. also under (s)kel-
el (s)kel- `bend'.
Page(s): 600-602
Root / lemma: k̂lep-

lep sk̂lep-
lep- (sk̂ lep-?)
lep
Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal
Material: Gr. κλέπτω (*κλεπι̯ω) `steal' (κέκλοφα, ἐκλάπην and ἐκλέφθην), κλέπος n.,
κλέμμα (out of it Latin clepta), κλώψ, κλοπός, κλοπεύς `thief', κλοπή ` theft ';
Latin clepō, -ere ` to steal ';
Gothic hlifan `steal' (hliftus `thief');
Middle Irish cluain (*klopni-) f. `deceit, flattery, insincere compliments', cluainech

`deceitful';
Old Prussian auklipts (*-kleptós) `hide, conceal'; s. also under klēp-.
With anlaut. sl- from skl- seems related Lithuanian slepiù, slė̃pti `conceal'.
The meaning is made probably, that k̂lep- extension from k̂el-

el- `conceal'; Middle High
el
German hulft ` quiver ' seems to be justly zero grade our root form, as Old Prussian
auklipts; Old Prussian auklipts indicate then West Indo Germanic guttural.

Page(s): 604
Root / lemma: k̂leu-

leu-1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-
leu lū-
lū
Meaning: to hear, cry
Note: (extension a root k̂el-
el-);
el
Material: 1. Old Indic śr̥ṇṓti (*k̂l̥-neu-) ` hears ', śrudhí `hear' (= *κλύθι), participle śrutá- (=
κλυτός, Latin inclutus, Irish cloth n., Old High German Hlot-, Armenian lu) etc., śraváyati
àllows to hear', śrūyate ` is heard ', śrúti- ` the hearing ';
Avestan surunaoiti (*k̂lu-n-) `hört, steht im Rufe, heißt' etc., participle srūta- ` heard,
famous ', srū̆ti- `das zu Gehörbringen, Vortrag';
Old Indic śrōtra- n. èar', Avestan sraoϑra- n. ` the singing ' (= Old English hlēoðor, Old
High German hliodar), Avestan sraota- n. ` the hearing ' (compare serb. slútiti), Avestan
sraōman- n. ` ear, hearing ' (: Gothic hliuma), Old Indic śrṓmata- n. `good shout, call' (=
Old High German hliumunt);
Armenian lu ` renowned, glorious ' (= κλυτός etc.), lur `knowledge, rumor, tidings ', lsem,
Aor. luaj `hear, heard' (*k̂lu-k̂e-); the -s
s- of thepresent tense is the most likely -sk̂o-);
gr. κλέ(F)ω, -ομαι, ep. κλείω ` praise' are secondary; ἔκλυον `heard' (= Old Indic
śruvam), κλῦθι, κέκλυθι `hear!', κλυτός ìllustrious', κλειτός ìllustrious' (*κλεFετος, as
γενετή, Latin genitus), κληίζω ` praise; shout, name' (*κλέFε[σ]-ίζω of es-stem),
es κλεηδών,
κληδών, -όνος (*κλεF-ηδών) `shout, call', etc.;
Latin clueō, -ēre (later also cluō, -ĕre) ` to hear, be spoken of, be said ' (ē-verb with the
zero grade k̂lu-), cluvior (Gl.) ` that is known, well-known, famous, noted, celebrated,
renowned ', inclutus ìllustrious' (about Latin from-cultō see below k̂el-
el-2 ` incline '), Oscan-
el
Umbrian only in names (Kluvatiis ` Clovatius ', Umbrian Kluviier ` Cluvii ' );
Old Irish cloth n. `fame' (= Old Indic śruta-), cymr. clod ` praise, commendation, glory,
fame, renown, esteem ';
cymr. clywed ` the hearing, sense of hearing ', mcymr. clywaf, corn. clewaf Ì hear'; bret.
clevout `hear', Old Irish ro-clui-nethar (reconverted with metathesis from *cli-nu-, Indo
Germanic *k̂l̥-) ` hears ', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, cymr. cigleu ` hear ', Old Irish Konj. rocloor `
daß ich höre ', -cloth, newer -closs ` was heard '; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;
Old Icelandic hljōð `listening, quietness; sound' (= Avestan sraota-), Old English hlēoðor
`sound, tone, melody ', Old High German hliodar n. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indic
śrōtra-), Gothic hliuma m. ` ear, hearing ', Pl. èars' (= Avestan sraoman), Old High
German hliumunt, Modern High German Leumund (= Old Indic śrōmata-), participle
*hluÞa-, *hluða- in Old High German Hluderīch, Hlothari, Old English HloÞ-wīg, HloÞ-here
etc.; besides with ū (heavy basis, see above), Old High German hlūt, Old English Old
Saxon hlūd, Modern High German laut;
Latvian sludinât ` announce, declare '; lengthened grade Lithuanian šlovė̃ and šlóvë
`glory, magnificence, splendor ', ablaut. East Lithuanian šlãvė `fame';
Old Bulgarian slovǫ, sluti `call, be illustrious', lengthened grade slava f. `fame',
therefrom slaviti ` make illustrious ', serb. slûtīm, slútiti ` foresee, predict ' (Denom. a *slutь;
sloven. slût ` suspicion ' is probably postverbal), slytije `shout, call, names';
Tocharian AB klā̆w- ` announce, declare '; A klots, В klautso èar, gill'.
With West Indo Germanic guttural: alb. kjuhem `be called', gjuanj, kjuanj `name'
(Pedersen IF. 5, 36).
2. es-stem:
es Old Indic śravas- n. `fame', Avestan sravah- n. `word', gr. κλέFος `fame',
Illyrian EN Ves-cleves (= Old Indic vasu-śravas ` possessing good fame '), Latin cluor (Gl.)
` glory, splendour, effulgence, the opinion which others have of one, estimation, reputation,
credit, honour ', Old Irish clū `fame' (but cymr. clyw ` ear, hearing ' is a new formation), this
ū from the Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic slovo `word'; Tocharian A klyw, В kälywe
(*kleu̯os) `fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.
3. s-extensions: Old Indic śrṓṣati ` hears, listens, conforms ', śrúṣti- ` compliance,
obsequiousness ', Avestan sraoša- ` ear, hearing ' etc.;
Armenian luṙ ` closemouthed ' (k̂lus-ri-);
Old Irish cluas èar' (*k̂loustā) = cymr. clūst ` ear, hearing ';
Old Icelandic hler `das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-), Old High German hlosēn
`lend ear, listen ', Modern High German (Bavarian) Alemannian losen ds.; Old Icelandic
hlust èar' (= Old Indic śruṣti-), Old English hlyst ` ear, hearing ', Old Saxon hlust f. `
Gehör, Ohr, Hören, Lauschen ', Old Icelandic hlusta, Old English hlystan (engl. listen)
`wake up, become alert, listen '; with ū (as Old High German hlūt, see above): Old High
German lūstrēn, Modern High German (schwäb.-Bavarian) laustern `lend ear, listen ',
Modern High German lauschen (*hlūs-skōn); Old English hlēor, Old Saxon hlior, Old
Icelandic hlȳr `cheek' (= Old Bulgarian sluchъ);
Old Bulgarian slyšati `hear', sluchъ ` ear, hearing ', slušati (serb. slȕšati, also heavy
basis as slyšati) `hear';
Tocharian A klyoṣ-, В klyauṣ- `hear'; А klośäṃ, В klausane Dual èars'.
With West Indo Germanic gutturals: Messapic klaohi `hear!' (: Old Indic śrōṣi);
Lithuanian klausaũ, -ýti `hear', Latvian klàusît `hear, obey ', Old Prussian klausīton
èrhören', Lithuanian paklusnùs ` obedient, submissive ' (against it Lithuanian kláusiu àsk'
= `*will hear' from *kleu̯ǝ-s-iō has future s).
References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. LVI 1950: 3.
Page(s): 605-607

leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]-
leu lō[u]- : k̂lū-
lō[u] lū-
lū
Meaning: to rinse, clean, tear
leu-2 : *k̂lō[u]-
leu lō[u]- : k̂lū-
lō[u] lū- : to rinse, clean, tear, derived from Root / lemma: k̂leu-
lū leu-
leu
1, k̂leu̯ǝ- : k̂lū-
lū- : to hear, cry.
lū
leu-d-, Latvian also k̂lō̆u-k-.
Note: extension k̂leu-
leu
Material: Gr. κλύζω (*κλύδι̯ω) ` rinse, wash with water ', κλύδων m. ` wave, billow, surf,
rough water', κλύσμα n., κλυσμός m. ` gurgle, sound made by water flowing over stones ',
κλυστήρ m. ` a clyster-pipe, syringe ', root nouns Akk. Sg. κλύδα ` surge ';
Maybe alb. Geg (*klusmos) klumësht, Tosc qumësht ` milk' : gr. κλυσμός m. ` gurgle' :
Latvian slàukt `milk'.
Old Latin cluō ` to free from what is superfluous, make clean, make pure, clean,
cleanse, purify' (*k̂lou̯ō), Latin cloāca (cluāca, clovāca) ` drainage ditch, drainage canal ';
altgal. Cluad, acymr. Clut, Ptol. Κλώτα river name, engl. Clyde (Celtic *kloutā); cymr. clir
`clear, bright, cheerful, pure' (*k̂lū-ro-s);
Gothic hlūtrs, Old English hlūt(t)or, Old Saxon Old High German hlūt(t)ar ` pure, clear,
bright', Modern High German lauter (*klūd-ro-s); Old Norse hlér ` sea' (*hlewa-, Indo
Germanic *k̂leu̯o-);
Lithuanian šlúoju, šlaviaũ, šlúoti, dial. šlavù (= Latin cluō) ` sweep, wash away, whisk ',
šlúota ` besom ', Latvian sluôta ds.; extension k̂lō̆u-k- in slaũcît ` sweep, wash away,
whisk', slaukšēt ` splash, fall violently and noisy ', slàukt `milk', Lithuanian šliaukti, šlaukýti
` sweep, wash away '.
Perhaps extension of *k̂el- `humid, wet, damp', there also lie the consecutive roots of
the basic: k̂lep-`humid, wet' (see there), k̂lek- ds. (Lithuanian šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti,
šliknóti `spray' etc.), k̂leg(h)- ds. (russ. slezá `tears', Old Church Slavic slьza ds.). If this
applied, would be for k̂leu- : k̂el- the relation sreu- ` flow ' : ser- either model or parallel.

Page(s): 607
Root / lemma: k̂lou-

lou-ni-
lou ni-
Meaning: hip
Material: Old Indic śrōṇi- m. f., Avestan sraoni- f. `buttock, hip, haunch';
Latin clūnis ` a buttock, haunch, rump of people and animals' (clunāculum ` small sword
or dagger which one carries behind ');
cymr. corn. clun f. `hip, haunch', bret. klun `buttock';

Old Icelandic hlaun n. `buttock';
Lithuanian šlaunìs ` femur, thigh, hip, haunch, ham ', Latvian slauna `hip, haunch'; Old
Prussian slaunis `thigh'.
The Lautform from gr. κλόνις, -ιος ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column ' is still unexplained.
References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 162.
Page(s): 607-608
Root / lemma: k̂oi-

oi-no-
oi no-
Meaning: grass
Material: Gr. κοινὰ χόρτος Hes. (perhaps Neutr. Pl.); Lithuanian šiénas, Latvian sìens `hay'
(Finnish loanword out of it signify `hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic sěno ` any
feeding-ground, pasturage, grass ', Serbo-Croatian sȉjeno `hay', Old Czech sěno ds.
References: WP. I 455, Mühlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. III 859, Trautmann 297.
Page(s): 610
Root / lemma: k̂olǝmo

olǝmo-s, k̂olǝm
olǝmo- olǝmā
olǝmā
Meaning: stalk; reed
Material: Gr. κάλαμος, καλάμη `reed' (assimilated from κολ-?);
Latin culmus ` stem ';
Old High German halm, halam, Old Norse halmr, Old English healm ` stem ';
Old Prussian salme `straw', Latvian sal̃ms ` straw ';
Old Church Slavic slama (*solmā, Indo Germanic *k̂olǝ-mā), russ. soloma, serb. slȁma
`straw';
Tocharian A kulmäṃts- `reed' (?).
From gr. κάλαμος are borrowed Old Indic kaláma- m. ` a kind of rice, writing pipe ' and
Latin calamus `reed', from which again cymr. etc. calaf `reed'.
Maybe alb. kallam ` reed ' a Latin loanword.

Maybe alb. kalli, kalliri ` ear of grain '.
relationship to k̂el-
el- perhaps `thin shaft, arrow, stiff stem ' is worth considering (see 552
el
f.).
References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.

Page(s): 612
Root / lemma: k̂onkho-

onkho-
onkho
Meaning: clamshell
Material: Old Indic śaŋkhá- m. ` shell, temple, flattened region on either side of the
forehead ';
gr. κόγχος, κόγχη ` shell, measure of capacity '; κόχλος, κοχλίας ` shell, snail shell,
snail', maybe from *κογχλ-;
Latin congius ` a measure for liquids ' is most likely a gr. loanword;
doubtful Latvian sence ` shell ', there zence seems the right form.
References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.
Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂onk-

onk-
onk
Meaning: to doubt; to sway
Material: Old Indic śaŋkatē ` sways, doubts, is procured, fears ', śaŋkita- ` anxiously,
anxiously before ', śaŋkā́ ` anxiety, fear, suspicion, doubt';
Latin cūnctor, -ārī ` to delay, hesitate' (*concitor frequentative, compare Old Indic
śaŋkita-);
Old Norse hǣtta `chance, risk' (*hanhatjan), hǣtta `danger', hāski ds. (*han-h(a)skan-).
About Old High German hāhan ` hang ' etc. s. S. 566 under k̂enk- `waver'.

Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂op(h)elo-

op(h)elo-s or k̂ap(h)elo-
op(h)elo ap(h)elo-s
ap(h)elo
Meaning: a kind of carp
Material: Old Indic śaphara- m. ` Cyprinus sophore ' = Lithuanian šãpalas ` Cyprinus
dobula ';
gr. κυπρῖνος `carp', perhaps reshaped after κεστρῖνος, κοxρακῖνος, ἐρυθρῖνος etc.; υ-
possibly popular etymology after Κύπρος, because *κοπρῖνος would allow to think in
κόπρος.

Page(s): 614
Root / lemma: k̂orkā k̂rokā?),

orkā (k̂ rokā -elā
rokā
Meaning: gravel, boulder
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic śárkarā (śárkara-ḥ) ` powder, gravel, stone, powder sugar ';
gr. κρόκη, κροκάλη `pebble'; perhaps has a *κορκάλα : śarkarā previously after κρέκω
`hit' metathesis experienced in κροκάλη.

Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormen-

ormen-
ormen
Meaning: ` weasel '
See also: see above under ker-6.
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormno-

ormno-, k̂r̥mno-
ormno mno-
mno
Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine
Material: Middle High German hurmen ` fertilize ' (originally probably with Jauche), Modern
High German harn, harm Old High German haran ùrine';
Lithuanian šármas ` alkali, leach, lye, buck ', Latvian sãrms `lye', Old Prussian (with the
ablaut grade from Middle High German hurmen) sirmes (for *sirmis) `lye'.

References:
Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂ormo-

ormo-
ormo
Meaning: suffering, pain
Material: Avestan fšarǝma- m. ` sense of shame before ', Middle Persian šarm ds.;
Old Icelandic harmr ` sorrow, distress, damage, injury', Old English hearm m. ` distress,
pain, damage, pity', Old Saxon harm `pain, injury', Middle Low German harm `pain', Old
High German har(a)m àffliction, damage, insult', Modern High German Harm, Old English
hearm, Old Saxon harm `painful, hurtful ';
Old Bulgarian sramъ `the genitals'.

Page(s): 615
Root / lemma: k̂o-, k̂e- (with particle k̂e `here'), k̂(e)i-

(e)i-, k̂(i)i̯i̯i̯o- (*k̂
(e)i k̂eḫü--) Note: common Proto
Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: this
Material: Armenian -s
s àrticle' (e.g. mard-s `the person'), sa `this', ai-s ds., a-s-t `here';
Phrygian σεμου(ν) `this' (*k̂em + ōi); different Pedersen Tochar. 259.
gr. particle *κε in κεῖνος and ἐκεῖνος, Doric Lesbian κῆνος `that' from *(ε)κε-ενος; out of it
back formation (ἐ)κεῖ `there', (ἐ)κεῖθι etc.; *k̂i̯o- in σήμερον, Attic τήμερον `today'
(*κι̯ᾱμερον), whereupon also *κι̯ᾱFετες `this year' in σῆτες, Attic τῆτες, Doric σᾶτες;
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals
gw- > d).
Latin -ce, ce-particle in ce-do ` hither with it, give, bring here ' (also Oscan ce-bnust ` er
wird hergekommen sein '), cēterus `the other, remainder, rest' (*cĕ + *etero-, compare
Umbrian etru ` one, another, the one, the other '); hi-c (*hi-ce), hīs-ce, sī-c (sī-ci-ne), illī-c,
illū-c, tun-c, nun-c etc., Oscan ekak ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',
ekík ` to this place, hither ' = Paelignian eci-c, marr. iaf-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned ',
esu-c ` he, she, it, the one mentioned '; Oscan ídí-k, Umbrian ere-k ` he, she, it, the one
mentioned ', Oscan ekas-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',
Umbrian esmi-k ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Latin ecce
(probably from *ed-ke, s. *e Pron.-stem), Oscan um -um extended ekk-um àlso', after puz
` as, like' reshaped from *kʷuti-s ekss ` in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus,
accordingly, as has been said '; conglutination e-ko- e.g. Oscan ekas ` Of that which is at
hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Paelignian acuf ` Of that which is at hand; in space,
this . . . here, this ', ecuc ` to this place, hither ', ecic ` to this place, hither ', *e-k(e)-so- e.g.
Oscan exac ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ';
*k̂i- in Latin cis ` on this side ', citer ` on this side ', citrō `here', citrā ` on this side, on the
hither side ', citimus ` On this side ', Umbrian c̨ive ` on this side, on the hither side ' (stem
*k̂i-u̯o-), c̨imu, s̀imo ` behind, on the back side, in the rea ';
Old Irish cē `here, on this side ' (*k̂ei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi
`here', gall. κουι), cen (compare to n-suffix Old High German hina ` away, in another place
' etc.) ` on this side ' (in cen-alpande ` cisalpinus ') and `without', centar ` on this side '; gall.
etic besides eti àlso' could contain likewise -k̂e;
Old Norse hānn, hann `he' (*hānaR, Indo Germanic *k̂ēnos from *k̂e-eno-s), hōn ` she ';
asächs. hē, he, hie, Old High German hē, her `he', only Nom., Old English hē̆ ds.;
Gothic himma ` Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hina ` Of that
which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hita n. `now, yet', asächs. hiu-diga, Old
High German hiu-tu `hoc die, today' (: asächs. ho-digo ds.), Old High German hiuru (*hiu-
jāru) `this year', Modern High German jetzt, österr. hietz(t), Middle High German (*h)ie-zuo
(from *hiu + postposition tō `to'); Old High German hina ` away, in another place ', Modern
High German hin, hinweg (compare Old Irish cen); Gothic hiri ` get over here, come here,
come over here ' (basic form doubtful); Old High German hëra, Old Saxon her `here';
Gothic hēr, Old High German hiar, Old English hēr `here' (*k̂ēi-r); Gothic hidrē `here', Old
English hider, engl. hither `here' (: Latinciter, citrō), nl. heden `today', Old High German
hitumum, hitamun ` previous, at length, at last, not till then, just, precisely, only ' (: Latin
citimus);
Maybe nl. heden `today' : alb. sonte ` today ' see below.
controversial, whether here: Gothic hindana ` behind, beyond', Old English asächs.
hindan, Old High German hintana `behind', Old Norse handan `from that side her, beyond',
comparative Gothic hindar, Old High German hintar ` behind ', superlative Gothic
hindumists ` hindermost, endmost, outermost ', Old English hindema `last', whereas n from
*k̂i-n-t-, *k̂o-n-t identical would be as in Old High German hina; or with gall. Cintugnātos `
firstborn ', Old Irish cētne, cymr. kyntaf `first' etc. to *ken- `frisch kommen, soeben sich
einstellen, anfangen' (above S. 564) with the meaning `last' = ` new, not old, young, fresh,
recent '?
Old Prussian schis (Adverb schai `here'), Lithuanian šìs (Latvian šis = Old Church Slavic
sь `this'), Gen. Lithuanian šiõ, Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. Pl. Old Church Slavic sьję,
fem. Lithuanian šì (Latvian šĩ) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. sьjǫ, Lithuanian šì-tas
`this' (*k̂i-to-), in addition štaĩ `here, there, that' (old šitai), Old Prussian stas `that ';
Lithuanian šiañdien, Latvian šùodien `today', Lithuanian šè, Latvian še `here', Old Church
Slavic si-cь ` of such a kind, such ' etc.;
Maybe alb. (*sodiena) sonte `today' : Latin hodie, Latvian šodiena, Lithuanian šiandien
`this day, today'.
Hittite ki ` this ', ki-nun `now, yet' contains *k̂i (Pedersen Hittite 50).
Maybe alb. Geg m. ky, Tosc ki `this', f. kjo ` that', (*ky-ta) këta m. ` these', (*ky-to) këto f. `
these', (*ky-tu) këtu ` here'. (common Polish alb. -y- > -ë-).
Alb. Geg (*a-ji) aji, Tosc ai` he', (*a-jo) ajo ` she'. Note: Occidental (western) Romance
languages prefix e-, a-.
Alb. (*a-jo) ajo ` she' = Lithuanian ji ` she', alb. (a-ji) Geg aji, Tosc ai ` he' = Lithuanian jis `
he';
References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610
Root / lemma: k̂rā̆po-

po k̂rō̆po-
po- (k̂ po-?)
po
Meaning: roof
Material: Old Icelandic hrōf n. `roof, hanger, shed ', Old English hrōf `roof, deck of the ship
', engl. roof, Middle Low German rōf ` shelter, cover, cover';
Old Bulgarian stropъ `roof' (*k̂răpos). (common Slavic sk- > st-)

Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂rā-

rā-
rā
also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1 and S. 582 under k̂erǝ-.
See also:
Page(s): 616
Root / lemma: k̂reb

re h-, k̂rō̆bh-, k̂remb
re rem h-
rem
Meaning: to trust
Material: Old Indic śrambhatē, participle śrabdha- (with vi- and other preposition) .) ` trust,
count on ', niśr̥mbhá- ` appearing surely ';
Old Irish crābud ` devoutness, ascetic' (*k̂rōbhitu-s) m.; cymr. crefydd (new creddyf)
`faith, belief' would have attributed e to credu `believe'.

Page(s): 617
lemma: k̂red-
Root / lemma: red-
red
See also: see above S. 579 f. under k̂ered-.
Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂rei-

rei-
rei
Meaning: to appear, show oneself
Material: Old Indic śrī́- f. `beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence',
Avestan srī- `beauty', Old Indic śrī-lá- `beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', á-śrīra- `
ugly, not good looking ', Avestan srīra- `beautiful', Kompar. Old Indic śréyas-, Avestan
srayah-, Superl. Old Indic śrḗṣṭha- (śráïṣṭha-), Avestan sraēšta-, Old Indic śrēmán- m. `
decoration, preference ', Avestan srayan- n. `beauty', Adj. `beautiful', Old Indic śriyásē Dat.
n. `beautiful';
hom. poet. κρείων `noble, princely, ruler' (εὐρύ κρείων, κρείουσα) κρέων Pind. Aisch.,
nachhom. EN Κρέουσα (*κρε[ι̯]-οντ- participle ` shining out ' (?), stands perhaps as
comparative for κρειον-).

Page(s): 618
Root / lemma: k̂re-

re-, k̂rei-
re rei-, k̂r̥̄-
rei
See also: see above S. 574 ff. under k̂er-1.
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rē-

rē-
rē
also: see above S. 578 under k̂er-4.
See also: er
er
Page(s): 617
Root / lemma: k̂rūs-

rūs-
rūs
Meaning: shank, leg
Material: Armenian srun-k` Pl. (Gen. srvanc̣, sruni-c̣) `shinbone, calf' (*k̂rūs-ni-);
Latin crūs, -ris n. ` shank, shin bone, leg'.

Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sā- k̂eḫu--s-)

sā- (*k̂
sā
Meaning: to burn
Material: Old Indic kṣā́yati `burns', kṣātí- f. `blaze, glow', kṣāmá- `singes, burns, withers,
dries up ', kṣārá- ` burning, searing '; Kaus. kṣāpáyati `makes burn '; common Old Indic ĝh-
> kṣ-
to latter p-form perhaps Armenian c̣av `pain', c̣asnum `rage against', Aor. c̣aseay (`*be
stormy, hot tempered '; s = ps-); to kṣāmá- probably Armenian c̣amak` `dry' (the Armenian
words show k̂s-).
References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;

See also: see below k̂sē̆-ro-.
Page(s): 624
Root / lemma: k̂sē̆-ro- k̂eḫus

ro- (*k̂ ro-)
s-ro-
Meaning: dry; bright (of weather)
Material: Gr. ξερόν (only Akk.) ` solidified, dry land ', lengthened grade ξηρός `dry, arid';
compare above S. 624 Old Indic kṣará-; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin serescunt (Lucil. I 306) `(the dress) dry (in the sun), grow dry ', serēnus ` clear,
fair, bright, serene ' (of sky, heaven and weather);
Old High German serawēn ` become dry, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay, become
faint, grow weak, sink, be enfeebled, be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', Middle High
German Modern High German serben ` wither, become wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ';
Tocharian A ksär(k) ` morning '?
There k̂sē̆-ro- is probably an extension from k̂sā- `burn, scorch'.

Page(s): 625
Root / lemma: k̂uei-

uei-3 extended kuei-
uei kuei-d-, kuei-
kuei-s-, kuei- k̂ʷeḫü--) Note: common Proto
kuei-t- (*k̂
Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: shining; white
Note: probably extension from k̂eu-, S. 594 f.
uei-d-: Old Indic śvindatē `glares, gleams' (Dhātup.), Perf. śiśvindē; gr.
Material: a. k̂uei-
uei
mountain name Πίνδος `the white', PN Πίνδαρος (?); Gothic hveits, Old Icelandic hvítr, Old
English Old Frisian asächs. hwit, Old High German (h)wiz `white', zero grade nld. ndd. witt,
Old Frisian hwit ds.;
o-grade Gothic hveiteis, Old Icelandic hweiti n., Old English hwǣte, Old Frisian asächs.
hwēti, ahd weizzi, Modern High German Weizen `wheat'; changing through ablaut Middle
English white, Swedish dial. hvite, westfäl. wiǝt `wheat'.
b. k̂uei-
uei-s- Lithuanian šviesà f. `light', švaisà f. ` gleam'.
uei
c. k̂uei- k̂u̯ei-
uei-t- (k̂
uei to-, k̂u̯ei-
ei-to-
ei ei-ti̯o-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)no-
ei no-, k̂u̯i-t(ǝ)ro-
ro- `bright, white'):
Old Indic śvētá- `white' (f. śvēnī by Vopadeva) = Avestan spaēta- ds. (= Old Bulgarian
světъ `light'); Old Indic śvētya- `white, light ', fem. -ā (= Old Bulgarian svěšta `light'), Old
Indic śvētatē ìs white', śvítna-, śvitnyá-, śvitrá- (= Lithuanian švitràs ` sandpaper ') `white',
Old pers. Σπιθρα-δάτης, npers. sipihr `sky, heaven'; composition form Aryan śviti- in Old
Indic śvity-añc `gleaming', Avestan spiti-doiϑra- ` having bright eyes ';
doubtful gr. τίτανος f., m. ` calc, lime, limestone, gypsum, chalk ' (*k̂u̯it-ǝno-s), κίττανος
ds., dissimil. from *k̂u̯it-u̯-ǝno-s PN Tιτάνη, Aeolic lakon. Πιτάνη; mountain name Τίταρος;
Note:
Greek Tocharian labialized kw > t, gutturals gw- > d
Illyrian, Celtic Greek Avestan kw - > p-, gw- > b-
Lithuanian šviečiù, šviẽsti `gleam, shine': šveičiù, šveĩsti `clean', švitù, švitė́ti ` to shine
always, shimmer ', švintù, švìsti `be getting bright ', Kaus. švaitaũ, švaitýti ` make bright ';
švìtras m. ` sandpaper ', švytrúoti `flicker';
Old Church Slavic svьtitь sę, svьtěti sę `gleam, shine' and Slavic *svьnǫ (from *švitnō
besides Lithuanian švintù) in russ.-Church Slavic svьnuti; Kaus. Old Church Slavic světiti `
jemandem leuchten '; Slavic švaita- m. `light' in Old Church Slavic švětъ `light, world'; in
addition Slavic *švaitja in Old Church Slavic švěšta `light, candle';
besides with West Indo Germanic k-:
Latvian kvitu, kvitêt `flicker, gleam', Kaus. kvitinât;

Slavic *kvьtǫ, *kvisti `bloom, blossom' in Old Church Slavic pro-cvьtǫ, -cvisti `flower,
bloom, blossom', Old Czech ktvu, kvísti; ablaut. Old Church Slavic cvětъ, Czech květ etc.
`bloom, blossom'; besides Slavic *kvьtěti in russ.-Church Slavic cvьtěti `bloom, blossom'
and Serbo-Croatian càvtjeti `bloom, blossom' (= Latvian kvitêt).
References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.
Page(s): 628-629
Root / lemma: k̂up- k̂eḫu--p-)

up- (*k̂
up
Meaning: shoulder
Note: (Germanic with anlaut. s-)
common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.
Material: Old Indic śupti-, Avestan supti- `shoulder'; alb. sup `shoulder, back' (without
formant -t-); Middle Low German schuft m., East Frisian, Dutch schoft `shoulder blade of a
cow, a horse' (*skuftu-).
Note:
Note
Clearly alb. alb. sup `shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are
extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.
Page(s): 627
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei-

ei-1, k̂u̯ei-
ei ei-no-
ei k̂ʷeḫü--no-
no- (*k̂ no-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -
i-.
Meaning: dirt; to defile
Material: With formants -n(o)-
Material: n(o)-: Latin caenum `smut, ordure, dirt, filth', obscēnus,
obscaenus (back-formation from*obscēnare) `dirty, filthy, disgusting, indecent' (caenum
urbanized for the plebeian *cēnum from *coinom, *quoinom), in-, con-quināre `smudge,
befoul ', cūnīre ` produce, dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', ancunulentae ` feminae
menstruo tempore ';
Swedish dial. hven ` marshy field', Old Icelandic hvein (*k̂u̯oinā) in place names,
wherefore as ` marsh grass ' probably Danish hvene ` couchgrass, type name for several
stiff grass kinds ', Swedish hven, Norwegian dial. hvein ` couchgrass, thin blade of grass '
(Middle English whin `broom' from Danish hvine);
Latvian svīnît refl. ` make oneself dirty ', svīns `smudges';

with other formant presumably Armenian šiv ` deposit of pressed grapes ' (k̂u̯ī̆-u̯o-);
much more uncertain Old English hwæg, Middle Dutch wey `wheys' (*k̂u̯oio-?).

Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ei- k̂ʷeḫü--) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
ei-2 (*k̂
ei
Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..
Note: (see similar under k̂u̯es- `pant, gasp')
Material: Nisl. hvīa ` neigh ', Swedish dial. hwija `loud or violent cry', Middle High German
wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren ` neigh ', Old High German hwaijōn, waijōn, Middle High German
weihen ` neigh '; in addition as causative `weep, cry make': Old English ā-hwǣnan
`plague, torment, smite', Old Swedish hwin ` annoyance ';
Old Icelandic hvīna ` buzz, whirr ', hvinr `schwirrender sound, tone', Old English hwīnan
` buzz, whirr ', hwinsian, Old High German winisōn ` lament', Modern High German
winseln; Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', hvīsla `whistle, whisper', Old English hwiscettan
`whistle, from the mouse ', hwistlian `whistle', hwisprian `mumble, murmur', Old High
German (h)wispalōn `hiss, wispern', Old Church Slavic svistati `hiss'.
Maybe alb. (*hvīskla) fishkëllej `whistle' = Old Icelandic hvīskra ` whisper', nasalized alb.
(*hvinkla) hingëllin ` neigh '.
ei-k- in Armenian ščem ` fizz ' (*šičem from *k̂u̯ī̆ki̯ō) and Lithuanian švýkšti ` breathe
k̂u̯ei-
ei
whistling '.

Page(s): 628
Root / lemma: k̂u̯ek-

ek- (nasalized k̂u̯enk-
ek enk-) : k̂uk-
enk k̂ʷeḫuk
uk- (*k̂
uk k-)
Meaning: to gape
Material: Old Indic śváñcatē ` opens', ucchvaŋká- m. ` the gaping, gap, shard, the opening
';
Lithuanian šùkė f. ` notch', šùkos Pl. `comb', Latvian suka f. `bristle brush, currycomb '
(probably from `*comb'), suk'is m. `shard', sukums m. ` fracture, notch';
Slavic *sъčetь f. in polab. sacė́t `bristle, bristle brush', sloven. ščę̂t `bristle brush', russ.
ščetъ `bristle'.
References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 142.
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯el-

el- (*k
el eḫull-)
kʷe
Meaning: muddy
Material: Armenian šaɫem ` wet, moistened, prepared cement, mortar ', šaɫax ` loam, clay,
slime, mud, cement, mortar ' (-al- = l̥ or el); Lithuanian švelnùs ` soft, tender, tender-
hearted, gentle, delicate, sensitive, subtle, subtile, kindly, fond, sweet, affectionate, loving,
dulcet, merciful, lenient, facile, smooth, fine, mild, clement, bland, meek, velvet, genial,
fleecy, balmy '?
k̂u̯el-
Maybe alb. (*k̂ el-k) thuk ` mortar '
el
Page(s): 629
Root / lemma: k̂u̯en-

en- (*k
en eḫu--)
kʷe
Meaning: to celebrate; saint
Material: Avestan spǝnta- `holy' (= Lithuanian šveñtas, Old Church Slavic svętъ `holy'),
compounds Superl. Avestan span-yah, spǝ̄ništa- ` sacred, holiest ', es-stem Avestan
spā̆nah- n. ` holiness';
probably Gothic hunsl n. `sacrifice, oblation', Old English hūsl n. ` sacrament' (k̂u̯n-̥ s-lo-
);
Lithuanian šveñtas `holy', Old Prussian swenta- in PN, Old Church Slavic svętъ, russ.
svjatój ds.; further to Latvian svinêt `hold festivities, sanctify '.
References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 366.

Page(s): 630
Root / lemma: k̂u̯end ro-, -no-

en h-ro-
en no- (*k
kʷe ro-)
eḫudh-ro-
Meaning: a kind of plant
Material: Latin combrētum ` a kind of rush'; nir. cuinneog ` Angelica silvestris ' (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on k̂u̯ondhnā = Old Icelandic
huǫnn ` Angelica silvestris ' from k̂u̯ondh-nā, Danish färö. quander ds., Swiss
Wannebobbell ` arum maculatum ', Lithuanian šveñdrai Pl. à kind of reed, Typhalatifolia '.
Page(s): 631
lemma: k̂u̯es-
Root / lemma: es-, k̂us-
es us- (*k
us kʷe
eḫus
s-)
Meaning: to puff, sigh
Material: Old Indic śvásiti (inflection perhaps previously after aniti ` breathes '), śvásati `
breathes, wheezes, sighs ', āśuṣāṇá- ` piping, whistling ', Avestan suši ` both lungs ';
Latin queror, -ī, questus sum ` to express grief, complain, lament, bewail ' (: Old Indic
śvásati);
lengthened grade Old Icelandic hvǣsa, Old English hwōsan `pant, gasp';
Lithuanian šušinti ` mit zischendem Geräusch durch die Luft fahren ' (it could be like Old
High German sūsōn ` buzz, whirr, whiz, swish, whistle ' an independent onomatopoeic
word).
The k̂u̯es- is an extension of a k̂u-, k̂eu-

eu through -es
eu es (at most onomatopoeic origin), one
es-
supposes because of the same initial sound in Old Indic śūt-kārá- m. ` the whistle, hiss '
(perhaps rather like śīt-kārá- new onomatopoeic word formation?), Armenian sulem `
whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl = k̂eu-lo- or k̂ou-lo-); Lithuanian šv-añkšti `breathe, wheeze, pant,
gasp': Armenian šunč̣ `breath, breeze, soul, ghost' (k̂u̯onki̯o-); Lithuanian švir̃kšti `whistle,
buzz, whirr ', švil̃pti ` whistle, pipe, sing, whine, howl, whiz, whirr, hiss, hurtle ' and in the
root k̂u̯ei-
ei-2 `hiss ' see there.
ei

Page(s): 631-632
Root / lemma: k̂u̯on-

on-, k̂un-
on un- (*k
un eḫün-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷe
Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)
Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. k̂úu̯ō(n),
ō(n) Gen. k̂unós
ō(n) nós
Material:
In e- grade:
French chien : Albanian (*kjen) qen : Furlan cjan : Dzoratâi tsin : Breton ki : Welsh ci :
Viestano chèń : Wallon tchén ` dog'.
u̯- > alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc i, j.j
Common Hittite Slavic ḫu̯
Note:
Maybe under the influence of Occidental Romance languages even the Greek cognate
u̯- > alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc i.
changed towards the common ḫu̯ i
: Greek κύων > Greek σκύλος > Griko Salentino (*scillo) sciddho ` dog'.
In a- grade:
Luvian: UR.ZÍR
Meaning: `dog'
Attestations: [NSg] UR.ZÍR-iš: 109 iii 7.
Commentary: Probably *zuwani-, cognate with HLuv. zú-wa/i-ni-. See Melchert, Gs Cowgill
202.
Hittite: h.l. śuwanis (Tischler 500)
Old Indic śvā́ and ś(u)vā́ `dog', Gen. śúnas, Akk. śvā́nam, Akk. Pl. śúnas; Avestan spā,
spānǝm, Gen. Pl. sū̆nam, med. (Herodotus) σπάκα (*k̂u̯n-̥ ko- ` doglike': Old Indic śvaka-
`wolf'), Middle Persian sak, npers. sag, Kurdish sah, wāχi šač; from Iran. derive alb.
shak(ë) `bitch', gr. σπάδακες κύνες Hes. (from *σπάκαδες) and russ. sobáka `dog';
compare npers. sabah;
Armenian šun, Gen. šan `dog' (with unclear š); not well compatible with skund ` little
dog', whether from *k̂u̯on-to-, -tā; or to those above S. 564 under *ken-
*ken- ` be born recently '
to discussed names of the animal young?;
with for the Thrak.-Phrygian obvious gutturals Lydian Κανδάυλης `κυν-άγχης', thrak. GN
Καν-δάων (to 2. part s. dhāu-
āu- ` strangle, throttle, choke ');
quite unclear Latin canis `dog', cănēs originally previously fem. `bitch', canīcula
(compare Old Indic śunī f.) considering of a; perhaps interference a the Middle Irish cano,
cana à wolf cub', cymr. cenaw `young dog or wolf' (see ken-
ken-3) corresponding words (so
also Lydian Καν-δαύ̄λης?);
The meaning from Latin canis as ` a dog, shameless, the barking mouths (of Scylla), the
dogs of Hecate, a pack, a term of reproach, dog, of a backbiter, of a miser, of parasites,
the constellation, the Dog (canis maior, or Sirius; and canis minor, or Procyon), In play, the
worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus) ' turns in gr. κύων again, as well as in Old
Indic śva-ghnín- actually ` Hundetöter ', i.e. `professional, dishonest players avoiding the
bad throws '; compare also gr. κίνδῡνος `danger (*In play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-
throw (opp. Venus))' from *κυν-δῡνος, to Old Indic dyūtá `game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335
above.
In o- grade:
gr. κύων, κυνός (*κύFων) `dog' (κύντερος `hündischer, i.e. unverschämter', Sup.
κύντατος; to κυνάμυια compare Lithuanian šun-musė̃ ` Hundsfliege ');
Old Irish cū (Gen. con = κυνός), cymr. ci (Pl. cwn - κύνες, Lithuanian šùnes), bret. corn.
ki `dog' from *k̂u̯ō;
Gothic hunds, Old Icelandic hundr, Old English hund, Old High German hunt `dog' (k̂u̯n-̥
tó-), see above;
Lithuanian šuõ (Gen. šuñs) `dog' (has changed to i-stem in Lithuanian dial. šunis,
Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis `dog'); t- form Latvian suntana `large dog'; Latvian kuńa
`bitch' probably with West Indo Germanic gutturals, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or k from
kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Būga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but russ. poln. suka
`bitch';
Tocharian A ku, Obl. kon, В Nom. kunder
References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kuryɫowicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 32, 121 f.
See also: derivative from the color root k̂eḫu
u-2, S. 594.
Page(s): 632-633
Root / lemma: k̂ū̆dh- (*ke

Root keḫud
ke h-)
Meaning: dirt
Material: Gr. ὑσ-κυθά ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα Hes., κυθώδεος δυσόσμου Hes., κυθνόν ` semen '
Hes.; Lithuanian šúdas, Latvian sūds `crap, muck, ordure'.
References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.
Page(s): 627
Page(s):
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*ke

keḫu-)
ke
Meaning: sharp; pike
Note:
Root / lemma: k̂ū- (*ke : `sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ak̂-, ok̂-
keḫu-):
ke
: `sharp; stone'.
Material: Old Indic śū-la- m. n. `spit, pike, pointed picket, pole; stechender pain', Armenian
slak` (from *sulak`) `spit, pike, dagger, arrow', Old Irish cuil ` a gnat, midge ', cymr. cylion-
en ds., Latin culex ` mosquito ';
Old Indic śū-ka- m. n` sting of an insect, awn of the corn', Avestan sū-kā- f. `needle', np.
sōzan `needle', sōk ` ear, awn'; dubious prākr. osukkai ` whets, sharpens ';
Latin cuneus `wedge' (due to from k̂u-no- `cusp, peak').

Maybe alb. kunj `wedge' Latin loanword.

Page(s): 626-627
ʷalo-s (*k
Root / lemma: kʷalo lo-s)
kʷeḫu-lo
ʷe lo-
Meaning: a kind of big fish
See also: see below under (s)kʷalo
ʷalo-s.
(s)kʷalo-
Page(s): 635
ʷas-i̯i̯i̯o-, -lo-
Root / lemma: kʷas- lo- (*k
kʷeḫus lo-)
ʷe s-lo-
Meaning: basket-work
Material: Latin quālum (quallus) à wicker basket' (*ku̯aslom, compare the diminutive:)
quăsillus, -um ` a small basket for various purposes; esp., a wool-basket ' (with emphatic -
ss-);
ss
Old Bulgarian košь `basket' (*kʷas-i̯o-s), russ. koš `basket, fish snaring net; hurdle ' etc.,
also Church Slavic košar(j)a ` hurdle ' etc., russ. košélь `basket, bread basket '.
Maybe alb. kosh `basket' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.

Page(s): 635
ās- : kʷǝs-
Root / lemma: kʷās- ʷǝs- (*k -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷeḫüs-
ʷe
Meaning: to cough
Note: [addendum to S. 635]
Material:
In a- grade:
(*ḫ2ʷas-)
as
Old Indic kā́s-, kāsá- ` cough ', therefrom kāsate `coughs'; Middle Irish cassacht(ach) m. `
cough ', cymr. pas ds. (*kʷǝs-t-), pesychu `cough' (*kʷǝs-t-isk-), bret. pas ` cough ', corn.
paz ds.;
Latvian kāsẽju, kãsêt ds., Latvian kãsulis ` cough '; Slavic *kašъlь in russ.-Church Slavic
kašelь ` cough ', etc.
In o- grade:
(*ḫ3ʷos-)
os
Old Icelandic hosti m. ` cough ', Old English hwosta, Middle Low German hoste, Old High
German huosto, Alemannian wuǝšte ds.;
Lithuanian kósiu (old kosmi), kósèti `cough', Lithuanian kosulỹs ` cough ', alb. kollë, kolla `
cough ' (*kʷos-lā) (common alb. -sl- > -ll-)
Maybe alb. pështyj ` spit' : cymr. pesychu `cough' a Celtic loanword.
Page(s): 649
ʷei-1(t) (*k
Root / lemma: kʷei- ʷe -t) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷeḫü-
Meaning: to observe; to appreciate
Note:
(common Avestan Slavic k > č : alb. k > ts > ç : Greek Tocharian labialized kʷ -> t-).
Material:
In a- grade:
A. Old Indic cā́yati ` perceives, observes, is shy, is concerned ', cāyú- ` showing reverence
' = Old Bulgarian čajǫ, čajati ` expect, wait, hope ' (lengthened grade *kʷēi̯-ō);
Old Indic cinōti, cikḗti `notices', cití- f. ` sympathy, appreciation ', cí-t f. `ghost, intellect ':
gr. ἀτίζω ` not to honour, not to heed, slight, treat lightly, deprive of honour due ' from *α-τι-
τ- ` unheeding ';
In e- grade:
kʷē[i]-ro- in gr. τηρός `warden, guard', τηρέω ` perceive, protect; observe, wait, hide out
and wait, lie in wait and make a surprise attack', perhaps also Old Indic cāra- m. ` spy,
scout '; it may be added because of Old Indic cā́yati ìs anxious ' with zero grade also gr.
τετίημαι `be grieving ', τετιηώς `timorous, grieving '?
To *kēi
*kēi- `move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs kē[i]so-
kē[i]so-, kē[i]sā `time' in:
In a- grade:
Old Church Slavic časъ m. ` time' (*ḫ2ʷai-

ai-ska).
ska
In o- grade:
alb. kohë, koha f. ` time', (*ḫ1ʷei-ska Jokl Mel. Pedersen 1591 f.

ei-ska)
Note:
Note
Also alb. çast `moment' : Old Church Slavic časъ m. a Slavic loanword.
In a- grade:
B. Old Indic cáyatē `racht, straft', cētár- ` avenger', ápa-citi- f. `repayment' (= ἀπότισις,
τίσις);
Avestan kāy- ` repay, atone', e.g. čikayat̃ `shall atone, punish, curse, avenge ', pairi-ā-
kayayanta ` sie sollen als Buße auf sich nehmen ', kaēnā- f. `penance, atonement' (=
ποινή, Slavic cěna, compare also Lithuanian káina), npers. kīn- ènmity, hate, rage, fury',
Avestan kāϑa- n. `repayment', čiϑi- f. ` atonement through payment ', čiϑā `ds.,
punishment ', osset. čithä `honour' (as τιμή);
In e- grade:
gr. τίω and τί̄ω (Arcadian τείω reshuffling after ἔτεισα, τείσω), Fut. τί̄σω, Aor. ἔτισα,
participle Pass. τετῑμένος ` assess; esteem, honour', πολύ-τῑτος ` highly honored ', ἀτίετος
ùnhonoured, not honouring or regarding ';
hom. τί̄νω, Attic τί̆νω (*τινF-ω) ` atone, pay ', Med. ` allow to pay or atone, punish ',
τινύμεναι (Eur. Or. 323), hom. τείνυται (as Cretan ἀποτεινύτω after ἔτεισα, τείσω); Fut.
τείσω, Aor. ἔτεισα (Thessalian πεῖσαι, Cypriot πείσει ), τίσις ` payment, penance,
atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ', ποινή ` atonement, punishment, revenge,
vengeance ' (out of it Latin poena); τῑμή ` appraisal; honour; penance, atonement,
punishment ', ἄτῑμος ` dishonouring, derisive ';
probably Middle Irish cin, Gen. cinad `blame' (*kʷinu-t-s, compare τίνυ-ται);
In a- grade:
Lithuanian káina ` value, worth, price'; Old Prussian er-kīnint `(of the devil) set free,
release ';
In e- grade:
Old Bulgarian cěna ` valuation, price, satisfaction, penalty, punishment; honour, price ',
cěniti ` assess '.
In a- grade:
Old Bulgarian kajǫ, kajati sę ` feel repentance ', pokajati sę ` make penance, atonement ',
okajati ` deplore, lament ', russ. kájatь `rebuke', -sja ` feel repentance '.
In e- grade:
root extension kʷeis- ʷeit- (compare above Old Indic cít, cití-):
ʷeis-, kʷeit-
Old Irish ad-cī (*kʷis-e-t) ` sees ', cīall f. `reason' = cymr. pwyll, bret. poell ds. (*kʷeis-lā),
etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);
Old Indic cḗtati, cíkētati ` hat acht auf etwas, nimmt Wahr ', Perf. cikḗta, participle
cikitván ` understanding, knowing ', Avestan čikiϑvā̊ ` thinking over, deliberative ', Old Indic
cítti- f. ` thought, reasoning, discernment', Avestan čisti- ds., Old Indic cintā́ ` thought, care
';
Old Bulgarian čьtǫ, čisti ` count, calculate, read a script; honor ', *kʷi
*kʷi- ti- > čьstь (= Old
ʷi-t-ti-
Indic cítti-ḥ) `worship, veneration, honour'; with anl. s- Latvian šḱìetu, šḱitu, šḱist `mean',
Impers. `shine, appear, seem'.
In a- grade:
Latvian skaitît ` count, recite prayers ', Lithuanian skait-aũ, -ýti `count, read '.
References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 686, 697.
Page(s): 636-637
ʷei-2 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷei- ʷe -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷeḫü-
Meaning: to pile, stow, gather
Material: Old Indic cinṓti, cáyati ` piles up, lines up; collects, accumulates; joins, is based ',
cáya- m. ` accumulation, heap '; káya- m. ` abdomen, body ' (actually `* build, figure, body
structure '; or `*mass'?); citā́ ` layer, woodpile, pyre, stake', cíti- f. ` accumulation, layer,
pyre, stake', cītí-f. ` the collecting ';
Avestan kay-, čayeiti, činvaiti `(*legere) aussuchen, choose ' with vī- `divide,
distinguere', with ham- `colligere, (Schrittlängen) aneinanderlegen'; np. čīdan `gather,
collect';
gr. ποιέω `create' (arg.-Boeotian ἐποίFησε ), then also ` poetize, write poetry ',
denominative of a *ποι-Fό-ς ` constructing, creating ' (compare ἀρτο-ποιός ` baker ');
Old Bulgarian činъ (probably u-stem: Old Indic cinṓ-ti, Avestan činvaiti, yet in Slavic with
ī the first syllable, as Old Indic cītí-) òrder, row, rank', činiti ` sort, order, arrange, put in a
line, build ', probably also klr. kojú, kojíty ` instigate, prepare something evil', as gr. φόνον
ποιεῖν `murder instigate '), poln. dial. koić się `succeed, proceed, go ahead'.
A s- further formations in Avestan kaēš- (with Präverbien) ` to place together, heap up,
pile, arrange ', frā- `prepare, make ready ', vī- ` prepare, get ready ' (Bartholomae Wb.
429).
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker 538, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 637-638
Root / lemma: kʷei̯ǝ-, kʷii̯ē- (*k

kʷeḫü-es Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
ʷe -es)
Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful
Material: Old Indic cirá-m ` indecisiveness, delay', cirá- ` lasting, continuing; ongoing, long
'; Old pers. šiyāti-š ` complacency ' (= Latin quiēs), Avestan šāiti-š `pleasure, joy' (š- = šy-,
compare gathav. šyeitibyō), Avestan šyāta-, šāta- ` pleases ' (= Latin quiētus), a-šāta- `
unhappy ' (= Latin inquiētus), Παρύ-σατις, Avestan šāišta- ` most cozily, most gratifyingly ',
np. šād `blithe, glad', oss. anc̣ayun `rest'; sogd. š't ` gleeful ';
Armenian han-gč̣im Ì lie, rest ', han-gist ` tranquility ' (-gi- from *-kʷi-);
Latin quiēs, -ētis ` tranquility ', quiē-sco, -scere, -vī, -tum `rest', with formants -lo- (as
Germanic*hwīl-) tranquīlus, tranquillus ` peaceful' (trans + kʷīlos);
Maybe alb. qetë `quiet' a Latin loanword.
Gothic ƕeila, Old English hwīl, Old High German (h)wīla ` while, time', Old Icelandic
hvīla `couch, bed, place for resting ', hvīld ` tranquility ', Gothic ƕeilan ` stay, linger,
hesitate, cease', Old English Hwāla MN, Old High German wīlōn, -ēn ` stay, linger ';
Old Church Slavic pokojь ` tranquility ', pokojǫ, pokojiti ` calm, appease ', počijǫ, počiti
`rest';
Tocharian В śāte `rich' (: Avestan šyāta- ` pleases ');
Lycian tezi ` sarcophagus ' from *kʷjētis (?), Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 50.
References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.

Page(s): 638
Root / lemma: kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s- (*kʷe k̂-s-)
kʷeḫuk̂
Meaning: to seem, see, show
Material: Old Indic kā́śate àppears, glares, gleams, shines', cakāśiti, cakāśyátē `shines,
looks ', kaśa- m. ` being visible, shine';
Avestan ākasat̃ ` perceives '; npers. āgāh èxpert, skillful', nigāh `sight'; s-extension
kʷek̂s-: Old Indic cáṣṭē (3. Pl. cakṣatē) àppears; beholds ', in compounds also ` announce,
show', cakṣas- n. `shine, face', cakṣu- ` seeing ', n. ` brightness, face, eye'; Avestan
čaš(te, -āite) ìnstruct, teach' (actually ` allow to notice '), Middle Persian čāšītan ìnstruct,
teach', Avestan Old pers. čašman- n. èye', npers. čašm, ds.; (common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
: Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : Middle Persian xš- > š-)
gr. τέκμωρ, young τέκμαρ (after τεκμαίρω) `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic
mark or property' (*kʷek̂-m[ō]r-?); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;
with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kažǫ, kazati `show, urge, remind', u-kazъ ` a
showing forth, exhibiting, a setting forth, exposition, proving, proof ' (also kaznь ` decision,
judgement, alignment '), probably Indo Germanic *kʷeĝ- besides *kʷek̂-? common Old Indic
ĝh- > kṣ- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z-
References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.

Page(s): 638-639
ʷe- 2 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷe- ʷe -)
kʷeḫu-
See also: s. unkʷo
unkʷo-
ʷo-
Page(s): 636
ʷel-1, kʷelǝ-
Root / lemma: kʷel- ʷelǝ- (*kʷe lǝḫ--)
kʷeḫul
Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cárati, calati ` moves, walks, grazes, drives ' etc. (heavy basis in cáritum, caritá-,
cīrṇá-; carítra- n. `foot, leg', carcūryámāṇa-, cūrtí-, also probably tuvi-kūrmí- ` energetic,
vigorous '), lengthened grade cā́ra- m. ` way ', etc.; Avestan čaraiti ` versatur, obliegt einer
Tätigkeit ' etc., čarāna- `field', Old pers. parikarā `cultivate!';
s-extension in Old Indic karṣū́- f. `furrow, headland ', kárṣati, kr̥ṣáti ` turn over, rotate
something, plow ', Avestan karša- m. n. `furrow', karšaiti `ridge, mark with ridges ';
Tocharian A källāš ` brings ', preterit śël, Pl. kalar (Pedersen Tochar. 183).
In e- grade:
alb. sjel, sjell ` turn round, twist, turn over, bring' (*kʷel-); besides kjel `bring, bear'
(*kʷolei̯ō), a-sul ` willow ', sule ` boat ', (Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages
prefix e-, a-), për-kul, përkul `bend, curve ' (*kʷel-n-), kulp, kulpër, kulpra ` forest shoot
'(*kʷel-bh-);
Balto Slavic *keli̯a- `knee' in Lithuanian kelỹs, East Lithuanian kẽlias `knee', Latvian
celis ds.; Lithuanian kelḗnas m. `knee', ablaut. Old Church Slavic kolěno n. `knee, stem,
gender', perhaps further to Slavic *čelnъ m., sloven. člện `joint, limb, member', klr. čeɫén
`limb, member';
Gothic Old Icelandic asächs. (*heals) hals m., Old English heals, Modern High German
Hals ` neck '; Old Icelandic hvel n. `wheel' =
Old Prussian kelan `wheel', Latvian f. Pl. du-celes ` 2-wheeled cart ';
gr. πέλω, πέλομαι `be in motion ' (π Aeolic), Aor. ἔπλετο, participle περιπλόμενος `to
move round, be round about', with Aeolic τε- = *kʷe-: περιτελλόμενος in the meaning
(τέλλω ` accomplish, perform duties, rites, etc, make to arise ' Pind.), hom. τελέθω `be,
become', Cretan τέλομαι ` to be, to exist ', Cypriot τενται `he will be ', also τέλος n. `coming
to pass, performance, consummation, power of deciding, supreme power, magistracy,
office, decision, doom, something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, services
or offerings due to the gods, state of completion or maturity, completion, end, finish, full
realization, highest point. ideal, the end or purpose of action ' (τελέω ` finish, complete,
bring to an end, accomplish, execute, perform ', τέλειος, τέλεος from *τελεσ-Fο-ς ` perfect,
of victims, entire, without spot or blemish, fully constituted, valid, of animals, full-grown,
married, of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, of prayers,
vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished, of numbers, full, complete, of the gods, having power to
fulfil prayer, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, grown', τελευτή ` consummation, termination,
end'), wherefore τέλσον (*τελσFον, compare above Old Indic karṣū́-) ` furrow, headland ',
i.e. ` headland, i.e. land where the plough turned ';
In o- grade:
gr. πόλος ` piuot on which anything turns, axis, axis of the celestial sphere, pole-star,
celestial sphere, vault of heauen, sky, orbit of a star, crown of the head, centre of the
circular threshing-floor, pole passing through the axle-tree of a carriage, as a shock-
absorber, concave sun-dial (called polos from being shaped like the vault of heaven), on
which the shadow was cast by the interpreter, head-dress, worn by goddesses ', πολέω
`go about, range ouer, haunt, revolve, turn up the earth with the plough, plough ',
ἀμφίπολος ` maid (Hom.), servant' = Latin anculus ` a man-servant ', αἰπόλος ` nanny goat
shepherd ', θεοπολέω ` minister in things divine ' (besides θεη-κόλος `priest'); with κ in
βουκόλος ` tending kine, worshipper of Dionysos in bull-form, in pl., title of play by
Cratinus, Osorapi devotee of Sarapis, cattle shepherd ' = Middle Irish búachaill, cymr.
bugail `herdsman, shepherd' from *kʷol(i)os with labialization after u;
Maybe alb. bariu `herdsman, shepherd' a Celtic loanword.
πολεύω ` turn or go about, the planet presiding ouer a day, turn up the soil with the plough
' (γῆν ` plough up '), Ionian Attic ἐπιπολῆς ` on the surface, on the top, uppermost ', ἐμπολή
`merchandise, traffic, purchase, gain made by traffic, profit '; πωλέομαι ` go up and down
or to and fro: hence, go or come frequently '; πάλιν ` of Place, back, backwards, of Time,
again, once more, in turn ' (Akk. a *πάλις ` turn '); κύκλος see below; the gr. π-forms
contain probably partly Indo Germanic pel-
pel- see below;
Latin colō, -ere ` to till, tend, care for, cultivate ' (*kʷelō); colōnus ` a husbandman, tiller
of the soil ', incolere ìnhabit, to be at home, abide, dwell ', incola ` an inhabitant, resident ',
inquilīnus ` of foreign birth ', Esquiliae ` the largest of the seven hills of Rome '; about
anculus ` a man-servant ' see above;
colus, -ūs f. m. or -ī f. `distaff' (*kʷelos ` spindle'), collus, -ī m. (Old Latin), collum, -ī n. `

the neck, the neck (of a flask or bottle), (of the poppy), mountain ridge ' (*kʷol-so-, Gothic
hals);
Old Irish cul ` cart ' (Dual. *kʷolō); Middle Irish coll ` head' =
Old Church Slavic kolo n., Gen. kolese `wheel', Pl. kola ` cart ' (mixture from kʷolo- m.
and kʷeles- n.);
ʷokʷlo- (?) `wheel' in:

ʷekʷlo-, kʷokʷlo-
kʷekʷlo-
In a- grade:
Old Indic cakrá- m. n. (pronunciation secondary) ` cartwheel, disc, circle ', Avestan
čaxra- m. `wheel'.
In zero - grade:
gr. κύκλος ` circle ', Pl. κύκλοι and κύκλα ` wheels '
In e- grade:
Old Icelandic hjōl, hvēl (*kʷékʷelon-, Germanic *hwéh(w)ula-) n., Old English hwēol (engl.
wheel), besides hweowol, hweogol (Germanic *hweg(w)ulá-), Middle Low German wēl
`wheel'; also Frisian fial is probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-; compare also
Phrygian κίκλην ` big, giant bear ' (`cart '), Lithuanian kãklas, Latvian kokls ` neck ';
Tocharian A kukäl, В kokale ` cart '.
Lengthened grade perhaps (as ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ')
Old Icelandic hvāll and hōll m. (latter from dem Dat. Pl. hōlum from hvālum) `roundish hill'.
References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
Page(s): 639-640
ʷel-2 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷel- ʷe l-)
kʷeḫul
Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic caramá- ` the last, extreme ', cirás `chronologically long', gr. πάλαι ` for a long
time, since long ago ' (παλαιός òld', παλαίτερος, -τατος).
In e- grade:
gr. τῆλε, Aeolic πήλυι àfar, wide' (τηλό-θεν, -θι, -σε), cymr. corn. bret. pell àfar' (*kʷel-s-o-
?), cymr. pellaf `the extreme'.
Page(s): 640
ʷel-3 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷel- ʷe l-)
kʷeḫul
Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd
Material:
In o- grade:
Old Indic kúla-m n. `herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex';
In zero- grade:
Old Indic kr̥ṣṭí- f. `people, people';
In e- grade:
gr. τέλος n. `troop, multitude, crowd';

Old Church Slavic čeljadь f. ` servants ', collective to that in čelověkъ `person' present
čelo-.
References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.
Page(s): 640
ʷem- (*k
Root / lemma: kʷem- ʷe m-)
kʷeḫum
Meaning: to swallow, sip
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cā́mati and camati `* slurps ', participle ācānta-, camasá- m. `drinking bowl,
goblet', camū́- m. ` platter '; npers. čam ` the eating ', čamīδan `drink', osset. cumun ` slurp
';
In e- grade:
Armenian kìm-k` Pl. `faux, guttur' (*kʷēmā-); dubious is gr. ἔτεμεν ἤμελγεν and τέμνοντα
[probably τέμοντα] ἀμέλγοντα Hes., whereas ἀμέλγειν in the later meaning ` soak, saturate,
absorb the liquid, squeeze ';
In o- grade:
with ablaut grade ō: npers. kām ` palate', afghan. kūmai ds.;
nisl. hvōma (from *hvāma, Indo Germanic *kʷēmō = Old Indic cā́mati) ` swallow, devour,
engulf, consume', hvōma f. ` esophagus, gullet'.

Page(s): 640-641
Root / lemma: kʷene (*kʷe s-)

kʷeḫus
Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic cana, Avestan činā̆ ` any, whatever, anyone, anybody, at all '; often negative,
e.g. Old Indic ná ḗkaś cana `no, not at all, not';
Maybe alb. ca ` any, some ';
In e- grade:
Germanic -ʒin in Old Icelandic hver-gin ` by no means, not at all, in no way ', Old
English asächs. Old High German hwer-gin ` anywhere, in any place, someplace,
somewhere, in some place ' (from hwar `where' + -gin) from Old High German io-wergin,
u̯- > y, i,
Middle High German iergen, Modern High German irgend. (Common Hittite alb. ḫu̯
.)
References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.

Page(s): 641
ʷenth- (*k
Root / lemma: kʷenth- th-)
kʷeḫuth
ʷe th-
Meaning: to suffer, endure
Material:
In e- grade:
Gr. πένθος n. àffliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. πάθος n. àffliction,
misfortune, ferventness, passion', πάσχω (*kʷn̥th-skō), Fut. πείσομαι, Aor. ἔπαθον, Perf.
πέπονθα `suffer, bear, endure ' (πε- for τε- after the forms with πα-, πο-);
Old Irish cēss(a)im Ì suffer' (*kʷenth-tō or *kʷenth-s-ō), cēssad ` a suffering '.
Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes a nasalized cognate in Old Irish ar-cessi (*kʷet-sī-) `
spares, takes pity ' (meaning would be as in Lithuanian pakentė́ti ` be patient with
somebody '), cymr. arbedu (*kʷet-) `spare, look after', bret. erbedi ` recommend ' (older
also `spare, look after'), acorn. henbidiat ` sparing, frugal, thrifty, economical, niggardly,
stingy, penurious, parsimonious '.
Lithuanian kenčiù, kę̃sti ` withstand, suffer, bear, endure'.
In a- grade:
Lithuanian (*pa-kantà) pakantà f. ` patience ', kančià ` suffering, pain, anguish, misery,
distress, martyrdom, excruciation, torment, torture, purgatory, rack, sting ', žiem-kiñtis `
den Winter über aushaltend ', Latvian cìešu cìest `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', ziem-ciesis
(*kentsia-) ` member one to the family of the winter green plants (Pyrolaceae) belonging
type of low shrubs: Pyrola ';
References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.
References:
Page(s): 641
ʷer-1 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷer- ʷe r-)
kʷeḫur
Meaning: to do
Material: Old Indic karṓti (Imper. kuru), kr̥ṇṓti ` does, accomplishes ', participle kr̥tá-; kará-
` doing, making ', m. `hand, elephant's trunk ', kāra- ` making ', m. `feat, dead, act',
kárman- n. àction, work', karmāra-ḥ ` smith '; kr̥ti- `feat, dead, act'; saṃ-kr̥t ònce'; besides
with s- pari-ṣkar- and saṃ-skar-;
Avestan kǝrǝnaoiti ` makes, performs, acts ', kǝrǝtay- `feat, dead, act', Infin. kǝrǝtǝ̄e,
Old pers. akunavam, karta-; Avestan čārā ` tool, aid ', np. čār ` tool ', cāra ` tool, help,
artifice' (= Slavic čara `charm, spell', see below);
Oscan petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' (: Old Indic saṃ-kr̥t);
cymr. paraf ` effectuate, cause, obtain ', verbal noun peri, wherefore redupl. (from a
redupl. present?) probably cymr. pybyr ` energetic, vigorous ';
Old Irish cruth `shape', cymr. pryd (*kʷr̥tu-) `shape, time'; in addition perhaps Old Irish
Cru(i)thin, mcymr. Prydyn ` Picts '; cymr. Prydain ` Britannia, ancient Roman name for the
island of Great Britain ' the ending is attributed to Rhufain (Rōmanī); acorn. prit, mcorn.
prys, bret. pred `time'; Middle Irish creth ` poem ' (*kʷr̥to-), cymr. prydu ` poetize ', prydydd
`bard';
Lithuanian kuriù, kùrti èrect, build, make', out of it perhaps `start a fire, heat '; Latvian
kur̃t ` stimulate, heat ', Old Prussian kūra ` build, construct, create '; different above S. 572.
Here with the meaning ` cheat somebody, bewitch ', also Old Indic kr̥tyā́ (àction, feat,
dead, act':) `the bewitching, charm, spell' , gr. τέρας n. ` miracle sign ', πέλωρ n. ` monster,
horror ', τελώριος μέγας, πελώριος Hes.; the π- is Aeolic; πέλωρ, τέλωρ dissimilated from
*πέρωρ, *τέρωρ; Lithuanian keriù, kerė́ti ` conjure, practice witchcraft ', kẽras `charm,
spell', Slavic čara f. `charm, spell' in Old Bulgarian čarodějь ` magician ', čari f. Pl. `charm,
spell, allurement ' etc.;
perhaps with anlaut. s- (compare Old Indic saṃ-skar-) Old Indic ā-ścarya- ` strange,
wonderful ', n. `wonder, miracle', Old Icelandic skars n. à monster; giantess ', skersa f. `
giantess ', skyrse m. `( nauseous) omen, sign, phantom ' (whose suffix includes the zero
grade of es-stem
es τέρας).
References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.

Page(s): 641-642
ʷer-2 (*k
Root / lemma: kʷer- ʷe r-)
kʷeḫur
Meaning: a kind of dish or pot
Material: Old Indic carú- ` kettle, pot, pan', wherefore probably karkarī `water jug', karaŋka-
`cranium';
Old Irish co(i)re (though not from *kʷerijo-, but from *kʷerijo-), cymr. pair, corn. pêr `
kettle ';
Old Norse hverr m. ` kettle ', Old English hwer, Old High German (h)wer ds.
n-extension lies before in: Middle Irish cern f. ` platter ', nisl. hvörn ` bone in the fish
head ', Norwegian dial. hvann ds.; Gothic ƕaírnei f. `cranium', Old Icelandic hverna f. `
pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '.

Page(s): 642
ʷeru- (*k
Root / lemma: kʷeru- ʷe r-)
kʷeḫur
Meaning: to chew; to grind
Material: Old Indic cárvati `chews up, crushes ', participle cūrṇa-s, m. `fine dust, powder,
meal, flour' (in -ū- influenced the second vowel after the basis kʷeru-?); different about
cárvati above S. 576, 582;
gr. τορύνη σιτῶδές τε Hes. (assimil. from *τερύνᾱ), πορύναν μαγίδα Hes. (development
from gradational *kʷorunā or Aeolic form of τορύνη), πύρνον n., Pl. πύρνα (Hom.) ` wheat
bread ' (-υ- in still to inquiring connection with the second vowel from *kʷeru-).

Page(s): 642
Root / lemma: kʷetu̯er-

er ʷetuō̆r-, kʷetur-
er-, kʷetuō̆ tur- m., kʷetes(o)r-
ʷetes(o)r- f. (*k
kʷeḫut sor-)
ʷe t-eḫsor
sor-
Meaning: four
Note: (contains?? *sor `wife, woman')
Material:
In a- grade:
Old Indic catvā́raḥ m. (Akk. catúraḥ), catvā́ri n., cátasraḥ f.; Avestan čaϑwārō m. (Gen.
čaturąm), čataŋrō f., npers. čahār;
Latin quattuor (a seems, as hom. πίσυρες, e to continue);
In e- grade:
Armenian čork` from *č̣orek` < *kʷetu̯ores (Akk. č̣ors);
gr. hom. τέσσαρες, Attic τέτταρες, Boeotian πέτταρες (with secondary weak grade);
Ionian Arcadian hellen. τέσσερες (*kʷetu̯eres);
reduced grade hom. πίσυρες (Akk. πίσυρας = Old Indic catúraḥ, Lesbian πισύρων =
Avestan čaturąm), Lesbian also πέσσυρες; Doric wgr. τέτορες (*kʷetu̯ores);
Oscan pettiur; petora n. (compare petiro-pert ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ' from
*petri̯ā-, that after *triā in Umbrian triiuper ` thrice, three times ');
Old Irish ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir after tēoir `3'), acymr. petguar, ncymr. pedwar (fem.
pedair), corn. peswar (abrit. town name Πετουαρία);
Gothic fidwōr, nord. and West Germanic due to an assimilation form *ku̯eku̯or (besides
the composition forms salfr. fitter-, Old English fyðer-, Old Swedish fiæÞer-: Gothic fidur-):
Old Icelandic fiōrer m., fiōrar f., fiogor n., Old High German feor, fior, Old Saxon fiuwar,
fior, Old English fēower;
Lithuanian keturì (Akk. kêturis = Old Indic catúraḥ), fem. kêturios; Latvian četri; Old
Church Slavic -četyre m., -i f. n.
Tocharian A śtwar (*kʷetu̯er-), В ś(t)wār, ś(t)wer (*kʷetu̯ores) `4', A śtwarāk `40'.
In a- grade:
ʷetru-: Old Indic cátur- [aŋga-ḥ ` four

ʷetur-, kʷetu̯r̥-, kʷetru-
In compounds (and derivatives) kʷetur-
limbed '], with zero grade of the 1. syllable Avestan ā-xtūirīm ` quadruple, four times,
fourfold ' Old Indic turīya-, túrya-ḥ, Avestan tūirya- ` the fourth '; Avestan čaϑwarǝ-aspa-
Avestan čaϑru-[gaoša-];
In e- grade:
from *τετFρα (Indo Germanic *kʷetu̯r̥-): gr. τετρα-[κόσιοι], -πους; contaminated from τρυ-
and τετρα-: gr. τράπεζα; τρυ-φάλεια `helmet' (compare τετρά-φαλος ` with four horns ')
probably zero grade *[kʷ]tru-, as Oscan trutom (if it stands for ` for the fourth time '); Latin
quadru-[pēs]; Umbrian petur[-pursus ` four-footed; quadruped ']; gall. Petru-corii ` the 4-
born ', petru-deca-metos ` fourteenth ', cymr. pedry- ` fourfold ' (gall. petor-ritum
`vierräderiger cart ' probably with the vowel from *kʷetu̯ores), ` rectangular, strong'; Gothic
fidur-dōgs (West-Germanic see above); Lithuanian ketur-[kõjis ` four-footed; quadruped '];
Armenian k`taṙ-a-sun `40' (from *twr̥-, compare Old Indic turīya- ` the fourth ').
ordinals:
In a- grade:
Old Indic caturthá-, turī́ya-, túrya-, Avestan tūirya-;
In e- grade:
Armenian č̣orir, č̣orr-ord, kaṙ-ord; gr. Attic τέταρτος, hom. τέτρατος (for *τυρτος ` the fourth '
in Τυρταῖος), Boeotian πέτρατος; Latin quārtus, prän. Quorta, Oscan perhaps truto- (see
above); Old Irish cethramad (*kʷetru-metos); gall. petuarios = acymr. petuerid;
In zero grade:
Old High German fiordo, Old English féorða, Old Icelandic fiōrði; Lithuanian ketvir̃tas
(Latvian cetur̃taĩs as Old Indic caturthá-ḥ), Old Church Slavic četvrьtъ; Tocharian A śtärt
(*kʷetu̯rt̥ os), В śtwerne.
From other attachments is accented Latin quattuordecim, Gothic fidwōrtaíhun, Old High
German viorzëhan `14'; Doric Ionian delph. τετpώκοντα (*kʷetu̯orǝ-k̂omte) = Latin
quadrāgintā `40'; Avestan čaϑruš ` quadruple, four times, fourfold ', Old Indic catúḥ = Latin
quater (*kʷetrus); Old Indic catvará- m. ` rectangular place', Lithuanian ketverì ` quadruple
', Old Church Slavic četverъ, četvorъ ds., Old Irish cethorcho `40' (*kʷetru-k̂omt-s).
References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394,
400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.
Page(s): 643-644
Root / lemma: kʷe 1 (*k

kʷeḫu-)
ʷe
Meaning: and (encl.)
Note: from `* anyhow, somehow ', as also to Pron.-stem kʷo-, kʷe- of interrogative and
indefinite standing in same relationship, as *k̂e `here' to k̂o-, k̂e- `this'. With it identically
kʷe behind forms of interrogative - indefinite -stem to the strengthening of the indefinite
mode.
Material: Old Indic ca, Avestan ča, ар. čā enclitic ànd'; Lydian -k ànd'; gr. τε ànd'; venet.
-ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p; Latin -que; ne-que = Oscan-Umbrian nep, neip ` not; and not,
nor; rarely not even ' = Old Irish na-ch, mcymr. etc. nac `not' (to a from e see below ne
`not'), compare Latin atque ànd in addition' (ad + que) = Umbrian ap(e) ` in which place, in
what place, where, with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with,
ne `not'; (see also Old High German etc. noh
together, and '; Gothic ni-h (etc., see below ne)
under *nu ` but, well, now that '); Bulgarian če ` but, and, that, because ', Czech old a-če,
ač ìf', poln. acz ` even though, although ';
Maybe alb. Geg nuk, Tosc nuku ` not ' : mcymr. etc. nac `not'.
Maybe alb. në se ` if not', se ` that'.
the indefinite mode, mind intensifying e.g. Old Indic káś-ca, Avestan čiš-ca ` wer irgend,
welcher irgend ', in relative clause with Rel.-Pron. ya-; Avestan čiš-ca also ` whoever it be,
whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ';
Armenian -k` e.g. o-k` `whoever' (if drop of e from *kʷe before the palatalization; with k`
of equated with the plural);
gr. ὅσ-τε (here behind the relative; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);
Latin quom-que, cunque, Umbrian pumpe originally `* with, together with, in the
company of, in connection with, along with, together, and ', then with coloring of time mode
(as in Modern High German wer immer `whoever') just generalizing, e.g. quīcumque,
Umbrian pisipumpe ds.; quisque (from *quī quisque: Old Indic yáḥ káś-ca) in sentences of
relativen mode, quisque (mostly against) ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every,
everybody, every one, everything ';
Gothic -h, -u-h in ƕaz-u-h, ƕō-h, ƕa-h ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each one,
every, everybody, every one, everything ';
Hittite ku-iš-ki (= Latin quis-que) = Lycian ti-ke; ni-ik-ku (: Latin ne-que) = Lydian ni-k.
In similar meaning also other forms from of the stems kʷo-, kʷā, kʷi-: Latin quis-quam;
Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan čit̃, ар. čiy generalization particle (z. В. Old Indic kaś-cid ` any
one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something ') = Indo Germanic *kʷid in
Oscan -píd, -pid, Umbrian -pe, -pei (e.g. Oscan pútúrús-píd ` which of both ', Umbrian
putres-pe ` which of both ') = Armenian -č (in-č ` something '); s. also *kʷene.
References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 6482 f.
Page(s): 635-636
Root / lemma: kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d- (*k

kʷeḫutt
ʷe tt-)
tt
Meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen
Note: (older keu̯ed-
ed-?)
ed
Material: Old Icelandic hvatr `quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvǫt f. ` Anreizung ', hvata, -aða `
set in motion, hasten ', Old English hwæt `quick, fast, gamy', Old Saxon hwat ds., Old High
German (h)waz `sharp, violent', Gothic gaƕatjan ` set in motion, whet', Old Icelandic hvetja
` sharpen, incite ', Old English hwettan ds., Middle Low German wetten `whet', Old High
German (h)wezzen, Middle High German wetzen `stir, tease, irritate, stimulate, whet'; to-
participle Gothic ƕassaba Adv. `sharp, stern' (ƕassei `vehemency, austereness,
severeness '), Old Icelandic hvass `sharp, rash, hasty', Old English hwæss `sharp', Old
High German (h)was, Middle High German was(ser) `sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; ablaut.
Old Icelandic hvāta ` penetrate '; Old Swedish hø̄ta ` bore holes '; with an allegorical
meaning Old Saxon for-hwātan, Old High German far-hwāzan ` curse ' and Gothic ƕōta f.
` threat ', ƕōtjan `threaten', Old Icelandic hōt n. ` threat ', hōta `threaten';
probably Latin tri-quetrus ` with three corners, triangular ' (`tricorn, three-cornered ';
probably from *tri-quedros); possibly also Old Indic cṓdati, cōdáyati ` invigorates, sets in
motion, presses ' (*keḫud-).
References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.

Page(s): 636
Root / lemma: kʷÞei-

ʷÞei-
See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under gʷhðei(ǝ)-.
Page(s): 649
ʷo-, kʷe-
Root / lemma: kʷo- ʷe-, fem. kʷā; kʷei-
ʷei- (*k
kʷeḫü-)
ʷe Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-,
-y-, -i-.
Meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base
Grammatical information: (presumably once only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); kʷu-
ʷu- (only in Adv.);
Note: the relative has partly changed single-linguistically
Material: 1. stem kʷo- ʷe-, fem. kʷā-; Gen. kʷeso,
ʷo-, kʷe- ʷeso, Instr. kʷī, time adverb kʷom.
A. Case forms and only single-linguistically provable derivations:
Old Indic ká-ḥ (= Phrygian κος ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything;
something; everything ', Gothic ƕas `who?'), fem. kā `who?' and indefinite; Indo Germanic
kʷos probably the old Nom. Sg. m.;
Avestan kō (Gen. Gatha-Avestan ka-hyā, ča-hyā), fem. kā `who?, who, what, which, the
one that?', Old pers. kaš[-čiy], as Indef. with -čī̆t̃, or placed in reduplication, or in neg. or
rel. sentences; Avestan kā às?'; Old pers. ada-kaiy ` then, at that time ' = gr. ποι by
Pindar ` also, i.e. especially ';
Armenian о `who?' (*kʷo-, Meillet Esquisse2 189), indef. o-k` `whoever' (-k` = Latin que),
o-mn `who' (relative o-r `who, what, which, the one that'); kàni `how much', kàn às, after
the comparative' (= Latin quam), kànak ` quantita ' ; Latin quantus òf what quantity?',
Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' has derived from quām with
formants-to
to-;
to
Maybe alb. (*kʷā) sa ` how great? how much? of what amount? '.
gr. Gen. Sg. hom. τέο, Attic τοῦ ` whose, of whom?' (= Old Bulgarian ceso, Old High
German hwes; Indo Germanic *kʷes(j)o); Dat. Sg. f. Doric πᾳ, Attic πῇ, Ionian κῇ (*kʷā-)
`whereto?, wherefore?, how?'; Instr. f. Ionian Attic πῆ `whereto'; Instr. Sg. m. n. Cretan ὀ-
πῆ `where, whereto', Doric πή-ποκα, πώ-ποκα, Attic πώ-ποτε ` when? at what time? ', πω,
Ionian κω `(* during a period, sometime =) still' and modal ` anyhow, somehow ' in οὔ πω `
not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time ' and ` not anyhow, on no
account ' (compare Gothic ƕē as well as Latin quō `whereto', if not ablative); πῶς, Ionian
κῶς `how'; ποδαπός ` from what country?: hence, generally, whence? where born? of
what sort? ' (neutr. *kʷod + forms -ŋ̣kʷo-, compare ἀλλοδ-απός above S. 25 under *alios
òther'); Attic etc. ποῖ `whereto', Doric πεῖ `where' (Lok.); Attic ποῦ, Ionian κοῦ `where'
(Gen.);
Maybe alb. (*kʷo-) ku ` where' : Ionian κοῦ `where'.
πόθεν `from where?'; hom. πόθι, Ionian κόθι `where'; πότε `when?' (Doric πόκα `when',
compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629), ποτέ, Lesbian πότα, Ionian κοτέ ` someday, one day,
one of these days, some time or other, once ', wherefore also ποτέ after Interrogativen,
e.g. τί ποτε ` what then' and - with previously gr. reduplication - τίπτε ds. (see in addition
under poti-s), πόσε `whereto' (-σε from -τε) = Gothic ƕaÞ, ƕad `whereto'; Cretan τεῖον
ποῖον Hes., Attic ποῖος ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a ' from *kʷo- + oiu̯o- =
Old Indic ḗva- `kind of way', Old High German ēwa, compare Gothic laiwa `how?', see
below ei-
ei `go'; to variation from π- (: Ionian κ-): τ- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f.
alb. kë ` whom?' (*kʷo-m), se ` what, which?', se ` then (in comparative)', në se ` if' (Abl.
*kʷōd with analogical palatalization?), si `how, as?' (*kʷei?); (common alb. Polish y > ë)
Latin quī (Old Latin quoi from *kʷo + Demonstr. -ī), quae, quod Rel. and indefinitive,
Oscan pui, paí, púd ` who? which? what? what kind of a?, any one, anybody, anything,
some one, somebody, something, in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?
', Umbrian po-i, -e, -ei ` who? which? what? what kind of a? ', puře, porse ` who? which?
what? what kind of a? ', Latin cuius, cui, quō, quā etc., Umbrian pusme ` who? which?
what? what kind of a? '; Adv. Latin quō `whereto' (Abl.) = Umbrian pu-e ` in what manner?
how? whereby? by what means? why? ' (u = ō, that is not abbreviated before the enclitic);
Latin quam ` in what manner, to what degree, how greatly, how, how much ' (Akk. Sg. f.) =
Umbrian [pre-]pa ` former, previous, prior, first ', Oscan pruter pam ds. (Avestan kąm-čit̃ `
in irgendeiner, jeder Weise ', Old Latin quam-de = Umbrian pane, Oscan pan ` who?
which? what? what kind of a? '; Latin quantus see above;
Latin quom, cum ` with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with,
together, and ' (Akk. Sg. n. as primum etc. = Avestan kǝm às', Gothic ƕan `when', Old
Prussian kan, Lithuanian (dial.) ką ìf'; Old Church Slavic ko-gda from *ko-g(o)da, Meillet
Slave commun2 470;
de extension Umbrian pon(n)e, Oscan pún ` with, together with, in the company of,
with -de
in connection with, along with, together, and '; Latin quandō `when' (*quām Akk. extension
+ dō), Umbrian panu-pei ` at what time soever, whenever, whensoever, as often as ',
Middle Low German wante ` twice, at two times, on two occasions '; Latin quantus,
Umbrian panta ` how great? how much? of what amount? ' (see 644);
Old Irish nech, adj. (proklit.) nach ` some, any; any one, anybody ', cymr. corn. bret. nep
(*ne-kʷo-s, with coloring of the negation in neg. sentences with repeated negation, also
Lithuanian kaz-ne-kàs `somewhat', kadà-ne-kadà ` sometimes ', Old Bulgarian někъto `
somebody, some person, someone, anybody, anyone '); Old Irish cāch, connected to
cach, mcymr. pawp, connected to pop, corn. pup, pop, pep, bret. pep ` each, every ' (*kʷā-
or kʷō-kʷo-s; to Old Bulgarian kakъ `who, what, which, the one that?'), Irish cech ` each,
every ' (e
e after nech); Old Irish can, mcymr. pan (*kʷanā), Middle Breton ре-ban
`whence?'; Old Irish cuin `when?', mcymr. etc. pan, pann às, if' (*kʷani?), Old Irish ca-ni,
mcymr. po-ny ` In a direct question, not? ' (*kʷā-);
Gothic ƕas (*kʷo-s) `who?' and indefinite (Gen. ƕis, Old High German hwes = Old
Bulgarian ceso, gr. τέο), Old Swedish hvar, har, Old Danish hvā, Old English hwā `who',
with e of Gen. Old Saxon hwē, Old High German hwer (*kʷe-s) `who'; neutr. Gothic ƕa
(*kʷo-d), Old High German hwaz, Old Norse hvat, Old English hwæt, Old Saxon hwat `
what '; fem. Gothic ƕō `who? what? which?' : Gothic ƕan `when, how', Old Saxon hwan,
Old High German hwanne `when' (close comparison to Old Irish can `whence' is doubtful
because of the meaning), Old Saxon hwanda ` because, for, due to the fact that, since ',
Old High German hwanta ` why '; Gothic ƕē `wherewith?' (Instr.); Old Frisian hō, Old
Saxon hwō, Old High German hwuō `how' to Latin quō `whereto' (Ablat.), gr. πω, κω `
anyhow, somehow ';
Lithuanian kàs `who?, what?' also indefinite, fem. kà, Old Prussian kas m., ka n. `who?',
kas f. quai, quoi, n. ka (Akk. also kan, kai) ` what, who, which, the one that; some, any;
what a '; Lithuanian kad ` than, but, whereas, that, as, in order to, in order that, because, if
' (conjunction as Latin quod, from the questioning use, compare Old Indic kad, Avestan kat̃
adv. interrogative particle ` then, whether, if?'); Lithuanian kaĩ, kaĩ-p, Old Prussian kāi-gi
`how?' (= Old Bulgarian cě; but about gr. καί see below *kai ànd');
Old Bulgarian kъ-to `who?' (Gen. česo), kyjь, f. kaja, n. koje ` who? which? what? what
kind of a? ', cě ` and indeed, and further, and yet ' (see above).
Maybe alb. kujt ` whose' a Slavic loanword. Slavic alb. -jj- consonant.
B. The derivations which can be pursued by several languages: kʷo-tero- ` who of the
ʷo-tero-
two? '; kʷā-li-
li- `how?'; kʷo-
ʷo-ti-
ti-, kʷe-ti- `how many?'.
ʷe-ti-
Old Indic katará-, Avestan katāra- ` who of the two? ', gr. πότερος, Ionian κότερος ds.,
Oscan Lok. pútereí-píd ` in utroque ', Umbrian podruh-pei adv. ` to both places, on both
sides, in each direction ', putres-pe ` which of both ', Gothic ƕaÞar, Old Icelandic hvārr,
Old English hwæÞer ` who of both ' (Old High German hwedar, Modern High German still
in weder, with e, as hwer `who' : Gothic ƕas), Lithuanian katràs ` which?', Old Bulgarian
koteryjь, kotoryjь ` what, who, which ' comparative formation (restriction on the choice
between two opposites); superlative Old Indic katamá- ` which of several '; compare of
stem kʷu- : Latin uter.
Old Indic kadā, Avestan kaδa `when?'; but Lithuanian kadà `when?' from *kadā̀n; to
ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for Old Bulgarian kǫdǫ, kǫdě `whence', Latin quan-do).
Gr. πηλί-κος `how great or large? of what age', Latin quālis òf what sort, of what nature,
what kind of a', Lithuanian kõlei, kõl' `how long'; of stem kʷo- from: Old Bulgarian kolikъ òf
what quantity?', kolь ` as much as, so much as, to as great an extent ' (Trautmann 111).
Old Indic káti `how many' = Hittite kuwatta, Latin quot ds. (of apocope quot from: quotus
` which in number, which in order, of what number '), Old Indic kati-thá- ` which in number,
which in order, of what number ' = Latin *quotitei (Lok. m.) diē > cottī-diē ` in how many
days, always, daily '; gr. Lesbian πόσσος (hom. ποσσῆμαρ), Attic πόσος, Ionian κόσος ` of
what quantity? ' (*kʷoti-os; πόστος ` which in number, which in order, of what number,
which in the ordinal series? ' from *ποσσοστός; besides with Indo Germanic e Avestan
čaiti `how many', bret. pet in pet dez `how many days', petguez ` how often? how many
times? '.
Old Indic kár-hi `when?' = Gothic ƕar, Old Icelandic hvar (*kʷor) `where?' and relative
(therefrom Gothic ƕarjis, Old Icelandic hverr `who, what, which, the one that', actually
`where he', as from Lithuanian kur̃ [*kʷū̆r] `where' + jìs `he' arose Lithuanian Rel. kurìs,
kur̃s `who, what, which, the one that'); ē-grade Old English hwǣr, Old High German Old
Saxon hwār `where'; ō-grade Latin cūr ` why, wherefore ', old quōr.
Maybe alb. kur ` when', apocope (*kur) ku ` where'.
A parallel formation to Latin quis in Old Latin quir-quir ` in which place, in what place,
where '.
2. stem kʷei-
ʷei-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:
Old Indic kím ` what? which', kíḥ `who?', ná-ki-ḥ ` nobody, no person, no one ' (with k
instead of c; latter sound according to the rules in:) Old Indic cit (cid), Avestan cit̃, Old
pers. čiy ` even, anyhow ' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *kʷi
ʷi-d; s. also under kʷe ànd'); Avestan
*kʷi-
čiš `who', čišca = Latin quisque, gr. τίς τε, Old pers. čiš-čiy ds.; Avestan čī `how' (Instr.);
Maybe alb. si ` how'.
Armenian -č in in-č `somewhat' (= Old Indic kim - cid), that also in first part here, with
drop of kʷ- as i (z-i) ` what?' (*kʷid-), Instr. i-v ` which, wherewith', (see also above to
Armenian о `who'); to Alb. see above under 1;
gr. τίς (*kʷis) m. f. (Thessalian κίς, Arcadian Cypriot σίς), n. τί (*kʷid) `who? who, what,
which?' and τὶς, τὶ ` who, what ', Akk. m. *τιν (*kʷim) extension to τίνα, whereupon τίνος,
τίνι, Pl. n. *kʷi̯ǝ in Megarian σά μάν ` why?' τὶ μην; Boeotian τά ` why ' = Latin quia; also in
Ionian ἄσσα, Attic ἄττα, ` something, some, ' (through false separation from ὁποῖά σσα)
and with the relative ἅ connected ἅσσα, Attic ἅττα;
Maybe prefixed alb. (*pre-se) përse, pse ` why?'; (common Slavic alb. prefix pre-).
Latin quis, quid `who, what ' (interrogative, indefinite, relative), quī Adv. ` who? which?
what? what kind of a? ' (it could be Abl. *kʷīd, but yet probably due to an Instr. *kʷi =
Avestan čī, sloven. či ìf', Czech či ìf', Old English etc. hwī `how, wherefore, why '); quī-n
(from -ne) ` why not? wherefore not? ', quia-nam ` wherefore? ', quia ` wherefore?,
because, for, due to the fact that, since ' (Akk. Pl. *kʷiǝ) see above;
Oscan pis, píd ` any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something '
(interrogative, indefinite, indefinite -relative), Umbrian sve-pis ` sī quis ', pis-i ` any one,
anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something, whoever, whosoever, whatever,
whatsoever, every one who, everything which '; doubled Oscan pispis, Latin quisquis,
argiv. τίστις in generalizing indef. mode;
Old Irish cid ` what?' with i from c-id ` although it is '; originally as the adj. ced from *ce
ed;
Old Irish cia `who', cymr. pwy, corn. pyw, bret. piou `who' (*kʷei); connected to cymr. py,
pa, p- etc. (Old Irish cote, cate ` what is', `where is' is unclear);
Gothic ƕi-leiks, Old English hwilc ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a '; Old
English hwī, Old Saxon hwī, hwiu, Old Icelandic hvī `how, wherefore, why ' (kʷī Instr.);
Maybe alb. cili ` which ' : Gothic ƕi-leiks, Old English hwilc ` what kind of a '.
Old Bulgarian čь-to ` what '; Instr. kʷī (see above) in sloven. či ìf; also interrogative
particle ', Czech či ìf', poln. czy ìf', russ. old či ìf', Old Bulgarian či-mь Instr. extended out
of it;
Maybe alb. ç', compond (*ç' + farë ` kind ') ç'farë ` what ' a Slavic loanword.
about Tocharian A kus, В kuse `who, what, which, the one that' s. Pedersen Tocharian
121;
Maybe alb. kush ` who ' : Tocharian A kus ` who '.
Hittite question- and relative pronoun kuiš `who, what, which, the one that', generalizing
kuiš kuiš etc. (= Latin quisquis) ` whoever ', indefinitive kuiš-ki (= Latin quisque) ` whoever
it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ', n. kuit-ki (=
Latin quidque); Lycian ti-ke (= Hittite kuiš-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn
Lang. 22, 68 ff.
3. stem kʷu-
ʷu-:
Old Indic kū́, Avestan kū `where?'
Maybe alb. ku `where', kë `whom'.
ved. kuv-íd ` if, whether, perhaps', Avestan čū ` how, in which quantity? ' (č- after čī
`how?'); Old Indic kúva, kvá `where, whereto'; Old Indic kútra, Avestan kuϑra `where?
whereto?'; Old Indic kútaḥ `whence'; Old Indic kúha = gathav. kudā `where' (= Old
Bulgarian kъde; Indo Germanic *kʷu-dhe; see below Latin ubi);
Maybe alb. kudo ` everywhere '.
Avestan kuϑa `how'; here also Aryan ku as 1. first part of the compound the expression of
the bad, defective (actually ` of which kind !'), e.g. Old Indic ku-putra- `bad son', Avestan
ku-nāiri ` whore ', compare Boeotian πούλιμος ` ravenousness ' (*πυ-), Old Boeotian
Πυλιμιάδᾱς, also from stems kʷo- and kʷi-: Old Indic ka-, kā-, kad-, kim-, e.g. kā-puruṣa- `
living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite ', ka-pūya- ` stinking ', kiṃ-puruṣa- `fairy
demon, ghost, dwarf ' (W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 399 f.);
Cretan ὄ-πυι `whereto', syrak. πῦς (*πυι-ς), rhod. ὅπῡς `whereto' (*πυι neologism to
ποῖ);
alb. kur às, when' (see below 1. В with r-formations = Lithuanian kur̃, Armenian ur),
kurrë ` ever, never ' (*kur-nei), ku `where', ku-sh `who', kü-sh `how' (ü from Indo Germanic
ū);
Maybe alb. Tosc (*kü-sh) qysh ` how' (common Balric Celtic alb. gutturals).
Latin ubī̆ ` in which place, in what place, where ' (in addition unde ` from which place,
whence ' shaped after ibi : inde), next to which inlaut. -cubī in nē-cubi, sī-cubi, ali-cubi,
nesciō-cubi, nun-cubi (nē-cunde etc.);
it is that has changed through the stem Latin quo-, quā, quī before the labialization through
u preserved qʷ- before u to qw- and qwu- are attributed to anl. wu-, u-, in *nē-qwubi etc. as
a result of the syllabic separation nēq-wubī the gutturals were preserved;
Note:
Latin (*ku-wa-dhi) ubi ` where ' : Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi) `where, when?'. Common
Anatolian Latin dh > bh.
it is ubī̆ reshaped after Lok. in -ī (*ei, *oi) from *ubĕ = Old Indic kúha, Avestan kudā, Old
Bulgarian kъde = Oscan puf ` in which place, in what place, where ' (Umbrian extended to
pufe ` in which place, in what place, where ')?; after Pedersen Hittite 50 f. contain ubi, ibi
rather the Indo Germanic adverbial ending -bhi (gr. -φι), compare Hittite ku-wa-pi (kwabi)
`where, when?'; correspondingly Latin ut ` where ' (uti-nam, -que) and utī, Old Latin utei
(reshuffling as in ubī) from *kʷu-ti (us-piam, -quam ` anywhere, in any place, someplace,
somewhere, in some place ' from ut + adv. s = Oscan puz, Umbrian puz-e from *kʷut-s-),
uter, utra, -um ` which of both ' from *kʷu-teros (parallel with πότερος etc.), unquam,
umquam ` someday, one day, one of these days, some time or other ' (kʷum- of time Akk.);
whether Umbrian pu-e (-o particle) `where' = Old Indic kū is or *kʷō, is doubtful;
mcymr. cw, cwd (= ð), cwt (= d) `where, whereto' (*kʷu-) = Old Irish со `how?';
Gothic -hun to the formation of indefinite pronoun: ni ains-hun ` not anyone ', etc.; Old
English hū `how', engl. how, Old Frisian hū, Middle Low German wū;
Lithuanian kur̃ `where' (see above 1. B); also Lithuanian dial. kũ ` what?' from *kun? Old
Prussian quei `where' from *kʷu-ei and probably the originator of qu- instead of k- in fem.
Nom. quai, quoi etc.;
References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f.,
120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun2 442 ff., 469, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff.,
Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.
Page(s): 644-648
ʷrei- (*k
Root / lemma: kʷrei- ʷe r-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷeḫür
Meaning: to buy
Grammatical information: present kʷri-
ʷri-nā-
nā-mi
Material: Old Indic krīṇā́ti ` buys ' (ī after krītá- participle; ved. also krĭnā́ti according to
poetic meter, as also Pāli kiṇāti), Infin. krētum, krayá- ` purchase, purchase price'; npers.
xarīdan `buy';
gr. πρίαμαι ` buy ';
Old Irish cren(a)im (*kʷri-nǝ-mi) Ì buy ', Konj. ni-crïa (*kʷrii̯āt), crīth ` payment, purchase
', crīthid ` fond of buying '; cymr. prynu ` receive, ransom, to purchase the freedom of;
sometimes, to set free for a ransom ' (3. Sg. acymr. prinit), corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena
`buy', cymr. prid (= Irish crīth) ` mortgage, pledge, pawn ';
Maybe alb. blenj ` buy ' : corn. prenne, perna, bret. prena `buy' [common Illyrian Celtic kʷ-
> p-.
Middle Irish tochra ` the wooing ' (`*purchasing of the bride'), t-ind-s-cra n. ` purchase price
for the bride' (seems *kʷroi̯o- = Old Indic krayá-), cymr. g(w)o-br ` price, guerdon, reward,
recompense, prize, trophy ', corn. gober, bret. gobr ds., cymr. also go-brwy ds. (-wy
wy-
wy
suffix); verbal noun Akk. Middle Irish creicc (formal after reicc ` sell ', whereat s.
Thurneysen Gr. 454), Old Irish fochr(a)icc f. ` guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy
';
Old Lithuanian (Gen.) krieno ` price for guarantee, price for engagement ', Latvian
kriens, krienis ` present to the bride ', also Lithuanian kraĩtis ` dowry, dowry of the bride';
Old Russian krьnuti, krenuti `buy', Infin. kriti, russ.-Church Slavic once also u-kri-jenъ
(*u-krьjenъ) ` bought ' without the present nasal;
Tocharian A kuryar `trade', kuryart ` trader ', В karyor ` purchase ', kǝryorttau ` trader '.
References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalpräs.
References:
197.
Page(s): 648
Root / lemma: kʷr̥mi-

mi- (*k
mi rmi Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
kʷeḫürmi
ʷe rmi-)
Meaning: worm, grub
Note:
-m- suffix Illyrian Greek stem formation.
Material: Old Indic kŕ̥mi- `worm, maggot '; np. kirm `worm';
Material:
alb. krimp (krim-bi), Geg krüm ds.; (common alb. -w- > -y-, -i-)
Also alb. kërmill ` snail ' : Lithuanian kirmėlė ` worm ' (common Polish alb. y > ë)
Old Irish cruim `worm', Proto Irish kʷrimi-, cymr. pryf, corn. ds. `worm', bret. préñv ds.;
gall. FlN *Primia > Modern High German Pfrimm, Primantia > Modern High German Prims;
Old Prussian girmis (leg. kirmis) ` maggot '; Lithuanian kirmìs m. f. etc. ds., Latvian
cirmins m. ds., Latvian cḕrme f. ` worm, mawworm, hook-worm, bot, helminth '
Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386;
sloven. čr̂m ` carbuncle, red gemstone, finger worm ', poln. czerń (for *czerḿ? compare
Serbo-Croatian cr̂n ` metallic oxide, rust ' for *cr̂m?) ` worms in the rotting meat ', czermień
` Dragon tea ', czermiówka ` morel, nightshade, any of various herbs and shrubs of the
genus Solanum ';
in addition Adj.-formation of Slavic *čьrmьnъ `red', Old Bulgarian črъmьnъ `red',

črъmьnovati sę ` turn crimson ' etc.;
the e-lengthened grade seems to exist in Latvian cèrme f. ` earthworm ', cer̂me `worm';
besides sl.*čьrmь is found *čьrvь with peculiar vi-
vi- suffix: Old Bulgarian črъvь `worm', russ.
červь etc.; compare Lithuanian *skirvis ` ant '?
References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 45,
181.
Page(s): 649
Root / lemma: kʷsep- ĝʷseḫup

ʷsep- (?) (*ĝ se p-)
Meaning: dark
Material: Old Indic kṣáp, kṣapā́ `night', Avestan xšap- `darkness'; common Old Indic ĝh- >
kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-
gr. ψέφας, ψέφος n. ` darkness', ψεφαρός, ψεφηνός `dark'; κνέφας ` darkness';
Note:
common gr. kʷs- ps-.
ʷs- > ps-
Maybe alb. Geg mshef, Tosc fsheh `hide (in the dark)' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : alb.
kʷh- > ph- > f-
δνόφος ` darkness ', later γνόφος ds., hom. δνοφερός `dark', ἰοδνεφής ` dark (as the
flower), purple-dark '; ζόφος ` darkness', ζοφερός `dark'.
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Illyrian-alb. - hom. ĝh- > d-, z-
The changing gr. anlaut based on taboo images.
References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 11.
Page(s): 649
la h- (*le
Root / lemma: lab leḫub
le h-)
Meaning: to grab, hold

Material: Old Indic lábhatē, lámbhatē, rábhatē (Perf. lalābha) ` grasps, seizes ', lābha- m. `
the obtaining, profit, gain, benefit, advantage', rábhas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness,
force, might', rabhasá- `wild, boisterous, vast, grand';
gr. λάφῡρον `booty', ἀμφι-λαφής `wide, big, large';
Lithuanian lõbis m. `blessing, possession, richness ', lõbti ` become rich ', ablaut. lãbas
m. `blessing', also ` good ', Latvian Old Prussian labs ` good '.
References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 148 f.

Page(s): 652
lab- and lab

Root / lemma: lab- la h- (?), lap(h)-
lap(h)- (*le
leḫub
le h-)
Meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..

Note: onomatopoeic (compare the similar lak-
lak-)
Material: Armenian lap'el `lick';
gr. λαφύσσω ` devour, swallow up ' (-ph-? or *labhuk-i̯ō, standing next to Slavic lobьz-
ati?); λάπτω ` lick slurping ' is secondary besides old λάψειν, λάψαι;
alb. lap ` lick water';
Latin lambō, -ere `lick';
Old High German laffan (luof) `lick', Old High German leffil `spoon', Middle Low German
lepel ds. (: Gothic *lapins, from which borrowed Old Prussian lapinis); Old English lapian
`drink, slurp ', Old Swedish lapa ds. (*lapōn), nisl. Norwegian lepja ` lick slurping like a dog
' = Middle High German leffen `lick, slurp ', Old High German gilepfen ds.; intensive.
Middle High German Modern High German lappen ds. behaves to schlappen as lecken
`lick' to schlecken;
besides Modern High German dial. labbe `lip', labern `talk slowly, simply; drink licking ',
Serbo-Croatian lȁbati ` drink like dogs or cats ';
here perhaps russ. dial. lopa ` devourer ', lopatь ` devour '; Bulgarian lápam ` devour,
gobble', etc.; also Old Bulgarian lobъzati `kiss' (`*munch, smack, chew loudly ')?
Maybe alb. lopë `cow (eating slowly?) '.
References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f.

Page(s): 651
lai h-, lid

Root / lemma: laid li h- (*le
leḫüd
le h-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: to cut, hurt

Material: Gr. λίστρον n. ` shovel, poker, spade; spoon', λιστρεύω ` hoe around ', λιστρόω `
level, even ', λιστρίον n. `spoon'; λισγάριον `hack, mattock, hoe' (*λιδ-σκο-);
Latin laedō, -ere ìnjure, damage';

Latvian lîdu, lîst ` clear, cut away ', Lithuanian lýdymas, lydìmas ` clearing, virgin soil,
untilled land '. (common Baltic alb. y > i)
Maybe alb. (*lydo) lëndoj `hurt', lëndinë `meadow, virgin soil '; (common Polish alb. y > ë).
Page(s): 652
lai- (*le
Root / lemma: lai- leḫu-
le -os)
os
Meaning: fat
Note: Only gr. and Latin
Material: Gr. λᾱρῑνός ` fattened, fat' (*lai̯es-r-īnos?); Latin lāridum, lardum ` the fat of
bacon, lard ' (*lai̯es-idom?); lārgus ` abundant, copious, plentiful, large, much ' (*laies-
agos); lae-tus `fat, luscious, fertile, gleeful, cheerful', laetāre ` fertilize '.
References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.
Page(s): 652
Root / lemma: lai̯uo-

uo- (*le
uo leḫüu-
le os Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
-os)
Meaning: left
Note: originally `crooked'?
Material: Gr. λαιός ` left '; Illyrian PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levo etc.; Latin
laevus ds.; gloss. laevi boves ` with horns crooked downwards ' point at in association with
Lithuanian išlaivóti ` make bent ' in `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped ' perhaps in sense
from ` crooked = weak, left' as basic meaning; Old Bulgarian lěvъ `left' etc.
Page(s): 652
laku- (*le
Root / lemma: laku- le k-)
leḫuk
Meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)
Material:
Proto-
Proto-Baltic-Celtic-Illyrian: *lek-men-iā̃ f., *lak-men-ā^ f. : pool, puddle
Baltic-Celtic-
Lithuanian: lekmẽnē 'plash, pool, pond', lakmenà 'deep pond in which is quite a lot of mud'.
alb. (*leik-men) likien, liqen = Armenian լիճ lič = Breton (*lek-men) lagen, lenn, Welsh llyn,
Scots Gaelic loch, Irish loch, Ladin lêch, Mantuan lach, French lac, Basque laku,
Bergamasco lac, Bresciano lak, Catalan llac, Napulitano laco, Occitan lac, Romanian lac,
Valencian llac, Wallon lac ` lake '.
Gr. λάκκος (*λακυ̯ος) ` cistern, pond, pool';
Maybe alb. (*pe-llegu) pellgu ` pond, pool ' (common Slavic alb. pe- prefix)
Latin lacus, -ūs m. (Old High German lahha `puddle', Middle Low German lake `puddle,
slop', Old English lacu f. `river, stream, brook' etc., are Latin loanword) `pit, pothole, sea,
trough', lacūna ` a ditch, pit, hole, pool, pond ' (therefrom lacūnar n. ` Felderdecke ', as
laquear ds. directly from lacus);
Old Irish loch n. `sea, pond, pool' (*laku), out of it borrowed cymr. llwch, etc.; acorn. bret.
lagen `sea, pond, pool'; Southeast French loye probably from venet.-Illyrian *loku̯ā; unclear
о also in gall. PN Penne-locōs (Gen. *-ous); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Old English asächs. lagu (*lakú-) `sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FlN Leine from
Lagina), Old Icelandic lǫgr m. `sea, water, liquid '; in addition lā, lǣ f. ` beach water, sea'
(*lahō), Middle High German lā `stream, brook, marsh water ';
Old Bulgarian loky f. (*lakū), Gen. -ьve `puddle, cistern ', serb. lȍkva `puddle, pool, slop',
etc.
Uralic etymology :
Proto: *lakte
English meaning: bay
Finnish: lahti (gen. lahden), dial. laksi, laaksi 'Meerbusen, Bucht' ?
Estonian: laht (gen. lahe, lahi) ?
(Lapp): luok'tå (N) 'creek, bay', luokta (L) 'Meerbusen, Meerbucht', lī̊kt (T), lūẋt
Saam (Lapp):
(Kld.), luøẋt (Not.) 'Bucht, Meerbusen' ?
Khanty (Ostyak): ḷŏk (V), lŏẋ (DN), loẋ (O) 'lange, schmale Bucht' ( > Nen. O loẋeʔ 'Winkel',
Lj. loẋī 'schmale Seebucht')
Mansi (Vogul): lōk (KM), lōẋ (LO) 'bay, bight, loch'

Page(s): 653
lak- (*le
Root / lemma: lak- le k-)
leḫuk
Meaning: to lick, lap
Material: Armenian lakem (from *kk) `lick';
Lithuanian làkti, Latvian lakt ` devour slicking ';
Church Slavic loču, lokati `lick'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words as lab- lap(h)-.
lab-, lap(h)-

Page(s): 653
Root / lemma: lak̂- (*le

le k̂-)
leḫuk̂
Meaning: to be spotted; salmon
Material: Old High German lahs, Old English leax, Old Icelandic lax m. `salmon'; Old
Prussian lasasso f.; Lithuanian lašišà f., besides lãšis and Latvian lasis m.; russ. losośь
`salmon'; after Löwenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as ` the spotted ' to Lithuanian lãšas `drip', lašė́ti
`drip, trickle', Latvian lā̆se ` speckle, spot, stain ', lãsaîns ` dotted, dappled ', etc.;
Tocharian В laks `fish'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (?) Old Indic lākṣā `
lacquer; varnish; enamel ' (*`salmonoid, resembling a salmon, *red') and (?) lakṣá- `
unübersehbare Menge '. common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.
Page(s): 653
las- (*le
Root / lemma: las- le s-)
leḫus
Meaning: willing, active, covetous
Material: Old Indic laṣati ` longs for ' (*la-ls-ati), lālasa- ` eager, avid, violent, longing ',
ullasita- ` exuberant, bratty', lasati ` strives, plays, shows, is cheerful';
latter stands for also `seems, shines', compare gr. λάω ` gaze ', wherefore also ἀ-λαός
`blind'; perhaps originally various group;
gr. λιλαίομaι ` long or desire earnestly ' (*λι-λασι̯ομαι), Perf. λελίημαι (analogy after
τετίημαι ` be grieving '); λάστη πόρνη Hes., λάσθη ` a mockery, derision, wantonness '
(etc.), λᾶσθαι (*λα[σ]-εσθαι) παίζειν, λοιδορεῖν Hes., ληναί βάκχαι. ᾽Αρκάδες Hes. (*λασ-νο-
), ληνίς ` female bacchant, a female priest or devotee of Bacchus, god of wine ' (out of it
Latin lēna ` a bawd, procuress ');
Latin lascīvus `bratty, exuberant, unrestrained, luscious, horny, lustful' (further

formations Adj. *las-ko-s); in addition also (?) Lār, Lăris, Old Latin Larēs ` ghost' (actually
`the greedy'), lārua, lārva (*lāsou̯ā) `ghost, larva, mask' (Lār has nominative lengthened
grade);
Old Irish lainn ` greedy ' (*las-ni-s); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Gothic lustus, Old High German Old Saxon Old English lust `lust', Old Icelandic losti m.
`pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness ' (reduced grade); lyst f. ds. from Middle Low German lust;
Lithuanian lokšnùs ` loving ' (*lāsknus);
serb. lȁska `flattery, insincere compliments', Czech láska `love'; compare russ. lásyj `
keen, lickerish ', lasovatь ` nibble ', etc.; lasko-sérdyj ` lustful, greedy ', lásitь ` flatter ',
lástitь ds., etc.
References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.
Page(s): 654
lat- (*le
Root / lemma: lat- le t-)
leḫut
Meaning: wet, damp; swamp
Material: Gr. λάταξ, -αγος `drip, the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup which were
thrown into a basin with a splash, water-quadruped, perh. beaver ' (compare the loanword
Latin latex, -icis), λαταγέω `throw the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup ', λατάσσω ds.;
Middle Irish laith `beer, liquid; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city ` to the east of
the swamp ', corn. lad ` fluidity ', acymr. llat ds., cymr. llaid (*lati̯o-) `slime, mud', Middle
Irish lathach ds.;
Old Icelandic leÞja (*laÞjōn-) ` loam, clay, smut', Old High German letto `clay, loam ',
Modern High German Letten;
Lithuanian FlN Lãt-upė, Latuvà, Latvian FlN Late (Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 425).
Note:
Latuvà ` muddy place ' is a translation of Albanian Balta ` mud, bog, baltic place '.

Page(s): 654-655
lauk(o)- (lǝuk-) (*le

Root / lemma: lauk(o)- le k-)
leḫuk
Meaning: throat, jaw
Material: Hom. λαυκανίη `throat, gullet', Lithuanian ра-laũkis ` the dewlap of the cow ',
wruss. ɫkać (*lъkati), Iter. ɫýkać ` gulp, sip, swallow, drink' etc. (klr. ɫýhati ` gulp, sip,
swallow ' with h from proto Slavic g, compare probably the cognate root (s)leug-
(s)leug- ` gulp, sip,
swallow ').
Page(s): 655
Root / lemma: lā̆gh-

gh- (*le
gh leḫug
le gʷh-)
ʷh
Meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument
Material: Gr. λαχαίνω `ditch, grub', λάχανον ` garden herb, vegetable '; Irish lāige `spade'
(*lāgjā), lāigen ` lance '(*lāginā), cymr. llain `blade' (*lăgīnā).
References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 152.
Page(s): 652
ʷh- (*le
Root / lemma: lāgʷh
lāgʷh- leḫug
le gʷh-)
ʷh
Meaning: ` catch '
See also: see below (s)lāgʷh-.
(s)lāgʷh-
Page(s): 652
lā-1 and lē-

Root / lemma: lā- lē- (*le
leḫud
le h-)
Meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc..), onomatopoeic words

lāi̯ō and lēi̯
Grammatical information: present lāi̯ lēi̯i̯i̯ō
Material: Old Indic rā́yati ` barks ' (possibly also to rē- `cry'); osset. raïn `bark, bay';
Armenian lam `cry, weep'; unclear lor ` quail ' (see below gr. λάρος);
gr. λῆρος m. `gossip, prank, trash, trumpery, of what is showy but useless, delirium '
(contains lā- or lē-), ληρέω ` to be foolish or silly, speak or act foolishly, of a sick person, to
be delirious '; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in λάρος ` seagull' (compare
Armenian lor ` quail ');
alb. leh `bark';
Latin lāmentum ` lamentation ', lāmentāri `lament', lātrō, -āre `bark, bay'; perhaps Oscan
lamatir ` should be cursed ';
Old Irish līid (*lēi̯eti) ` accuse '; cymr. edliw (*ate-līu̯-) `rebuke';
Gothic laílōun ` be blasphemed ' (present *laian, Indo Germanic *lē-); Old Norse lō f., `
curlew, long-billed wading bird ', Pl. lør; lōmr ` sea diver, loud crying bird', compare isl.
lōmur `clamor, lamentation ';
Lithuanian lóju, lóti `bark, bay', Latvian lāju, lāt `bark, bay, curse ', lādēt ` curse '; lādēt `
curse ';
Old Church Slavic lajǫ, lajati `bark, bay, inveigh' etc. (lajati for *lati after the preterite
stem, compare Lithuanian lójo).
Reduplicated lal(l)a-
lal(l)a-: Old Indic lalallā ` babble '; gr. λάλος ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering ', λαλία `gossip', λαλέω `babble', λαλαγή ` prattle'; Latin lallō, -āre ` to
sing lalla ', lallus ` a singing lalla or lullaby ' (compare PN Lalla, Lallia, Lallō, Lollia);
Modern High German lallen ` babble '; Lithuanian laluóti ` babble ', russ. lála ` babbler ',
etc.
Maybe alb. laluc, lalë ` people from the south (pejorative)' a Slavic loanword.
Note:
Lycian language < Carian lukk-

lukk ` (a Leleg) *babbler ' : Luwian lulahi-
lulahi ` (a Leleg) *babbler '
< gr. λαλαγή ` light murmuring '.
similar lel- lul- ` lull, rock to sleep, swing' in:

lel-, lul-
Old Indic lṓlati ` moves to and fro ', lulita- `fluttering', lálati ` walks daintily, plays, shows',
lēlā́yati ` sways, swings '; Latin lolium ` darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant ';
Maybe alb. lule ` flower, narcotic plant ', (*luludi) lulëzoj ` blossom ' : Greek λουλούδι :
Griko Salentino lulùdi ` flower '.
Middle Low German lollen, Modern High German lullen; Lithuanian leliúou, leliúoti `lull,
craddle, swing', Latvian leluoju, leluot `lull, cradle children'; in addition Lithuanian lė́lis, lėlỹs
m. ` night raven, pitch black '; Latvian lēlis ds. and ` clumsy person'; serb. léljati `lull, swing,
cradle, dangle', ljûljati ` lull, swing, cradle ', russ. ljuljú ` little poplar = (traditional in
lullabies) ', lelja àunt', etc.; in addition russ. lelek, poln. Czech lelek ` night raven, pitch
black ' (see above Lithuanian lė́lis).
Maybe alb. lejlek ` stork ' < Turkish leylek ` stork '.
Perhaps here with k-extension:
gr. λάσκω (*λακ-σκω), Aor. ἔλακον, Perf. λέληκα, Doric λέλᾱκα ` speak loudly, cry',
ληκέω Doric λᾱκ-) ds., λακερός Hes. ` gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';
after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis ` flatter, cajole '.
References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38,
49 f.
Page(s): 650-651
lā-2 (*le
Root / lemma: lā- leḫud
le h-)
Meaning: to be concealed, covered

Note: also lāḫi
lā i- and lāḫ[i]
[i]- dh-
lā [i]-
Material: Gr. λῇτο, λήιτο ἐπελάθετο Hes., due to a *λᾱ-Fός `hide, conceal' perhaps
λεωργός, πανοῦργος ` nefarious, evil, wicked ' (*ληFο-Fεργός ` im verborgenen tuend, was
das Licht scheuen muß ');
from the dh-extension (dh-present?) λήθω, Doric λά̄θω `to lurk, lie hid, be concealed,
escape notice, skulk', λήθη ` a forgetting, forgetfulness, a place of oblivion in the lower
world ', Doric λᾶθος n. ds., ἀληθής, Doric ἀλᾱθής ` unconcealed, so true, real, opp. false,
apparent, of persons, etc., truthful, honest ', λανθάνω (λήσω, ἔλαθον, λέληθα) ` to escape
notice, to be unknown, unseen, unnoticed ', λαθρός ` clandestine ', Ionian λάθρη, Attic
λάθρᾱ Adv. ` clandestine ', hom. λαθι-κηδής ` banishing care ';
lāi-dhin λαίθ-αργος besides λήθ-αργος;

lāi-
Latin lateō, -ēre ` to lurk, lie hid, be concealed, escape notice, skulk ' (from a participle
*lǝ-tó-s);
Old Icelandic lōmr ` betrayal, deceit', Middle High German luo ` pestering, temptation;
snare'; Old High German luog `cave, lair ', luoga ` lair (of an animal) ';
Old Bulgarian lajati ` be after someone, to follow somebody, to pester somebody ',
Czech (due to a *lā-kā = Old High German luoga) lákati ` make advances, pursue ';
Tocharian A lät-, länt-, В lät-, lant- ` go after ', preterit 3. Sg. A läc, В lac (: gr. ἔλαθε), 3.
Pl. A läntseńc, В laten (Pedersen Hittite 173, 189).

Page(s): 651
Root / lemma: lāmā (*le

leḫumta
le mta-)
mta
Meaning: swamp, puddle
Material: Latin lāma f. `puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine Latin; as
appellative still today in Spain, southern France, northern Italy, frequent, often in PN in N
Portugal and Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Apulia, also in venet.-Illyrian region, area;
Illyrian FlN Λάμητος (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; Latvian lãma `puddle, slop, pit,
pothole', Lithuanian lomà (one expects lóma), Akk. Sg. lõmą ds.; Bulgarian lam m. `pit,
pothole, hole'.
Maybe alb. llomë, llum, llohë `mud'.
References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59,
202 ff. Unclear is the relationship to Finnish lampi, Gen. lammen `pond, pool', Estonian
lomm `puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc.
Page(s): 653-654
lāp- (*le
Root / lemma: lāp- le p)
leḫu-p
Meaning: cow
Note:
lāp- (*le
Root / lemma: lāp- le p):: cow, derived from zero grade of gr. ἔλαφος ` deer ' see Root /
leḫu-p
el-1, ol-
lemma: el- ol-, el- : red, brown (in names of trees and animals).
Material: Alb. lopë `cow' (*lāpā), Latvian luõps `cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba `cow'.
Maybe Celtic: *lāpego- > OIr lāeg m. ` calf'; Cymr llo (for *lloc after Pl. lloau < *lloceu);
OCorn loch ` calf', NCorn leauh (-ch- < -gn-) ` calf', Bret leue ` calf'.
Page(s): 654
lāu- (*le
Root / lemma: lāu- leḫu-)
le
Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
Material: Old Indic lṓtam, lṓtram n. `booty, robbed property ';
gr. ἀπολαύω ` eat, drink ', Doric λᾱίᾱ, Ionian ληΐη and ληΐς, Attic λείᾱ `booty' (*lāu̯iā
̯ ),
ληΐζοoμαι ` capture, entrap ', ληΐστωρ, ληιστήρ, λῃστής, Doric λᾳστάς ` robber '; probably
also λήιον ` seed, Feldfrüchte', Doric λαῖον, λᾳον ` sown field ' as `* gain, yield'; hom.
ἀλήιος àrm', πολυλήιος ` rich, affluent ' (originally in arable land); λᾱρός ` delicious, tasty '
(? *lǝḫu̯eros);
Latin lucrum n. `profit, gain, benefit, advantage' (*lu-tlo-m);
Old Irish lōg, lūag, lūach èarnings, price' (with g- or gh-forms), folad (foluth) ` substance
' = cymr. golud ` richness ', acorn. wuludoc ` rich, wealthy, opulent ' (*upo-lau-to-m); cymr.
llawen `cheerful' (`*enjoying '); also cymr. llawer `much, a lot of', Old Irish lour ` sufficient '
as original Subst. `number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *lǝu̯eros = gr. λᾱρός;
Gothic laun n., Old High German lōn (n., m.) èarnings, repayment', Old Norse laun n.
Pl., Old English lean ds.;
Old Church Slavic lovъ ` catch, capture; ensnarement, hunt', loviti ` capture, hunt,
chase'; Lithuanian lãvinti ` train an animal ' etc. is russ. loanword

Page(s): 655
[i]p-, lǝḫip
Root / lemma: lāḫ[i]p
lā [i]p- ip-, lǝḫp
ip- p- (*le
le p- ) Note common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -
leḫüp
i-.
Meaning: to burn, be bright
Material: Gr. λάμπω ` shine ', λαμπάς `torch', λαμπρός `luminous' (with originally bare
present formation nasal);
Old Irish lassaim ` burn ', lassair ` a blazing fire, blaze, flame ', cymr. llachar `gleaming'
(*laps-);
Lithuanian lópė `light', Latvian lāpa `torch', Old Prussian lopis `flame';
Hittite lap- `glow, be hot'.
Besides with i-Vok. Old Indic lip- ` ignite ', Old Icelandic leiptr `lightning', Lithuanian
liepsnà `flame', lìpst `burns', Latvian lipt `gleam, kindle, inflame', Lower Sorbian lipotaś
`flicker'.
References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 152, Mühlenbach-Endzelin II

439, 475.
Page(s): 652-653
legh- (*le
Root / lemma: legh- gh- )
leḫugh
le gh-
Meaning: to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed
Material: Gr. λέχεται κοιμᾶται Hes., λέξομαι, λέκτο, ἐλέξατο ` lie down, lay asleep, lull to
sleep ', ἔλεξα ` lull, put to sleep ', λελουχυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη Hes., λέχος n. ` a couch, bed, a
kind of state-bed or bier, a marriage-bed, and generally marriage, a bird's nest ', λέκτρον `
lair ' (= Old High German lehtar), ` womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth ', λεχώ a woman in
childbed, or one who has just given birth '.
Maybe alb. lehonë ` woman in childbed ', apocope alb. Geg me le ` be born, give birth ',
Tosc (*leigh- ) lind ` be born' (common alb. -gh > -d).
gr. λέσχη rhod. ` final resting place; resting place, couch, bed = grave', Attic ` a place
where people assembled to talk and hear news, a lounge ' (*leghskā, compare under Old
Irish lesc, Old High German irlëskan), λόχος ` ambush, place for lying in wait, child-birth ',
ἡ λοχός ` woman in childbirth, woman in the childbed ', ἄ-λοχος ` bedmate, wife' (: Slavic
*sǫ-logъ), λόχμη ` thicket, copse, esp. as the lair of wild beasts ';
alb. lagje f. `troop, multitude, crowd, quarter, borough' etc. (older *lag = λόχος);
Latin lectus, -ī `deposit, layer, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectīca ` a litter, sedan, portable
couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ';
Old Irish lige `bed, grave' (*leghi̯om), cymr. lle, corn. le `place' (*legho-), cymr. gwe-ly,
bret. gwele, corn. gueli `bed' (upo-leghio-); cymr. gwal `bed' = Old Irish mucc-foil ` pigsty,
pigpen ' (*u(p)o-legh-s); gall. legasit ` has put down, set down, put, placed, set, fixed ';
Middle Irish laigid ` lies down ' (to a from e see Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. dellig ` has
lain down ', l(a)ige ` a lying together, concubinage ', Middle Breton lech, nbret. leac'h
`place'(*leghs-o-); Old Irish *luigim (Kaus. *loghei̯ō) in fo-álgim (*fo-ad-log-) ` knock down ',
fu-llugaimm `hide'; Old Irish fo-lach n. ` hideout ', cymr. bret. go-lo ds., gall. logan Akk. Sg.
`grave'; nasalized and in gradation to Slavic lęgǫ probably Old Irish im-fo-lngai ` causing,
bringing about', in-loing ` combined ' = mcymr. ellwng, ncymr. gollwng `to let go, drop';
about Old Irish lesc see below; lengthened grade gall.-rom. līga (*lēghā) ` settlings,
sediment ';
here very probably Old Irish lesc ` unwilling, reluctant, averse, backward ', cymr. llesg `
not strong, weak, feeble, infirm, faint, dull, sluggish, languid ', basic form *legzgho- from
*legh-sko-;
In o- grade:
alb. plok, plogu, plogë, plogëtë `careless, neglectful, idle' (common Slavic alb. prefix pe-
, pa- ) + log-të from Indo Germanic *lēg- ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself
about, not attend to, slight, neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ' proves Indo
Germanic g for our family.
probably as `lie, lay, place': Old High German lëscan, irlëscan, Old Saxon leskan ` die,
be extinguished, extinguish, put out ' (the trans. meaning must be then secondary);
Gothic ligan `lie' (neologism); previous i̯-present Old English licgan, Old Frisian lidza,
Old Saxon liggian, Old English licgan, Old High German ligen, licken, `lie' (liggiu = Old
Bulgarian ležǫ), Kaus. Gothic lagjan `lay, place' (= Old Bulgarian ložiti), Old High German
leg(g)en, Old Saxon leggian, Old Frisian ledza, Old English lecgan, Old Icelandic leggja
ds.; Gothic ligrs ` lair ', Old High German Old Saxon legar n. ds.; Old Icelandic lag n.
`place, position ', Pl. lǫg ` law, state community '; Old English ge-læg `surface, plain, area';
from Proto Norse Old English lagu, engl. law, Middle Low German lach ` lair '; Old Saxon
aldar-lagu Pl. n. ` die bestimmte Lebenszeit ', gi-lagu n. Pl. ` determination, fate, destiny,
lot, fate' (: gr. λόχος); postverbal are ørlǫg N. Pl. `fate, destiny', Old Saxon orlag, orleg
`ds.', Old English orlaeg n., Old High German urlag m. ds.; Middle High German urlage
`fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably originating from Old High German urliugi,
Middle Low German orloge, s. leugh-); Old High German lehter ` womb, uterus, placenta,
afterbirth ' (: gr. λέκτρον), Old Icelandic lātr (*logh-tro-) n. `lair of animals'; lengthened
grade Old Icelandic lāg Old High German lāga ` position ' (: Lithuanian pa-lėgỹs);
maybe alb. Geg logu `place for men'.
with gradation Old English Old Frisian lōg n. `place', lōgian ` to place here and there, array,
distribute, set in order, arrange, dispose ', Old High German luog `cave, lair ', Old Icelandic
lø̄gi ` tranquility ';
about Old High German lescan see above;
Lithuanian pa-lėgỹs ` bedriddenness, confinement in bed';
Old Bulgarian ležǫ (= Old High German liggiu), ležati (*legēti) `lie', nasalized lęgǫ, lešti
`lie, lay, place', causative ložiti (= Gothic lagjan) `lay, place', Iter. lěgati `lie, lay, place', Iter.
vъ lagati ìnlay' etc.; lože ` lair, womb, uterus', *sǫ-logъ (Serbo-Croatian- Church Slavic
sulogъ) ` a bedfellow, spouse, wife ', za-logъ ` pledge, agreement' (etc.);
Tocharian A lake, В leke ` lair '; A läk- `lie', В lyśalyñe ` the lying ';
Hittite la-a-ki (lagi) ` brings to collapse', la-ga-a-ri (lagari) `lies'.
Maybe alb. loth, lodh `to weary, tire' [the common alb. shift -g > -th, -dh]
References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158.
References:
Page(s): 658-659
leg-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leg- le g- )
leḫug
Meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out
Material: Armenian lič `swamp, marsh' (*lēgi̯ā);
Old Irish legaim ` dissolve, melt, disappear ', fo-llega ` the ink leaks ', dī-leg- (3. Sg. do-
lega) `destroy', dīlgend ` annihilation ', mcymr. dílein (*dē-leg-ni-) ds., dileith ds., cymr.
llaith, bret. leiz (*lekto-) `humid, wet', cymr. dad-leithio `melt', Old Irish lecht `death', cymr.
llaith ` death, annihilation, a cutting-down, violent death, murder, slaughter ' as `*
dissolving ', lleas `death' (*leg-astu-); perhaps also as Kaus. Old Irish do-luigim (*logei̯ō) `
soften, forgive ', dílgud ` forgiveness ';
Old Icelandic lekr ` leaky, leaking ', leki m. ` leak, leakage ', Old English hlec (with false
h) ` leaky, leaking ', Modern High German (actually ndd.) Leck, Adj. lech and (ndd.) leck,
Middle Low German lak, Old Icelandic leka strong. V. ` let the water through ', Middle Low
German leken ds., Old High German ze(r)lechen ` leaky, leaking ', Middle High German
lechen ` Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, verschmachten '
(lechezen ` parch, dry ', Modern High German lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan in Old English
leccan ` moisten, make damp ', Middle Low German lecken ` strain ', Middle High German
lecken ` moisten, make damp '; Middle Low German lak m. n. `fault, error, lack, disability ',
Middle English lac, nengl. lack ds., Old Frisian lec `damage, pity'; lengthened grade Old
Icelandic lø̄kr m. `stream, brook', Norwegian also `puddle, slop'.

Page(s): 657
leg-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leg- le g- )
leḫug
Meaning: to take care about smth.
Material: Gr. ἀλέγω ` to trouble oneself, have a care, heed, regard, respect ', ἀλεγίζω ds.,
ἀλεγύνω ` provide, supply ' (ἀ- = the preposition n̥- ìn'); hom. δυσ-ηλεγής, epithet of death,
as ` bringing bitter grief, cruel, ruthless ', as also that presumably for ταν-ηλεγής inserting
ἀν-ηλεγής, likewise epithet of death, at best is to be understood as ` inconsiderate '; after
W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 538 but to λέγω ` count ';
References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Wörter 55.
Page(s): 658
Root / lemma: leĝ- le ĝ- )

leĝ- (*le
leḫuĝ
Meaning: to gather
Material: Gr. λέγω ` pick up, choose for oneself, pick out, count, tell, say, speak ',
καταλέγω ` lay down ', συλλογή ` collection ', ἐκλογή ` selection, collection of items
available to choose ', λόγος, λέξις ` discourse ', λογίζομαι ` calculate, think; consider ' (also
ἀλέγω ἐν ` number, count something ' with ἀ- `ἐν-'), λώγη συναγωγη σίτου Hes., Doric
ἐλώγη ἔλεγεν Hes.;
Maybe alb. Geg log `meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse', loth, lodh (*log) `to
tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant'.
Latin legō, -ere `to bring together, gather, collect; choose; read ', legiō à body of
soldiers, legion ' = Oscan leginum ` a body of soldiers, legion ', legulus ` a gatherer,
collector ', ēlegāns `choosy, elegant'; here probably also lignum as ` gathered wood,
firewood '; further dīligere (*dis-leg-) ` to single out, value, esteem, prize, love ', intellegere
(*inter-leg-) ` to come to know, see into, perceive, understand, discern, comprehend,
gather ', neglegere ` to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight,
neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ', religiō ` conscientiousness, sense of right,
moral obligation, duty '; Paelignian lexe ` to bring together, gather, collect '.
palatal proves alb. (*mbë-leĝ) mb-leth, mbledh ` collect, harvest, assemble ', preterit
mblodha (: Latin lēgī), Pass. mblidhem;
Maybe alb. ledhë (*leg-) n. `caress, fondling'
to legō presumably also as ` collection of the regulations ' Latin lēx f. ` a formal
proposition for a law, motion, bill ', lēgāre, lēgātus, Oscan ligud ` to bring together, gather,
collect ', ligatúís ` to bring together, gather, collect ' and legūmen ` legume, pod vegetable,
bean ';
Germanic *lēkja- ` sayer of a magic spell, physician, medicine man' in Gothic lēkeis, Old
Icelandic lǣknir, Old English lǣce, Old High German lāchi; in addition Old High German
lāchin n. `healing', Middle High German lāchenīe f. ` sayer of a magic spell, witch '; Church
Slavic lěkъ `remedy' from Germanic; about Old Irish liaig see below lep-
lep-1.
References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.

Page(s): 658
Root / lemma: leḫgʷh- (*le

le gʷh- leḫugʷh- )
le gʷh-
Meaning: light (adj.)
Note: nasalized leḫng
le ngʷh
ngʷh-
ʷh-
Material: 1. Old Indic laghú-, ved. raghú- `rash, hasty, light, small', Kompar. lághīyaṁs-,
Superl. lághiṣṭha-; Avestan ragu-, f. rǝvī àgile'; Kompar. rǝnjyō, Superl. rǝnjišta- (of stem
*lengʷh-);
zero grade Old Indic r̥hánt- `weak, small' (`*light'); Avestan rǝnjaiti, rǝnjayeiti `makes
light, agile, allows to be moved', Old Indic ráṁhatē, ráŋghati, láŋghati ` runs, it hurries,
jumps up, jumps about ';
gr. ἐλαχύς `small', Kompar. ἐλά̄σσων, Attic ἐλά̄ττων (with secondary ᾱ, s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 1, 538 and Anm. 4), Superl. ἐλάχιστος (ἐλαχύς from Indo Germanic *legʷhú-, as Slavic
lьgъkъ and Celtic *lag-; Old Indic laghú- perhaps also or zero grade as Latin levis);
ἐλαφρός `light, agile' (probably from *lṇgʷhrós = Old High German lungar); after Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. 1, 302 though contaminated from *ἐλαχρός (= Old High German lungar) and
*ἐλαφός (from *-χFος = Lithuanian leñgvas); perhaps Ionian λωφᾶν ` recover, relax,
slacken, trans. ease, dismiss, set free, release ';
Illyrian lembus (*lengʷho-s) ` light vessel ', out of it gr. λέμβος, Latin lembus ds.; northern
Italy FlN Lambrus (: ἐλαφρός), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79; Note: common Illyrian
gʷ- > b-.
Latin levis ` light, quick, fast ' (based on f. *legʷhu̯ī to m. *legʷhú-s);
Old Irish Kompar. laigiu (and laugu) `small, bad' = mcymr. llei, ncymr. llai ` little, small,
petty, puny, inconsiderable ', corn. le ds. bret. -lei in abret. nahu-lei ` nothing, in no respect,
not at all, to no purpose, in vain ' (proto Celtic *lag-i̯ōs, Indo Germanic *legʷh-, see above),
Superl. Old Irish lugimem and lugam, mcymr. lleiaf, abret. lau, mcymr. llaw `small' (out of it
Middle Irish lau, lū ds.), Old Irish lagat ` smallness, littleness, slightness '; Old Irish lingim
`spring' (preterit leblaing with analogical imitation of p : b-reduplication), Old Irish lēimm,
cymr. etc. llam `spring' (*lṇg-smen-);
Maybe alb. (*leiht) lehtë `light'.
Gothic leihts, Old English léoht, Old Icelandic lēttr, Old High German līht(i) `light',
Modern Dutch licht n. ` placenta, afterbirth ' (*linχta-, Indo Germanic *lengʷh-to-);
Old Saxon lungor, Old High German lungar `quick, fast', Old English lungre Adv. `quick,
fast, bald' (*lṇgʷhro-, see above); Old High German gilingan ` vonstatten gehen, Erfolg
haben, gelingen ', Middle High German lingen ` progress ';
Lithuanian leñgvas, lengvùs, Latvian liêgs `light';
Old Church Slavic lъgъkъ (*legʷhu-, see above) `light', lьgota ` lightness', Old Church
Slavic (je) lьzě ` it is permitted ' (Dat. Sg. to lьga), po-lьdza, po-lьza `benefit', russ lьzja,
old lьzě ` it is possible, one may ', besides lьga, ds. (etc.).
2. Here also names of the lung (lighter than the remaining meat parts, swim on top of
the water): Old High German lungūn Pl., Old English lungen, Old Norse lunga n. ` lung ',
engl. lights ` lungs of an animal (especially of a sheep or pig) ', russ. lëgkoje ` lungs ';
hence also Armenian lanjk` `breast' (older `* lungs '; *lṇgʷhi̯o-).
References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 143.
Page(s): 660-661
lei h- (*le
Root / lemma: leib leḫüb
le h-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: ` live '

See also: see below leip-1 `besmear'.
Page(s): 666
leid- (*le
Root / lemma: leid- le d-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüd
Meaning: to play, joke
Material: Gr. λίζει παίζει, λίζουσι παίζουσι Hes. (from *λινδι̯ω, compare λινδέσθαι
ἁμιλλᾶσθαι Hes.); λοίδορος ` scolding ', λοιδορέω ` abuse, revile, scold ' (compare to
meaning Middle High German schimpf ` joke, pastime, entertainment ': Modern High
German Schimpf);
Latin lūdō, -ere, lūsī, -sum ` to play, play at a game ', lūdus (old loidos) ` a play, game,
diversion ';
Maybe alb. (*loidos) luaj, loz `play, joke', alb. (*loidos) lojë `game' Latin loaword. [common
alb. -d- > -j-].
perhaps Middle Irish laídid (*loid-) ` stimulates, invigorates, sings '.

Page(s): 666
ig-1 and leḫik

Root / lemma: leḫig
le ig- ik- better oleig-
le ik- /k- (*le
oleig-/k- le g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u-
leḫüg
> -ü-, -y-, -i-.
Meaning: poor, miserable
Note:
ig-1 and leḫik
le ig- ik- better oleḫig
le ik- ole ig-/k- : poor, miserable, derived from Root /
ig-/k-
elg- : miserable, poor.
lemma: elg-
Material:
In zero grade:
1. Gr. λοιγός `ruin, mischief, death', λοίγιος ` ruinous, deadly '; ὀλίγος `small';
alb. lig `mad, wicked, evil, lean', ligë `malice, evil, wickedness ';
Lithuanian ligà `disease, malady', Latvian liga `heavy disease, malady, epidemic ',
ablaut. Lithuanian (*pa-liegis) pãliegis m. ds.;
In a- grade:
2. Armenian aɫkàt ` poor, miserable, a little, concise '; Subst. ` poor beggar ', aɫkàt-
anam ` be or become poor; decrease, become weak ' : Armenian aɫkaɫk ` miserable, poor,
small, evil, bad' see Root / lemma: elg-
elg- : miserable, poor.
(*alik`- must be assumed from Indo Germanic *oliko-; accordingly is also that ὀ- from gr.
ὀλίγος probably old, the root also as *(o)leig-/k-); Old Irish līach ` woeful, wretched,
miserable, unlucky '; Old Prussian licuts `small'.
References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;

See also: probably to lei-2.
Page(s): 667
ig-3, loḫig
le ig- ig- (*le
lo igle g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüg
Meaning: to jump; to tremble
Material: Old Indic rḗjati ` makes jump, allows to tremble ', rḗjatē ` jumps, shakes ', rējáyati
` makes tremble, shake ';
npers. ālēχtan ` jump, kick (of the horse) ', Kurdish be-lezium `dance', līzim ` play ';
gr. ἐλελίζω, ἐλέλιξα ` cause to vibrate, whirl round, of an army, cause it to turn and face
the enemy, rally it, move in coils or spires, of a serpent ', ἐλελί[*γ]-χθων ` shaking the
earth, epith. of Poseidon ' (in addition probably also λιγ- ` tear off, dash off ' in λιγαίνει `
outleap, jump before -, jump forward ', λίγα ταχέως);
Old Irish loíg m. `calf', bret. dial. lu-é ds., lu ` blockhead, laughable'; cymr. Pl. lloi `
calves ' (Sg. llo) is Irish loanword;
Gothic laikan (laílaik) ` jump, spring', bi-laikan ` deride ', laiks ` dance ', Old Norse leika
(lēk) `join somebody to play, lick (flame), fence ', leikr `game, derision ', Old English lācan
`be quick, move fast, play, fence ', lāc `game, fight, struggle, booty, gift', Middle High
German leichen ` jump, make fun, laugh at ', Old High German leih, leich `game, song,
melody ', Modern High German dial. laich ` lusus venerius ', Middle Low German lēk ` the
spawning, spawn ', Modern High German Laich (from Germanic entl. Old Bulgarian likъ `
round dance, peasant dance ');
Lithuanian láigyti ` run around wildly ', verbal noun láigymas.

Page(s): 667-668

le igle iĝ-
iĝ- (*le
ig-4, leḫiĝ le g) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüg
Meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath
Material: Alb. lith, lidh Pass. lidhem `bind, bandage, gird ', lidhë, lidhe `band, strap, chain;
fascicle band, truss ';
Note:
Note
Also alb. lidh besën `vow, make a sacred oath' is identical with Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. òath';
alb. common g > dh, k > th.
Alb. and Hittite prove that Root / lemma: leḫig le iĝ-

iĝ- : `to bind, *vow, make an oath'
ig-4, leḫiĝ
le ig-
derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū,
hū dn̥ĝhu̯ā : `tongue' [common Latin-italic d- > l-].
Latin ligō, -āre `to tie, bind, bind together, bind up, bandage, bind fast', obligātiō ` an
engaging, pledging, obligation'; līctor ` a lictor, official attendant upon a magistrate';
Middle Low German līk `band, strap', out of it Old Icelandic līk ` hemline rope ', changing
through ablaut probably Middle High German geleich ` joints, joint';
with g: klr. polýhaty śa ` bandage oneself ', zalyháty ` in Bande schlagen, schnüren,
anknüpfen, in Beschlag nehmen ', nalýhaty ` Zaum, Schlinge anlegen, fesseln ',
presumably also Lithuanian laigõnas ` brother of the wife, woman', wherefore λοιγωντίαν
φρατρίαν Hes.;
Hittite li-in-ga-in Akk. òath', li-ik-zi (lenkzi) `swears', 3. Pl. li-in-kán-zi.

Page(s): 668
le iĝh sle iĝh

iĝh-, sleḫiĝ
Root / lemma: leḫiĝ le ĝh-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
iĝh- (*le
leḫüĝ
Meaning: to lick
Note:
le iĝh sle iĝh
iĝh- : `to lick' derived from Root / lemma: dn̥ĝhū,
iĝh-, sleḫiĝ
Root / lemma: leḫiĝ hū dn̥ĝhu̯ā :
`tongue' [common Latin d- > l-.
information: present leiĝh
Grammatical information: leiĝh-mi
Material: Old Indic lḗḍhi, rḗḍhi, lihati ` licks ', lēhá- m. ` licker ', Avestan 3. Pl. raēzaite ` lick
oneself ', np. lištan `lick';
Note: comon alb. Old Indic ĝh- > dh-.
Armenian lizum, lizem, lizanem ` leak ';
gr. λείχω ` leak ', λειχήν `lichen, skin rash', λίχνος ` delicious, tasty, snacking ', λιχνεύω `
lick ', λιχανός ` forefinger ' (`licker ');
Latin lingō, -ere, linxī `lick', ligurrio, ligūrio ` leak ' (compare formal Old Irish ligur, Corm.
`tongue'), ligula (*ligh-lā) `spoon', as also Middle Irish liag, cymr. llwy, bret. loa, corn. lo
`spoon' (*leighā), Old Irish ligim ` leak ', cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' (f is a hiatus push, Pedersen
KG. I 100), Middle Breton leat `lick'; Old Irish ligur `tongue';
Maybe alb. lugë, luga ` spoon' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. lëpij `lick' : cymr. llyfu, llyw `lick' common Illyrian Celtic kʷ- > p-.
Gothic bilaigōn ` lick '; ablaut. geminated Old English liccian, Old High German lecchōn,
Old Saxon likkon `lick';
besides with anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic sleikja `lick', Middle High German slecken ` lick,
nibble '; das s- has perhaps in the varying onomatopoeic words of licking on the grounds
as perhaps westfäl. slappern besides other *lab- `lick';
Lithuanian lëžiù, liẽszti `lick', iter. laižaũ, -ýti ds., ìsz-ližos f. Pl. ` space between the
teeth ', Latvian laischa `sweet tooth, love for sweet foods ';
Old Bulgarian ližą, lizati `lick', Serbo-Croatian lȁznēm (*lьznǫ) ds.

References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155
f.
Page(s): 668
ik-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫik
le ik- le k) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫük
Meaning: to prepare for sale
Material: Latin liceō, -ēre ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ', licet ` it is lawful, is
allowed, is permitted', liceor, -ērī ` to bid, make a bid ', pollicērī ` to hold forth, offer,
promise ', Oscan líkítud, licitud ` to be for sale, be priced, be valued ';
Latvian līkstu, līku, līkt `get, put, suggest, set, lay, place, bring, order, make, have,
constrain, compel, possess, oblige, bid, cause, rest, tell, back ', salīkt `ds., put, place,
assemble ', nuolīkums `pact, covenant'.

Page(s): 669
ik-2 (*le
le ik- le k) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫük
Meaning: to bend
Material: S. above S. 309 E (el-8, elē̆ḫi-, lē̆ḫi-), wherefore further the Celtic (?) FlN Licus `
Lech, River (the name is of Celtic origin), river in the west of Austria, rises south of Rote
Wand, the highest peak in Vorarlberg ' (Bavaria), Lithuanian FlN Liẽkė and Leikà,
Lithuanian líekna `marshy meadow', Latvian liẽkna ds.; compare Illyrian Epi-licus portus,
FlN Pacco-licus (Bruttium), mod. FlN Lika (Kroatien).
Page(s): 669
Root ikʷ- (*le

le ikʷ le kʷ) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫük
Meaning: to leave
Grammatical information: imperfect leḫik
ikʷō, perfective li-
le ikʷ li-n-kʷō (originally athematic); Aor. 3.
Sg. e-likʷ
likʷ-e, Perf. leḫ- likʷtó-
ikʷ-e; participle Perf. likʷ
le -loḫik
lo ikʷ tó-s
Material: Old Indic riṇákti (3. Pl. riñcanti) ` leaves, lets go, puts away, gives, grants ', riktá- `
blank, empty, freely of something ', rícyátē ` wird befreit von etwas, geht verlustig ', rḗku-
ùnproductive', atirḗka- m. ` remnant, leftover item ', rḗkṇas- n. ` inherited possession,
property ' = Avestan raexnah- `blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti ` clears up,
releases ', npers. rēxtan `diffuse', gurēxten `miss';
Armenian lkànem ` allow ', Aor. elik` = ἔλιπε, lkànim ` will leave, becomes weary,
exhausted ';
gr. λείπω ` allow, leave ', λοιπός `residual, remaining', λιμπάνω ` allow ', λισσωμεν
ἐάσωμεν Hes. (probably with ī, from *linkʷ-i̯ō); λεῖμμα n. ` remnant, leftover item ', λείψανον
ds.;
Latin linquō, -ere, līquī ` to go away, leave, quit, forsake, depart from ' (*loikʷai, compare
Old Indic rirḗca, gr. λέλοιπα, and esp. Gothic laiƕ), relictus ` leave behind ', relicuos
`residual, remaining';
Old Irish lēicid àllows, lets go ', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *linkʷ-, with the
vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leikʷ-s-;
Gothic leiƕan, Old Icelandic ljā, Old High German līhan, Old English lēon ` lend '
(*leikʷō), participle Old Saxon Old High German farliwan ` lend ', Old Icelandic leiga ` rent ',
Old Icelandic lān, Old English lǣn, Old High German lēhan ` borrowed property, fief,
feudal estate, land held on condition of service and loyalty to the feudal lord who granted it
' (*laihna- = Old Indic rḗkṇas-, compare to n-forms also Czech liknavý);
Lithuanian liekù, old liekmì (reshaped from *link-mi), Infin. lìkti ` let, allow ' and ` abide,
remain ', lìktas `residual, remaining', liẽkas ` to leave something [for somebody] ', old `
eleventh ', pãlaikas ` residual, leftover, remaining ', laĩkas ` certain time, time, period '
(Latvian laiks `time'), laikaũ, -ýti `keep, retain possession of, hold onto the remaining ',
lỹkius ` rest ', ãtlykis ` work break '; Latvian lìeks (= lìekas) ` supernumerary, excessive,
spare; phoney '; Old Prussian polīnka ` he remains ', also Old Lithuanian palinkt ds.;
Old Bulgarian otъlěkъ ` remnant, leftover item ' (: Old Indic atirḗka-), Czech liknovati se `
refuse, shy, hesitate, flee ', liknavý ` negligent ' (see above), with s-forms Old Bulgarian
lichъ ` extraordinary, eminent, remarkable, wicked, evil' etc. (*lik-chъ, Indo Germanic
leiqʷso-); lišiti `mug, rob';
Maybe alb. m. lig, f. ligë ` mad, evil'.
here also Lithuanian vienuó-, dvý-lika etc. `11, 12' etc. (bis 19), Old Lithuanian liekas `
eleventh '; but Gothic ain-, twa-lif, Old High German ein-, zwe-lif `11, 12', Old Icelandic
ellifu, Old Norwegian ællugu `11', øllykti `the 11.' etc. are to be put either to either to leip-1
or according to Marstrander (Ériu 5, 206) borrowed from Celtic *lipi- (*likʷi-).
References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123 f., 179,
Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.
Page(s): 669-670
le i-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫi le -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫü-
Meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin
Note: (from *el
el-eḫii-)
el-
Material: a. Gr. λίναμαι τρέπομαι Hes., λιάζομαι ` bend, incline, go aside, recoil, shrink,
sink, fall, retired, drew back ', λειρός (handschr. λειρώς) ὁἰσχνός καὶ ὠχρός Hes. (=
Lithuanian leĩlas), λῑμός m. ` hunger, famine ', λοιμός ` pestilence, epidemic disease,
plague '; λινό-σαρκος ` with soft, tender body ';
Middle Irish lían (*lei-no-) `gentle'; léine f. `shirt' (`*soft untergarment ');
Middle High German lī̆n `lukewarm, faint, languid', Old High German Lino PN, nld. lenig
` ductile ', Old Icelandic linr `tender, soft, weak'; lina ` relieve, slacken ';
Gothic af-linnan ` cease, leave, depart ', Old Icelandic linna `cease let, hamper', Old
English linnan `cease', Old High German bi-linnan ` withdraw, cease', with -nn- from -nu̯-;
Old Icelandic lǣ n. (*laiwa-) `damage, pity, misfortune, deceit', Old High German Gen.
lēwes ` unfortunately ', Old English lǣw ` mutilation '; Old English Old Saxon lēf `weak'
(*lēḫi-bho-);
from the concurrent Gothic-nord. lit- (in Gothic leitils `small, little ', Old Icelandic lítill ds.,
Old Frisian lītik, Bavarian dünn-leizig, Old Icelandic Adverb lítt ` little, evil, bad') and West
Germanic lut- (in asächs. luttil, Old High German luzzil, liuzil `small', Old English lȳtel ds.)
le i- must have originated from *el

leḫi el-eḫii-, besides leḫu
elle u- from *el
el-eḫu
el- u-;
Lithuanian leĩlas `thin, slim ' (from *leĩras, to gr. λειρός), Latvian liẽls `big, large' (`*slim '),
with other suffixes Lithuanian leĩnas, leĩtas ` slim ', ablaut. láinas ds.; líebas `lean, thin',
ablaut. láibas `tender, thin, slim ';
Church Slavic liběvъ, libavь, libivъ `lean', serb. linjati ` dwindle ', linjati se ` moult, shed
periodically ', Denomin. from *lein- (: Lithuanian leĩnas), slov. liliti `häuten' (: Lithuanian
leilė́ti `lean become'), leviti se ` skin, flay, flesh, remove the skin from oneself ' (: Lithuanian
láibinti ` make thin ');
Tocharian A lalaṃsk-, В lalaṃske `tender'.
b. s-extension leḫis is- in:

is-, loḫis
le is- lo is-
gr. λιαρός ` warm, lukewarm ' (*lisero-s), λοῖσθος ` left behind, last ', λοίσθιος ds., maybe
from *λοιhιστος, superlative to *λοιhις
= Germanic *laisiz `less, smaller ', Old English lǣs, nengl. less, Old Saxon lēs ds.,
Kompar. Old English lǣssa (*laisiza), Old Frisian lessa, Superl. Old English lǣst and
lǣrest, engl. least, Old Frisian lērest and lēst, to Crimean Gothic lista ` little '; Old High
German līso Adv. ` soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm ', Middle High German Adj. and
Adv. līse, Modern High German leise; Old English ge-līsian ` slip, stumble, glide, slide';
Lithuanian líesas, Latvian líess `lean'; Lithuanian líesti and lýsti ` become lean ', Latvian
líest ds.
References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 125,
Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1. leḫig- and leḫik-, see below S. 676.
Page(s): 661-662
le i-3 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫi le -) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫü-
Meaning: slimy; to glide
Note: various also slei-
slei-
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite: halina- 'clay' (Tischler 131-2)
gr. ἀλί̄νω (-ῑν- from -ῐνι̯-) ` spread, anoint, smear, rub'; about līmus see below;
Latin linō, -ere, lēvī (*leḫüuai) (from dē-lēvī seems to derive dēleō), lĭtum ` daub,
besmear, anoint, to spread or rub over ', liniō, -īre ds.;
Old Irish lenaid, Perf. rolil `follow' (actually ` stick to someone '; cymr. can-lyn `follow'
better to glynu, Irish glenaid ` get stuck, stick '), Old Irish lenomnaib ` a smearing on a
writing tablet, blotting out, erasure ', abret. linom ` a smearing on a writing tablet, blotting
out, erasure, correction ', Old Irish as-lenaim `besmirch, daub, smear over ';
Latin līmus ` earth mud, sludge, ordure, smut' (*loimos) = Old High German leim ` loam,
clay ', Modern High German Lehm, Old English lām ` loam, clay, humus ', Old High
German leime ` loam, clay ', Modern High German Leimen, ablaut. Old High German Old
English Old Icelandic līm ` glue, calc, lime, limestone ' (`* Erdmasse zum Verkleben ');
based on a weak es-stem
es *loi̯es- Old Icelandic leir n. ` loam, clay ' (lajiz-), leira (*laizōn).
Fem. ` loamy beach, seaside ';
Tokharian: A, B li(yā)- 'wipe away, cleanse oneself' (Adams 553).
1. Old Indic linā́ti (gramm.), láyatē, līyatē līyati ` adhere; cling or press closely, stick to ';
līna- ` nestling up, snuggling up; clinging to, adjoining ';
and Old Prussian layso f. (*laisā) ` clay, natural dampness of earth, earth clay '; in the
meaning from a d-extension Old Prussian laydis ` loam, clay ' and alb. leth, ledh `damp
clay';
Lithuanian laistaũ, -ýti ` make sticky, smear with loam or lime ', compare also Old Indic
lindu- `slimy, slippery ';
2. as appellation of slimy fish:
gr. λινεύς ` mullet ', Old High German slīo, Old English slīw, slēo `tench ', Lithuanian
lýnas, Latvian lînis, Old Prussian linis `tench ', russ. linь etc. ds.;
3. as appellation of `(slimy) the smooth ': gr. λεῖος ` smooth ': Latin lēvis (*leiu̯is) `
smooth ', gr. λῑτός ` smooth, simple, inexpensive, frugal ', λῑτός and λί̄ς, -τός ` smooth
kerchief, cloth', λισση πέτρα ` smooth rock '; λίσπος, Attic λίσφος ` smooth, rub or scrape
against ' are unclear; Latin līma `file, tool for smoothing surfaces' probably from *(s)lī-mā or
*(s)lei-mā (compare Old High German slīm `mucus', slīmen ` make smooth, rub shiningly ',
also gr. λείμαξ `snail');
Alb. lima ` file, tool for smoothing surfaces ', lëmoj ` smooth with a file ' Latin loanword.
4. with initial sound sl-

sl-:
Celtic *sli-m-no- `slimy' in Old Irish slemun ` smooth, slippery ', cymr. llyfn ` smooth,
even ', acymr. limnint `be smooth', abret. gur-limun `smooth', Middle Breton di-leffn `hard';
Old English Old Icelandic Modern Frisian Middle Low German Middle High German slīm
`mucus' (Old High German slīmen `smooth'); compare Old Icelandic slȳ n. `slimy water
plant';
Latvian sliẽnas f. Pl. `saliva' (*slēinās), Old Church Slavic sliny, serb. slȉne `snot', russ.
slína `saliva';
5. with k-suffix:
gr. λείμαξ ` snail without covering ' (out of it Latin līmāx ds.) = russ. slimák `snail';
compare Old Prussian slayx m., Lithuanian sliẽkas m., Latvian sliêka f. ` earthworm ' and
Latvian sliẽkas f. Pl. `saliva'; perhaps also Lithuanian séilės, Latvian seilas f. Pl. `saliva'
(from *slēilās?).
6. extensions:
(s)leib- `slimy, slippery, glide, slide, darüber stroke, smooth'.

(s)leib-
Gr. ὀλιβρός ` slippery, smooth ' Hes., ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισπεῖν Hes.;
perhaps cymr. llym `sharp', bret. lemm `sharp; sharp side of a knife' (as *slibsmós);
Old High German slīfan ` glide, slip; sharpen smoothly ', Modern High German schleifen,
Middle Low German slīpen ` sharpen, make smooth; intr. slink', Old English tōslīpan `
dissolve, melt '; Old Icelandic slīpari ` grinder ', sleipr ` slippery, smooth ' = Middle High
German sleif ds., Old English slipor, Old High German sleffar ds., Norwegian slipra `glide,
slide', Kaus. Middle Low German slēpen `drag, sharpen ' (out of it Modern High German
schleppen), Old High German Middle High German sleifen ds., Middle High German eine
burc sleifen ` they make to the surface of the earth immediately ', Intens. Old High German
slipfen ` slide, hatch', Middle High German slipfec, slipferic ` slippery ';
besides with Germanic -bb-: Dutch slib, slibbe `silt, slime, mud', slibberen `glide, slide',
Middle Low German slibber, -ich ` slippery '.
(s)lei h- ` slippery, glide, slide', see below the particular headword.

(s)leid
Maybe alb. ledhë ` fondling, caress ', ledhatoj ` to caress '.
sleig- `slimy, glide, slide, smooth':

sleig-
Gr. λίγδην `the grazing surface ', λίγδος, λίγδα ` clay mould, lye, used as soap, mortar';
Old Irish sligim, fo-sligim ` to reduce to a straight line, to make straight ', adslig ` lure,
tempt, entice, draw ' (cymr. llith ` sugarplum ', llithio ` decoy, lure ' < *slig-t-), perhaps - as
`stroke = hit' = Old Irish sligim `hit', in addition slige `road' (?); Old Irish sliachtad ` the
smoothness, flattening '; Old Irish slige `comb';
Old Icelandic slīkr ` smooth ', slīkisteinn `grindstone, whetstone', Old High German
slīhhan `slink' (= `glide, slide'), sleihha `loop, sled ', Middle Low German slīk, slick, Middle
High German slich `silt, slime, mud'; participle *slihta- ` smoothed ' in Gothic slaíhts
`simple, even ', Old Icelandic slēttr ` smooth, even, straight', Old High Germanslëht
`straight, even, evil, bad', Modern High German schlicht and schlecht, Old English sliht,
Middle English slight, sleght ` smooth, even ';
Old Bulgarian slьzъkъ `εἰς ὄλισθον', russ. slízkij ` slippery ', slizь `mucus', slízy Pl. à
kind of loop'.
leip- ` besmear with fat ', see below particular headword (leip-).
leip-
lei-t- ` glide over, touch softly, stroke ': probably λιτή `request', λίσσομαι, λίτομαι `bid,
lei-
beg, ask, invoke', λίτανος ìmploring', λιτανεύω ìnvoke'; Latin litāre `to make an acceptable
sacrifice, obtain favorable omens' (based on *litā from λιτή); Lithuanian lytė́ti `touch',
Latvian làitît `stroke, caress', Lithuanian liečiù, liẽsti `touch, betreffen'.
Maybe alb. lut, lus ` pray'.
References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270;
different about 3. and 4. lei- EM2 553 f.
Page(s): 662-664
ip-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫip
le ip- le p) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüp
Meaning: to smear, stick
Note: probably extension to lei-
lei- `slimy'.
Material: Old Indic lip- (limpáti-, lipyátē) `besmear', liptá- ` sticking, adhesive ', lēpayati `
smears ' (= Slavic lěpiti), rip- `smear, stick, glue, cheat, deceive'; ríp- f. `deceit; pollution '(=
gr. λίπα Akk.), lēpa- m. ` the coating, the smearing, smut', rḗpas- n. ` stain, smut', riprá- n.
`smut' (similarly gr. λιπαρός, alb. laparós), ripú ` malicious, cheater ';
npers. fi-rēftan `cheat, deceive', rēw `deceit', osset. fä-lēwun, -līwyn `cheat, deceive';
gr. λίπος n. `fat', λιπαρός `fat, being anointed ', with final sound derailment ἀλείφω
ànoint, smear, rub', ἄλειφαρ, ἀλοιφή ` ointment '; with the meaning ` climb, ascend ' (as
Lithuanian lipù, lìpti) gr. αἰγίλιψ `destitute even of goats, hence, steep, sheer ', ἄλιψ πέτρα
Hes., actually ùnersteiglich', λίψ πέτρα, ἀφ' ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει Hes.;
alb. laparós ` dirty, soil, stink ', lapërdhī́ ` dirty discourse ', gëlepë, shklepë f, sklep m..,
glep èye discharge, glama ' (prefix kë- + *loipos or *loipā);
Latin lippus ` blear-eyed, bleared, inflamed ' (with expressive consonant increase);
Gothic bileiban, Old High German bilīban ` abide, remain ', Old English belīfan ` abide,
remain, be left ' (to ī s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. Gothic bilaibjan; Old Icelandic leifa,
Old High German leiben, Old English lǣfan ` leave '; Gothic laiba f., Old Icelandic leif, Old
High German leipa, Old English lāf ` remnant, leftover item '; Gothic aflifnan, Old Icelandic
lifna ` be left ', Old Icelandic lifa `be residual, remaining ';
Germanic līƀ- `stick, glue' has also absorbed the meaning ` be left ' from līƕ (leikʷ- `
abandon '), thereby now in the meaning ` abandon, lend ';
*lei h- `
[a various, also in Latin cae-lebs from *caivi-lib- (see kai- ` alone ') available root *leib
live ' contain Gothic liban (3. Sg. libaiÞ), Old High German lebēn, Old Saxon libbian, leƀōn,
Old English libban, Old Icelandic lifa ` live ', lifna ` come to life '; Old Icelandic līf n., Old
English līf, Old Saxon līf, līƀ n. `life', Old High German līb, līp, Middle High German līp, lībes
m. n. `life; body, person'];
Lithuanian limpù, lìpti `stick' (and lipù, lìpti ` climb, ascend ', see above), lipnùs ` humid
and sticky ', lipùs `ds., sticky', Latvian lípu, lipt `be attached, be linked ', lipigs ` humid and
sticky ', lipns, laipns `mild, affable, friendly';
Slavic *lьnǫ, *lьnoti in Old Church Slavic pri-lьnǫti `stick, cling ' and Slavic *lьpěti in Old
Church Slavic pri-lьpljǫ, pri-lьpěti `stick, cling ', in addition Kaus. Old Church Slavic pri-
lěpiti sę ds., etc. and Old Church Slavic *lěръ m. ` glue ' (= Old Indic lēpa-), also Old
Bulgarian lěpъ ` fitting, beautiful' (originally `sticking');
Tocharian A lip- ` be left '; lyipär ` rest ';
Hittite lip- `smear'.
References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64,
67.
Page(s): 670-671
ip-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫip
le ip- le p) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüp
Meaning: to wish for, request
Material: Gr. λίπτομαι, new λίπτω, participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) λελιμμένος `lust,
crave', λίψ ἐπιθυμίαHes., λιψουρία `desire to urinate ';
Note:
ur : gr. λιψουρία `desire to urinate': Ἰλλῠ
υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
Lithuanian liepiù, liẽpti, pa-liẽpti òrder', Old Prussian pallaips, Akk. -san ` command ' (-
so-stem), pallaipsī twei `lust, crave', laipinna ` demanded '.

Page(s): 671
is- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫis
le is- le s) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüs
Meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn
Material: Latin līra (*leisā) ` the earth thrown up between two furrows, a ridge ', dēlīrus `
silly, doting, crazy ', dēlīrō, -āre ` to be crazy, be deranged, be silly, dote, rave ' (also
dialekt. dēlērus, dēlērāre); Umbrian disleralinsust ` inritum fecerit ' (*dis-leisa-li);
Old High German wagan-leisa `wheel track, groove, furrow' (= Old Bulgarian lěcha),
Middle High German leis(e) ` track, line '; zero grade Middle Dutch lese (*līs-) f. ` track,
furrow, line in face, wrinkle', Old High German lesa `wrinkle'; Gothic laists m. `spoor, track '
(i-stem f. old o-stem), Old Icelandic leistr m. `foot; sock ', Old English lāst, lǣst ` footprint,
spoor'; Old High German Middle High German leist `spoor, track, groin ' (*lois-to-), whereof
Gothic laistjan `( follow up on the spoor, strive after, aspire to ', Old High German leisten `
einem Gebote oder Versprechen nachkommen, leisten ', Old English lǣstan `follow, help,
commit, withstand ' (engl. last èndure'); Gothic lists f. àrtifice', Old Icelandic list f.
`skillfulness, shrewdness', Old High German Old Saxon Old English list `skillfulness,
Klugheit, artifice' (Old Bulgarian lьstъ àrtifice, deceit' from Gothic lists); Gothic lais preterit-
present ` I know, I know to do something ' (example wait), Kaus. laisjan ìnstruct, teach'
(galaisjan sik `learn'); Old High German lērran, lēren, Old Saxon lērian, Old English lǣran
ìnstruct, teach'; Old High German lirnēn, lërnēn, lërnōn (*liznōn), Old Frisian lirna, lerna,
Old English leornian `learn', Old Saxon līnōn ds.; Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert' (example
weis);
Old Bulgarian lěcha à field divided into beds', russ. lechá, Serbo-Croatian lijèha, Czech
lícha (*loisā);
Lithuanian lýsė `garden bed, garden plot', Old Prussian lyso à field divided into beds'.

Page(s): 671
it(h)-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫit(h)
le it(h)- th-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüth
le th-
Meaning: to go out; die; go
Material: Avestan raēϑ- `die' (present iriϑyeiti);
Gothic ga-leiÞan `go', Old Norse līða stem V. ` go, pass, dwindle away, run, come to an
end, pass away ', Old Saxon līthan stem V. ` go, walk, drive, drive, pass ', schw. V. lithon `
bring, proceed '; Old English līÞan stem V. ` go, travel ', Old High German līdan stem V.
`go, leave, pass, go bad; get to know, experience, suffer', Modern High German leiden
(different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit- ` abhor, detest '); Old Norse lið n. `vessel', Old English n.
`vessel, ship'; Old High German ūz-lit ` a departure, demise ';
Germanic *laidō: 1. `way' in Old Icelandic leið f. ds., Old English lád ds., ` watercourse ',
Primärbildg. to Germanic līÞan `go, drive'; 2. ` direction ' in Old English lád f. n. ds., `
means of transporting, sustenance, livelihood', Old High German leita ` direction ', to
causative Germanic *laidjan `go, make, guide, lead'; 3. Old English lád `clearing oath', Old
Franconian lāde ds., also to *laidjan as ` Beibringen von Eideshelfern ', also Old High
German laida (d
d from leida ` accusation ');
Kaus. (Germanic *laidian) Old Norse leiða ` lead, escort, accompany ', Old English
lǣdan, Old Saxon lēdian `lead, bring', Old High German leittan, leiten ` lead, guide '; Old
Norse liðinn ` dead ', lēiði n. ` tomb ', Old High German leita (*leitia), leitī ` a funeral
procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral ', Middle High German bileite n. `burial, funeral';
with latter meaning presumably also gr. λοίτη ` a burial, funeral ', λοιτεύειν θάπτειν Hes.,
also λοιτός λοιμός Hes.?
Tocharian A lit- ` leave, depart, tumble, fall down'.
from extension from *lei

lei ` duck, disappear '?? compare Gothic aflinnan ` leave, depart '
lei-
etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.
Page(s): 672
it-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫit
le it- le t-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüt
Meaning: to be disgusted; to violate
Material: Gr. ἀλείτης ` delinquent', Aeolic ἀλοίτης ` avenger', ἀλοιτός ` delinquent',
ἀλιταίνειν ` commit an outrage, commit a sin', ἀλιτήμων ` sinner, delinquent', ἀλιτρός `ds.,
mad, wicked, evil';
Old Irish liuss `repugnance' (*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther ` nunquam fastiditur ';
Old Norse leiðr ùnpleasant; detested ', Old English lāð (engl. loath), Old Saxon lēth,
Old High German leid ds., Modern High German Subst. Leid (in origin quite different of
verb leiden ` suffer, bear, endure');
Gothic sleiÞja (N. Pl. n.) ` harmful, bad ', Old Norse sliðr ` bad ', Old English sliðe, Old
Saxon slīthi `fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil', Old High German slīdīc ds.
References: WP. II 401, WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 411.

Page(s): 672
izd-, loḫizd
Root / lemma: leḫizd
le izd- izd- (*le
lo izd- zd-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
leḫüzd
le zd-
Meaning: edge, fringe

Material: Old High German līsta ` bandförmiger Streifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste ', Modern
High German Leiste, Old English līst ` border, hemline, edge ' (from asächs. līsta : Old
Icelandic lista f. ` stripe, edge, strip '); alb. leth, ledh ` the raised edge of a property,
margin, wall, riverside ' (*loizd-).
Page(s): 672-673
Root / lemma: (le

le k-1?) : loḫk
leḫk lo k- (*le
le k-)
leḫuk
Meaning: to scold, reprove
Note: Only Celtic and Germanic
Note:
Material: Old Irish locht m. (*lok-tu-) `blame, fault, error';
Old High German Old Saxon lahan, Old English léan `rebuke', nisl. lá ds., Old English
leahtor m. ` vice, crime, reprimand', mnl. lachter ` shame, derision, ridicule'; Old Frisian
laster, Old High German Old Saxon lastar `reprimand, insult, fault, error' (*lahstra-), Old
Icelandic lǫstr m. `fault, error, vice ' (*lahstru-).
Unclear, whether to connect with lengh-

lengh `vilify, scold' (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)

References:
Page(s): 673
le k-2 (: lek-) and lēḫk

Root / lemma: leḫk lē k- : lǝḫk
k- (*leḫuĝh-)
Meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind
Material: Old Indic r̥kṣalā ` ankle of hoofed animals ' (*l̥k-s-elā); common Old Indic ĝh- >
kṣ-
gr. λάξ, λάγδην `with dem Fuße ausschlagend', λαχμός (*λακσμος) `das Ausschlagen
with dem Fuße', λακτίζω `stoße with dem Fuße'; λάκτις, -ιος `Mörserkeule'; ablaut. ληκᾶν
τὸ πρὸς ᾠδήν ὀρχεῖσθαι, ληκῆσαι πατάξαι Hes. (: Latvian lę̃kāt); λικερτίζειν σκιρτᾶν Hes.
(*leq-); s. λικρόι S. 308 under el- `bend';
whether Latin lacertus, mostly Pl. ` the muscular part of the arm from the shoulder to the
elbow, upper arm ', lacerta `lizard' (`the flexible ')?? lacca ` a swelling on the shinbone of
draught-cattle ' (would be a late short form with consonant-Gemination); lō̆custa ` locust,
grasshopper; sea cancer ';
gall.-rom. *lakāre `bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;
Old Icelandic leggr ` Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr ` arm ', fōt-, lǣr-leggr `calf'
(*lagiz); langob. lagi ` thigh '; Old Icelandic lǣr, Old Swedish lār ds. (*lahaz- or *lēhaz- n.),
Old English līra ` the thick meat in calves, thighs, flanks and bottom ' (*ligizan-); Middle
High German lecken, Modern High German old löcken ` kick behind, jump ', Norwegian
dial. lakka `(auf a foot) jump, walk on tiptoe; trip ' (*lakjan);
Lithuanian lekiù, lė̃kti `fly', Iterat. lakstýti ` run, run about, trot about, scamper, scurry,
hurry-scurry, hustle, shuttle ', causative lakinti ` feed, give to lap, make fly ', laktà ` roost,
perch ' (`*Aufflug'), lakùs ` fleeting, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Latvian lezu, lēkt
`spring, jump ', Iterat. lãkat (: ληκᾶν), lēkas f. Pl. ` heartbeat '; Old Prussian lagno (from
*lakno) `breeches, pants, trousers '; perhaps Old Bulgarian -leštǫ, -letěti `fly', if from *lek-t-
before dark vowels or contaminated from lek- and pet-.
References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.
Page(s): 673
le m-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫm le m-)
leḫum
Meaning: to crush; fragile
Material: Gr. νωλεμές, -έως ` fatigueless ', maybe from `not zusammenbrechend', due to
one with preposition o- refined *ὄ-λεμος n. *ὀ-λεμής;
Venetic MN Lemetor;
Note: common Illyrian : Iranian : Old Indic -tor, -tar suffix.

Old Irish ro-la(i)methar ` ventures ', cymr. llafasu `venture, risk', corn. lauasos ds.,
Middle Breton lafuaez ` able, dare ', also cymr. cyflafan ` malefaction ', perhaps to Middle
Irish la(i)me àxe'; with other meaning: Middle Irish lem `fade, crazy, impotent', Old Irish
lemnat ` marshmallow ', Middle Irish lemlacht, lemnacht ` sweet milk', cymr. llefrith, bret.
livriz ds., mcymr. llyveithin `weak' (*lemekt-);
perhaps alb. lemë, Geg lamë, Tosc lëmë ` threshing floor, oil grinder ' = russ. lom;
Old High German Old Saxon lam (*lom-), Old Icelandic lami `lame, crippled ', Old High
German lemmen, asächs. lemmian ` lame, cripple, disable ', Old English lemian `ds., tame
(a horse)', Old Icelandic lemia `hit, smash to pieces; hinder', ō-grade Old High German
luomi `faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild', Middle High German lüemen, luomen `languish',
reduced grade Old Icelandic luma ` release, let go, free, set free ', Alemannian lumme `
become slack ', Modern High German dial. lumm `slack', in addition Modern High German
Lümmel; Middle High German lunzen ` drowse lightly ', East Frisian lōm ` lamed, lame,
faint, languid', Swedish lōma ` be stiff or clumsy ';
ē-grade: Norwegian laam `lame';
Latvian l'imstu, l'imt, Lithuanian lìmti `break down under a load ', Old Prussian limtwei
`break, rupture'; Lithuanian lémti `decide, settle, govern, condition, reserve, ordain,
destine, determine, fate, doom, augur ', Latvian lem̃t `decide, define, ordain, determine,
adjudicate'; Lithuanian lamìnti, causative lámdyti `train, coach, guide'; in addition probably
also Lithuanian lúomas ` estate, caste ';
Old Bulgarian loml'jǫ, lomiti `break, rupture', -sę ` struggle, come to grips with, put in a
great effort, go to a lot of trouble ', russ. lom `break', Pl. lómy ` rhumatic pains ' etc.; Old
Bulgarian prělamati `break, rupture' etc.;
e-grade in Upper Sorbian lémić `break, rupture', probably also Church Slavic lemešь
`plough' (from an es-stem,
es as νωλεμές), Latvian lemesis ` plowshare '; with ē-grade Serbo-
Croatian lȉjemām, lijèmati `hit'.
References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Lidén Mél. Vising 378.
Page(s): 674
le m-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫm le m-)
leḫum
Meaning: open jaws (?)
Material: Gr. λάμος `gullet', λάμια N. Pl. ` Erdschlund ', λάμια ` cannibal, human being that
eats human flesh ' (Latin loanword lamia ` a witch, sorceress, vampire ', lamium `dead-
nettle' as `figwort, scrophularia, snapdragon '; also Bulgarian lámija, láḿa `snake' from ngr.
λάμια), λαμυρός ` voracious, greedy ';
Latin lemurēs ` night spirits, ghosts; souls of the dead ';
Note:

ur : Latin lemurēs `ghosts' : Ἰλλῠ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ, Illyria,
υρί
also Ἰλλυρ
υρικό υρί
υρίζω
, speak the Illyrian language, Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
cymr. llef `voice', mcymr. llefein `cry', bret. leñv `clamor, lament';
Lithuanian lemóti ` pant for, long for, desire ', Latvian lamāt ìnveigh, scold, chide',
lamatas ` mousetrap '.
References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.

Page(s): 675
le ndh-1 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫn le ndh > *le
leḫun le ndh)
leḫün
Meaning: liquid, spring
li-n-dh- to lē̆i-4?
Note: only Celtic and Germanic; or as li-
Material: Old Irish lind (u-stem) n. ` liquid, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to
quench one's thirst, draught, potion', Gen. lenda, nir. lionn, Gen. leanna àle', (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. llyn ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench
one's thirst, draught, potion', therefrom different (s
s-stem) Old Irish lind, Gen. linde f. `water,
pond, pool, sea', cymr. llyn `pond, pool', acorn. len `water', bret. lenn `pond, pool', abrit.
Λίνδον PN, gall. Lindo-magus Swiss river name ` Limmat ';
from Old Irish (?) derives Old Icelandic lind (poet.) `wellspring', but compare Old Saxon
Linda FlN. ` Lenne ', Old Frisian lind `pond, pool'; ablaut. Middle High German lünde f.
(*(*le
le ndh) > (*le
leḫun le ndh)) `wave'.
leḫün
Note
common Proto Germanic -u- > -ü-, -y-, -i-.
References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.

References:
Page(s): 675
le ndh-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫn le ndh)
leḫun
Meaning: hip; kidney
Material: Latin lumbus, older only Pl. lumbī ` loins' (*loḫundhu̯o-); [common Latin -dh-> -bh-].
Note:
common Hittite Greek Latin zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-.
Old Church Slavic lędvьję Pl. f. ` loins' ', russ. ljádveja ` hip, thigh ', Czech ledvi n. ` hip ',
ledvina `kidney';
Old High German lẹntī f. `kidney', Pl. lentī(n) ` kidneys, loins' (*londhu̯īn-), Old English
lendenu N. Pl. ` loins', Old Icelandic lend f. ` hip ' (a Gothic *landjō is assumed a Finnish
loanword lantio); zero grade Old Icelandic lund ` hip, sense, mind ', Old English lendenu N.
Pl. ` loins', lund-laga `kidney', lynd f. `(*nephritic -) fat', Old High German lunda `tallow,
suet', luntu-ssa ` a little breast '.
Maybe taboo word alb. lënda ` matter', taboo word for loins lënde ` seed of the oak tree,
acorn '.
References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.
Page(s): 675
le ndh-3 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫn le ndh)
leḫun
Meaning: free land, heath, steppe
Material: Old Irish land `free place' (Dat. ith-laind àrea', with ith ` corn, grain '), gall.-rom.
*landā ` moor, heath, moorland ', mcymr. llan àrea' (acymr. it-lann, ncymr. ydlan àrea'),
corn. lan, bret. lann ` moor, heath, moorland, steppe, dry and level land '; (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Swedish dial. linda ` fallow ' (*leḫndhi̯ā), Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon Old English
land, Old High German lant `land'; in addition with zero grade Old Icelandic lundr ` grove ';
Old Prussian Akk. Sg. lindan `valley'; russ. ljádá ` field covered with new wood; new
crack, clear land; low, wet and poor soil ', Czech lada, lado ` fallow '.
References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to leḫn
le ndh-2.
Page(s): 675
ngh- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫngh
le ngh- ngh-)
leḫungh
le ngh-
Meaning: to scold
Material: Gr. ἐλέγχω ` scold, tadle, find guilty, convict ', ἔλεγχος n. ` reproach, accusation,
insult, shame'; to Hittite link- `swear, vow'?
unclear, whether here Middle Irish lang `the genitals, deceit, betrayal ';
Latvian langāt àffront, insult, offend, inveigh, attack with words '.

See also: compare under (lek-) : lok-.
Page(s): 676
ng- (*lleḫung
Root / lemma: leḫng
le ng- ng-)
ng-
Meaning: to bend oneself; to sway
Material: Old Indic raṅgati ` move to and fro ';
alb. lëngor `pliable';
Maybe alb. lëngoj ` suffer '.
Maybe alb. geg langu, Tosc lëngu ` liquid ' : Lithuanian léngė, lénkė f. ìmmersion', Old
Prussian Langodis ` marsh name '.
Lithuanian léngė, lénkė f. ìmmersion'; ablaut. lingúoti ` swing, sway, nod ' (in addition
lingė f. ` pole to suspend the cradle ', liñgė f. ` harrier, any of a number of short-winged
hawks '), langóti ds.; Latvian lĩguôt `swing, sing', Imper. lĩg(u)õ ` Jubelruf bei den
Johannisfeiern ', l̨uodzît `waver, swing'; Langa f. ` brook name '; Old Prussian Langodis `
marsh name ';
Slavic lęgъ `pliable' in slovz. lą̃go `pliable' (Adverb), lągãc `bend, crook', ablaut. Old
Church Slavic lǫgъ m. ` oakthicket, coppice ', Serbo-Croatian lûg ` grove, reeds, thicket of
cane ', Lower Sorbian lug ` grassy swamp, marsh', therefrom Łužyca ` Lusatia ', etc.;
perhaps also russ. ljagatь sja `swing, waver'.
Maybe alb. lug ` grove, valley ', lugë, luga ` spoon' : Polish łyżka ` spoon' Slavic loanwords.
References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to lenk- `bend'.
Page(s): 676
nk- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫnk
le nk- nk-)
leḫunk
le nk-
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old English lōh `strap' (in mæst-lōn Pl., sceaft-lō, lōh-sceaft) from *laŋha-, Old
Icelandic lengja f. `strap, stripe', Danish længe ` rope, string', here also Old Icelandic lyng
n. `heath', Old Icelandic endi-langr Adj. ` in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung ', Old Saxon Old
English and-lang, Old Frisian ond-ling, Modern High German entlang; Old English bæс-
ling `backwards', Old High German hrucki-lingūn `backwards, to the rear'. chrumbe-lingūn
` in curved direction ';
Lithuanian lenkiù, leñkti `bow, bend'; lénkė ` immersion ', linkstù, liñkti ` bend, crook,
stoop, turn for, tend, slope ', linkiù, linkė́ti ` lean towards, feel inclined towards, wish ',
Latvian lìkt ` bend ', liks `crooked', Iterat. Lithuanian lankaũ, -ýti ` call on, visit, attend,
haunt ', lánkiòti ` veer, swerve, turn about ', Latvian lùocît `bend, bow, steer', lùocîkla
`joint'; Lithuanian lankà `valley, lowland, depression'; lañkas ` ring', lankùs `pliable', Latvian
lùoks ` twisted piece of wood, rim of the wheel ', lùoks `pliable', Old Prussian perlānkei
`belongs', perlānki ` be fitting, deserve, be worthy of, have a right to'; reduced grade Old
Prussian lunkis ` angle ', Latvian lùnkans `pliable', Old Prussian lonki `narrow bridge,
gangplank, footbridge'; Lithuanian lañktis ` windlass, reel, thread reel, thread coil ', Latvian
luoks, luoki ds. (also Lithuanian leñkti stands for ` wind up, reel up '; lenkẽtas `
Haspelstock ' from lekẽtas : gr. ἠλεκάτη, ἠλακάτη ` spindle', Aeolic-Doric ἀλακάτᾱ);
Maybe Lithuanian lenkai ` Polish, Pole: the Poles ', lenkas ` Pole, Polack ', lenkų ` Polish ',
Lenkija ` Poland ', Lenkijos ` Polish ' meaning ` lowland, depression' .
Old Bulgarian -lękǫ, -lęšti `bend', lęčǫ, lęcati ` put a trap (*noose), catch ', polęčь ` a
noose, halter, snare, trap ', russ. ljákyj `crooked', Old Bulgarian lǫkъ ` bow ', lǫka àrtifice,
deceit', Church Slavic also `gulf, bay, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh', Old Bulgarian si-
lǫkъ ` a bending, curving ', Church Slavic lǫčije ` bulrushes ' (`bend, twist '), Old Bulgarian
lǫčǫ, -iti `separate', sloven. lǫ́čiti `separate, segregate' and `bend';
compare vorrom. (Celtic?) *lankā ` sinking in, riverbed ' (from *lonkā) in southern
France, West Switzerland and northern Italy, Swiss lauch `trough'.
References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.

References:
Page(s): 676-677
nto- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫnto
le nto- nto-)
leḫunto
le nto-
Meaning: flexible
Material: Old Indic latā ` tendril, liana, kind of climbing plant ' (*ln̥tā);
Latin lentus `pliable, tough; slow';
gall. (?) lantāna ` Schlinggewächs '; compare Bolelli Italian Dial. XVIII 182; cymr. `
smooth, gleaming' (*ln̥t-ro-), ablaut. bret. lintr (*lent-ro-) ds., corn. ter-lentry `gleam', cymr.
llethr f. `slope' (*lent-rā), Middle Irish leittir f. ds. (brit. loanword); against it cymr. llithr `
glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' from *slip-tro- to *(s)leib-
*(s)leib- above S.
663;
Old English līðe, Old Saxon līði `moderate, mild' (*lentii̯o-), engl. lithe `pliable, ductile ',
Old High German lind, lindi `soft, tender, pliable, flexible ', Modern High German lind,
gelinde, Modern Norwegian linn `pliable, flexible, mild '; (under the influence of common
East Lithuanian leñtas `still, peaceful';
in addition probably the Germanic-Slavic name the Linde (*lentā), because of her pliable
basts; Old Norse lind f. ` linden (also spear, shield of linden '), Old English lind(e) f. ds.,
Old High German linta, lintea, linda ds., Modern High German Linde, wherefore as `band,
strap of linden bast ' Old Norse lindi m. `band, strap, belt, girdle', Middle Low German lint
n. `flat band, strap' (out of it Lithuanian linta ` Zierbaud '), Old Norse lindi n. ` limewood,
linden ', Modern High German dial. lind, lint n. `bast';
probably Lithuanian lentà `board' (òf limewood, linden?');
with o-grade Slavic *lǫtъ in russ. dial. lut, lutь `linden bast ', klr. ɫút'é n. `linden bast;
willow branches ', ɫut `horsewhip, skin';
perhaps as ` the bending, winding ' Old High German lind, lint (*lento-s), Old Norse linnr,
linni m. `snake', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), poet. ` tree,
celebration ', linn-ormr `dragon' = Old High German lindwurm ` lindworm, wingless dragon,
dragon '.

Page(s): 677
lep-1 (*le
Root / lemma: lep- le p-)
leḫup
Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic lápati ` chats, whispers, wails, talks', rápati ds., pām. lówam, lewam `
speak, say', np. lāba, lāwa `flattery, insincere compliments';
Maybe truncated alb. llap `chat, talk, speak'.
It seems that from Root / lemma: plab-
plab- : (to babble, etc..) derived Root / lemma: lep-
lep-1 :
`chat, talk, speak'.
presumably as *lēpagi- ` sayer of a magic spell ', Old Irish līaig (disyllabic), Gen. lego
(*lī-ago) `physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to Gothic lēkeis);
russ. lepetátь ` stammer, babble, chatter, babble ', Old Bulgarian lopotivъ ` stammering,
stuttering ', russ. lopotátь ` babble, rant, roister, gossip ', with somewhat other meaning
Serbo-Croatian lepètati `flutter'.
Maybe alb. llomotit ` babble ' a Slavic loanword.
Perhaps based on the onomatopoeic words, but with a-vocalism, gr. λαπίζω ` swagger,
rodomontade ', λαπιστής ` swaggerer, bragger ' and λαῖλαψ `whirlwind' (as ` howling ').

Page(s): 677-678
lep-2 (*le
Root / lemma: lep- le p-)
leḫup
Meaning: to peel, flay
Material: Gr. λέπω ` exfoliate, remove in layers, peel off in thin sections', λέπος n., λοπός
m. `bowl, bark, skin' (ὀλόπτω `schäle ab'), λεπίς, λοπίς f. ` scale, husk, bowl, bark', λοπάς `
flat dish or plate, in which food was served, shell-fish ', λεπάς èinschalige shell,
Napfschnecke', λέπῡρον n. `bowl, husk', ἔλλοψ epithet the Fische (actually ìn Schuppen
being'), λέπρα ` leprosy ' (`*sich schuppende skin'); λεπτός ènthülst (from Körnern); fine,
thin, dainty, weak', λεπτύνω `hülse from; make thin', λαπαρός `fragile, flimsy, thin'
(*λεπαρός); lengthened grade (ō): λώπη `wrapping, sleeve, garment, Ledermantel'
(`*abgezogenes fell, fur' or at most from àbgetrennten rag'), λῶπος n. ds., λώψ χλαμύς
Hes.;
alb. ljapë ` peritoneum of animal for slaughter ', lepíj ` chisel, cut ', latë `small axe, hack,
mattock, hoe' (*laptā);
Latin lepidus ` pleasant, agreeable, charming, fine, elegant, neat ' (compare above
λεπτός), lepōs `fineness, pleasantness, agreeableness, bright witticism '; presumably also
lapit ` to turn into stone, make hard like stone, to petrify, harden ' (*lep-);
Old English læfer, leber f. ` bulrush, reed ', engl. Pl. levers, Old High German leber `
bulrush', Old English lōf m. ` headband, head fascia' (= Lithuanian lõpas);
Lithuanian lõpas ` patch, vamp, clout, rag', lópau, -yti ` patch ', Latvian lāps ` patch,
vamp, clout ', lãpît ` patch ';
Lithuanian lepùs ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ', lepáuti `be minxish, wanton',
lêpinti ` spoil, pamper ', Latvian lepns `pride';
sloven. lépen `leaf', Upper Sorbian changing through ablaut ɫopjëno n. `leaf'; russ.
lepénь (*lepьnь) `shred, scrap, shred', lépest `rag; petal ' (further formations of es-stem
es
*lepes- = gr. τὸ λέπος), lepúcha ` leprosy ' (as gr. λέπρα); ō-grade (as gr. λώπη) russ.
lápotь (*lapъtь) m. ` Bastschuh ', lápitь ` patch ', etc.
References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.

Page(s): 678
le p-3 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫp le p-)
leḫup
Meaning: stone, rock
Material: Gr. λέπας n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) ` bare rock, stone', λεπαῖος ` rocky'; Latin lapis, -
idis `stone'; Umbrian vapeře Abl. Sg., vapersus Abl. Pl. `seat' (of stone?); Latin a is
understood as a reduplication-vowel e;
an other possibility would be a borrowing of gr. and Italian words not from Indo Germanic
but Mediterranean language. The relationship to lep- ` split off ' as ` cleaved stone piece '
(saxum : secō) is possible.
Page(s): 678
rd- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫrd
le rd- rd-)
leḫurd
le rd-
Meaning: to twist
Material: Armenian Pl. lorc̣-k` ` convulsio partium in posteriora ';
gr. λορδός `with dem Oberkörper after vorwärts writhed, crooked, humped ', λορδοῦν, -
οῦσθαι àfter vorwärts gebogen sein';
Gaelic lorcach, lurcach `lame in the foot'; lurc m. ` lame foot';
Old English be-lyrtan `cheat, deceive', Middle High German lürzen ds., Danish lyrte `
joke', Middle High German lerzen ` stammer ', Middle High German lurz, lerz ` left '
(`crooked'); Old English lort `crooked?', in addition the PN Lorting = Modern High German
Lortzing.
References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209.
Page(s): 679
Root / lemma: rg- (*le

lemma: leḫrg
le rg- rgh-)
leḫurgh
le rgh-
Meaning: smooth, slippery
Material: Armenian oɫork ` even, smooth, polished, slippery ' (o- probably of the
preposition *po-), lerk ` smooth, hairless ';
Middle Irish lergg f. ` slope, declivity, descent, decline, way, plain ', less-lergg ` willow ',
cymr. llyry ` path, track, spoor', corn. lergh, bret. lerc'h `spoor, track '; ablaut. Old Irish lorc,
Middle Irish lorgg m. `line, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny ', cymr. llwry > llwrw `spoor,
track ';
in addition Modern High German Lurch, ndd. lork (*le rgh-)?

leḫurgh
le rgh-
References: WP. II 439. S. still *lorgo- `stick'.

Page(s): 679
le s- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫs le s)
leḫus
Meaning: to gather, pick up
Material: Gothic lisan stem V. ` compile, collect, reap', Old Icelandic lesa `gather, collect,
compile, work in ', later (through Modern High German influence) ` read (a book)', Old
English lesan `gather, collect', Old Saxon Old High German lesan ` pick up, select ' and
(after the double meaning from Latin legere) ` read (a book)'; here also Old Icelandic lesa,
Middle High German (Modern High German dial.) lismen ` knit ', Old High German lesa,
Middle High German lese ` a kind of clothes material ', Old Icelandic lesni ` a kind of head
stuff ';
Lithuanian lesù, lèsti (*le

leḫusti
le sti)`peck,
sti pick ', Iter. ap-lasýti ` peck out, pick out, sort,
choose ';
whether here Old Irish lestar, loanword from cymr. llestr `vessel', acorn. lester, bret. lestr
`ship'? basic meaning would be ` vessel for collecting of berries '.

Page(s): 680
to -, lēḫti
Root / lemma: leḫto
le toḫ- ti -, lēḫto
lē tiḫ- to -, lōḫto
lē toḫ- to - (*le
lō toḫ- to -)
leḫuto
le toḫ-
Meaning: heat
Material: Mcymr. aelet (*ad-leḫt-) `pain', llet-gynt ds., lengthened grade llit, tra-llit `rage,
fury', ncymr. llid m. ds., with gradation llawd `rutting, heat' = Middle Irish láth m. ds.;
mcymr. aelawt `din, fuss, noise, pain' = Old Irish álad n. `wound' (*ad-lōḫtoḫ-), cymr. tra-
llod `din, fuss, noise, pain';
klr. ĺit́ f. `rutting, heat', ĺityty ` impregnate, fertilize '.
References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Ét. Celt. 4, 391.

Page(s): 680
tro- (*le
Root / lemma: leḫtro
le tro- tro-)
leḫutro
le tro-
Meaning: leather
Material: Old Irish lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr `leather' = Old High German leder, Old
English leÞer (engl. leather), Old Icelandic leðr n. `leather'. Is the Germanic word old
borrowing from Celtic and latter as *pl-e-tro related to Latin pellis etc. (see peḫl
pe l- `skin')? S.
Pedersen KG. II 45.
Page(s): 681
le ubh-
Root / lemma: leḫu
Meaning: to care for, love
Material: Old Indic lúbhyati ` feels violent desire ', lōbháyati ` excites, arouses ' (formal =
Germanic*laḫuƀjan, but denominative to *laḫuƀa-, Old English lēaf), lōbha- m. `desire,
greed, lust' (= Old English lēaf etc.), lubdhá- ` greedy, licentious; enticed ' (= gr. λυπτά);
gr. λυπτά ἑταίρα, πόρνη Hes.;
Note:
common Hittite Greek zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-.
alb. laps ` wish, lust, desire', probably also Tosc lumë, Geg lum `lucky, blessed ', lumnī
`fame, salvation, beatitude ' (participle *lubh-no- actually ` what one has with pleasure,
praises ');
Latin libet, older lubet, -ēre, -uit, -itum est ` it pleases, is pleasing, is agreeable ', lubens,
libens ` willing, with readiness, with good will, with pleasure, glad ', lubīdo, libīdo `
eagerness '; Oscan loufir ` choose, take your choice, or if you will, or as you prefer, or at
least, or what is the same thing, or else, or ' (compare Old Bulgarian ĺubo - ĺubo èither -
or');
Gothic liufs, Old Icelandic liūfr, Old High German liob, Old English lēof `dear' (= Old
Bulgarian ĺubъ); therefrom derived *liubēn ` be dear, like ' in Old English lēofian, Old High
German Middle High German liuben; *liubjan in Old English ge-lýfan, Old High German
(ga)liuben, originally ` make dear '; Gothic galaufs ` desirable, estimateable, valuable '; Old
English lēaf ` permission ', Old High German urloub (and urlub) ` vacation '; Gothic
Denom. ga-laubjan `believe', us-laubjan àllow', Old Icelandic leyfa (Denom.) àllow;
praise, laud'; Old High German gilouben `believe', irlouben àllow', Old English līefan, ā-
líefan àllow', gelīefan `believe'; Old Icelandic lof n. ` laudation, permission ', Old English lof
n. ` laudation, praise ', Old High German lob n. ds. are Postverbalia to Old Icelandic lofa `
praise, bear, permit ', Old High German lobōn (Denom.) `praise, laud, grant, promise ',
Modern High German loben, geloben, verloben; Gothic lubains `hope'; Old English lufu,
Old High German lupa f. `love', therefrom *lubōn in Old English lufian, Old High German
lubōn `love', Old High German gilubida ` profession, declaration ';
Lithuanian (due to an es-stem

es *leḫubhes-) liaupsė̃ ` glorification ', liáupsinti ` glorify ';
Old Bulgarian ĺubъ `dear' (russ. ĺúbyj etc.), whereof ĺubiti `love', ĺuby `love' (etc.).
Maybe alb. (*lup) lyp, lip `beg, like, want', lypës ` beggar' (common alb. u > y, i).
References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f.

Page(s): 683-684
le udh-1
Meaning: to grow up; people; free
Note:
udh-1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: leḫu
Root / lemma: leḫu le u-dh-2 : `drive, go'
derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-
el-6, elǝ
elǝḫ-- : lāḫ-
lā -; el- u-(dh-) : `to drive; to
el-eḫu
move, go'.
Material: Old Indic rṓdhati, rṓhati ` rises, grows ', Avestan raoδaiti (*a
aroδaiti) ` increases,
grows ', Old Indic rṓha- m. àscension, elevation, height', avarōdha- m. ` aerial root,
sinking, subsidence, fall, drop, lowering, sag, decrease ', Avestan raoδa- (*a
aroδa) m.
`growth, prestige', npers. rōi `face';
gr. ἐλεύθερος `free' from *leḫudhero-s = Latin līber `free'

Maybe Illyrian TN Liburni [common Latin -dh-> -b-].
Latin liber > Italian libero, Spanish libre, French libre, Bolognese lébber, Furlan libar,
Albanian (*ii-liure) i lirë, Illyri (Albanian tribe), Catalan (*ii-liure) lliure, Valencian (*ii-liure)
lliure, Welsh (*di-lyffethair
lyffethair dilyffethair, gr. ἐλεύθερος ` free'.
lyffethair)
Note:
Common Greek e-, Avestan a- : Occidental Romance languages e-, a-, i- prefix = Albanian
pronoun a- prefix, feminine adjective e-, masculine adjective i- prefix.
Note:

ur : Welsh (*di-lyffethair
ur- lyffethair dilyffethair, Greek ἐλεύθερος ` free' : (*iliur
lyffethair) uri-
ur
) Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
ῠριοί υρία , ἡ, Illyria, also Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -
υρικό
κή, the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρία:--hence
υρί
Adv. Ἰλλυριστ
υριστί. (common Greek - Illyrian -li- > -ll-).
υριστί
alb. i lirë `free' = Iliuri ` free people ';
Faliscan loferta ` a freedwoman ';
Maybe Tocharian A lyutāri `the upper (men), overseer?' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41,
181).
alb. perhaps lenj ` is born, comes into being ' (*leḫudh-n-), lind `give birth', (*po-lem)
polem ` people ' (leḫudh-m-); Also lindje `sunrise'. (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix).
Note:
lenj ` is born, comes into being ' seems wrong etymology since from Root / lemma: leḫgh
gh- :
le gh-
to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed.
Alb. vëla ` brother ' (*su̯eḫ-loḫudhā ` member of clan ') [common alb. sv- > v-, see alb.
vjehërr ` father-in-law'].
Note:
alb. vëlla ` brother ' : Phrygian: vela-- f. `family, relatives' (?) : Estonian veli ` brother '.
According tos alb. cognate derived from the Root / lemma: su̯e-loḫ-
lo -, su̯eḫlii̯
lii̯oḫ(n)
(n)- [(*su̯e `
(n)-
his, her' + Root / lemma: leuḫd
leu h-1 (*leḫugh-):: to grow up; people; free].
]:: (a kind of relation): (*svila-) vëlla `brother' [common alb. initial sv- v-].
sv- > v-
Etymological comments: Possibly, goes back to PIE *su̯el-, cf. Hes. ἀέλιοι οἱ ἀδελφὰς
γυναι̃κας ἐσχηκότες, αἴλιοι σύγγαμβροι `brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters' and
εἰλίονες at Pollux 3, 32 (οἱ δε ἀδελφὰς γήμαντες ὁμόγαμβροι η σύγγαμβροι η μα̃λλον
συγκηδεσταὶ καὶ παρὰ τοι̃ς ποιηται̃ς εἰλίονες), which may represent metrical lengthening of
*ἐλίονες or *ἑλίονες. Cf. also ON svilar ìd.' and Gr. ἧλιξ (Dor. ἇλιξ) `friend, associate',
Brixhe - Drew-Bear 1997: 90. Less probable is Orel's (Orel 1997: 108) rendering of ουελας
as `heat of the sun' (Gr. εἵλη).
Albanian vëlla : Phrygian:: vela-- : Estonian vend, veli : Finnish veli : Saami viellja : ON
svilar ` brother '.
Uralic etymology:
etymology
Proto: *welje
Proto:
English meaning: brother, friend
Finnish: veli (gen. veljen) 'Bruder, Freund' ?
Estonian: veli (gen. vele, velja) 'brother' ?
Saam (Lapp): viel'lja^ -llj- (N), viel'ja (L), vīlj (T Kld.), vielj (Not.), viĺ (A) ?
Hungarian: -vel 'with' (case suffix), vel-em 'with me', vel-ed 'with you', vel-e 'with him, with
her'
Alb. këlüsh ` youngling ';
Note:
This seems erroneous etymology because alb. këlüsh `cub, esp. young dog' derives from
kel-6, k(e)lē-
Root / lemma: kel- )lā- or kl̥̄-? : `to call, cry'. (see above)
)lē-, k(e)lā-
Latin Līber Ìtalian god of growth, fertility, cultivation', Oscan Gen. Lúvfreís ` Liberi ',
Latin līberī, -ōrum ` free persons; hence, the children of a family, children', also `* offspring,
the young '; līber `free' see above; [common Latin -dh-> -b-].
Old Irish luss m. `plant' (*ludh-stu-), acorn. les ds., mcorn. leys, Pl. losow, cymr. llysiau,
bret. louzou ds.;
Gothic liudan, Old High German liotan, Old Saxon liodan, Old English lēodan `grow', Old
High German sumarlota ` summer scion ', Old Norse loðenn ` grow over, cover with
(vegetation), hairy, rough', loða `(* have grown =) be stuck, stick '; Gothic laudi f. `shape',
swa-, sama-lauÞs `so big, large', jugga-lauÞs ` youngling ', Middle High German lōt
òbtain'; Gothic ludja `face (with the eyes and mouth)' (compare np. rōi), Old Saxon lud `
the extreme, physical strength (? only Hel. 154), Old High German ant-lutti `face (with the
eyes and mouth)'; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) Old High German liut, Old
English lēod `people', Middle High German liute `people', Old English lēode ds., then also
of single people Old High German liut `person', Modern High German dial. das Leut
`person', Low German lüd, lüt `woman, girl', burgund. leudis ` the commonly free, layman ';
Old Church Slavic ljudьje (*leudei̯es) Pl. `the people' (Sg. russ. ljud, Czech lid), ljudinъ `
the commonly free, man, village, layman ', Latvian ĺàudis Pl. `people, servants ', Lithuanian
liáudis `people'.
Maybe alb. lëndinë, lëndina ` meandow' from Church Slavic: ljudinъ `man, village, layman'.
Proto-Slavic form: l̨udinъ; l̨udìna

See also: l̨ūdъ; l̨ūdьje
Page in Trubačev: XV 192
Church Slavic: ljudinъ `man, village, layman' [m o]
Russian: ljudína (dial.) `man (pej.)' [f ā]
Ukrainian: ljudýna `man' [f ā]
Serbo-Croatian: ljùdina `strong man' [f ā]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: li̯oudei̯es
References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.

Page(s): 684-685
le u-dh-2
Meaning: drive, go
Note:
le udh-1 : `to grow up; people; free' : Root / lemma: leḫu
Root / lemma: leḫu le u-dh-2 : `drive, go'
derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-
el-6, elǝ
elǝḫ-- : lā-
lā-; el- u-(dh-) : `to drive; to
el-eḫu
move, go'.
See also: see above under el-
el-6 S. 306 f.
Page(s): 685
Root
Root / lemma: leḫud
le ud-
ud-
Meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc..
Material: Cymr. lludded ` tiredness ' (*loudetā, compare Old High German luzeda ` a
weakening, invalidating ');
Old Saxon luttil `small, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old High German luzil, luzzil, liuzil,
Middle High German lützel `small, little, small', Old English lȳtel, engl. little; Old Saxon lūt `
little ', Old English lȳt `small', Old Saxon luttic, Old High German luzzīc `small, little ' (see
above under 2. lei-); Old Icelandic lūta stem V. ` bend forward, fall', Old English lūtan stem
-V. ds., Old English lūtian `hide, conceal lie, lurk', Old High German lūzēn ds.; Old High
German lōskēn, Middle Low German lūschen `be hidden, concealed, hide, conceal';
Gothic luton in lutondans ` φρεναπάται ', zero grade liuts ` false, two-faced ', liutai Pl.
`Gaukler', liutei ` deception ', lutōn `cheat, deceive, tempt, entice ', Old English lot n.
`deceit', lytig ` crafty, cunning ', Old Icelandic ljōtr ùgly', lȳti n. (*liutia-) ` disability ', lȳta `
spoil, disgrace, rebuke';
Lithuanian liūstù, liũsti ` be sad ' (`gedrückt sein'), liũdnas ` sad ', Old Prussian laustinti `
humble, humiliate ' (from *laḫustas ` humiliate ');
r.-Church Slavic ludъ `crazy', post-verbal to Slavic *ludjǫ in russ. lužú (*laudei̯ō), ludítь
`cheat, deceive, exchange'.

Page(s): 684
Root / lemma: leḫugh

le ugh-
ugh-1
Meaning: to lie
Material: Gothic liugan, Old Saxon Old High German liogan, Old English lēogan `lie', Old
Icelandic ljūga `lie, blunder, fail'; Old High German Old Saxon lugina, Old English lygen
`lie, falsity', Middle High German luc m. `lie', Old High German luggi, lucki, Old Saxon
luggi, Old English lycge ` fallacious ' (= Slavic lъžь), Old Icelandic lygi f., Old High German
lugī f. `lie, falsity', Old English lyge m. `lie, falsity' (: Slavic lъža `lie, falsity'); Old High
German lougan m., lougna f. ` the denying ' = Old Icelandic laun f. `ds., concealment ',
Gothic analaugns `hide, conceal', laugnjan ` deny ' etc.; probably also Old High German
lochon, j-verb lucchen, geminated Old Icelandic lokka, Old English loccian, mnl. locken `
entice ', Old High German lockon ` entice '; in addition Middle High German Gelücke
`luck'?
Lithuanian lūgoti `bid, beg, ask', Latvian lùgt ds.;
Maybe alb. (*lukt) lut, lus `pray, bid, beg, ask'.
Old Bulgarian lъžǫ, lъgati `lie', lъžь ` fallacious, liar ', lъžа `lie, falsity'.
References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 686-687
Root / lemma: ugh-2. lugh-

lemma: leḫugh
le ugh- lugh-
Meaning: oath
Material: Old Irish lu(i)ge n., cymr. llw m., bret. le òath, vow, pledge' (*lughi̯om);
Gothic liugan, -aida `marry', liuga ` matrimony ', (*oath), Old High German urliugi (*uz-
liḫugja) `war, fight' (`*state without agreement '), zero grade Middle Low German orloge,
orloch, Old Saxon orlag, -logi, Old Frisian orloch ds. (therefrom is attributed also Middle
High German urlage `fate, destiny' etc. partly the meaning `war, fight', see below legh-
legh-
`lie'); Old Frisian logia `marry'.
Maybe alb. logu `lists (*fight)'

Page(s): 687
Root / lemma: leḫug

le ug-
ug-1
Meaning: to bend
Note:
ug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leḫu
le ug- le u-g-2 : lu-
lu-g- : lū-
lū-g- : `black; swamp'
derived from Root / lemma: leḫu le uĝh
le u-2 (*le uĝh-):: `to cut off, separate, free'.
leḫuĝ
Material: Gr. λυγίζω `bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate ', λύγος f. `flexible twig, branch', λύγινος
`twisted';
Latin lucta f. ` a wrestling, wrestling-match ', luctō, sek. luctor, -ārī `wrestle, struggle',
luxus ` a dislocation ', luxāre ` to put out of joint, to dislocate ', luxus, -ūs ` excess,
indulgence, luxury, debauchery ', luxuria; probably lū̆ma ` mint, mentha, plant of the genus
mentha, a thorn (?)' from *lū̆g(s)mā;
Note:

ur : Latin luxuria
ur- uria ` to be rank, be luxuriant, abound to excess ' :
Ἰλλῠριοί , οἱ, Illyrians, Ἰλλυρ
υρί υρικός , ή, όν, Illyrian: -κή,
υρικό
the region or province of Illyria, Ἰλλυρ
υρί
υριστί.
υριστί
Maybe Rumanian luptă ` struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair,
striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix ' : alb. lufta ` struggle, fighting,
battle ' common Rumanian-Illyrian kʷ- > p-, f-.
Old Irish fo-long- èndure, bear, carry' (from *-lung-);
Lithuanian lùgnas ` ductile, pliable';
Old High German loc, Modern High German Locke, Old English locc, Old Icelandic lokkr
ds., Old Icelandic lykna ` bend the knees ';
with gradation besides perhaps Old High German louh, Modern High German Lauch,
Old Low German lōk, Old English lēac, Old Icelandic laukr ` leek '; from `bend, bend
together ' seems to have originated the meaning `close, shut' (?) in Gothic ga-lūkan `
enclose, surround ', us-lūkan ` open, unlatch, unlock ', Old Icelandic lūka `shut, open,
unlatch, unlock, finish, end', Old English lūcan `shut, open', Old High German lūhhan
`shut', antlūhhan ` open, unlatch, unlock '; Old Icelandic lok n. ` end, lock, cover', loka f. `
lock, bar, bolt', lykja `shut', Old English loc n. ` lock, bar, bolt, jail ', Old High German loh n.
` lock, hideout, cave, hole', Gothic us-luk n. àperture '; Old High German lucka (*lukkja) `
fracture', ndd. Luke.
References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.

Page(s): 685-686
le u-g-2 : lu-
Root / lemma: leḫu lu-g- : lū-
lū-g-
Meaning: black; swamp
Note:
ug-1 : `to bend' : Root / lemma: leḫu
le ug- le u-g-2 : lu-
lu-g- : lū-
lū-g- : `black; swamp'
derived from Root le uĝh
le u-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫu uĝh-):: `to cut off, separate, free'.
leḫuĝ
Material: Gr. λῡγαῖος `dark, dim', wherefore (with prefix ἠ-, compare Old Indic ā-nīla- `
blackish, darkish ') ἠλύ̆γη `dark', ἐπῆλυξ `( whereas is darkness =) providing shadow ',
ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι ` cloud, make dim, cover ';
Maybe alb. lugë, luga `spoon, scoop', Geg lug `valley, ditch', Tosc luginë `valley'
Illyrian lugas m. or luga f. `swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: ἕλος Λούγεον καλούμενον by
Τεργεστε), whereof with Latin forms -ātum
ātum derived alb. lëgatë `puddle, pool, slop, swamp,
marsh';
Maybe nasalized alb. Geg lang, Tosc lëng `drink, liquid, broth, juice';
Lithuanian liũgas `morass', besides lũgas, Latvian FlN Ludze (*lugi̯ā); Indo Germanic
*lougi̯ā in: russ.-Church Slavic luža `swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc.;
perhaps here gall. λοῦγος `raven' in PN Lugu-dūnon `Lyon', etc.
Maybe alb. lugat `monster, ghost' : gall. λοῦγος `raven'
References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.

Page(s): 686
le uĝ-
Root / lemma: leḫuĝ le uĝh
uĝ- (*le uĝh-)
leḫuĝ
Meaning: to break
Note: in Aryan with g, in Baltic with ĝ; Aryan g probably through influence of leug- `bend'
Material: Old Indic rujáti ` breaks, torments', rugná- `broke', -ruj f. `pain, disease, malady',
rujā ds., rṓga- m. ` disability, disease, malady', logá- ` clod, plaice, type of European
flatfish ';
Avestan uruxti- ` breakage, rupture ';
Armenian lucanem ` detach, open ', loic `released, liberated, free';
gr. ἀ-λυκτο-πέδη ` non-tearing band, strap', λευγαλέος, λυγρός (*λεḫυγαλέος) `sad,

terrible';
alb. lungë ` ulcer ';
Latin lūgeō, -ēre ` grieve ' (*loḫuĝei̯ō), lūctus, -ūs `mourning, grief', lūgubris `sad, pitiable
' (probably *lūgos-ri-s);
Old Irish lucht `load, content, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*part?), cymr. llwyth `load,
burden, tribe', gall. luchtos `part' (?), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, Lucterius MN;
Old English to-lūcan `destroy', Old High German liohhan `tear, rend, pull, drag', Middle
Low German lūken `pull, drag, pluck', Old English lūcan ` weed ', Swedish luk, Old Norse
lok n. `weed'; here GN Loki as ` destroyer ';
` fracture, hole', Modern High German Lücke, (Low German) Luke;
Lithuanian láužiu, láužti, Latvian laûžu, laûzt, trans. `break, rupture', ablaut. Lithuanian
lúžtu, lúžti, Latvian lûstu, lûst, intrans. `break, rupture'; in addition Lithuanian láužas m.
`heap ruptured, broken branch ', lũžis m. `break', Latvian laûžńi ` broken tree '.
References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.
Page(s): 686
Page(s):
uk- (*leḫuĝh-)
Root / lemma: leḫuk
le uk-
Meaning: bright, to shine; to see
Material: 1. Old Indic rócatē `shines, seems', Avestan raočant- `luminous', Old Indic
rōcáyati àllows to shine, lights up ', Avestan raočayeiti ` illuminates, lights up ' (= Latin
lūсео);
Old Indic rōcaná- `luminous', roká- m. `light' (= Armenian lois `light', cymr. llug), rōcíṣ n.
`light' (= Old High German loug, Old English lieg, Old Icelandic leygr m., Slavic lučь m.),
lōká- m. `free (bright) room, world' (= Latin lūcus, Lithuanian laũkas `field', Old High
German etc. lōh); rōcá- `luminous' (: Lithuanian Adj. laũkas ` outdoors, field, plot '), rucá-
`bright' (: gr. λυκόφως, ἀμφι-λύκη, cymr. am-lwg, Old Icelandic log n. `flame'), rúci- f. `light,
radiance ' (= Old Prussian luckis), rukmá- n. `gold', m. ` golden jewellery', rúkmant-
`gleaming' (compare Germanic Latin -men
men-stem);
men rṓcas-, rōcís- n., Avestan raocah-, ap.
raučah- n. `light, radiance, esp. of heaven ', Old Indic rukṣá- `gleaming', Avestan raoxšna-
`gleaming' common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-
(= Old High German liehsen) f. `light' (= Latin lūna, Middle Irish luan, Old Prussian lauxnos,
Old Bulgarian luna, zero grade gr. λύχνος; based on this -es
es-stem
es also Latin lūstrāre,
lucubrāre, Old English lioxan, Old Icelandic ljōs, Lithuanian lũkestis);
Armenian lois, Gen. lusoi `light', lusin `moon', lusn ` white spot in the eye ', luc̣anem `
ignite, burn', Aor. luc̣i (originally skō-present);
skō
gr. λευκός (*λεḫυκός) ` light, gleaming, white' (λεῦκος, λευκίσκος fish names), λοῦσσον
`weißer seed in Tannenholz' (: Old Bulgarian luča from *loukiā); λύσσα f. `fury' (after the
sparkling eyes); ἀμφι-λύκη ` twilight ', λυκό-φως ds., μορμο-λύκη ` fright image '; λυκάβᾱς `
Neumondstag ', is unclear; (compare Leumann, Hom. Wörter 2124; after Kretschmer Gl.
22, 262 to λύκος `wolf'); λύχνος ` light ' (*luk-s-nos, due to of -(e)s-stem);
(e)s unclear is λουνόν
λαμπρόν Hes.;
Illyrian PN Λεύκαρος, in addition venet. (?) PN Λευκάριστος (Silesia);
Maybe alb. lush `berserk, carrion, lushë `bitch, berserk woman' : λύσσα f. `fury'
Latin lūx, -cis ` light, brightness ' (older i-stem) lūceō, -ēre, lūxī ` to be light, be clear,
shine, beam, glow, glitter ', Old Latin also ` let the light shine ' (*loukéi̯ō = Old Indic
rōcáyati), pollūcēre originally `let shine (or see)', hence pollūcte `precious', pollūcibilis `
sumptuous, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', pollūctūra ` a sumptuous entertainment ';
lūculentus ` full of light, bright, splendid ', lūcerna ` a lamp, oil-lamp ' (compare Old Irish
lōcharn, see below); Juppiter Lūcetius perhaps ` light bringer ' (Oscan; compare gall. Mars
Leucetius, Gothic liuhaÞ): lūcus, Old Latin Akk. loucom ` a sacred grove, consecrated
wood, park surrounding a temple ', actually `(wood, forest-) clearing, light ' (compare
collūcāre ` in einem Wald eine Lichtung vornehmen ', interlūcāre ` prune trees, let the light
through '), Oscan lúvkeí ` in lūcō ' (see above Old Indic lōká-); perhaps also Umbrian
Vuvc̨is ` Lūcius ';
Latin lūmen `light' from *leuk-s-men; lūna `moon goddess ') (*loḫuksnā), praen. Losna (:
Old Prussian lauxnos, Avestan raoxšnā, Middle Irish lūan, Old Bulgarian luna); lūstrum `
period of five years, a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration ' (*leḫuk-s-trom `
enlightenment '), lūstrō, -āre ` to light up, illuminate, make bright ', also `clean', illūstrāre `
brighten, light up ', back formation illūstris ` lighted up, clear, bright, light, lustrous ',
lūcŭbrum `dawn, twilight' (*leukos-ro-), lūcŭbrāre ` to work by lamp-light, work at night ';
cymr. llug ` shimmer, radiance ', llug у dydd `daybreak' (= Old Indic rōká-, Armenian lois)
Loth RC 39, 73; gall. *leḫuxos `bright', *leḫukā `the white', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.
Old Irish luchair ` radiance ', lūaichtide `gleaming', luach-te ` white-hot, extremely hot ';
Old Irish lōcharn, luacharn f. `shiner, lantern, lamp, light', cymr. llugorn (also llygorn m., Pl.
llygyrn), corn. lugarn ds., bret. lugern m. ` radiance ';
gall. Leucetius, Loucetius èpithet of Mars' (compare Latin-Oscan Lūcetius); Middle Irish
lóch, lúach `gleaming', Old Irish lōchet (n. nt-stem) `lightning', out of it borrowed cymr.
lluched, acorn. luhet, bret. luc'hed-enn `lightning'; Middle Irish lūan `light, moon', dīa lūain `
Monday ' (*leḫuk-s-no- : Latin lūna); cymr. llwg `gleaming', llygo ` einen Glanz werfen '
(compare with the meaning from gr. λεύσσω as ìn view, visible, apparent, obvious' under
cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg ìn view, visible, apparent, obvious'); Middle Irish loch `black'
(*luko-), cymr. llwg ` black-yellow ', zero grade llug `black' (*louko-) probably originally
`gleaming black';
Gothic liuhaÞ `light' (: Latin Lūcetius, gall. Leucetius), Old High German Old Saxon lioht
`bright' and n. `light', Old English lēoht ds.; Gothic lauhatjan `gleam, shine, flash', Old High
German lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen `blaze, burn, be fiery', Old English līegetu f.
`lightning'; Old High German lōh ` bewachsene Lichtung, niedriges Gebüsch ', Middle Low
German lōh, lōch ` spinney, bush', names as Water-loo, Old English lēah ` open land,
meadow', Old Icelandic lō fn. ` clearing, glade ' (= Old Indic lōká- etc.); Old High German
lauc, loug, Old English līeg, Old Icelandic leygr, mask. i-stem `flame, fire' (= Old Indic rōcí-,
Slavic lučь), Old Icelandic logi m. = Old Frisian loga `flame', Middle High German lohe
`flame'; Old Icelandic ljōmi m., Old Saxon liomo, Old English lēoma ` radiance ' (*leḫuk-
mon-), Gothic lauhmuni `lightning, flame' (áḫu, compare engl. levin `lightning' from
*laḫuhuƀni-);
Old Icelandic lōn f. (*loḫuhnō) ` still water', logn n. ` calm ' (compare gr. λευκη γαλήνη) `
shining calm ');
Old Icelandic ljōri m. ` Rauchloch ', Norwegian ljōra ` clear up ', Middle High German ūz-
lieren ds.;
due to of -es
es-stem
es Old Icelandic lȳr m. (*leḫuhiz) ` Lub, Gadus pollichius ' (from the
bright color of the sides and the belly of the fish), Old Icelandic lȳsa f. ` Merluccius vulgaris,
Whiting ', Norwegian lysing ds., compare Swedish löja, löga ` Abramis alburnus ' from
*laḫugiōn, Modern High German Lauge ` Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus '); Middle High
German liehsen `bright' (*leḫuhsna- = Avestan raoxšna-), Old Icelandic ljōs n. `light'
(*leḫuhsa-), lȳsa `gleam, shine, gleam, make bright, define, announce, declare ' = Old
English líexan, līxan `gleam, shine';
Lithuanian laũkas ` outdoors, field, plot ', laũkas `field' (`clearing '), see above Old Indic
lōká-, rocá- etc.; Old Prussian luckis `wooden log' (= Old Indic rucí-), ablaut. with sloven.
lúč etc. ` Lichtspan '; FlN Lithuanian Laukesà;
Old Bulgarian luča `ray' (loḫuki̯ā, compare gr. λοῦσσον), Church Slavic also lučь m.
`ray, light' (= Old Indic roci-, Old High German loug), sloven. lúč f. `light', Pl. ` Lichtspäne ',
russ. luč `ray', lučá ` chip of pinewood ', Czech louč ` pine '; Old Bulgarian luna `moon'
(*loḫuk-s-nā, as Latin lūna etc.);
Tocharian А В luk- `gleam, shine, brighten '; A lok, lokit, В laukito ` strange ', lauke
`wide' (compare Lithuanian laũk, laũkan ` outwards, out, outside ' from laũkas `field')
(*laḫuke);
Hittite luk(k)- `gleam, shine, ignite, set on fire' (*lo-ḫ3uukk-).
Note:
(common Hittite zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-)
2. with the meaning `black' (from `gleaming black' or ` burnt '): see above S. 688;
but Latin lūcius ` a fish ' stands for ` the fluorescent '.
3. To leḫuk
uk `gleam, shine' corresponds leḫuk
le uk- uk- `see':
le uk-
Old Indic lṓkatē, lṓcatē ` beholds, notices ', lōkáyati, lōcáyati `contemplates', lōcanam
èye';
gr. λεύσσω `see, observe' (*λεḫύσσω);
cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg ` in view, visible, apparent, obvious ', go-lwg `vision, face'
(also cymr. etc. llygad èye' from *lukato-);
Lithuanian láukiu, láukti ` wait, await, expect, anticipate, look forward, hope, hold, tarry,
watch, bargain ', lūkė́ti ` await a little ', Latvian lũkuôt ` look, try ', Old Prussian laukīt ` seek
'; from ` see, show' : ` aim, hit, throw ' and `receive, attain, achieve ' : lučiti sę ` meet,
happen by chance '; in russ.-Church Slavic lučiti ` meet somebody ', etc.
le uk̂- in:
4. A parallel root leḫuk̂
Old Indic rúśant- ` light, bright, white', Church Slavic vъs-lysъ `naked, bald, bleak', russ.
lýsyj `naked, bald, bleak'; in addition perhaps the name of lynx, wildcat (development from
the sparkling eyes or rather after his greyish white fur): Armenian lusanunk` Pl., gr. λύγξ,
λυγκός (whence the nasalization?), Old High German luhs, Old English lox, next to which
Old Swedish lō from *l(a)ḫuha- (compare perhaps German Fuchs ` fox ' : Gothic fauhō),
Lithuanian lū́šis, Latvian lūsìs, Old Prussian luysis, Old Bulgarian rysь (with r instead of l
after rъvati ` escape, flee '?);
Maybe alb. mixed etymology ` (ryks + buall) ' = ` (cat bull) ': rëqebull, riqebull ` lynx, wildcat
' the same as Romanian name for lynx, wildcat.
Vasmer explains Slavic r perhaps through iran. borrowing; not definitely there stands the
meaning ` lynx, wildcat ' for that furthermore on voiced-nonaspirated final sound Middle
Irish lug, Gen. loga; on the other hand explains Loth RC 36, 103 cymr. lloer, bret. loar
`moon' from *lug-rā, so that one so that one could understand -g, -k, -k̂ as extensions;
compare also above S. 688 gr. λουνόν.
References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164;
different Kuiper Nasalpräs. 1073.
Page(s): 687-690
*le u̯ǝ- : lū̆-
le u-1, *leḫu̯
Meaning: dirt
Material: Gr. λῦμα `smut, disgrace, shame', λύ̄μη, ` vituperation ', λῡμαίνομαι ` scold;
maltreat; richte elendzugrunde '; λύθρον, -ος ` defilement, contamination';
alb. Tosc lum, llum `slime, mud', Geg lüm, lym, Tosc ler, lerë ds. (lum-, respectively
leḫu-d(h)r-), Illyrian PN Ludrum (: gr. λύθρον);
Maybe alb. lumë ` river '.
Latin polluō ` to soil, defile, stain, foul, pollute ', lustrum `puddle, slop, slough, bog,
haunt, den of beasts ', lutum ` filth, ordure, mud, mire ' =
Old Irish loth f. `smut', gall. PN Lutēva, in addition cymr. (with lengthened grade) lludedic
`muddy'; with other suffix Middle Irish con-luan ` dog's dirt, dog poop ', bret. louan ` the
open sea, high sea, main, deep ';
Lithuanian lutýnas, -nė `pool, loam pool '; here probably also Lithuanian liū́nas `morass'.

See also: see also under leḫug
le ug-2.
ug
Page(s): 681
le uĝh
le u-2 (*le
Root / lemma: leḫu uĝh-)
leḫuĝ
Meaning: to cut off, separate, free
Note:
leuĝh
leu-2 (*leuĝ
Root / lemma: leu- le uĝ-
leuĝh-):: `to cut off, separate, free' : Root / lemma: leḫuĝ le uĝh
uĝ- (*le uĝh-)::
leḫuĝ
`to break'
le u̯ǝ- and lēḫu
Note: also leḫu̯ u- (: lū̆-), partly leḫu
lē u- : lǝḫu le u-s-
Material: Old Indic lunā́ti, lunṓti `slices, clips, cuts', lūná- ` cropped, truncated, cut off ' (:
Middle Irish lon), lavítra- n. `sickle', laví- f. ds. (: gr. λαῖον, Old Icelandic lē ds.), lava- m. `
the reaping, fleece, wool, hair, branch ', lāva- ìncisive', lāvaka- m. ` whittler, reaper,
harvester ';
gr. λύω ` release (from a debt or duty), set free; exterminate etc.', λύᾱ f. ` dissolving,
separation', λύσις f. ` lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', λύτρον n. ` ransom '; βου-λῡτός m.
`time of Ausspannens the steers, evening' (: so-lūtus); λαῖον ` plowshare ' (λαḫFι̯ον;
compare Old Icelandic lē, Middle Low German lē, lehe `sickle' from *leḫwan- and Old Indic
laví- ds.); ἀλωή (*λἀḫFωή), Attic ἅλως (*λἅḫFως) f. `threshing floor';
alb. laj ` wash away; pay the debt ' (*lǝḫuni̯ō, ablaut equally with gr. λαḫ(F)ῖον);
Albanian aorist lava (*laḫuni̯ō) ` I washed ';
alb. (*për-laj) përlaj `rob', perhaps also letë `mane' (*leḫu-t-) and (from the root form in -s)
lesh (*leḫus-) `wool, hair' (compare the same meaning in Old Indic lava-); because after
Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. (*pë-luer) fluer ` drawer, area of a chest ' (*vë-lor- from Indo
Germanic *lēḫu-r-), sh-lor ` slope of a scaffold ', pluar, plor (*pë-luar) ` plowshare '
(common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix), lug, lugu `trough', flugë `board', lugë `spoon';
Maybe alb. flues ` ramrod of the gun', flug ` flounce, pounce, inrush, rampage ', alb. Geg
fjug ` throw, thrash, beat out grain from husks '.
Latin luō, -ere àtone, pay, loose, free, pay off ', in Glossen `λύω', reluō ` redeem again
', solvō (*se-luō) solūtus `to loosen, unbind, unfasten, unfetter, untie, release', luēs
(`*dissolving ', hence:) `that which is not bound';
Middle Irish lon ` wether, castrated ram ' (: Old Indic lūná-), Old Irish loë f. `wool, fleece '
(*lōḫu̯i̯ā), ló ds. (*lōḫu̯ā);
Gothic lun Akk. Sg. ` ransom ', us-luneins ` deliverance ', Old English ā-lynnan `release';
Old Icelandic lȳja ` hit, knock, weaken ', participle lūinn ` fatigued', nisl. lūi ` fatigue,
weariness '; Old Icelandic lē m. `sickle' (see above); *laḫwa ` removed bark as tanning
agent ' in Old High German lō, Gen. lōwes n. Modern High German Lohe, Middle Low
German lō ds.; Old Icelandic lǫgg f. ` sediment, sludge ' (*laḫu̯uō
̯ ); Old High German līh-
lawi (līhlōa, līhla), Middle Low German līk-lawe `scar' (ibd.); Old Icelandic lūðr `trough' (low-
cut, excavated trunk); Old High German lūdara ` cradle '; ablaut. Swedish dial. ljuder `
aged crack an a tree';
with the meaning ` sliced board' here russ. láva `board, bench, steep path ', Lithuanian
lóva ` bedstead ', Latvian lāva ` fool's wand, bedstead ', Danish older lo, Swedish lofve,
loge, Old Swedish loi, lo, Old Icelandic lōfi m. `threshing floor, barn' (Old Icelandic lāfi is an
old Ablaut form *lēwan-);
Tocharian A lo, В lau `remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, В lyu- ` send away,
dismiss; send off '; A lot `ditch, trench, channel, hole' (*la-ḫ2u-ut-ti);
Hittite lu-uz-zi (luzzi) `tax, encumbrance ' (*lo-ḫ3u-ut-ti) (compare gr. λύτρον).
Note:
(common Hittite zero grade loḫ3u- > lu-)
s-extension: Gothic fra-liusan, Old High German far-liosan ` loose '; Gothic fralusnan `
get lost ', Old Icelandic losna ` loose, become lax ', losa `loosen', postverbal los n. ` lysis,
dissolution, disintegration ', Old English losian ` get lost ', Denomin. to los n. `loss'; lysu
èvil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' (*laḫusiwa-), Gothic fralusts, Old High German forlust `loss';
Gothic laus `loose, empty, lacking', Old Icelandic lauss `free, loose, scattered ', Old High
German lōs `free, stolen; looted, loose ', Old English lēas ` empty, bare, lacking, stolen;
looted, deceitful ', Old Icelandic lausung f. ` Unzuverlässichkeit ', Old English lēasung `lie,
falsity', lēasian `lie'; Gothic lausjan, Old High German lōsian, lōsōn ` draw lots for ';
perhaps Old Danish liuske m. ` flank ' > Old Icelandic ljōski, Middle Low German lēsche,
Middle Dutch liesche, Modern Dutch lies, Old English léosca `flank', as well as Middle
Dutch liesche `thin skin', Swiss lösch ` lax '; with a meaning` hit, knock ' probably also Old
Icelandic ljōsta `hit, prick, meet', ljōstr ` Gabel zum Fischstechen ', nisl. lustr `cudgel, club'
(`*chopped branch piece' );
as old this application is proved, if Middle Irish loss `tail, end', cymr. llost `spear, javelin',
llosten `tail', bret. lost `tail' are to be added;
here (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56) Latvian laûska `splinter, shard', ablaut. Lithuanian
lùskos `rag', lùzgana `husk, scale, husk ', lusnà `husk, bowl', russ. lustá ds., etc. Possibly
related is *lē
lē u- `stone', see there.
lēḫu
References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from
vorrom. and proto Germanic *leiskā, *leuskā, *laskā in Modern High German Lische,
French laîche etc. ` a reed grass, sedge ' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. an Indo
Germanic eleḫi
ele i-, eleḫu elǝ- `cut, clip'.
ele u-, elǝ
Page(s): 681-682
up- and leḫub

Root / lemma: leḫup
le up- ub-, leḫu
le ub- le ubh-
Meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..
Note: probably extensions from leu-2.
Note: leu
Material: With b:
Old Icelandic laupr m., -leypi n., -leypa f. ` basket, woodwork ', Old English léap m.
`basket, trunk', Middle Low German lōp m. ` wooden vessel', lǣpen n. `basket'; the Balto-
Slavic examples under can contain b as bh just as well.
With bh:
Latin liber `bast, book' (*luber, *lubh-ro-s);
Alb. libër, libri : Furlan libri ` book ' Latin loaword.
alb. labë `bark, cork' (*loubh-);
Old Irish luib, nir. luibh f. `herb', Old Irish lub-gort `garden', acymr. Pl. luird ` gardens ';
Gothic lubja-leis `poison-expert', Old Icelandic lȳf f. ` medicinal herbs ', Old English lybb
n. ` poison, charm, spell', lyfesn f. `charm, spell'. Old Saxon lubbi, Old High German luppi `
plant juice, poison, charm, spell'; Gothic laufs m., lauf n. ` foliage, leaf', Old English léaf,
Old High German loub n. ds., louba f. ` shelter of bark', Modern High German Laube;
Lithuanian lubà `board', Latvian luba ` shingle ', Old Prussian lubbo f. `board', ablaut.
Lithuanian luõbas m. ` bark, outer covering of a tree ' (*lōubhos), Latvian luõbs m. `bowl';
Lithuanian lùbena ` fruit bowl ';
russ. lub ` bark, bast', etc., Church Slavic lъbь `cranium', serb. lùbina ds.;
With p:
Old Indic lumpáti ` breaks, damages, loots ', lōpáyati ` injures ' (= Slavic lupiti,
Lithuanian laupýti), lōptra- n. `swelling, blister';
gr. λύ̄πη f. ìnjury', λῡπέω ` sadden ', etc.;
Lithuanian lupù, lupti ` skin, peel ', Latvian lupt `ds., mug, rob', Lithuanian laupýti,
Latvian laupít ` peel, exfoliate; rob', Lithuanian lùpena ` fruit bowl ', lupsnìs ` abgeschälte
Tannenrinde ';
russ. lupljú, lupítь ` schälen, abschälen; aufpicken Eier; die Augen aufreißen, glotzen;
schlagen, prügeln ', lúpa ` dandruff, flaky scales of skin ', Church Slavic lupežь ` robbery '
(etc.);
unclear is the labial (b

b, bh or p) in Middle Irish luchtar `boat' (from bark), Old High
German lo(u)ft `bark, bast', Old Icelandic lopt n. ` ceiling, attic ' and àir' (`sky, heaven as
top cover '), Gothic luftus f., ahd Old Saxon luft m. f., ags lyft m. f. n. Luft àir, sky, heaven',
Middle Low German lucht ` upstairs, loft '; also unclear in Old Irish lomm, cymr. llwm `bare,
naked' (*lup-smo- or *lub(h)-smo-), (common Albanian Celtic abbreviation) Middle Irish
lommraim ` peel '; unclear is Middle Irish lumman `covering'.
Page(s): 690-691
Root / lemma: lē̆ḫb-, lō̆ḫb-, lāḫb

lā b-, leb-
Meaning: to hang down loosely; lip
Note: partly with anlaut. s-; besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition lep-
lep- `peel' at
the end) forms in -p-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-
(s)lemb(h)-. Many expressive formations.
Material: Gr. λοβός `Schotenhülse, Samenkapsel; Ohrläppchen', ἔλλοβος
`schotentragend', λεβηρίς `Schlangenhaut, Bohnenhülse' Hes., λέβινθοι Èrbsen';
Latin only with ā̆: labō, -āre ` to totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be
loosened ', lābor, -ī, lapsus ` to glide, slide, move, slip, float, pass, flow '; lābēs, -is ` to
totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be loosened ' and ` a spot, blot, stain,
blemish, defect, a falling, sinking in, subsidence '; perhaps labor, -ōris ` labor, toil, exertion
', labōrāre ` to labor, take pains, endeavor, exert oneself, strive '; probably labium
(labeum), labrum n. (mostly Pl. labia, labra) `lip, edge';
It evolved richly in Germanic:
1. isl. Norwegian lapa ` schlaff herabhängen ', isl. lapi ` homo sui negligens ', Middle
High German erlaffen ` languish, tire, slacken ', Modern High German laff `slack, faint,
languid'; geminated: Old Icelandic leppr m. (*lappja-) `rag, curl ', Old Saxon lappo ` corner,
tail, rag', Middle Low German lappe `piece, rag, dewlap ', Old English læрра, lappa m. `
corner, tail, rag' (engl. lap `lap'), Old English ēar-liprica, Modern High German (Low
German) Ohr-läppchen (with p Middle Low Germanōr-lepel ds., Middle High German leffel
èar of rabbit', Modern High German die Löffel); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp ` foolish person',
Modern High German Laffe (*lapan-); besides in Indo Germanic -p: holl. laffaard ` braggart
' - at first from holl. laf `faint, languid, slack, clownish ' - and with Germanic bb Middle High
German lappe - also lape - and Modern High German Lapp, läppisch, finally lengthened
grade Middle High German luof ` fool ';
from the root form in Indo Germanic p further Old Icelandic lafa `dangle, hang ', Middle
High German participle erlaben ` grow tired ', Swiss labe `horse with hanging ears, ox with
down turned horns '; Swedish dial. labba ` attach with a hinge, hook ', ndd. labbe `(
hanging) lip', Old High German (from Ndd.) lappa f., Middle High German lappe f. m.
`hanging piece of stuff, cloth ';
Maybe alb. lapë `hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf', llapë `tongue'.
2. with the meaning `lip' as `the hanging ' (as Latin labium): mnl. lippe f., Modern High
German Lippe, Old Frisian Old English lippa m. `lip', (*lepi̯-an-), Norwegian lepe (*lep-an-),
Old High German leffur, Old Saxon lepur ds., Old High German lefs ` lip (of an animal) '
(*lep-s);
3. with anlaut. s-: Gothic slēpan, saizlēp, Old Saxon slāpan, Old High German slāfan,
Old English slæpan ` sleep ', Gothic slēps etc. `sleep', Old Icelandic slāpr ` sluggish
person ', Dutch slaap, Old High German slāf m., Modern High German Schläfe ` temple,
flattened region on either side of the forehead '; Middle Low German Dutch slap `slack',
Old High German slaf (-ff-), Modern High German schlaff, isl. Norwegian slapa (= lapa) `
schlaffherabhängen '; geminated Old Icelandic slappi `tall, deformed person', Swedish
slapp ` poor, needy, destitute, inactive';
with Indo Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic slafask ` languish, tire, slacken ' and - from the
imagining pendulous slime - probably also isl. slafra ` drool, drivel, slaver ', Middle English
slaveren, engl. slaver ds., isl. slevja f. `slobber', Norwegian slevjen `slimy, faecal, mucky';
Norwegian slabbe, Swedish slabba ` pollute ', Middle Dutch slabben ` befoul, slurp ',
Modern High German schlappen (also ` drool, drivel, slaver '), Middle English slabben ` roll
in the excrement ', Modern High German (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, Swedish dial.
slabb ` mud water ', engl. dial. slab `slimy, slippery ', Subst. `mud puddle';
Lithuanian slobstù, slõbti ` become weak ', Lithuanian žem. slãbnas, East Lithuanian
slõbnas `weak', Latvian slābêt ` crumple ' (of a swelling, lump, growth);
Old Church Slavic slаbъ etc. `weak'.
Nasalized leḫmb(h)
mb(h)-:
le mb(h)-
Old Indic rámbate, lambate ` hangs down, holds on ', lambana- ` droopy, sagging ', n. `
pendulous jewellery, phlegm ';
Latin limbus ` a border, hem, edge, selvage, fringe '; about gr. λέμφος see below;
Old English (ge)limpan ` proceed, go ahead, succeed ', Old High German limphan,
limfan, Middle High German limpfen ` be measured ', Old English gelimp n. ` event,
chance, luck ', Middle High German g(e)limpf ` Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle
Nachricht; Benehmen ', changing through ablaut andd. gelumplīk ` fitting', Middle High
German limpfen ` limp ', engl. to limp ` limp ', limp ` droopy ', ndd. lumpen ` limp ', also
Modern High German (ndd.) Lumpen `scrap, shred'; compare from a Germanic additional
root lemb- (would be Indo Germanic *lembh-): Middle High German lampen (and slampen),
ndd. lempen ` welk niederhängen ', Swiss lampe ` dewlap, pendulous cloth '; Old English
lemp(i)healt ` lame ';
Maybe alb. lapër `dewlap'.
with anlaut. s-: Norwegian dial. slampa ` go carelessly ', engl. dial. slamp `ds., limp ',
Norwegian dial. slamsa ` hang loosely, dangle '; Norwegian (Middle Low German) slump `
chance, luck ', engl. slump ` morass, wet place ', to slamp, slump ` plop, flop, bang, clap ',
Middle High German slampen ` schlaff herabhängen ', Modern High German dial.
schlampen ` schlaff herabhängen, nachlässig sein ', Schlumpe, Schlampe ` untidy woman,
slut' (probably with ndd. p);
Old Icelandic sleppa, slapp ` fail, slide, slip ' (*slemp-), Kaus. sleppa (*slampian) ` let
drive ', engl. dial. slemp ` dodge, sneak away, fall down '; from a root form in Germanic b
(compare gr. λέμφος `mucus, snot'); Middle Low German Middle High German slam (-mm-
), Modern High German Schlamm (*slamba-), Late Middle High German slemmen `feast,
eat plentifully', Norwegian slemba f. `slut', slemba ` bang, clap ', isl. `dangle'; further
perhaps the group from Middle High German slimp (-mb-), slim (-mm-) `slant, skew,
slantwise ' ; perhaps to Latvian slīps from *slimpas ` slantwise, steep', Lithuanian nu-
slim̃pa ` slip away, sneak '.
References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.
Page(s): 655-657
lē ĝ(h)-
Root / lemma: lēḫĝ ĝ(h)-
(h)-1 : lǝḫĝ(h)-
Meaning: twig
Material: Alb. lethī́, laithī́, lajthi (*lǝĝ-) ` hazel shrub '; (common Slavic alb. -jj- consonant)
Lithuanian laz-d-à `stick, hazel bush ', Latvian lazda ` hazel bush ', lagzda ds. (*laz-g-
da), secondary lę(g)zda ds., Old Prussian laxde f. ds., kel-laxde `spear shaft';
Slavic lěs-k-a f. in serb. lijèska ` hazel shrub ', poln. las-k-a `stick';
doubtful whether here Old Church Slavic loza ` vine, sprout', serb. lòza ds., etc. (*lǝĝā);
lo ĝ- `rod, horsewhip'.
s. also under loḫĝ
References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek
Recherches 25 ff.
Page(s): 660
lē ĝh-2 : lǝḫĝ
Root / lemma: lēḫĝ ĝh-
Meaning: to crawl on the ground; low
Material: Old Icelandic lāgr `low' (out of it engl. low), Middle High German lǣge `flat', Low
German lǟge `low';
Latvian lę̂zns `flat', lẽzêt, lēžât ` skid ', Lithuanian lė̃kštas `flat', lúožas ` bending down of
grain ', new ložė̃ ds.; Old Prussian līse `crawls';
Slavic (Old Bulgarian etc.) lězǫ, lěsti ` grovel, truckle, creep, march, step, stride, strut,
ascend ', to russ. lazína ` regret ', Serbo-Croatian lȁz ` steep path ' etc.
Is lēĝh- a variant from leḫgh

gh- `lie'?
le gh-

Page(s): 660
Root / lemma: (llē̆iḫg

g-2), līg-
līg-
Meaning: appearance; body; similar
Material: Gothic leik n. `body, flesh, corpse ', Old Icelandic līk ` body, corpse ', Old English
līc ds., Old Saxon līk, Old High German līh (Gen. līhhi, fem.) ` body figure, appearance,
body, corpse '; Gothic galeiks ` alike ', Old Icelandic glīkr, līkr ` alike, equally well ', Old
English gelīc, Old Saxon gilīk, Old High German gilīh, Modern High German gleich
(`having the same figure'), Gothic ƕileiks ` of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a,
which ' etc.; Gothic leikan, galeikan ` like ', Old Icelandic līka ds., Old English līcian (engl.
like ` want; prefer '), Old Saxon līkōn ds., Old High German līchēn ` ds., be equal to, be
identical to, be measured ', Old Icelandic līkr ` fitting', līkna ` forgive ' (` be compared ');
Lithuanian lýg, lýgus ` alike ', lýgti ` resemble ', Latvian līgt ` come to an agreement ',
līdzis ` alike ', Old Prussian polīgu Adv. ` alike ', līgint ` direct, aim, point ' = Old Lithuanian
liginti ` hold a hearing ', Lithuanian lýginti `compare, equalize '.
References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 508 f.

Page(s): 667
Root / lemma: lē̆iḫ--1, leḫk

le k-
Meaning: ` bend '
also: see above S. 307 ff. under eḫlei
See also: leiḫ-.
lei
Page(s): 661
Root / lemma: lē(i)ḫ-
lē(i) -2
Meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess
Note: originally ` abandon, forsake ' and = lē(i)-3 ` let, allow '
Material: Old Indic rātí- `willing to give, willingly; f. bestowing, mercy', rā́ti ` lends, grants';
gr. λάτρον n. èarnings, pay, guerdon, reward ', λατρεύς, λάτρις `Lohnarbeiter', λατρέυω
`diene um Sold'; Latin latrō is gr. loanword;
Old Icelandic lāð, Old English lǣð n. ` estate ', Gothic unlēÞs àrm' = Old English
unlǣd(e) ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', with gradation Old Icelandic lōð f., n. `yield of the
ground';
with s-suffix here probably also Old High German -lāri (e.g. in gōz-lāri ` Goslar '), Old
High German ga-lāeswes ` Angrenzer ', Old English lǣs, g. lǣswe f. ` grassland ' (*lēsu̯ā),
the Swedish-Danish place name ending -lösa, -løse and (?) Old Bulgarian lěsъ `wood,
forest';
Maybe alb. lis òak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: lěsъ `forest,
wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.
Old Bulgarian lětь, lětijǫ jestъ ` licet '; in Baltic only diphthong forms: Lithuanian líeta
`thing, affair ', loanword from Latvian lìeta `thing, supplementary', and probably also
Lithuanian láima `luck', laimùs ` bringing luck ', laimė́ti ` gain '.

Page(s): 665
Root / lemma: lē(i)ḫ-

lē(i) -3
Meaning: to weaken; feeble
Note: (= lē(i)ḫ- `grant', see there)
Material: a. Probably in gr. ἐλῑ-νύ-ω `be idle, lazy, halt, stop, pause '; Latin lētum ` death,
annihilation '; lēnis `gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *lēnos =) Lithuanian lė́nas `
peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow'; Latvian lę̄̀ns ds., Old Bulgarian lěnъ ìdle'; with other
suffixes Latvian lē-lis ` limp person'; lēts `light, cheap ', Lithuanian lė̃tas ` stupid, oafish '
(originally `slack'); Latvian laita ` the decayed '.
b. root extension lē[i]ḫd

lē[i] d- : lǝḫd
d-:
gr. ληδεῖν `be idle, tired';

alb. loth, lodh `make tired ', lodhem ` become tired ' (*lēd-), Geg lą, Tosc lē̈ Ì allow '
(*lǝd-nō), participle Geg lanë, Tosc lënë ` relaxed ' (*lǝdno-);
Latin lassus ` faint, languid, weary, tired, exhausted ' (*lǝd-to-);
Gothic lētan (laílōt), Old Icelandic lāta, Old High German lāzan, Old Saxon lātan, Old
English lǣtan ` let, allow, abandon ', zero grade Gothic lais ìdle', Old Icelandic latr ds., Old
High German laz ` idle, faint, languid, late ' (Superl. lazzōst, lezzist, Modern High German -
from Ndd. - letzter), Old Saxon lat ìdle, late' (Superl. letisto, lazto `last', Old English læt
(Superl. lætost, engl. last) ds.; causative *latjan ` allow to do, restrain ' in Gothic latjan ` do
sluggishly, hinder, slow down ', Old High German lezzen `hamper, hinder, damage, injure',
Old English lettan, Modern English to let `hinder'; Old Icelandic lǫskr `soft, slack', Middle
Low German lasch, West Frisian lask `light, thin' (Germanic *latskwa-);
lēi d- in Lithuanian léidžiu, léidmi, léisti ` allow ', ablaut. paláidas ` loose ', paláida `
lēiḫd
promiscuity, prostitution, harlotry ', lydė́ti ` guide ', láidoti ` bury '; Latvian laîst ` let, allow ',
abbreviated Imper. laî, permissive particle (also Lithuanian dial. laĩ, Old Prussian -lai in
boū-lai ` would be ').
References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Latvian Gr.
p. 694.
Page(s): 666
Root / lemma: lē̆iḫ--4

Meaning: to pour
Note: perhaps identical with leiḫ-
lei -3.
Material: Old Indic perhaps pra-līna- ` aufgelöst, ermattet ', vi-lināti ` melts, resolves '
(`dissolves '?);
gr. ἄλεισον n. ` cup, goblet ' (*lei-tu̯-om);
dubious alb. lumë, lymë `river', lisë, lysë, lusë ` bourn, burn, small stream, brook, rivulet
';
Latin lītus, -oris n. `beach, seaside, seashore, strand (the bank of a river, the coast of
the sea ' (`flood area ') from *leitos;
cymr. lli m. `flood, sea' (*līi̯ant-s = Old Irish lië ds.), Pl. lliant `floods, sea' (*līi̯antes); llif m.
`flood, inundation ' (*lī-mo-), corn. lyf ds., Middle Breton livat ` inundation ', bret. liñva
`flood'; cymr. llyr- m. `sea, Sea God ' (engl. PN Lear), Old Irish ler ds. (*li-ro-); cymr. llin,
corn. lyn, bret. lin `pus' (*lī-no-); mcymr. dy-llyð ` pouring out ' (*-lii̯o-), di-llyð ` pours out ';
Old Irish do-lin `streams' (*-li-nu-t), tu(i)le n. `flood' (*to-lii̯o-), tōlae n. ds.(*to-uks-lii̯o-);
about lië see above;
Gothic leiÞu n. Akk. ` fruit wine ', Old Icelandic līð n. `beer', Old High German līth,
asächs. līð m. n. ` fruit wine ';
Lithuanian líeju, líeti `pour' (old lė́ju, Indo Germanic *lēi̯ō), lį̄ja lýti `rain, stream', lýdau,
lýditi ` allow to be raining, melt fat '; lytùs m. `rain', lytìs f. `form, shape' (`*mold '), āt-lajis m.
` drain '; Latvian liêt `pour', lît `rain', liêtus m. `rain'; líetas and Latvian liêts ` shed, spill,
pour ', Old Prussian pra-lieiton, pra-leiton and pra-liten ds.; is-liuns ds.;
perhaps here Lithuanian Lietuvà ` Lithuania ' (`Küstenland'), Latvian Leĩtis ` Lithuanian ';
Old Church Slavic lějǫ lijati and lijǫ liti `pour'; ablaut. Slavic *loj `tallow, suet' (Lithuanian
ãt-lajis ` drain ') in Church Slavic loj etc.; slov. pre-lit ` poured over ', Czech litý ` poured,
shed '; Slavic present *lьjǫ is neologism.
References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.
Page(s): 664-665
lē k-1 : lǝḫk
Root / lemma: lēḫk k-
Meaning: trap
Note: word of the jargon spoken by hunters (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)
Comments:
Root / lemma: lē k-1 : lǝḫk
lemma: lēḫk k- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēḫk
lē k-2 : lǝḫk
k- : to tear, fell, fur, leather,
bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: noḫg
no gʷ-,
noḫg d(h)o -, noḫg
no gʷoḫd(h)o
ʷo d(h)oḫ- no - : naked'.
no gʷ-noḫ-
Material: Latin laciō, -ere `lure, seduce, decoy ', lacessō, -ere ` challenge, banter, stir,
tease, irritate', lactō, dē-lectō, dē-liciō `lead astray, enrapture ', lax ` bait, loop, noose,
snare ' , laqueus ` a noose, halter, snare, trap ' (from one u-stem *lacus?);
Maybe alb. lak `trap, snare, rope' a Latin loanword.
Old English lǣl(a) `twig, branch, lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, mark from a
blow' (*lāhil-)?

See also: Perhaps to lek-
lek-2.
Page(s): 673-674
lēk-2 : lǝk-
Root / lemma: lēk- ǝk-
Meaning: to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod
Comments:
Root / lemma: lē k-1 : lǝḫk
lemma: lēḫk k- : trap' : Root / lemma: lēḫk
lē k-2 : lǝḫk
k- : to tear, fell, fur, leather,
bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak(u̯), lak(u̯) of Root / lemma: noḫg
no gʷ-,
noḫg d(h)o -, noḫg
no gʷoḫd(h)o
ʷo d(h)oḫ- no - : naked'.
no gʷ-noḫ-
Material: Gr. λακίς `scrap, shred', λάκος n. ds. (λάκη ράκη. Κρῆτες Hes.), λακίζω `tear,
rend' ἀπέληκα ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι Hes.;
alb. lakur `naked', lëkurë, likurë `fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ';
Maybe alb. lakuriq ` bat '
Notes:
` bat ' in Baltic Languages: Latvian "sikspārnis" = "leather wing", Lithuanian "šikšnosparnis"
= "leather wing", Celtic Languages: Breton "askell-groc'hen" = "skin wing", Irish (A)
"sciathán leathair" = "leather wing", Welsh "ystlum" = "a flitch of (bacon)", "slumyn" = "a
flitch of (bacon)"; "ystlumyn bacωn" = "a flitch of bacon".
Albanian lakuriqi i natës ` bat of the night [literally (the naked skin of the night)] ' derived
from Albanian lakura ` skin, leather ', lakuriq ` naked skin, stark naked ' which was a
translation of Celtic, Baltic names for bat. Suspended from the ceiling on hooks, skins are
reminiscent of the way that "bats" hang when roosting.
Latin lacer, -era, -erum ` to tear to pieces, mangle, rend, mutilate, lacerate ', lacerna ` a
cloak worn over the toga, hooded shawl, lacerna, travelling-cloak, military cloak ', lacinia f.
` a lappet, flap, edge, hem '; lancinō, -āre `tear, rend, squander, dissipate ';
poln. ɫach, russ. lóchma `scrap, shred' (express. ch), etc.
Maybe alb. llokma `scrap, shred' a Slavic loanword.

Page(s): 674
lē p-, lōḫp
Root / lemma: lēḫp lō p-, lǝḫp
p-
Meaning: flat
Material: Kurdish lapk ` paw ';
Gothic lōfа m., Old Icelandic lōfi m. `flat hand'; Middle Low German Middle English lōf `
Windseite ', actually ` big rudder with which the ship was held to the wind '; changing
through ablaut geminated Old High German laffa f., Middle High German and dial. Modern
High German laffe `flat hand, shoulder', Old High German lappo m. `flat hand, rudder
blade ' (also in Modern High German Bärlapp `lycopodium'), Norwegian Swedish labb m.,
Danish lab ` paw ', isl. löpp f. < Modern High German dial. laff ` dandelion '; with m-forms
Norwegian dial. lōm ` paw ' (*lōƀma-), handlōm `palm', isl. lumma `big, giant hand';
Latvian lę̃pa f. ` paw; Huflattig ', also ` water lily, lotus plant ' (compare above Modern
High German laff ` dandelion '); ablaut. East Latvian lùopa, through derailment of ablaut
Latvian lãpa, Lithuanian lópa ` paw '; also Lithuanian lãpas `leaf', Latvian lapa ds.;
russ. etc. lápa ` paw ', poln. ɫapa ds., ɫapiniec ` lycopodium, type of plant, clubmoss ';
Czech tlapa, slovak. dlaba `paw', poln. ɫaba = ɫapa;
Lithuanian lopetà `shovel', Latvian lâpsta `shovel, spade, scapula', Old Prussian lopto
`spade'; with other forms and ablaut ǝ:
Old Bulgarian lopata ` throw shovel ', russ. lopáta `shovel', lopátka `scapula', lopátina `
rudder, helm ';
Maybe alb. lopatë `shovel' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.

Page(s): 679
lē s: lǝḫs
Root / lemma: lēḫs s-
Meaning: weak, feeble
Note: extension to lē(i)- ` slacken '
Material: Gothic lasiws (*las-īu̯os) `weak', Middle High German er-leswen ` become weak ';
Old Icelandic lasinn `weak, destructed', las-meyrr `weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ',
Middle Low German lasich = lasch, las `slack, faint, languid', isl. laraðr ` tired ';
Maybe alb. lashtë òld, *weak'.
Slavic *lošь in Bulgarian loš ` evil, bad, ugly ', Serbo-Croatian lȍš ` unlucky, evil, bad' ;
very doubtful is citation of Latin sublestus `weak, small';
Alb llosh ` fool ' a Slavic loanword.

here as ` hanging scrap, shred ' perhaps Middle Low German las ` wedge-shaped rag',
Danish Norwegian las, lase `rag', Middle Low German Middle High German lasche m.
`rag, scrap, shred'; Lithuanian lãskana `rag, clout', russ. lóskut `piece, rag';
Tocharian A ljäṣk- `flank'. (common Slavic alb. -jj- consonant)
References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. *lasi̯a- and *laskanā-.

Page(s): 680
to-, lǝḫto
Root / lemma: lēḫto
lē to- to-
to-
Meaning: warm season; day, summer
Material: Old Irish la(i)the n. `day', gall. lat... `days' in the calendar of Coligny;
altgutn. laÞigs ìn spring ', Swedish dial. låding, låing ` spring ', i lådigs ` in the last
spring ' (*lēt-);
Old Bulgarian lěto ` warm season, year', russ. lěto `summer, year', dial. `south, southern
wind ', etc.
References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.

Page(s): 680
Root / lemma: lēḫu

lē u-1
Meaning: to slacken
Note: compare also (s)leu- `slack'
Material: Gothic lēw n. `possibility, opportunity', lēwjan ` relinquish, betray ' (`*abandon,
forsake '), Old English lǣwan ds., Old High German gi-, fir-lāen ` betray ';
Lithuanian liáujuos, lióviaus, liáutis `cease', Latvian ĺaũju, ĺãwu, ĺaũt ` admit, allow',
ĺautës ` addict, to addict to ', Old Prussian aulaūt `die', ablaut. Lithuanian lavónas ` corpse
'; probably as ` unrestrained ', Lithuanian liánas ` loose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', Latvian
ĺauns `mad, wicked, evil';
klr. l'ivýty ` slacken, nachgeben', l'ivkýj ` lax, loose ', Czech leviti ` relieve, weaken,
temper ', levný ` cheap '; russ. dial. luná `death', lúnutь ` open fire, begin shooting, release,
let go, free, set free '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vъlovьnъ ` ἤρεμος ', Czech povlovný `
gentle, cautious '.

Page(s): 682-683
lē u-2 : lǝḫu
Root / lemma: lēḫu u-
Meaning: stone
Material: Gr. hom. λᾶας, Gen. λᾶος `stone' (Ausgleichung from originally *λῆFας;
λά̆Fα[σ]ος n.), Attic λᾶας and λᾶς m., Gen. λᾱου etc.; hom. λᾶιγξ, Pl. λά̄ιγγες f. ` small
stones ' (probably with suffix exchange for *λᾱιγκ-, compare Celtic *līu̯ank-); κραταίλεως
`hartfelsig' (*-ληFος); Attic λεύω `stone' (ἐλεύσθην), λευστήρ `Steiniger' (from *ληυσ-, Indo
Germanic *lēus-); ablaut. (*lǝus-) λαυστήρ m. `Steinarbeiter' > `mühselig, woeful,
wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter Hausgang', λαύστρανον `wolf (*Reißer);
Schöpfhaken'; besides dem -ας-stem ein -αρ-stem *λᾰ̄Fαρ as base from Attic λαύρα,
Ionian λαύρη ìn rock gehauener way, alley', λαῦρον μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ ᾽Αθηναίοις
Hes., mountain N Λαύρεον;
alb. lerë, -a ` rock, rack fall, landslip' (*lău̯erā), Jokl RE Balk. 1, 46 ff.;
Old Irish līe, new līa, Gen. līac (disyllabic) ` stone ' (Celtic *līu̯ank-, from Indo Germanic
*lēu̯ank- or -ǝnk-); bret. lia, liac'h ` stone ' is Irish loanword
References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 578.

Page(s): 683
Root / lemma: lē u-3 or lāḫu

lemma: lēḫu lā u-
Note: (see also lā-, lē-), insufficiently certified
Material: A d-extension in Latin laus, -dis f. ` laudation ', laudāre `praise, laud'.
A t-extension in Old High German liod n., Old English lēoÞ n. ` song ', Old Icelandic ljōð
n. ` strophe ', Pl. ` songs ', Old High German liudōn, Old English lēoÞian, Old Icelandic
ljōða, Gothic liuÞōn `sing', awiliudōn ` honor with a hymn of praise, praise ', awiliuÞ ` hymn
of praise, song of praise '.

Page(s): 683
ut- : lūt-
Root / lemma: lēḫut
lē ut- lūt-
Meaning: wrathful
Note:
ut- : lūt-
Root / lemma: lēḫut
lē ut- lūt- : wrathful, derived from Root / lemma: leḫto
to-, lēḫti
le toti-, lēḫto
lē ti- to-, lōḫto
lē to- lō to-
to-
: heat
ncymr. llid ` anger', m. llawd ` estrus, heat, state of sexual activity; rut ' : Cymr. llid (*lūto-?)
` anger'.
Material: Cymr. llid (*lūto-?) ` anger, wrath, rage, passion, indignation, a proneness to
anger, hasty temper, irascibility ', Old Bulgarian lutъ ` violent, brutal, cruel, savage,
terrible', ĺutě Adv. ` exaggeration or exacerbation, indignation, frowning, strong, stout, able,
powerful, robust, vigorous ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic ĺutiti sę ` to be fierce, be
furious, rage, rave ' etc.; different about cymr. llid above S. 680.
References:
Page(s): 691
lē[i]-1 : lǝi-
Root / lemma: lē[i]- ǝi-
Meaning: to wish
Material: Gr. (Doric) λῆν `want, desire, will', el. λεοίτᾱν ` ἐθελοίτην ', gort. λείοι, λείοντι etc.,
Ionian λῆμα n. `volition', *λώς `wish, choice ' (to λῆν, as ζώς to ζῆν), therefrom Kompar.
λώιον `better' (hom. only λώιον, λωΐτερον), Superl. λώιστος, λῷστος; λαιδρός ` pert,
audacious', λαιμός `wild, exuberant ', also λῑρός ` cheeky, lascivious '; doubtful λίᾱν, Ionian
λίην `very, allzusehr', λῖ (Epicharm) ds., λην λίανHes., Verstärkungspartikel λαι-(σποδίας),
λι-(πόνηρος), λᾱ-(κατάρᾱτος; rhythm. lengthening for *λᾰ-), as well as λέως (*ληFος),
Ionian λείως Adv. `whole, complete '; whether àfter wish, in gewünschtem Ausmaße' -
`very, to very'?
Perhaps here Old Irish air-le f. ` consultation ' (*ari-lai̯ā), irlithe ` obedient, submissive ';
Germanic *la-Þō f. ìnvitation' in Old Icelandic lǫð ` the invitation ', Runic laÞu, Gothic
laÞaleikō Adv. `willing', denominative Gothic laÞōn ` invite, appoint ', Old Icelandic laða
ds., Old English laðian, Old High German ladōn `load, appoint '; in addition ablaut. Middle
High German luoder ` sugarplum, gluttony ' (out of it French leurre), Modern High German
Luder.
References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.
Page(s): 665
Root / lemma: lē-

lē-
See also: s. lā-1.
Page(s): 655
Root / lemma: lī̆ī̆ī̆-no-

no-
Meaning: flax
Material: Latin līnum ` flax';
Old Irish līn `net', nir. lion `flax, net', cymr. etc. llin ` flax' (from Latin); irregular cymr.
lliain, corn. bret. lien ` linen ' (uncertain basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ.
45, 361 f.);
alb. Tosc li-ri, Geg lį-ni m. `flax' : Latvian lini `flax' a Baltic loanword;
Gothic lein, Old Norse Old English Old High German līn `flax' (from Latin).
With ī: gr. λίνον `flax', Lithuanian lìnas `flax', Pl. linaĩ `flax', Latvian lini Pl., Old Prussian
linno `flax', Old Church Slavic *lьnъ ` flax', lьněnъ ` linen '.

Page(s): 691
lo ĝ-
Root / lemma: loḫĝ
Meaning: rod, twig
Material: Gr. ὀ-λόγινον ὀζῶδες, συμπεφυκός Hes., κατά-λογον τ(ην) μύρτον Hes. (probably
as ` densis hastilibus horrida myrtus ' Verg. Aen. III 23, formation alike κατά-κομος; after
Schulze Qunder ep. 496 to:)
Old Church Slavic loza ` vine; sprout esp. of grapevine ', russ. loza `rod, horsewhip; rod,
stem, willow ' (etc., s. Berneker 736).

See also: compare above under lēĝ(h)-.
Page(s): 691
rgā-, loḫrgi
Root / lemma: loḫrg
lo rgā lo rgi-
rgi-
Meaning: stick, club
Material: Old Irish lorc (lorgg) f. `club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis', Middle Irish lurga f.
`shinbone', Gen. lurgan, mcymr. llory `club, mace, joint', llorf ` foot of the harp ', acorn.
lorch `staff', bret. lorc'henn `shaft';
Old Icelandic lurkr m. `cudgel, club' Old Danish lyrk ds. (*lurki-), Swedish lurk ` fool ';
Modern High German Tirol lorg, lork ` mythical giant '; Old Icelandic lerka ` tie up, torment,
smite'; Old English lorg m. f. ` shaft, pole, spindle' is Celtic loanword
References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.
Page(s): 691-692
lo u̯ǝ-
lo u-, loḫu̯
Root / lemma: loḫu
Meaning: to wash
Material: Armenian loganam ` bathe myself' (*lou̯-ǝnā̆-);
gr. λόω `wash' (Hom. = Latin lavĕre), λούσω, ἔλουσα, λέλουμαι, afterwards also new
present λούω; λο(F)έω ds., λοετρόν (Hom.), λουτρόν (Attic) `spa, bath' (: gall. lautro, Old
Icelandic lauðr);
Latin lavō, -ere and -āre, lāvī `wash, bathe' (out of it borrowed Old High German labōn `
refresh ', etc.), ab-luō, -ere etc. (out of it a new Simplex luō, -ere), participle lautus `
washed, made clean ' (with vulg. ō: lōtus) and Adj. ` clean, nice ', in-lūtus ` unwashed ',
l(av)ātrīna ` a bath, a water-closet, privy, a brothel ', l(av)ābrum à basin, tub, bathtub, vat',
diluvium, adluviēs, polūbrum ` washbasin ', dēlūbrum à place of cleansing, temple, shrine,
sanctuary '; probably also Umbrian vutu (*lovetōd) `to wash, bathe';
Maybe alb. laj `wash'.
gall. lautro ` a bath ' (gall. -ou̯- to -au̯- before a, basic form *lou̯ǝ-tro-), Old Irish lōathar,
lōthar `pelvis, a pipe, groove, channel, canal, passage for a fluid, conduit ', Middle Breton
lovazr, nbret. laouer `trough';
Irish lō-chasair `rain' (*lou̯o-); Old Irish lūaith, cymr. lludw, corn. lusow, bret. ludu àsh'
(*lou-tu̯-i- ` washing powder '); mc. glau, cymr. gwlaw `rain';
Old Icelandic lauðr n. `lye, lather, soapy foam, scum, froth, foam', Old English lēaÞor `
lather, soapy foam ' (*lou-tro-); Old High German louga, Modern High German Lauge, Old
English lēah ds., Old Icelandic laug f. ` Badewasser ' (*lou-kā́), ablaut. Old High German
luhhen `wash' (*luk-);
Hittite la-ḫu-uz-zi (lauzi) ` pours out '.
References: WP. II 441, WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerényi KZ. 70, 57 f.

Page(s): 692
Root / lemma: lū̆s, Gen. luu̯-óḫs

s
Meaning: louse
Material: Abrit. *luu̯ā > lou̯ā > cymr. llau ` louse' (Sg. lleuen), corn. low bret. laou, Vannes
leu ds.;
Old English Middle Low German Old High German Old Icelandic lūs f. `louse'; Old
Icelandic lȳski f. ` louse disease';
with taboo distortion: Old Indic уū́-kā, pali ū-kā, prakrit ūā; Lithuanian u-tė̃, and (with
ablaut and reduplication) víevesa, vievesà f.; Church Slavic vъšь, Serb. vȁš, Gen. vȅši and
ûš, etc. (*usi-);
about Tocharian В luwa ànimal', Pl. lwāsa s. Pedersen Tocharian 72; compare Danish
olyr ànimal' and `louse'; or to Old Church Slavic lovъ above S. 655?
References: WP. II 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann
ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.
Page(s): 692
Root / lemma: maḫd

ma d-
Meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating
Note:
mad- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root / lemma: méd
Root / lemma: mad- mé hu : honey,
intoxicating.
Material: Old Indic mádati, mádate `boil, effervesce, be cheerful', mā́dyati, mamátti,
mándati ds., máda- m. ` Rauschtrank ' = Avestan maδa- ` Rauschtrank,
Rauschbegeisterung ', Old Indic mattá- ` intoxicated, gleeful, excited, aroused ', Avestan
mad- (maδaitē, maδayaŋha) ` become intoxicated, get amused '; Old Indic madgú- ` a
certain water bird, a fish '= np. māɣ à water bird ', Old Indic mátsya- m., Avestan masya
`fish' (` the wet '; derivative from an -es
es-stem
es *mades-); Old Indic mēdas- n. `fat', mēdana-
n. ` fattening ', mēdyati, mḗdatē ` becomes fat ', mēdya- `fat' (mēda- from *mazda-, Indo
Germanic *mad-do- or *mad[e]z-do- = Old High German mast ` fattening '; the specific
meaning ` fattening ' also in this formation previously Indo Germanic); mástu- n. `sour
skimmings' (*mad-stu-), npers. maskah `frische butter' (*mad-sk-?); Old Indic mádya-,
madirá- ` intoxicating ';
skyth. Ματόας ` Danube, river in Europe ', PN Μαδύης, VN Ματυκέται ` Danube resident
';
Armenian mataɫ ` young, fresh, tender'; macun `sour, coagulated milk' (*madi̯o- +
Armenian Suff. -un
un macanim, macnum ` stick, adhere, cling to, coagulate '; additional
un);
iran. words for Dickmilch , so npers. māst `sour milk', māsīdan ` curdle, coagulate, harden
', etc.;
gr. μαδαώ `zerfließe, löse myself auf, verliere die hair'; μαδαρός `humid, wet'; against it
μαζός ` nipple ' (= Old High German mast, *madz-dos), μαστός `breast' (*mad-tós), μασθός
ds. (reshuffling after στῆθος `breast');
alb. manj (*madni̯ō) `fatten', maim `fat', mazë ` skimmings, cream, skin in milk' (*madi̯ā);
madh ` cornmeal mash ', changing through ablaut modulë, motulë `pea', modhë ` ryegrass
';
Latin madeō, -ēre ` to be wet, be moist, drip, flow ', mattus ` drunk, intoxicated ' (*madi-
to-s);
Old Irish maidim `break (intr.), break in pieces ' (actually ` dissolve, melt ', formal = Latin
madeō); in-madae ` in vain, without success ' (in addition probably c. maddeu `legislate,
pass, approve, forgive ', abret. in madau ` to the ground, to the bottom '; Gaelic maistir
ùrine ' (*mad-tri-); Middle Irish māt f. `swine' (*māddā ` fattened pig ');
Old High German mast `food, fattening, acorn mast ', Modern High German Mast,
Mästung, Old English mæst ` beechnut'; Gothic mats `dish, food', Old Icelandic matr m.,
Old English mete m., Old High German maz n. ds. (Modern High German still in Messer
from Old High German mezzi-rahs), as well as Gothic matjan èat, devour ', Old Icelandic
metja ` slurp ', Old English mettan `feed', Middle Low German mat(e) `buddy, friend, esp.
in the nautical slang ' (Maat), Old High German gamazzo `buddy, friend '; in addition also
Middle Low German met ` pork ', nnd. mett ` chopped flesh', Old High German (actually
ndd.) Mettwurst (from andd. *matja-); changing through ablaut Old English Old Saxon mōs
`porridge, mash, dish, food', Old High German muos ` cooked, esp. mushy dish, food,
eating generally ', Modern High German Mus, Gemüse (*mādso-).
References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 140.

Page(s): 694-695
Root / lemma:
lemma: maḫghos
ma ghos,
ghos -ā
Meaning: young, servant, servant of god
Material: Avestan maɣava- ` unwed, unmarried, single ';
alb. makth `young hare';

Celtic *magus in gall. PN Magu-rīx, Proto Irish (Ogam) Maguno-, Old Irish maug, mug
`slave'; corn. maw, bret. mao ` youngling, servant', cymr. meu-dwy ` hermit, servant of God
'; Fem. corn. mowes `girl', bret. maouez `wife, woman'; Celtic -smo- derivative in Old Irish
mām, māam(m) ` a yoke, the condition of a servant, slavery, serfdom, service, servitude ';
abstract noun Celtic *magot-aktā `maidenhood, virginity, young femininity' (other
formations from*maghotis = Gothic magaÞe, from which Celtic *makʷkʷot-aktā through
contamination with makʷkʷo- `kid, child') in Middle Irish ingen maccdacht `young adult girl',
Old Irish ro-macdact gl. ` fully mature ', mcymr. machteith, acorn. mahtheid ` a maid,
maiden, virgin ', mcorn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., bret. matez ` maidservant '; nickname
*maggu̯os in gall. Mapo-no-s GN, acymr. map, ncymr. mab `son'; double intensification in
Proto Irish maqqas, Old Irish macc, nir. mac `son';
Gothic magus `knave, boy', Old Icelandic mǫgr `son, young man, husband', Old Saxon
magu `knave, boy', Old English mago `son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma(ɣ)wī in
Gothic mawi `girl' (Gen. maujōs), Old Icelandic mǣr (Akk. mey) `girl', Demin. Gothic
mawilō, Old Icelandic meyla, Old English mēowle `small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis
`young femininity', from which specifically `girl', in Gothic magaÞs `young wife, woman',
Old English mægeÞ (engl. maid), Old Saxon magath, Old High German magad, Modern
High German Magd, Demin. Mädchen;
Latvian mač (from maǵš) `small'.
References: WP. II 228, Feist 3339.

Page(s): 696
gh- : māḫgh
Root / lemma: maḫgh
ma gh- mā gh-
gh-
Meaning: to be able; to help; power, sorcerer
Note:
gh- : māḫgh
Root / lemma: maḫgh
ma gh- gh- : to be able; to help; power, sorcerer : Root / lemma:
mā gh-
ghos -ā : young, servant, servant of god.
maḫghos
ma ghos,
Material: Old Indic maghá- `power, richness, gift', maghávan-, maghávat `strong', iran.
magu-, Old pers. magus ` sorcerer, magician ' (out of it gr. μάγος, Latin magus);
Maybe alb. (*magh-) math `big, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -th shift]
Armenian marthankh ` aid ' (*mag-thra-);
gr. μῆχος n. (Doric μᾶχος), poet. μῆχαρ ` aid ', μηχανή, Doric μᾱχανά̄ (> Latin machina) `
aid, tool, artifice';
Gothic Old English magan, Old Icelandic mega, maga, muga, Old Frisian muga, Middle
Low German mögen, Old High German magan, mugan ` possible, could be, might be, may
be '; 1. Sg. present Gothic Old Saxon Old High German mag, Old Icelandic mā, Old
English mæg, Old Frisian mei; Old Icelandic magn, meg(i)n n. `power, essence ', Old
English mægen, Old High German, Old Saxon magan, megin ds.; Gothic mahts f. ` power
', Old High German Old Saxon maht, Old English meaht, might, Old Icelandic māttr ds.;
Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*mugn) mun, Tosc mund `might' [common alb. n > nd shift]
Maybe alb. mund ` defeat'
Lithuanian mãgulas `numerous, much, a lot of';
Old Church Slavic mogǫ, mošti ` to be able, to be capable of ', po-mošti, Iterat. po-
magati `help' etc., Old Church Slavic moštь, russ. močь etc. `power, strength ' (= Gothic
mahts).
References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. Güntert, Weltkönig 108 f.; whether E.
Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) rightly gr. μῆχος with Lithuanian mokė́ti ` to be able, understand,
comprehend ' goes back to a root mākh-, the other words could go back also in megh-:
mogh-; compare Tocharian A mokats `mighty'.
Page(s): 695
ma ĝh-
Root / lemma: maḫĝ
Meaning: to fight
Material: Gr. ᾽Αμαζών, loanword through Aeolic mediation from an iran. people's name
*ha-mazan- `warrior', compare ἁμαζακάραν' (: Aryan kar- `make') πολεμεῖν. Πέτσαι Hes.
and ἁμαζανώδες αἱ μηλέαι (of VN Hamazan-); gr. μάχομαι ` fight ', μάχη `fight, struggle,
battle', μάχαιρα `sword, knife' (fem. to *μάχων ìncisive'? Oder Semitic loanword, to hebr.
mekhērah `sword'?).
References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.
Page(s): 697
ma ĝ-
Root / lemma: maḫĝ
Meaning: to press; to knead
Material: Gr. μαγῆναι, μεμαγμένη to μάσσω (to present s. menǝk- `knead'), μογεύς ` the
kneading ', μαγίς f. ` kneaded mass', μάγειρος (actually μάγῑρος) ` cook ', μαγδαλία `shred
bread zum Fettabwischen'; μάκτρᾱ f. ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ';
Middle Irish maistrid ` makes butter ' (*magis-tr-), bret. meza `knead', cymr. maeddu `
fight, pushing through the mix ' (*maged-);
Old Bulgarian mažǫ, mazati ànoint, smear', russ. mazь ` ointment ', Old Bulgarian
maslo ` butter, oil, ointment ' (*maĝ-slo-), mastь ` ointment, fat' (*maĝ-sti-), Latvian iz-
muõzêt `circumvent, by-pass, outmaneuver, outsmart ';
with esp. use in the building of the family of Modern High German machen (from `knead,
form, mould, form, join; shaped, suitable, fitting), Old Saxon (gi)-makōn `make, erect,
build', Old High German mahhōn ds., Modern High German machen, Old English macian
`make, cause'; Old Saxon gemaco `comrade, the likes, one's equals ', Old High German
gimahho ` sharing, joining in, partaking, united, associated, kindred, allied, fellow, common
' (gimahha ` one who is united in marriage, a consort, spouse, wife, husband '), Old
English maca ds., gemæcca `ds., husband ' (Old Icelandic maki ` equal, like, even, on a
par ' is ndd. loanword), Old High German ga-mah, gi-mah ` related, fitting, comfortable '
(gimah `connection, domestic comfort, chamber '), un-gamah ` malus, minus idoneus ', Old
English ge-mæc ` fitting, suitable, (Old Icelandic makr ` fitting, comfortable ' is ndd.
loanword); Old Frisian mek n. ` marriage ', mekere ` matchmaker ', Middle High German
mechele ` matchmaking '; from Germanic *makō derives Latin mac(h)iō ` one who works
on a scaffold, a mason, bricklayer, one who lays bricks, one who builds with stone '; out of
it rom. *matsiō, whence again Old High German stein-mezzo ` stonecutter '.
References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;

See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.
Page(s): 696-697
Root / lemma: maiḫ-

mai -1
Meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument
Note: probably actually mǝi- and s- loose form besides smēi- : smǝi- : smī- ` carve, work
with sharp tools '.
Material: 1. Old Irish máel ` bald, dull, without horns ', acymr. mail ` maimed, mutilated ',
ncymr. moel ` bald, hairless, smooth ' (*mai-lo-s ` broken ');
2. d-extension: Gothic maitan `hew, hit, cut, clip', Old Icelandic meita, Old High German
meizan `cut, clip', Old Icelandic meitill m., Old High German meizil `chisel', Old High
German stein-meizo ` stonecutter '; in addition Old English mīte, Old High German mīza
`mite' (probably to gr. μίδας ` maggot '), perhaps also Old English ǣ-mette, engl. ant,
emmet, Old High German ā-meiza ` ant ' (`whittler ');
Maybe alb. mizë, miza ` fly', mizë mjalti ` bee', mizë dheu ` ant '.
whether also Old Bulgarian mědь òre', russ. mědь ` copper'?
3. t-extension: Old Indic mḗthati ` injures ' (expressives th), gr. μίτυλος `mutilated,
without horns', μιστύλλω `cut (flesh)'; Old Icelandic meiða ` injure physically, mutilate,
destroy ', Middle High German meidem `male horse' (actually èunuch, castrated man '),
Gothic *gamaiÞ-s ` crippled ', wherefore (probably after the court jester) Old High German
gimeit ` crazy, mad ', Middle High German transformed gemeit ` full of life, pert, beautiful,
dear', Old Saxon gimēd, Old English gemād, mæded `verrückt', engl. mad ds.;
Old Lithuanian ap-maitinti ` wound, hurt ', Latvian màitât `spoil, destroy', Lithuanian
maĩtėlis ` castrated, fed for slaughter boar', Old Prussian nomaytis ` castrated boar',
ismaitint ` lose, shed; suffer a loss, be defeated ' (as it. perdere); different Mühlenbach-
Endzelin II 552.
References: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.

Page(s): 697
mai -2 (moi
Root / lemma: maiḫ- moi -?)
moiḫ-
Meaning: to smudge, dirty
Material: Gr. μιαίνω (Aor. ἐμίᾱν) `sully, besmirch', μίασμα n. ` maculation ', μιαρός
(*miu̯ǝros?) `besudelt', μιαι-φόνος `with murder befleckt';
Old English māl n. ` blot, stain, taint, blemish', Old High German meil n., meila f. ds.;
Lithuanian Pl. miẽlės, Latvian mìeles `yeast'; perhaps also Lithuanian máiva ` marsh
meadow '?

Page(s): 697
kh-o-s, -(s)lo-
Root / lemma: maḫkh
ma kh- (s)lo-
Meaning: wild, unbridled, bold
Material: Old Indic makhá- àlert, awake, smart, funny, exuberant ', m. ` sign of joy, display
of happiness, celebration ';
Maybe alb. makth `bogey, nightmare'.
gr. μάχλος `horny, lustful; uppig (from Weibern); in wilder lust tobend'.

Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: maḫk

ma k-
Meaning: leather pouch
Material: Cymr. megin `bellows' (*makīnā);
Old High German mago ` stomach ', Old English maga, engl. maw `craw, stomach', Old
Icelandic magi `stomach';
Lithuanian mãkas, mẽkeris ` pocket, purse '; Latvian maks, Demin. macińš, maḱelis
`bag, pouch ', makstis ` a scabbard, sheath ', Lithuanian makšnà ` sheath ', makštìs ` a
scabbard, sheath (of sword or knife)', Old Prussian danti-max `gums, gingiva '; Old Church
Slavic mošьna `bag ';
doubtful is affiliation of Old Irish mēn (from *makno- or *mekno-) `mouth, bay', mēnaigte
` qui inhiant '.

Page(s): 698
ma k̂o- or moḫk̂
Root / lemma: maḫk̂ mo k̂-o- (*maḫĝho-)
Meaning: a kind of fly
Note: (--lo-
lo-, -ko-
ko-, diminutive formants)
Material: Old Indic maśáka- m. `horsefly, biting housefly, mosquito ', Lithuanian mašalas `
mosquito ', Latvian masalas ` measles ', wherefore russ. mosólitь `plague, torment, beg
obtrusively ' (of the form of obtrusive swarm of mosquitoes), and with other forms
(*mosъtъ?) Upper Sorbian mosćić so, mosćeć so ` to swarm (as a swarm of mosquitoes) ',
as well as probably also Lithuanian mašóju, -ti `beget a child ';
compare with velar the Aryan family of Old Indic mákṣa- m., makṣā f. `fly', Avestan
maxši- `fly, mosquito ' etc., and Lithuanian mãkatas ` blackfly '. common Old Indic ĝh- >
kṣ- : Old pers. ĝh- > xš- : npers. xš- > š-
References: WP. II 225, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.
Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: maḫnd

ma nd-
nd-
Meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable
Note:
mand- : hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable, derived from Root /
Root / lemma: mand-
mend-, mond-
lemma: mend- mn̥d-?):: to suck (breast), to feed; breast.
mond- (mn̥
Material: Old Indic mandurā́ ` stable ', mandirám n. `house, chamber '; gr. (Illyrian?)
μάνδρα f. `corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle ', μάνδαλος `bar, bolt'; thrak. μανδάκης `
Garbenband '; Illyrian PN Mandurium or Manduria (Calabrien
Calabrien whether primary meaning `
Calabrien);
stable, horse fence ', perhaps to mendo- ` the young of an animal ', S. 729 (mend-).
Note:

ur : Old Indic mandurā́ ` stable ' : Ἰλλῠ
υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.
References:
Page(s): 699
nu-s or moḫnu
Root / lemma: maḫnu
ma nu- mo nu-
nu-s
Meaning: man
Material: Old Indic mánu-, mánuṣ- `person, man, husband' (also ` male ancestor of the
people'), Avestan in PN Manus-čiϑra-, proto Germanic *manu̯az in PN Mannus (Tacitus),
ancestor of the Germans, Gothic manna (Gen. mans), Old Icelandic maðr, mannr, Old
English Old Frisian Old High German mann `man, husband', Gothic mannisks, Old
Icelandic mennskr, Old English Old High German mennisc ` human, of human beings, of
people; humane'; Old High German mannisko etc. `person'; Old Church Slavic možь, russ.
muž `man, husband' (*mangi̯a-, suffix similarly as in Lithuanian žmo-g-ùs `person').
Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Menelaus 'moon god?';
also egypt. Menes? 'lion of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt).
Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.
References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- `think'.
Page(s): 700
In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu,
or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic
Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the
Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian
Noah. Another Sanskrit form. manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both
words meaning "human being."
The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty
of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek
mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.
The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its
equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language,
used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").
The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was
called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13).
In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy
mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was
identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky."
Root / lemma: maḫrko

ma rko-
rko-
Meaning: horse
Material: Irish marc, cymr. etc. march `horse', gall. μάρκαν Akk. Sg., Marcodurum PN;
Old High German marah, Old English mearh, Old Icelandic marr `horse' (Modern High
German in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. Old High German meriha, Old English mīere, Old
Icelandic merr, Modern High German Mähre.

Page(s): 700
th-1 or moḫth
Root / lemma: maḫth
ma th- mo th-
th-
Meaning: a kind of harmful insect
Material: Armenian matìl `louse'; Gothic maÞa, m. Old High German mado, Old English
Material:
maða `worm, maggot ', Old Icelandic maÞkr ds., Old Swedish matk, Finnish loanword
matikka ` little worm'.
References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f.
Page(s): 700
Root / lemma: maḫt

ma t-2
Meaning: hack, flapper
Material: Old Indic matyá- n. `harrow or stump ', matīkr̥ta- ` harrowed or rolled '; Latin
mateola ` a kind of mallet '; Old High German (gl.) medela `plough' (Lehmann Afneuere
Spr. 119, 188); from Vulgar Latin mattiuca: Old English mattoc, engl. mattock `hack,
mattock, hoe', Old Bulgarian motyka `hack, mattock, hoe';
Page(s): 700
Root / lemma: maḫu

ma u-ro-
ro-
Meaning: weak; dark
Note: also m(a)ud-
m(a)ud- ds.
Material: Gr. (ἀ)μαυρός `weak; dim, nebulous; blind', (ἀ)μαυρόω ` weaken, exhaust,
Material:
darken';
Old Norse meyrr ` friable, brittle, crumbly; mellow, ripen ';
russ. (s)muryj ` dark grey ', chmúra `dark cloud', Czech chmouřiti, šmouřiti se ` be dim,
look sour ' ();
perhaps in addition gr. ἀμυδρός `dark, heavy to recognize, weak', ἀμυδρόω ` darken,
exhaust', ἀμυδρότης ` nebulosity, faintness ', Old Church Slavic iz-mъděti, u-mъdnǫti `
become weak '.

Page(s): 701
Root / lemma:
lemma: mazdo-
mazdo-s
Meaning: pole, mast
Material: Latin mālus m. ` an upright pole, beam, mast ' (with `sabin.' l = d from *mādos,
*mazdos or support in pālus) = Old High German mast ` shaft, pole, flagpole or spear pole,
esp. mast ', Old English mæst (from Middle Low German mast derives Norwegian mastr `
mast '); Middle Irish maide `stick' (Old Irish *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios), Old Irish
matan `club, mace, joint', Middle Irish ad-mat, nir. adhmad `timber'. As Germanic loanword
contemplates Schrader RI2168 Old Bulgarian mostъ ` wooden bridge ', russ. mostovája `
material used to cover a road or path ', po-mostъ ` floorboard '; rather is it is a collective
*mazd-to- ` Stangenwerk '.
References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.
Page(s): 701-702
lemma: mā̆ḫk(en)-
Root / lemma: k(en)-
Meaning: poppy
Material: Gr. μήκων, Doric μά̄κων ` poppy'; Old High German Old Saxon māho, Middle
High German māhen, mān and with gramm. variation Old High German măgo, Middle
High German mage, Modern High German Bavarian magen ` poppy', ndd. mån, Dutch
maan-kop, Old Swedish val-mughi, -moghi ` poppy' (in first part *walχa- ` anesthetization
'); Middle Latin mahonus ` poppy' and Lithuanian magônė - next to which dark aguonà -
derives from Germanic, Old Prussian moke from Poln.; Church Slavic (etc.) makъ ` poppy'.
Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: mā̆ḫk-1

Meaning: damp, to soak
Material: Armenian mōr òrdure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' (*mā̆k-ri-); alb. makë ` glue,
skin on liquids ';
Lithuanian makonė `puddle, slop', makénti, maknóti ` wade through ordure ', probably
also Latvian mākuônis ` cloudiness, dark cloud', apmàktiês `be clouded ';
Old Bulgarian mokrъ `damp, humid, wet', močǫ, -iti ` βρέχειν ', russ. móknutь ` become
damp ', močitь, Iterat. máčivatь ` make damp, moisten ', močá ` urine ', močag `damp,
marshy place'; compare Ligurian FlN Macra, span. FlN Magro;
lengthened grade Slavic *makajǫ, *makati in Czech mákati, máčeti ` wet ', etc.
References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.

Page(s): 698
Root / lemma: māḫk

mā k-2
Meaning: to knead, press
Material: Lett, màcu, màkt ùrge, push, press, plague, torment, smite', Czech mačk-ám, -
ati ` press ' (diminutive formation, assuming a basic *makati);
here also Latin māceria, māceriēs f. ` a wall of soft clay, enclosure, wall '; in addition
mācerāre ` to make soft, make tender, soften, soak, steep, macerate'.
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.

See also: compare the similar roots menk- and maĝ-.
Page(s): 698
mā k̂- : mǝḫk̂
Root / lemma: māḫk̂ k̂-
Meaning: long, slender
Material: Avestan mas- `long', compounds masyā̊ ` the great ', Sup. masiṣta-, ap. maϑišta-
` the highest ', Avestan masah- n. `length, greatness, bulk, extent' (*mas- for *mis- from
Indo Germanic mǝs- through influence of mazyā̊ ` further, extra, in additional amounts,
more ': μέγας), gr. μά̆σσω, μά̆σσων (*μᾰκι̯ων) besides μᾶσσον (after ἆσσον ` nearer, closer
') `länger', μήκιστος ` the longest ', μῆκος, Doric μᾶκος n. `length', Μάκετα ` highlands,
mountains ', Μακεδόνες hence ` highlander ', μακεδνός ` slim ', nachhom. μηκεδανός ds.,
μακρός `long' (= Latin macer, German mager `thin'); perhaps μάκαρ n. ` blessedness,
happiness, felicity, good fortune ';
Latin macer, -cra, -crum `lean', maceō, -ēre ` to be lean, meagre ', maciēs f. ` leanness,
thinness, meagreness, atrophy ';
perhaps here Old Irish mēr m. `finger' (*makro-);
Old High German magar, Old English mæger, Old Icelandic magr `lean'; in addition with
l-suffix Hittite ma-ak-la-an-te-eš (maklantes) Nom. Pl. `lean'.
References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.

Page(s): 699
Root / lemma: māḫ-

mā -1
Meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive
Note: (extended māiḫ-
māi -?)
Material: Old Indic māyā ` transformation, dream image, phantasm, ghost, deceit, illusion '
(or to 3. mē-?);
gr. μηνύω, Doric μᾱνύω ` zeige an, verrate ' from *μά̄-νῡ-μι ` wave with the hand '; s-
extension μαίομαι `touch, inspect', Fut. μάσσομαι, ἐπι-μαστος `touched' = `stained',
μαστήρ, μαστρός `searcher, enquirer', μαστροπός `coupler', μάστις, μάστιξ `lash, scourge,
bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, whip, scourge';
t-extension:
gr. μάτη ` offence ' (*mǝ-tā), μάτην, Doric -ᾱν ` futile ', μάταιος ` vain, worthless';
Lithuanian móju, móti `wave with the hand, give a sign ', Latvian mãju, mãt ds., mâdît `
wave with the hand, beckon', mâditiês ` make trickery ', mâdži ` dreamlike image,
phantasm, ghost ';
with s-extension:
Lithuanian mãsinti ` entice ', mosúoti `wave, swing', mostagúoti ds., mósterėti, móstelėti
`wave, beckon';
Slavic *majǫ, *majati (from *mati after the Balto-Slavic preterite stem *māi̯ā-) in Old
Bulgarian na-majǫ, -majati `wink at, blink one's eyes at, close one eye at; wave to ', po-
mavati, -manǫti ds., russ. na-májatь `cheat, deceive, swindle' ,
with formants -mo-

mo-:
serb. mâmīm, mámiti ` entice ';
with formants -no-

no-:
russ. mańú, mańítь `lure, tempt, deceive ' (of Slavic derive Lithuanian mõnai Pl. `sorcery',
Latvian mãnít `cheat, deceive');
Maybe alb. mahnit ` surprise ' a Slavic loanword.
with formants -rā-

rā-:
russ.-Church Slavic mara ` emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara ` deception ', etc.;
Maybe alb. (kë-mer) kmer, (të-merr) tmerr, mner, mer ` horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish
koszmar ` horror ';
s-extension in:
Church Slavic machaju, machati ` to toss in the air, fan, air ', etc.;
Maybe alb. (*maru) mëru, miru ` handle' a Slavic loanword;
t-extension in:
aserb. matam, matati `lure, tempt', Czech mátati ` haunt (of a ghost) ', etc.
References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.

Page(s): 693
Root / lemma: māḫ-

mā -2
Meaning: good, timely
Material: With formants -no-
no- Old Latin mānus ` good ', immānis `terrible', adverbial māne,
mānī èarly, matutinal';
Latin mane : Italian mattino : Spanish mañana : French matin : Corsican mane ; matina :
Galician mañá : Irish maidin : Portuguese manhã : Sardinian Campidanesu mangianu ;
mengianu > alb. mëngjes ` morning' (special relation Sardinian = Albanian).
here also Latin mānēs f. ` the secluded souls ', later ` underworld, death '; perhaps
Phrygian μήν `secluded soul', μανία ` καλή '; or belongs Latin mānēs to gr. μῆνις, Doric
μᾶνις `grudge'? compare S. 727.
With t-formant: Latin Mātūta ` the goddess of the early morning, the morning brightness,
but also the maturity, the ripeness', mātūtīnus ` matutinal ', mātūrus ` timely = mature, ripe,
mellow, seasoned ' (based on *mā-tu-, perhaps `good, suitable time'), Oscan Maatúís
(*Mātīs = ` dī Mānēs '); reduced grade perhaps Celtic *mă-ti- in Old Irish maith, cymr. mad,
corn. mas, Middle Breton mat, nbret. mad ` good ' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos;
also Old Irish maithid ` forgives '.
References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.

Page(s): 693
Root / lemma:
lemma: māḫ-no-, māḫ-
mā -no- mā -ni-
ni-
Meaning: wet, damp
Material: Latin mānō, -āre ` to flow, run, trickle, drop, drip ', hence ` rise'; bret. Vannes mān
` moss, lichen', cymr. mawn `turf' from brit. *mōni-, from which borrowed Old Irish mōin f. `
moss, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition ablaut. asächs. -mannia, -mennia in FlN
and PN, as Throtmennia ` Dortmund ', etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-).
References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.
Page(s): 699-700
Root / lemma: mā tér

tér-
lemma: māḫté
Meaning: mother
Note: based on a babble-word māḫ-,
mā see there.
Material: Old Indic mātár- `mother', Avestan mātar-, Armenian mair ds. (Gen. maur = gr.
μητρός etc.); Old Phrygian Nom. Akk. ματαρ, ματεραν, Gen. ματερεζ; gr. μήτηρ, Doric
μά̄τηρ (with postponed nominative accent as θυγάτηρ); in addition hom. Δημήτηρ,
Thessalian Δαμμάτερι; alb. motrë ` sister ' (originally ` the older sister representing
mother's place '); Latin māter, -tris `mother, wet nurse', Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer
òf a mother '; gall. (?) Ματρεβο ` mothers '; Old Irish māthir `mother' (cymr. modrydaf
`beehive' with bydaf `nest of wild bees' as 2. part); Old High German muoter, Old English
mōdor, Old Icelandic mōðir `mother'; Lithuanian mótė (Gen. Old Lithuanian motės,
Lithuanian moter̃s) `woman, wife' (mótyna `mother', motera ` female, woman'), Latvian
mâte `mother', Old Prussian mūti, mothe `mother' (pomatre ` stepmother '); Old Church
Slavic mati (Gen. matere) `mother'; Tocharian A mācar, В mācer.
mā truu̯iā)
In derivatives (e.g. māḫtruu̯ iā compare:
iā
Old Indic mātr̥ka- ` maternal ', m. `mother’s brother ', mātr̥kā `mother, grandmother'; but
ncymr. modryb ` mother's sister ', acymr. modrep-ed Pl., abret. motrep, nbret. moereb ds.
(*mātrokʷā, to okʷ- `see', as ` looking like a mother ');
gr. μήτρα f. ` womb, uterus, marrow of the plant ', Latin mātrīx ` a mother in respect to
propagation, a breeding-animal, of plants, the parent-stem, womb, matrix, a source, origin,
cause ', Old High German muodar ` belly of a serpent ', andd. mōder, Old Frisian mōther `
Brustbinde der Frauen ', Middle High German müeder, Modern High German Mieder;
Armenian mauru, Gen. maurui ` stepmother ' (*mātruu̯iā

̯ =) gr. μητρυιά̄ ` stepmother ', to
n-stem extended in Old English mōdrige, Old Frisian mōdire, Middle Low German mödder
`mother’s sister ' (*mōdruu̯iō
̯ n-, Old High Germanmuotera ds. reshaped after muoter?),
with lengthened grade forms *mātrō[ū]-: gr. μήτρως, -ω[F]ος, Doric μά̄τρως ` uncle or
grandfather on the mother's side', μητρώιος ` maternal ' (meaning changes after μήτηρ);
Latin mātrōna `wife'; mātertera `mother’s sister ' (*mātro-terā); māteria, māteriēs `stuff,
matter, material, timber, substance'; gall. FlN Mātrŏna `river in France; region in France ' =
cymr. GN Modron f.
Slavic *mātero- in russ. materój èxtraordinary, big, large, strong, tight, firm', serb. mȁtor
òld, esp. of animals', Old Bulgarian materьstvo ` πρεσβεῖον ' (: Latin māteriēs).
References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.
Page(s): 700-701
mā 3
Root / lemma: māḫ
Meaning: mother (expr. root)
Note: redupl. mā̆ḫmā, mmā partly (dissimilation?) māḫnā
mā maḫmmā
ma mmā; nā mannā of dubious age
mā nā,
Material: Old Indic mā `mother';
Doric μᾶ `μῆτερ!' (in μᾶ γᾶ ò mother earth', Aisch.), whereof Ionian Attic μαῖα `mother,
wet nurse, midwife ', Doric `grandmother'; derived Middle Low German mōje ` mother's
sister ', Old High German holz-muoja ` witch ';
Old Indic māma- vocative m. ùncle' (from *māmā ` mother's sister '); npers. mām,
māmā, māmī `mother';
Maybe vocative alb. mami ` mother ', mamia ` midwife '.
Armenian mam `grandmother' (gr. loanword as pap?); gr. μάμμα baby word vocative,
whereof Ionian Attic μάμμη `mother', μαμμίᾱ `mother'; Latin mamma nickname of affection
`mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother', also ` brisket ', mamilla ` nipple '; alb. mëmë Geg
mamë `mother'; Irish cymr. corn. bret. mam `mother', Old Irish muimme `foster mother'
(*mammiā); Modern High German Alemannian mamme `mother', changing through ablaut
Old High German muoma ` mother's sister ', Modern High German Muhme; Lithuanian
mamà, momà, Latvian mãma ds.; russ. (etc.) máma `mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother';
Hittite divinity Mamma; compare Asia Minor Μήνη, ngr. μάννα `mother', Old Icelandic
mōna `mother', Middle Low German *mōne, mōme ` mother's sister '.
References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; mā is (?) base from māter- (see
there).
Page(s): 694
me hi̯i̯i̯o-
me hi-, meḫd
Root / lemma: meḫd
Meaning: middle
Material: Old Indic mádhya-, Avestan maiδya- ` medial', Superl. Old Indic madhyamá-,
Avestan maδǝma- ` medial' (= Gothic miduma);
Armenian mēj ` center ';
gr. (ep.) μέσσος, (Attic) μέσος ` medial';
Maybe alb. mes `middle'.
Latin medius ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Oscan mefiaí ` in mediā ';
Oscan messimas presumably ` medioximas ';
gall. Medio-lānum, -mātrici, Old Irish mid- (*medhu-) in compound ` in the middle, in the
midst, mid, mean, middle ', Middle Irish mide ` center ', Mide ` county in the Republic of
Ireland ' actually ` middle province ', Old Irish i-mmedōn ` in medio ', cymr. mewn, mcymr.
mywn ìn' (*medugno-); mcymr. mei-iau ` middle - yoke ' (*medhi̯o-); gall. FlN Meduana;
venet. FlN Meduana;
with prolonging of -s
s- from a Superl. probably also Old Irish messa `bad', actually `
average, middle ' (or to 2. meit(h)-, Germanic missa-?);
Gothic midjis, Old Icelandic miðr, Old English midd, Old High German mitti ` in the
middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Superl. Gothic miduma `the middle', Old
Icelandic mjǫðm f. `hip', Old English midmest `the centermost', Old English medeme, Old
High German metemo ` of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ' (:
Avestan maδǝma-) and Gothic *midjuma (= Old Indic madhyamá-) in midjun-gards, Old
English middan-geard ` earth circle ', Old High German mittamo ` of middling size,
medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', in mittamen ` amid, in the middle of '; Old High
German mittar ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ';
Old Bulgarian mežda `road' (originally ` boundary strip ').
Maybe alb. mezhdë, mezhda ` baulk, strip of land between fields ' a Bulgarian loanword.
russ. mežá ` limit, boundary, slope ' (etc.), Old Bulgarian meždu (Loc. Du.) ` between '
Adv. preposition, Old Russian meži (Lok. Sg.) ds.; here also probably as `* forest,
boundary strip ': Old Prussian median, Latvian mežs `wood, forest', Lithuanian mẽdžias
`tree'; Lithuanian FlN Meduyà.
References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 133 f.
Page(s): 706-707
Root / lemma: méḫd

mé hu
Meaning: honey, intoxicating drink, mead
Note: actually nominalized adjective `sweet'
Note:
li-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: méḫd
Root / lemma: meḫli
me li- mé hu : `honey' derived from a truncated
me l-1 (auch smeḫl
Root / lemma: meḫl sme l-), meḫl
me lǝḫ-- : mlē-
mlē-, meḫl
me l-d- : ml-ed-, meḫl
ml-ed- me l-dh-, ml-ēi- :
ml-ēi-
mlī̆ī̆ī̆-, meḫl
mlī̆ me lǝḫ--k- : mlā-
mlā-k-, mlēu- mlū̆- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'.
mlēu- : mlū̆
Note:
Root / lemma: méḫd
ma d- : wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root
Root / lemma: maḫd mé hu :
honey, intoxicating.
Material: Old Indic mádhu- n. `honey, mead ' (in addition mádhu- `sweet'; madh(u)v-ád-
`honey-eater': Old Church Slavic medv-ědь `bear'); Avestan maδu- n. ` berry wine ';
gr. μέθυ `wine ' (from the meaning `honey' has been abbreviated in μέλι = μέλι, -τος `
honey '); μεθύω ` be intoxicated', μεθύσκω `make intoxicated ';
Old Irish mid (Gen. medo), cymr. medd, acorn. (Plur.?) medu, bret. mez ` mead ', Middle
Irish medb ` intoxicating ' (*medhu̯o-), cymr. meddw ` intoxicated, drunk ', bret. mezo ds.,
mezvi ` intoxicate ';
Old Icelandic mjǫðr, Old English meodo, Old High German metu m. ` mead ';
Lithuanian medùs m. `honey' (mìdus ` mead ' from Gothic *midus), Latvian mędus
`honey, mead ', Old Prussian meddo (*medu) `honey';
Old Bulgarian medъ (Gen. medu and meda) `honey' (in addition among others serb. o-
mèditi se `spoil, ruin e.g. of fat', actually ` sweetish, become tasteless or ferment');
Tocharian В mit `honey'.
Zur Konkurrenz with *melit `honey' (not in any way ` honey mead ') and about Finnish-
ugr. comparison (Finnish mete-, lapp. mītt, Mordovian ḿed'; chin. mī4 `honey') s. Gauthiot
MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, 2139.
References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.

Page(s): 707

me d-1
Meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing
Material: A. Old Indic masti- f. ` the measuring, weighing ';
Maybe alb. mas, mat `measure'.
whether also zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly, yea, in truth ', Avestan
Old pers. azdā ds., Old Indic addhātí- `smart man, sage' with the meaning from Latin
meditāri etc.? s. Pedersen Decl. Latin 72;
Note:
zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azdā ds., Old Indic
addhātí- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' see Root /
me ĝ(h)-
lemma: meḫĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)-
(h)- : big
Armenian mit (Gen. mti) `thought, notion, sense, mind' (: μήδεα etc.);
gr. μέδομαι `bin whereupon bedacht', μέδων, μεδέων `Walter, ruler', μέδιμνος ` bushel ';
lengthened grade μήδομαι èrsinne, catch einen Beschluß', μήδεα Nom. Pl. `sorrows,
advice, counsel ', μήστωρ, -ωρος `kluger Berater', PN Πολυ-μήδης, Κλυται-μήστρα;
Latin meditor, -ārī ` to reflect, muse, consider, meditate, give attention ', modus ` a
measure, extent, quantity ', modestus ` keeping due measure, moderate, modest, gentle,
forbearing, temperate, sober, discreet ', moderāre ` to set a measure, set bounds, put
restraint upon, moderate, mitigate, restrain, allay, temper, qualify ', modius ` bushel ',
Umbrian meřs, mers ` right, privilege; law ' (*med-os-), mersto ` just, upright, righteous,
fixed by law, according to law, lawful, legal, legitimate ', Oscan med-diss ` a judge, decider,
umpire in any matter ' (*medo-dik̂-s) etc.;
Old Irish midiur, Perf. ro-mīdar (: gr. μήδομαι, Gothic mētum, Armenian mit) ` to consider
thoroughly, ponder, weigh, reflect upon, think, to examine judicially, to judge, be a judge,
pass judgment, decide ', airmed ` measure ', mess ` a judgment ' (*med-tu-), med (*medā)
` scales ', cymr. meddwl ` the rational soul, the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart,
soul, a thinking, considering, deliberating, thought, reflection, meditation, imagination ',
mcymr. medu ` be able, control ', cymr. meddu `possess, control' (numerous Irish
compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., British formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177,
296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd
ìnquit' etc.;
Gothic mitan, Old English metan, Old High German mezzan ` measure ', Old Icelandic
meta ` assess ', met n. ` weight ', Old English ge-met n. ` the measuring ', Adj. ` fitly,
reasonable', Old High German mez ` measure, drinking vessel', Old English mitta m. `grain
measure', Old High German mezzo ` small dry measure ', Modern High German Metze(n);
Gothic mitōn, Old High German mezzōn ` evaluate, estimate, consider', Old Icelandic
mjǫtuðr `fate, destiny', Old Saxon metod m. `knife, orderer, arranger, creator, god', Old
English metod m. `fate, destiny', Gothic mitaÞs ` dry measure ';
ē-grade (besides Pl. preterit Gothic mētum etc.) Gothic us-mēt ` lifestyle ', Old Icelandic
māt n. ` the measuring ', Middle High German māz n. ` measure, kind of way', Old High
German māza ` measure, fitness, suitability ', Old Icelandic mǣtr ` respectable, valuable ',
Old English gemǣte ` suitable; fitting ', Old High German māzi ds.;
ō-grade: Gothic ga-mōt `may, find space, have place, permission ', Old English mōtan `
can, to be able, have the occasion ' (engl. must ` must, have to ' from the preterit), Old
Saxon mōtan ` should, must find a place, have an occasion ', Old High German muoz,
muozan ` to be able, possible, could be, might be, may be, may, might, can ', Modern High
German müssen; Middle Low German mōte `free time, time, period ';
Old High German muoza `free time, attention, opportunity to something', Modern High
German Muße; Old English ǣ-metta, ǣmta, from *ā-mōtiða f. ` leisure ', whereof ǣm(e)tig
= engl. empty ` empty, bare, lacking'; Old Icelandic mōt n. ` image, sign, kind, way ';
Gothic mōta ` customs duty ', Middle High German muoze ` Mahllohn ', Old English mōt
` customs duty, tribute, tax'; probably from Gothic derive Old High German (Bavarian)
mūta, Modern High German Maut, Middle Latin mūta, Old Bulgarian myto.
B. An already Proto language application for ` wise counsellor = one skilled in medicine '
lies in: Avestan vī-mad- ` one skilled in medicine, physician, medicine man', vī-maδayanta `
sie sollen die Heilkunde ausüben ', gr. Μῆδος, Μήδη, ᾽Αγαμήδη etc. ` Heilgottheiten '; Latin
medeor, -ērī ` to heal, cure, remedy, be good for ', medicus `physician, medicine man'
(with secondary formants -icus of Subst. *mē̆d `physician, medicine man' = derived
Avestan vī-mad).
Latin medicus : Calabrese medicu ; miericu : Catalan metge : Catanese mericu : Furlan
miedi : Sardinian Campidanesu mèigu : Sicilian mèricu : Valencian mege : alb.
(*meiku) mjeku ` doctor.
Note:
Alb. belongs to Occidental Romance languages.
References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.;

me d- is related to mēḫ-3
See also: meḫd mē (above S. 703 f.).
Page(s): 705-706

me d-2
Meaning: to swell
Material: Gr. μέζεα (Hesiod), μέδεα (Archil.), μήδεα (Hom.; lies μέδεα?) ` male genitals ';
μεστός `full'; Middle Irish mess m. (*med-tu-) ` acorn, acorn mast, fruit harvest ', cymr.
corn. mes f. ` acorn ', bret. mez ds.; also Middle Irish mess ` foster child '?
References: WP. II 231; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 208.
Page(s): 706
me ĝ(h)-
Root / lemma: meḫĝ(h)- : meĝ(h)-
(h)-
Meaning: big
Note: (to Old Indic Aspiration s. Pedersen 5e décl. Latin 481, Hittite 36, 181 f.); to reduced
grade compare Pedersen Hittite 169 f.
Material: Old Indic mahā́nt-, Avestan mazant- `big, large', Old Indic mah-, Avestan maz-
ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indic máhi Nom. Sg. neutr. (-i = -ǝ, then = gr. μέγα), as
front part Old Indic mahā- (Avestan mązā- is a text mistake), mostly extended mahát- =
Avestan mazant- `big, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indic mahīyas-, mahiṣṭha-, Avestan
mazyah-, mazišta-;
Old Indic maháyati ` pleases, venerates', mahá- m. ` celebration, sacrifice, oblation',

mahīyátē ` rejoices '; Avestan mimaɣžō ` you should try to glorify ', that is to say `hold
festivities';
Old Indic mahas-, Avestan mazah- n. `greatness, bulk, extent', Old Indic majmán-
`greatness, bulk, extent', Avestan mazan- `greatness, bulk, extent, grandeur', Old Indic
mahī́ ` the great, the old people, the earth ' (: Latin Maia);
Adv. Gatha-Avestan maš `very' (*meĝhs), zero grade (*m̥ĝhs) jav. aš `very';
Armenian mec `big, large', Denomin. mecarem ` uphold, preserve, honour; ' (: gr.
μεγαίρω);
gr. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (*meĝ-n̥) `big, large' (to μέγα is μέγας, -αν neologism; μεγάλο-
the case obl. and of Fem. contains *alo- `growth, stature ', as χθαμαλός `low'); Kompar.
Ionian Doric Arcadian μέζων from *μεγι̯ων (Attic μείζων after χείρων), Superl. μέγιστος;
μεγαίρω (: Armenian mecarem) ` schlage hoch an, bewundere; halte für zu hoch,
mißgönne '; zero grade from *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' (ἀγά-ννιφος etc.), ἄγᾱν `to very', ἀγάζω
àegre ferō', compare ἄζον μέγαν, ὑψελόν Hes. and jav. aš- `very'; in addition probably gr.
ἀγάομαι ` envy', ἄγαμαι ` adore, venerate', ἀγάλλω ` glorify ', ἀγαπάω `love', ἀγαυός
àdmirable, venerable';
Note:
zero grade of Old Indic addhā́ (*m̥d-dhē) `certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azdā ds., Old Indic
addhātí- `smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *m̥γᾱ ἀγα- `very' see Root /
med-1: to measure; to give advice, healing.
lemma: med-
alb. math, madhi `big, large', madhónj ` aggrandize, praise';
Maybe alb. zmadhoj ` increase ' Slavic z- prefix.
Note:
Alb. math `big,: mcymr. maith `long, big' large' common alb. - mcymr. -k > -th.
Latin magnus `big, large' (*meĝ-nó-s), Kompar. mag-is ` more, in a higher degree, more
completely ', maior ` greater ' (*meĝ-i̯ōs), Superl. maximus (*meĝ-semo-s); in addition
maiestās ` greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty ' (*meĝ-i̯es-tāt-), compare alb. madhështí
(*meĝis-t-ii̯ā) ds. (about Oscan mais, maimas, Umbrian mestru see below mē-
mē `big, large'),
Maia ` Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter '; deus Maius
`Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the month Maius (as Oscan Maesius ` May ' derives from
the missing God's name, s. Schulze Eigenn. 469 ff.), Oscan PN Maiiúí Dat. Sg. (compare
also Celtic magio-); Latin (Celtic, also alb.) -a- is Indo Germanic e; about Latin maiālis ` a
gelded boar, a barrow hog ' s. WH. II 13;
Latin mactus ` worshipped, honored ', macte `(sacrificial call) hail!', mactō, -āre ` to
magnify, extol, honor, glorify, elevate, to offer, sacrifice, immolate, devote, to kill, slaughter,
put to death, to overthrow, ruin, destroy, to afflict, trouble, punish '; magmentum ` that
which magnifies ' can be a formation of magnus after augmentum;
Old Irish mochtae `big, large' (o!), Middle Irish maignech ds. (*maginiākos, compare gall.
Maginus ; compare the n-forms from Latin magnus), Middle Irish mag-, maige `big, large',
Poimp Maige `Pompeius Magnus', gall. Magio-rīx, Are-magios (formal = Latin Maius);
Middle Irish māl (*maĝlos) ` noble person, prince, lord', gall. Maglo-s in gods- and PN,
abrit. PN Maglo-cune (cymr. Mael-gwn), Cuno-maglus etc.; gall. Magalu Dat. Sg. god's
name, Magalos PN, Middle Irish mag-lorg `club, mace, joint' (*mago-lorgā `large cudgel,
club'), mass `stately' (*maksos compare Latin maximus), Kompar. Old Irish maissiu; cymr.
corn. mehin `fat', Middle Breton bihin ` fullness; abundance ' (*magesīno-); mcymr. maon
(*maĝones) ` the big ', maith `long, big, large' (*maĝ-tio-), probably also Old Irish do-for-
maig ` to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', -magar ` to increase, augment,
enlarge, spread, extend ', acymr. di-guor-mechis ` has increased ' (acymr. ch from *-g-s-);
to divide from cymr. magu ` bring up ' (*mak-);
whether Old Irish mag n. ` plain, the open countryside', mcymr. ma- `place', gall.
Arganto-magus (whereof Irish magen `place', cymr. maen, corn. men, bret. mean ` stone
'), cymr. maes (*magesto-) `field', to Old Indic mahī́ èarth'?
Gothic mikils `big, large', Old High German mihhil, Old Saxon mikil, Old English micel,
Old Icelandic mikell ds., Old English mycel, Proto German *mikilaz probably with -lo suffix
after leitils, Old High German luzzil; Old Icelandic mjǫk `very' (engl. much) at first from
*meku- after felu `much, a lot of';
Tocharian A mak, В makā `big, large an number, much, a lot of'; Hittite me-ik-ki-iš
(mekkiš) `big, large'.
References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemerényi Word 8, 48.
Page(s): 708-709
gh-, also meiḫk

Root / lemma: meiḫgh
mei gh- mei k-
Meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist
Material: 1. meiḫgh
gh-:
mei gh-
A. with the meaning `flicker, blink, move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake,
tremble, beat, palpitate '.
Middle Low German micken òbserve ', Old West Frisian mitza `heed';
Lithuanian mingù, mìgti ` fall asleep ' (with už-); Latvian mìegu, migt ds. (with àiz-, ìe-);
Old Prussian enmigguns `dozed off', ismigē ` passed away '; Latvian miêgt ` close the
eyes ', Old Prussian maiggun Akk., Lithuanian miẽgas, Latvian mìegs `sleep', in addition
Lithuanian miegù (old miegmi), miegóti and Old Prussian meicte `sleep';
Slavic *migъ in Bulgarian russ. mig ìnstant, eye blink'; Slavic *mьgnǫti in russ.-Church
Slavic megnuti ` to move the eyelids up and down, to wink, blink ', serb. namàgnuti `wave,
beckon', and mȉgati `blink'; Iterat.-Kaus. Old Church Slavic sъ-meziti ` close the eyes ',
with aor.-pass. meaning Slavic *mьžati, sloven. mɛžáti ` keep the eyes closed ', russ. mžat
` drowse '; serb.-Church Slavic miglivъ ` blinking ';
B. with the meaning ` dunkel vor den Augen werden, Nebel, Wolke '.
Old Indic mēghá- m. `cloud', míh ` fog, watery precipitation ', Avestan maēɣa- `cloud';
Armenian mēg `fog'; gr. ὀμίχλη (Attic ὁμίχλη) `cloud, fog', hom. ἀμιχθαλόεσσαν `foggy,
epithet of Lemnos' (with vowel suggestion);
Dutch miggelen `staubregnen'; Old Icelandic mistr `trübes weather ' etc. (*miχstu-);
Lithuanian miglà `fog', Latvian migla ds. (= ὀμίχλη); Old Bulgarian mъgla `fog', russ.
mgɫa `snow flurry, cold fog', Czech mha `fog', russ. mžít́ ` rain lightly, fog, cloud ' etc.
Note:
gr. Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' derived from alb. mje(r)gulë ` fog, darkness ' [common gr. β < gw, p
< kw]; alb. proves that from Root / lemma: mer-
mer-2 ; *extended mer-ek-: `to shimmer, shine'
mer-ek-
derived the truncated Root / lemma: meigh-
meigh-, also meik-
meik- : `to glimmer, twinkle; mist'.
2. meiḫk
mei k-: Npers. miža, muža (Pahlavi *mičak), balūčī mičāč ` eyelash ';
Latin micō, -āre ` to move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake, tremble, beat,
palpitate ' (*mikāi̯ō); dī-micō ` to struggle, strive, contend, to be in conflict, be in peril, run a
risk, risk, hazard '; cymr. mygr `luminous', di-r-mygu ` despise ' (as dē-spiciō); Old Irish de-
meccim (cc = g) ` despise ' is brit. loanword; Old Bulgarian mьčьtъ `vision, ghost, shimmer
'; Upper Sorbian mikać `blink, glitter, flash', etc.
References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;

See also: s. also under meis-.
meis
Page(s): 712-713
mei ĝh-
Root / lemma: meiḫĝ
Meaning: to urinate
Material: Old Indic mḗhati ` urinates ', participle mīḍhá- (= Latin mictus), mīḍha- n. òrdure',
mēha- m. ùrine'; Avestan maēzaiti ` urinates, dungs, manures ', maesman- ùrine';
Armenian mizem ` urinate ', mēz ùrine';
gr. ὀμείχειν, Aor. ὤμειξα (= Latin mīxī), new ὀμῑχέω ùrinate, to make water ', ἀμῖξαι
οὐρῆσαι Hes. (ἀ-, ὀ- are probably vowel suggestion); compare μοιχός m., μοιχάς, -άδος f. `
adulterer, adulteress '??
Latin meiō, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary mingō, minxi, minctum) ùrinate, to make
water ' (*meigh-i̯ō);
Old Icelandic mīga, Old English mīgan, Middle Low German mīgen ùrinate, to make
water ', Old English micga m., micge f. migoða ùrine', Gothic maíhstus, Old Saxon Old
High German mist `crap, muck', Old English meox òrdure, manure', Modern Frisian
mjuks, Old English miexen f. ` dung heap ', Old Saxon mehs n. ùrine', Middle Low
German mes, Old Frisian mēse ds.; probably here transform the name the only through
the crap, muck, droppings of the bird Mistel ` mistletoe ': Old High German mistil, Old
English mistel, Old Icelandic mistil-teinn ` sprig of mistletoe '; (with refreshed Tenuis of
formants:) Middle High German meisch ` mash ', Middle Low German meisch, mēsch `
unfermented malt juice, mash ', Old English māsc-, māx-wyrt ` mash spice ', engl. mash `
mash, crush, squeeze hard, squash ';
Lithuanian mę̃žù (neologism for *minžù), mį̃šti ùrinate, to make water ', Latvian mìeznu
and mīžu, participle mìzu, Inf. mìzt ùrinate, to make water ' (but Lithuanian mė́žiu, mė́žti `
work on the fertilizer ' is rather mė́žiu = Latvian mêžu, mêto, mêzt; it lies a lengthened
grade root noun the basic *mē[i]ĝh-);
Serbo-Croatian mìž-âm, -ati ùrinate, to make water ' (ž from the present *miz-jǫ);
sloven. mǝzí, mǝzė́ti ` produce (liquids)', mǝzína ` swampy land '; Slavic *mězga
(*moiĝzghā from *moiĝh-skā) ` tree juice ' in Serbo-Croatian mézga, Czech mízha, míza
etc.;
Tocharian В miśo ùrine'.
References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II
54.
Page(s): 713
Root / lemma: meiḫ-

mei -gʷ-
Meaning: to exchange
Material: Gr. ἀμείβω ` change ', Med. ` reciprocate, repay, reward, retribute, shift, wander ',
ἀμοιβός ` changing ', ἀμοιβή `variation'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Latin migrō, -āre ` to remove, depart, flit, migrate, to go away, depart, pass over,
change, turn, to leave, abandon, transgress, violate ', Denom. of *migʷ-ros.
References: WP. II 245, WH. II 86 f.

See also: extension from mei-
mei `swap, vary, exchange'.
Page(s): 713
mei -k̂- (and meiḫ-

Root / lemma: meiḫ- mei -ĝ-?)
Meaning: to mix, stir
Grammatical information: also mei- mi-ek̂-, mi-
mei- : mi- mi-n-ek̂-; Präsensstämme also with -so-
so-, -sk̂o-;
Material: Old Indic mēkṣáyati, mimikṣḗ ` stirs, mixes ', miśrá- ` mixes ', miśráyati ` mixes ';
Avestan minašti ` mixes ', misvan- ` containing the composite '; myāsaite ` sie mischen
sich '; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- > -ś- : Avestan -kṣ- > -š-, -ś-
gr. μίγνῡμι (more properly μείγνῡμι), μείξω, ἔμειξα, ἔμ(ε)ικτο, ἐμί̆γην `mix, mingle', μίσγω
ds., μίγα, μίγδα Adv. ` mixed ', μιγάς, -άδος `mixture' (with unclear γ); μίσγω `mix, mingle'
from *μιγ-σκω, or to mezg-; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Gr. - Illyrian -ĝh- > -d-, -z-
Latin misceō, -ēre ` mix, mingle, intermingle, blend ' (extension from mi[k̂]-sk̂ō);
Old Irish mesc ` drunk, intoxicated ', Middle Irish also ` baffle '; mesc(a)id ` mixes,
immerses in a liquid, baffles '; cymr. mysgu `mix';
Old High German miskan, Old English miscian `mix' (rather Latin loanword);
Lithuanian miešiù, miẽšti (*meik̂i̯ō) `mix', Iterat. maišaũ, maišýti, Latvian màisu, màisît
ds.; also ` plow for the second time '; compare Old Prussian maysotan ` mixed ', i.e.
`varicolored'; Intransit. sumįšù and sumįštù, -mìšti ` get tangled, make a mess, get
confused ', Latvian samist ds.; Latvian misêt `mix, make mad'; Lithuanian maĩštas m. `
agitation' mìšras ` mixed ', Latvian mistrs ds.;
Maybe alb. Geg mëshoj `press, push', mësoj `learn, teach (mix in one's mind?), *make
mad '
Old Bulgarian měšǫ, měšiti etc. `mix', has lost its iterate meaning.
Here probably Old Indic ā-míkṣā `curd of milk', osset. misin ` buttermilk ', Middle Irish
medg, cymr. maidd, ncorn. meith, abret. meid, gall.-Latin *mesga (French mêgue) `wheys'
(*misgā), Old Icelandic mysa `wheys' (*mihswōn-). common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Illyrian -
Celt. -ĝh- > -d-, -th-
References: WP. II 244 f., WH. II 95 f., Trautmann 175; Kuiper Nasalpräs. 50, 123.
Page(s): 714

mei -1
Meaning: to strengthen; pole
Material: Old Indic minṓti ` fastens, founds, builds ', mití- f. ` erection, fundation ', mitá-
`fastens', mḗtar- ` der Aufrichter ', mayū́kha- m. `peg, plug, ray', npers. mēχ `peg, plug,
nail' (*maiχa-), sogd. myɣk ds., Old Indic sumḗka- ` well founded, tight, firm';
Latin Pl. moenia ` defensive walls, ramparts, bulwarks, city walls ', mūniō (arch.
moeniō), -īre ` to wall, defend with a wall, fortify, defend, protect, secure, strengthen ';
mūrus, old moiros `wall';
alb. mur ` wall ' a Latin loanword.
Old Irish -tuidmen (*to-dī-mi-na-t) `fastens', verbal noun tuidme;
Germanic *maiḫrja- `boundary post, frontier post ', Old English mǣre, gemǣre `limit,
boundary, region, area', Old Icelandic landa-mǣri `limit, boundary, border land ', etc.
meiḫ-d(h in: Middle Irish mé(i)de m. ` nape ' (*meiḫ-d-i̯o-); Latvian mìet ` enclose with
mei -d(h)-
posts ', maĩdît ` decorate, ornament, adorn '.
With t extended mē[i]ḫt

mē[i] t- : mǝiḫt
ǝi t- : mit-
mit- in:
Old Indic mēthí- m., mēthī́ f. (Prakrit mēdhí-, mēdhī́, mēḍhī́) ` pillar, jamb ', mít- f. `
column, jamb ' (perhaps also in Avestan bǝrǝzi-mita-, if ` high column '), Armenian moit` `
pillar '; Latin mēta ` a cone, pyramid, a conical column at the end of the circus, turning-
post, goal, a goal, winning-post, mark, an end, period, extremity, boundary, limit '; Middle
Irish methas ` border land, frontier land ' (*mitostu-); Old Icelandic meiðr `tree, balk, beam,
shaft, pole'; Lithuanian miẽtas, Latvian mìets `picket, pole'; zero grade Lithuanian mita `
Stecken zum Netzestricken '; probably also Old Bulgarian město, Serbo-Croatian mjȅsto,
Czech místo `place' from *mōitsto- or *mē[i]tsto-.
References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;

See also: compare meiḫ-4.
mei
Page(s): 709

mei -2
Meaning: to change, exchange
Material: Old Indic máyatē `tauscht', ni-maya- m. èxchange'; Latvian míju, mît èxchange'.
With n-formant: Latin mūnis ` ready to be of service ', mūnus, -eris (arch. moenus) ` a
service, office, post, employment, function, duty, a service, favor, kindness, a present, gift,
a public show, spectacle, entertainment, exhibition, show of gladiators (given by
magistrates) ', mūnia, -ium (old moenia) ` duties, functions, official duties ', immunis ` not
bound, free from obligation, disengaged, unemployed ', commūnis (Old Latin comoin[em])
` common, general, universal, public ' (= Gothic etc. gamains), Oscan múínikad ` common,
general, universal, public ', Umbrian muneklu ` a service, office, post, employment,
function, duty ';
Old Irish mōin, māin ` preciousness, treasure, tribute', dag-mōini `good gifts, favors';
ablaut. cymr. mwyn ` value, worth ' (*meino-);
Gothic gamains, Old English gemǣne, Old High German gimeini ` common, shared '; as
` exchanged = falsified, misrepresented, forged, counterfeit, distorted ' also Old High
German mein ` incorrect, deceitful' (Modern High German Meineid), Old English mān ds.,
Old Icelandic meinn ` harmful ', mein `damage, pity, misfortune';
Lithuanian maĩnas m., Latvian mains èxchange', Lithuanian mainaũ, -ýti, Latvian maĩnît
`swap, vary, exchange, barter '; Old Bulgarian měna ` variation, change ', izměniti `
διαμείβειν, διαλάττειν '. Here also Old Indic mēní- f. ` revenge, vengeance ', Avestan
maēni- ` punishment ' (compare Old Bulgarian mьstь ` revenge ' from the extension root
form meit-).
Maybe alb. Geg mëni, Tosc mëri ` revenge, vengeance '.
extension root form see below mei-gʷ-, mei-k̂-, mei-t(h)-.
References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.
Page(s): 710

mei -3
Meaning: to wander, go
Material: Latin meō, -āre ` to go, pass' (perhaps previous ā-verb =) poln. mijam, mijać,
Czech míjím, míjeti ` pass, elapse, avoid '; on this basis could also be based *mei̯ā- nā-
present *mi-nāmi : Old Bulgarian minǫ, -ǫti ` pass, elapse ' (also minujǫ, minovati `
προβαίνειν ') and mcymr. mynet `go'; Old Bulgarian mimo ` over, past, finished '; (compare
gr. μῖμος ` mummer, performer '?)
here also the river names gall. Moenus ` Main, river in Germany ', Middle Irish Moín (in
Kerry, the county in Ireland), poln. Mień, Mianka; *meiḫn- in poln. Minia, zero grade min-
min in
Lithuanian Minija, poln. Mnina, hispan. Minius (Galicia), Etruria Miniō.
Note:
Around 1700 BC, a highly sophisticated culture grew up around palace centers on Crete:
the Minoans.
Minoans
The relationship migrare : ἀμείβειν allows the old resemblance with meiḫ-
mei `swap, vary,
exchange' as ` local change ' seem possible.
References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.
Page(s): 710
Page(s):

mei -4
Meaning: to bind
Material: Old Indic mitrá- n. (secondary m.) `friend' (originally ` friendship' from
`*association '), Avestan miϑra- m. ` friend; pact, covenant; name of a God (personification
of the covenant) ', Old pers. MiÞra- ` God's name ';
gr. hom. μίτρη `belt; head fascia, Mitra'; doubtful μίτος ` Einschlagfaden ';
Latvian mìemuri, meimuri ` Femerstricke '.
References: WP. II 241 f., Güntert Weltkönig 50 f.;

See also: compare mei-1.
mei
Page(s): 710
Root
mei -5 mi-
mi-neu-
neu-
Meaning: to lessen, small
Material: Old Indic minā́ti, minṓti ` diminishes, damages, hinders ', mī́yatē, mīyátē `
diminishes ', participle Perf. mītá-; manyu-mī- ` the diminishing, destructive rancor ';
gr. μινύθω ` reduce, lessen ', Adj. *μινυ-ς in μινυ-ώριος ` short-lived, transitory ', μίνυνθα
` ein kleines Weilchen, nur kurze Zeits ' (Akk. *μίνυν, extension after δη-θά); μείων, μεῖον `
less, fewer, inferior, smaller ', after πλείων for *μείνων that still in ἀμείνων `better' = `* not
less ' has received (*mei
meiḫ-no
mei no-);
no
Latin ni-mis ` beyond measure, too much, overmuch, excessively, too ' (*ne-mi-is),
nimius Adj (*ne-mi-os) ` beyond measure, excessive, too great, too much '; Latin minor, n.
and Adv. minus ` little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable ', minimus ` least, smallest, very
small, minute, trifling, insignificant ' (*minu-mos), minister ` subordinate, servant, that
serves, ministering ' (after magister; Oscan minstreis ` little, small, petty, puny,
inconsiderable '), minerrimus ( : minus after vet-errimus : -us), minuō ` to make small,
lessen, diminish, divide into small pieces ', Oscan menvum ` to make small, lessen,
diminish, divide into small pieces ' (probably with neglectful e for i);
corn. minow ` reduce, lessen ', Middle Breton mynhuigenn, nbret. minvik ` bread without
the crusts of bread ';
ndd. minn, minne `small, little, lean' is from the comparative back formation; Kompar.
Gothic minniza, Old Icelandic minni, Old High German minniro ` fewer, less ', Superl.
Gothic minnistr, Old High German minnist, Old Icelandic minnstr ` the smallest, least ' (-nn-
from -nu̯-, Indo Germanic *minu- with new real increase formation through -izon-, -ista-),
Adv. Gothic mins (*minniz), Old Icelandic minnr, Old High German Old English min ` fewer,
less';
Old Bulgarian mьníjь (f. mьńьši) ` smaller, less, fewer, younger ' (*mьnvjь-jь);
here also Lithuanian máila ` sundries, little thing, small fish ', Latvian maĩle `small fish',
Slavic*mělъ-kъ in altserb. mioki ` shallow, having little depth ', Czech mělký `small,
shallow, having little depth ', měliti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', and Old Icelandic mjōr, mjār,
mǣr ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin' from *maiwa-, *maiwi-; Tocharian В maiwe `small,
young '.
References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.

Page(s): 711
mei -6, mei̯ḫu-, min(u)-

Root / lemma: meiḫ- min(u)-, mim(ei)-
mim(ei)-
Meaning: expr. root
Material: Old Indic mimāti `` bleats, roars, shouts ', mimāyat, ámīmēt ` roared, bleated ',
māyú- m. ` the bleating, roaring '; presumably maya- m. `steed', mayū́ra m. `peacock'; miṇ-
miṇa- ` speaking indistinctly through the nose ';
gr. μιμίζω ` neigh ', μιμιχμός ` the neighing ', μιμάξασα χρεμετίσασα φωνήσασα Hes.,
μινυρός `whimpering', μινύ̄ρομαι, μινυρίζω ` whimper, whine '; from Latin minur(r)iō ` to
twitter, to chirp, to coo ' (gr. loanword?) reshaped mintriō, -īre ` squeak '; Old Bulgarian
mъmati, mьmati ` stammer '.
Maybe alb. memec ` mute ' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;

See also: s. also mū-.
mū
Page(s): 711

mei -no-
no-
Meaning: wish, intention
Material: Old Irish mían n. `wish, desire', cymr. mwyn (*meino-) ènjoyment', er mwyn `
unwillingness, reluctance '; Old High German meina f. `sense, mind, opinion, intention',
Old Frisian mēne, Old English mān f. òpinion, mentioning, lament'; Old High German
meinen `mean, say', Old English mǣnan ds., also ` wail '; Slavic *maini̯ō ` mean ' in Old
Church Slavic měnjǫ, měniti ` mention, take for, think of something accidentally; think of,
consider ', etc.
Page(s): 714
Root / lemma: meiḫs

mei s-
Meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist
Material: Old Indic miṣáti ` opens the eyes ', ni-miṣ f., ni-miṣa- m. ` the blinking, closing of
the eyes '; miṣa- n. `deceit, deception '; mīḍam ` peaceful, tranquil, quiet, silent, low ' (*miz-
do- `verstohlen'?), mīlati ` closes the eyes ';
ndd. mis ` misty weather ', miseln ` fine rain', Dutch (Flemish) mijzelen, mīzelen `dust,
powder rain';
Old Church Slavic mьšelъ ` turpis quaestus ', russ. mšel `profit, gain', ob-michnútьśa `
be mistaken '.
References: WP. II 248 f.;

See also: extension the also in meiḫgh
mei gh-, mei k- present root.
gh meiḫk
Page(s): 714
Root / lemma: meiḫt(h)

mei t(h)-
t(h)-1
Meaning: staying (place)
Material: Avestan maēϑanǝm n. `residence for people and gods, dwelling, house', miϑnāiti
` stays, dwells, remains ';
Lithuanian mintù, mìsti `be nourished ', mìtas ` livelihood ', maitìnti ` nourish ', maĩstas
`nourishment, food', also Lithuanian maità, Latvian màita ` carrion '; Old Prussian maitā `
nourishes '; Latvian mitiât ` provide abode, residence and nourishment, food ', mìtu, mist `
live, stay, have one's food '.
References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker 2, 52.

Page(s): 715
mei -t(h)-
t(h)-2
Meaning: to exchange
Material: Old Indic mḗthati, mitháti ` alternates, quarrels, joins to ', mithá- Adv. `mutual,
alterant, changeable, together' = Avestan miϑō Adv. ` inverted, incorrect '; Old Indic
míthūṣ, míthus, mithuyā Adv. ds., Avestan miϑwa(na)-, miϑwara- Adj. ` paired, coupled';
gr. (sizil.) μοῖτος `repayment, gratitude ' (loanword from Italic);
Latin mūtō, -āre (*moitāi̯ō) ` Of motion, to move, move away, remove, Of alteration, to
alter, change, transform, vary, modify, Of style, to vary, change, diversify, Of substitution,
to change, replace, make a change in, To exchange, barter, sell ', mūtuus ` borrowed, lent,
In return, in exchange, reciprocal, mutual ';
Old Irish negative prefix mí-, mis(s)-; the full form in mis-cuis `hate'; compare under
Germanic missa-; here also Old Irish messa `bad'?
Gothic maidjan `change, falsify', in-maidjan `transform'; Gothic maiÞms `gift', Old
Icelandic Pl. f. meiðmar, Old English māðum, Old Saxon mēðom `gift, preciousness,
jewel'; participle *mitsto- ` confused, confounded, incorrect ' in Gothic missō `reciprocal,
each other, one another ', Old Icelandic (ā)miss, Middle Low German to misse ` inverted,
unfavorable', Old High German missi ` various', prefix Gothic missa- ` wrong, incorrect '
(missa-dēds = Modern High German Missetat, missa-leiks `different', compare Modern
High German mißfarben ` of different colors, varicolored, ', perhaps also Gothic missa-qiss
`battle of words'), Old Icelandic mis- (seldom missi-), Old Saxon Old English mis-, Old High
German missa-, missi-, Modern High German miss-;
somewhat different Old High German Old English missan ` miss, feel absence, miss,
fail', Old Icelandic missa ` miss, lose ', Middle High German misse f. `lack', Old English
miss n. ` loss, defeat; casualty ', Old Icelandic missir m. missa f. `loss, damage', to Old
High German mīdan àvoid, miss', refl. ` abstain '; intr. ` stay away, lack, hide ', Old Saxon
mīthan, mīdan ds., Old English mīðan ` hide; avoid';
Balto-Slavic *meitu- in Latvian miêtus m. èxchange, variation', in addition mituôt and

mietuôt ` exchange ', mitêt ` change ', refl. `cease', Adv. pa-mîšu ` alternately ';
Old Church Slavic mitě àlterant, changeable', russ.-Church Slavic mitusь Adv. ds., etc.;
in addition Old Church Slavic mьstь etc. ` revenge, vengeance '.
References: WP. II 247 f., WH. II 137, 140, Trautmann 176 f.;
See also: see below mei-
mei-2.
Page(s): 715
Root / lemma: meḫk

me k-
Meaning: to bleat (expr. root)
Material: Old Indic makamakāyatē `bleats', mēká- m. ` he-goat; billy goat '; Armenian makì
`sheep'; gr. hom. μηκᾶσθαι `grouse, bleat'; Latin micciō, -īre `grouse, bleat'; Middle High
German meckatzen, mechzen, Modern High German meckern, Middle High German
mecke `he-goat'; Lithuanian mekenù, -énti `grouse, bleat, stammer '; klr. mékaty `grouse,
bleat, bleat', etc.
Maybe alb. me `goat bleat' meksh ` buffalo-calf ' (diminutive -sh suffix).
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;
See also: compare meiḫ-
mei -6.
Page(s): 715-716
Root / lemma: meḫ-

me -1
Meaning: 1sg personal pronoun (oblique stem)
Grammatical information: Nom. Sg. eĝ(h)om Ì' (see 291)
Material: Gen. accented *meḫ-me ` from me, mine ' in Old Indic máma; dissimil. *meḫ-
*me -meḫ
neḫ in Avestan mana, Old pers. manā; cymr. fyn, Bret. ma, Vannes me (as Possessiv);
Church Slavic mene, Lithuanian manè; different dissimil. *eme in Armenian im, gr. hom.
ἐμεῖο, etc.;
me -ĝhi `me' in Old Indic máhy-a(m), Latin mihi, Umbrian mehe;

Dat. accented meḫ-
Armenian inj from *eḫmeḫĝh-; enclitic moi (also as Gen.) in Old Indic mḗ, me, Avestan me,
Gatha-Avestan moi; gr. μοι; Old Irish infix and suffix Pron. -m
m-; Old Lithuanian mi, Old
Prussian maiy; Hittite -mi
mi;
mi
Akk. mē̆ḫ in Old Indic Avestan mā (enclitic), Armenian is (*eme-ge?), Latin mē(d), gr.
ἐμέ, με; Old Irish me-sse, mé (Ì'), infix and suffix Pron. -m- (cymr. mi Ì' with i after ti ` you
mē -m in Old Indic accented mā́m, Avestan mąm, alb. mua, mue, Old Prussian mien,
'); mēḫ-
Old Church Slavic mę; with -ge erweit. gr. ἐμέ-γε, Venetic meχo, Gothic mik ` me ', etc.,
Hittite am-mu-uk (аmuk) ` me ' (above S. 291), enclitic -mu
mu;
mu
mē -d in Old Indic mát, Avestan mat̲, Latin mē(d);

ablative mēḫ-
locative moi in Old Indic mē;
Possessiv moḫ-
mo - in Old Indic ma, Avestan ma m. n., mā f., Armenian im, gr. ἐμός, alb. im
(article i + em);
Also alb. Geg eme ` mine '.
mo-i̯i̯i̯o- in Old Bulgarian moj, Old Prussian mais, f. maia; me-

-mo- me-i̯o- in Latin meus, Hittite mi-iš
(mes); secondary Gothic meins, Old High German etc. mīn (*mei-no-); Lithuanian manas,
Tocharian А В ñi (*mäñi).
References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 599 ff.
Page(s): 702
Root / lemma: meḫ-

me -2
Meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with
Material: A. meḫ-
me -dhi (also basic form meḫ-
me -ti possible) in Gothic miÞ `with', asäch. mid(i),
Old English mið, Old Icelandic með(e), Old High German mit(i), etc.; compare under S.
706 f.
Maybe apocope alb. (*me-ti) me `with'.
B. meḫ-
me -ta in gr. μετά (ending as in κατά, above S. 613), alb. mjet ` between ', ndër-mjet `
between '.
Illyrian Met-aurus ` mid river ' (Brutt., Umbrian), Ligurian Os Metapīnum (estuary, the
mouth of a river Rhone) ` between the waters '; compare Illyrian locative Metu-barbis `
between marshes ' (in Save river valley, northern Bosnia); in Aetolian VN Μετάπιοι
(hellenist Μεσσάπιοι) etc., Old Icelandic með(r) `with, between ', Gothic miÞ, Old English
mið, Old High German mit(i).
me -ĝhri-
C. meḫ- (s in Armenian merj `by' (the final sound receive in merjenam ` nearer,
hri-(s)
closer myself ') = gr. μέχρι(ς) ` bis '; contains the locative of words for `hand' (see above S.
447); zero grade Indo Germanic*m̥-ĝhri-(s) in gr. ἄχρι(ς) ds.
D. Unclear are gr. Arcadian μέστε, Cretan kyren. μέστα ` bis ', hom. μέσφα, Thessalian
μέσποδι etc.
References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f.
Page(s): 702-703
me ldh-1
Root / lemma: meḫl
Meaning: to pronounce ritual words
Material: Armenian maltèm Ì beg '; asächs. meldōn ` brag, boast, tell', Old High German
melda ` bragging, slander ', meldōn, -ēn ` notify, brag, boast, betray ', Old English meld `
announcement '; Lithuanian meldžiù, mel̃sti `bid, beg, ask, pray', maldà f. `request; prayer',
Iterat. maldaũ, maldýti; Old Prussian maddla `request, prayer'; due to dissimilation from
*mold-lā to *modlā `request': Czech modla ` idol, temple' and poln. modɫa f. `prayer'; with -
dl- to -l-: Old Church Slavic moljǫ, moliti `bid, beg, ask', refl. `pray', etc.; from ` consecrate
and slaughter ' then ` slaughter at certain time ' in russ. molítь, etc.;
Maybe alb. lut ` pray, bid, beg, ask ' : Old Church Slavic moliti `bid, beg, ask' a Slavic
loanword.
Hittite ma-al-ta-ii, ma-al-dii (mald-) ` prays '.
References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BSL. 33, 133 ff.,
Mudge Lg. 7, 252.
Page(s): 722
me ldh-2
Meaning: lightning
Material: Cymr. Pl. mellt, Sg. -en `lightning', with secondary t;
Old Icelandic mjǫllnir ` Thor's hammer ' (*melð[u]nii̯az); in addition Old Icelandic poet.
myln `fire'; Old Prussian mealde (*meldi̯ā) `lightning', zero grade Latvian milna (*mildna) `
the hammer of thunders '; wruss. maladńa `lightning' (*meldьńa), zero grade Old Bulgarian
mlъnьji, russ. mólnija ds. (*mьldnьji).

References:
Page(s): 722
me lĝh
lĝh-
Root / lemma: meḫlĝ
Meaning: to swell
Material: Old Indic malhá- ` mit Zäpfchen an der Wamme (von Kuh und Ziege) ', Armenian
maɫj, Gen. -i `gall' (*ml̥ĝhi-, originally probably `cholecyst, gallbladder ');
Avestan mǝrǝzāna `belly'.
Lithuanian mil̃žinas, Latvian mil̂zis ` giant ', Latvian mel̂to, mil̂z `to swell, fester '.
References: WP. II 300; extension from 4. mel-?

Page(s): 723

me li-
li-t
Meaning: honey
mel-nés
information: n., Gen. mel-
Grammatical information: nés
Note:
li-t : `honey' : Root / lemma: méḫd
me li- mé hu : `honey' derived from a truncated
me l-1 (auch smeḫl
me lǝḫ-- : mlē-
mlē-, meḫl
ml-ed- me l-dh-, ml-ēi- :
ml-ēi-
mlī̆ī̆ī̆-, meḫl
mlī̆ me lǝḫ--k- : mlā-
mlā-k-, mlēu- mlū̆- : `to grind, hit; fine, ground'.
mlēu- : mlū̆
Material:
Armenian meɫr `honey', Gen. melu (it has changed to u-stem probably after *medhu),
meɫu, Gen. meɫui `bee'; skyth. μελίτιον πόμα τι Σκυθικόν Hes.; gr. μέλι, -τος `honey',
μέλισσα, Attic -ττα ` a bee, one of the priestesses of Delphi, honey ' (*μελιτι̯α or *μελι-λιχι̯α `
honey- luscious '), βλίττω ` cut out the comb of bees, take the honey ' (*mlit-i̯ō); compare
μείλιχος, Attic μῑλίχιος ` gentle, soothing, mild, gracious; propitiatory offerings, as referring
to honey mixed in the drink-offerings ';
alb. mjal, mjaltë (*melitom) `honey'; common alb.-celtic -kh > -ht, -t : gr. -kh > -tt.
Note:
Note
Common alb. m > mb > b in (*melita, *mbleita) bleta f. `bee' while alb. Arbëresh uses mizë
(fly, insect) bletje ` (*honey insect) ' = `bee' : gr. βλίττω ` cut out the comb of bees, take the
honey'.
Latin mel, mellis (*melnés) `honey', mulsus ` mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honey-
sweet; stirred or cooked with honey ' (*melsos; old imitation from *saldtos, salsus); Old
Irish mil `honey' (*melit to *meli, whereupon Gen. mela), cymr. corn. bret. mel ds.; Irish
milis, cymr. melys `sweet', gall. PN Meliððus, Melissus; also cymr. etc. melyn `yellowish' is
probably `honey-colored' (see below meḫl
me l- color name); Gothic miliÞ (*melitom) `honey',
Old English mildēaw `nectar', Old English milisc ` mellifluent ';
In -m
m- suffix:
Maybe alb. (*melitom) mjellmë ` swan (*white, honey-colored)' : cymr. etc. melyn
m- inanimate formant) {the same formation as German Honig `
`yellowish'. (common alb. -m
honey 'see Root / lemma: kenǝkó-
kó- : gold; honey, yellowish}.
Hittite mi-li-t `honey'.
References: WP. II 296, WH. II 61 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 283, 518, 838.
Page(s): 723-724
Root / lemma: meḫlk
me lk-
lk-1
Meaning: to rub (?)
Note: parallel root to melĝ-.
Material: Latin mulceō, -ēre, mulsī, -sum ` to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle
through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate ', mulcetra `
a plant, called also heliotropium ', mulcēdo ` pleasantness, agreeableness ', Mulciber (WH.
II 120); mulcō, -āre ` to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage '.
Page(s): 724
lk-2, meḫlg
Root / lemma: meḫlk
me lk- me lg-
lg-
Meaning: wet
Material: Gr. μέλκιον κρήνη Hes.; Gothic milhma m. `cloud'; Middle High German milgen `
soak grain to feed cattle '; Slavic *melko- in Old Bulgarian mlěko, russ. molokó etc. `milk';
ablaut. Slavic *malka- in Old Russian molokita probably `swamp, marsh, pool ', serb.
mlȁka ` watery bottom', mlâkva `puddle', poln. pa-mɫoka `fog', etc.; Czech mlklý `humid,
wet', Lithuanian malkas m., màlka f. ` gulp of drinking ', Latvian màlks, màlka ds.
melg- in Slavic *molžiti, russ. dial. molžítь, za-molaživatь ` become cloudy ' (of weather).
melg-

References:
Page(s): 724
me l-1 (also smeḫl

me lǝḫ-- : mlē-
mlē-, meḫl
ml-ed- me l-dh-, ml- mlī̆ī̆ī̆-
ēi- : mlī̆
ml-ēi-
, meḫl
me lǝḫ--k- : mlā-
mlā-k-, mlēu- mlū̆-
mlēu- : mlū̆
Meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground
Material: A. Old Indic mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati ` crushes, grinds ', mūrṇá- ` wilted, limp' and ` crushed
' (also merged partly with 3. mer-),
mer mlā- ` become soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,
slack ', mlātá- ` tanned softly ', Avestan mrāta- ds., perhaps Old Indic malvá- `crazy silly;
immature ' (`*weak' in intellectual sense); compare Gothic ga-malwjan, Old High German
molawēn, Lithuanian mal̃vinti; from the i-basis Old Indic mrityati ` disintegrates, resolves ';
Armenian malem ` grind, crush ' (*mel-), ml-ml-em `rub', meɫm `soft, slack', ma-mul
`presses';
gr. μύλη f., late μύλος m. `mill',
Italian mulino : French moulin : Bresciano molì : Breton milin ; meilh : Catalan molí :
Croatian mlin : Czech mlýn : Galician muíño : Irish muileann : Leonese mulín : Albanian
Geg mullini,
mullini Tosc mulliri : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mulèin : Valencian moli :
Venetian molin : Welsh melin `mill'.
gr. μύλλω ` mill, grind, pulverize, crunch ' (also as Latin molō ` grind ': sizil. μυλλός `
pudendum muliebre '); μαλερός ` crunching '; μάλευρον ` flour' is hybridization of ἄλευρον
and μύλη; ἀμαλός `weak, tender', ἀμβλύς `feeble, weak'; from the i-basis gr. βλίτον ` Melde
' (compare to meaning Modern High German Melde under mel-dh-), βλιτο-μάμμας `
blockhead ', βλιτάς ` worthless wife, woman';
alb. mjel ` flour ' (*melu̯o- = Modern High German Mehl);
Alb. miell ` flour '.
Note:
Albanian miell, mjel : Danish mel : Dutch meel : Icelandic mjöl : Swedish mjöl ` flour '.
Maybe alb. mjellmë ` swan, white ' : Gothic malma m. ` white sand, dust, earth'.
Latin molō, -ere ` grind ' (= Old Irish melid), molīna `mill', mola ` millstone '; Umbrian
kumaltu, kumultu, comultu ` to grind thoroughly ', kumates, comatir ` to grind thoroughly ',
maletu ` the ground ' (Indo Germanic *melṓ); Latin mulier ` a woman, female ' (from
*muli̯ési, Indo Germanic *ml̥-i̯ésī ` the soft ', Kompar. to mollis ` yielding, pliant, flexible,
supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant ' [S. 718]); marcus ` a large hammer ',
back-formation to marculus, martellus (*mal-tl-os) ` a small hammer, a hammer ' has -a
a- as
in Latin palma : gr. παλάμη; Latin malleus ` a hammer, maul ';
Italian mulino : French moulin : Breton milin : Galician muíño : Irish muileann : Leonese
mulín : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mullein : Alb. Geg mullini Tosk mulliri ` mill '.
Old Irish melim ` grind ' (with com- ` grind ', with to- `consume, eat or drink'); cymr. malu
(*mel-), bret. malaf ` grind ', meil `mill' (*meli̯ā); Old Irish mlith Dat. `to grind, (*ml̥-t-), mol `
Mühlstange '; *malǝu̯o- `soft' in bret. divalo `(not tender =) raw, ugly', cymr. malwoden
`slime, mud'; from heavy basis gall. *blāto- (French blé), mcymr. blawt, ncymr. blawd,
acorn. blot, bret. bleud `meal, flour' (ml̥̄-tó- = Lithuanian mìltai) Old Irish mlāith, Middle Irish
blāith `gentle, smooth ', Middle Breton blot `soft, tender' (*ml̥̄-ti-; cymr. mwlwg `rubbish'
(*molu-ko-); Celtic *molto- in cymr. mollt, corn. mols, bret. maout, Middle Irish molt, gall.-
rom. multo, -ōne `(castrated) ram';
Gothic Old High German malan, Old Icelandic mala ` mill, grind' (Germanic a-present);
Old High German muljan ` crunch ', Old Icelandic mylia ds., Old High German gimulli `
Gemüll ' (but Old High German mulī, -īn, Old English myln, Old Icelandic mylna `mill' from
late Latin molīna); Gothic mulda, Old English molda, Old Icelandic mold, Old High German
molta f. `dust, powder, earth' (*ml̥-tā); Gothic malma m. `sand', Old Icelandic malmr òre',
ablaut. Old English mealm-stān ` sandstone ', Middle High German malmen ` crunch ', Old
Saxon Old High German melm `dust, powder, sand' (: Lithuanian melmuõ ` calculus,
nephrolith, kidney stone '); Modern High German dial. mulm ` decomposed earth, dust,
powder, rotted wood'; Old High German Old Saxon mëlo, Gen. -wes, Old English melu-,
Gen. -wes, Old Icelandic mjǫl ` flour' (*melu̯o- = alb. miel);
Old High German mil(i)wa `mite' (*melwjō); Gothic malō n., Old Icelandic mǫlr (*molu-) `
moth '; Old Bulgarian molь (*moli-) ds.,
Russian моль (mol') : Czech mol : Polish mól : Romanian molie : Serbian moljac : Slovak
moľ : Albanian molë : Swedish mal : Italian camola : Hungarian moly : Sicilian camula `
moth '.
Armenian dial. mǝɣmóɣ (from *moɫmoɫ) ` moth '; very doubtful is affiliation from Old Indic
malūka- m. `kind of worm', Armenian mlukn `bedbug', which reminds Old Saxon Middle
Low German mol m., Middle High German n. `lizard', Old High German mol, molm, molt
`lizard', Modern High German Molch, Armenian moɫēz `lizard'; rather to 6. mel- S. 721;
Gothic ga-malwjan ` crunch, grind ', Old Icelandic mølva `break in pieces ', Old High
German molawēn ` to melt away, waste, consume '; Old Icelandic mjǫll `fine snow', schw.
dial. mjäl(l)a ` kind of fine sand earth ' (*melnā); Gothic mulda, Old English molde, Old
High German molta `dust, powder, earth' (participle *ml̥-tā́ ` the ground one ');
Lithuanian malù, málti (pronunciation of the heavy basis) ` mill, grind', malũnas, Old
Prussian malunis `mill', mìltai, Latvian mil̃ti `flour' (= cymr. blawd), Old Prussian meltan
`flour'; Lithuanian malinỹs, milinỹs, Latvian mìlna ` whisk, utensil for stirring '; Lithuanian
mal̃vinti, mulvinti `plague'; with formants -to-: Latvian màltît, miltît `hit'; Lithuanian melmuõ
see above;
Old Church Slavic meljǫ, mlětь, russ. molótь, Serbo-Croatian mljȅti (heavy basis) ` mill,
grind'; poln. mlon ` grasp the hand mill ' (*melnъ), russ. mélenъ (*mel-eno), Serbo-Croatian
čak. mlán (*molnъ) ds.; Serbo-Croatian mlêvo, mlijevo `grist, corn, grain' (= Old High
German melo, alb. mjeɫ; besides serb. ml-î-vo, russ. mél-i-vo `grist'); klr. móɫot m. ` Treber,
Hülsen von Malz ', sloven. mláto n., mláta f. ` Malztreber ', Czech mláto ds., Old Prussian
piva-maltan ` Biermalz ' (Germanic? s. mel-d-) etc.; probably also (light basis) Old Church
Slavic mlatъ, russ. mólotъ etc. `hammer'; Church Slavic mlatiti (*moltiti) `hit'; lengthened
grade mělъkъ `small' and Old Church Slavic mělъ ` calc, lime, limestone ' etc.;
Tocharian A malywët ` you pressed, crushed ', В melye ` be crushed ';
Hittite ma-al-la-ii ` ground, crunched ';
with anl. s-: Norwegian smola ` crunch '; Middle High German smoln ` remove tiny bits
of bread ', aschw. smola, smula, smule ` gobbet ' (besides Old Icelandic moli ds., mǫl f. `
heap of stones '); Latvian smelis, smēlis ` water sand in the field ', Lithuanian smėlỹs, Gen.
smė̃lio `sand', smiltìs ds.
B. basis m(e)ḫlēi
lēi- : mlī-
m(e) lēi- mlī- in: cymr. blin ` tired ' (*mlī-no-), abr. Pl. blinion ` the unskilful,
incompetent '; Latvian blīnis ` tired person', blĩnêt ` infirm, ailing '; serb. mlȉtām, -ati `
become faul, amble' (compare with ĭ: Old Indic mrityati, gr. βλίτον), russ.-Church Slavic
mlinъ ` cake', russ. blin ` pancake ', serb. mlȉnac ` unleavened dough, matzah '; klr. mlity `
die, wilt, wither ', Kaus. mloity ` stimulate nausea ';
doubtful serb. mlédan `lean, thin, weak', dial. ` tasteless, dull ' (in Slavonien mlídan), etc.
*melii̯o-), Lithuanian f. Pl. malnos `millet,

here probably gr. μελίνη, Latin milium (*m
sorghum'; originally inflection *méḫl
mé l-i-, -n-és.
C. Von an u-basis (compare gr. ἀμβλύς, Old Indic malvá-, Modern High German Mehl
etc.): Avestan mruta- ` faded, weak', mrūra ` attritional, ruinous '.
meḫl le-d-; ml̥du-

me l-d- (perhaps first in d-present); m(e)ḫle
m(e) le- m(e) ldu̯i- `soft'.
du-, m(e)ḫldu̯
du
Old Indic márdati, mr̥dnāti ` crushes, rubs, chafes ', Avestan marǝd- (mardaite;
morǝnda-t̃ from *mr̥nda-) `ruin, wreck, destroy', Kaus. Old Indic mardayati ` crushes,
breaks, presses, afflicts' (these Aryan words can partly carry on also Indo Germanic meḫr
me r-
d- same meaning); Old Indic mr̥dú- (= gr. βλαδύς) `soft, tender', fem. mr̥dvī́, Kompar.
mradīyān, Superl. mradiṣṭha-; vi-mradati ` softens '; Old Indic mr̥t- (mr̥d-) èarth, loam,
clay', mr̥tsná- m. n. `dust, powder ', mr̥tsnā́ `fine earth, good loam, clay' (: nisl. mylsna
`dust, powder');
Armenian meɫk ` mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack' (*meldu̯-i-);
gr. ἀμαλδύ̄νω ` exhaust, destroy, smash' (to *[ἀ]μαλδύ-ς = Old Indic mr̥dú-); βλαδύς,
βλαδαρός `slack' (*μλαδ-, *ml̥d-); μέλδω ` melt ' (tr., med. intr. = Old English meltan etc.);
with the vowel position and meaning from Old Indic vimradati, mradīyān also βλέννα f.,
βλέννος n. `mucus, snot', βλέννος `langsam from reason, verdummt' (*mled-sno-, compare
Old Indic mr̥t-sná-);
Latin mollis ` yielding, pliant, flexible, supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant
' (*ml̥du̯-is, compare Old Indic fem. mr̥dvī́); blandus ` of smooth tongue, flattering, fawning,
caressing ' from *mlǝndo-?;
cymr. blydd `gentle, tender', bret. ble `weak' (*ml̥do-), Old Irish meldach `pleasant' (can
also belong to mel-dh-; also:) Scots Gaelic moll m. `chaff';
Middle Irish blind, blinn ` saliva of a dead man ' (probably *ml̥d-sno-?); (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Old English meltan `melt, burn, digest ', Old Icelandic melta ` dissolve, digest in the
stomach ', Norwegian molten ` mellow, soft', Kaus. Old English mieltan `melt, clean, digest
'; Gothic gа-malteins f. ` dissolving ', Old Icelandic maltr ` decayed, spoil', Old High
German malz ` melting, feeble'; Old High German malz, Old English mealt, Old Saxon Old
Icelandic malt ` malt ' (Slavic *molto, Czech mláto etc. ds. borrowed from Germanic);
with Old Indic mr̥d-, mr̥tsnā́- compare nisl. mylsna `dust, powder', Old English
formolsnian ` become dust, powder ' (see above);
with anl. s-: Old High German smē̆lzan ` deliquesce, melt', smalz ` lively fat or butter ',
Old English smolt, smylte `quiet, of the sea', Old Swedish smultna ` become peaceful ';
here perhaps Old High German milzi, Old English milte f., milt m., Old Icelandic milti `
spleen ' (can be easily struck out, as if melting);
Maybe alb. mëlçia `the spleen (that of a domestic animal)' a Germanic loanword : Italian
milza, German Milz, Catalan melsa, Romagnolo mèlza ` spleen '.
Old Bulgarian mladъ, russ. mólodъ etc. ` young, tender' (*moldo-); Old Prussian maldai
Nom. Pl. m. ` the young ', maldū-ni-n Akk. Sg. ` youth ', maldian `foals'; Old Prussian
maldenikis `kid, child', Old Bulgarian mladenьcь, mladьnǝcǝ ` youngling ' (*molden-,
*moldin-);
me l-dh- (perhaps first in dh-present *meḫl

meḫl *me l-dh-ō):
Old Indic márdhati, mr̥dháti ` decreases, neglects, forgets ' (`*becomes soft, floppy,
slack = faded ');
gr. μαλθακός `soft, tender, mild' (after μαλακός extended from:) μάλθη ` wax ', μαλθώσω
μαλακώσωHes., μάλθων ` weakling ', μαλθαίνω ` soften ';
here (or to mel-d-) cymr. blydd etc.;
Gothic unmildjai Nom. Pl. ` the unfriendly ', mildiÞa ` mildness ', Old Icelandic mildr
`gracious, merciful ', Old English milde, Old High German milti ` mild, kind, gracious,
friendly';
Old High German melta, Old English melde, Old Swedish mæld, molda, Old High
German malta, multa `Melde' (compare gr. βλίτον `Melde'.
(s)meḫl
(s)me l-k-
Old Icelandic melr ` sand-hill ' (*melha-), Swedish dial. mjåg (*melga-) ds.
Latvian smelknes ` Mehlabfall ', smalknes ` filings, file dust, saw filings ', smalks `fine',
smulksne `speck, dust particle, sundries ';
Lithuanian smulkùs `fine', smùlkti ` become fine ', smulkmė ` sundries ';
Lithuanian smiltìs, Latvian smìlts, smil̂kts `sand'.
mlā k- `soft, weak, faint, languid, clownish '.

me lǝḫ--k-, mlāḫk
meḫl
Gr. μαλακός `soft', βλά̄ξ, -κός `slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy';
βληχρός, hom. ἀβληχρός `weak, gentle' (*μλᾱκ-σρός); μάλκη `das solidification vor
coldness, Erfrieren', μαλκί̄ω `habe vor Kälte steife Glieder';
Middle Irish malcad ` decay '; presumably Middle Irish blēn (Old Irish *mlēn) `the flanks '
from *mlaknā;
Old Church Slavic mlьčati, russ. molčátь ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (*milkē-), Old Church
Slavic u-mlьčiti ` rule, control ', u-mlьknąti ` fall silent ' (: Irish malcaim ` decay '); Bulgarian
serb. mlâk ` lukewarm ', etc. in addition Lithuanian mùlkis (*ml̥̄ki̯os) ` blockhead '.
With -sko-: Gothic un-tila-malsks ` heedless; impetuous ', Old Saxon malsc `stout,
proud', Modern High German mulsch `soft', mulschen dial. `sleep'.
References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.
Page(s): 716-719
me l-2
Meaning: to fail; to deceive
Material: Avestan mairya- ` deceitful, knavish, villainous '; Armenian meɫ, Pl. meɫk` ` sin ';
gr. μέλεος ` futile, worthless, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable ' (seems to be based as
*μελε[σ]ος on -es
es-stem
es meles this weak grade *ml̥s-, βλασ- perhaps in βλάσ-φημος as `
*meles
meles-,
wrong, inappropriate saying '); perhaps μύλη ` wicked person; deformed person '? to
ἀμβλίσκω, ἀμβλόω ` have a miscarriage '; Middle Irish mell `fault, error' (*mel-s-os, of es-
es
stem), mellaim `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', maile èvil, harm';
cymr. mall `spoiled' (*ml̥so-); Lithuanian mẽlas `lie, falsity', Latvian Pl. męli ds., màldît èrr,
wander, make a mistake ', mùldêt ` wander, fantasize, worry ', mèlst ` confused talk '.
Page(s): 719-720

me l-3
Meaning: to hesitate
Material: Gr. μέλλω, Fut. μελλήσω `zögere, bin in Begriffe' (μόλις `barely'?); μέλει μοι ès
liegt mir am Herzen', μέλω, -ομαι, -ήσω, μέμηλα (Doric μέμᾱλα), μέμβλεται àm Herzen, in
sense lie, besorgtsein', μελέδη, μελεδών, μελέδημα ` care ', μελέτη ds., μελέτωρ `
Fürsorger '; Latin prō-mellere (-ll- = -ln-) ` lītem prōmovēre ', re-melīgō ` she that delays or
hinders, the (fem.) delayer, hinderer ', re-mulcum ` a tow-rope ', prō-mulcum ds.; Old Irish
mall (*ml̥-so-) `slow'.
References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.
Page(s): 720

me l-4
Meaning: strong, big
Material: Gr. μάλα `very', μᾶλλον `more' (for *μέλλον = Latin melius eingetreten after
θᾶσσον, θᾶττον : τάχα), μάλιστα ` mostly, in most situations '; Latin melior `better'
(originally `*stronger'); multus `much, a lot of' (*ml̥to-); here multa, older molta `
punishment, penance, atonement', multō, -āre ` to punish ', dialect word, compare Oscan
moltam ` multam ', moltaum ` moltare ', multasikad ` of fines, of a fine ', Umbrian motar ` a
money penalty, fine, amercement, mulct ', mutu ` a money penalty, fine, amercement,
mulct ' (*ml̥tā ` reimbursement, replacement'; compare Germanic *bōtō `penance,
atonement': *bata- `better'); Latvian milns `very much, a lot of'.
References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.
See also: A through -ĝ(h)- extension root form is perhaps melĝh- `to swell', see there.
Page(s): 720
me l-5
Meaning: member; to join
Material: Old Indic márman- n. ` penis, open, unprotected body part ', Armenian marmin
`body, flesh' (from Iran.?), Lithuanian mélmenys ` flesh in the kidneys ', Latvian mēlmeńi `
groin, loins'; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S. 718);
gr. μέλος n. ` member' and `gegliederte way, song, melody ', hence μελίζω ` celebrate in
song, sing the praises of '; bret. mell m., corn. mel, Pl. mellow ànkle', cymr. cym-mal ` a
joint, knuckle, a joining, uniting; a juncture, seam, juncture, commissure ' (proto Celtic
*melso- : μέλος = Lithuanian tamsiá : Old Indic támas n.); Tocharian AB mälk- ` piece
together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together '.

References:
Page(s): 720
me l-6, meḫl
Root / lemma: meḫl me lǝḫ--
Meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)
Material: Old Indic maliná- `dirty, filthy, black', mlā-na- `black, swart ', mála- m. n. `smut,
ordure, sin ';
gr. μέλᾱς, -αινα, -ᾰν `black' (probably for *μέλανος after Fem. μέλαινα = Old Indic
malinī), μίλτος `red chalk', μολύνω `besmirch' (maybe from *μαλύνω), μύλλος ` an edible
sea-fish, red barbel ' (ablaut as Latin mulleus, Lithuanian mulvas), with ō-grade μώλωψ `
weals, marks from blows, bloodshot place';
alb. mel-еnë (collective *mel-inio-) èlm' (from the color of the wood), mel-ézë ds., mjerë
` unlucky ' (*mel-ro- `black'), etc.;
Maybe alb. mëllenjë ` blackbird '.
vorrom. *melix, -ice (French mélèze) `larch';
Latin mulleus `reddish, purple' (*mulnei̯os); compare Old High German mol S. 717;
Gothic mēla Nom. Pl. ` characters, letters or symbols ', mēljan ` write ', Old High
German ana-malī ` stain, scar', Middle High German māl n. ` stain ', Old High German
mālōn, -ēn ` paint, draw, sign ', Old Norwegian mǣla ` paint ' (originally ` paint with black
color ');
Maybe alb. mjellma ` swan, white dappled bird '.
Baltic *mēlna- (*melǝ-no-) in Latvian męlns `black', Old Prussian melne ` blue stain ',
Lithuanian mel̃svas ` bluish' (also Lithuanian meletà, -atà ` green woodpecker; hazel
grouse, grouse, wild chicken ', Old Prussian melato ` green woodpecker '?); Lithuanian
mė́las, mė́lynas `blue', mė́lynė ` bruise, bilberry, huckleberry, whortleberry, blue, azure ',
Latvian mẽl̨š ` dark blue' (*mēli̯as); Old Prussian mīlinan Akk. fem. ` stain '; Lithuanian
mólis, Latvian mâls ` loam, clay ';
with u-colored reduplication-grade: Lithuanian mul̃vas `reddish, yellowish', mul̃v-yti, -inti

`besmear', mul̃vė `slime, mud, swamp, marsh';
russ. malína ` raspberry, blackberry '.
Maybe Latin mālum, i, n., = Greek μῆλον (Doric μᾶλον) = Albanian mollë ` an apple, i. e.
any tree-fruit fleshy on the outside, and having a kernel within (opp. nux); hence, applied
also to quinces, pomegranates, peaches, oranges, lemons, etc. '
Maybe Hittite: mahla-s ` vine'.

Note:
mēlo-, smēlo-
Root / lemma: mēlo- smēlo- : small animal, derived from Root / lemma: mel-
mel-6, melǝ
melǝ- :
dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)
References: WP. II 293 f., WH. II 122 f., Trautmann 177 f., 188.
Page(s): 720-721

me l-7
Meaning: wool
Material: Gr. μαλλός (*ml̥-nó-) ` tuft of wool, flake, flock '; Lithuanian mìlas `kerchief, cloth',
Latvian mil(n)a ` coarse kerchief, cloth', Old Prussian milan ds. (Serbo-Croatian mȁlje,
Gen. mâljā Pl. f. ` fluff, underfur, Milchhaar ' is loanword from ngr. μαλλιά Pl.).
Page(s): 721
me l-8, meḫl
Root / lemma: meḫl me lǝḫ-- : mlō-
mlō-
Meaning: to appear, come up, mountain
Material: Perhaps Old Indic maṇi- ` pearl ', maṇika- m. `round water pot'; gr. μολεῖν `go,
come' (Aor.), present βλώσκω, Perf. μέμβλωκα; ἔβλω ἐφάνη; αὐτό-μολος ` traitor,
renegade ', προ-μολή ` Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses ', μολεύω ` cut the plant scions ';
venet. FlN Mal-ont-īna ` Maltein ' (Carinthia, region in southern Austria), South Illyrian
PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, Würzburger Jahrb. 1, 214);
Maybe truncated Latin (*mal-ont-īna) mōns, -tis ` a mountain', Meru `mount in India'.
alb. mal `mountain' (*mol-no-); Tosc majë `cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit ' (*moli̯ā);
alb. mol `wood, forest' (`mountain forest ') from *mēlo-; Geg moje ` high-situated place '
(*mēl-i̯ā); vorrom. malga ` alpine economy ' (*mal-ikā);
Maybe alb. malësi `highland', Illyrian Molossii Illyrian TN
Old Irish Akk. Pl. mailgea (*mal-ik-), Middle Irish Nom. Sg. mala ` eyelash '; mell `clump,
n. hill, raised area of land, hummock, knoll, mound ' (*mel-no-) = bret. mell `big ball ';
Middle Irish mul `ball, clump' (*molu-), mul-lach ` acme, apex, vertex '; abrit. island name
Μαλαιος, later Malea Insula (Adamnán), neugael. Muile ` duff, layer of organic material
which covers the forest floor ';
Latvian mala f. èdge, bank, border, shore, region'; Lithuanian lýg-mala ` height of the
boundary ';
serb. ìz-molīm, iz-mòlīti ` hervorzeigen ', slov. molíti ` hold out, stretch forth, hang on,
endure; stall, put off ', molė́ti ` tower, rise higher, stand tall, be of great height, jut, project,
protrude, stick out ', etc.;
References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k-U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161
f.
Page(s): 721-722
lō h- (moḫlǝḫdh-, molǝḫdh-)
Root / lemma: meḫlō
me lōḫd
Meaning: elevation; head
Material: Old Indic mūrdhán- m. `head', Avestan ka-mǝrǝδa- ` head of a demon '; gr.
βλωθρός (*mlodh-rós or *molǝdhrós with Indo Germanic- ḹ) `high aufschießend, high
gewachsen', also βλαστός `scion, shoot, stalk ' (*mlǝdh-tos); μέλαθρον ` Stubendecke, roof'
(*melǝdhrom); Old English molda `the top of the head', Old Frisian meldke (*muldi-kō);
Tocharian A malto ` first '.

Page(s): 725
Root / lemma: meḫls
me ls-
ls-
Meaning: to taste
Material: Old Irish mlas, nir. blas, cymr. blas, bret. blaz `taste' (*mlasto-, probably from
*ml̥sto-); russ. molsátь (*mьlsati) `suck, gnaw ', Czech mlsati `lick, nibble ', poln. pomɫoski
` tidbit '.
Page(s): 725
me mbh-
Root / lemma: meḫm
Meaning: to reproach
Material: Gr. μέμφομαι `tadle', μομφή `reprimand, reproach, accusation '; Gothic bi-
mampjan ` deride, mock '; has Old Irish mebul ` shame', nir. meabhal ` betrayal ', cymr.
mefl, corn. meul ds., Celtic -bl- from -mbl-?? For Gothic p compare Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 261, Anm. 1.
Page(s): 725
me ndh-
Root / lemma: meḫn
Meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic mēdhā́ ` wisdom, discernment, reason', Avestan mazdā, mazdāh- n.
`Gedachtnis, remembrance ', mazdāh- m. name of the highest God (*mazdhā from *mn̥dh-
tā);
gr. μανθάνω (secondary present to) μαθήσομαι, μαθεῖν `learn', Doric-Aeolic μάθη, Ionian
μάθος n., Ionic-Attic μάθησις ` learning, lesson '; μενθήρη `forehead; φροντίς'; perhaps
Μοῦσα (*μονθι̯α) ` Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated with inspiration and
creativity for the arts (Greek Mythology)';
Maybe Albanian mësoj : Griko Salentino mattènno : Latvian mācīties : Lithuanian mokytis `
learn'.
alb. mund ` can, win ';
Maybe alb. mundoj ` exhaust '.
Maybe (*mundi) Muji ` Heracles of Albanians ', mundje ` struggle, defeat '
cymr. mynnu `want, desire, will', corn. mennaf Ì will', mynnes, mynnas `want, desire,
will, volition', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. go-fin(n) `long, want, bid, beg, ask,
inquire ', corn. govyn ds.;
Gothic mundōn ` look up ', mundrei ` purpose ', Old Icelandic munda àim, strive', Old
High German muntar ` keen, eager, joyful ', muntarī ` eagerness '; Old High German mendī
`pleasure, joy', menden, Old Saxon mendian ` be glad ';
Lithuanian mañdras, mandrùs àlert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton'; Latvian muôdrs
and muôžs ds. (*mandus), muôstiês `wake up'; Old Bulgarian mǫdrъ `wise'.
Maybe alb. Geg men(d)-të `brains', alb. mend-im `thought', (*mentsur) mençur ` smart ' :
Lithuanian mandrùs àlert, smart'.
Indo Germanic men-dh- through compression from *men-dhē- ` sense, mind ', compare
Old Indic man[*z]-dhātár- `the thinking, the pious ', Avestan mąz-dā- ` commit to memory,
memorize ' (therefrom mązdra- `sensible, smart, wise'). - From gr. προ-μηθής `
precautionary ' (Doric -ā-) to be closed in Indo Germanic *mā-dh- besides*men-dh- (as gʷā-
: gʷem-), seems possible.

Page(s): 730
nd-, moḫnd
Root / lemma: meḫnd
me nd- mo nd- mn̥d-?)
nd- (mn̥
Meaning: to suck (breast), to feed; breast
Material: Alb. ment, mënd ` suckle, suck', mezej ` suckle '; mes, mezi m. ` fullness ', mezat
`young bull, the young of an animal ', mezore `young cow' (*mondi̯o-), mëz ` colt, foal';
Illyrian PN Menda f. `mare', ablaut. PN Mandeta; mandos `small horse', out of it dial.
mannus: (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) Latin mannus ` a small
Gallic horse, coach-horse, cob '; Messapic Juppiter Menzana (*mendi̯o-no-) ` the God to
whom horses were sacrificed '; from Illyrian derives rom. mandius ` fertility, cattle'
(Rumanian minz ` fertility ', manzat `young cow', Modern High German Tirol Manz, Menz `
infertile cow', Rhineland Minzekalb, Basque mando ` a mule ', etc.); Middle Irish menn
(*mendo-), mennán `young animal, calf, fertility ', secondary bennán ` little calf, kid, little
deer ', nir. binnseach, gael. minnseach `young goat, kid', cymr. mynnan `kid', corn. min ` a
young goat, kid ', bret. menn `young animal', menn gavr `young goat, kid'; (common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. PN Epo-manduo-durum, brit. PN Mandu-essedum (Illyrian
loanword?); probably also the Bavarian FlN Mindel; Old High German manzon m. Pl. `teat,
udder'; Illyrian gall. mand- could also contain Indo Germanic ablaut mn̥d-.
References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, Würzburg. Jb.
1, 189, 202.
Page(s): 729
nd ā, -om)
me nd(ā om
Meaning: defect, flaw, *mental disability
Note:
nd ā, -om):
me nd(ā om : defect, flaw, *mental disability, derived from Root / lemma:
men h- : to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom. Probably taboo word.
mend
Material: Old Indic mindā́ ` body defect ' (for *mandā́ after nindā́ `reprimand');
Latin mendum, menda ` a fault, error, blunder ', ē-mendāre ` to free from faults, correct,
improve, amend ', whereof mendīcus ` beggarly, needy, in want, indigent, poor, paltry,
sorry, pitiful, a beggar, mendicant ' and mendāx, -ācis ` given to lying, false, mendacious ';
perhaps Old Irish mennar ` a spot, mark, stain ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero
grade Old Irish mind `mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic mark or property' (*mn̥du n.;
also in the meaning ` a royal headdress, diadem ' = ` a mark, indication, proof, sign, token,
signal ' dass. word), cymr. mann `place', mann geni ` birthmark '.
References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f.

Page(s): 729-730
Root / lemma: meḫn(e) gh-, moḫn(e)

me n(e)ḫgh
n(e) gh- gh-, mn̥gh-
mo n(e)ḫgh
n(e) gh- gh-
gh
Meaning: abundant, excessive
Material: Old Indic maghá- n. `gift, present', maghávan(t)- ` rich in gifts, generous '; m. `
donor, giver ', maṁhatē ` gives, makes a donation ', maṁhiṣṭha- ` im höchsten Maße
freigebig, überaus reichlich ', maṃhánā ` gladly, willingly';
Old Irish menicc òften, rich, frequent', cymr. mynych ` often, frequently ', corn.
menough ds. (*meneggi-, expressive); Gothic manags, Old High German Old Saxon
manag, Old English manig, menig `much, a lot of, many ', Old Icelandic mengi n. `bulk,
mass'; mangr, margr ` many, much, a lot of, friendly '; Old Church Slavic mъnogъ `much, a
lot of' (*monogo-), compare also Lithuanian minià `bulk, mass' (*meni̯ā).

Page(s): 730
Root / lemma: meḫn(

me n(ǝ)
n(ǝ)ḫk
ǝ) k-
Meaning: to knead
Material: Old Indic mácatē, mañcatē ` crushes, betrügt, is minxish, wanton (?)' (Dhātup.;
with probably apposition also from:) Old Indic maṅkú- `weak, fluctuating ';
alb. mekem ` make humid, become unconscious, become frozen ', i mekan `faint,
languid, weak', mekë ` blockhead '(*mn̥k-);
gr. Ionian μάσσω (*mn̥k-i̯ō), Attic μάττω `push, press, knead, stroke, rub ' (paradigmatic
ma ĝ-, see there; in gutturals
combined with Aor. Pass. μαγῆναι, to μαγεύς etc., root maḫĝ
ambiguous μάκτρα ` kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch '), μακαρία βρῶμα ἐκ
ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων Hes.;
Old English mengan, Old Saxon mengian, Middle High German mengen, Modern High
German mengen (actually ` knead randomly '), Old Saxon gi-mang, Old English (ge)-mang
n., Middle High German ge-manc, -ges, Gemenge m. ` mixture, blend ';
Lithuanian mìnkau, -yti `(dough) knead', mìnkštas `soft', ablaut. mánkau, -yti (=
Germanic *mangjan), Latvian mîcît `tread', mîksts `soft';
Old Church Slavic mękъ-kъ `soft', *męknǫti ` become soft ', o-mę-čiti ` soften ', russ.
mjákiš ` the softness of bread ', ablaut. Old Church Slavic mǫka `meal, flour' (Serbo-
Croatian múka, russ. muká ds.), mǫka àgony' (Serbo-Croatian mȕka ds.) etc.;
References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.

See also: compare the similar roots māḫk ma ĝ-.
mā k- and maḫĝ
Page(s): 730-731
Root / lemma: meḫng

me ng-
ng-
Meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (?)
Note: only nominal
Material: Old Indic mañjú-, mañjulá- ` beautiful, mellifluous', maṅgalá- n. `good omen,
luck'; osset. mäng `deceit'; gr. μάγγανον n. ` magical cure, magic potion; philtre, war
machine ' etc. (out of it borrowed Latin manganum ` machine ', alb. mangë ` hemp-bray '
etc., Middle High German mange ` catapult ', Modern High German Mange(l) ` mangle,
machine for smoothing and ironing cloth '), gr*μάγγων (out of it Latin mangō ` a monger,
slavedealer '), μαγγανεύω `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool' etc.;
Middle Irish meng ` deception, artifice', mengach ` treacherous '; from Modern High
German mange derives Old Prussian manga ` whore ', Lithuanian mánga ` naughty
person'; Tocharian A maṅk `blame, fault, error'.
Page(s): 731

me n-1
Meaning: to tower
Material: Avestan framanyente (: Latin prō-minēre) ` they obtain projection ', mati- (*mṇti-) `
protrusion of mountain range';
Latin ē-mineō, -ēre ` to stand out, project, reach upward ', im-minēre ` to project over,
lean towards, hang down over, overhang, overarch ', prō-minēre ` to stand out, jut, be
prominent, overhang, project, extend '; from these compounds are probably -ii- consecutive
words to define: minae ` projecting points, pinnacles ', minor, -ārī ` to jut forth, project ',
mināx ` jutting out, projecting, overhanging '; mōns, -tis ` a mountain, mount, range of
mountains ' (hybridization from *montos and *mṇti-); mentum ` the chin ', with cymr. mant `
jaw, mouth ' as *mṇto- equatable (out of it Middle Irish mant ` the place of an unusual
tooth, gums '); abret. -monid, redirected cymr. mynydd, corn. meneth, bret. menez
`mountain' (*monii̯o-), cymr. gor-fynydd ` ascension, process of ascending ' (formal = Old
Irish formna `shoulder'); s. also under meḫnth
nth-2;
me nth-
Old Icelandic mø̄nir `ridge of the roof' (lengthened grade besides Celtic *mŏnii̯o-), mø̄na
` tower ';
related is probably *moḫno

no - ` nape, neck '.
*mo noḫ-
References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.

Page(s): 726

me n-2
Meaning: to step, tread over, press
Material: Old Indic carma-mnās Nom. Pl. ` skinner, tanner '; Aeolic μάτεισαι ` kicking,
stepping, treading ' (*μάτημι), ματεῖ πατεῖ Hes., Denom. from a mn̥-tós `getreten'; cymr.
mathru `with Füßen treten', bret. mantra ds. (*mn̥tr-), gall.-mantalon (*gestampfter) `way' in
Petro-mantalon ` fourfold road' (= Petru-), Mantalo-magus `Straßenfeld', Phrygian PN
Μανταλος; also Middle Irish men f. `meal, flour, dust, powder'; Lithuanian minù, mìnti
`tread, flax brechen, Felle gerben', Latvian minu, mīt `tread, tan, convert hide into leather';
Old Bulgarian *mьnǫ, męti ` to press together ', russ. mnu, mjatь `break, rupture (flax or
hemp), knead, tread (loam, clay), zerknittern, zerknüllen';
gr. μνίον ` moss, Meergras ' (μνιαρός, μνιόεις ` mossy '), μνόος, μνοῦς (*μνόFος) `soft
fluff, underfur ', μνοῖον μαλακόν Hes., Lithuanian mìniava ` Flachsseide, Filzgras '.
References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.
Page(s): 726

me n-3
Meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity
Note: extended meḫn
me nǝḫ-- : mnāḫ-
mnā - and mnēḫ-
mnē -, menēi-
nēi- : menī-
nī-
Material: Old Indic mányatē ` thinks ', Avestan mainyeite ds., ap. mainyāhay (Indo
Germanic *men-i̯-o-, = gr. μαίνομαι ` bucket, careen, fly, travel at a reckless speed ', Old
Irish -muiniur, Slavic mьnjǫ ` mean, indicate ', see below), Old Indic Perf. ma-mnē, mēnē;
manāy-ati ìs keen, eager', manā-уú- `keen, eager, godly, pious', manī-sā́ ` wisdom,
reason; devotion, prayer' (*menēi- : menī-); Old Indic manutē ` thinks '; mánati ` mentions '
(= Lithuanian menù, poln. -mionę, Czech -menu); Old Indic mānáyati ` honors ', (:
Lithuanian ìš-monis `reason'), Avestan mąnayǝn òne could believe'; Supin. Old Indic
mántum, participle Perf. matá- ` thought ' (= gr. αὐτό-ματος, Latin commentus, Lithuanian
miñtas, Old Irish dermat);
from the ā-basis (= gr. μνᾱ-): Old Indic mnātá- ` mentions '; mnāyátē ` it is mentioned ';
Old Indic mánas-, Avestan manah- n. `sense, mind' (= gr. μένος); Old Indic durmanā́s (=
δυσμενής); ap. Haxā-maniš ᾽Αχαιμένης ` von Freundessinn beseelt '; Old Indic mánman-
`sense, mind, thought, notion' (= Old Irish menme); mantár- `thinker' (= gr. Μέντωρ, Latin
commentor); múni- m. `the eager, seer (compare μάντις), ascetic'; mántra- m. ` religious
formula ', Avestan mąϑrō ds.;
Old Indic su-mná- n. ` goodwill '; Old Indic matí-, máti-, Avestan -maiti- `sense, mind,
thought, notion, opinion' (= Lithuanian mintìs, Old Bulgarian pa-mętь, Gothic ga-munds,
Latin mēns ` the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul '), next to which also Old
Indic manti- `think' (= Gothic ana-minds); mántu- ds.; abhi-māti- f. ` pestering, temptation;
snare ' (*-mn̥t̄ -i-);
Maybe alb. Geg menu, Tosc mendosh ` to think '.
Armenian i-manam ` understand ' (*menā-mi, compare under Old High German manōn);
gr. μέμονα (μέμᾰμεν; μεμᾰώς, with metr. lengthening μεμᾱώς) `gedenke, have lust,
demand ' (preterit-present as Latin meminī ` I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of,
bear in mind ', unredupl. Gothic man), Imper. Perf. μεμάτω (= Latin mementō); αὐτό-ματος
`from sich selber herausdenkend and handelnd'; μαίνομαι `bin verzückt, rase' (= mā́nyatē
etc.), Aor. ἐμηνάμην, ἐμάνην, Perf. μέμηνα; compare μανίᾱ `fury', μάντις ` seer ', μαινάς, -
άδος `die Verzückte', μαινόλης, -ολίς ` frenzied ';
from the basis auf ā-: Perf. μέμνημαι (Doric -ā-) `bin eingedenk', present μιμνῄσκω
(Aeolic μιμναίσκω) èrinnere', Med. èrinnere myself ', Fut. μνήσω; μνάομαι èrinnere
myself ' in hom.μνωόμενος, μνώοντο; μνῆσις f. ` remembrance ', μνήμων èingedenk',
μνῆμα, Doric μνᾶμα Èrinnerungszeichen, grave, monument, tombstone '; μένος n. (= Old
Indic mánas-) ` courage, rage, fury'; μενοινάω `have in sense, mind, have vor', μενοινή
`wish', due to eines Subst. *μενώ(ι) (compare den woman's name n Μενωί, Μενώ and die
derivative Μενοίτης, Μενοίτιος); μῆνις, Doric μᾶνις `grudge' (*μνᾶνις?); compare above S.
693;
Maybe alb. Geg mëni, Tosc mëri ` grudge, revenge ' : Romanian mânie ` anger ';
Maybe alb. ze-mërim, zemërim ànger', ze-mër, zemër `heart' similar to poln. msta (arch.),
zemsta `vengeance, revenge' (common Slavic alb. ze- prefix) see Root / lemma: mei-
mei-t(h)-
t(h)-2
: to exchange.
Also alb. Geg ze-mnuem, Tosc zemëruar : Romanian mânios ` angry ';
alb. mund, mënd ` can, be able to; may ' (*mn̥-dh-);
Latin meminī ` I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of, bear in mind ' (: gr. μέμονα;
compare Oscan memnim ` that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial,
monument, memory, remembrance '); from the basis in -ī (: -ēi) minīscitur ds., comminīscor
` erinnere mich '; mēns, -tis ` the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul ' (from
*mn̥ti-, see above Old Indic matí- etc.)
Maybe alb. Geg Pl. men, Tosc mendja ` mind ' a Latin loanword?
Latin mentiō ` a calling to mind, making mention, mentioning, naming, mention ' (= air air-
mitiu), Denom. mentior, -īrī ` to invent, assert falsely, lie, cheat, deceive, pretend '
(compare Old Prussian mēntimai ` we lie', compare z. meaning still commentum ` an
invention, fabrication, pretence, fiction, falsehood ', to participle commentus ` devised,
invented, feigned, fictitious ', and Lithuanian pra-manýtas ` fabricated, invented,
concocted, incorrect '); Kaus. moneō ` remind; warn ' (= Lithuanian iš-manýti, lengthened
grade Old Indic mānáyati), monitor m. ` one who reminds, a monitor, suggester ',
monumentum ` that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial, monument ',
mōnstrum ` a divine omen, supernatural appearance, wonder, miracle, portent ' (*mone-
strom), mōn-strāre ` to point out, exhibit, make known, indicate, inform, advise, teach,
instruct, tell ', etc.;
Old Irish do-moiniur ` believe, mean, indicate ' (= μαίνομαι, Old Indic mányate, with -mo
mo-
mo
from -ma
ma and many other compounds; Simplex in ro-mēnair ` he has considered ', dia-ru-
ma-)
muinestar ` für die er bestimmt hat ';
with o-grade (compare moneō) abret. guo-monim gl. ` to hold forth, offer, promise '; Old
Irish cuman, cuimne (= mcymr. covein) ` remembrance ', cymr. co-f (*kom-men) ds.; Old
Irish menme (= Old Indic manman-) `ghost, sense, mind'; Old Irish dermat ` oblivion ' (*-
mn̥to-), airmitiu (*are-menti̯ō) `honor', etc.;
Gothic *man, munum (Inf. munan, preterit munda) `mean, believe' (preterit-present as
μέμονα, meminī, μέμνημαι), ga-munan ` sich einer Sache erinnern ', Old Icelandic muna `
commemorate, remember ', munu, mono ìntend, mean, aim, become', Old English mon,
man ` commemorate ', Old Saxon far-munan (preterit -munsta) ` do not think, deny ';
Gothic schw. V. munan (3. Sg munaiÞ, preterit munaida) ` commemorate (to do), μέλλειν'
(munaiÞ from *menēi̯-eti = Old Indic manāy-ati, compare menē- in:) Old High German
firmonēn ` despise ' (and Slavic moněti, Lithuanian minė́ti, as well as gr. μανῆναι);
o-grade Old High German Old Saxon manōn, Old English manian ` urge, remind' (Old
High German manōt 3. Sg. = Lithuanian mãno ùnderstands', compare reduced grade
Armenian i-manam ` understand ' from*menāmi); Gothic muns m. `thought, notion,
opinion', Old Icelandic munr `sense, mind, desire, lust', Old English myne ` remembrance,
desire, love', Old Saxon muni-līk ` mellifluous' (= Old Indic múni-); Gothic ana-minds `
suspicion ' (= Old Indic mantí-), ga-minÞi n. ` keepsake, souvenir, reminder ', Old Icelandic
minne ` remembrance ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High
German Old Saxon minn(e)a `love, courtly love ' (*minÞjā, *mindjā); Gothic ga-munds, Old
English ge-mynd, Old High German gi-munt ` keepsake, souvenir, reminder, memory ' (=
Old Indic matí- etc.);
Lithuanian menù (= West Slavic *-menǫ, Old Indic mánati), miñti ` commemorate ',
reduced-grade miniù, minė́ti ( : Old High German firmonēt etc.) `ds., mention ', Latvian
minêt ds., ablaut. Lithuanian manýti ` understand, comprehend '; lengthened grade ìš-
monis `reason'; Lithuanian mintìs `thought, notion' (= Old Indic matí- etc.); mẽnas m. ` art,
skill, ability '; prà-mintas ` named '; Old Prussian mēntimai ` we lie';
Old Church Slavic mьnjǫ (mьniši), mьněti `mean', ро-mьněti ` commemorate, remember
', pamętь ` memory, recollection '; Tocharian A mnu ` thought, reasoning ', В mañu
`desire';
Hittite me-im-ma-ii (memmāii) ` says ', whether from *memn- or *men-? compare
Benveniste BSL. 33, 140, Pedersen Hittite 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.
References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.
Page(s): 726-728

me n-4
Meaning: small, to diminish
Note: partly with u-, u̯o-, partly with k-formant
Material: u-, u̯o-stem: Armenian manr, Gen. manu `small, thin, fine', manuk `kid, child,
knave, boy, servant'; gr. μάνυ-ζα μονοκέφαλον σκόροδον Hes., μάνυ μικρόν (Hs. πικρόν)
᾽Αθαμᾶνες Hes., μᾱνός, Attic μᾰνός (*μανFός) `thin, lax, sparse ', diss. βανόν (= μανόν)
λεπτόν Hes.;
in addition as ` be isolated ' after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lithuanian) μαναύεται
παρέλκεται Hes.; i.e. ` to draw aside, pervert ' and with Diss. possibly Attic βάναυσος `(*
who keep away apart from others ' =) ` der kleine Mann mit beschränktem Gesichtskreis ';
o-grade Ionian μοῦνος, Doric μῶνος, Attic μόνος (*μόνFος) ` alone, occasionally '; Old Irish
mīn (*mēni-) ` smooth, gentle'; menb `small', old Menueh Gen., cymr. di-fanw ` insignificant
', di-fenwi (*mn̥u-̯ ) ` reduce, vilify, scold'.
With k-formants: Old Indic manā́k ` a little, a bit '; Old High German mengen (*mangjan)
and mangolōn `miss', Modern High German mangeln, Middle High German manc (-g-)
`lack, disability '; Lithuanian meñkas `small, insignificant ', ménkė ` codfish, cod-like
predatory fish ', etc.;
Tocharian В menki ` small '; Hittite ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an

an-te-eš Nom. Pl. `short'.
an-te-

Page(s): 728-729

me n-5
Meaning: to stay, stand still
Note: (= meḫn
me n- `think'?)
Material: Old Indic man- (parimamandhi, ámaman) `hesitate, stand idle ', Avestan ap. man-
` abide, remain, wait, hold on', Avestan fra-man- ` persist, stand firm '; Armenian mnam `
stay, expect ' (*mēnā-); gr. μένω, μίμνω (μεμένηκα) ` stay ', μονή f. ` staying ', μόνιμος `
persisting ', μέμνων ` donkey ' (`persistent '); Latin maneō, -ēre (compare μεμένη-κα) ` to
stay, remain, abide, tarry ' (*menei̯ō), Denomin. mantāre ` to stay, remain, wait '; Old Irish
ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr. anmynedd ` patience ' (*an-meni̯ā);
Tocharian А В mäsk- ` be, exist '; Hittite mi-im-ma-ii `refuse'.
References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hittite 121.

Page(s): 729 σάγμα
nth-1, meḫth
Root / lemma: meḫnth
me nth- me th-
th-
Meaning: to mix up, stir
Material: Old Indic mánthati, mathnā́ti ` swirls, mixes, stirs, shakes ', mántha- m. ` gyration,
mixing spoon ', Avestan mant- ` bestir ';
gr. μόθος m. ` Schlachtgetümmel ', μόθουρα (*μοθορFα) f. ` haft of Ruders', Doric

μόθων m. ` Metökenkind '; Attic `Frechling', lak. μόθαξ ds.;
Latin (Oscan) mamphur, better manfur ` ein Stück der Drehbank ';
Old Icelandic mǫndull m. ` Drehholz an der Handmühle ', Modern High German Mandel,
Mandelholz ` Rollholz, walzenförmiges Holz ';
Lithuanian mentùris, -ùrė (Latvian mieturis) `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves,
flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle, mashing stick, twirling stick ', menčiù, mę̃sti `stir
(meal, flour)', Lithuanian mentė̃ ` spatula ', meñtė f. ` shoulder-blade, shoulder, chuck,
blade, palm, vane, fan, paddle, turner, trowel, float, shovel '; Old Bulgarian mętǫ,
męsti ` ταράττειν, to make an uproar, move confusedly, be in disorder ', Iter. mǫtiti,
*sъ-metana (russ. smetána etc.) `cream, milk cream, milk skimmings ', dissimil. from
*sъ-mętana;
Old Bulgarian motati sę ` to set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ',
russ. motátь ` wind up, roll up, shake; waste ', etc.
References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.
Page(s): 732
Root / lemma: meḫnth

me nth-
nth-2
Meaning: to chew, mouth
Material: Old Indic math- ` devour ':
gr. μάθυιαι γνάθοι Hes. (compare ματτύνη maked. `meat dish '), μασάομαι ` chew, bite'
(from *μαθια-, Indo Germanic *mn̥th-i̯ā), μαστάζω ` chew ', μάσταξ f. `mouth' and `
mouthful ', μαστιχάω `knirsche with den Zähnen', μοσσύνειν μασᾶσθαι βραδέως Hes.
(probably with ο from α before υ, from *μασ(σ)ύνειν ` assumed from Attic Μασυντίας,
παραμασύντης m. ` a female parasite ');
e-grade μέστακα την μεμασημένηντροφήν Hes. (*menth-to-);
Latin mandō, -ere, -i, mansum ` to chew, masticate ' (*menthō);
nir. méadal `belly, intestines ' (*menth-lā or *mn̥th-lā);
Old High German mindil, gamindel n. ` set of teeth in the bridle ', Old English mīðl ds.,
Old Icelandic mēl (*minÞl), Old Swedish mīl ds.; Old Icelandic minna-sk `kiss'; (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Gothic munÞs, Old Icelandic
muðr, munne, Old English mūð, Old High German mund `mouth'; or to cymr. mant, see
above meḫn
me n-1.
References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253 f.
Page(s): 732-733
Root / lemma: meḫre

me reḫgh
re gh-
gh-
Meaning: to soak, drizzle
Material: Gr. βρέχω ` wet, rain, flood ', βροχή, βροχετός `rain'; Latvian merguôt `gentle
rain', męr̂ga, mārgā ` soft rain'; Czech mrholiti `drizzle', mrhu̇lka `fine rain', russ. morgatь `
become cloudy ' (*mъrgatь), moroch, morozgá `fine rain' (*morgh-s-), morositь ` fine rain'.
Page(s): 738
re ĝ-
Root / lemma: meḫre
me reḫĝ
Meaning: edge, border
Material: Npers. marz ` portion of land, region '; Latin margō, -inis ` an edge, brink, border,
margin ' (*merĝ-ōn-, -en-); Old Irish mruig, Middle Irish bruig (*mrogi-) ` portion of land,
region ', cymr. corn. bret. bro ` district, region, area ', brogae Galli agrum dicunt (Schol. to
Juvenal VIII 234), gall. PN Brogi-māros, VN Allobroges (= urnord. alja-markiR ` foreigner ')
; Gothic marka f. `limit, boundary', Old High German marc(h)a `limit, boundary, border land
', Old English mearcds., Old Icelandic mǫrk f. ` border land, wood, forest' (*morĝā), Old
Icelandic landa-mark n., Old English gemearc n. `limit, boundary, border line, abuttal,
border' (*morĝom), probably also Old Norse mark n. ` token, sign, mark ', Middle High
German marc(h) n. ` brand, mark, sign ', Modern High German merken (also mark as
currency, actually probably ` Merkstrich am Gewicht ').
References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.
Page(s): 738
me rǝḫdh-, mrāḫd
Root / lemma: meḫr mrā h-
Meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake
Material: Gr. βράσσω, Attic βράττω (*μρᾱθ-ι̯ω), Aor. ἔβρᾰσα, Ionian ἐκ-βρήσσω `simmer,
seethe, roar, flare up; foam, bubble, effervesce, winnow ', βρασμός ` the boiling '; Latvian
mùrdêt ` to bubble up ', murdi ` mineral water ', Lithuanian mùrdau, -yti ` hineinstoßend
versenken '.
Page(s): 738
me rĝ-
rĝ-1
Root / lemma: meḫrĝ
Meaning: to strip off, to wipe
Note: (partly also East Indo Germanic merg-)
merg
Material: Old Indic mr̥-ṇa-j-āni (1. Sg. Konj.), mr̥ṇj̃ ata (3. Pl.) `whisk, strip, wipe ' (compare
ὀμόργνυμι); s. also under melĝ-; Armenian meržem ` banish, expel '; gr. ἀμέργω ` strip,
wipe (leaves, fruit)', ἀμοργός ` ausdrückend ', ἀμόργη ` the waste in pressing olives, dregs
of oil ' (out of it Latin amurca ` the waste in pressing olives, dregs of oil '); ὀμόργνῡμι `
wipe, clean; rub; clear, wash; squeeze ' (-ορ- probably from -er
er under influence of
er-
consecutive υ); Latin mergae, -ārum ` a two-pronged pitchfork ', merges, -itis f. ` fascicle,
sheaf '.
Page(s): 738
me rĝ-
rĝ-2
Root / lemma: meḫrĝ
See also: see below merk-
merk-1.
Page(s): 738
me ri̯o-
Root / lemma: meḫri̯
Meaning: young man, woman
Material: 1. Old Indic márya- m. `man, young man, lover, suitor ', maryaká- m. ` young man
' (= Middle Persian mērak), gr. μεῖραξ m. f. `knave, boy, girl', μειράκιον `knave, boy' (the
vowel of the 2. syllable probably after πάλλαξ); alb. shemërë f. `concubine, mistress,
female rival' (*sm̥-merī), compare mërkosh ` young man, husband, couvade ',
perhaps also martoj Ì wed ' (*mër-ëtonj), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.; (Latin loaword)
Latin maritare > Italian maritare : French marier : Albanian martoj : Bresciano maridà :
Romagnolo maridè : Romanian a mărita ` marry ' ;
Albanian martesa : Bresciano maridòs : Caló romandiño ; romandinipén ` wedding ';
a fem. *merī̆ `young woman' can be in Latin marī-tus ` of marriage, matrimonial,

conjugal, nuptial, marriage '.
2. With g-formant: Lithuanian mergà, Old Prussian mergo `girl, maidservant, bondmaid ';
presumably also with brit. -ch- from -kk- (consonant- doubling in nickname of affection):
cymr. merch, bret. merc'h, corn. myrgh `daughter, woman'; with -gn- behind formant i:
Celtic *morignā, acorn. moroin ` a maid, maiden, virgin, a female child, girl, maiden, lass, a
maid-servant, handmaid ', cymr. mor-forwyn ` mermaid, siren ' (from Brit. derives Old Irish
muir- moru ds.).
3. Auf -tī̆: Lithuanian martì `bride, virgin, maiden ', Old Prussian mārtin Akk. Sg. `bride',
Latvian mā̀rša ` brother's wife ', Crimean Gothic marzus ` a marriage, wedding, nuptials '
(i.e. marÞus? or from *marÞjōs sibilant), gr. probably (?) in Βριτόμαρτις, the Cretan name
of Artemis.
References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.

Page(s): 738-739
Root / lemma: meḫrk

me rk- me rĝ-
rĝ-, meḫr
rk-1, meḫrĝ me rǝĝ-
ǝk-, meḫr
me rǝk-
Meaning: to rot
Note: originally = (me
me r-), meḫrk
meḫr rk- ` chafe ' (see 737).
me rk-
Material: Latin marceō, -ēre ` to be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', marcidus `
withered, wilted ', marcor ` a withering, decay, rottenness, faintness, languor, indolence ';
gall. bracis ` variety of grain for the malt preparation '; Middle Irish mraich, braich, cymr.
corn. brag ` malt ', gallorom. *bracu- (*mraku-) `morass' (: Slavic *morky ds.), cymr. brag-
wellt ` marshy grass '; gall. mercasius `swamp, marsh', Old French marchais; gall.
embrekton ` soaked morsel ' (out of it Latin imbractum); Middle Irish brēn, cymr. braen
(*mrakno-) ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faul'; Middle High German mer(e)n,
Middle Low German meren ``bread dunk into wine or water ' (*merhen), Lithuanian merkiù,
mer̃kti `soak, sodden, steep, drizzle, wink ', ablaut. mirkstù, mir̃kti ` soak, sodden ', markýti
` steep ', markà ` Flachsröste ', Latvian marks ds., mę̄̀rka ` dampness ', mḕrcêt ` dip,
immerse in a liquid '; klr. morokvá `morass' (reshuffling from *morky), wruss. mjaréča ds.
(*merki̯ā).
me rĝ-
rĝ- in same meaning (compare S. 736 meḫr
meḫrĝ rg ` chafe '):
me r-, meḫrg
me rg-
Alb. mardhem ` shiver, shudder ', marth m. ` strong frost' (= Slavic *morzъ); Old Irish
meirc (nir. meirg) ` rust ', mergach ` corrugated ' (*mergi-); nir. meirgeall ` scabrousness ',
cymr. merydd `humid, wet, idle'; merddwfr ` ckish water, briny water, salted water ', abret.
mergidhaam ` grow blunt, dull, dim, faint ' (bret. mergl ` rot, rust ' is Irish loanword); Middle
High German murc ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ',
nisl. morkinn ` rotten, brittle from decay ', Old Icelandic morkna ` become rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle '; Bulgarian mrъzel ` idleness ', Old Church Slavic mrъzitь (*miržīti) `
βδελύττεσθαι ', slov. mrziti ` disgust ' (basis *merǝĝ-);
Maybe alb. mërzit ` bother ' a Slavic loanword.
compare Old High German bruoh ` quagmire, swamp, marsh', Middle Low German brōk,
Dutch broek; with it is as ` cold as a result of moisture ' or as ` goose bumps ' (compare
Old Irish meirc `wrinkle') identical Old Church Slavic po-mrъznǫti ` freeze ', mrazъ, russ.
moróz (likewise intonation the heavy basis) `frost'.
References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.
Page(s): 739-740
rk-2, moḫrk
Root / lemma: meḫrk
me rk- mo rk-
rk-
Meaning: sullen
Material: Corn. moreth ` anger, irritation, distress ', bret. morc'het ` worry, mishap,
misfortune '; poln. markotь ` growl, growl', markotny ` querulous, sullen ' (out of it
Lithuanian markatnus `sullen' and wruss. markocić ` make sullen ', markotný ` boring ').
See also: relationship to (mer
mer-), merk- ` chafe, consume' (see 737) probably.
mer merk-
Page(s): 740
me rk̂-
Root / lemma: meḫrk̂
Meaning: to grab
Material: Old Indic mr̥śáti ` touches, fingers ', gr. βρακεῖν συνιέναι, δυσβράκανος ` heavy to
behandeln' Hes., βράκετον πλῆθος, βράττειν πληθύνειν βαρύνειν Hes.:
Maybe alb. (*perk) prek ` touch, finger '.
besides through assimilation from *marktō: gr. μάρπτω, μάρψαι ` gripe ', μάρπτις `
robber '; through metathesis: βράψαι ` gripe ', βράπτειν ἐσθίειν , Hes.;
doubtful is affiliation to Latin merx ` goods, merchandise, ware ', mercēs, -ēdis ` price,
hire, pay wages, salary, fee, reward ', mercārī ` trade ', Oscan amiricadut ` massive trade ',
amirikum ` trade, traffic, commerce '.

Page(s): 739
Page(s):
Root / lemma: meḫr

me r-1
Meaning: to plait, bind; rope
Note: extended meḫregh
regh-, meḫr
me regh- me rǝgh-
ǝgh-
Material: Gr. μέρμῑς, -ῑθος f. ` filament '; lengthened grade μηρύομαι `wickle together,
wickle auf', μήρινθος ` filament, cord' (σμήρινθος Plato with secondary σ-), is assumed,
μᾱρύεται Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus; Old Swedish merÞi, Old Icelandic merð `fish-creel,
basket for holding fish after they have been caught '.
regh-, meḫr
meḫregh
me regh- ǝgh-: gr. βρόχος (*μρόχος) m. `rope, loop, noose, snare, stitch ', Demin.
me rǝgh-
βροχίς f., μόροττον `basket of bark' (from *μόραττον?); Middle Irish braige, braga `captive';
Latvian mer̂ga, ablaut. marga `handrail', perhaps Lithuanian márška ` linen, fishing net',
whether from *morǝgh-ska; Old Church Slavic mrěža `net, loop, noose, snare ', russ.
merëža ` net bag ', Demin. merëžka ` stitch in the net, fine pattern ' (out of it backformation
merëga ` texture, netting, embroidery '), serb. mrȅža `net'.

Page(s): 733
Root / lemma: meḫr

me r-2
Meaning: to shimmer, shine
Material: Old Indic márīci-, marīcī `beam of light, mirage ' (marī-: gr. μαῖρα, μαρί̄λη);
gr. μαρμαίρω, μαρμαρίζω `shimmer', μαρί:-λη ` Glutkohle ', Μαῖρα `the funkelnde
Hundsstern'; ἀμαρύσσω ` sparkle ', ἀμαρυγή ` radiance, sparkle ' (-υ- through metrical
lengthening, compare:) μαρμαρῠγή ` radiance, quick movement ', μαρμαρύσσω (*-ki̯ō) `
sparkle ', probably from a basis meru-; perhaps μορφή f. `shape, (*glimmering) outward
appearance ' (*moḫr-bhā), ἀ-μερφές αἰσχρόν Hes., μορφνός ` swart ' (rhyme word to
ὀρφνός ds.);
Latin merus ` pure, unmixed, unadulterated ', probably originally `clear, bright, bright';
Old English ā-merian ` purify; examine, try, test ', Old English mare f., ablaut. Old
Icelandic mura f. ` Silberkraut ';
russ. dial. marъ ` blazing heat (of the sun); sleep', márevo ` the heat from which the air
is cloudily white; Höhenrauch, mirage ' (*mōreu̯om) ; with *mьr- klr. mryj ` misty, dusky,
dank, musty ', mríju, mríty `shimmer, dawn, become misty ';
doubtful Middle Irish brī ` trout ' as previous Fem. *mrī to Latin merus ` pure, unmixed,
unadulterated ', as well as gr. (σ)μαρίς à certain small fish'.
meḫr(ǝ) k- ` shimmer, the eyes shimmer; darken ', also of `twilight'.

me r(ǝ)
r(ǝ)ḫk
Old Irish mrecht- ` spotted ' (*mr̥kto- `varicolored'), nir. breachtach ds., ncymr. brith, f.
braith ds., corn. bruit ` variegated, party-colored, mottled ', bret. briz ` marked, stained ',
cymr. brithyll ` trout ', corn. breithil ` mugil ', bret. brezel ` mackerel, edible North Atlantic
fish ' (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) isl. murta `small trout ',
Norwegian mort ` roach, cockroach ';
Gothic maúrgins ` morning ', Old Icelandic myrginn, morg-inn, -unn, Old English
mergen, morgen, Old Saxon Old High German morgan ` morning '.
Lithuanian mérk-iu, -ti ` close the eyes, blink ', mìrks-iu, -ė́ti ` perpetually blink ', ablaut.
ùž-marka ` one who blinks ', markstaũ, -ýti `blink';
Slavic *mьrknoti in Old Church Slavic mrъknoti ` darken ', Aor. po-mrъče, serb. mȑknuti `
become dark ', Old Church Slavic nemrьčemyjь ` impenetrable ', Old Czech mrkati ` dawn
', Czech `blink, drowse, become dim '; in addition Slavic *mьrkъ in serb. mȑk `black',
slovak. mrk `cloud', klr. smerk `dusk, twilight', ablaut. Slavic *morkъ in Old Church Slavic
mrakъ ` darkness', russ. mórok ` darkness, fog, clouds'; russ. mérek ` imaginary
perceptions, apparition; wicked ghost', Bulgarian mrězgav ` cloudy, unfriendly (of
weather)', mrъ́ždъ, mrъ́štъ ` become murky, dim', mrъždolě́jъ ` twinkle, glimmer ' (voiced
root final sound through distant assimilation), Czech dial. mřižděti se ` dawn ';
meḫr(ǝ) gʷ-:
me r(ǝ)
r(ǝ)ḫg
Gr. ἀμορβός `dark' (Aeolic ορ for αρ); alb. mje(r)gulë, mjegull ` fog, darkness ' Note:
Note: alb. mje(r)gulë ` fog, darkness ' : Saami mierká ` fog '.
Old Icelandic myrkr (*mirkwa-), acc. myrkvan `dark', mjǫrkvi, myrkvi m. ` darkness ', Old
Saxon mirki, Old English mierce `dark';
Lithuanian mìrgu, -ė́ti `flicker', Latvian mir̂dzêt `flicker, blink, glitter, flash', mir̃gas `
sudden blinking ', Lithuanian márgas `varicolored', mar̃guoti ` gleam brightly ', Latvian
marga ` shimmer ', mùrgi ` imaginary image, aurora borealis, northern lights, display of
colored lights in the sky '; russ. morgatь `blink, wave, beckon';
perhaps here the family of Old Indic mr̥gá- ` gazelle ' etc. as ` dappled animal' (whereof
mr̥gáyati `hunts, scuds, chases')?
References: WP. II 273 ff., WH. II 78, Trautmann 182 f.

Page(s): 734
Root / lemma: (mer

mer-3), mor-
mer- mor-(u)-
(u)-
Meaning: to blacken, dark spot
Material: Gr. μόρυχος `σκοτεινός', μεμορυχμένος ` (rauch)geschwärzt '; Lithuanian moraĩ
Pl. ` mildew '; russ. maráju, -tь `smear, slander', marúška ` stain, taint ', Czech morous `
ash-colored striped cow ', moratý ` black striped ', poln. morus ` sloven, untidy or dirty
person '; n-stem in poln. morąg `with colourful stripes ' ; here also gr. μόρνον εἶδος ἀετοῦ
καὶ ξανθός Hes. (` schmutziggelb '). μορτός μέλας φαιός Hes., perhaps also with s-
extension Armenian mṙayl ` darkness, fog, cloud; dim, dark' (*muṙayl due to from *mor-so-
), maṙaxul `thick vapor, darkness' (mr̥so-) and Lithuanian mùršinu `besmirch', mùr(k)šlinu `
bathe, wallow '.
References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.
Page(s): 734
mer-4, merǝ
Root / lemma: mer- merǝ-
Meaning: to die
Note: (= mer-
mer-5 ` become faded ')
Material: Old Indic marati, máratē `dies', Armenian meṙanim `die', gr. ἔμορτεν ` died ' Hes.
(compare Lithuanian mèris m., mìre f. `death', mérdėti `be dying'); causative Old Indic
māráyati ` slays ', osset. māryn `slay', Lithuanian marìnti, serb. mòriti ds., etc.; zero grade
Old Indic mriyátē `dies', Avestan miryeite (= mǝiryeitе) ds., Old pers. a-mariyatā `he died ',
Latin morior (*mr̥-i̯ōr) Ì die, expire '; Balto-Slavic *mirē- in Lithuanian mìrštu, mir̃ti `die',
Latvian mir̃stu, mir̃t ds. (in addition Lithuanian mìrė `the dead ', Latvian mirējs m. ` dying,
death '); Old Church Slavic mьrǫ, mrěti and -mьrěti ds., Hittite me-ir-ta (mert) ` died '.
tó- ` dead ' in Old Indic mr̥tá- = Avestan mǝrǝta- ` dead ', Armenian mard
participle mr̥-tó-
`person' (`mortal, human being'), Latin Morta, `Death goddess', Balto-Slavic *mirta- ` dead
' in Lithuanian mirtóji dienà ` anniversary of somebody's death ', Old Church Slavic u-
to- ìmmortal, living ' in Old Indic amr̥t́ a-, Avestan amǝšа-, gr.
mrъtije n. `death', etc.; n̥-mr̥-to-
ἄμβροτος (Aeolic ρο for ρα), therefrom ἀμβρόσιος ` belonging to the immortal '; from
ἄμβροτος abstracted βροτός ` perishable ' and βρότος ` blood that has run from a wound,
gore, coagulated blood ' (M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 126 ff.).
tó-m `death' in Old Indic mr̥tá- n. `death', Old High German mord, Old English Old
mr̥-tó-
Icelandic morð n. `murder' (besides *mr̥-tro-m in Gothic maurÞr n., Old English morðor n.
`murder').
ti- `death' in Old Indic mr̥ti-, Avestan mǝrǝti-, Latin mors, -tis, Lithuanian mirtìs, Old
mr̥-ti-
Church Slavic sъ-mrъtь (from *-mrьtь), serb. smȑt, etc.
Maybe alb. mort `funeral', mortje `death' a Latin loanword.
mr̥-tú `death' in Armenian mah, older marh; with -ti- contaminated: Old Indic mr̥tyú-,
Avestan mǝrǝϑyu- ds.
mór to- ` perishable ' in Old Indic márta-, Avestan maša- `person', with sound change
mór-to-
marǝta- ` perishable, mortal, human being', gr. μορτός `person, mortal, human being' Hes.
(for *μόρτος); derived *mor-ti̯o- in Old Indic martya-, Avestan mašya-, Old pers. martiya- `
perishable, mortal, human being'.
mr̥-u̯ó- ` dead ' in Old Irish marb, cymr. etc. marw, gall. *marvos (M.-L. 5387a); unclear
gall. (?) Mori-marusa ` mortuum mare '; through influence of mr̥-tu- to *mr̥-tu̯-o- in Latin
mortuus ` dead ', Old Church Slavic mrьtvъ (mrъtvъ) ds.
ro-s `death' in Old Indic mā̆ra- `death', Lithuanian mãras ` plague ', Old Church Slavic
móro
móro-
morъ ds.
After Thieme Studien 55 here (?) gr. μάρτυς (*-ρς), -ρος, hom. μάρτυρος ` witness,
testifier ' (` Schwörender ') from *mr̥t-tur- (??) `the griping death ' (root tu̯er-
er- `catch').
er
References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.
Page(s): 735
mer-5, merǝ
Root / lemma: mer- merǝ-
Meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob
Note:
mer-5, merǝ
Root / lemma: mer- merǝ- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, derived from extended Root /
mā -1 : to beckon with the hand; to deceive + with formants -rā-
lemma: māḫ- rā-:
Material: Old Indic mr̥ṇāti, mr̥ṇati ` robs ', ā-marī-tár- ` robber ', ámr̥ṇat ` robbed ', malí-mlu-
` robber'; but mr̥ṇā́ti ` crushes, smashes ', mūrṇá- ` crushed, damaged, faded ' belong
mel also marú- m. `sand, desert, waste, wasteland, rock';
rather to mel-1;
gr. μαραίνω ` rub, wipe, consume, weaken', Pass. ` verzehre myself, verschwinde
allmählich, ermatte ', μαρασμός ` Hinschwinden, Kräfteverfall '; μάρναμαι ` fight ';
μάρμαρος ` stone, boulder ' (compare Latin rūpēs : rumpō), later (after μαρμαίρω) `white
stone, marble ' (out of it Latin marmor);
Latin mortārium `mortar' (due to from *mr̥-tós ` pulverized, ground into fine particles;
crushed '); about morētum ` a rustic dish made of garlic, rue, vinegar, oil ' s. WH. II 112;
morbus ` a sickness, disease, disorder, distemper, ailment, illness, malady ' (*mor-bhos);
Old Irish meirb ` inanimate, lifeless ', Middle Irish meirb, cymr. merw `slack, weak' (mer-
u̯i-); Middle Irish meirle f. ` robbery, theft ', meirlech ` robber '; Old Irish mrath ` betrayal ',
cymr. brad ds. (*mrǝ-to-) to Old Irish*marnaid ` betrays ', subjunctive -mera;
Old Icelandic merja (preterit marða) `hit, grind '; Old High German maro, marawi and
mur(u)wi ` friable, tender, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Old English mearo ` friable,
tender', Old Icelandic morna ` wither ', Norwegian moren, maren ` rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle '; nisl. mor n. `dust, powder', Old Swedish morÞ ` crumbly mass, offal';
serb. mȑva ` crumbs '; Old Bulgarian iz-mrъmьrati `roden', Old Russian -moromradi `
gnaw, crumble ';
Hittite marriattari ` it is shattered '.
morā f. ` goblin ': Old Irish mor-(r)īgain `lamia, mythological monster having a woman's
head and torso and a snake's body (Classical Mythology) ', actually ` evil queen '
(mōrrīgain supported in mōr `big, large'), Old Icelandic mara, Old High German mara, Old
English mare (Modern High German Mahr, Nachtmahr m.) ` the supernatural female being
which sits down on one's breast at night ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic mora ` witch ', klr.
mora ` goblin, ghost' etc.
Maybe alb. (kë-mer) kmer, (të-merr) tmerr, mner, mer ` horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish
koszmar ` horror ' < russ.-Church Slavic mara ` emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara `
deception ', etc.; See Root / lemma: māḫ-
mā -1 : to beckon with the hand; to deceive + with
formants -rā-
rā-:
mer-
mer-g-:
Middle Low German morken `crush', Old English murc(n)ian ` grieve ', murc `
oppressive, gnawing (of hunger) '; s. further under (merk-), merg- ` rotten, decayed ' etc.,
mer-
mer-d-:
Old Indic mr̥dnāti (mr̥dnīta-, mr̥ditá-), márdati, mardáyati ` grinds, crushes, rubs ',
Avestan 3. Sg. mōrǝndat̃ (= mr̥nd-) ` destroys ' (these Aryan words also are carried in Indo
Germanic meld-, mel Old Indic mr̥dnā́ti perhaps instead of *mr̥ṇátti (*mr̥-n-ed-ti)
meld s. mel-1;
through influence of mr̥ṇā́ti (see above S. 735);
Armenian mart `fight, struggle';
gr. βαρδῆν τὸ βιάζεσθαι γυναῖκας ᾽Αμπρακιῶται Hes. (*mr̥d-); ἀμέρδω `rob' and ` blind,
darken', μέρδει κωλύει βλάπτει Hes.; to Aor. ἀμέρσαι neologism ἀμείρω;
East Frisian murt ` crumbly mass, dust, powder', Low German murten ` decompose ',
Middle High German murz `stump', Swiss murz, morz `small shred';
Latvian mẽrdêt ` let starve ' (latter meaning closer to Lithuanian mérdėti, present
mérdmi, mérdžiu `die', that based on do- or dho-present to *mer- `die', as also mer-d
mer d- `rub'
would go back to do-present; is placed Latvian mẽrdêt likewise to mer-
mer `die'?);
Latin mordeō, -ēre, momordī ` to bite, bite into ' (= Old Indic mardáyati, mamr̥dḗ), also
from feelings and sensations of taste;
compare the s-forms:
gr. σμερδνός, σμερδαλέος `terrible, dreadful' (`*attritional '), Old High German smerzan
àche', smerzo `pain', Middle Low German smerten, Low German Dutch smarten, Old
English smeortan àche', engl. smart `biting, sharp, witty ' and ` nice, dainty'; compare also
smerd- `stink'.
smerd-
mer-k-:
mer-
Old Indic marcáyati ` endangers, injures, hurts, disables, damages ', mr̥ktá- ìnjures,
hurts, disables', marká- m. ` dying, death' = Avestan mahrka- `death', conservative stem
Old Indic Instr. Sg. mrc-ā́, Avestan mǝrǝxš `ruin, destruction ', Avestan mǝrǝnčaiti ìnjures,
hurts, disables, destructs '; Armenian morč̣ ` young, tender' (*morki̯o-);
perhaps alb. morr `louse' (*mōrko- ` the scratching '? compare φθείρ ds.: φθείρω);
Maybe alb. (*bdōr ) morri `louse' : gr. φθείρ ds.: φθείρω : modern Greek ψείρα : Basque
(*θείρω) zorri ` louse '.
Note:
It seems that from Root / lemma: gʷhðer-

ʷhðer- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-
mer-5,
merǝ- : to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common Illyrian gʷh- > b.
merǝ
Latin murcus `mutilated' (out of it sizil. μύρκος ` dumb ') and murcidus ìdle, slack'; Middle
High German morgen `slack'.
With anl. s- Lithuanian smer̃kti ` condemn, censure, blame, reprobate, reprehend,

declaim, deplore, sit in judgement ', smarkùs `cruel, savage', pa-smer̃kti `spoil', Modern
High German dial. schmorgen ` starve, suffer '.
Here (as ` chaff ') Old English mearg ` sausage ' = Old Icelandic mǫrr `ds., intestinal fat '
(*marhu-), redupl. gr. μίμαρκυς ` blood sausage '; Hittite mar-kán-zi ` cut up '.
see also merk-2

merk `sullen' and 1. merk-
merk ` rotten, blight etc.'.
mer-s-:
mer-
Old Indic maṣam, maṣī̆m kar- ` pulverize ', maṣi-, maṣī ` powder ';
Old High German morsāri `mortar' (reshaped from Latin mortārium, s. S. 736), Middle
High German zermürsen `crush, squeeze hard, squash ', md. zermorschen ds., Swiss
morsen, mürsen ` crunch, shove ', Middle High German Low German mursch, murs,
Modern High German morsch, Dutch morzelen ` grind '.
References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;

See also: identical with mer-4.
Page(s): 735-737
Page(s):
mer-6, mer-
Root / lemma: mer- mer-s-
Meaning: to bother, anger, etc..
Material: Old Indic mŕ̥ṣyate ` forgets, neglects, forgives ', marṣa- m. ` patience ', mŕ̥ṣā
`free, wrong ', Kaus. marṣayati ` suffers, forgives '; Armenian moṙanam `forget' (Meillet,
Esquisse2 40); Gothic marzjan ànger', Old English mierran, Old Saxon merrian, Old
Frisian meria, Old High German marren, merren `hinder, disturb, bother'; Old English ā-
mierran `spoil', Old Frisian mēre `band, strap, manacle'; Lithuanian mar̃šas ` oblivion ', in
addition maršùs ` forgetful ', Latvian àiz-màrša f. `forgetfulness'; Lithuanian mirštù, mir̃šti
(only with už-, pa-) and Latvian àiz-mìrstu, àiz-mìrst `forgotten', Lithuanian Kaus. maršìnti `
make forget '.
Page(s): 737-738
Root / lemma: met-

met-
See also: see above S. 703 f. under mē-2
mē and mē-3.
mē
Page(s): 741
Root / lemma: meug-

meug-1
Meaning: to take by surprise, wily
Material: Latin muger ` der Falschspieler beim Würfelspiel ' (*mug-ro-s ` lurking ');
Old High German mūhhari, mūhh(e)o ` highwayman, mugger, footpad, thief ', muhhōn `
lurk secretly, attack ', Middle High German vermūchen ` heimlich auf die Seite schaffen ',
late-Old High German mūhhilāri (to *mūchilōn), Modern High German Meuchler, Middle
High German miuchel ` secret ', Old High German mūh-heimo ` cricket, leaping insect
which is related to the grasshopper ', ablaut. Middle High German mocken ` lie hidden,
concealed ', Middle English micher `thief', engl. dial. to mich `hidden, concealed sein,
steal'.
Maybe alb. mih ` dig, hoe '.
References: WP. II 255, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem.

Page(s): 743-744
meug-2, meuk-
Root / lemma: meug- meuk-
Meaning: to slide, slip
Note: also with anlaut. s-
Material: A. Latin mūcus `mucus', mūcor ` mildew ', ē-mungō, -ere ` to wipe the nose, blow
the nose, to cheat, swindle '; mūgil m. ` mullet ';
Maybe alb. myku ` fungus ' a Latin loanword.
gr. ἀπο-μύσσω ` blowing one's nose, clear one's nasal passages by forcible exhalation;
cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', ἀπό-μυξις ` the blowing one's nose '
(: Latin ē-munctiō), μυκτήρ `nose, nostril '.
Maybe Greek (s)μυκτήρ `nose, nostril ' > Basque (*smuktor) sudur ` nose' : Albanian
(*smukta) hundë, hunda ` nose', hundor ` nasal'.
gr. μύξα `mucus, nose' (based on *μυκ-σ-ός `slimy', as also:) μύξος, μυξῖνος, μύξων `
mullet ' (also σμύξων with anl. s-, as by Hes. also σμύσσεται, σμυκτήρ), μύσκος μίασμα
Hes. (*μυκ-σ-κος), ἀμυσχρός, ἀμυχνός ` unsoiled; untainted, pure, holy'; μύκης, -ητος `
fungus ';
cymr. mign (*mūkino-) `swamp, marsh';
with anl. s- gael. smùc, smug `snot' (expressive); Middle Irish mocht `soft', cymr. mwyth
ds. (*muk-to-);
Old Icelandic mygla f. ` mildew ', mugga `fine rain', Middle English mugen ` become
foggy ', Modern High German dial. maugel `foggy, cloudy, dim, hazy', Old English for-
mogod ` decayed '; with Indo Germanic g: Old Icelandic mykr and myki f. (*mukī) `
manure', Middle High German mucheln, mücheln ` moldy smell', Old Icelandic mjūkr (out
of it engl. meek) `soft', changing through ablaut Gothic mūka-mōdei ` gentleness, softness,
kindness ', mnl. muik `soft', Modern High German dial. maukig ` decayed ', Swiss mauch `
rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faint, languid, hungry' (as Swiss mucht `faint,
languid, hungry'); Middle High German mūche ` quittor, infection of the hoof ', Gothic
*maukō in prov. mauca ` intestines ';
Latvian mukls, muklaîns ` fenny, boggy, marshy ', mùku (*munku), mukt ` sink into a
marsh ';
Serbo-Croatian mukljiv `humid, wet'.
B. Old Indic *munákti, muñcáti, mucáti ` releases, allows to loose', múkti- ` lysis,
dissolution, disintegration, release, abandonment '; Avestan fra-muxti- ` loosening ';
compare Old Indic muṇṭhate ` flees ', Old pers. amu(n)ϑa ` he fled ' from *mu-n-eth-mi;
Lithuanian munkù, mùkti ` escape; to get away ' = Latvian mùku, mukt ` get free, flee'
(and ` sink into a marsh ' see above); Lithuanian (s)maũkti ` wander stealthily ', Latvian
maukt ` strip, wipe ', Lithuanian (s)munkù, (s)mùkti ` sink sliding, slip ';
Slavic *(s)mъknǫti ` slip, slide' in Czech smeknouti ` withdraw from, take away ', Old
Church Slavic Refl. smyčǫ, smykati sę ` grovel, truckle, creep ' (modern Slavic also ` slip,
stumble, glide, slide, strip, wipe '), russ.-Church Slavic mъknuti sja ` go over, go across,
cross over, pass over, pass by, pass ', Old Church Slavic mъčati (mъkē-) ` throw, cast,
hurl ', etc.
A root form meukh-

meukh- with the specific meaning ` slip into ' probably in Armenian mxem
(*muxam) ` stick in, stick into, put in, dive, bathe ', mux `dyeing', mxim ` enrare, insinuarsi,
ingolfarsi ', at first to gr. μυχός m. ` internal angle ' (perhaps `*hiding place, nook, bolt-
hole'), μύχιος ` innermost, inmost, located farthest within '.
Auf (s)meugh-
(s)meugh- based on the Germanic family:
Old Icelandic smjūga ` creep into or crawl through ', Old English smūgan ` slip, slide;
stumble, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High German smiegen ` crouch ', Modern High
German schmiegen, Kaus. Old Icelandic smeygia ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle, lure, tempt ',
Middle High German sich smougen ` crouch ', Old English smēag `smart, sharp witted,
shrewd', smēagan `think, seek ', sméagol `narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic
smuga f. ` loop hole; hiding place ', further Swedish i mjugg, Norwegian i mugg ` furtive '.
with s- Danish Norwegian i smug, Dutch ter smuig (ter smuik) ds., Danish Norwegian
smughandel ` illicit trade ', ndd. smuggeln, Modern High German (out of it) schmuggeln
(with kl Dutch smokkelen ds.); probably also Modern High German mogeln, Low German
mogelen, muggelen ` heimliches, betrügerisches Spiel treiben '; with Germanic k(k):
Norwegian dial. smokla, smukla `lurk, creep forward ', Swiss schmauchen ` steal secretly,
nibble '; in the meaning ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle' Middle High German smuck ` nestlling
up, jewellery', smücken, Middle Low German smucken ` nestle, snuggle, apparel, adorn',
Old High German smocco; Old English smock `shirt', Old Icelandic smokkr m. `
Frauenbrustlatz ', Middle Low German smuk (-ck-) ` sleek, smart, neat ', Middle High
German gesmücket ` slim ';
-g- or -gh- in Latvian smaugs ` slim ', Lithuanian smáugti ` throttle, strangle ', Latvian
smudži, smūdzi ` mosquito, small fly ', poln. smug, smuga (besides smuk) ` defile, narrow
passage between mountains, bottleneck, narrow stripe '.
References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 124 f.,
129.
Page(s): 744-745
Root / lemma: meuk̂-
Meaning: to scratch, tear
Material: Gr. ἀμυκάλαι αἱ ἀκίδες τῶν βελῶν, παρὰ τὸ ἀμύσσειν Hes., ἀμύσσω, Attic ἀμύττω
` split, scratch ', ἅ᾽μυχή `crack, scratch ', etc.; Latin mucrō ` a sharp point, edge, sword's
point '; perhaps to Old English ge-myscan `plague, deform' (*muhskjan) and Lithuanian
mùšti `hit'; perhaps also Old Indic muṣtí f., Avestan mušti- `fist'?
Page(s): 745
meu-1, meu̯ǝ- : mū̆-

Root / lemma: meu-
Meaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc..
Material: A. Old Indic mū́tra- n. ùrine', Avestan mūϑra- n. ` filth, smut' (: Middle Low
German modder etc.);
Maybe alb. mut, mutra (pl) 'excrement, dirt'
Armenian -moyn `wash in the pot' (*mou-no-);
gr. Cypriot μυλάσασθαι `be washed', Hes. (*mū-dlo-);
Middle Irish mūn m. ùrine'; mūr `slime, mud';
perhaps (?) Dutch mooi, mnl. moy, Low German moi(e) `beautiful' (*mou-i̯o- ` washed,
made clean ');
Latvian maût ` submerge, swim, swig ', Old Prussian aumūsnan ` wash, cleansing ',
causative (Iterat.) Lithuanian máudyti, Latvian maudât ` bathe somebody ', Lithuanian
máustyti ds.; Latvian mudêt `soft, become moldy ';
Old Bulgarian myjǫ, myti `wash, rinse ', mylo (proto Slavic. Czech etc. mýdlo-) ` soap ';
Maybe alb. Geg myt, Tosc mbyt ` drown, strangle ' a Slavic loanword?
with. anl. s- Latvian smaũlis ` ein schmutzig gewordener ', smulêt ` befoul ', smulis à
sloven ';
poln. klr. muɫ `slime, mud', russ. dial. múlitь (vódu) `(water) go cloudy ' (mou-lo-); forms
with r-suffix, respectively r-extension see below;
from *mu-n-d-os (-d- to root extension meu-d-) in the meaning ` washed, made clean '
also Latin mundus ` clean, cleanly, nice, neat, elegant, toilet ornament, decoration, dress
(of women), the world, earth, inhabitants of the earth, mankind ' (after gr. κόσμος);
B. extensions:
1. meu-
meu-d-; mud-ro- àlert, awake, smart' (compare `humid, wet-cheerful').
mud-ro-
Old Indic mudirá- m. `cloud', lex. also `frog'; in addition Old Indic mṓdatē ìs funny',
mṓda- m., mōdana- n. `lust, cheerfulness ', Avestan maoδanō-karana- ` causing lust ', Old
Indic mudita `blithe, glad', Avestan a-hǝ̄musta- (*a-sam-musta-) ` disgusting, unsavory,
distasteful', Old Indic mud-, mudā `lust, pleasure, joy', mudrá- ` funny ';
gr. μύζw (*mudi̯ō) `suck', μύδος m. ` damp, decay ', μυδάω `be humid, wet, decayed ',
μυδαλέος `humid, wet' (hom. υ: through metr. lengthening, whereupon newer μῡδαίνω `
irrigate ');
Latin mundus (see above meu-);
Middle Irish muad (*moudo-) `pure, stout, proud';
Middle Low German mūten ` wash the face ', Old High German muzzan `clean',
Swedish dial. muta ` fine rain', Dutch mot `fine rain';
with anl. s- engl. smut ` smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle High German smuz, Modern High
German Schmutz, Middle English smotten, smoteren ` befoul ';
Lithuanian mudrùs, Latvian mudrs àlert, awake, smart' (: Old Indic mudrá-), Lithuanian
mùdrinti, Latvian mudît ` set in motion '.
From in -es-
es-stem m(e)udes-
m(e)udes- have derived:
Latin mustus (*muds-to-s) ` young, new, fresh ' (originally `damp, humid, wet'); gr. μύσος
(*μυδσος) n. ` maculation, blemish'; μυσαρός ` dishonorable '; Old Irish mossach ìmpure,
unclean' (*mud-s-āko-), cymr. mws, bret. mous ds.; ndd. mussig `dirty, filthy'; russ. múslitь
` drool, drivel, slaver ', musljákъ ` dribbler, unclean person'.
Maybe alb. musht `must, new wine' a Latin loanword.
2. meug- meuk- ` slippery ' see below esp. headword.

meug-, meuk-
3. meu-r(o)- etc.:
meu-r(o)-
Armenian mōr `smut, swamp, marsh' (*mǝu-ri-?), mrur ` deposit ' (*murur); gr. μύ̄ρω
(*μυρι̯ω), μύ̄ρομαι ` let flow, weep, cry', ἁλι-μῡρήεις ` flowing to the sea '; whether here
μῡρίος ` eternal, infinite, endless ', μύριοι `10.000'? Latin muria ` brine, pickle '? Lithuanian
murstu, mùrti ` become soppy ', m. Pl. mauraĩ ` duckweed, stemless water plant ', Latvian
maũrs m. `lawn', Lithuanian máuras `slime, mud', ablaut. mùras m. `smut', Latvian murît `
befoul '; russ. mur m. muráva f. ` oat-grass, false oat, tall oatgrass ', dial. ` mildew ', múryj `
dark grey ', etc.; compare S. 741 Middle Irish mūr `slime, mud'.
meus-, musós,
4. meus- musós, from which mūs, musós,
musós, root nouns ` moss, mildew '.
Old High German Old English mos n. ` moss, swamp, marsh', Old Icelandic mosi m. ds.,
zero grade Old High German mios, Old English mēos ` moss, swamp ', Old Icelandic mȳr-r
f. (*meuz-ī-) `moor, fen, swamp, marsh'; Lithuanian mūsaĩ m. Pl. ` mould on sour milk ',
ablaut. mùsos f. Pl.; Old Bulgarian mъchъ ` moss ' (*musos), Modern Bulgarian muchъl `
mildew '; in addition presumably Armenian mamur ` red or purple dye; red or purple color;
rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, layer ' (*memus-ro-).
5. With formant guttural: Latin muscus m. ` moss '; Norwegian dial. musk `dust, powder,
fine rain, darkness', Danish dial. musk ` mildew ', Middle Dutch mosch, mosse ds.; Old
Church Slavic; muzga (*mouz-gā) ` brine, pond ', russ. mzgnutь `spoil', mozgnutь ` peak,
become thin ', Old Bulgarian mъžditi ` dull, exhaust, weaken ', russ. mozgъ ` rainy weather
', možšitь ` steep '.
Maybe alb. muzgu `darkness, dusk' from Russian: muzga (dial.) `grey, dank weather,
mould' [f ā]; mozg (dial.) `grey, cloudy weather' [m o] not from Latin muscus `marsh' [m];
Nw. (dial.) musk `dust, drizzle, darkness' [m] '.
6. meut-
meut-:
Armenian mut` `dark; darkness, fog', mtàr `dark'; Middle Irish mothar ` thicket, dichte
mass', nir. `swamp, marsh' (*mutró- =)
Middle Low German modder `slime, mud' = md. moder ` decaying stuff, swamp, marsh'
(Modern High German Moder ` mould, dank decay ', genuine Modern High German Essig-,
Weinmutter), engl. mother `yeast' (*mutro-); engl. mud `slime, mud', Middle Low German
mudde `thick slime, mud' (holl. modde), md. mot (-tt-) ` peat-containing earth, morass '
(Swiss mott `turf'), East Frisian mudden `smudge', muddig `dirty, filthy', Swedish modd `
snowy dirt ', dial. muddig `dirty, filthy';
with anl. s- Middle Low German Old Frisian smudden `smudge', ndd. smudden ` fine
rain', West Flemish smodder `morass', Middle English smod `smut', smudderen, Dutch
smodderen ` get dirty ', old Dutch also `to feast' (originally ` eat and drink uncleanly '; so
also East Frisian smūs, Modern High German Schmaus, old Dutch smuisteren `to feast'
and `besmear', Low German Dutch smullen `to feast' and ` pollute, smudge' probably from
*smuð-lṓn; Lithuanian smũtnas `sad' derives from poln. smutny ds. (Vasmer in writing).
Maybe abbreviated alb. Geg (*smutny) s(ë)mun, alb. sëmur `sad, ill, sick', alb. Geg
smundje ìllness, sadness'.
References: WP. II 249 ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff.,
References:
Specht Indog. Dekl. 65, 257 f.
Page(s): 741-743
Root / lemma: meu-

meu-s-
Meaning: ` steal '
See also: s. S. 753 (mūs
mūs-).
mūs-
Page(s): 745
Root / lemma: meu̯-2, meu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to move
Note: (Aryan partly also mi̯eu̯ǝ- : mīu̯-)
Material: Old Indic mīvati `shoves, throngs, moves' = Avestan ava-mivāmahi ` we remove,
take away ', Avestan a-muyamnō ` unbeweglich, wovon nicht abzubringen ', Old Indic
káma-mūta- ` moved by love ', mūrá- ` pushing, hurrying';
gr. ἀμεύσασθαι ` advance, excel, surpass ', gortyn. ἀμεFύσασθαι `trade drive, push',
ἀμύ̄νω ` ward off, drive back, Med. ` verteidige mich ', ἀμύντωρ Àbwehrer, avenger',
μύ̄νασθαι ` plead, allege ', μύ̄νη ` alleged reason, avoidance, excuse, escaping, fleeing ';
compare Old Irish mūn- ` direct, guide ' (E. Lewy);
Latin moveō, -ēre ` to move, stir, set in motion, shake, disturb, remove ', participle mōtus
(*movi-to-s) = Umbrian comohota Abl. Sg. f. ` a moving, motion ';
Lithuanian máuju, máuti ` aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. a ring to a finger)', ùžmovā ` alles,
was aufgestreift wird ', rañktų ùžmova ` muff '; Middle Low German mouwe f. ` muff ',
Modern High German hemds-mauen ` shirt sleeve '.
*meu-s- in Old Indic muṣṇā́ti, móṣati `stiehlt', móṣa- ` robber,
A s-extension seems *meu-
thief', Franconian (Lex salica) chrēo-mōsido ` corpse spoliation '; see below S. 753 under
mūs.

Page(s): 743
Root / lemma: mezg-

mezg-1
Meaning: to plunge
Material: Old Indic májjati ` disappears, goes down ' (particle Perf. Pass. magná- from
*mazgná-), Kaus. majjayati ` sinks '; Latin mergō, -ere ` to dip, dip in, immerse, plunge,
sink, bury ', therefrom mergus m. ` a diver (a water-fowl) ': Baltic iterative *mazgāiō ` dive
several times, wash' in Lithuanian mazgóti, Latvian mazgât `wash'. compare Estonian
mõskma, Mordovian muśkǝms, Samojed masu Hungarian mosni `wash', etc.; doubtful,
whether here gr. μίσγω `mix, mingle' from *mi-mzgō; different above S. 714.
References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. Güntert Kalypso 51.
Page(s): 745-746
Root / lemma: mezg-

mezg-2
Meaning: to bind, attach
Material: Old High German Old Saxon mā̆sca, Old English max, mǣscr ` stitch ', Old
Icelandic mǫskvi ds.;
Lithuanian mezgù, mḕgsti ` tie, bind, knot, knit ', mãzgas, Latvian mazgs `knot',
Lithuanian mazgýti Iter. ` knit ', makstýti `flax, wattle, braid', Latvian mežǵêt, mižǵêt `
dislocate, luxate, crick ', mežǵît ` grow around, entwine itself around ' (russ. mázgarь `
spider'? s. Berneker II 28).

Page(s): 746
Root / lemma: mē̆gh-

gh-
gh
Meaning: well-disposed, friendly
Material: Gr. περι-ημεκτέω `be unwilling ' (from *ἄ-μεκτος ` unwilling '?); Gothic mēgs,
Swedish måg ` son in law, husband of the daughter ' (compare French belle-mère), Old
Icelandic māgr `kinsman, relative through marriage', Old English mǣg, Old Saxon Old
High German māg `kinsman, relative', etc.; Lithuanian mė́gstu and mė́gmi, mė́gti ` like, be
fond of ', mėgìnti ` assay, try ', Latvian mêgt ` be good for, be suitable for '.
References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 11 f.
Page(s): 707
mēi-7 : mōi-
Root / lemma: mēi- mōi- : mī-
mī-
Meaning: mild, soft
Note: often with l-, n-, r-, t- extended
Material: Old Indic máyas- n. ` relief, pleasure, joy, lust', in addition *m(i)i̯es dh(ē) in Old
Indic miyḗdha- m. ` sacrificial food ', Avestan myazda- m. `sacrificial meal'; as *mei-dho-
Old Indic mēdha- m. ` Fettbrühe ', mḗdhas- n. `sacrifice, oblation';
with l-: cymr. mul `blushful', di-ful `bold' (*mōi-lo-); Old Prussian mijls, Lithuanian míelas
and mýlas `dear, pleasant', méilė f. `love', meilùs àffectionate, loving', mýliu, mylė́ti `love',
pa-mìlstu, pa-mìlti `growing fond of'; Latvian mīl̨š (older u-stem) and mils (from *mielas)
`dear', mĩlêt `love', miẽluõt ` host '; Old Church Slavic milъ `pitiful', russ. mílyj `dear', etc.;
Alb. mirë ` dear, nice, kind ' a Slavic loanword (common alb. -l- > -r-)
with n-: cymr. mwyn `friendly', acorn. muin, moin `dainty', bret. moan `thin, tiny' (*mēi-
no-); Old Irish mīn ` smooth, gentle' (*mī-no-);
with r-: alb. mirë `good, beautiful'; Old Church Slavic mirъ `peace'; ablaut. aserb. mijer
(*moiro-), apoln. mier `peace' (Old Lithuanian mieras, Latvian miêrs ds. are Slavic
loanword);
with t-: Latin mītis `mild, soft' (*mēit-); Old Irish mōith, mōeth (*mōit-) ds., also (?) Pl.
mē(i)th `fat, fertile'; cymr. mwydo (*mēit-) ` soften ', mwydion ` soft parts, external genitalia
'; Latvian at-mist ` become soft ', at-míetêt ` soften '.
References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.

Page(s): 711-712
Root / lemma: mē-

mē-1
Meaning: prohibitive particle
Grammatical information: prohibitiv
Grammatical
Material: Old Indic Avestan Old pers. mā, gr. μή, Armenian mi ds., alb. mos ds. (from *mo
= Indo Germanic *mē + s, that perhaps goes back to Indo Germanic kʷe).
From PIE the prohibitive particle passed to Altaic:
Protoform: *ma
Meaning: a negative particle
Turkic protoform: *-ma-
Tungus protoform: *-me
Korean protoform: *mō-t
Japanese protoform: *-ma-
Note: ОСНЯ 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative
particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it
was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to
note Mong. *büi, *bu 'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but
functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

Page(s): 703
mē-2, m-e-t- (ḫame-)

Root / lemma: mē-
Meaning: to reap
Note:
mē-2, m-e-t- (ḫame-):: to reap derived from Hittite ḫamešḫ(a)-, ḫamešḫant- `
Root / lemma: mē-
spring, season between winter and summer '.
Material:
Hittite ḫamešḫ(a)-, ḫamešḫant- ` spring, season between winter and summer '.
gr. ἀμάω `mow, cut, bite', ámēto-s m. `harvest', amētǘ-s f. ìd.', amētḗr m. `reaper', amētǟ́-
s m. `sickle'
Maybe Tokharian: B mātre 'sharp' (Adams 448)
Indo Germanic *met- stands besides *mē- (or *amē-) in Old High German māen `mow',
Old English māwan ds.; Old High German mato-screch ` Wiesenhüpfer, locust,
grasshopper ', Modern High German Matte `meadow which is mowed ', Old English mǣd
f. `meadow, willow ' (*mǣdwu), engl. meadow, Old Swedish maÞ ds.
Latin metō, -ere, messum ` to reap, mow, crop, gather, collect, harvest ' (messor `reaper,
mower'); cymr. medi ds., acorn. midil ` a reaper ', Old Irish meithleōrai ` reapers ', Middle
Irish meithel à party of reapers', acymr. medel ds., anter-metelic ` half-pruned ', Middle
Irish de-mess `scissors' (`double knife '); Old High German mād `reaping, harvesting,
mowing, hay harvest', Old English mǣð ` the mowing, the mowed hay ' (= gr. ἄμητος ` the
reaping ', originally *ἄμᾱτος).
Page(s): 703
Root / lemma: mē̆lĝ- melǝĝ-?) (*mel
ĝ- (or melǝ melǝĝh-)
melǝ
Meaning: to pluck; to milk
mēlĝ-mi Pl. melĝ-
lĝ-mi,
Grammatical information: present mēlĝ lĝ-més
més, participle Perf. Pass. ml̥ĝ-tó-
tó-
Material: Old Indic mā́ršṭi, mā́rjati, mr̥játi ` wipes, rubs down, polishes, purifies, cleans',
participle Perf. mr̥ṣṭá-, s-present mr̥kṣáti ` glides, rubs, curries ', mr̥kṣáyati, mrakṣáyati `
coats ';
common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : ĝh- > ž-, z-
Avestan marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti ` berührt streifend ', zastā-maršta- ` durch Handschlag (d. i.
Berührung der Hände) geschlossen (Vertrag) '; d-present Old Indic mr̥ḍáti, mr̥ḍáyati ìs
gracious, verzeiht, verschont', Avestan mǝrǝždā- ` forgive ' (mǝrǝždika-, marždika- ` taking
pity ', n. ` mercifulness '); these Aryan words can also contain *merĝ-; Old Indic nir-mārgá-
ḥ shows lacking palatal guttural) ` Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, Abfall ', ni-mr̥gra- ` nestlling
up ', vi-mr̥gvarī f. `clean, neat, tidy', apāmargáḥ- ` Achyranthesaspera ' (J. Schmidt KZ. 25,
114);
gr. ἀμέλγω ` milk ', hom. ἐν νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ ìn instant, eye blink of nächtlichen Melkens';
ἱππημολγός, βουμολγός ` steed-, Kuhmelker ', ἀμολγεύς, ἀμελκτήρ ` a milking-pail, milkpail
';
Latin mulgeō, -ēre, mulsi, mulctus (= Old Indic mr̥ṣṭá- ` abgewischt ') `milk' (from
*molĝei̯ō : Lithuanian málžau, málžyti), also prō-mulgāre legem ` to bring forward publicly,
propose openly, publish, promulgate '; mulctra ` a milking-pail, milkpail ';
Middle Irish bligim Ì milk ' (from *mligim), Perf. do-om-malg ` mulxi ', mlegun ` the
milking ', melg n. (es
es-stem)
es `milk', Gen. bō-milge ` the cow's milk ', mlicht, blicht `milk'
(*ml̥g-tu-s); besides bō-mlacht (from *bō-mlicht ` cow's milk '): Old Irish *to-in-uss-mlig- ` to
bring forward publicly, propose openly, publish, promulgate '; causative Middle Irish bluigid
`milks, blackmails, mulcts '; cymr. blith m. `milk; producing milk ' (*ml̥ĝ-ti-); gallorom.
*bligicāre `milk';
alb. miel, mil ` milk ' (*melĝ-);
Old High German milchu, melchan, Old English melcan `milk' (stem V.; against it Old
English meolcian, Old Icelandic mjolka Denominative from *meluk- `milk' see below), Old
High German chumelktra ` a milking-pail, milkpail ' (perhaps replicated Latin mulctra), Old
Norse mjaltr ` producing milk ' (*melkta-); with zero grade Old English molcen, Middle High
German molchen, molken ` thick milk', Modern High German Molken, and Old Icelandic
schw. V. molka `milk', mylkja ` suckle ';
because of second of the vowel controversial is the original affiliation from Gothic
miluks, Old High German miluh, Old English meolc, mioluc, Old Icelandic mjǫlk `milk'; i-
extension in Old English milc and Modern High German Hessian melχ (*mili-k-); after
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 126) must be assumed is generally a dissyllabic root; from
West Germanic probably Latin melca f. ` sour milk ';
Lithuanian mélžu, mìlžti, participle mìlžtas (= Old Indic mr̥ṣṭá-, Latin mulctus) `milk';
Iterat. málžyti; russ.-Church Slavic mъlzu, mlěsti `milk', Slavic *melzivo in slovak. mlė́zivo,
russ. molózivo (etc.) ` beestings ';
with o-grade: serb. mlâz m. ` Milchstrahl ' by milking (the glottal stop from serb. mȕsti =
*ml̥z-ti is wrapped from the old lengthened grade of Inf. mlěsti = Lithuanian mélžti);
Tocharian A mālklune ` the milking '; A malke, В malk-wer `milk'.
References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 147 f.;
melk and merĝ-.
See also: compare also melk- merĝ
Page(s): 722-723
mēlo-, smēlo-
Root / lemma: mēlo- smēlo-
Meaning: small animal
Note:
mēlo-, smēlo-
Root / lemma: mēlo- smēlo- : small animal, derived from Root / lemma: mel-
mel-6, melǝ
melǝ- :
dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)
Material: Gr. μῆλον n. `small cattle, sheep'; Old Irish mīl n. `(small) animal', cymr. mil,
acorn. bret. mil ànimal'; Germanic in māla (Lex Salica), Dutch maal `young cow', Old
Germanic Μηλί-βοκον ὄρος `the resin'; changing through ablaut Armenian mal `sheep,
aries, ram'.
There `small cattle' could be an old nominalization of an Adj. meaning `small', one
compares further Old Bulgarian malъ (*mōlo-) `small, little' (whereof klr. mal' f. collective
`young sheep', etc.), Latin malus èvil, bad' (as small'), Oscan mallom, mallud ` malum '
(with expressive ll?);
with anl.s
s- Gothic smals (*smǝ-lo-), Old High German Old Saxon smal, Old English smæl
`small, little, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic smale n. `small animal', Old
High German smala-nōz, smalaz fihu, Middle High German smal-nōz, smal-vihe `ds.,
young animal ', Middle High German smal-hirte `herdsman, shepherd for small cattle'.
Page(s): 724
mē-3, m-e-t-
Root / lemma: mē-
Meaning: to measure
Material: Old Indic mā́ti, mímāti `mißt', mitá- ` measured, calculated ', mātrā f., mātrā- n. `
measure ', māna- n. `the measuring, measure ' (: Czech měn), māti- f. ` measure, right
cognition ' (= gr. μῆτις, Old English mǣð), úpa-māti- ` allocation ', miti- ` measure, weight,
cognition ', prākr. mettam ds. (= Old Indic *mitram); about māyā s. 1. mā-;
Avestan ap. mā- ` measure ', participle -mī̆ta-, -māta-, ap. fra-mātar- `lord, master',
Avestan miti- ` measure, weight, value, worth ';
alb. mat, mas (*mati̯ō) ` measure ', matë ` measure ', mōt (*mēto-) `year, weather',
matem ` raise the hand to strike, throw, cast' (`gauge = aim');
Maybe alb. moshë ` age '.
Irish to-math- (e.g. 3. Sg. do-mathi) `threaten';
gr. μέτρον ` measure ' (after Brugmann Grundr. II2 1, 342 as Old Indic d-á-tra-m `gift' to
*dō-); μῆτις `plan, artifice', μητιάω ` decide ', μητιάομαι ` think up, dream up; invent ';
Latin mētior, -īrī, mēnsus sum (rhyme meaning to pēnsus) ` measure, gauge ', whereof
probably mēnsa `table, a table, meal, course, a money-changer's counter, a sacrificial
table, alter ' = Umbrian mefe ` measure ', mefa ` a cake, pancake (flour, made up with milk
or oil, and baked) ' as subst. Fem. of participle Perf. Pass.;
mcymr. medru ` ein Ziel treffen, to be able ', to medr ` dexterity ' (: gr. μέτρον?); gall.
mataris `spear, lance'; perhaps here acymr. maut, Middle Breton meut (*mō-tā), ncymr.
bawd ` thumb ' (as measure?);
Old English mǣð f. ` measure '; Gothic mēla m. ` bushel '; Old Icelandic mǣlir m. ds.,
Old English mǣle, mēle ` paten '; Old Icelandic mǣla ` measure '; Gothic mēl n. `time', Old
Icelandic māl ` measure, moment, time, repast, meal', Old English mǣl ds., Old High
German māl ` moment, repast, meal', Modern High German mal `meal';
Lithuanian mẽtas `year, time, measure ', Old Prussian mettan `year', Latvian męts
`stretch of time' (vocal as gr. μέτρον to beurteilen); in addition (*gauge > *aim > throw)
Lithuanian metù, mèsti, Latvian metu, mest `throw', Iterat. Lithuanian mė́tyt, Latvian mẽtãt
` throw to and fro '; Old Prussian metis = Lithuanian mė̃tis m. ` throw, shot'; mãstas m. `
measure ', mãtas m. ds., matúoti ` measure ', pãmatas ` foundation ' etc.;
Old Church Slavic metǫ, mesti `throw', slov. motáti ` wind up, roll up ', russ.-Church
Slavic Iterat. vъmětati `throw', slov. mèt ` throw, shot', etc.; Old Church Slavic měra `
measure ', měriti ` measure '; Czech old měn ` measure ' (: Old Indic māna-), russ. mě́titь
àim; strive ', etc.;
Tocharian A me-, В mai- ` measure '.
References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-.
Page(s): 703-704
mē-4, mō-
Root / lemma: mē- mō-
Meaning: big, important
Material: Positive mē-ro-s, mō-
mē-ro- ro-s: gr. -μωρος in ἐγχεσί-μωρος `big, large (?) in
mō-ro-
Speerwerfen ' , Old Irish mōr (ō from the comparative), mār `big, large', cymr. mawr `big,
large', bret. meur ds., gall. -māros in proper name as Nerto-māros (`big, large in power ');
with ē Old High German -mār in names as Volk-mār etc., further the denominative
Germanic *mērjan `* depict, portray, praise as great ', from which ` proclaim, announce ':
Gothic mērjan, Old Saxon mārian, Old High German māren, Old Norse mǣra ` announce,
declare ', wherefore Modern High German Mär, Märchen , as well as the post-verbal Adj.
Old High German Old Saxon māri ìllustrious, gleaming', Old English mǣre, Old Norse
mǣrr ds., Gothic waila-mēreis ` von gutem Ruf ';
Slavic -měrъ in names as Vladi-měrъ;
mō-loin cymr. mawl ` laudation ', moli `praise, laud' (out of it Old Irish molur `praise'),
mō-lo-
bret. meuliff ds.;
mē-i̯i̯i̯es,
comparative *mē- es, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of superlative suffix) mǝ-i̯es,
es,
mǝ-is: Old Irish māu, out of it móu, mó (from *mǝ-i̯ōs); cymr. mwy, corn. moy, bret. mui
`more' from *mēis; an abstract formation in proto Celtic -antī (*mantī from ma-antī) in Old
Irish mēit `greatness, bulk, extent', acymr. pamint gl. ` in what manner, to what degree,
how greatly, how, how much ', ncymr. maint `greatness, bulk, extent', corn. myns, Middle
Breton nbret. ment; perhaps Oscan mais (*mǝ-is-) Adv. `more', maimas ` maximae '
(probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius ` Maius ', Umbrian mestru f. ` maior ' (from
*maisterā); Gothic mais `magis', maiza ` maior ', maists ` maximus ', Old Icelandic meir(i)
`more', Old English mā, māra, mǣst, Old Saxon mēr, mēro, mēst, Old High German mēr,
mēro, meist; Old Prussian muisieson Adv. `more' (muis from*mā-is-); Tocharian A mǝnt
às', В mantǝ `so' (= Old Irish méit?).
References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.

Page(s): 704
mēmso-, mē(m)s-
Root / lemma: mēmso- mē(m)s-ro-
ro-
Meaning: flesh
Grammatical information: n. conservative stem mēs n. (from *mēms)
Material: Old Indic māṁsá- n. `flesh', māṁs-pacana- ` cooking meat '; mā́s n. `flesh';
gr. μῆνιγξ `skin, meat skin, meninx ' (*mēsno- or *mēmsno-); μηρός ` Schenkelstück ',
μηροί ` einzelne Schenkelstücke ', μῆρα, μηρία `die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen'
(μηρός = Old Irish mīr, Indo Germanic *mē(m)s-ro-);
Latin membrum `limb, member' (*mēms-ro- ` the meaty '), membrāna `thin, soft skin';
Old Prussian mensā `flesh', Latvian mìesa ds.; Lithuanian žem. meisa, Lithuanian mėsà
ds. (slav loanword?);
Old Bulgarian męso `flesh'; Slavic *męzdra in russ.-Church Slavic męzdrica `skin of
Eies', russ. mjazdrá (*memzdhrā) ` Fleischseite des Fells ' etc.; probably also klr. ḿáznúty `
become fat ', ḿaz ` muscle; corpulence, fatness, mass' etc.;
Tocharian В misa n. Pl. `flesh' = Armenian mis, Gen. msoy `flesh' = alb. mish `flesh' (at
first from *miensa) = (*mis) Old Irish mīr `morsel, mouthful' (`*piece of meat, slice of meat ';
= μηρός) = Gothic mimz n. `flesh'; -i- < Illyrian -ię- grade.
References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 50.
Page(s): 725
mē-5, mō-
Root / lemma: mē- mō-, mǝ-
Meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.
Material: Gr. μαίομαι (Aeolic μάομαι) `strive, endeavor ', wherefore the names Εὔμαιος,
Οἰνόμαος, Μαίων (*mǝ-i̯o-); with Intensive reduplication μαιμάω ` demand violently' (-μᾰω
with reduplication-grade the root as δαι-δάλλω etc.), Infin. μῶσθαι `strive', participle
μώμενος; μῶται (Epich.) ζητεῖ, τεχνάζεται Hes. (and other Glossen),
from o-grade Perf. grown; Μοῦσα ` Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated with
inspiration and creativity for the arts (Greek Mythology) ' here or to mendh-?
auf a participle *ματός based on ματεύω `search, seek, suche auf; strive '; participle
*μαστός, where after also μαστεύω = ματεύω; ματεῖ ζητεῖ Hes.;
Latin mōs, mōris `custom| habit; mood| manner| fashion; character (pl.)| behavior|
morals
', mōrōsus `stubborn ';
Gothic mōÞs (-d-) ` courage, rage, fury' (mōdags àngry, irate'), Old High German
Middle High German muot ` power of senses; ghost, courage, rage, fury, lust, resolution,
decision ', Modern High German Mut, Gemüt, Old English mōd ds., Old Icelandic mōðr
`rage, fury';
Balto-Slavic *matō `perceive, feel, sense ' in Latvian matu, mast ` perceive, feel ',
originally iterative Lithuanian mataũ, matýti `see', Latvian matu, matît `feel', Lithuanian
matrùs ` careful '; based on a Subst. *motro- Church Slavic moštrjǫ, motriti ` observe|
watch| look at| see; test; consider ', etc.; in addition probably Old Bulgarian sъ-mějo, -měti
`venture, risk'.
References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to mō-, mō-lo-.
Page(s): 704-705
mēnōt Gen. mēneses,

Root / lemma: mēnōt, mēneses from which mēnes-
mēnes-, mēns-
mēns-, mēs-
mēs-, mēn-
mēn-
Meaning: month; crescent
Note: probably as personified ` time measurement ' to mē- ` measure '.
Material: Old Indic mā́s, mā́sa- m., Avestan mā̊, Gen. mā̊ŋhō, npers. māh `moon, month ';
Armenian amis, Gen. amsoy ` month ' (*mēnsos); gr. Attic neologism μήν, to Gen. μηνός
(Lesbian μῆννος), Nom. Ionian μείς, Doric μής m. ` month ' (*mēns), μήνη (*μηνσᾱ) `moon';
alb. muai ` month ' (*mōn- from Indo Germanic *mēn-); lat mēnsis m. ` month '
(conservative Gen. Pl. mens-um), mēnstruus ` monthly ' (GN Mēna is gr. loanword),
sēmē(n)stris ` 6-month, half-years of age, six-month-old ', Umbrian mēnzne ` mense '; Old
Irish mī (*mēns), Gen. mīs (*mēnsos), cymr. acorn. mis, bret. miz ` month '; Gothic mēna,
Old Icelandic māni, Old English mōna, Old Saxon Old High German māno `moon' (-en-
stem); Gothic mēnōÞs, Old Icelandic mānaðr, Old English mōnað, Old Saxon mānuth, Old
High German mānōt, Modern High German month (*mēnōt-), Lithuanian mė́nuo (*mēnōt),
mė́nesis m. `moon, month ', Latvian mênes(i)s `moon, month ' (dial. Lithuanian mė́nas
from a neutr. *mēnos), Old Prussian menins `moon'; Old Bulgarian měsęcь m. `moon,
month ' (*mēs-n̥-ko-);
Tocharian A mañ ` month ', mañ ñkät `moon' (= ` month god '), В meñe ` month ', meṃ
`moon'.
References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.
Page(s): 731-732
mēu h-, mǝud

Root / lemma: mēud ǝu h-, mūd
mū h-
Meaning: to complain or care about smth.
Material: Npers. mōja ` lament' (-j- from -d-, compare:) must ` lament ' (-st- from -dhst); gr.
μῦθος m. ` discourse ', μῡθέομαι ` speak, think; consider '; Gothic maudjan, ga-maudjan `
remind sb'; Lithuanian maudžiù, maũsti ` long, want strongly ', ãpmaudas ` displeasure,
care '; Old Bulgarian myslь `thought, notion' (*mūd-sli̯o-); perhaps nir. smúainidh ` thinks '.
Page(s): 743
Root / lemma: mǝ-r, Gen. mǝ-n-és, mn̥tós

ós
Meaning: hand
Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-stem
Material: On the r- nominative are based: gr. μάρη f. `hand', εὐμαρής ` manageable ',
μάρις, -εως m. ` liquid measure, measurement of fluid quantities '; alb. marr `take, receive,
hold, catch' (*marnō, n-present as denominative formation from *mar- ` to get one's hands
on somebody ').
On *mǝ
*mǝ-n- the case oblique is based: Latin manus, -ūs f. `hand, used for an oath ' (the
u-stem), Umbrian mănuv-e ` in manu ', Abl. mani, Oscan Akk. manim, consonant-stem still
in Umbrian manf Akk. Pl.; Latin mancus `mutilated' (originally ìn the hand'); here Latin
mandō, -āre èntrust, order', Oscan aama-naffed ` to put in hand, deliver over, commit,
consign, intrust, confide ', manafum ` to put in hand, deliver over, commit, consign, intrust,
confide '? from manus and -dere (root dhē-), wörtl. `to put in hand, deliver over, commit,
consign, intrust, confide '; Middle Irish montar, muinter `lawful wife';
Maybe Latin manica, Italian manica, French manche, Bresciano mànega, Breton mañch,
Catalan mànega, Galician manga, Irish muinchille, Modenese Orientale māndga, mānga,
Romagnolo màndga, Sardinian Campidanesu màniga, Valencian manega, Venetian
zànega, Zeneize mànega, Spanish - Portuguese - Reggiano - manga, alb. manga `
sleeve '.
From there Albanian (*manga) mëngjër, e majtë (common Slavic alb. -a- > -aj-, alb. -ër
ër
inanimate suffix) : Bolognese man stanca : Catanese manu manca : Romagnolo
manstànca : Romanian stânga : Venetian sanca ` left ';
with a similar meaning as Latin manipulus ` maniple| company of soldiers| one third of a
cohort; handful| bundle ' (*mani-plos ` a handful, bundle ') also Celtic *manatlo- in corn.
manal ` fascicle, sheaf ', Middle Breton malazn (for *manazl), nbret. malan ds.;
perhaps Gothic manwus `willing, ready' (`to hand '?), manwjan ` make willing, ready,
prepare, make ready ';
Hittite manii̯aḫḫ- ` submit, hand in, present, administer '.
based on mn̥-t- Old Icelandic mund f. `hand', mundr m. ` purchase price of the bride and
the guardianship acquired by the purchase of this ', Gothic PN Mundila, Old English mund
f. `hand, protection, paternalism ', Old High German munt f. ds. Modern High German
Vormund .
References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.
Page(s): 740-741
miz hó-
Root / lemma: mizd
Meaning: fee
Material: Old Indic mīḍhá- n. ` price of the battle, cut-throat price, contest ', Avestan mī̆žda-
n., osset. mizd, myzd èarnings', np. muzd èarnings'; gr. μισθός ` pay, guerdon, reward ';
Gothic mizdō èarnings', Old English meord ds. and Old English mēd, Old Saxon mēda,
Old High German mēta, miata ds., Modern High German Miete; Old Church Slavic mьzda,
mъzda èarnings'.
Page(s): 746
Root / lemma: mod ro- or mad

mo hro- ma hro-
ro-
Meaning: blue; a kind of plant
Material: Old Icelandic maðra ` Our Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Bedstraw, Maid's Hair, Petty
Mugget, Cheese Renning ', isl. hvīt-, kross-maðrа etc. `Galium boreale, smooth green red
', Old High German matara ` madder, type of plant ', Old English mædere, mæddre f. ds.,
Middle Low German mēde, Old Frisian mīde ds.; Slavic*modrъ (e.g. Czech modrý) `blue'.
Page(s): 747
moiso-s or maiso-
Root / lemma: moiso- maiso-s
Meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork
Material: Old Indic mēšá- m. àries, ram', mēṣī- ` fleece ', Avestan maēša- àries, ram,
sheep';
Old Icelandic meiss m. `basket', Old High German meis(s)a ` baggage ', Middle Low
German mēse `barrel'.
Old Bulgarian měchъ `hose', russ. měch `fell, fur, hose; sack, bag' (etc.); Lithuanian
máišas, máiše `Heunetz ', Latvian máiss, máikss `sack, bag', Old Prussian moasis
`bellows';
References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 52 f.

Page(s): 747
Root / lemma: mok̂s, Aryan *mok̂sū̆

Meaning: soon
Material: Old Indic Adv. makṣū̆́ `rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal', makṣū́makṣu ` right
away '; Instr. Pl. makṣū́bhiḥ, Superl. makṣū́tama-; with nasal: Old Indic maŋkṣu ` soon';
Avestan mošu ` immediately, right away'; common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ-
Latin mox ` soon ' = mcymr. moch ` soon ' (out of it Middle Irish moch ds.), Old Irish mó `
soon ', as preverb mos-, mus- : mos-riccub- sa ` I will come soon ', mus-creitfet ` they will
believe soon'.

Page(s): 747
Root / lemma: molko-

molko-
Meaning: leather pouch
Material: Old High German malaha, Middle High German malhe ` leather bag', Old
Icelandic malr `sack, bag', gr. tarent. μολγός `sack, bag from cowhide '; the inconsistency
in gutturals is expounded probably through borrowing from μολγός from an other language
(Thrak. ?) and use from gr. g for which belongs to k.
References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BSL. 41. 134 ff.
Page(s): 747
Root / lemma: mono-

mono-
Meaning: neck
Note: in derivatives (esp. with formants -ī, -i̯i̯i̯o-) also ` necklace, Halsschmuck'
Material: Old Indic mányā f. ` nape '; Avestan minu- ` Halsgeschmeide ' (i from Avestan ǝ)
and with lengthened grade manaoϑrī ` neck, nape ' (*mon-eu-tro-); päon. μόν-απος, -ωπος
` bison ' (`mähnenartig'); gall.-gr. μανιάκης, μάννος, μαννάκιον `collar, neckband Celtic
Völker' (μόννος Doric?); Latin monīle `collar, neckband as jewellery' (from *monī- as Old
Bulgarian moni-sto); Old Irish muin- ` neck ' in muin-torc ` necklace ', muinēl ` neck
'(*moniklo-), cymr. mwn, mwnwgl ` neck '; Old Irish formnae `shoulder' (*for-moni̯o-); Old
Irish muince ` collar| neckband; chain for neck ', loanword from acymr. minci ` necklace|
collar; collar (for horses and other animals) ' (from mwng ` mane ' + ci, see above S. 518);
from *monii̯o- ` neck ': cymr. mynydd `mountain', corn. meneth, abr. -monid, bret. menez
ds.; Old Icelandic men, Old English mene, Old High German menni (*mani̯an) `
Halsgeschmeide ', Old Icelandic mǫn, Old English manu, Old High German mana
(Germanic *manō) ` mane '; Old Church Slavic monisto `collar, neckband', polab.
mimeístia ` coral '; with formant g: Middle Irish mong ` mane, hair', cymr. mwng ` mane ',
Old Icelandic makke ` oberer Teil des Pferdehalses ', Danish manke ` mane '; perhaps
here Illyrian (paeon.) μόναπος, -ωπος ` bison ' (`mähnenartig');
References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.
See also: compare above S. 726 men-
men ` tower '.
Page(s): 747-748
Root / lemma: mori,

mori mōri
Meaning: sea
Material: Latin mare, -is n. (i-stem; Gen. Pl. marum secondary; with unclear a); Old Irish
muir Gen. mora n., cymr. corn. bret. mor `sea', gall. Mor-inī, Aremori-cī VN `
Meeranwohner ', mori-marusa ` mare mortum '; PN Mori-dūnum `moor '; Gothic marei f.
`sea', Old Saxon meri, Old High German marī, merī ds. (-īn-stem); Gothic mari-saiws m.
`sea', Old Icelandic marr, Gen. marar m. ` sea', Old High German mari, meri (Gen. meres)
m. n. `sea', Old English mere m. `sea, pond, pool', Old Saxon meri m. `ditch, trench,
channel, pond, pool';
with -sk-Suff.
sk Old English merisc m. `swamp, marsh' (compare Middle Latin marisca ds.,
Germanic loanword), Old Saxon mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, ` walk, march '; with -g-
Suff. Old English merece m., Old Icelandic merki; lengthened grade Old English mōr m.,
Old Saxon mōr n., Old High German muor n. `moor, fen, sea', Old Icelandic mørr f.
`marshland', Old High German salz-muorra `salt swamp' (*mōri̯ō); Old Prussian mary
`lagoon' (*marē); Lithuanian mãrė, mostly f. Pl. mãrės, mãrios `sea, Baltic Sea, Curonian
lagoon'; Old Church Slavic morje `sea'; Balto-Slavic *pa-marii̯a- n. ` Meeresgegend ' in
Lithuanian pa-marỹs m., pa-mãrė f. `seashore', Old Church Slavic po-morije `
Meeresgebiet ', Modern High German Pommern.
References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 119 to mer-
mer-3.
Page(s): 748
mor-, murmur-
Root / lemma: mormor
mormor- murmur-
Meaning: to murmur
Material: Old Indic marmara- ` soughing ' m. `the rustling', murmura- m. ` sizzling fire',
murmurā `name of a river'; Armenian mrmram, mrmrim (*murmur-am, -im) `grumble,
murmle, bellow'; gr. μορμύ̄ρω (*μορμυρι̯ω) `murmle, rustle'; Latin murmurō `murmle',
murmur n. `murmur, Gemurr '; Old High German murmurōn, murmulōn, Modern High
German murmeln, short form Old Norse murra, Middle High German Modern High German
murren; further formations Old English murc(n)ian ` wail, murmur'; changing through ablaut
Norwegian dial. marma `roar (of sea)'; Lithuanian murmlénti, murménti `mumble, murmur',
murmė́ti, marmė́ti `murmur, drone, grumble'; ablaut. marmalaĩ `big, giant horsefly ' (a short
form with Dissim. m - m to m - v seems marvà, mervà `gadfly, brake'); Old Church Slavic
*mrъmrati `mumble, murmur'.
Maybe alb. mërmërij `murmur' a Latin loanword.
Unredupl. with n-suffix Irish muirn (*murni-) f. ` Lärmen, Sausen '.
References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;

See also: to consecutive (mormo(ro)
mormo(ro)- )?
mormo(ro)-
Page(s): 748-749
Root / lemma: mormo(ro)-

mormo(ro)-
Meaning: fear, terror
Material: Gr. μορμώ, μορμών f. `bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', μόρμορος `fear', μορμο-
λυκεῖον ` fright image ', μορμο-λύττομαι, μορμύνω `put in fear', μύρμος φόβος Hes.,
Μυρμιδόνες actually `das people the Schreckgespenster';
Latin formidō ` rope strung with feathers used by hunters to scare game '; form- diss.
from *morm- (as by formīca : μύρμηξ).

Page(s): 749
Root / lemma: moro-

moro-
Meaning: blackberry
Material: Armenian mor, mori, moreni ` blackberry ';
gr. μόρον (μῶρον Hes.) ` mulberry; blackberry '; however, cymr. merwydden ` mulberry
', is explicable with e as an umlaut from о also as a further formation of a Celtic moro-;
Latin mōrum ` mulberry, blackberry ' gr. loanword, Latin ō as replacement of closed gr. o-
good from borrowing; is also perhaps a *mŏrum ` blackberry ' through the borrowed
mōrum has been absorbed from μόρον phonetically? from to mer-
mer-3 S. 734?
Maybe truncated alb. (*μόρον) man ` mulberry ', mana-ferrë ` dewberry, blackberry ' (man
` mulberry ' + ferrë ` shrub ') a Greek loanword;
From Latin derive Old High German mūr-, mōrbere, Middle High German mūlber `
mulberry ' and Lithuanian mõras ds.
References: WP. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.
Page(s): 749
Root / lemma: moru̯ī̆-

Meaning: ant
Root / lemma: moru̯ī̆- : ant, derived from Root / lemma: mai-
mai-1 : to cut down, work with a
sharp instrument, ant.
Note: distorted taboo u̯ormo-
ormo-, mormo-
ormo mormo-, mouro-
mouro- (Germanic also meuro-
meuro-)
Material: attributable to moru̯ī̆- are: Avestan maoirī- (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. 'm'wrč
f., npers. mōr ` ant ';
Maybe expressive -rr- in alb. morr ` louse '.
Old Irish moirb, Pl. cymr. myrion, bret. merien, corn. muryon; Old Bulgarian mravi (out of
it reshaped russ. muravéj, slov. mrâv, Bulgarian mravijá).
In morm-
morm-: Latin formica (compare to phonetically above Latin formīdō: gr. μορμώ); gr.
μύρμος (Lycophr.), μύρμηξ, Doric μύρμᾱξ (k-extension to ā-stem, as ὅρμῑκας Latin formica,
Old Indic valmī-ka- to ī-stem, and Old Indic vamra-ká to o-stem); unclear Armenian mrjiun
(*murjimno-), Gen. mrjman.
Maybe Italian formica : Spanish hormiga : French fourmi : Asturian formiga : Bergamasco
fürmìga : Bolognese furmîga : Bresciano : fúrmiga : Welsh morgrugyn; myrionyn;
myrionen; mŷr : Breton merienenn : Albanian (*merienenn) milingonë : Calabrese
furmicula : Catalan formiga : Dzoratâi fremi; froumi : Furlan furmie : Galician formiga :
Greek μύρμηξ : Greek μυρμήγκι : ( > alb. merimanga,
merimanga mirëmanga, milimanga merimajka `
mirëmanga milimanga,
spider') = Griko Salentino mèrmico : Latin formica : Leonese formiga : Lombardo
Occidentale formìga : Napulitano furmícula : Portuguese formiga : Reggiano : furmiga;
furmìa : Romagnolo furmìga : Romanian furnicã : Romansh furmicla : Sardinian
Campidanesu fromiga : Sicilian fummicula : Valencian formiga : Venetian formiga;
formìgola : Viestano furmich' : Wallon furmi : Zeneize formïgoa ` ant'.
In u̯orm-
orm-; gr. βύρμᾱξ, βόρμᾱξ Hes. (β- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also ὅρμικας μύρμηξ
orm
Hes.); Old Indic valmīka- m. ` ant heap '; besides with totally single sound result vamrá- m.,
vamrī́ f. ` ant '.
Auf mouro-
mouro-: Old Icelandic maurr, besides *meur- in Danish myre, Swedish myra
(*meuriōn-), Middle Dutch Pl. mure (once covered) miere, Modern Dutch mier, Middle Low
German mīre (to ī s. van Wijk), Middle English mire, mȳre (Scandinavian loanword), Old
English mȳre, engl. mire, nowadays only still pis-mire (vom Ausspritzen ihrer Säure),
Crimean Gothic miera.
References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 45.
Page(s): 749
Root / lemma: mo[u]-lo- : mū-

mo[u]-lo- mū-lo-
lo-
Meaning: root, plant
Note: as `mouth of the plant' to mū-
mū- S. 751.
Material: Old Indic mūla- n. `root', mūla-karman- n. `sorcery with roots';
gr. μῶλυ èin fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom.); gelbblühende Knoblauchart (Theophr.

Dioscor.)', μώλυζα ` Knoblauchart '.
References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.
Page(s): 750
moz-g-o-, moz-
Root / lemma: moz- en-, mos-
moz-g-en- mos-k-o-
Meaning: brain
Material: Old Indic majján, majjā́, majjas- ` marrow ', mastíṣka- ` brain ', mástaka- `head,
cranium'; Avestan mazga- ` marrow, brain '; Old High German mar(a)g, mar(a)k, Old
Saxon marg, Old English mearg, Old Icelandic mergr (Gen. mergjar) ` marrow ', Old
Swedish miærgher; Church Slavic mozgъ ` brain ', moždanъ (*mozgěnъ), Akk. Pl.
moždeni ` marrow ', Old Prussian musgeno ` marrow ', wherefore (with metathesis from
*mazgenės) Lithuanian f. Pl. smãgenės, Latvian smadenes ` brain '; Tocharian A mäśśunt
` marrow '.
References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 78 f.
Page(s): 750
Root / lemma: mozĝho

mozĝho-
ho-s
Meaning: young bull
Material: Armenian mozi `young rother, cattle, calf' = gr. μοσχίον, Demin. to μόσχος m.
`young bull, calf', f. `young cow, girl'; probably identical with μόσχος ` Pflanzentrieb, sprout
'.
Page(s): 750
Root / lemma: mōd- : mǝd-

lemma: mōd- ǝd- or mād-
mād- : mǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: to meet, approach
Material: Armenian matčim ` approach, come near to, draw near ', Aor. mateay,
matucanem ` make accessible ' (maut ` near ' after Pedersen with Armenian u-
Epenthese);
Old Icelandic mōt n. ` encounter, gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, public

congregation, meeting', Old English (ge)mōt, Old Saxon mōt, Middle High German muoz
ds., Gothic ga-mōtjan, Old Icelandic mø̄ta, Old Saxon mōtian, Old English mētan, engl.
meet `meet'; on Indo Germanic*mǝ[d]-tlo-m based Gothic maÞl ` forum, place of
assembly, market ', Old English mæðel ` council, assembly, discourse ' and (as *maðlá-)
Old English mǣl ` discourse, fight', Middle Low German māl `congregation, meeting', Old
Saxon Old High German mahal n. ` Gerichtsstätte, court, pact, covenant' (Modern High
German Mahlstatt), Old Icelandic māl ` Sprechvermögen, discourse, negotiation, legal
matter', Middle Latin (Germanic) mallum, mallus ` Gerichtsstätte, judicial appointment ',
whereof Gothic maÞljan, Old English maðelian, mæðlan and mǣlan, Old High German
mahelen, Old Icelandic mæla `talk' and (from the public promise) Old High German gi-
mahalo ` husband, consort, partner, bridegroom ', gi-mahala ` wife, bride', Modern High
German vermählen.
References: WP. II 304 f., Feist3 349 f.

References:
Page(s): 746-747
Root / lemma: mō[u]-ro- : mū-

mō[u]-ro- mū-ro-
ro-
Meaning: stupid, crazy
Material: Old Indic mūrá- ` mindless, dull, stupid'; gr. μωρός, Attic μῶρος `stupid, crazy'
(out of it Latin mōrus `foolish, loony, clownish ').
Page(s): 750
mō-, mo-
Root / lemma: mō- mo-lo-
lo-
Meaning: to strain oneself
Material: Gr. μῶλος ` exertion, toil', μωλέω, Cretan μωλίω ` litigate ', μῶλυς ` exhausted ',
perhaps μόλις `barely' (ο for ω after μόγις); ἄ-μοτος ` fatigueless '; Latin mōlēs f. ` mass
(huge); bulk; monster; massive structure; difficulty| trouble| danger ', Denom. mōlior, -īrī `
struggle| labor| labor at; construct| build; undertake| set in motion| plan ', mŏlestus `
annoying; troublesome; tiresome ' (analogy to modestus); Gothic af-mauiÞs ` fatigued', Old
High German muoan, Middle High German müen, müejen ` frighten, grouch', Dutch
moeijen `bother, annoy, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself '; Old High German muodi,
Old Saxon mōði ` tired ', Old English mēðe ` tired, grieving ', Old Icelandic mōðr ` tired ';
Lithuanian pri-si-muolėti ` labor '; russ. máj-u, -atь èxhaust, plague', majá, majetá `plague,
hard exertion ', etc.
References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;
See also: probably to mē-5.
Page(s): 746
Root / lemma: mregh-

mregh-m(n)o-
m(n)o-
Meaning: brain
Material: Gr. βρεχμός, βρέχμα n. (and βρέγμα) `Vorderkopf, Oberschädel', Old English
bregen, brægen n. ` brain ' (engl. brain), Old Frisian brein, Middle Low German bragen,
bregen, Modern High German Brägen m. ds.
Page(s): 750
Root / lemma: mreĝhu
hu-, mr̥ĝhu-
mreĝhu- hu-
Meaning: short
Material: Prākr. múhu-, Avestan mǝrǝzu-jīti-, -jva- ` βραχύβιος ', sogd. murzak `short';
Maybe alb. murriz `haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier, whitethorn, short shrub' : sogd.
murzak `short'.
gr. βραχύς `short', βράχεα ` shallow place '; in addition βραχί̄ων ` upper arm ',
comparative besides βράσσων;
Latin brevis (at first from Fem. *bre(χ)u̯ī) `short', brūma ` the winter solstice, winter,
coldness' (*brevi-mā, *breu-ma `time of short days');
Maybe alb. bryma `hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost' a Latin loanword.
Gothic gamaúrgjan ` shorten', Old High German murg(i) `short', murgfāri `frail,
breakable', Old English myrge `pleasant', engl. merry.

Page(s): 750-751
Root / lemma: mrk-

mrk-
Meaning: edible root, carrot
Material: Gr. βράκανα `wild vegetables ' Hes.; Old High German mor(a)ha `Daucus carota',
Modern High German Mohr-rübe, Möhre, Old English more, moru ds., Late Old High
German Demin. morhila ` morel' (mushroom similar to carrots); against it seems russ.
morkóvь, morkva ` carrot', serb. mrkva has been borrowed from Germanic.
Page(s): 750
Root
Root / lemma: mut-
mut-o-s
Meaning: circumcised
Material: Latin mutilus, mutidus `mutilated', *muticus ` truncated, chopped down, cut down,
cut off, circumcised ', mūtō, muttō `penis', GN Mutunus, rom. mutt- ` dull '; Irish mut, gael.
mutach `short' (with expressive tt); perhaps also Irish moth `penis' as ` stub'.
References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to Latin mūtus S. 751, compare
` dumb ': ` mutilate '.
Page(s): 753
Root / lemma: mū̆k-
Meaning: heap, etc..
Material: Gr. μύκων σωρός θημών Hes.; proto gall. *mukina ` cairn, pile of stones set up as
a memorial or mark of some kind ' (Jokl V. Rom. 8, 193); Old Icelandic mūgi, mūgr `heap,
bulk, mass', Old English mūga m. `(corn, grain-) heap', mūha ds. (also mūwa), compare
further Swedish dial. moa ` pile up, collect, accumulate' (*mūhōn), Old High German mū-
werf ` mole ', with -k(k)-: Middle Low German mūke, Dutch muik, Middle High German
mūche, Modern High German (half Low German) Mauke f., Bavarian (genuine High
German) Mauche ` Auswuchs, Fußgeschwulst der Pferde ', Swiss mauch m. ` Auswuchs
an Rebholz, unordentlicher Haufe ' and with ū: Norwegian dial. mukka `heap, bulk, mass',
Middle High German mocke m. `clump, gobbet ' (with it identical is Middle High German
mocke ` Zuchtsau '); Old Icelandic mostr `big, giant bulk, mass' (*muh-stra-); unique
lengthened grade form in Old English mēagol `(*lumpy, massive ' =) `tight, firm, strong'.
References: WP. II 311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. not Indo Germanic
Page(s): 752
lemma: mū̆-1
Root / lemma:
Meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)
Material: 1. Gr. μύ, μῦ ` cry of pain ', Latin mū facere, mutmut facere `stir, move, budge '.
2. Old Indic mū́ka- ` dumb ', Armenian munj ` dumb ', gr. μῡκός, μύτις, μυττός, μύδος,
μυναρός, Hes. μυνδός ` dumb ', Latin mūtus ` dumb '; compare also Old Danish mue,
Norwegian mua ` keep mum, keep quiet, remain silent, do not mutter, mumble '; Old High
German māwen `cry', Latvian maunu, māwu, maût `roar, bellow', Czech myjati `moo'; here
also Modern High German Möwe, Old English mǣw, mēw, Old Icelandic mār (Pl. māvar),
Old Saxon mēu ds.
3. [Old Indic mukhá- n. `mouth' derives from Dravidian]; gr. μύλλον `lip'; μυλλαίνω
`verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter' (μύσταξ ` upper lip, whisker, moustache', s.
Boisacq m. Lithuanian), Old High German mūla f., Middle High German mūl n. `muzzle',
Middle Low German mūle `muzzle, snout', Old Icelandic mūli `muzzle, esp. upper lip of an
animal, bulging crag ', Gothic faúrmūljan ` das Maul zubinden ' (whether with anl. s- in
addition Norwegian smaul, Latvian smaule `muzzle'??); s. also under mōu-lo- S. 750.
4. With dental formant:
Latin muttiō, -īre ` mutter, mumble ', muttum nullum ` keinen Muckser ' (compare above
mutmut); Old High German mutilōn `mumble, murmur, trickle ', musse ` spring ', Old
Icelandic muðla `mumble, murmur', besides with Germanic t: Norwegian dial. mutra,
Middle English muteren, engl. mutter ds.; Lithuanian mùtė `muzzle'.
5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):
With k: gr. μῡκάομαι ` bellow', μυχθίζω `snort, spotte', Middle High German mūhen,
mūgen, mūwen `roar, bellow', Old Bulgarian mykъ ` bellowing, braying, roar ', russ. myčatь
`roar, bellow', Serbo-Croatian slov. Czech mukati `roar, bellow'.
With g: Old Indic múñjati, mṓjati `gives einen Ton from sich' (Dhātup.); mucchanā `
growing sound, tone'; gr. μύζω `bringe with closed Lippen einen sound hervor, stöhne' (out
of it Latin mussāre ` mutter/whisper (discontently); hum (bee); keep quiet (about);
hem/haw; hesitate '), μυγμός `sigh';
Latin mūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow', conmūgentō ` convocantō ', mūgīnor ` loiter| dally ' (also `
nūgārī et quasi tardē cōnāri '), Umbrian muieto `muttītum ', mugatu ` muttītō ', Latin
mūgilāre of Naturlaut of Esels; Old High German muckazzen ` talk quietly, mutter, mumble
', Modern High German Middle Low German mucken ` talk with half-open mouth ' (kk is
expressive), East Frisian muk `kiss'.
6. s-extension: gr. μύ̄ω `sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen' (hence μύωψ `die
Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted '; μυάω `bite die Lippen together'; from *μυστός
`verschwiegen': μύστης ìn die Mysterien Eingeweihter', μυστικός `die Mysterien
betreffend', μυστήριον ` mystery, secret Zeremonie', compare also μυεῖν ìn die Mysterien
einweihen'; Norwegian mȳsa `to screw up one's eyes'; from Germanic here also Middle
Low German mummelen, engl. mumble `mumble, murmur', mump, Norwegian mumpa ds.;
Middle High German mupf, muff ` Verziehung des Mundes ', mupfen, muffen, Middle Low
German mopen, engl. mope `gawk', engl. mop `grimace'; perhaps Modern High German
Bavarian mäuen `ruminate' ;
Latvian musinât `whisper, mumble, murmur'; Hittite mu-u-ga-ā-mi (mūgāmi) ` spreche

Klagegebete '.
References: WP. II 309 ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.
Page(s): 751-752
mū-2, mus-
Root / lemma: mū- mus-
Meaning: fly n.
Material: Armenian mun, Gen. mnoy à mosquito, gnat ' (*mus- or *mu-no-); alb. mü-zë,
mi-zë (zë diminutive suffix) ` mosquito '; gr. μυῖα (*μυσι̯α) `fly'; Latin musca; Old Icelandic
mȳ n. (*mūja-) ` mosquito '; Swedish mygg, mygga, Old English mycg, Old Saxon muggia,
Old High German mucka ` mosquito ' (*muki̯ā)́ ;
s- gotländ. mausa (*mūsa), Flemish meuzie (*musī); Lithuanian musė̃, Old Prussian
with -s
muso, Latvian mũsa, muša `fly'; Old Bulgarian mucha `fly' (*mousā), mъšica ` mosquito '.
References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43.
Page(s): 752
Root / lemma: mūs

Meaning: mouse
Note: (older *mŭs, musós from *meus, musós)
Material: Old Indic mū́ṣ- m. ` mouse, rat', np. mūš ` mouse ';
Armenian mu-kn ` mouse, muscle '; gr. μῦς (μῠὸς, μῦν after ὗς, Ώῠὸς, ὗν) ` mouse ',
also ` muscle '; alb. mī, miu ` mouse ' (*miusīn)
Alb. Geg mini, minj (Pl) ` the mouse '
Latin mūs m. ` mouse ' (mūrīnus : Middle High German miusīn òf the mouse'); Old High
German Middle High German Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Icelandic Old English
mūs ` mouse, muscle ' (consonant-stem); Old Bulgarian myšь f. ` mouse '.
Often applied on body parts: Armenian mukn ` muscle ', gr. μῦς ` muscle ', μυών
`muskelreiche region of Leibes' (from which also ` voluptuous woman' in gr. μυωνία), μύαξ,
-ακος m. ` mussel, spoon': Latin mūrex ` Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye
'; Latin musculus ds., ` muscle ', Old High German etc. mūs ` muscle, esp. of the upper
arm', Middle Low German mūs esp. `the spherical flesh of thumbs', Modern High German
Maus, Mäuschen, Old Bulgarian myšьса ` βραχίων '; on the other hand Old Indic muṣká-
m. `testicle, vulva', npers. mušk ` castor, beaver ' (from Pers. derives gr. μόσχος, Modern
High German Moschus `musk'); gr. μύσχον ` genitals ';
Maybe alb. Geg muskul `muscle', mushk `shoulder', mushkëni `lungs'.
probably to Old Indic muṣṇā́ti ` steals, robs ' etc., see below meu-
meu-2 `push away '.
References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 40 f.
Page(s): 752-753
Root / lemma: meni-
ni-
Meaning: a kind of fish
Material: Gr. μαίνη (out of it Latin maena), μαινίς à small sea fish', Slavic *mъnь, russ.
menь etc. `toad '; but Old Indic mīná- m. `fish' (whereof māiniká-, māinalá- ` fisherman ') is
of dravid. origin; perhaps here Old High German muniwa, Old English myne, engl. minnow
`minnow, small freshwater fish, a fish'. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-).
See also: belongs probably to men-4.
men
Page(s): 731
Root / lemma: nak-

nak-
Meaning: fur
Material: Gr. νάκος n., νάκη f. `woolen fell, fur, fleece', ἀρνακίς f. (for *ἀρνο-νακίς) ` fleece
', νακύ(δ)ριον δέρμα Hes.; Old English næsc `soft leather as e.g. buckskin ' (*nak-s-ko-, -
kā; compare the -es
es-stem
es νάκος); Old Prussian nognan (from *noknan) n. `leather' (*nāk-
no-); in addition after E. Lewy Old Indic nā́ka- ` vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies
'.
Page(s): 754
nana nena etc.

Root / lemma: nana,
Meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)
Material: Old Indic nanā́ `mother, old woman ', *nanānā reshaped (after svasā : svasr-) to
nanāndar òf a husband's sister ', np. nana `mother';
Alb. Geg nona, nana ` mother '
gr. νάννα, νίννη ` aunt ', νέννος, νάννας ùncle'; alb. nanë `mother, wet nurse '; Latin
nonnus m., nonna f. late ` word used by young monks when addressing elders, a nun ',
also ` nurserymaid '; cymr. nain (*nanī) `grandmother'; russ. njanja ` children keeper,
nurse, caretaker of a baby or young children, nanny ' (dial. also òlder sister '), Bulgarian
neni òlder person, elder', Serbo-Croatian nena, nana `mother', Sorbian nan `father';
compare also Modern High German Nenne, Kinderwort for `milk'.
Page(s): 754
nant- (*ḫe-nant
Root / lemma: nant- nant-)
nant
Meaning: to dare, risk
Material: Old Irish néit m. `fight, struggle' (*nanti-); Gothic ana-nanÞjan `venture, risk', Old
Icelandic nenna ` give one's heart ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
), Old High German preterit ginand ` have courage ', ginenden, Old Saxon nāthian, Old
English nēÞan `venture, risk', Old Icelandic nenninn ` active, keen ', Middle High German
genende(c) `keen, eager', Old High German nand (also in names as Ferdinand), Old
English nōð f. ` courage '.
Page(s): 755
nas- nasalized (*neu

Root / lemma: nas- neu-s)
neu-
Meaning: nose
Note: (nās- from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally Nom. Sg.),
originally probably ` nostril '
Note:
nas- : `nose' derived from Root / lemma: neu-
Root / lemma: nas- ks-, neu-
neu-ksneu-s- : `to sniff, smell'
which derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)
ǝ)-3 : `to breathe' : Root / lemma:
an(ǝ)-
ansu- su- : `ghost, demon':: Old Indic ásu-, Avestan aŋhu- ` breath of life, world '.
ansu-, n̥su-
su
Material:
Maybe through metathesis alb. Geg (*u
u-nah) huna, Tosc hunda f. ` nose' from alb. hundoj `
insult, make sad ' (common Baltic Slavic Albanian prefix u-).
Old Indic nas-ā́, -í, -ṓḥ Instr. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; nā́sā Nom. Du. `nose' (originally ` nostril
'), secondary nā́sā f. `nose', nas-táḥ Adv. òf the nose', nasya- ` located at the nose ', etc.,
nā́sikā ` nostril, nose'; Avestan nāh-, nā̊ŋhan- `nose', ap. nāham Akk. Sg. (= Latin nārem)
`nose'; Latin nāris, mostly. Pl. -ēs, -ium ` nostril ' (i-stem has changed to; Akk. Sg. Pl. still
conservative form); nāsum n. (Old Latin) and nās(s)us m. `nose' (expressives ss);
[common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-].
Old English nōse f. ` foreland, promontory ', Old Swedish Norwegian nōs `snout', Old
Frisian nōsi ds. (*nās-); ablaut. Old High German nasa `nose', Old Norse nǫs f. ` nostril,
nose, projecting cliff', Old English nasu `nose' (presumably Dual ` both nostrils '); næs- in
compound, Old Norse nes n., Gen. Pl. nesja ` foreland, promontory, tongue of land ',
Middle Low German nes (-ss-) m. ds., Old English næss m. ds. (Germanic *nasja-); Old
Prussian nozy, Lithuanian nósis f. `nose', nasraĩ m. Pl. ` jaw ' (old nãsras `mouth'), Old
Church Slavic nozdri `nostril' (from -sr-), поsъ `nose' (russ. `foreland, promontory').
References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.,
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75.
Page(s): 755
ʷh- (*ḫe-nāg
Root / lemma: nāgʷh
nāgʷh- ʷh-)
nāgʷh
nāgʷh-
Meaning: sober
Note: Only Armenian and gr.
Material: Armenian nautì `sober'; gr. vήφω, Doric νά̄φω `be sober'.
Page(s): 754
nā-1 (*ḫe- nā-

Root / lemma: nā- nā-1)
Meaning: to help, be of use
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic nā́-tha- n. `help', m. `guarder', nā-tha-tē ` begs '; gr. ὀ-νί-νη-μι, -νᾰ-μεν `
use, take advantage of ', Fut. ὀ-νή-σω, Med. ὀ-νί-νᾰ-μαι, Aor. ὠνήμην `have benefit',
ὄνειαρ n., more properly ὄνηαρ, -ατος `benefit' (*o-nā-u̯r)̥ , etc.
Page(s): 754
nā-2 (*ḫe-nā
Root / lemma: nā- nā-2)
nā-
Meaning: to be afraid, ashamed
Material: Old Irish nār `blushful' (*nā-sro-), ná(i)re `the genitals' (*nā-srii̯ā); Hittite naḫ(ḫ)-
`fear, dread, be afraid', naḫšarii̯a- `be afraid'.
References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.
Page(s): 754
nāu-2 : nǝu-
Root / lemma: nāu- ǝu- : nū-
nū- (*ḫe- nāu-
nāu-2)
Meaning: death; corpse
Material: A. Gothic naus ` corpse ' (ga-nawistrōn `bury'), Old Icelandic nār ds., Old English
nē(o) m. ds.; Old Russian navь ` corpse ', аčесh. náv, -i m. ` hereafter, life after death,
future life, world to come, world of the dead, hell', Latvian nâwe `death', therefrom nâwêt
`slay', nâwîtiês ` strive oneself, kill oneself '; Old Prussian nowis `trunk'.
B. Old Irish nūne (older naunae) f., cymr. newyn m. ` famine' (*nǝu̯eni̯o-), bret. naoun
(*nǝueno-) ds.; mcymr. neued `longing, yearning, need' (*nāu̯-itā); Latvian nâwîtiês (see
above), Lithuanian nõvyti `torment, smite, slay', iš-nôvyti `destroy'; causative Old Church
Slavic Czech unaviti èxhaust', Postverbal Czech únava ` fatigue ', russ. dial. onáva `
tiredness ', zero grade Old Church Slavic unyti `be slack, languish, tire, slacken ', Czech
nýti ` dahinschmachten ', russ. nýtь ` become elegiac '.
nǝu-ti- in Gothic nauÞs f. `need, compulsion ', Old Icelandic nauð, nauðr f. ` compulsion,
ǝu-ti-
tribulation, Notwendigkeit', Old Saxon nōd, Old High German nōt ` crowdedness,
tribulation, need', Old English nēad-, nīed f. `need, obligation, tribulation'; Old Prussian
nautin (*nāuti-) (Akk.) `need'; in Slavic forms with u and ǫ, t and d (see Meillet, Slave
commun2 61 f.): Old Church Slavic nǫžda ` compulsion, force, might, necessity', poln.
nędza `need', Old Bulgarian nǫditi `nötigen', but also Old Church Slavic nužda `
compulsion, need', nuditi `nötigen', poln. nuda ` boredom, weariness '; with t poln. nęt `
temptation ', Bulgarian nut ` compulsion ', poln. nucić (16. Jhdt.) `constrain, oblige'; the -d-
stands as Indo Germanic extension besides -t-, das ǫ has originated through secondary
nasalization.
References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.
Page(s): 756
nāus-1 (*ḫe-nā
Root / lemma: nāus- us-1)
nāḫus
nā us-
Meaning: boat
nāu̯m̥
Grammatical information: f. Akk. nāu̯
Material: Old Indic nāu- (Nom. nā́uḥ) `ship, boat' (nāvya- ` navigable'); ap. nāviyā `fleet' (:
gr. νήιος ` belonging to the ship '); nāvāja- m. ` skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', Avestan
navāza- ds (: gr. ναυ-ηγός ds., compare also Latin nāvig-āre, -ium); Avestan nāvaya- `
navigable' (about Old Indic ati-nu s. Brugrnann II1 137 Anm. 2); Armenian nav `ship' (from
Pers.?); gr. hom. νηῦς, νηός (*νᾱFός), Attic ναῦς, νεώς `ship'; Latin nāvis ds. (originally
conservative stem, compare Akk. nāvem = Old Indic nā́vam, gr. νῆα; Old Irish náu (Gen.
nōë, Dat. Pl. nōib) `ship'; cymr. noe `flat vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray;
hutch ', bret. neo ds. (*nāu̯iā
̯ ); here gall. (vorrom.) nāvā ` Talschlucht ', also FlN; gall.
nausum `ship'; Old Icelandic nōr m. `ship', nau-st ` Schiffsschuppen ', nōa-tūn (nōa = gr.
νηῶν) ` Schiffsburg ', Old English nōwend ` skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', (but Middle
High German nāwe, næwe `small ship', Modern High German dial. Naue from Latin);
Norwegian nō ` trough from a hollow trunk ', nøla (*nōwilōn-) `large trough, big boat' Old
High German nuosc, Middle High German nuosch m. `trough, gully', Old Frisian nōst
`trough', Middle Low German nōste ` Viehtrog, Wassertrog '; here the Lithuanian FlN
Nóva, polonis. Nawa.
Maybe through metathesis alb. *nāviyā, anija `ship' maybe Arabic origin.
References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int. d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.
Page(s): 755-756
2 nē (*ḫe-nē
Root / lemma: ne 2, nē-2)
nē-
Meaning: Enclitic particles
See also: see above S. 320 f. (eno-).
Page(s): 758
ne h-1 (*ḫe- neb

Root / lemma: neb ne h-1)
Meaning: to burst
Material: Old Indic nábhatē `cracks'; Old Icelandic nǣfr ` the outer birch bark ' as `
cracking, loose-peeling '.
Page(s): 758
ne h-2 (*ḫe- neb

Root / lemma: neb ne h-2)
See also: see above S. 315 f. (enebh-).
Page(s): 758
ned-1 : ned- (*ḫe- noud-

Root / lemma: ned- noud-1)
Meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind
Material: 1. Latin nōdus `knot' (Indo Germanic *nōdos);
Maybe abbreviated alb. nüje, nyje `knot' a Latin loanword.
Latin presumably nassa (*nad-s-ā) `basket for catching fish; a trap| snare '; nectō, -ere,
nexī, nectum ` tie, bind, knot, bind' is neologism after plectō `plait| twine '; with the meaning
` near ' from `narrowly joined': Oscan nessimas Nom. Pl. f. ` proximae ', Umbrian nesimei
`near| nearly; close by; almost ';
Old Irish Kompar. nessa, Sup. nessam ` propior, neighbor; nearest one ', cymr. nes,
nessaf, corn. nes, Middle Breton nes, nessaff ds.; Old Irish nascim `bind, verpflichte' (*ned-
skō), arnenas Ì will bind' (etc.), naidm `das Binden, pact, covenant', for-naidm `band,
strap', nasc `ring' (compare to -sk-formation Old High German nusca, that also
corresponds in u = e , further Avestan naska- ànthology (of texts), text collection ',
probably actually `bundle'); bret. naska `band, join together ';
Gothic nati, Old High German nezzi, Old Saxon nẹt, nẹtti, Old English Old Icelandic net
`net', lengthened grade (as Latin nōdus), Old Icelandic nōt f. `big net';
with formant -s-k-, -s-t-: Old High German nuska, Middle High German nüsche ` coat
buckle ', Old Saxon nusk(i)a `clasp, hairpin ' (see above); Old Icelandic nist, nisti n. `
braces in the dress ', nista `stitch together'; nesta ` fasten with needle or thread, nail ',
Middle High German nesten (nesteln) ` fasten, lace, tie ', Old High German nestilo, nestila
`loop, strap, bandage', Modern High German Nestel, Old Saxon nestila `bandage,
hairband ', agutn. nast, nestli; reduced grade Old English nos(t)le `band, strap';
Maybe alb. nuskë ` magic wrappings ' : alb. nuse ` bride'.
there ned- is an extension from (s)nē- ` zusammendrehen ', besides through the
meaning also through the s-anlaut. forms Old Irish snaidm `knot' (compare above naidm)
and Modern High German Hessian Schnatz ` das geflochtene und um die Haarnadel
gewickelte Haar der Frauen, Kopfputz der Bräute ' (*snatta- with Germanic -tt-) probably.
2. Here presumably the names of the nettle:
Gr. ἀδίκη (*n̥d-ikā); Old High German nazza, Old Icelandic nǫtr, Old High German
nezzila (Germanic *natilōn), Old English netele; besides with Indo Germanic -t- (also *nǝ-t-
, nō-t- as t-extension to the supposed root (s)nē-) Old Prussian noatis, Lithuanian nõterė,
notrė̃ `nettle', nõtrynė `dead-nettle', Latvian nâtre, nâtra `nettle', Slavic *natь ` herbal
leaves ' in slov. nât (Gen. natî), poln. nać ds. and at most (as redupl. proto Celtic*ni-nati-?)
Middle Irish nenaid, nir. neantóg `nettle', dissimil. bret. linad ds.
References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier
under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;
See also: see below (s)nē-.
Page(s): 758-759
ned-2 (*ḫe- ned-

Root / lemma: ned- ned-2)
Meaning: to sound, roar, etc..
Note:
ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-
Root / lemma: ned- neid-2 : nid-
nid- : `to flow, stream'
derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ
neigʷ- : `to wash'.
Material: Old Indic nádati ` sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. ` roarer, bull, river',
nadī́- f. `river, flood', nadī-na- m., nadī-śa- m. `sea', etc.; Avestan nad- `vilify, scold'; gr.
(Illyrian) FlN Νέδα (Arcadian), Νέδων (measure.); thrak. FlN Νέστος; Illyrian FlN Νέστος
(Dalm.) from *ned-to-.
Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river
Note:
Again Illyrian displays satem characteristics the same as alb.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ndeti) deti `sea' : Old Indic nadī-śa- m. `sea'.
References: A. Mayer Mél. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.
Page(s): 759
nedo- (*ḫe- nedo-
Root / lemma: nedo- nedo-)
Meaning: reed
Material: Old Indic nadá- m. presumably ` reed ', npers. nai, dial. nad `reed'; Armenian net
àrrow'; Lithuanian néndrė (and léndrė) ` reed ' (with nasal after leñkti `bend'?); Latvian
našl̨i `reed' from*nadslis?
References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.
Page(s): 759
Root / lemma: neĝh

neĝh- (*ḫe- neĝh
neĝh-)
Meaning: to pierce, stick
Material: Middle Irish ness `wound' (*neĝh-s-); reduced grade Old Church Slavic vъ-nьzǫ `
stick in, stick into, put in ', Infin. vъ-nьznǫti, Kaus. russ.-Church Slavic vъ-noziti `
hineinstechen '; Old Church Slavic nožь `knife'; whether here Old Indic ákṣu- ` shaft, pole'
(*n̥ĝh-su-)? common Old Indic ĝh- > kṣ- : Avestan ĝh- > xš- > š- : Slavic ĝh- > ž-, z-
Page(s): 760
neid-1 (*ḫe- neid-

Root / lemma: neid- neid-1)
Meaning: to scold, put to shame
Material: Old Indic níndati, Pass. nidyá-tē `vilify, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise ',
ánēdya- ` not to blaspheme, vilify, scold', níd-, nid́ā, nidā́, nindā́ ` abuse, reprimand,
disdain, contempt'; Avestan naēd- (nāismī) `vilify, scold'; Armenian anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg.
anēc `curse' (*oneid-s-et);
gr. ὄνειδος ` reproach, accusation, disgrace, shame', ὀνειδίζω ` abuse, revile ' (o-prefix `
scold, reprimand, rebuke ', as also Armenian anicanem); Gothic ga-naitjan `vilify, scold',
naiteins ` blasphemy, sacrilege ', Old High German neizzen `torment, smite, plague', Old
English nǣtan ds.; Lithuanian níedėti, Latvian nîst ` despise ', naîds, naîdus `hate, enmity'.
References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 130, Trautmann 193;

See also: probably to nei-
nei S. 312 f.
Page(s): 760
neid-2 : nid-
Root / lemma: neid- nid- (*ḫe- neid-
neid-2)
Meaning: to flow, stream
Note:
ned-2 : `to sound, roar, etc…' : Root / lemma: neid-
Root / lemma: ned- neid-2 : nid-
nid- : `to flow, stream'
derived from Root / lemma: neigʷ
neigʷ- : `to wash'.
Material: Old Indic nēdati ` flows, streams'; gall. FlN Nida ` Nidda ' and ` Nied ', brit. FlN
Nida, cymr. Nedd ` Neath '; full grade poln. FlN Nida, Lithuanian FlN Niedà, Old Prussian
FlN Nyda ` Neide '.
References: J. Löwenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.
Page(s): 761
neigʷ- (*ḫoing
Root / lemma: neigʷ ngʷ-)
ngʷ
Meaning: to wash
Grammatical information: Pass. participle nigʷ
nigʷ-to-
to-
Material: Old Indic nḗnēkti ` washes, purifies, cleans', Aor. anāikšīt, Pass. nijyatē, participle
niktá-, ninikta Imper. ` wash ', Kaus. nējáyati; Aor. naēnižaiti Intens. ` washes off, washes
up, washes away '; gr. νίζω (*nigʷi̯ō = Irish nigim) `wash', Fut. νίψω, Aor. ἔνιψα, νίπτρον `
washing water ', χέρ-νιψ ds., ἄ-νιπτος ` unwashed ' (= Old Indic niktá-, Irish necht); gr.
ἀνιγρός ` κάθαρτος '; Latin noegeum (*noigʷ-i̯o-) ` Schweißtuch '; common Old Indic ĝh- >
kṣ- : ĝh- > ž- : gr. ĝh- > z-.
Old Irish nigid ` washes ' (*nigʷi̯eti, loss of the liberalization before i̯), Fut. -ninus = Old
Indic (Gramm.) ninikṣati; necht `pure'; mcymr. enneint `spa, bath' (*an-nig-antio-; g from
present figurative);
Germanic *nikwes, -us- in Old Icelandic nykr (Gen. nyks) ` merman, water spirit,
hippopotamus ', Old English nicor ` water monster, crocodile ', Old High German nihhus,
nichus ` Flußuntier, Wassergeist', Modern High German Nix, Old High German nichussa `
female water spirit, mermaid ', Middle Dutch nicker, Middle Low German necker ` merman, water
spirit '.
References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.
Page(s): 761
neik- (*ḫoink--)
Root / lemma: neik-
Meaning: to winnow grain
Material: Gr. λικμάω ` handhabe die Getreideschwinge ', λικμητήρ `the das corn schwingt',
λικμός, λίκνον `Getreideschwinge', diss. from *νικμός, *νίκνον, compare νεῖκλον, νίκλον,
νικᾳ λικμᾳ Hes., as also ἰκμᾶν λικμᾶν Hes. (or haplology behind ανᾱ ἀνικμώμεθα); Middle
Irish cruth-necht `red wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. niza `winnow, fan' (also probably cymr.
gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn. gwaneth `wheat');
Note: (common Celtic Armenian ḫʷe- > gwe-)
Lithuanian niekóti, Latvian niekât ` Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen '; besides
Lithuanian liekúoti ds., Latvian liekša `winnowing shovel'; the Baltic l- allows is not defined
through dissimilation.
Note: (common Baltic Hittite n- > l-)
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.
Page(s): 761
nei-1, neiǝ
Root / lemma: nei- neiǝ- : nī-
nī- (*ḫoin--)
Meaning: to lead
Material: Old Indic náyati (participle nītá-), Avestan nayeiti `leads', Middle Persian nītan
`guide, lead, drive, push', Old Indic nīthā f. ` direction, way', nītho, netā `guide, leader',
nḗtar-, nētár- m. ds., nētrá- n. ` direction, eye'; Middle Irish nē, nīa `warrior, hero ' (*neit-s),
Gen. Sg. Proto Irish nētas, Old Irish nīath (*nei-t-os; s. also nei-2); Hittite nāi- `steer, guide,
lead'.
References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hittite p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.
Page(s): 760
nei-2, neiǝ
Root / lemma: nei- neiǝ- : nī-
nī- (*ḫoin--)
Meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine
Material: Latin niteō, -ēre ` shine| glitter| look bright; be sleek/in good condition; bloom|
thrive ', nitidus ` shining| bright ', nitor ` press/lean upon; struggle; ADVance; depend on
(with abl.); strive| labor, radiance ' (from a participle *ni-tó-); perhaps re-nīdeō ` shine
(back)| gleam; smile back (at) ' (with present formation -d(h)-); *nei-bho- in Middle Irish
nīab ` vitality ', cymr. nwyf ds.; noi-
noi-bho- in Old pers. naiba-, npers. nēw `beautiful, good',
Old Irish noīb `holy'; *nei-mā in Middle Irish nīam ` radiance, beauty'; *nei-ko- in Middle
Irish nīach m. ` hero ', nīachus m. ` braveness'; *nei-to- in cymr. nwyd `ferventness, passion',
*nei-to-
hispan. war god Nētō; Old Irish PN Nīall (Gen. Nēill) from *neit-s-lo-s; placed perhaps also
in Old Irish nīa ` hero ' (see nei-1); Germanic *nīÞa- in Gothic neiÞ n. ` envy ', Old English
nīð m. `fight, struggle, hate, enmity', Old Saxon Old Frisian nīth ` eagerness, hate, envy ',
Old Icelandic nīð ` derision, ridicule, disgrace, shame'; could also belong to Old Irish nīth n.
(Indo Germanic *nītu-
*nītu-) `fight, struggle'; dubious Old Indic nīla- `bluish black', nayanā̆- n. f.
èye', nētra- n. ds.
References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.
Page(s): 760
nei-3, ni-
Root / lemma: nei ni- (*ḫoun-)
See also: see above S. 312 f. (en
en-).
en-
Page(s): 760
Root / lemma: nek̂- (*ḫounk̂

k̂-)
Meaning: death, dying; dead person
Material: Old Indic naśyati, naśati ` gets lost, disappears, passes away ', nāśáyati `makes
disappear, ruin' (lengthened grade compared with Latin noceō `harm'), Avestan nasyeiti `
disappears ', participle Old Indic naṣṭá- ` lost ', Avestan našta- ds. (= Latin ē-nectus),
nasišta- ` most perishable ', nas- f. `need, misfortune' (= Latin nex, gr. νέκ-ταρ, νέκες; Old
Indic -naś Adj.), nasu- `corpse, carrion ' (= gr. νέκῡς, Latin nequ-ālia; compare *n̥k̂u- in Old
Irish éc etc.), lengthened grade Old Indic nāśa- m. ` das Zunichtewerden '; gr. νέκες νεκροί
Hes. (therefrom νεκάς ` heap of corpses ', example δεκάς), νέκῡς, νεκρός `corpse', νω̃καρ
n. ` sluggishness, Todesschlaf '; about νένταρ `drink of the gods ' s. Kretschmer Anz. Österr.
Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to Tocharian В ñäkt `god'?) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. (` über den Tod
hinwegrettend '?); Latin nex, necis f. `death, murder', therefrom dēnicāles fēriae ` de nece
purgantes ', necō, -āre ` kill/murder; put to death; suppress| destroy; kill (plant); quench/drown (fire) ',
ē-nectus èxhausted', whereof ēnectāre ` kill, torment, smite'; perniciēs ` ruin; disaster; pest|
bane; curse; destruction| calamity; mischief ', interneciēs, -necium ds.; noceō `harm| hurt; injure
(with DAT) ', s-Konj. noxit; noxa f. `hurt| injury; crime; punishment| harm '; nequālia ` dētrīmenta '
(due to stem nek̂u-); Old Irish ēc, bret. ankou, corn. ancow, cymr. angeu `death' (*n̥k̂u-);
bret. (Vannes) negein `slay', Old Icelandic Nagl-far ` Totenschiff '; Tocharian A näk- ` die,
wilt, wither ', В `destroy', Med. ` die, wilt, wither '; about Latin necesse ` necessary| essential;
unavoidable| compulsory| inevitable; a natural law; true ' see below sed-.
sed
References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;
See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.
Page(s): 762
Root / lemma: nekʷ (t-), nokʷ

nekʷ-(t- nokʷ-t-s (*ḫounk (t-))
kʷ-(t-
Meaning: night
Grammatical information: stem nokʷt
ʷt- f. (originally neutr.??), nokʷti
nokʷt- ʷti-, nokʷtu
nokʷti- ʷtu- f., nokʷt(e)r
nokʷtu- nokʷt(e)r n.
Note: about ablaut forms see below
Root / lemma: nekʷ (t-), nokʷ
nekʷ-(t- nokʷ-t-s (*ḫounk (t-)):: night' derived from zero grade of Root /
kʷ-(t-
ongʷ- : to anoint, dark ointment' : Old Indic aktā́- [f] `night' (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktú-
lemma: ongʷ
[m] `flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}.
Material: Old Indic nák (*nákt) Nom. `night' (nag jihītē), naktā f. Du., naktam Adv. solidified
Akk. ` at night ', Instr. Pl. naktábhiḥ ds. (imitation from áhabhiḥ), Akk. Pl. náktīḥ ` nights ';
gr. νύξ, νῡκτός f. `night', in compound νυκτι-, νυκτο-, νύκτωρ Adv. ` at night, by night '
(*Akk. shaped as ὕδωρ), νυκτερός, νυκτερινός ` nocturnal ' (: Latin nocturnus); unclear are
νύχα νύκτωρ Hes., hom. εἰνάνυχες ` nine nights through ', ἔννυχος ` nocturnal ', παννύχιος `
lasting the whole night ', αὐτονυχί ìn the same night';
alb. natë, netë Pl.`night';
Maybe alb. për-natë ` every night' : mcymr. peu-noeth èach night'.
Latin nox, noctis `night' (Gen. Pl. noctium i-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv.
nox ` at night, by night ' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os); nocturnus ` nocturnal ' (: νυκτερινός,
νύκτωρ); of stem *noktu-: Latin noctū `by night', noctua ` a night-owl, an owl ';
Old Irish i-nnocht ` hac nocte ', mcymr. peu-noeth ` each night ', trannoeth ` during the
following day ', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no ` hac nocte ', corn. haneth, Middle Breton
henoz ds.; cymr. corn. nos, bret. noz `night', probably from *nokt-s u- cymr. neithiwyr,
neithwyr (contains hwyr èvening') `last night', corn. nehues Middle Breton neyzor, nbr.
neizeur ds.;
Gothic nahts (Dat. Pl. nahtam after dagam), Old Icelandic nōtt, nātt, Old High German
Old Saxon naht, Old English neaht, niht `night' (conservative stem), Old English nihterne `
nocturnal ';
Lithuanian naktìs (conservative Gen. Pl. naktū), Latvian nakts, Old Prussian naktin (Akk.
Sg.) `night', nak(t)v-ýnė `night hostel', nak(t)vóti `lodge, stay overnight', nãkvinas ` accommodate
for the night ', Old Bulgarian noštь `night', russ. netopýŕ ` Nachtschmetterling, bat ';
Hittite neku- `dawn'; Gen. ne-ku-uz (nekuz) `night'; Tocharian A n[a]ktim ` nocturnal ', В
nekciye ` the evening, during the early nighttime hours ';
zero grade: Old Indic aktā́ `night' (perhaps n-stem), aktú- m. ` darkness, night, light, ray'
(actually `dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning Gothic ūhtwō (: Latin noctū etc.), Old
Icelandic ōtta, Old High German ūhta (uohta), Middle High German ūhte (uohte), Old
Saxon ūtha f., Old English ūth(a) m. ` early morning time ', Gothic ūhteigs ` early ';
another ablaut grade *onkʷt- seems Lithuanian ankstì ` early, matutinal ', ìš añksto ` from
early on ', ankstùs Adj. èarly, matutinal', Old Prussian angstainai, angsteina Adv. ` early in
the morning '.
References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl.
11.
Page(s): 762-763
Root / lemma: nĕ1

nĕ1, nē,
nē nei (*ḫoun)
Meaning: negative particle
Note: (ne
ne become single-linguistically also word negation)
nĕ Old Indic ná `not', néd (náid) ds., Avestan ap. na- `not', Avestan nōit̃ (= Old
Material: nĕ:
Indic néd), Old Indic ná-vā = Avestan na-va òr not' (compare Latin nē-ve, and accurate
Old Irish nō see below); Old Indic naca ànd not' (= Latin neque etc.); = alb. nuk ` not'
about nein Armenian (nuaɫ ` languishing' from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumézil BSL. 40, 48 f.;
gr. νε- only (as a substitute from n̥-) before verbs, then also other Adj. with the anlaut ā̆,
ē̆, ō̆, with which it is contracted, e.g. νήκεστος, νηλεής, νώνυμ(ν)ος (thereafter secondary
νη- in νήποινος ` unavenged ', Doric νά̄ποινος, etc.);
Latin nĕ- in ne-fās, ne-sciō (ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam,

nusquam, nūllus, nōn (*n'oin[om], compare Old High German Modern High German nein),
ne-que ` not; and not, nor; rarely not even ' (= Oscan nep, Gothic nih, Old Irish na[ch] `not',
Old Indic na-ca), osk ne ` non, nē '; compare also Latin neg[āre, -ōtium] above S. 418;
Latin neu, nē-ve, old neive, nīve òr not';
Old Irish ne-ch ` some, any ', cymr. nep àny/somebody| any| some| any/something ' (=
Old Indic nakis ` nobody, no person, no one ', but with Abstreifung of negativen mode in
sentences repeatedly, but not mutually revoking negation; the same process in Lithuanian
nė̃kas ` somewhat any, whatever, anyone, anybody ', nekurìs ` a certain, a kind of, as one might
ne-u̯e òr not' for positive meaning òr' in:) Old Irish nō̆, nū̆,
say ', etc.; similarly extended ne-
cymr. neu, abret. nou òr', also verbal supporting particles (for pronoun infix and the
relative -n-) Old Irish no-, nu-, mcymr. neu- prefixed as originally formulaic form òr not?':
proclitic *ne produced *na (as e.g. Irish ass- èx') in pretone in the connection Old Irish
na[ch], mcymr. nac (etc.) `not' from ne-
ne-kʷe with proto Celtic apocope (?) of auslaut -e;
Gothic ni, Old High German Old Saxon ni, ne, Old English ne `not'; Old Icelandic nē̆ in
the only poet. meaning ` not ', during nē in the meaning ` nor; and not| not| neither ' = Gothic
nih (meaning has changed equally with ni) from *ne-kʷe = Old High German nih-ein, Old
Saxon (with gramm. variation) nig-ēn `not' (but Old Saxon nec ànd not' = Latin neg-, see
above S. 418); Old High German conjunction noh `yet' from *neh (*ne-kʷe) or from ne +
Old High German ouch àlso'; Old High German nein, Old Saxon nēn `no' from *ne +
oinom `not one' (see above Latin nōn, nūllus); Old English nā `never, not at any time, not, no',
engl. nō `no' (also Old Icelandic nei `no' from *ni + aiw = Old Saxon Old High German nio
`never, not at any time');
Maybe aphesis alb. (n)io, jo ` no' (common alb. Slavic -j- = Church Slavic ne-ję-věrъ `
incredulous ').
Old Prussian ni, Lithuanian ne `not', nė̃kas, nekurìs (see above); Old Church Slavic ne
`not';
maybe alb. *(*ne-kʷe), nuk `not' = Latin ne-que `not; and not, nor; rarely not even' a
compound of Root / lemma: nĕ1
nĕ1, nē,
nē nei : negative particle + Root / lemma: kʷe 1 : and
(encl.)
Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of proto Illyrian origin.
Hittite natta `not', nāwi ` not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time '.
nē Old Indic (ved.) nā `not'; Latin nē `not' in nē-quidem, nēquāquam, nēquīquam,

nē:
nēquam, shortened probably in nĕutiquam (but né-uter with old *nĕ, see above), nē Konj. `
not; (intro clause of purpose with subj verb); [ne....quidem => not even] ', Oscan ni `ne' (ni-p ` nēve
'), Marrucinian ni ` not '; Old Irish nī̆, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn. ny, bret. ne `not' (partly
with secondary abridgement); Old Irish nī ìs not' is the common nī with plentiful copula;
Gothic nē `no'.
nei accentuated `not': Avestan naē-čiš `no, not at all, not', adv. naēčiš intensified
negation; Latin nī, Old Latin nei Adv. and Konj. 1. older `not', 2. ` si non ', quid-nī; Oscan
nei `not' (nei-p ` nor; and not| not| neither '); Gothic nei (ἅπ. λεγ.) `not', Old Icelandic nī `no',
Old High German nī emphatic `not'; Lithuanian niẽ-kas ` nobody, no person, no one ', neĩ
àlso not, not even, not once, never '; Old Church Slavic ni ` nor; and not| not| neither ', ni-kъto `
nobody, no person, no one '; the Germanic forms perhaps but = Old Indic nēd àbsolutely
not, not at all ', Avestan nōit, ap. nay from Indo Germanic *ne id ` not this '; perhaps it
indicates Indo Germanic nei from *ne + ī (compare οὑτοσ-ί:).
n̥- Negation particle as first part: Old Indic Avestan ap. a-, before vowels (also i̯, u̯) an-;
gr.ἀ-, before vowel ἀν-; Latin in-, oldest en- (the pre consonant form); Oscan Umbrian an-;
Old Irish in- (before Med.), ē- (before Tenuis), an- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-;
Gothic Old High German Old Saxon un-, Old Icelandic ō-, ū-; in Balto Slavic replaced
absolutely through ne-; about Church Slavic ne-ję-věrъ ` incredulous ', ne-ję-sytь ` insatiable =
Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; Tocharian AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through several
languages are going through equally e.g.: Old Indic amr̥t́ a-, ἄμβροτος, immortālis; Old Indic
ájñāta-, ἄγνωτος, Armenian ancanaut`, ignōtus, Old Irish ingnad, Gothic unkunÞs; Old
Indic anudrá-, ἄνυδρος, etc.
References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
431 f., 2, 590 ff.
Page(s): 756-758
nō-, Plur. nē̆s-, nŏs

ne-3, nō-
Root / lemma: ne- nŏs- (*ḫounks--)
Meaning: we
Note: (originally out of the nominative case; Nom. see below *u̯e)
Material: 1. Old Indic Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nāu, Gatha-Avestan Gen. nā, Old Church Slavic
nā, gr. νώ, hom. νῶι from *νω-Fι (whose 2. part of the nominative stem is *u̯e-, *u̯i-); Old
Irish nā(tha)r Gen., Gothic ugkis, Old Saxon unc, Old Norse okkr ` we both ' (unc = *n̥-ge,
compare mik from *me-ge).
2. In Plural: Old Indic naḥ enclitic, Avestan nǝ̄, nā̊, nō, Latin nōs, alb. Geg na Nom.
(*nŏs), ne Gen. Dat. Akk. (*nōs); Irish ni etc. (seems *s-nēs), Gen. ar n- (*n̥s-rō-m), cymr.
corn. bret. ni, ny ` we ' (*nēs), Gothic Old High German uns, Old Saxon ūs, Old Norse oss
`we' (*n̥s), Old Church Slavic nasъ Gen. (*nōs-sōm), Old Prussian nōuson (also);
based on *n̥sme (probably n̥s + particle *sm-, related to the -sm- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g.
Old Indic tá-sm-āt) Avestan ahma (Old Indic asmān, ap. Gen. amāxam) = Aeolic ἄμμ-,
Doric ἁ̄μ-, Ionic-Attic ἡμ-; Poss. Lesbian ἄμμος, Doric ἁ̄μός = Avestan ahma-, Ionic-Attic
ἡμέτερος) etc.; Hittite Dat. Akk. anzāš, enkl. naš `we'.
References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 600 f.

Page(s): 758
nem-1 (*ḫe- nem-

Root / lemma: nem- nem-1)
Meaning: to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name
Note:
nem-1 (*ḫe- nem-
Root / lemma: nem- nem-1):: to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name,
en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥, nōmn̥
derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: en( nōmn̥ : name.
Material: Avestan nǝmah- n. `loan';
Maybe alb. Geg nem, Tosc nëm ` give' imperative.
gr. νέμω `divide from, allow weiden'; later `control, rule', Med. `teile mir to, devour, weide',
Herod. ἀνα-νέμεσθαι àllot, aufrechnen', νομή `distribution; meadowland ', νομάς, -άδος
`weidend, after willow wandering ', νομεύς `herdsman, shepherd; Verteiler', νομός ` willow,
Wohnsitz', νόμος ` alignment, order', νομίζω `see, observe as geltend an', νόμισμα `
custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebräuchliche Geldwährung'; lengthened grade νωμάω
`divide to'; νέμεσις Ùnwille, göttliche revenge, vengeance ' (*νεμετις, actually `das
Zurechnen'), νεμεσ(σ)άω, -άομαι, -ίζομαι `be angry with, rebuke, reproach', νεμέτωρ `
avenger'; alb. namë, nëme `curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = νόμος; nëmës
` curser, blasphemer, one who blasphemes '; here also Old Irish nāmae, Gen. nāmait `fiend'?
That νέμος n. ` meadowland ' here belongs, is not totally certain; see below nem-
nem-2;
Latin numerus `number' (*nomes-o-), nummus ` currency, coin' (from gr. νόμιμος `
allowed, legitimate, lawful, ordinary ');
Old Irish nem f., Middle Irish neim ` give ' (compare Modern High German Gift : geben
`give');
Gothic Old Saxon Old English niman, Old High German nëman, Old Icelandic nëma
`take';
lengthened grade Gothic anda-nēm n. `reception', Old High German nāma ` forcible
receiving, robbery '; Old English nām f. ` the griping ' from Old Icelandic nām m. `the
receiving, learning '; Gothic anda-nēms `pleasant', Old High German nāmi `suitable,
appropriate, acceptable '; Latvian n̨emt (contaminated from nemt and jemt) ` take '; Lithuanian
nãmas, mostly Pl. namaĩ `dwelling, house', Latvian nams m. `house'; ablaut. Lithuanian
dial. numaĩ ` dwelling, house ' (*nom-); Lithuanian núoma, Latvian nuõma, ìnterest, rental '
(vowel gradation as gr. νωμάω).
References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine νεμ-;
E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff.
Page(s): 763-764
nem-2 (*ḫe- nem-

Root / lemma: nem- nem-2)
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old Indic námas- n. = Avestan nǝmah- n. ` bowing, bending = worship,
veneration, grace', Old Indic námati ` bows, leans, bends' (Kaus. nāmayati), Avestan nǝmaiti `
bends ' (nāmaiti, Kaus. nāmayeiti), with apa-, frā- èscape, flee'; participle Old Indic natá- `
bent, curved ';
gr. νέμος n. ` meadowland ' = Latin nemus, -oris ` grove ', etc.; gall. νεμητον ` sacred
grove ', PN Nemeto-brigā, VN Nemetes, Old Irish nemed ` shrine ', then `privilege, privileged
person'; asächs. nimidas ` sacra silvārum '; Lithuanian FlN Nẽmunas `Neman, Niemen, a river
of western Belarus ' (= ` marshy stream'), nẽmuogė ` blueberry '; gall. nanto `valley', trinanto `
three valleys ', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant `valley, stream, brook' (*nṃ-tu-, compare
participle Old Indic natá- from nm̥tó-); savoy. nã `stream, brook'; perhaps here Old Irish
nem `sky, heaven'; different above S. 315.
References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Fränkel REIE. 1, 405 ff.
Page(s): 764
nepōt- (*ḫe- nemōt-

Root / lemma: nepōt- nemōt-)
Meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant
Grammatical information: fem. neptī-
neptī-
Material: Old Indic nápāt (secondary náptr̥-) ` grandson, descendant ', Avestan napāt-,
naptar-, ар. napāt- ds., Old Indic apām napāt, Avestan apąm napå- n. name of a divinity (`
primeval offspring of the waters '); hom. νέποδες (δηοη) ` young ones, children ' from a N.
Sg. *νέπωτς; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch ναφοθ òffspring, descendant, son'
(Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip ` grandson, nephew '; Latin nepōs, -tis ` grandchild,
grandson ', later also ` nephew '; Old Lithuanian nepotis, nepuotis `grandchild, grandson';
Old High German nevo ` nephew, kinsman, relative', Old English nefa `grandchild,
grandson, nephew ', Old Icelandic nefe ` nephew, kinsman, relative' (*nepōts); Middle Irish
nïæ, Gen. nïath ` sister's son ' (for the form in the end Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr.
nei, nai ds., corn. noi `grandchild, grandson', Middle Breton ni ` nephew '.
Fem. Old Indic naptī́- `granddaughter, female descendant ', Avestan naptī-
`granddaughter';
Latin neptis (for -ti(s) after the ĭ-stem) `granddaughter', later `niece'; Old Irish necht,
cymr. abret. nith, Middle Breton niz, corn. noith `niece'; (common alb. Celtic -f-, -ph- > -ch-,
-h-)
Old High German nift `neptis, privigna', Modern High German (actually Low German)
Nichte, Old Norse nipt ` sister's daughter, niece'; Old Lithuanian neptė `granddaughter';
russ.-Church Slavic nestera `niece' (*nept-terā). (common Slavic -pt- > -st-)
further formations *nepti̯o-: Avestan naptya- ` offspring, descendant '; alb. (*hamesa)
mbesë `niece' from *nepōtiā;
Note:
Alb. Geg mesa, Tosc mbesa `niece (sister's daughter)' derived from Hittite Luwian *ḫnosa-
(a descendant); Luwian ḫnsa `grandson' : Hittite ḫamša- ḫašša (a grandson) : Latvian
māsas-meita `niece (sister's daughter)' = Latvian māsa `sister (: alb. motra, motër `sister')
+ meita `daughter'; alb. has lost the Anatolian old larygeal.
gr. ἀ-νεψιός ` brother's or sister's son ' (*sm̥-neptii̯os); russ.-Church Slavic netijь ` nephew
'. (Greek Occidental Romance vowel prefix)
Probably as ` the under-age, dependent ' to ne- and potis.
References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.

References:
Page(s): 764
Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner-

ner-1(t)- aner- (ǝner-?) (*ḫe- ner-
ǝner- 1(t)-)
ner-1(t)-
Meaning: vital energy; man
Material:
Maybe Hittite: innarawatar 'life power', innarawant= 'strong', Luvian annar-ummi- 'strong'
(Tischler 358ff) (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-);
Armenian air, Gen. aṙn `man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse2 83), aru `virile',
whereof arvest, arhest ` art '; New Phrygian αναρ `man'; Luvian annar ds. (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-);
gr. νωρεῖ ἐνεργεῖ Hes. (: Lithuanian nóras, see below), ἀνήρ, -έρα, ἀνδρός `man',
ἠνορέη ` manfulness ' (Hom.; ἠ- metr. lengthening), ἀνδρεῖος ` manly, gamy', εὐ-ήνωρ `rich
an vitality ', ἀγ-ήνωρ `gamy', δρ-ώψ ἄνθρωπος (*νρ-ωψ ` Mannesantlitz habend '); about
ἄνθρωπος `person' (*ἄνδρ-ωπος with secondary Aspiration [?]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 4264;
Old Indic nár- (nā́) `man, person', Avestan nar- (nā) ds. (Old Indic nara-ḥ, Avestan nara-
after Akk. náram, narǝm neologism); Old Indic nárī, Avestan nāirī `wife, woman' (previously
Aryan feminine formation); Old Indic nárya-, Avestan nairya- ` manly, virile ': probably also
Old Indic sūnára- `full of vitality, juvenile ', Avestan hunara- m. ` miracle power ', Old Indic
nr̥tú- m. ` hero ', sūnr̥t́ ā ` vitality ' (su- offers also Celtic: Old Irish so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth
`valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (iran. *nar-ϑra-);
alb. njer `man, person'; (common alb. Serbian -e- > -je-).
Note:
Note
Probably alb. njeriu `man' derived from sabin. Nerius because of solidified alb. Pl. njerëz
`men, people', njerëzim `humanity' where -os, - us ending has been solidified.
Latin neriōsus ` resistens, fortis ', Neriō, -iēnis ` eine mit Mars in Kultverbindung
stehende Göttin ' (`*the strong '), Nerō, Sabine = ` fortis ac strenuus ' (Schulze Eigenn.
315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius agrees with Old Indic nárya-), Oscan Gen. Pl. nerum ` man;
husband, great man| nobleman, hero ', Umbrian nerf Akk. Pl. ` proceres, principes ';
cymr. ner ` hero ', Old Irish ner `boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, Old Irish nert (*ner-to-),
cymr. corn. nerth ` manfulness, army ', bret. nerz ` power ', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus
etc., Old Irish nertaim Ì strengthen', cymr. nerthu ` strengthen, support ', bret. nerza `
strengthen '; Old Irish nār (*nōro-) `noble, bighearted ', gall. GN Nāria f.; about Old Irish nār
`blushful' s. S. 754;
Old Germanic Nerthus à goddess', Old Icelandic Njǫrðr m. god's name; Lithuanian
nóras m. ` volition ', nóriu, norė́ti `want, desire, will', Old Prussian PN Nor-mans, ablaut.
Ner-man; Lithuanian nértėti, ablaut. nartìnti `be angry with', į-nir̃tęs ` becomes angry ',
nar̃tsas m. (*nar̃-sa-s) `boldness, rage, fury', narsùs `fierce, grim'; Old Prussian nertien
Akk. `rage, fury', er-nertimai ` we enrage '; Slavic *norvъ m. in Old Church Slavic nravъ
`custom', etc.;
gr. hom. νῶροψ χαλκός after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. òre from Noricum', also not here;
after Kuiper `full of vitality '.
Proto-Altaic: *ńi̯àŕì
Meaning: man, young man
Turkic: *jeŕne
Mongolian: *ǯer-me-
Tungus-Manchu: *ń(i)ari
Korean: *nắr-ná-
Japanese: *mì(n)tù
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 291.

Uralic: ńōre
Kartvelian: (Georg. nar- 'male camel' < Iran.)
References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl.
Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.
Page(s): 765
ner-2 (*ḫe- ner-

Root / lemma: ner- ner-2)
Meaning: under
Material: Gr. νέρτερος ` unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer ' (through hybridization with ἔνεροι
`the subterraneous, underground', s. S. 312 *en ìn', also ἐνέρτερος); νέρθε(ν) (and again
ἔνερθε(ν), Doric Aeolic ἔνερθα) `from under'; νειρός `the Unterste' (*neri̯o-); Oscan nertrak
` left hand ', Umbrian nertru ` left ' (= νέρτερος); zero grade Old Icelandic norðr n. `north', Old
English norðerra `more northern', Old High German nordrōni `northern' (The north is to the
direction of the prayer to the east = on the left);
possible kinship from n-er- with *n-ei- `low, base' (see 312).
Maybe alb. Geg nër, alb. ndër ùnder' [common alb. n > nd shift]

Page(s): 765-766
ner-3 (*ḫe- ner-

Root / lemma: ner- ner-3)
Meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow
Material: established only for the Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian neriù, nérti ìmmerse, swim through,
flee, einschlüpfen ', nerìs m. `beaver', nãras m. ` Taucherente ', narvà ` cell of the queen bee
', Latvian nìrt, nirdât ` submerge '; Old Church Slavic nьrǫ, nrěti `penetrate', sloven. po-
ndrẹ́ti ` submerge ', klr. po-nerty `dive', Old Church Slavic nora ` φωλεός, a hiding-place,
lurking-hole, covert, den ', russ. norá `hole, cave, pit, pothole', Old Russian po-norovъ `
earth worm ', serb. nòrac ` aquanaut '; auf a zero grade *nъr- (*nor- to Indo Germanic *nor-
) based on Slavic nyr-, nur- in russ.-Old Church Slavic nyrjati, ` dip, immerse ', nura ` door|
entrance ' (etc.); here probably FlN Old Prussian Narus, Lithuanian Nar̃-upe, Illyrian Νάρων
` Narenta ' = Scots Gaelic Abhainn Narunn ` Nairn '; Lithuanian Nerìs, Nerỹs, Neretà, Old
Prussian Neria ` spit, tongue of land ', russ. Neretva (to Bug).
References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;
See also: perhaps to ner-2.
Page(s): 766
Root / lemma: nes- (*ḫe- nes-
lemma: nes- nes-)
Meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself
Material: Old Indic násatē ` unites, joins ', redupl. unthematic níṁsatē 3. Pl. ` sie berühren
nahe mit dem Körper, kiss ' (*ni-ns-atē), participle níṁs-āna- (old Deponentien); GN
Nā́satyau m. Dual. ` both helpers in need ', Proto Indic Našattia, Avestan Nā̊ŋhaiϑya-,
compare H. Güntert, Weltkönig 259;
zero grade Old Indic ásta-, Avestan asta- n. `homeland, domicile'; gr. νέομαι, Ionian
νεῦμαι ` come happily, return home, journey back home ', Νέστωρ actually ` the always
returning ', νόστος m. ` home coming, returning home ', redupl. ep. νί̄σομαι ` go, come with' (*νι-
νσ-ομαι with preservation of -σ- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *νι-νσ-σαι, -ται);
reduced grade ναίω, Fut. νάσσομαι `stay, dwell, inhabit ', ναιετάω `stay, dwell, inhabit; be
inhabited '; *νασ-Fός: Doric Thessalian νᾱός, lak. νᾱFος, Lesbian ναῦος (i.e. νάFFος), Ionian
νηός, Attic νεώς m. `( god's abode =) temple, shrine '; zero grade ἄσμενος ` gerettet,
geborgen ';
alb. knelem ` recover, be living again ' (prefix k- + *nes-lo-); Gothic ga-nisan `gerettet
become, recover, recuperate ', Old High German Old Saxon gi-nesan ds., Old English ge-
nesan ` are saved, escape, survive ', Gothic ga-nists, Old High German Old Saxon gi-nist
`recovery, salvation'; Kaus. Gothic nasjan `fit, make healthy ', Old High German nerian,
nerren `rescue, heal, cure', nähren `nourish', Old Saxon nerian, Old English nerian
`rescue, shield ' (besides with ē, ō: Old Icelandic nǣra and nø̄ra ` animate, refresh,
nourish ', Swedish dial. nöra `start a fire'); Old Icelandic aldr-nari m. `( life preserver =) fire',
Old Saxon līf-nara f. `nourishment, food', Old English neru f. `salvation, nourishment, food',
Old High German nerī, nara f. `salvation, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in Old
High German wega-nest, -nist n. ` travel food ', Old English nest n. `nourishment, food',
Old Icelandic nest n. ` provision for a journey| traveling allowance; money saved by soldiers,
nourishment, food'; Tocharian A nas-, В nes- `be'; A naṣu- `friend'.
References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Wörter, 191 ff.

Page(s): 766-767
neu-dh- (*ḫe- neu-

Root / lemma: neu- neu-dh-)
Meaning: to yearn for smth.
Material: Old High German niot ` eagerness ', Middle High German nietlīche `with desire,
with eagerness ', Modern High German niedlich, Old Saxon niud m. `desire, yearning', Old
English nīed, nēod f. `wish, longing, yearning, eagerness '; Gothic PN Neudis (*Niudeis);
Lithuanian pa-nústu, -núdau, -nústi ` have craving, long for '.
Page(s): 768
neu-d- (*ḫe- neu-

Root / lemma: neu- neu-d--)
Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.
Material: Gothic niutan `τυχεῖν, reach', ga-niutan ` gripe, catch', nuta `seizor, snarer, trapper,
fisherman ', Old Icelandic njōta ` utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German niozan
` etwas an sich nehmen, utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old Saxon niotan, Old English
nēotan ds.; Gothic un-nuts ` useless', Old High German nuzzi, Old Saxon nutti, Old
English nytt `wherefore use, take advantage of ' (zero grade Old Icelandic nȳtr); Old
English nyttian `need, lack, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German nuzzen, nuzzōn,
Modern High German nützen, nutzen; Old Icelandic nyt f. `profit, gain, milk' (nytja `milk'), Old
English nytt f., Middle Low German nutte, nut `profit, gain ', Old High German nuz, -zzes m.
`profit, gain ', Old English notu f. `yield'; Old Icelandic naut n. ` Stück Vieh ', nautr m. `
valuable possession ', Old English nēat n. ` Stück Rindvieh, animal', Old High German nōz
m. ` Nutz Vieh ', Old Saxon notil n. `small cattle' (Church Slavic nuta `cattle' from
Germanic); Old High German ganōz, -o `comrade', Old Saxon genōt, Old English genēat,
Old Icelandic nautr ds.;
Lithuanian naudà `benefit, profit, gain, property', naũdyti `lust, crave', Latvian nàûda `
currency';
perhaps Old Irish Nuado, Gen. Nuadat GN, cymr. Nudd GN, abrit.-Latin Dat. Nōdonti,
Nōdenti GN (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually ` angler, fisherman ' after Vendryes RC.
39, 384.
References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 3379;

See also: to consecutive (neu
neu-dh-)
neu-
Page(s): 768
Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-

neu-ksneu-s- (*ḫe- neu-ks-)
neu-ks-
Meaning: to sniff, smell
Note:
nas- : `nose' : Root / lemma: neu
Root / lemma: nas- ks-, neu-
neu-ksneu-s- : `to sniff, smell' derived from
zero grade of Root / lemma: an(ǝ)
ǝ)-3 : `to breathe'.
an(ǝ)-
Material: Gothic bi-niuhsian ` find out; track down; ferret out; spy out ', niuhseins ` visitation,
affliction or punishment by god ', perhaps to Old Icelandic nȳsa `scent, snuffle, sniff, peer ',
njōsn f. ` tidings, search ', Old High German niusen ` try, assay, test ' (to alteration from -hs-
to -s- s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;
neus- in: Old English nēosian, nīosan, Old Saxon niusian, niusōn ` examine, trail, follow ';
neus-
in addition Old English nosu, engl. nose, Dutch neus `nose', Norwegian nosa `scent', nūs
`smell, odor, scent, sense of smell ', nuska ` seek ', Modern High German nüschen ` dig with
the snout ', engl. nuzzle, Dutch neuzelen `snuffle, sniff', Middle Low German noster(en),
nüster(en) ` nostril '; russ. njúchatь `snuffle, sniff, smell', serb. njušiti `snuffle, sniff'.
Maybe alb. (*njúchatь) nuhat, nuhas `snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb.
Geg (*nuhas) huna, Tosc hunda `nose' [common alb. n > nd]
References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.
Page(s): 768-769
neuk- (*ḫe- neuk-

Root / lemma: neuk- neuk-)
Meaning: dark, indistinct
Material: Latin nuscitiōsus `qui propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with l-
(after lux, lūcēre?) luscus ` blinking; blödsichtig; one-eyed', luscīnus ` dazzled, blinded;
amazed, impressed ', lusciōsus, luscītiōsus ` purblind| dim-sighted '; Lithuanian niūksóti `grow
dark', niūkiù, niũkti ` roar, sound vaguely ', apsi-niáukti ` get cloudy ', Latvian apn̨auktiês
ds.
Page(s): 768
neu-1 (*ḫe- neu-

Root / lemma: neu- neu-1)
Meaning: to call, to praise
Material: Old Indic navatē, nāuti ` sounds, rejoices, praises ', Old Irish nūall (*neu-slo-) n.
`scream, din, fuss, noise, proclamation '; perhaps Latin nūntium ` message| announcement;
news; notice of divorce/annulment of betrothal ' (*nou̯ention).
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: neu-2 (*ḫe- neu-

lemma: neu- neu-2)
Meaning: to make a push; to nod
Material: Old Indic návatē, nāuti ` turns, moves ', nāvayati ` turns, sweeps ', as d-present
probably nudáti ` shoves, pushes '; gr. νεύω ` nod, beckon ' (*νεύσω), νεῦμα ` beckoning
gesture ', νευστάζω ` nod '; Latin nuō, -ere ` nod, wave, beckon, bow, lean ', nūtō, -āre ` sich
hin und her neigen, waver, wobble, give way', nūtus, -ūs ` nod; command| will, beckoning gesture,
order', nūmen ` beckoning gesture, volition, divine will| divinity; god ' (*neu-men, or as *neu-smen
= gr. νευμα from *νευσ-μα with here certainly root-like σ); Old Irish nóïd `makes known',
*ate-no- èntrust', verbal noun aithne ` deposit| trust; money placed on deposit/safe keeping;
contract on trust money ' = cymr. adnau ds.;
r(o)- russ. (etc.) ponúryj (*neu-ro-) ` lowered (of the head), low-spirited (of
with formant. -r(o)-
the eyes) '; with the meaning ` stupfen ' presumably gr. νυρεῖ νύσσει, νυρῶν νύσσων, ξύων
Hes., and (?) Lithuanian niùrkyti `press, squeeze';
with g- further formations: gr. νύσσω, Attic νύττω ` prick, prickle ', νύγω Hes., Pass. Perf.
νένυγμαι, participle present νυγείς; with intensive strengthening νυκχάζω νύσσω Hes.,
Middle Low German nuck(e) `sudden push, malice, spite; danger, peril, perniciousness; vagary, odd
or unexpected action or idea, fickleness ', md. nucken ` fall asleep, doze off, nod off ', Middle High
German ent-nucken ds., perhaps also Old Church Slavic n(j)ukati ` encourage, stimulate '.
Maybe alb nduk ` pull, pinch '
References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 7174.
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: neu̯os,

os -i̯i̯i̯os
os os (*ḫe- neu̯os,
os -i̯i̯i̯os)
os os
os
Meaning: new
Material: Old Indic náva-, Avestan nava- `new', Kompar. navatara- (: gr. νεώτερος), gr.
νέ(F)ος, Latin novus, Oscan Núvlanúis ` Nōlānīs ' (from *Núvelā = Latin Nōla), Old
Lithuanian navas, Old Prussian neuwenen certain Nom. Sg. n. (*nawanjan; Old Prussian
nauns probably after jauns ` young '), Old Bulgarian novъ `new'; -i̯i̯i̯o-form Old Indic návya-,
Ionian νεῖος, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dūnum (` new castle '), Old Irish nūë, cymr. newydd, abret.
nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, Gothic niujis, Old Icelandic nȳr, Old High German Old Saxon
niuwi, Old English nīwe, nēowe, Lithuanian naũjas `new'; Tocharian А ñu, В ñune ds.,
Hittite neu̯a- ds.; with -ro-forms
ro gr. νε(F)αρός, Armenian nor `new' (*nou̯ero-), Latin nover-
ca ` stepmother ';
Maybe alb. njerka ` stepmother ' a Latin loanword.
Maybe aphesis alb. (*nou̯ero-) re (fem.), ri (masc.) `new'.
gr. νεάω = Latin novāre ` make new| renovate; renew| refresh| change ' (therefrom novālis ` fallow-
land; enclosed land| field, a field which is plowed for the first time or after one-year-old rest';
forms as in aequālis ` equal| similar; uniform| level| flat; of the same age/generation/duration ', also `
being of young age '); νεότης = Latin novitās ` restored state (as new); being new
appointed/promoted; surprise; modern times '; Feminina with ī- besides ā-suffix (see Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl.323 f.) lie consecutive formations the basic: Latin novīcius ` new| fresh; esp.
of persons new to slavery '; russ. novíkъ ` beginner; novice, neophyte; inexperienced person; trainee,
recruit '; gr. νέᾱξ `young scoundrel '; Church Slavic novakъ ` beginner; novice, neophyte;
inexperienced person; trainee, recruit '; but νεᾱνίᾱς ` youngling ' from νεFο-αν- `young
Atmender'; νεοχμός `new' see above S. 414.
References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.

See also: Changing through ablaut nū̆ ` now' see there; s. also *e-neu̯en ` nine '.
Page(s): 769
nēik- : nīk-
Root / lemma: nēik- nīk- : nik-
nik- (*ḫe- nēik-
nēik-)
Meaning: to attack; to fight, rail
Material: Gr. νεῖκος n. `quarrel, fight', νεικέω ` quarrel, dispute, argue, fight, scold ', perhaps
also νί̄κη, Doric νῑκᾱ f. `victory', νῑκάω ` win'; Celtic (?) FlN Nicros ` Neckar '; Old English
ge-nǣstan `quarrel' (*naihstian?); Balto Slavic *ninkō ` begin violently ' in Lithuanian -
ninkù, -nìkti ds., Latvian nikns àngry, irate', ablaut. naîks `violent', Lithuanian dial. neikom
`very', Old Prussian neikaut ` stroll ', Slavic *niknǫ, *niknǫti in Old Church Slavic vъz-niknǫti
` come round, recover consciousness, become conscious again, return to consciousness ', russ.-Church
Slavic niknuti ` hervorwachsen ', etc.
References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb.
213.
Page(s): 761
Root / lemma: nē-

nē-tr..., tr (*ḫe- nē-
tr nǝ-tr... nē-tr.)
tr
Meaning: snake
Comments:
Root / lemma: nē-tr-, nǝ-tr-
nē-tr- tr- : snake, derived from Root / lemma: (s)nē-
(s)nē- and (s)nēi-
(s)nēi- : to sew
together, to web, spin I formants: -p-: snep-, -u
u- : snēu-, sneu-, -rr- (s)ner-, also -tr
tr nētr-
tr-:
àdder, viper'.
Material: Latin natrix, -icis m. f. ` water-snake; whip; a plant, penis' = Old Irish nathir, Gen.
nathrach ` water-snake; serpent| snake '; cymr. neidr `snake' (*natrī), Pl., nadroedd, corn.
nader, mbr. azr, br. aer ds., abret. natrol-ion ` reptile (snake, lizard, or dragon) which is able to kill
with by its look or breath (Classical Mythology); basilisk; bibl. Cockatrice '; Gothic nadrē Gen. Pl., Old
Icelandic naðr m., naðra f. àdder, viper'; with ē Old English nǣddre, Old Saxon nādra, Old
High German nātara, nātra f. àdder, viper' (*nē-trā).
Maybe folk etymology Latin natrix ` snake ' + pertica ` perch ' = alb. compound nëpërka
àdder, viper '.
References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;
See also: probably as `the winding, turning ', to root (s)nē-.
(s)nē
Page(s): 767
ni-, nei-
Root / lemma: ni- nei- (*ḫe- nei-
nei-)
See also: see above S. 312 f. (en-).
Page(s): 767
Root / lemma: niz-do- (*ḫe- niz-

niz-do- do-)
niz-do-
Meaning: `nest'
See also: see below sed-.
Page(s): 769
ʷo- or nagʷo
Root / lemma: nogʷo
nogʷo- ʷo- (*ḫe- nagʷo
nagʷo- ʷo-)
nagʷo-
Meaning: tree
Material: Old Indic naga- m. `tree, mountain'; Old Icelandic nǫkkui m., Old High German
nahho, Old Saxon naco, Old English naca ` bark, type of sailboat, dugout canoe'.
Page(s): 770
nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o
Root / lemma: nogʷ ʷod(h)o-, nogʷ
nogʷod(h)o- no- (*ḫe- negʷo
nogʷ-no- ʷo-)
negʷo-
Meaning: naked
Material: Old Norse nøkkva ` make naked '; lengthened grade Lithuanian núogas, Latvian
dial. nuôgs, Old Church Slavic nagъ `naked';
with dental formants: Latin nūdus `naked' from *nogʷed(h)os or *nogʷod(h)os = Gothic
naqaÞs (-d-), Old Norse nøkkuiðr (also nǫktr), next to which Old Swedish nakuÞer, Old
English nacod, Old High German nackut, nachut, Modern High German nackt; Old Irish
nocht, cymr. etc. noeth `naked' (*nogʷ-to-s); (common alb. Celtic -kt > -th, -gt > -dh)
no-: Old Indic nagná- `naked', Avestan maɣna- ds. (m- through
with formants -no-
dissimilation, the initial grade of westosset. bäɣnäɣ); Armenian merk `naked'; hieher also
gr. γυμνός, by Hes. λυμνός (for *νυμνός) and ἀπολύγματος ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι; Old
Icelandic nakinn, Old Frisian naken `naked' (k instead of nord. ku̯ point to metathesis from
*nak(u̯)-na- after the participle in -inn); Hittite neku-manza `naked'.
Comments:
nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o
Root / lemma: nogʷ ʷod(h)o-, nogʷ
nogʷod(h)o- no-: naked > Root / lemma: lēk-
nogʷ-no- lēk-2 : lǝk-
ǝk- : to tear,
fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod
Maybe alb. (*naku̯-n-os) lakuriq ` naked', lëkurë ` skin, naked skin', lakuriq ` bat, hanging
skin ' : Greek λυμνός (for *νυμνός) (common Baltic Hittite n- > l- = alb. Greek n- > l-) See
Lithuanian liekúoti ds., Latvian liekša `winnowing shovel' Root / lemma: neik-
neik- : `to winnow
grain'.
References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251.
Page(s): 769
Root / lemma: nokʷ (t)- (*ḫe- nekʷ

nokʷ-(t)- (t)-)
nekʷ-(t)-
See also: s. nekʷ-(t)-.
Page(s): 770
no- (*ḫe- no-

Root / lemma: no- no-)
Meaning: pronominal stem
See also: see above S. 320, eno-.
Page(s): 769
nōmn̥ (*ḫe- nōmn̥

Root / lemma: nōmn̥ nōmn̥)
See also: s. enomn̥.
Page(s): 770
nōt-, nǝt-
Root / lemma: nōt- ǝt- (*ḫe- nōt-
nōt-)
Meaning: back, behind
Material: Gr. νῶτος, νῶτον `back', changing through ablaut with Latin nătis f., mostly Pl.
natēs `buttock, backside'?
References:
Page(s): 770
Root / lemma: nū̆- (*ḫe- nū̆

nū̆-)
Meaning: now
Material: Old Indic nú, nū́, Avestan nū `now', Old Indic nū́tana- `present, current, young, new',
nūnám `now, yet, present ' (as Lithuanian nūnaĩ, Old Church Slavic nyně probably adv.
solidified case of the Adj. *nū-no- `present, current'), Avestan nūrǝm, nūrąm, ap. nūram ds.
(shaped after āparǝm ` from here on, hereafter '?); gr. νῦ, νῠ̄ν, νῦν `now, yet' (latter probably
from *nū̆-m =) Latin num ` nun noch, noch jetzt ', then base for questions, etiamnum ` even
now| still| yet ', nunc ` now| today| at present ' (*num-ce) = Hittite ki-nun ds., nū-per ` recently| not
long ago; in recent years/our own time; (SUPER) latest in series ', next to which nu- still in nu-diūs
tertius `* now is the third day ' (about Old Irish nu-, no-, mcymr. neu Verbal-particle, see
below ne `not'); Gothic nu (nū?), Old Icelandic Old High German Old English nū̆ `now, yet,
at present ', Middle High German Modern High German nū̆, previously from Late Middle
High German time also nū̆n; Lithuanian nù, Latvian nu `now', Old Prussian in tei-nu ` now,
since; henceforth, from now on, from this time on ', Lithuanian nūnaĩ `now' (see above); Old
Bulgarian nъ ` yet ', nyně `now' (see above); Tocharian А nu В no enkl. ` yet, because';
Hittite nu (sentence-prefatory particle); ki-nun `now, yet', nū-wa `still', nu-kwit ` numquid ';
Gothic naúh `still', Old Frisian noch, Old Saxon Old High German noh Adverb `still, also
now, yet' from *nu-kʷe; about the conjunction ` neither ... nor ' see above S. 757 under ne1.
ne1
Indo Germanic nū̆ is probably zero grade to neu̯o- `new', compare Old Indic nūtane-
`present, current' and `new', gr. νέον τι ` just, recently ', Old High German niwes (adv. Gen.),
Lithuanian naujaĩ `fresh, recently '.
Maybe alb. ta-ni `now' [ta- (a-të ) `this, that' + *ni `now'] : Old Prussian in tei-nu : Skt. nú
`now, just, but' [adv]; Go. nu `now' [adv]
References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.
Page(s): 770
lemma: n̥dhos,
Root / lemma: os n̥dheri (*ḫe- n̥dhos)
os
Meaning: under
Material: Old Indic adháḥ ùnder' (as preposition m. Akk. and Gen.), Avestan adǝ̄ ùnder',
Armenian ǝnd (m. Instr.) ùnder', Old Icelandic und ds., Tocharian А añč ùnder, downwards,
in a downward direction, down ' (?);
Avestan aδairi ùnder, below', Gothic undar etc., Old High German untar and untari
ùnder', neologism after Indo Germanic *uperi (Old Indic upari etc. àbove');
Old Indic ádhara-, Avestan aδara- `the lower, those below (pl.)| the dead ', Latin īnferus ds.
(*enferos, Indo Germanic *n̥dheros), īnfernus ` lower| under; underground| of the lower regions|
infernal; of hell ' ds.(after supernus), infrā `below, underneath ' (*inferād) with Anlaut treatment
of -dh-; gr. ἀθερο- placed perhaps in ἀθερίζω ` despise ' (compare Old Indic adharīṇa- `
despises'); Gothic undaro preposition ùnder' (Abl. auf -ōd) = Old Indic Adv. ádharāt
ùnder';
Old Indic adhamá- ` the lowest ' = Latin īnfimus ds.
References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 2591.
Page(s): 771
Root / lemma: n̥si-

si-s (*ḫe- n̥si-
si si-s)
si
Meaning: sword
Note: only Aryan and Italic
Material: Old Indic así- m. ` sword, butcher's knife '; Avestan aŋhū- f. ds.; Latin ēnsis
`sword'.
References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.
Page(s): 771
Root / lemma: n̥si-

si- (*ḫe- n̥si-
si si-)
si
Meaning: dirt, black
Material: Old Indic ási-ta-, fem. ási-knī ` swart, black'; gr. ἄσις `slime, mud (of a river)',
ἄσιος `muddy'.
References: WP. I 324, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 116 f.
Page(s): 771
Root / lemma: obhel-

el- (*ḫebhel-
el-)
Meaning: to sweep; to multiply
Material: Armenian avelum Ì sweep' (aṙ-avelum Ì breed, multiply, procreate ': aveli ` poly, many,
several; multiple, numerous '), gr. ὀφέλλω `sweep' and ` increase, breed, multiply, procreate,
reproduce, propagate ', ὄφελμα ` broom, tool used for sweeping ' and ` profit ', ὄφελτρον ` broom, tool
used for sweeping ' Hes., ὀφελτρέυω ` sweep, wash away, rinse, clean with a broom '; ὄφελος ` profit
', ὠφελέω ` profit, gain '.
References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Wörter 120 ff.
Page(s): 772
Root / lemma: obhi- (*ḫebhei-

ei-)
See also: see above S. 287 (ebhi-).
Page(s): 772
Root / lemma: od-
od-1
Meaning: to smell
Material: Armenian hot ` fragrance, smell, odor' (sek. o-stem), hotim ` smell ', hototim ` nose,
Material:
smell, scent, sniff ';
Maybe nasalized attribute noun alb. f. (*hounta) hunda ` nose '.
Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ3o- > ho- Armenian.
gr. (*ḫ3ὄζω) ὄζω ` smell, give off an odor ' (*ὄδι̯-ω, with Latin olēre under an extension basis
*odēi- compatible), ὄδωδα, hom. etc. ὀδμή, Doric ὀδμά:, Attic ὀσμή ` fragrance, smell,
odor' (*οδ-μᾱ), δυς-, εὐ-ώδης ` malodorous, bad smelling, stinky, smelly, giving off a foul odor,
odorous, fragrant, releasing a good smell, sweet-smelling ', ὀσ-φραίνομαι ` nose, smell, scent, sniff ' with
*οδσ- (: Latin odor) as first part; haplology alb. amë ` unpleasant smell, odor' (*odmā =
ὀδμή); Latin odor `smell, odor', odefaciō, ol(e)faciō ` nose, smell, scent, sniff ', oleō, -ēre
`smell, stink' (`sabin' l = d perhaps tight, firm has changed through support in oleum);
Swedish os `smell, odor, suffocating gas ', haplology Norwegian Danish os (*ōd-s-o-)
`haze, mist, suffocating vapor', Old Icelandic spān-ōsa `newly made, made anew ' (of ship
etc.), actually: ` smelling after shavings ';
Lithuanian úodžiu, úosti `smell' (*ōdi̯ō), Latvian uôžu, uôst `smell', Lithuanian úostyti `
smell around, snuffle, sniff' = Latvian uôstît (and uôkstît ds.; with the same parasitic k
Lithuanian úoksauti ` lurk continually ' );
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > u-.
Old Czech jadati ` research, examine ' (`*nose around '). Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- >
i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.

See also: see also od-2 ` repulsion'; about gall. odocos s. S. 289.
Page(s): 772-773
od-2 (*had
Root / lemma: od- had-)
had-
Meaning: disgust, hate
Note:
od-2 (*had
Root / lemma: od- had-):: `disgust, hate' derived from Root / lemma: od-
had- od-1 (*had
had-):: `to
had-
smell, *have repulsive smell'
Material: Armenian ateam Ì hate ', ateli ` detested, hostile ';
gr. ὀδυς- (as *οδ-υδ- containing the participle Perf.) in οὐδύεται ἐρίζεται Hes. (οὐ- metr.
lengthening for ὀ-), ὀδώδυσται, ὠδυσάμην, ὀδύσσασθαι, ὀδυσθῆναι `be angry with,
grumble, rumble '; Latin ōdī ` hate| dislike; be disinclined/reluctant/ adverse to ', ŏdium ` haterd
(manifestion by/towards group); object of hate '; Old English atol, Old Icelandic atall ` fearful| cruel|
awful| horrible; fierce, savage| bloody; heinous| severe; terrible| frightening| dreadful '; Hittite ḫatukiš
`terrible, dreadful';
as ` aversion as a result of smell ' perhaps to od-1 `smell'.

Page(s): 773
oid- (*ḫeid
Root / lemma: oid- eid-os)
eid
Meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water
Material:
Armenian ait (i-stem) `cheek', aitnum Ì swell' (*oid-nu-mi), aitumn `swelling, lump,
growth';
gr. οἰδάω, οἰδέω `swell', οἶδος n. `swelling, lump, growth', οἴδᾱξ ` unripe fig ', oἶδμα `
swelling, tumescence, flood of the sea ', Οἰδί-πους ` Schwellfuß ';
Old High German eiz, Modern High German dial. Eis ` abscess, boil, ulcer', and as a name
of their toxic contents Old High German eitar, Old English āt(t)or, Old Icelandic eitr `pus'
(Old Icelandic also figurative `fury, rage, bitter sense', East Frisian eitel àngry, irate,
frenzied '); Old Icelandic eitill m. ` inclusion in a stone ', Norwegian eitel `gland, knag in a
tree, knot, bud' (= Middle High German eizel `small pustulating ulcer'); Old Icelandic eista
`testicle' (*oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: gr. οἶδος); perhaps also Old English
āte, engl. oat ` oat '; Latvian idra `the the decayed marrow of a tree'; with Slavic *ĕ-, *ja-
from oi- probably Old Bulgarian -ědro, jadro (etc.) ` bowl for serving wine; sail', poln.
Kashubian also `net' (basic meaning `swelling');
Old Church Slavic jadъ ` poison ' (*oidos), slov. jàditi ànger', serb. ijèditi ` enrage ';
Lithuanian aidinti `stir, tease, irritate' and Old Church Slavic isto, Pl. istesa `testicle, kidney'
from zero grade *id-s-to-, next to which*oid-s-to- (: Old Icelandic eista) perhaps in Old
Russian jestesě n. Du. `testicles', if with it *ěstesě; nasalized *ind-ro to *ęd- (jęd-) in Slavic
*jędro, *jędrъ: Old Church Slavic jędro `quick, fast' (from `*strong' = `*swollen'), serb. jédar
`full, fresh, strong' and russ.-Church Slavic jadro ` kernel; nut; central part; hard round
mass/nodule, testicle ', russ. jadrovítyj `kernig, strong', jádrica ` barley porridge, groats ', poln.
jądro ` seed; Pl. testicles', jędrny `kernig, strong, lively '; Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian;
ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Maybe alb. gjendra `(*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland' : Church Slavic jadro
`nucleus, testiculus'. (common alb. j- > gj-)
in addition Baltic FlN Indus, Indura, Indra, Indrajà and Indrica, also Innerste, NFl the
washing or laundry line (Hildesheim), old Indrista (probably Venetic-Illyrian).
Old Indic índra- `strong', also GN 'Indra-, Proto Indic (mitanni) Indar = Avestan GN Indra-;
Old Indic indriyám n. ` power, fortune'; perhaps also índu- m. `drip' (originally `Sehwellung,
ball');
Note:

ur : Baltic FlN Indus, Indura : Ἰλλῠ
υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, Güntert Weltkönig 13 f., Machek
KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.
Page(s): 774
Root / lemma: oi-

oi-no- oi-u̯o- (*ḫei--u̯o-)
no-, oi-
See also: see above S. 286 (e-).
Page(s): 774
Root / lemma: oiu̯ā (*ḫei--u̯ā-)

See also: see above S. 297 (ei-).
Page(s): 774
Root / lemma: ok-

ok-
Meaning: to think over, *understand, see
Note:
ok- : `to think over, *understand, see' derived from a reduced Root / lemma:
Root / lemma: ok-
okʷ- : `to see; eye'.
okʷ
Material: Gr. ὄκνος ` dubiousness, hesitating ', ὀκνέω ` hesitate ', ὀκνηρός ` dilatorily ';
Gothic aha `sense, mind, understanding ', ahjan `believe, mean', ahma m. `ghost';
ahaks `dove' (as spirit bird); Old High German ahta ` observance, paying attention '
(Modern High German achtgeben), Old English eaht f. ` calculation, consultation, estimate
', Old High German Old Saxon ahtōn, Old English eahtian `consider, observe, appraise ',
Modern High German achten, beachten, Old Icelandic ǣtla (*ahtilōn) `mean, think, intend,
mean, aim'.
References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 211 to okʷ-.

Page(s): 774
Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)

tō(u)
Meaning: eight
Note:
Root / lemma: ok̂tō(u)
tō(u) : eight derived from the extended Root / lemma: ok-
ok- : `to think over,
*understand, see, count' + -ta
ta attribute formant modelled after Illyrian attribute nouns,
adjectives. Hence PIE numbers derived from previously ordinal numbers.
Material: Old Indic aṣṭā́, aṣṭā́u (besides aśītí- f. ` eighty '), Avestan ašta to Avestan ašti- `
width of four fingers ' (to Sg. *ašta-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; Armenian ut` (probably
from *optō with p assumed from seven p); gr. ὀκτώ; alb. tetë (*ok̂tō-t-);
Note:
Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta èight' : alb. teta èight';
Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' : alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a
truncated *sa(p)tata `seven' later Old Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old Saxon
sivotho, Old English seofoða, Lithuanian septiñtas; also Old Indic saptatí-, Avestan
haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are attribute formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic
cognates. The attribute -ta formant (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb.-
Anatolian languages alone.
A better explanation is the fact that Anatolian languages used the Akkadian script which
did not permit 2 subsequent consonants, therefore a vowel was introduced between the
double consonants found in:
Northern
Runic
a:tta
Old Norse
átta
Norwegian
åtte
Danish
otte
Swedish
åtta
Dalecarlian
åtta
Faroese
átta
Old Icelandic
átta
Icelandic
átta
compare maked. Otto-lobus ` 8 hill '; Latin octō; Old Irish ocht n- (nasalization after secht
n- and nōi n-); cymr. wyth, ncorn. eath, bret. eiz (*ochtī, older -ū from -ō); Gothic ahtau, Old
Icelandic ātta, Old High German Old Saxon ahto, Old English eahta; Lithuanian aštuo-nì;
Old Church Slavic osmь (reshaped after the ordinals оsmъ); Tocharian В okt, A okät.
ordinals: Latin octāvus (compare also Oscan Uhtavis ` Oktavius ') probably from
*octōu̯os; Old Phrygian οτυFοι Fετει ìn 8. years' (*ok̂tōu̯oi u̯etesi); gr. Ionian Attic
ὄγδο(F)ος (ὁ after ἕβδομος), obstructed in ὀγδοήκοντα (hom. to ὀγδώκοντα reshaped after
ὀκτώ), compare Latin octuāgintā `80', the former model from septuāginta and arisen anew
in very late time after the latter again;
after the ordinals to septm̥ (and dek̂m)̥ have been directed Old Indic aṣṭamá-, Avestan
aštǝma-, gall. oxtumetos, Old Irish ochtmad, cymr. wythfed, Lithuanian ãšmas, Old
Prussian asman (Akk.), Old Church Slavic osmъ (ok̂tmo-); compare Tocharian A oktänt, В
oktante `the eighth', alb. f. e teta ` the eighth ', m. i teti ` the eigth '
Other congruities are to name ved. aṣṭā́daśa- 18, Avestan aštadase- `the 18.', gr.
ὀκτω(καί)δεκα, Latin octōdecim, Old High German ahtozehan 18; gr. ὀκτακόσιοι, Latin
octingentī `800'.
References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.

Page(s): 775
okʷ- , (*(*ḫekʷh- )
Root / lemma: okʷ
Meaning: to see; eye
Note: besides ok-
ok-, see there
Note:
okʷ- : to see; eye derived from Root / lemma: deik̂- : to show' : Root /
Root / lemma: okʷ
lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom' [common Illyrian-Baltic d- >
zero]. The drop of initial d- in proto Aryan languages lrft the bare laryngeal ḫ-.
One of the oldest cognates is Gr. δοκεύω ` to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,
suppose, imagine, expect ', then Marathi dola (*dokula) èye'.
Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *okʷÞ- (whereupon partly the i-
and n-stem is layered):
Old Indic ákṣi n. èye' (this i-stem ved. only Nom. Akk. Sg. and in compounds, akṣi-pát
à little, a bit', after ved. also in bh-case and in Lok. Pl.), Gen. Sg. akṣ-ṇ-áḥ etc., Nom. Du.
akṣī́ = Avestan aši ` (both) eyes '
Common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xš-, -š-.
(compare *okʷī ds. in Lithuanian akì, Old Bulgarian oči and as base from Armenian ač̣-k`
and gr. ὄσσε), formation of conservative stem *akṣ-; this stem akṣ- also in ved. an-ák
`blind'; Avestan aši for *axšī after uši èars', compare Avestan aiwy-āxšayeinti ` they
supervise ', aiwyāxštar- `supervisor, custodian, keeper'; redupl. Old Indic ī́kṣatē ` sees '
(Indo Germanic *īkʷ- from *i-okʷ-); akṣá- m. `dice, cube', i.e. ` provide with eyes ';kṣaṇa- m.
n. ìnstant, eye blink' (seems grown from a Lok. *[a]kṣán); is not overgrown the Þ-stem in
the darkened compounds Old Indic prátīka- ` turned, opposite ', n. `face (with the eyes and
mouth)' (: πρόσ-ωπον), ánīka- n. ` the turned, front ', Avestan ainīka- m. `face (with the
eyes and mouth)' (*proti, *eni + okʷ-; compare Slavic nicь under *ni- `low, mean'), ghr̥tā́cī f.
` greasy (looking); sacrificial spoon ', śvitīcī́ f. `gleaming';
Armenian (with expressive gemination) akn, Gen. akan èye, aperture, hole' (n-stem),
Nom. Pl. ač̣-k` pluralized from dem Nom. Du. *okʷi;
gr. (*oksi) ὄσσε Nom. Du. Àugen'
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -ss-
(*okʷi̯e for *okʷī), Attic *ὄττε, whereof τριοττίς ` necklace with three glass eyes '; ὄσσομαι
`see, observe (spiritually), foresee, predict', Attic ὀττεύομαι `foresee, predict, dread';
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -ss-: -tt-
ὄψομαι ` I will see ', common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs-
ὄπωπα `have seen'; ὀπῑπεύω ` gawk at, look after ', παρθενοπί̄πης ` overseer of girls ' with
redupliz. root ὀπ (ι + οπ > ῑπ-); ὄμμα èye' (*ὄπ-μn̥),
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p-
ὀφθ-αλ-μός èye' (*okʷÞh- with expressive Aspirata?);
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -ph-, -f-
without Aspirata Boeotian ὄκταλλος; with (after ὀπός etc.) analogical π;
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Anatolian – Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt- see Root /
lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-, ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative ĝh(ð)m-és : èarth'
lak. ὀπτίλος, epidaur. ὀπτίλλος; similarly behaves ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν to Lesbian ὄππατα
`ὄμματα' (probably with expressive gemination); ὀπή ` opening, aperture ' (ἐνόπαι f. Pl. `
earrings ' , πολυ-ωπός ` nets with a lot of openings or meshes ');
lengthened grade ὤψ `face'; πρόσωπον `face (with the eyes and mouth)', μέτωπον
`forehead', Κύκλ-ωψ, βο-ῶπις ; μύ-ωψ ` shortsighted '; besides αἶθ-οψ with abbreviation
(comparable Latin atr-ōx, fer-ōx); common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs-
perhaps gr. ὄπις ` the vengeance or visitation, awestruck fear; punishment, retribution ',
actually ` investigation, inquiry '?; common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -p-
ἴψαο `you have reprimanded, have punished, pressed hard, oppressed ', common Old
Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -phs-
ἐν-ιπή ` rebuking, reproving appellation ', common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷ- > -
p-
ἐνί̄σσω (changed ἐνί̄πτω), Aor. ἠνί̄παπον and ἐνένῑπον `rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish,
avenge, scold ' (Indo Germanic *īkʷ- from redupl. *i-okʷ, compare Old Indic ī́kṣatē);
alb. sü èye';
Note:
Wrong etymology; [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic
trait)], hence alb. geg süni èye' : Old Irish (*sūli--) sūil ` eye ' : Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-
el sāu̯ol-
el-, sāu̯ ol-
ol
, suu̯él-, su̯el-
el-, sūl-
el sūl- : `sun'.
Finally zero grade alb. geg süni èye' : Old Irish (*sūli--) sūil ` eye '.
Latin oculus èye' (ōkʷelo-s); atr-ōx ` grisly' (to āter, above S. 69), fer-ōx `wild' (to Latin
ferus, above S. 493), etc. (: gr. μύ-ωψ ` shortsighted ', etc.);
Old Irish enech, mcymr. enep `face, face (with the eyes and mouth)', Middle Breton
enep ds. and preposition àgainst', and cymr. wyneb `face (with the eyes and mouth)',
acymr. let-einepp ` half a side ' are unclear; common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : Celtic -ĝʷ > -b :
-kʷ > -p.
in Germanic we find beside the stem *aʒw- (*ókʷ-, Old High German ac-siuni f. ` species
', auc-siuno ` evidenter ') : *awi- (*okʷí-) in Old High German awi-zoraht ` seemingly ', Old
English ēawis (*ēaw-wis) àpparent, manifest, obvious', ēawan `show, reveal ', Old Frisian
āwia, auwia ds. (*awjan), Middle High German z-ounen, Middle Dutch t-ōnen `show' (with
abbreviated prefix);
besides Germanic *aun- (*okʷ-én-); through balance and influence of *ausō èar' originated
a stem *auʒan-: Crimean Gothic Pl. oeghene (oe = ö), then Gothic augō, Old Icelandic
auga, Old High German ouga, Old English ēage n. èye'; stem *augja- in Gothic and-augi
n. `face (with the eyes and mouth)', Old English and-ēages, amd. and-ouge ` in view of',
Old Icelandic -eygr, Old High German -ougi, Old English -ēaged `- eyed ones ';
Lithuanian akìs èye', akì (= Old Bulgarian oči) `die beiden Augen', Latvian acs èye',
Old Prussian ackis Nom. Pl. ` eyes ', Old Bulgarian oko (russ. óko), Gen. očese, Du. oči
èye'; Lithuanian akýlas ` attentive ', poln. obaczyć (lengthened grade) `see, pay attention,
perceive, see ', from which through suffix misunderstanding (ob : o): baczyć `look out, pay
attention, perceive, see'; of n-stem serb.-Church Slavic okno `window'; compare engl. (Old
Icelandic loanword) wind-ow ds., actually ` wind-eye';
Affiliation from Lithuanian ākas ` Wuhne, hole in the ice ', Latvian aka ` of dug wells ',
russ. river name Oká (different above S. 23), Lithuanian eketė̃ (aketė̃, akytė) ` in das Eis
gehauenes Loch zum Wasserschöpfen, Wuhne ', Latvian akate ` pit in the morass full of
water ' probably: ` water eye ', compare ` sea eyes ' as a name of the Tatra Mountain
lakes;
Tocharian A ak, Du. aśäṃ, В ek, Du. eśane n. èye'; A ak-mal `face' (èye + nose');
compare W.Schulze Kl. Schr. 248.
Maybe Sumerian ig[~]2i: noun, eye(s); face; front.

verb, to see
prep., before, in front of
References: WP. I 169 ff., WH. II 200 ff., Benveniste Origines 1, 48, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
299, Petersson Heterokl. 121.
Page(s): 775-777
Root / lemma: ol-(e)- (*ḫoull-(e)-

ol-(e)- (e)-)
Meaning: to destroy
Material: Gr. ὄλλῡμι (*ὀλ-νυ:-μι), Fut. ὀλέσω `spoil', ὀλετής ` Exterminator ', ὀλέκω
`destroy', ὀλοός (*ὀλοFός) ` catastrophically ';
Latin ab-oleō `destroy'; perhaps with sek. h- Umbrian hondu, holtu ` prosternito ';
Hittite hullāi-, hulliya- `fight, struggle', etc.
References: WH. I 4 f. (the arrangement bestreitet), Couvreur H̯ 143.

Page(s): 777
om(e)so-s (*ḫoum(e)so
Root / lemma: om(e)so- m(e)so-s)
m(e)so-
Meaning: shoulder
Material: Old Indic áṃsa- m. `shoulder'; Armenian us, Gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade gr.
ὠμός ds. from *ōmsos, compare ἐπ-ομμάδιος by Theokr.; Latin umerus from *omesos ds.,
Umbrian uze, onse ` in umero '; Gothic ams ds. (Germanic *amsa-), Old Icelandic áss `
ridge '; Tocharian A es `shoulder' (*omso-), B āntse (*omeso-).
References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Tocharian 250; W. Schulze KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.
Page(s): 778
omǝ- (*ḫoum
Root / lemma: omǝ oumǝ-)
oumǝ
Meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer
Material: Old Indic ámīti ` presses, insures urgently, swears', themat. sam-amantē ` they
promise ' (: συν-ομόσαι), abhy-amīti ` torments, damages ', ámīvā `tribulation, affliction,
disease, malady' (: gr. ἀνί̄η), with themat. Creation of the 2. syllable ámatē ` pressed ',
ámatra- `tight, firm', ámavān- ` boisterous, strong' =
= Avestan amavant- `strong, mighty, vast, grand', Old Indic áma- m. `rush, impetuousness,
hastiness ' = Avestan ama- ` power, strength, male power, attack strength ', Adj. `strong',
Old Indic āmáyati ` damages; it is damaged, ill ', āmaya- m. `disease, malady'; Avestan
amáyavā àffliction, hardship ';
gr. ὄμνῡμι, ὀμνύω ` swear ' (ὀμόσαι, ὀμώμοκα; Fut. ὀμεῖται neologism), συνομόσαι (: Old
Indic sam-amantē), hom. ὀμοίιος ` tormenting, grievously ' (probably metr. lengthening
from ὀμοFιος, to *ὀμο-Fᾱ); ἀνί̄ᾱ, Ionian ἀνί̄η ` distress ' (dissimil. from *ἀμί̄Fᾱ, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. 1, 259, 309);
Old Icelandic ama `plague, bother, annoy', amask ` take offence, feel displeasure,
struggle with ', nisl. ami `plague', amstr ` indefatigable work, strain, exertion ', aml n. `
unceasing, esp. fruitless occupation with a thing', Norwegian amla ` struggle, work, esp.
without success ', Old Icelandic PN Ǫmlungr;
Amali the name of East Gothic royal family, the Amalunge, Amulinge of German and Old
English heroic legend, Old High German Amal-olf ; Old High German emiz ` continuously,
perpetually ', emizzīg, emazzīg ` continuously, pertinaciously', Modern High German emsig
` eager'.
Tocharian A. amiśkäññe ` discontent ', B omäskeṃ èvil, bad'.

Page(s): 778
om- (*ḫoum-)
Root / lemma: om-
Meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet
Note: reduced grade om-
om- (*ḫamel):: `raw, bitter, *sweet' : Root / lemma: sem-
Root / lemma: om- sem-1 : `to pour' : Root /
sem-3 : `summer', Old Indic amlá-, amblá- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' : gall.
lemma: sem-
samon[ios] `summer months', samolus ` sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '.
Material: Old Indic amlá-, amblá- `sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' (= maked. ἀβρο-,
Germanic *ampra-), zero grade āmrá- m. ` Mango tree ', āmá- `raw, unripe ' (= gr. ὠμός),
āmād- ` eating raw flesh '; skyth. VN ᾽Αμάδοκοι from iran. *āmād-aka- ` raw meat eater ';
Note:
Note
Phonetically the closest cognate to Old Indic amlá-, amblá- `sour' is alb. Geg amla, Tosc
mb Clearly the cognate of Old Indic amlá- `sour'
ëmb(ë)la `sweet' common alb. shift m > mb.
derived from alb. Geg ama `mother', t’amlë ` sour milk (of the mother), breast milk '.
Armenian zero grade hum `raw, cruel, savage';
maked. ἀβρο- ` astringent ', ἀβαρύ ὀρίγανον Hes.;
gr. ὠμός `raw, cruel, savage', ὠμηστής ` eating raw meat ' etc. (= Old Indic āmād- with
already Indo Germanic contraction from ōmo- and ed- èat');
alb. tamlë `(sour) milk', ambëlë, ëmblë `sweet', tëmblë ` bile ' (article t-);
Latin amārus `bitter'; Old Irish om `raw', cymr. of ds., in addition Old Irish um(a)e `
copper, ore' = cymr. efydd ` copper, bronze ' (*omii̯o-);
Germanic *ampra- (from *ambra- < *am-ro-) in Dutch amper `sharp, bitter, unripe ', Old
Icelandic apr (*ampraR) `sharp', Subst. Old English ampre, Old High German ampfaro `
(Sauer)ampfer '; doubtful Old English ōm m. ` rust ', ōme f. ` Rotlauf ', Old Icelandic āma f.,
āmu-sōtt f. ` Rose ' (disease, malady), āmr ` reddish brown ', Modern High German Ahm,
Ohm ` Rotlauf ';
Latvian amuols ` sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '.
References: WP. I 179, WH. I 35, Frisk nominal formation 14.

Page(s): 777-778
ond-, n̥d- (*ḫound-)

Root / lemma: ond-
Meaning: stone
Material: Old Indic ádri- ` stone, esp. used to hit the Soma; cliff, mountain; rock ', Old pers.
Ark-adriš (?); Middle Irish ond, onn, Gen. uinde (stem *ondes-) n. ` stone, rock'. (common
Maybe Illyrian TN. (*Adriei) Ardiei

Page(s): 778
oner- (*ḫouner-)
Root / lemma: oner-
Meaning: dream
Grammatical information: older r/n-stem
Grammatical r/n
Material: Armenian anurj `dream' (*onōr-i̯o-, compare gr. τέκμωρ : τέκμαρ `mark, token,
sign'); gr. ὄναρ Nom. Akk. n. `dream' and Adv. ìn dream'; ὄνειρος, -ον, Aeolic ὄνοιρος,
Cretan ἄναιρος (probably through influence of the preposition ἀν-) `dream', Gen. Attic
Ionian ὀνείρατος (originally *ὄνατος); alb. gegh. âdërrë, Tosc ëndërrë `dream' (onri̯o-)
[common alb. n- > nd-].
References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.2 150.
Page(s): 779
ong- (better ang-

Root / lemma: ong- ang-) (*ḫoung-)
Meaning: coal
Note:
Root / lemma: egnis : ognis : `fire' derived from Root / lemma: ong-
ong- (better ang-
ang-) (*heng-)::
coal < Root / lemma: okʷ
okʷ- : `to see; eye'
Material: Old Indic áṅgāra- m. `coal', npers. angišt ds.; gael. nir. aingeal `light, fire';
Baltic-Slavic. *angli-: Old Prussian anglis, Lithuanian anglìs, Latvian ùogle `coal'
(Latvian ùogle is neologism); Old Church Slavic ǫglь m. ds., but russ. ugolь, Serbo-
Croatian ȕgalj, poln. węgiel ds. etc. (i̯o-stem).
Maybe alb. thëngjill `(*coal) ash' similar to alb. thua ` nail', thundra, thundër ` hoof'
(common alb. Slavic ȕ > ë).
References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Dict. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3,
134.
Page(s): 779
ongʷ- (*ong
Root / lemma: ongʷ ʷh-)
ongʷh
ongʷh-
Meaning: to anoint, dark ointment
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic añj-, anákti (3. Pl. añjánti) ` anoints, coats, decorates ', participle Perf.
aktá-, Pass. ajyáte; añjanam ` the ointments, ointment ', áñjas- n. ` ointment ', añjí- `
anointing '; m. n. ` ointment, jewellery', ā́jyam n. ` sacrificial lard ' (ā + ajya- < *n̥gʷi̯o-);
Armenian aucanem ànoint, smear, rub' (compare Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.2 37);
Latin unguō, unctus; Umbrian umtu ` unguito '; Old Prussian anctan, ancte ` butter'.
Maybe alb. ngjyej ` smear, rub, paint ', ngjyrë `color' Latin loanwords.
ʷen- ` ointment, smudge '.

ongʷen
ongʷen-
Latin unguen, unguen-tum `fat, ointment ', Umbrian umen ds., Old High German ancho,
anco m., Middle High German anke ` butter', Alemannian-südschwäb. Anke (m., seldom f.)
` butter'.
n̥gʷ-en-
en-: Irish imb (Gen. imbe) ` butter', acorn. amen-en, bret. amann, aman-enn, cymr.
ymen-yn (from *emen-yn); compare above Old Indic ā́jyam.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*n̥gʷh-en) ngjyenj `to wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue'.

Page(s): 779
onogh- (: ongh-
Root / lemma: onogh- nogh-; Celtic n̥gh-
ongh-, nogh- gh-), ongh-
gh li- (*ḫuen(e)gh-)
ongh-li-
Meaning: fingernail, claw
Note: partly with formants -u- (extended -ut-
ut-) and -lo-
lo-
Material: Old Indic (*ḫ2áṅghli-) áṅghri- f. `foot' (presumably with r from l, *oŋgh-li-); with
Aryan kh Old Indic nakhá m., n., nakhára- m. n., `nail, claw, talon ', np. nāxun ds. (Aryan
khan innovation); perhaps Armenian eɫungn ds. (*e-nungn):
gr. (*ḫ3ὄνυξ) ὄνυξ, -υχος `nail, claw, talon ' (from *ὀνχυ-?);
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-.
Latin ungu-is `the nail an Fingern and Zehen', ungula ` claw, nail, hoof', later also `nail'
(*ongh-(e)lā);
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ḫuengla) thua ` nail ', thundla, thundra ` hoof ' : Italian unghia :
Spanish uña : Calabrese ugna : Catalan ungla : Furlan òngule : Galician unlla; uña : Ladin
aundla : Portuguese unha : Romanian unghie : Romansh ungla : Sardinian Campidanesu
unga : Sardinian Logudoresu ungra : Sicilian ugnu : Valencian ungla : Wallon ongue ` nail
'.
Ladin aundla ` nail ' = alb. thundla, thundra ` hoof ', thembra ` heel ' reflects common alb. -
ng- > -nd-, -mb-.
Also alb. kë-the-tër, kthetër `nail, claw, talon '.
Note: alb. thoi, thua, pl. thonj ` nail ' : alb. thëngjill `(*coal) ash'; Root / lemma: onogh-
onogh- (:
ongh- nogh-; Celtic n̥gh-
ongh-, nogh- gh-), ongh-
gh li- (*ḫuen(e)gh-):: `fingernail, claw' : Root / lemma: ong-
ongh-li- ong-
(better ang-
ang-) (*ḫeng-):: `coal'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.
Old Irish ingen f. Dat. Pl. ingnib, Nom. Pl. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. ewin f., corn.
euuin, bret. ivin (m. has changed) `nail' (*n̥ghu̯-īnā);
Old High German nagal, Old English nægel `nail', Old Icelandic nagl ds. (conservative
stem has changed, Pl. negl); negl perhaps originally reinterpreted Sg. i-stem, compare Old
Indic áṅghri-, and to Pl., whereof are attached the additional conservative Dekl.), Gothic
ga-nagljan ` nail ';
Lithuanian nãgas m. ` nail in fingers and toes; claw of birds of prey ', Latvian nags ds.;
Lithuanian nagà `hoof', Old Prussian nage `foot', Old Bulgarian noga, russ. nogá `foot'
(collective ā-formation); Lithuanian nagùtis, Old Prussian nagutis ` fingernail ', Old
Bulgarian nogъtь, russ. nógotь `nail, claw, talon ';
after Specht to gr. ὄγκος (above S. 46), also root on-

on-.
References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 2531.
Page(s): 780
ono- and onǝ

Root / lemma: ono- onǝ-, also (o)no-
(o)no-d-
Meaning: to scold
Material: Gr. ὄνομαι ` scolds, reproves ', ὀνοτός ` reproved, reproachable ', ὀνοτάζω `
scolds, reproves '; with -ǝ- the second syllable of hom. ὤνατο and ὄναται ἀτιμάζεται.
μέμφεται Hes.;
Middle Irish on ` shame'; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the first syllable of Middle
Irish anim (i-stem) `blemish, fault, error', acymr. anamou ` mendae ', ncymr. anaf, Middle
Breton anaff `blemish, fault, error'.
extension (o)no-
(o)no-d- in: Avestan nadǝntō ` blaspheming, slandering ones ', gr.
ὀνόσσασθαι `rebuke, reproach' etc., ὀνοστός ` reproachable '.

Page(s): 779
Root / lemma: opi

See also: see below epi.
epi
Page(s): 781
op-1 (*ḫue-p-)
Root / lemma: op-
Meaning: to work, perform
Material: Old Indic ápas- n. `work' (= Latin opus), Avestan hv-apah- `good work
(verrichtend)'; ā́pas- n. `work, religious action'; ápnas- n. `yield, property, possession ',
Avestan afnah-vant- ` richly in possession ';
gr. (*ḫ3ὄμπνη) ὄμπνη f. `nourishment, food, Brotfrucht ', ὄμπνιος ` nourishing ';
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gw- > g- ; Albanian gw- > v-.
Maybe in e-grade alb. (*ḫueper) vepër ` work' : Latin opus, -eris `work'.
Latin opus, -eris `work, occupation, action, work', opus est ` it is necessary ', whereof
operō, -āre `work', Oscan úpsannam ` operandam ', (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), upsatuh sent (` factī sunt '), Perf. upsed ` fecit ', uupsens ` fēcērunt ',
(lengthened grades Perf. as in Latin ōdī), Umbrian osatu ` facitō ', Paelignian upsaseter `
fieret '; Latin ops, opis `fortune, richness, power; help, assistance ', by Ennius also `
endeavor, service ', officium ` obligation ' < *opi-ficium ` working performance ', Ops `
(Latin: "Plenty") was a fertility deity and earth-goddess in Roman mythology of Sabine
origin ', inops, cōpia (*co-opia), opulentus ` incredibly rich in property, mighty ', probably
also optimus `the best' (actually `the wealthiest') ; perhaps the name the Oscī, Opscī,
᾽Οπικοί as ` admirers of the Ops' and Latin omnis àll, whole, each, every ' (*op-ni-s);
perhaps Old Irish somme `rich', domme ` poor' (su-, dus-op-smi̯o-);
Old English efnan, Old Icelandic efna ` work, do'; lengthened grade Old High German
uobo ` land farmer ', uoben ` place at the work, exercise, revere, worship ', Modern High
German üben, Old High German uoba m. Pl. ` celebration ', Middle High German uop `
practice, agriculture ', Old Saxon ōƀian `hold festivities', Old Icelandic ø̄fa ` train, practice ',
ø̄fr `vast, grand, violent', Old Icelandic efna ` commit ', efni ` material, stuff for something ';
about Old Icelandic afl ` power ' etc. see above S. 52; Hittite ḫappinaḫḫ- ` make rich '.
References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.

Page(s): 780
Root / lemma: op-

op-2
Meaning: to choose; to suggest
Material: Gr. ἐπιόψομαι to ἐπι-οπ- ` choose, pick out, sort '; Latin *opere is covered by
*praed-opiont (Festus p. 205 praedotiont) ` praeoptant '; derived *opiō(n) ` expectation,
opinion', wherefore Denominativum opīnor, -āri ` assume, imagine, mean' opīnio òpinion,
expectation '; Frequentativum to *opiō, -ere is Latin optō, -āre `wish', wherefore optiō f.
`free choice ', m. ` assistant ';
Umbrian upetu ` optātō ', opeter Gen. ` lēctī ', Oscan ufteis ` optātī ';
Old Church Slavic za-(j)apъ ` supposition ', ne-vъz-apьnъ ` unexpectedly ' (compare
Latin in-, nec-opīnus ` unexpectedly ', which are back-formations from inopīnatus);
Tocharian A opyāc, В еруас `reason' (iran. loanword?).

Page(s): 781
Page(s):
Root / lemma: orb

or ho-
Meaning: orphan; servant; work
Note:
` becomes an orphan, orphan '; out of it (Armenian gr. with -ano-, Celtic Germanic with i̯o-
derivative) ` orphan's property = heir', whereof `the heir'; òrphan' = `small kid, child, small,
weak, helpless ' (Old Indic, Slavic); ` orphan, defenseless kid, child, slave for doing
charitable support all low work ' (Slavic, Armenian), whereof ` farm-hand's work '
Material: Old Indic árbha- `small, weak; kid, child'; Armenian orb, -oy ` orphan '; arbaneak
`servant, helper, assistant '?;
Maybe Arban ` Albanian ' = Greek Albanoi ` low caste in Illyrian society '
gr. (*ḫ3ὀρφο-) ὀρφο-βόται ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν Hes., ὤρφωσεν ὠρφάνισεν Hes.,

ὀρφανός ` orphan, without parents, fatherless, bereaved or bereft of, poor ' (compare
Armenian arbaneak), Latin orbus à looted, stolen thing; become an orphan ';
common Albanian *ḫ3uo- > vo-.
Maybe alb. Geg (*ḫ3uorphan) vorfën, Tosc varfër ` poor '.
common Albanian *ḫue- > ve-.
Maybe alb. (*ḫuerban) verbër ` blind ' : Latin orbus -a -um > Fr. mur orbe `blind wall'.
Old Irish orb(b)e, orpe m. n. `the heir' (*orbhi̯o-), comarbe ` coheir ', gall. Orbius MN (in
addition the verb of Old Irish no-m-erpimm ` committo me ', ro-eirpset ` they handed over '
etc., maybe from*air-orb-);
Gothic arbi n. `the heir', Old High German arbi, erbi n. ds., Old English ierfe, yrfe n. ds.
(Old Icelandic arfr m. `the heir' is to arfi, arfa `the heir, the heiress ' neologism), Old
Icelandic erfi (Runic arƀija) n. ` Leichenmahl '; Gothic arbja, Old Icelandic arfi (f. arfa), Old
High German arpeo, erbo `the heir', Old English ierfe n. `the heir'; the Germanic words
barely derive from Celtic;
from intr. verb *arƀē-i̯ō ` an orphan child put into service to hard work? ' one leads back
to Gothic arbaiÞs f. ` hardship, work', Old Icelandic erfiði n. ds., Old Saxon araƀēd f.,
arƀēdi n., Old English earfoÞ f., earfeÞe n. `toil, work', Old High German arabeit `work'
(Old Icelandic erfiðr, Old English earfeÞe ` beschwerlich '), basic form *arƀēi̯iðiz; very
doubtful is formation from *arƀ-ma- for Gothic arms ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old
Icelandic armr ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Old High German Old Saxon
ar(a)m, Old English earm `poor'; basic meaning would be perhaps ` poor orphan's child ';
Old Bulgarian rabъ ` farmhand', rabota ` servitus ', Czech rob `slave', robě `small kid,
child', russ. rebjáta ` children ', rebënok `kid, child'; the russ. forms go back to rob-, proto
Slavic. *orb- (Vasmer in writing);
Maybe alb. rob `slave of war, captive' a Slavic loanword.
perhaps Hittite arpa- ` Ungunst, Mißerfolg '.
References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.

Page(s): 781-782
Page(s):
Root / lemma: oreu̯-, ereu-

reu-
Meaning: entrails, intestine, bowel, gut, *skin
Material: Gr. ὀρύα ` intestine ' (can also stand for *ἀρύα, compare :) Latin arvīna ` grease;
lubricating oil, fat ' (would be ` mesentery fat belonging to the entrails '); ἀρβίννη κρέας.
Σικελοί Hes. (could be of Latin origin).
Page(s): 782
Root / lemma: org-

org-
Meaning: ` kill; kill off; zap; deaden ' (?)
See also: see below perg-
perg-.
Page(s): 782
Root / lemma: orĝhi

hi-, r̥ĝhi-
orĝhi- orĝhi
orĝhi-
hi- (*ḫorĝhi-a)
Meaning: testicle
Material: Avestan ǝrǝzi- m. ` to scrotum', Du. ǝrǝzi `testicles';
Armenian orji-k` Pl. `testicles', orji `not castrated' (*orĝhi-i̯os), mi-orji ` μόνορχις ';
gr. (*ḫ3ὄρχις) ὄρχις m. `testicle';
-e- grade in alb.
alb. herdhe f. `testicle' (*orĝhi-ā); common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, -d-.
common Armenian *ḫ1ue- > gw- > g- ; Celtic gw- > u-; Albanian * ḫ1ue- > he-.
Middle Irish uirgge f. `testicle' (*orĝhiā), nir. uirghe with secondary gh; Lithuanian aržùs `
lascivious ', er̃žilas `stallion', Latvian ḕrzelis ds.
Maybe Root / lemma: ergh-

ergh- : ` to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful ' derived Root / lemma:
orĝhi
hi-, r̥ĝhi-
orĝhi- hi- : `testicle' (hence a taboo word).
Page(s): 782
orĝhi
orĝhi-
ort- (*ḫorĝ
Root / lemma: ort- hi-a)
Meaning: vine, *grape
Material: Armenian (*ḫ3orĝhi
hi-a) ort` `vine'; alb. (*ḫ2arĝhi
orĝhi- arĝhi-
hi-a) hardi, hardhia ` grapevine '.
Note:
alb. hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit' : herdhe `testicle'.
orĝhi
ort- (*ḫorĝ
Root / lemma: ort- hi-a):: vine, *grape < Root / lemma: orĝhi
orĝhi- hi-, r̥ĝhi-
orĝhi- orĝhi
orĝhi-
hi- (*ḫorĝhi-a)::
testicle. Common alb. -ĝh- > -dh-, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal in alb. herdhe
f. `testicle', hardhi `vine, *grape, round fruit'. consequently Armenian cognates derived
from alb.
References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.
Page(s): 782
ost(h)-; ost(h)i,
Root / lemma: ost(h)- ost(h)r(g) obl. ost(h)-
ost(h)i ost(h)r(g), ost(h)-(e)n-
(e)n-
Meaning: bone
Material:
Old laryngeal in -a- grade:
Hittite ḫastāi- ` bone, Widerstandskraft '.

Old Indic ásthi n., Gen. asth-n-áḥ `leg, bone',
alb. asht, ashtë `bone';
Avestan ast-, asti- n. `bone', Gen. Pl. astąm, Instr. Pl. azdbīš, asti-aojah- ` osseous
strength ', astǝn-tāt ` vitality '; pāli aṭṭhitaco ` Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' (*asthi-tvacas `
knochenhäutig ', compare to meaning gr. ὀστακός ` sea cancer ');
gr. ὀστέον `bone' (probably *οστέι̯-ον `*Beinernes ' = Latin osseum ds.), Latin оssu, ossua
probably as innovation after genu, genua; ὀστακός (hellenist. to ἀστακός assimil.) ` sea
cancer ' from *ὀστ-τFακο- ` dessen Haut Knochen sind ', next to which of r-stem ὄστρακον
`hard bowl, shard', ὄστρεον ` oyster ' (probably also ὀστρύς, ὀστρύα, ὀστρυΐς ` tree with
hard, white wood ' through dissimilation from *ὀστρο-δρυς), ἀστράγαλος ànkle' (assimil.
from *ὀστράγαλος; places a Nom. *ost(h)r̥g ahead); wenat. ostüakon ` ossuārium ';
Latin os, more properly oss, Gen. ossis n. `leg, bone' (oss from *ost); Old Latin also
ossum; (common Illyrian Latin -st- > -ss- phonetic shift)
unclear is the a- in Old Irish asil `limb, member' (acorn. esel, bret. ezel ds.), Middle Irish
asna m. `rib ' (*astoni̯o-?), mcymr. ass-en, Pl. eis (*astī), asseu ` rib, slat, pole ', cymr.
asgwrn (see below), wherefore probably Latin asser `lath, shaft, stake, pole'; perhaps here
Old Irish odb m. `knot, hunch, outgrowth ', cymr. oddf ds. from *ozbho-, older *ost-bho-,
perhaps to gr. ὀσφύς `hip, haunch' (different S. 773);
A ko-derivative
ko *ost-ko- lies the basic in: Avestan asća- `shinbone, calf', Armenian oskr
*ost-ko-
`bone'; cymr. asgwrn `bone', Pl. esgyrn, corn. ascorn, bret. askourn ds. (Celtic forms -rno-
).
References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6
f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.
Page(s): 783
oug-, ou-
Root / lemma: oug- ou-?
Meaning: cold
Material: Armenian oic `cold' (*oug-);
gall. month Ōgron...; Middle Irish ūar `cold' = cymr. oer ds. (*ougro-); Old Irish ōcht,
ūacht m. `coldness' (*ougtu-);
Latvian aũksts `cold'; Lithuanian áušti `cold become' (*aug-sk̂e-ti?); causative Latvian
ausît, Lithuanian áušyti ` temper '; after Pedersen KGr. I 103 would be Lithuanian áušti
from *au-s-ti to define and to Old Indic ō-man- `coldness', Avestan aota- `cold', ao-dar-
`coldness', also to place to a root au- (ou-) `cold'.
References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, Mühlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.

Page(s): 783
Root / lemma: óu̯i-s

Meaning: sheep
Grammatical information: m. f. Gen. Sg. óu̯i̯i̯i̯ios;
̯os f. ou̯ikā
os ikā ds.
Material: Old Indic ávi- m. f. `sheep', avika- m. ds., avikā́ ` female sheep (= Old Bulgarian
оvьca), ávya- òf sheep', compare gr. οἴα; Armenian hov-iw (*ou̯i-pā-) ` shepherd '; gr. οἴς,
οἶς (argiv. Akk. Pl. ὄFινς) `sheep', οἴεος òf sheep', οἴα, ὄα ` fleece ', lengthened grade ᾤα `
fleece, hem' (as Old Indic āvika- n.); Latin ovis, Umbrian oui, uvef Akk. Pl. òves' (au-
bubulcus ` pastor bovum ', also avillus `lamb', see below agʷhnos); Old Irish ōi `sheep';
cymr. ewig, acorn. euhic ` cerva ' (*ou̯īkā); Old Icelandic ǣr, Old English ēowu, ēowe, Old
Saxon ewi, Old High German ouwi, ou `sheep (*awī, Gen. *awjōz), Gothic awistr `
sheepfold ', Old English ēowestre ds., Old High German awist, ewist (with to stā- `stand'
belonging to the 2. part -sto-, -st[ǝ]tro-), Gothic awēÞi, Old English ēowde, Old High
German ewit ` herd of sheep '; Lithuanian avìs, Latvian avs f. `sheep'; Lithuanian ãvinas,
Latvian avins, àuns, Old Prussian awins àries, ram' = Old Bulgarian ovь-nъ ds.; Old
Bulgarian ovь-ca `sheep'.
References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.
Page(s): 784
Root / lemma: o 1
Meaning: `to, with'
Note: in addition thrak. VN ᾽Ο-δρύσαι ` Forest local resident '.
See also: s. S. 280 f. (e o-)
e-, o-
Page(s): 772
Root / lemma: ozdo-

ozdo-s
Meaning: branch
Note:
ozdo-s : branch' derived from Root / lemma: ozgho-
Root / lemma: ozdo- ozgho- : bud, sprout, branch'
common Illyrian - gr. Doric gh- z-.
gh- > z-
Material: Armenian ost `twig, branch, bough', gr. ὄζος ds., Gothic asts, Old High German
ast `bough'; with Vriddhi *ōzdos in Old English ōst, Middle Low German ōst `knot in wood,
knag' (=` the place where a branch has gone out from the trunk '); probably (?) -ozdo-s `
sitting in the trunk ', s. prefix ē̆-, ō̆- and sed-
sed- `sit'.
References: WP. I 186, W. Schulze KZ 63, 28.
Page(s): 785-786
Root / lemma: ozgho-

ozgho-
Meaning: bud, sprout, branch
Material: Pahlavi azg `bough', npers. azaɣ `twig, branch, bud': gr. ὄσχος, ὄσχη, ὤσχη
`twig, branch, sprout';
the gr. words possibly also in Indo Germanic *o-zdos `ὄζος' parallel composition ō̆-
zgho- (: ἔχω, σχεῖν) ` holding itself on the trunk '?
References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491.

Page(s): 786
Root / lemma: ō̆d(e)go-

d(e)go- or ō̆d(e)gʷo
d(e)go d(e)gʷo-
d(e)gʷo-
Meaning: stalk
Material: Old Indic ádga- m. ` tubing staff, stalk'; Lithuanian uodegà `stalk, handle; tail',
Latvian uodega ` tail '.
Maybe zero grade in alb. dega ` branch '
See also: whether here Old Irish odb `knot', under S. 783 (ost(h)
ost(h)-)?
ost(h)-
Page(s): 773
ōg-, ǝg-
Root / lemma: ōg-
Meaning: to grow; fruit, berries
Meaning:
Material: Lithuanian úoga `berry, cherry', Latvian uôga ` berry; blister, bubble, Pocke '; Old
Church Slavic agoda, jagoda ` καρπός, fruit', russ. jágoda `berry', Church Slavic vin-jaga,
slov. vin-jága `wild vine ';
reduced grade: Gothic akran n. `fruit, partly of trees, partly of corn, grain ', Old Icelandic
akarn, Old English æcern, Middle High German ackeran, eckern `wild tree fruit, esp.
acorn, beechnut', Modern High German Ecker, wherefore Celto-rom. *agraniō, Irish āirne
(*agrīni̯ā) ` sloe, wild plum ', cymr. aeron ` tree fruits ', eirin-en `plum' (umlaut), Middle
Breton irin, nbret. hirin ` sloe, wild plum '; perhaps here Armenian ačem `grow' (*ǝgi̯ō);
here also Old Irish āru `kidney' (sek. from *ārann < *agrīnā), cymr. aren f. `kidney, testicle'
(new formation to Pl. eirin `testicles, plums').
Maybe Tokharian: A, B oko `fruit' (Adams 109)
References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.
Page(s): 773
Root / lemma: ōk̂ú-s

Meaning: quick
Grammatical information: Kompar. ōk̂i̯ōs,
Grammatical ōs Superl. ōk̂isto-
ōs isto-
isto
Material: Old Indic āśú- `quick, fast', Kompar. ā́śīyān, Superl. ā́śiṣṭha-, Avestan āsu-
`quick, fast', Kompar. āsyā̊, Superl. āsištō; gr. ὠκύς, ὤκιστος, poet. ὠκύτατος, Latin ōcior `
faster ', Superl. ōcissimus (lacks Positive), acymr. di-auc, ncymr. di-og, corn. di-oc, bret. di-
ec ìdle', actually ` unquick ';
perhaps in ablaut to ak̂-, ok̂- `sharp' (above S. 18 f.); then Latin acu-pedius `swift-footed'
and accipiter ` hawk, falcon' (above S. 19) could also belong here;
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ccipiter) skiptar èagle man', shqipe èagle', skifter `hawk, flying
fast'.
A cognate *ōk̂-ro- (compare to forms *ak̂-ro- besides *ak̂-u-) is perhaps the base from
Church Slavic jastrębъ ` hawk'.
References: WP. I 172, WH. II 198.

Page(s): 775
ōr-, ǝr-
Root / lemma: ōr-
Meaning: to speak; to call
Material:
In a- grade:
Hittite aruu̯āi- àdore ' (also arii̯a- ` ask the oracle a question '?).
Hittite: arija- (I) ' ascertain through the oracle ' (Tischler 56); aruwai-, arwai- (I) ' adore, pay
honor to, pay respect to ' (Tischler 73-74)
Old Indic ā́ryati ` praises' (?);
gr. Attic ἀρά: (*αραFᾱ), hom. ἀρή `prayer' (*αρFά̄, compare Arcadian κάταρFος ` curses
'), whereof ἀράομαι `pray, curse'; ἀρύει ἀντιλέγει, βοᾳ; ἀρύουσαι λέγουσαι, κελεύουσαι;
ἀρύσασθαι ἐπικαλέσασθαι Hes.,
In o- grade:
Latin ōrō, -āre ` speak a ritual formula, negotiate in court, speak, pray'; Oscan urust `
ōrāverit ';
Maybe alb. uroj `wish, pray', urtë `sage', uratë ` blessing, priest ' Latin loanword.
russ. orú, orátь `cry', serb. oriti se ` resound ' (perhaps also Latvian urdēt ` set in motion,
scold, chide'?);

Page(s): 781
ōus-1 : ǝus-
Root / lemma: ōus- us-
Meaning: mouth
Material: Auf Indo Germanic *ōus go back: Old Indic ā́-ḥ n. `mouth' (compare ās-án- sd.,
āsyám n. `mouth, aperture '), Avestan āh-, ā̊ŋhan- ds.; Latin ōs, ōris `mouth, face (with the
eyes and mouth), edge, bank, border, shore'; but Middle Irish ā Gen. Sg. `mouth' from
*ōsos;
in addition ā-derivative: ved. āsayā́ `from mouth to mouth' (Instr.); Latin ōra èdge, hem,
limit, boundary, esp. seashore ', in addition cōram Adv. (under preposition) ` in view of, at
present, before ', imitation from palam, clam from *co-ōro- ` situated before the face ';
aureae (ōreae) ` set of teeth in the bridle, rein', therefrom aurīga (ōriga) ` charioteer ' (-igā
to agō); ōsculum `kiss' is Demin. from ōs;
Old Icelandic ōss m. ` embouchure, estuary ' (Germanic *ōsaz), moreover Old English
ōr n., ōra m. èdge, beginning '; from Old English ōr is borrowed Middle Irish or ` ora,
margo, linea ', acymr. ōr ds..
ǝus- proves: alb. anë `side, hem, bank, border,

The reduced grade Indo Germanic *ǝus-
shore, edging ' (*ausnā); possibly also Hittite aiš, Gen. iššaš n. `mouth' (*ai̯es, *aisos)? s.
Pedersen Hittite 47 f.
t- derivatives are Old Indic ṓṣṭha- m. n. `lip', Avestan aošta-, aoštra- ds. (*ǝus-), Latin
ōstium ` entrance, embouchure, estuary ' (= Slavic *ustьje); Old Church Slavic usta Pl.
`mouth'; Slavic *ustьje n. ` estuary ' is must be assumed after Bulgarian ústije, russ. ústьje
etc.; compare Old Church Slavic ustьna, slov. ûstna `lip';
Old Church Slavic ustiti (naustiti) `move, stimulate, persuade '; probably Old Church Slavic
uzda etc. `bridle, rein'; Latvian ap-aûši (*-austi̯-) ` halter '; Old Prussian austo `mouth'
(Nom. Plur.?; Akk. Sg. āustin), Lithuanian áuščioti ` babble, chatter, rumor, gossip ',
Latvian aũšât ` babble, chatter '; changing through ablaut Lithuanian uostà f., úostas m. `
embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river, lagoon ', Latvian uosts m., uōsta f. ` harbor '.
References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.

Page(s): 784-785
Root / lemma: ōus2 : ǝus-

us- : us-
us-
Meaning: ear
Note: extended with -i (ǝusi-s), -es (ǝ
ǝusi- usos- n.) and -en
ǝusos-
Note:
Root / lemma: ōus2 : ǝus-
us- : us-
us- : èar', derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ghous-
ghous- :
`to sound; hear'.
Only Indo Iranian: Old Indic ghṓṣati ` sounds, announces aloud, hears ', Avestan gaoš-
`hear', Old pers. gauša-, Avestan gaoša- m. èar', npers. gōš èar'
Material:
Zero -a- grade:
Avestan (*ausi) uši Nom. Du. ` both ears, understanding, mind, sense', Instr. Du. uši-bya,
npers. hoš (Iran.*auš-) èar';
Zero -e- grade:
grade alb. Nom. (*heusi) veshi, Dat. veshièar' similar to Old Church Slavic Gen. ušese òf
the ear'.
common Slavic heu- > ve- phonetic mutation see below.
Armenian unkn èar' (*us-on-ko-m); kn after akn èye';
gr. Doric ὦς (*ōus) èar'; ōu also in ὤFατα ` auricular, ears ' Alkm., ἀμφ-ῶες Theokr. `
with two handles ', Doric ἐξ-ωβάδια ` earrings ', ὑπερ-ώιη ` palate ', Attic λαγ-ώς, hom. λαγ-
ωός n. ` hare ' (*slǝg-ōusos) `with loose ears'; ǝus-
us- in gr. lak. αὖς èar', Pl. ἄανθα (*αυσ-
ανθα) Alkm., tarent. ἆτα (*αυσατα); Ionian παρ-ήιον, Attic παρ-εία, Lesbian παρ-αύα `
temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' (: Old Irish arae); gr. ous-
(hybridization of nominative ōus- with ǝus-) in Attic οὖς (*οὖσος) èar', hom. Gen. οὔατος
(*ουσn̥τος), ὠκίδες ` earrings ' Hes. (*ous-n̥-ko-); about ἀκούω see above S. 18, 587;
about Attic ἀκροᾶσθαι (*ακρ-ους-)s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348;
alb. veshi, Pl. veshtë m. èar' (*ōus-, ōs-);

Maybe truncated alb. vathë ` earrings ' : gr. ὠκίδες ` earrings ' Hes. (*ous-n̥-ko-) :
Armenian unkn èar' (*us-on-ko-m); alb. vath ` pen , shed ' (common alb. -k > -th).
Note:
Alb. cognate proves that Illyrian used a prothetic v- before bare initial vowels, while gr.
preserved the old laryngeal H-.
Baluchi gosh, Tadzik gus, Afghan gvaz, Albanian veshi, Greek Cretan hous, Byelorussian
vuchi, vuxa, Lusatian L hucho, Lusatian U wucho, Ukrainian vucho, vuxo, Macedonian
uvo, usi èar' common Slavic hou- > vuho- phonetic mutation.
Latin auris f. èar' (*ausi-s); aus-cultō ` to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to ' see
above S. 552;
Old Irish āu, ō n. èar' (*ǝusos-); Old Irish arae m. ` temple, flattened region on either
side of the forehead ' (*par-ausi̯os), Plur. in PN Arai; gall. PN Arausiō ` Orange '
(Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiā f. `with nice, beautiful ears';
Gothic ausō n. èar' (Germanic *ausan-); with gramm. variation (*auzan-): Old Icelandic
eyra, Old English eare, Old Frisian are, Old Saxon Old High German ōra n. èar';
therefrom Old High German ōri, Middle High German ære ` eye ';
Lithuanian ausìs f. (older also m.), Gen. Pl. ausų̃ (konson. stem), Latvian àuss f.; Old
Prussian Akk. Pl. āusins `the ears', besides ausins Vok. m.;
Old Church Slavic ucho, Gen. ušese (s-stem).
Maybe Saami beallji : Basque belarri ` ear'.
References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348, 520.
Page(s): 785
Root / lemma: ō(u̯)i̯i̯i̯-om

Meaning: egg
Grammatical information: reduced form ǝióm
ióm
Material: Avestan ap-āvaya- èntmannt' (?), whether from apa-āvaya- ` without testicle',
compare Old pers. xāya ègg';
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ḫ2ʷaḫ2ʷa- > āvaya- Avestan
gr. Attic ὠιόν (*ōu̯io
̯ -m), Aeolic ὤιον (*ōu̯ii̯o-m), Doric ὤεον (*ōu̯eio-m) ègg';
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ḫ3ʷoḫ3ʷo- > Proto Greek Øoyo- > oio- Greek
cymr. wy, acorn. uy ègg' (*āu̯io

̯ n from *ōu̯io
̯ m);
without u̯, which has probably been reduced in long diphthong *ōu̯io
̯ m:
Armenian ju, Gen. jvoj ègg' (*i̯ōi̯o-, through assimilation from *ōi̯o-); Latin ōvum ègg'
after Szemerényi KZ. 70, 64 f. from Latin *oom, Indo Germanic *ōi̯om;
Maybe Albanian Geg (*ōu̯e-) voe ` egg ', Tosc veja, veza ` egg ' (common alb. -Slavic hou-
> vo-, heu- > ve- phonetic mutation).
Old Church Slavic ajьce, slov. jájce, Old Czech vajce, Czech vejce (*ōi̯a- n.) ègg';
difficult are Crimean Gothic ada (Gothic *addja); Old Icelandic egg, Old High German ei,
Old English ǣg ègg' (Germanic *ajjaz-; Old High German Pl. eigir, Old English ǣgru
prove -es-stem); perhaps after Specht from *ǝi̯óm, not abbreviated from proto Germanic
*āii̯am, Indo Germanic *ōi̯om.
References: WP. I 21 f., WH. II 230, Trautmann 202, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 29;
Specht expounded Latin avis `bird' from the final-stressed Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. ǝu̯eís;
compare above S. 86, where one still could have mentioned gr. οἰωνός `bird of prey' (from
*αἰωνός, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 662).
Page(s): 783-784
Root / lemma: ō 2
Meaning: vocative particle
Material: Old Indic a (partly also from Indo Germanic ā, s. d.).
Gr. ὦ, ὤ exclamation esp. of astonishment, vocative particle (therefrom ὤζειν òh; call,
shout, cry', ὠή ` heda !', compare also ὠόπ, ὄπ ` encouraging shout of the oarsman'! after
Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in gr. ὠ-ρύομαι `howl, roar, bellow').
Latin ō Exclamation of the most different mood.
Maybe alb. ō `vocative particle'.

Irish ā, a = cymr. corn. bret. a Vocative particle.
Gothic ō (three times `ὦ', once = `οὐα, fie!'), Middle High German ō esp. in vocative,
and (nowadays inscribed oh) exclamation of amazement, emotion, lament (see also
Weigand-Hirt; Germanic ō might be partly also phonetically development from Indo
Germanic ā, s. d.).
Lithuanian о ` Exclamation of the reprimand, the surprise, vocative particle '; Latvian a `
vocative particle '.
Old Church Slavic о `ὦ' (neologism).

See also: s. also ē S. 281.
Page(s): 772
Root / lemma: pando-

pando-s
Meaning: crooked
Material: Latin pandus ` writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved, embowedly ' (pandō, -āre
`bend, crook') = Old Icelandic fattr (*fanta-) ` leaned back, crooked behind '.
Maybe a truncated alb. pjer (*pandō, -āre) `bend, incline' a Latin loanword.
References: WP. II 6;
See also: see below pet-
pet-1.
Page(s): 788
pank-, pang-
Root / lemma: pank- pang-
Meaning: to swell
Note: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with baxmb-, paxmp-, bu-, pu- etc. (above S. 94
f.) ìnflate, bloat, swell '
Material: Latin pānus (*pank-no-) ` inflammatory growth, bundle of the millet ', rom. pāna;
therefrom pānīcum `plant with a tussock '; panceps ` ἕλκος κτήνους ἐπὶ τραχηλίου ' Gloss.
(from *pāno-caps), pantex `paunch, intestines (due to a participle *panc-to-s `swollen,
conceitedly ');
Old Church Slavic počiti sę ` inflāri ', pǫčina ` mare ', poln. pąk `bud', pęk `bundle', russ.
puk `bundle, tussock, bunch ', púc̀a ` flatulence ' etc.; with voiced-nonaspirated Old Church
Slavic pǫgy ` corymbus ', pǫgvica ` globules '.

Page(s): 789
Root / lemma: pap(p)a

Meaning: Daddy; meal
Material:
Alb. (*papa) baba ` Daddy ' a Greek loanword.
Gr. πάππα Vok., -ου Gen. ` Daddy ', πάπας πατρὸς ὑποκόρισμα, πάππος `grandfather'
(out of it Latin pappus), παππίᾱς ` Daddies ', παππάζειν ` say daddy '; skyth. Ζεῦς
Παπαῖος; Latin pāpa, pappa Child babble word for `dish, food; father', pappō -āre èat';
Modern High German pappen èat' (with faltering consonant shift going alongside
neologism).
References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;
See also: compare appa above S. 52.
Page(s): 789
Root / lemma: parīkā

Meaning: concubine
Note: only iran. and Irish
Material: Avestan pairikā ` dämonische Buhlerin ', mp. parīk, np. parī `Peri' (iran. *parīka);
Middle Irish a(i)rech ` concubine '.
References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.
Page(s): 789
Root / lemma: pasto-

pasto-
Meaning: solid
Material: Old Indic pastyá-m ` residences'; Armenian hast (i-stem) `tight, firm'; Old
Icelandic fastr, Old English fæst, Old Saxon fast, Old High German festi, Modern High
German fest.
Page(s): 789
Root / lemma: paus-

paus-
Meaning: to let go
Material: Gr. παύω `make cease', Med. ` stop, give up ', παῦλα ` tranquility ', παυσωλή
`rest';
Old Prussian pausto `wild', Old Church Slavic pustъ ` deserted, abandoned, forsaken,
waste, desolate '; pustiti, russ. рustítь, puskátь ` let go ', sloven. delo-pust ` end of work '
etc.
maybe alb. pushtoj `hug, not let go', alb. Geg p(ë)shtoj, alb. shpëtoj èscape, save, rescue'
Slavic loanwords.

Page(s): 790
Root / lemma: pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-

Meaning: to repair, strengthen
pāĝ-mi,
Grammatical information: present *pāĝ pāk̂-si,
mi pāk̂ pāk̂-ti
si pāk̂
Material: Old Indic páś- (Instr. Pl. paḍbhíḥ) ` loop, noose, snare, rope', pā́śa- m. ds., pajrá-
` thickset, strong';
Avestan pas- ` join each other, fasten, bind, piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together ',
fšǝ̄biš ` in chains ' (about pourupaxšta- ` a lot, richly folded ' s. Benveniste BSL. 29, 106 f.);
gr. πάσσαλος, Attic πάτταλος m. `peg, plug, nail' (-κι̯-), πήσσω, Attic πήττω ` πήγνυμι ';
πήγνῡμι (Doric -ᾱ-) ` fasten by hitting; allow to solidify, congeal ' (ἐπάγην, πέπηγα,
πηκτός), πῆγμα n. `plant, rack ', πηγός `tight, firm, strong', πήγανον n. ` Raute ', ναυ-πήγος
` shipbuilding master ', πηγυλίς Adj. f. ` reifig, icy ', πάγος m. ìce, hoarfrost ' (also Dat. Pl.
πάγεσι `frost'), hom. ` crag cliff '; πάχνη (*παξνᾱ) ` hoarfrost, frost', πάγη ` loop, noose,
snare, dragnet ', πακτόω `make tight, firm, close, block ', ἅ-παξ `simple, just'; πάξ Adv.
ènough!'; here πηγή, Doric πᾱγά̄ ` ueulle ';
Latin pacīscō (sek. -or) ` einen Vertrag oder Vergleich festmachen, abschließen ', Old
Latin paciō ` pactiō ', pacunt ` paciscuntur ', pāx, -cis f. `peace; friendly disposition '
(Umbrian pase tua ` pāce tuā ' in the address of divinities), pālus `picket, pole' (from *pak-
slos, compare Demin. paxillus); pangō (pepigī; renamed pēgi after frēgi, and panxi) `
befestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfügen, schriftlich verfassen, festsetzen ' (to the
nasalization of present compare Germanic *faŋχan), compāgēs ` joint ', pāgina (*the
papyrus stripes added to the sheet) ` sheet of paper, side, column ', pāgus ` rural
community, village, construction ', prōpāgō, prō̆pāgēs ` Setzlinge ', prō̆pāgāre ` einen
Setzling in der Erde festmachen, daher fortpflanzen '; Umbrian pase (see above), paca
Adv. ` causā ', Oscan prupukid ` ex antepacto ?', Umbrian Paelignian Marrucinian pacri- `
propitius, plācātus '; Middle Irish āge `limb, member, pillar ' (*pāgi̯o-), āil `pleasant' (*pāgli-;
or as *pōkli- to Old Icelandic fǣgiligr ds., s. *pek̂-1?); cymr. aelod `limb, member'
(*paglātu-);
Germanic Nasalpräs. *faŋχan (: Latin pangō) in Gothic fāhan, Old Icelandic fā, Old
English fōn, Old High German fāhan, Old Saxon fāhan and fangan ` capture ', Gothic
gafāh n., Old Icelandic fengr, Old English feng m., Old High German fang m. ` catch, booty
'; Old High German fuoga ` joint ', gafuogi ` fitting', hī-fuoge ` matchmaker ', Old High
German fuogen, Old Saxon fōgian ` add ', Old English gefēgan ` fit, connect ', Middle High
German vagen ` add '; from *pag-
*pag-: Old Saxon fac ` encirclement, Umzäunung ', Middle
Low German vak m. ds. `dividing off, partitioning off', Old High German fah ` moenia ',
Modern High German Fach, einfach; from temporal department Old English fæc `stretch of
time', Middle Low German vaken, vake, Late Middle High German gevach òften', Middle
High German drīer vacher ` thrice, three times ';
Slavic *pāža- m. in sloven. pâz ` joint ', pâž ` wooden wall '.
References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.
Page(s): 787-788
Root / lemma: pā̆n-

Meaning: fabric
Material: Gr. πη̃νος n., πήνη f. ` texture ' Hes., πηνίον ` rolled up thread, fabric, garment ',
πηνίζομαι ` weave ' (Doric πᾱνίσδεται Theokr.); ablaut. Latin pannus ` a piece of cloth,
garment of cloth ' (expressive nn);
Maybe alb. Geg peni, Tosc peri ` thread ', alb. geg gjyl-pana, Tosc gjilpërë ` needle '.
Gothic fana m. `rag, sweat cloth', Old High German fano `stuff, kerchief, cloth', Modern
High German Fahne, Old English fana m. `banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris', fane,
fanu f. `banner, ensign, flag, Iris '; unclear. Middle Irish an-art ` leinernes Tuch '; one might
understand gr. and Latin ă as expressive (compare above S. 211 to gall. drappus), could
be accepted in relationship to (s)pen- ` be tight, spin '.
Page(s): 788
Root / lemma: pā̆r-

Meaning: to show; be visible
Material: Gr. πεπαρεῖν ` show ', πεπαρεύσιμον εὔφραστον, σαφές Hes.; Latin pāreō, -ēre `
erscheinen, sichtbar sein, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, gehorchen ', appāreō, compāreō `
appears ' (parret, after Festus for pāret, as bāca : bacca etc.).
Page(s): 789
pāsó-
só-s
Root / lemma: pāsó
Meaning: a relation
Material: Gr. πηός, Doric πᾱός ` Verschwägerter ', παῶται συγγενεῖς Hes.; Latin pāri-cīda
(*pāso-kaidā) newer parri-cīda `murderer of a close relative '; after Wackernagel Gnomon
6, 458 from *parso-cīda to Indic puruṣa- `person' from Old Indic *purṣa-.
Page(s): 789
pāuson- : pūson-
Root / lemma: pāuson- pūson-
Meaning: name of a deity
Material: Old Indic Pūṣáṇ- m. ` Vedic God, guardian and defender of the herds and the
human possession generally ', gr. Πά̄ν, Arcadian Πά̄ων (*Πᾱυσων); Illyrian (Messapic) PN
Pausō, -onos, gall. (venet.) PN Pusa m.; doubtful, whether to Old Indic puṣyati, puṣṇā́ti,
póṣati ` prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished ', pṓṣa- m. ` prospering;
flourishing, growth ';
References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier Indo Germanic Jb. 19, 90.
See also: see below pū̆-1.
Page(s): 790
pā- : pǝ- and pā-

Root / lemma: pā- pā-t- : pǝ-t-
Meaning: to feed, graze
Material: Armenian hauran `herd' (*pā-tro-), hoviv `herdsman, shepherd' (*ou̯i-pā-); gr.
Doric πανία πλησμονή, πάνια τὰπλήσμια; Latin pāscō, -ere, pāvi, pāstum àllow to graze,
füttere', Dep. ` devour, graze' (*pās-scō), pāstor `herdsman, shepherd'.
Maybe Alb. (*pastori) bari `herdsman, shepherd'.
Note
Alb. bar `grass, fodder', bares ` walk, stroll ' derived from alb. (*barma) barna `medicine,
herb, grass' from lat. pharmacum < gr. pharmakon from Egyptian Coptic pahre, fahri `cure'.
Lat. pābulum `food' (*pā-dhlom), pānis `bread' (because of pastillus ` pellet, globule from
meal, flour' from *pa-st-nis); Messapic πανός `bread' is Latin loanword; Old Irish ain-chess
` bread basket';
perhaps as Venetic-Illyrian element in Celtic *pā-ro- ` willow ' in cymr. pawr ` willow ', Pl.
porion, therefrom Verbalnom. pori, Middle Breton peuriff, bret. peuri `graze'; with -tro- suffix
Old Icelandic fōðr n., Old English fōðor n., Old High German fuotar `food'; Old Church
Slavic pasǫ, pasti `graze' (*pāsk̂ō); Tocharian A pās-, В pāsk- `beware, guard'; Hittite
paḫš- (paḫḫaš-) ` shield '.
Maybe alb. Geg me pa, aor. pashë `to watch, protect'.
With -t- further formations: gr. πατέομαι èat and drink '; ἄπαστος ` without meal and
drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'; doubtful
Old Irish ās(a)id ` it grows' (` increases '), Middle Irish ās ` Wachsen ' (*pāt-to-); Gothic
fōdjan ` nourish ', Old Icelandic fø̄ða, Old English fēdan, Old Saxon fōdian, Old High
German fuoten ds., Old English fōda, engl. food `nourishment, food', Old English fōstor
ds., Old Icelandic fōstr ` upbringing, sustenance, livelihood' (*pāt-tro-); ablaut. Old High
German kauatot ` pasta ' (Old High German Gl. 2, 333, 65), fatunga `nourishment, food',
Middle Low German vedeme f. ` acorn mast '.
References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;
See also: compare also pen-1 `feed'.
Page(s): 787
Root / lemma: (peg

peg- :) pog-
peg- pōg-, pō̆k-s- (*peĝh-)
pog- : pōg-
Meaning: shoulder, hip, side
Material: Old Indic pákṣa- m. `shoulder, wing' and ` side posts ', pákṣas- n. `side'; common
Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ-
Latin pectus `breast'; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : lat -ĝh- > -ct-
Latvian paksis ` house corner ';
Tocharian А päśśäṃ, В päšcane ` both breasts '; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Tocharian
-ĝh- > -śś-
long vocal Old Indic pājasyá- n. ` belly area, groin ', russ. (etc.) pach ` groin ', pacha
àrmpit', pachva àrmpit, groin '; besides the i̯o-stem *pōgi̯o- in Czech paže ` arm '
Note:
Root / lemma: (peg
peg- :) pog-
peg- ōg-, pō̆k-s- : `shoulder, hip, side' is a reduced root of Baltic
pog- : pōg-
Lithuanian pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. `place under the arm, armpit'.
A common satem Root / lemma: dous-
dous- : àrm' (see above) derived from an archaic root
ĝheus `hand, arm' (see below). But she shift ĝh- > d- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt.,
*ĝ
Illyrian-alb..
Two other roots, respectively Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
hesor-1, ĝhesr-
hesr- : `hand' and Root / lemma:
ĝhesto-
hesto-2 : `hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root ĝheus + reduced form of the
common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indic hásta-ḥ m. `hand', Avestan
zasta-, Old pers. dasta- ds.;
The key link between Root / lemma: dous- ĝheus-
dous- (*ĝheus-):: àrm' derived from an archaic root
ĝheus `hand, arm' and Root / lemma: ĝhesor-
*ĝ hesor-1, ĝhesr- ĝheus-
hesr- (*ĝheus-):: `hand' and Root /
lemma: ĝhesto- ĝheus-
hesto-2 (*ĝheus-):: `hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse (zero grade) ` armpit '
: Lithuanian pa-žastė̃, pa-žastìs f. ` place under the arm, armpit '.
References: WP. II 3 f., WH. II 270, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 237 f.
Page(s): 792
peig-1 and peik-

Root / lemma: peig- peik-
Meaning: coloured, speckled
Material: A. Old Indic piŋktē (unbel.) ` painted ', piŋga-, piŋgalá- `reddish, brown', pinjára-
`reddish, golden '; gr. πίγγαλος (Hes.) `lizard', πίγγαν ` Kücken ' Hes.; Latin pingō, -ere,
pinxī, pictum ` paint; with the needle prick ', pictor ` painter '; Old Bulgarian pěgъ
`varicolored'; Tocharian A pik-, pek- ` write, paint ' (pekant- ` painter '), В pink-, pai(y)k- `
write '.
Maybe alb. pikë `dot, stain'.
B. Old Indic piṃśáti `lashes out from (esp. flesh), cuts, cuts rightly, forms, decorates ',
pḗśaḥ- n., pēśa- m. `shape, form, paint, color', pēśalá- ` decorates; mellifluous; skilful'
(compare ποικίλος); piśáŋga- `reddish, reddish brown ', piśa- m. ` Dammhirsch ' etc.;
perhaps śilpá- `varicolored', whether from*piślá- (Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);
Maybe alb. pis `dirty, stained', i pistë ` dirty ' = Lithuanian piešà `smut'.
Avestan paēs- ` make colorful, adorn, decorate ', paēsa- m. paēsah- n. `jewellery,
decoration ', Old pers. ni-pištā ` written down ', Avestan fra-pixšta- ` decorated ';
gr. ποικίλος `varicolored'; πικρός `sharp (of arrow), bitter, shrilly, screaming, hostilely '
(formal = Old Bulgarian pьstrъ `varicolored'); Latin pignus, -oris ` pledge ' (if ` the pinned
'?);
Maybe alb. peng ` pledge ' a Latin loanword.
Gothic filu-faihs ` sehr mannigfaltig ' (compare Old Indic puru-pēśa- ` mannigfaltig '), Old
High German Old Saxon fēh `varicolored', Old English fāh, fāg `varicolored', whereof Old
Icelandic fā (*faihōn) ` paint, adorn', fā rūnar ` scratch Runes ' (originally `red paint '), fāinn
` brightly speckled ', Old English fāgian, Old High German fēhen àdorn';
Lithuanian piẽšti ` paint, write ', paĩšas, piẽšas ` Rußfleck ', piešà `smut', paĩšinas,
puišinas, puišus ` sooty, dirty, filthy', išpaišãu ` adumbrō '; Old Prussian peisāi ` they write
'; Old Church Slavic pišǫ pьsati ` write ', pьstrъ (= πικρός) `varicolored', pьstrǫgъ ` trout '
(also рьsъ `dog' called from the color).
References: WP. II 9 f., WH. II 301 f., 305 f., Trautmann 210 f.
Page(s): 794-795
Root / lemma: peiĝ-

peiĝ-1 and peik̂-
Meaning: hostile
Note: (Baltic peik- probably with West Indo Germanic guttural)
Material: A. Latin piget ` it irritates me, excites, causes aversion ', piger, -gra, -grum `
querulous, slow, decayed '; Old Icelandic feikn n. `ruin', Old English fācen, Old Saxon
fēcan n. ` betrayal, malice, deceit' (Old English fǣcne ` deceitful, mad, wicked, evil'), Old
High German feihhan n. ` guilefulness, deceit', Old English gefic `deceit', ficol ` cunning,
changeable '.
B. Old Indic píśuna- ` bösgesinnt, treacherous, verläumderisch ', piśācá- `demon'; here
the gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) VN Pictones, Pictāvi (: Lithuanian pìktas) ` Poitou ';
Note:
The name Pictones was given to Illyrians by centum speaking tribes.
West Germanic *faihiÞō in Old High German fēhida `hate, fight', Modern High German
Fehde, Old English fæhÞ(u) f. ènmity, feud '; Old High German fēhan ` zēlāre ' and `hate',
Old Saxon ā-fēhjan ` treat hostilely ', of Adj. Old High German gifēh ` hostile ', Old English
fāh, fāg ` outlawed, ostracizes ' (engl. foe ` enemy '); in addition also Old High German
feigi ` dem Tode verfallen ', Modern High German feige `timorous' (dial. also ` dem Tode
verfallen ', `fast mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', or ` decayed '), Old Saxon fēgi òf death',
Old English fǣge ` is worried near the death ' (engl. fey), Old Icelandic feigr ` dem Tode
verfallen ' (*poiki̯ós, compare Lithuanian paĩkas `stupid');
Lithuanian paĩkas `stupid', peikiù, peĩkti `rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold'; pìktas `mad,
wicked, evil, angry, irate', pykstù, pỹkti `rage against, be mad, wicked, evil '; Latvian
peiksts ` changeable person'; Old Prussian paikemmai 1. Pl. Konj., aupaickīt `cheat,
deceive', pickuls `devil', Lithuanian pikùlas `devil', Latvian -pikìs, pikuls `devil'.
References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.

Page(s): 795
Root / lemma: pei-

pei-m(i)-
m(i)-
Meaning: quick, perky
Meaning:
Note: Only Celtic and german.
Material: Old Irish ēim (*peimi-) `rash, hasty, agile'; Old Icelandic fimr ds., orð-fimi f. `
adroitness in words'; but Norwegian fimra ` fumble ', Middle Low German fimmelen,
fimmeren ds., engl. dial. fimble ds.; Swedish famla, fumla, ndd. fummeln, engl. fumble `
fumble ' are distinct imitative sound.
References: WP. II 11, Sommer IF. 51, 247.
Page(s): 795
peisk-, pisk-
Root / lemma: peisk- pisk-
Meaning: fish
Material: Latin piscis m. `fish', piscīna `Fischteich', piscor, -āri ` fish, catch fish '; Gothic
fisks m., Old Icelandic fiskr, Old High German Old English fisk `fish' (*piskos), Gothic
fiskōn, Modern High German fischen (: Latin piscāri; compare Middle High German vischīn
: Latin pis-cīna); full grade Old Irish īasc (*peiskos), Gen. ēisc `fish', collective `fish'; poln.
piskorz ` Peißker ', russ. piskárь `Gründling '; based on the concordance with Middle Irish
esc `water', Scots Gaelic FlN Esk (Celtic *iskā): acymr. FlN Uisc, ncymr. Wysg (Celtic
*ēskā from *eiskā or*eidskā) by chance? s. also above S. 794.
Note:
From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *púsa ( ˜ -i̯o-)
Meaning: a k. of fish
Mongolian protoform: *basiŋga
Tungus protoform: *puse-
Japanese protoform: *pansai
References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Förster Themse 840 f.
References:
Page(s): 796
Root / lemma: (peis

peis-1?) : pis-
peis- pis-
Meaning: to grind
Material: Old Indic pináṣṭi ` grinds, crushes ' (3. Pl. pįṣánti = Latin pinsunt), piṣṭá- ` ground
', n. `meal, flour', pēṣṭar- ` Zerreiber ' (: Latin pistor), Avestan pišant- ` crushing '; gr.
πτίσσω ` stamp, grind coarsely ' (probably expressives σσ), πτίσμα, πτισάνη ` shelled
barley ', πτίσις, πτισμός ` stamping ', περιπίσματα ` squeezed bunches of grapes ' (diss.
from *περιπτίσματα); Latin pīnsō, -ere, pinsiō, pi(n)sō, -āre ` crush, grind ' (pīs- with nasal
reduction from pins-), *pīstum, pīnsum, pinsitum; pistor ` baker ', pīsō `mortar', pīla ds.,
pīlum ` mortar club ' (and `spear, lance'), pistillum ` Stampfer '; Umbrian pistu ` pistum ';
Middle Low German vīsel `mortar', Middle High German fisel `penis'; Lithuanian Iterat.
paisýti ` (Gerste) abklopfen, den Gerstenkörnern die Grannen abschlagen ', primarily pìsti `
coire cum femina '; Old Church Slavic pьsǫ and pьchajǫ, pьchati `bump, poke', *pьšeno
`meal, flour', russ. pšenó n. ` shelled millet ', Czech Iterat. pěchovati `stomp'.
Maybe alb. bishti ` tail ' a Baltic loanword.
References: WP. II 1, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 692.
Page(s): 796
Page(s):
peis-2, speis-
Root / lemma: peis- speis-
Meaning: to blow
Material: With s-: Latin spīrō, -āre `blow, breathe, breathe' (*speis-), spīritus, -ūs `breath,
breeze, breath, soul, ghost'; spirāculum ` air hole ';
without s-: Old Indic piččhōrā ` whistle, flute'; Middle High German vīsen, vī̆sten ` einen
Wind streichen lassen ', vī̆st `breaking wind, fart', Old English fīsting ds., ndd. fīster ` podex
', Dutch veest (*faist) `breaking wind, fart', Old Icelandic fīsa ` fart ', Norwegian fīsa ds. and
`blow', Modern High German fispern, fispeln `hiss'; Balto-Slavic *pīṣketi ` cheeps, whistles '
in Lithuanian pyškė́ti ` bang ', Slavic *piščǫ, *piščati in russ. piščú, piščátь ` cheep,
screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', Church Slavic pištalь f. ` whistle ',
Old Church Slavic piskati `whistle' etc.;
maybe alb. piskat `to srceam', piscamë `scream' Slavic loanwords.
with n-formants: cymr. ffun (*spoi-nā) `breath'.

Page(s): 796
Root / lemma: pei̯(ǝ)-

Root ǝ)-, pī̆ī̆ī̆-
Meaning: fat; milk
Material: Old Indic páyatē ` swells, is full, makes swell, are full ', pipyúṣī ` plentiful, rich in
milk ', Avestan (a)-pipyūšī- ` having no milk in the breast, not nursing ' (: Lithuanian pa-
pìjusi), Old Indic pīná- `fat, obese, thick', pyā́yatē ` swells, is full ', pinvati `makes swell ',
Avestan fra-pinaoiti ` makes prosper ';
Old Indic páyas- n. `juice, sap, water, milk', Avestan payah- n. `milk', Avestan paēman- n. `
mother's milk ' (: Old English fǣmne); np. pīnū `sour milk, fresh cheese' (: Lithuanian
píenas `milk'), Old Indic pḗru-, pērú- ` swelling, making tumescent ' (probably with Indo
Germanic l, so that to Norwegian fēl);
Norwegian fēl ` skimmings, thick-made milk'; Old English fǣmne `virgin, young wife,
woman', Old Saxon fēmea `schwangere wife, woman', Old Icelandic feima `girl' (: Avestan
paēman- ` Mother's milk ');
Lithuanian papìjusi kárvė ` the cow which does not hold back the milk during milking ',
pýdau, -dyti ` zum Milchen reizen ', pýti ` give milk ', píenas `milk';
pīmo-s `fat' in gr. πῑμελή `fat', Latin opīmus `fat, wohlgenährt; fertile; rich' (probably
pīmo-
pīnguis `fat': hybridization from *pīmos and *finguis, see above S. 128).
u̯-formations:
Attic πόα, ep.-Ionian ποίη, Doric ποία `grass, Rasenplatz ', from *ποιFᾱ = Lithuanian
píeva `meadow' (**poiu̯ā);
pīu̯o-s- and pīu̯

pīu̯ pīu̯-er/-en- `fat': Old Indic pīvas- n., Avestan pīvah- n. `fat, bacon'; Old Indic
er/-en-
pī́van-, f. pī́varī `tumescent, plentiful, obese, fat', pīvará- ds., newer formation of Fem. From
the likewise not old gr. πιερός, πῑαρός = gr. πί̄ων, f. πί̄ειρα `fat, fertile, rich', πῖαρ (only
Nom. Akk. Sg. *pī-u̯r)̥ `fat'; Old Irish īriu, Gen. īrenn (*pī-u̯er-i̯ō) `ground, earth; face of the
earth, earth's surface, land', if actually ` πίειρα γῆ ';
tu-stem
tu pei-tu-, pī̆ī̆ī̆-tu-
pei-tutu- `fat, juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to
quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food': ei in Lithuanian piẽtūs ` Midday
meals '; compare Old Indic pḗtv-a- m. ` he-goat; billy goat, wether, castrated ram ' (actually
`fat, obese'), Avestan pōiϑwa `fat, obese';
pī̆ī̆ī̆-tu-
tu- ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion,
dish, food': Old Indic pitú- m., Avestan pitu-š m. `juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is
swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food, dish, food', Avestan
arǝmpiϑwā, ra-piϑwā f. ` midday ', actually ` the time fitting for the meal '; Old Irish ith
`(*nourishment, food), corn, grain', acymr. it, ncymr. yd (*pitu-) etc. `ds.'; Latin pītuīta `rich
humidity, a cold, catarrh'; Middle Irish īth `tallow, suet' (*pītu-); wherefore as denominative
Old Church Slavic pitěti, newer pitati ` feed, nourish, gather '; here from the meaning
`resin' from: Old Indic pītu-dāru ` a spruce kind ', actually ` resinous tree ', and as short
forms of such a compounds pamird. pit `fir, spruce', gr. πίτυς ds.; full grade Middle Irish
īath n. (`rich meadow, land' (*pei-tu-); the meaning `resin' also in the k-derivative *pi-
*pi-k-: gr.
πίσσα Attic πίττα f. `tar', πιττάκιον n. ` little writing board, plaster ', Latin pix, picis f. `tar'
(out of it Old High German peh etc.), perhaps Middle Low German vī(g), vīhe `swamp,
marsh, break'; (Lithuanian pìkis `tar' is Germanic loanword), Old Church Slavic pьcъlъ,
russ.-Church Slavic pьkьlъ `tar'; but Latin pīnus, -ūs and -ī `fir, spruce, pine, pine tree'
because of alb. pishë `fir, spruce, pinewood torch' (*pit-s-i̯ā) probably from *pit-s-nu-s;
The following cognates prove that Albanian cognate is an abbreviated Latin loanword.
English pine ; fir ; pine tree
Albanian pishë
Bergamasco paghéra
Bresciano pì ; pigna
Catalan pi
Greek πεύκο
Griko Salentino pigno
Ladin pinch
Latin pinus ; taeda
Lombardo Occidentale pèscia
Mokshan pichae
Occitan pin
Piemontese pin
Reggiano pin
Romagnolo pìn
Romanian pin
Valencian pi
Venetian pin
Zeneize pin
poi-d-, pī̆-d-: gr. πῑδήεις ` rich in springs ', πῖδαξ `wellspring', πῑδύω àllow
extension poi-
trickle through, gushes forth ', Nom. Pl. n. πί̄σεα ` damp places, meadows ' (*pī-d-s-es-);
Old Icelandic fita f. `fat', Germanic *faitian ` fatten, overfeed ' (Old High German feizen, Old
English fǣtan, Old Icelandic feita), *faita- `fat'(Old High German feiz, Old Icelandic feitr),
participle Germanic *faitida-: Old High German feizzit, Middle High German veiz(e)t,
Modern High German feist, Old English fǣted, engl. fat, Middle Low German vet `fat'; Old
Icelandic fit `meadow', East Frisian `puddle, slop'; Latvian pìsa, pīse `morass, bush wood ';
about Middle Irish esc `water' (see above S. 45 about Middle Irish esc-ung ` eel, snakelike
fish '), wherefore Middle Irish esca f. `swamp, marsh', see below peisk- `fish'; or esc from
*pid-skā?
References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.
Page(s): 793-794
Root / lemma: pek̂-1, pēk̂

pēk̂-, pōk̂
pōk̂-
Meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful
Material: Old High German gifehan, Old English gefēon ` are glad '; Old Saxon Old High
German fehōn `consume', Old High German gi-fehōn ds. = Old English ge-fēon, Old High
German gi-fehan ` take pleasure '; Kaus. Gothic fulla-fahjan ` perform satisfaction, give
satisfaction, serve ', Old High German fagōn ` stand '; Gothic fahēÞs `pleasure, joy', Old
Icelandic feginn, Old English fægen `blithe, glad', Gothic Old High German faginōn, Old
English fægenian ` are glad ', Old Icelandic fagna ds., Gothic ga-fēhaba ` fitting,
respectable ', Old Icelandic fǣgiligr `pleasant'; Gothic fagrs ` suitable ', Old Icelandic fagr,
̄ er `beautiful' etc.; Gothic ga-fahrian `prepare, concoct'; in materieller
Old English fæ̆g
meaning Middle High German vëgen `clean, scour, rub, clean, sweep, wash away ', Old
Icelandic fāga àdorn, clean', fǣgja `gleaming make, clean' and Lithuanian púošiu
(*pōk̂ei̯ō), púošti àdorn', Latvian pùost `clean, adorn', refl. `be clean'; perhaps here Middle
Irish āil `pleasant' as *pōkli- (yet s. also under pāk̂- ` moor ').
References: WP. II 16, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.
Page(s): 796-797
Root / lemma: pek̂-2

Meaning: to fleece; cattle
Material: Old Indic páśu-, paśú- n., Gen. paśváḥ; paśú- m. `cattle'; Avestan pasu- m.
`cattle' (mostly still `small cattle'), in compound fśū̆-, -fśū̆-, wherewith Old Indic kšu-mā́n-
`rich in food', puru-kšú ds. (twice also basic kśu) as Diss.-forms for pśu- identical; = Latin
pecū, -ūs n. à head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd', next to which pecus, -
oris n. (formal = gr. τὸ πέκος), pecus, -ŭdis f. ds.; derivatives pecūnia `property, riches,
wealth', pecūlium `property'; Umbrian pequo Pl. n. ` pecua '; = Gothic faíhu ` possession,
fortune', Old Icelandic fē, Old English feoh, Old Saxon fehu, Old High German fihu `cattle';
= Lithuanian pekus, Old Prussian pecku `cattle' (West Indo Germanic guttural); Gothic bi-,
ga-faíhon ` übervorteilen ' are after W. Wissmann (The oldest Postverbalia 79 ff.)
Denominativa from faíhu, and bi-faíh `deceit' is noun post-verbal;
Armenian asr, Gen. asu ` sheep's wool, fleece ', asveɫ `fleecy' (*pok̂u + r, with а from о
in open initial sound syllable); gr. πέκω (= Lithuanian pešù), πέκτω (= Latin pectō, Old High
German fehtan), πεκτέω `comb, shear ', πέκος n. ` fleece, wool', πόκος m.; ` fleece ', κτείς,
κτενός `comb' (from zero grade *πκτεν-; Latin pecten);
alb. pilë ` Werkzeug zum Flachskämmen, -hecheln ' (*pek̂lā); Latin pectō, -ere, pexī
`comb', pecten, -inis `comb', Umbrian petenata ` pectinatam '; Old High German Old
Saxon fehtan, Old English feohtan ` fence '; Old High German Old Saxon fahs, Old English
feax ` hair ', Old Icelandic fax `mane' (*-pok̂-s-o-, compare the es-stem πέκος), Old
Icelandic fǣr, Old Swedish fār `sheep' (*fahaz = πόκος), Old Swedish fǣt (*fahti-) `wool,
fleece ', Old English feht ` fleece ', Dutch vacht f. `wool, fleece ', Old English fihl ` a piece
of cloth, garment of cloth '; Lithuanian pešù, pèšti ` rupfen, an den Haaren zausen ', Iter.
pašýti, susipẽšti `to tear, rend'.
Here probably Old Indic pakṣ-man- n. èyelashes, hair', pakṣ-malá- `with strong
eyelashes, thick-hairy ', Avestan pašna- n. èyelid', compare in not so specified meaning
np. pašm `wool'. common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š-
References: WP. II 16 f., WH. 11 269 f., 270 ff., Trautmann 217, Specht KZ 68, 205 ff.
Page(s): 797
pekʷ- (*kʷekʷhō)
Root / lemma: pekʷ
Meaning: to cook
Grammatical information: participle pekʷ to- `cooked, boiled'
pekʷ-to-
Material: Old Indic pácati, Avestan pačaiti ` cooks, bakes, roasts ' (= Latin coquō, cymr.
pobi, alb. pjek, Old Bulgarian pekǫ, compare also Lithuanian kepù); Fut. pákṣyati: gr.
πέψω); common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Gr. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- : -kʷh- > -ps-
Supin. paktum = Latin coctum, Old Church Slavic peštь; participle paktá- (= gr. πεπτός,
Latin coctus, cymr. poeth),
Common Celtic Albanian -k > -th phonetic mutation.
Old Indic pácyatē ` matures, ripens ', pakvá- `cooked, boiled, mature, ripe, mellow,
seasoned ', paktí- f. ` das Kochen, gekochtes Gericht ' (= gr. πέψις, Latin cocti-ō, Old
Bulgarian реštь, Old Prussian pectis), paktár- ` the cooking ' (= Latin coctor, fem. gr.
πέπτρια) pāká- m. ` the cooking, baking, Reifen ', Avestan nasu-pāka- ` cooking, burning
corpse parts '; Armenian probably hac̣ `bread' as *pokʷ-ti-; gr. πέσσω, Attic πέττω `cook,
digest ' (*pekʷi̯ō), to-present πέπτω; πέψις f. ` cook '; πέπων, -ονος ` mature, ripe, mellow,
seasoned ' (f. πέπειρα after πίων : πίειρα), πόπανον ` pastry, cake'; *kʷopos in ἀρτο-κόπος
(besides ἀρτο-πόπος) ` bread baker '; alb. pjek Ì bake';
Common alb. Slavic -ie- dipthong;
Latin coquō, -ere `cook' (Italian Celtic Assim. from *pekʷō to *kʷekʷō), coquus ` cook ' (:
ἀρτο-κόπος), coquīna ` kitchen ', as Oscan-Umbrian loanword popīna; cymr. pobi (o from
e), corn. pobas, bret. pibi ` bake ', bret. pobet ` baked ', cymr. poeth (*kʷekʷ-tos) `hot', bret.
poaz `cooked, boiled', mcymr. poburies ` Bäckerin ', corn. peber, bret. pober ` baker ';
common celt.-Illyrian kʷ- > p-
Old Irish cuchtar ` kitchen ' from Latin coctūra ds.; Old English ā-figen `roasted'; Lithuanian
(reconverted with metathesis) kepù, kèpti, Latvian cepu, cept ` bake, fry', ceplis òven';
Maybe Lithuanian kepù, Latvian cepu `fry' : ceplis òven' > alb. (*cepul-ka) këpurdha f. `
mushroom ' : Romanian cuptor òven', ciupercă ` mushroom ' similar to Slavic formation
Bulgarian pechurka à small stove, mushroom ' : Polish pieczara `cave' : Old Church
Slavic peštera `cave, oven' > Polish pieczarka ` mushroom '.
without metathesis Old Prussian pectis ` stove shovel ' = Old Church Slavic peštь òven,
Нöhle '; Lithuanian pèktas `roasted', Old Church Slavic *pekǫ, *pešti ` bake ' in serb.
pèčêm, pèći ds., etc.; Old Church Slavic pekъ `heat', potъ `Schweiß' (*pokto-), peštь
òven', peštera `cave, oven' etc.;
Tocharian AB päk- `zum Reifen bringen, cook', participle Pass. В pepakṣu; A pukäl, В
pikul `year' (= ` ripeness'). common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Tocharian -ĝʷh- > -kṣ-
Page(s): 798
pelǝ-, plā-
Root / lemma: pelǝ plā-
Meaning: wide and flat
Material: Armenian hoɫ èarth, dust, powder, bottom, land'; Latin palam ` open, publicly ',
Akk. as clam, from a *pelā́- or рolā́-; alb. sh-pal, shpall ` reveal, proclaim '; Old Irish lāthar n.
`plan, place, position ' (*plā-tro-), to cymr. llawdr ` britches ', acorn. loder ` caliga ', bret.
loer ` bas, chaussure ' (originally `base'); Latvian plóti ` breitschlagen ', Latvian plāt ` thinly
spread '; russ. pólyj ` openly, freely, uncovered, stamped out (of the water) ', Old Church
Slavic polje `field' (`stretched out surface, plain, area', hence the land of Polen Poland);
Old Swedish-New Swedish fala f. ` plain, moor, heath, moorland '; Hittite palḫi- ` broad ';
as dh-present probably here gr. πλάσσω (*πλαθι̯ω, phonetically adapted to the present
from guttural stems), Aor. ἔπλασα, ἐπλάσθην `shape from soft mass form ', κατα-, εμ-
πλάσσω ` spread ', πλάσμα n. ` thing ', πλάστης m. `molder', ἔμπλαστρον n. > Latin
emplastrum > Modern High German Pflaster ` plaster '; in addition πλάθανος m., πλαθάνη
f. ` cake board ', πηλο-πλάθος `clay formend, a worker in clay, potter '; nominales dh in
παλάθη `flat Fruchtkuchen';
with formants -no-

no-: Latin plānus `platt, even, flat' (Indo Germanic *plā-no-s) = gall.
Medio-lānum actually `mitten in the Ebene?', Lithuanian plónas `thin', Latvian plãns `flat,
even, thin', plãns `threshing floor', Old Prussian plonis (Old Lithuanian plānas) `threshing
floor':
Slavic *pol-no- in Upper Sorbian pɫoń ` plain ', klr. poɫonýna `Hochebene', Czech plauý `
infertile, field-, wood, forest-', pláň ` plain, Prärie', sloven. plân, f. plána `free from
Baumwuchs', plánja òffene, free surface, plain, area', Serbo-Croatian planína ` mountain
forest ' etc.;
here - perhaps of ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - gr. πλάνος ìrrend,
wandering ', πλάνος m., πλάνη f. ìrrender run, flow', πλανᾶν òf rechten way abführen', -
ᾶσθαι ` wander ', πλάνης, -ητος f. ` wandering ', Old Icelandic flana ùmherfahren', French
(from dem Germanic) fláner `sich auf the road umhertreiben';
with n-formants: gr. πέλανος `flat Opferkuchen, flat coin';
with m- or n-forms, meaning esp. `flat hand': *pelǝmā pl̥̄mā):

ǝmā (pl̥ mā gr. παλάμη f. `flat hand';
mā
maybe alb. (*pelǝmā) pëllëmba `palm' [common alb. m- > mb-].
Latin palma `flat hand; also Gänsefuß, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders,
Palme', palmus `die Hand as measurement of length, span', palmes, -itis `Rebenschoß',
Old Irish lām, acorn. lof, cymr. llaw `hand' (if in addition Old Irish fo-laumur `wage'?); Old
High German folma `hand', Old English folm `flat hand'; other ablaut in Old Indic pāṇí- m.
`hand' (Middle Indic from *parṇi-), Avestan pǝrǝnā `hohle hand';
with r-formants: Old Icelandic flōrr m. ` floorboard of Viehstalles; cattle shed', Old
English flōr ` floorboard ', Middle Low German vlōr ` floorboard, meadow', Middle High
German vluor `bottom, meadow, sown field ', Modern High German Flur; Old Irish lār,
cymr. etc. llawr (*plā-ro-) `solum, pavimentum';
with dentalem forms *pél-tos n., *pel-tu-s m., *pl̥-tā́ `surface, plain, area': Old High
German Old Saxon feld n. `field, bottom, plain ', Old English feld (u-stem) ds.; Old
Icelandic fold f. èarth, land', also `Fjord' and FlN, Old English folde, Old Saxon folda
èarth' (Old Indic pr̥thivī), Old High German FlN Fuld-aha `Fulda'; Finnish pelto `farmland'
from dem Germanic; above examples belong actually to extension plet-
plet-.
Maybe alb. (*fulsa) fusha ` field '.
References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222;
See also: extensions under plāk- plet-.
plāk-, plet-
Page(s): 805-807
peli-s-, pel-
Root / lemma: peli- pel-s-
Meaning: rock
Material: Old Indic pāṣāṇá- m., pāṣyá- n. ` stone ', (from *parṣ- = Indo Germanic *pels-);
gr. πέλλα λίθος Hes. (*πέλσα); Pashto parša Middle Irish all n. (*pl̥so-) `cliff' (s-inflection
after slīab `mountain'); Germanic *falisa- ins Gallorom. as *falī̆siā borrowed (Old French
falise, faleise); Old High German felis m., felisa f., Middle Low German vels (*falis-),
Modern High German Fels, Old Icelandic fjall, fell n. (*pelso-) `rock'; vorrom. (Illyrian)
*pella: *palla ds.
References: WP. II 66 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.
Page(s): 807
Root / lemma: pelk̂- : polk̂-

Material: Old High German Old Saxon felga, Old English fielg ` rim of the wheel ',
Germanic *felgam, ` turn ' in Old High German ungifolgan ìnflexus'; ablaut. gall. olca ` arid
land', Old English fealg, Bavarian falg ds., russ. polosá `dividing off, partitioning off eines
Feldes, Streif'.
addendum to S. 807:
Gall. olca ` arable field ' (French ouche ` good arable land ') = Old English fealg ` fallow '
(Germanic *falgō), engl. fallow, East Frisian falge, Bavarian falg ds., Middle High German
falgen, felgen ùmackern', Modern High German Felge `gepflügtes arid land'; ablaut.
Germanic *felgō ` rim of the wheel ' in Old English fielg, engl. felly, Old High German felga
`Felge, harrow'; besides Germanic *falgiz in mnl. felghe, Old English felg(e), engl. felloe
ds.; Germanic felgan ` turn ' in Old High German un-gifolgan ùngewendet';
russ. polosá etc. `stripe, Ackerfurche';
perhaps here pelĝ- polĝ- in Slavic *ръlzо, *pelzti, russ.-Church Slavic plězetъ `crawls'
pelĝ-, polĝ-
etc. and Slavic polzь in russ. póloz ` Sledge skid ', slov. plâz `Pflugsohle, stripe'.
WP. I 516, Trautmann 218 f., Vasmer 2, 396, 397, Kluge-Götze 197 f.

Page(s): 807, 850
pel-1, pelǝ
Root / lemma: pel- pelǝ-, plē-
plē-
Meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (?)
Note:
pel-1, pelǝ
Root / lemma: pel- pelǝ-, plē-
plē- : full, to fill; to pour; town (?), derived from a prefixed pe-
pe +
Root / lemma: laku- : water basin (ditch, lake, sea).
lemma: laku-
Material: A. Armenian heɫum Ì pour from' (*pel-nu-mi), zeɫum (*z-heɫum) ` allow to
stream', Pass. `fließeüber';
cymr. llanw m. `flood', Verbalnom. llanw, llenwi ` plenitude, Fließen', Middle Breton lano,
lanv `flood', corn. lanwes `fullness, wealth' (*plen-u̯o-);
Lithuanian trans. pilù, pìlti `pour, schütten, aufschütten, füllen', intrans. `flow', Latvian
pilêt `drip, trickle', pile `drip', pilt `drip, trickle', pali ` inundation ', Lithuanian am̃palas (*ant-
palas) Àufwasser auf dem Eise'; russ. vodo-polъ(je), pol(n)o-vodьje `Hochwasser', Old
Church Slavic polъ ` a small bowl with handles '.
B. pel `castle' in Old Indic pū́r, Gen. purás `castle, town, city', pura- n., newer puri-, purī
ds., compare Singapur `Löwenstadt', gr. (Aeolic) πόλις `castle, town, city, Staat' (*peli-s),
hom. Cypriot πτόλις ds., Lithuanian pilìs, Latvian pile `castle, Schloß' (see Schwyzer, Gr.
Gr. 1, 325, 344, Specht KZ 59, 65f., 11 f., Trautmann 217).
C. words for `swamp, marsh' (pel

pel-, pel-
pel- eu-), as osset. farwe, färer ` alder ', Old High
pel-eu-
German fel(a)wa, Modern High German Felber `Weidenbaum' (as `Sumpfbaum'), and
Latin palus, -ūdis f. `stehendes water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop' (*pel-ou-d-), probably
to Old Indic palvalá- n. `pond, pool' and palvalya- `sumpfig'; in addition still pelǝk
ǝk- : plāk-
pelǝk- plāk- in
gr. πάλκος πηλός Hes., παλάσσω (*παλακι̯ω) `bespritze', Lithuanian pélkė `Moorbruch',
Old Prussian pelky ds., Latvian pel̃ce `puddle, slop': plācis `morass'; after W. Schulze Kl.
Schr. 112 alle originally color name, also to pel-8.
Maybe alb. (*pe

pe-lagu)
pe pellgu `pool' see Root / lemma: laku-
laku- : water basin (ditch, lake, sea).
(common Slavic alb. pe-
pe prefix).
D. `füllen, fullness, wealth': Old Indic píparti : pipr̥máḥ; pr̥ṇā́ti (pr̥ṇáti) `füllt, sättigt,
nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt', also pr̥ṇṓti ds., pū́ryatē, pūryátē `füllt sich', Aor.
áprāt (: πλῆτο), Imp. pūrdhí, Perf. paprāu (: Latin plēvī), participle prātá- (= Latin -plētus,
alb. pĺot; compare also prātí- : Latin com-plēti-ō), pūrtá- `full', prāṇa- `full' (= Latin plēnus,
Avestan frāna- `Füllung', Old Irishlīn-aim `fülle'), pūrṇá- `full' (= Gothic fulls, litt. pìlnas, Old
Bulgarian plъnъ, Old Irish lān; from *pel- whereas Avestan pǝrǝna- `gefüllt'); parīṇaḥ n.
`fullness, wealth' (: Avestan parǝnah-vant- `rich'), parī-man- `fullness, wealth, Spende'
(*pelǝ-); Avestan par- `füllen';
Armenian li, Gen. liog `full' (from *plē-i̯o-s = gr. πλέως? or from *plē-to-s = Old Indic
prātá-?), lnum `fülle' (*linum, neologism), Aor. eli-c̣ Ì füllte'; lir (i-stem) `fullness, wealth';
presumably holom, holonem `häufe auf, sammle an';
gr. πίμπλημι `fülle' (originally πίπλημι, the nasal from πίμπρημι), Fut. πλήσω, Aor. πλῆτο
`füllte sich', πλήθω `bin voll, fülle myself ', πλῆθος n., Ionian πληθύ̄ς `bulk, mass', πληθύω
`bin or werde voll, swell an' (: Latin plēbēs), πλήσμη `flood', πλησμονή Ànfüllung, satiation
', πλήσμιος `light füllend, satiating', πλῆμα `Füllung' Hes. (: Latin plēmināre `fill'); hom.
πλεῖος, Attic πλέως, Ionian πλέος `full' (*πλη-[ι̯]ο-ς; = Armenian li?), πλήρης `full', πληρόω
`make voll' (from *πληρο-ς = Latin plērus, compare Armenian lir `fullness, wealth', i-stem);
πλή-μῡρα, -μυρίς f. `flood', to μύ̄ρω S. 742;
alb. plot `full' (*plē-t-os); also pjel `beget, gebäre'? intrans. `full = pregnant sein'?? with
formants -go- here plok, plogu `heap' (*plē-go-? compare Old High German folc `heap,
Kriegshaufe, people', Old English folc `troop, multitude, crowd, army, people', Old
Icelandic folk `troop, multitude, crowd, people' as *pl̥-go- or *рelǝ-go-);
Latin pleō, -ēre mostly com-pleō, im-pleō `fülle', participle Pass. (com)plētus; plēnus
`full', Umbrian plener `plenis'; plērus, -a, -um `zum größten parts', plērusque, plērīque èine
big, giant number, very much, a lot of, am meisten'; plēbēs, -ei and -ī, plēbs, -is
`Volksmenge; die mass of people in contrast to den Adeligen' (*plēdhu̯ēs), manipulus èine
handful; bundle; Hanteln the Turner; Soldatenabteilung' (*mani-plo-s); plēmināre `fill' to
*plēmen = gr. πλῆμα;
Old Irish līn(a)im Ì fülle' (from an Adj. *līn = *plēno-s), līn `numerus, pars'; Old Irish lān,
acymr. laun, ncymr. llawn, corn. luen, leun, len, bret. leun `full' (= Old Indic pūrṇa- etc.),
Old Irish comalnur Ì fülle' (Denom. from comlān `full'); u(i)le `whole', Pl. àlle' (*poli̯o-);
Gothic fulls, Old Icelandic fullr, Old English Old Saxon full, Old High German fol (-ll-)
`full' (= Old Indic pūrṇá- etc., see above); = Lithuanian pìlnas, Old Bulgarian plъnъ, Serbo-
Croatian pȕn `full'; about Old English folc etc. see above; Middle High German vlǣjen `
rinse ' to πλή-μῡρα above S. 799.
pélu
pélu `bulk, mass', single-linguistically also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter `much, a lot
of'; besides Indo Germanic pelú- plḗ-i̯i̯i̯os,
lú- Adj. `much, a lot of'; Kompar. plḗ is-, Superl. plǝ
os, -is- plǝ-is-
is-
tó-
tó- `more, mostly':
Old Indic purú-, Avestan pouru-, ap. paru `much, a lot of' (= gr. πολύς, if these from
*παλύς, Lithuanian pilus), Kompar. Old Indic prāyas- Adv. `meistens, usually ', Avestan
frāyah-, Superl. fraēšta- `the meiste'; here iran. *pelu̯-, *polu̯- in Plejadennamen npers.
parv, Avestan paoiryaēinī (*paru̯ii̯ainī-), ablaut. gr. Πλειάδες, hom. Πληιάδες (*pleu̯ii̯-),
originally `Sternhaufen';
gr. πολύς `much, a lot of' (assimil. from *παλύς = Old Indic purú-), übrige case of stem
πολλό-, πολλά̄-, wohlausgegangen of f. *πολFι̯ᾱ Old Indic pūrví; Kompar. Superl. originally
*πλη[ι̯]ων > πλέων (*plēisōn) : πλαῖστος (*plǝisto-), das through influence of *πλεῖς `more'
(*plēis = Old Irish līa) and of Kompar. to πλεῖστος wurde; from a Indo Germanic *pleu̯-es-
`Überfluß, big, giant bulk, mass' wurde secondary the gr. Kompar. n. πλέον, wherefore the
achäische Nom. Pl. πλέες neologism wurde; also wurde Old Latin plous, Latin plūs to
Kompar., and with plīs- (older Kompar. *plē-i̯es- in Old Latin pleores, and *plēis- in
Superl.plīsima) to *plois- contaminated, from which Latin plūrimus `mostly' (old ploirume,
plouruma, plusima); compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 537 f., E.-
M.2 783;
Old Irish il `much, a lot of' (= Gothic filu), līa `plus, plures' (*plē-is); acymr. liaus, ncymr.
lliaws `multitudo' (plē-i̯ōs-tu-s or -to-);
Gothic filu adv. neuter m. Gen. (previous Subst.) as replacement from gr. πολύς, also
`very; um vieles (beim compounds)', similarly in den other Germanic Sprachen: Old High
German Old Saxon filu, filo, Old English fela, feala, feola `much, a lot of, very', Old
Icelandic fiǫl- `much, a lot of', n. `bulk, mass'; compounds Sup. Old Icelandic fleiri, fleistr
`more, most' (*plǝ-is-, -isto-, Avestan fraēšta-);
Lithuanian pilus ìn Überfluß'.
E. pel-edin gr. πλάδος n. ` dampness, decay ', πλαδαρός `humid, wet', πλαδάω, -ᾶν
pel-ed-
`damp sein'; Old High German fledirōn, Modern High German flattern, Old High German
fledar-mūs `bat'; Latvian peldêt `swim', peldêtiês `bathe', peldinât `bathe, schwemmen':
pildinât (*pl̥d-) ds.; pledinât `with den Flügeln hit', pledins ` butterfly'; compare E. Fraenkel
Mél. Boisacq 1, 357 ff.
F. words for ` butterfly': reduplicated Latin pāpiliō, -ōnis m. (*pā-pil-); Germanic*fīfalðrōn-

in Old Icelandic fīfrildi n., Old English fīfealde, Old High German fīfaltra, Middle High
German fīfalter, Modern High German Falter; Lithuanian petelìškė ds., Latvian petelîgs
`flatterhaft' (*pel-tel-);
from the same root the Balto-Slavic words (*paipalā-) for ` quail ': Lithuanian píepala f.,
Latvian paîpala, Old Prussian penpalo (in addition Old Prussian pepelis, Pl. pippalins
`bird'); Czech přepel, křepel, slov. prepelíca (also ` butterfly') etc.
G. words for `swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen' etc.: gr. πάλλω (*pl̥-i̯ō), Aor.
ἔπηλα `swing, brandish, shake', Med. `spring, wriggle ', παλτός `geschwungen', παλμός
`Zucken, Vibrieren', πάλος m. `lot, fate', παλάσσομαι ` loose '; redupl. παιπάλλω Hes.
`shake'; Old Icelandic fǣla `frighten', Old English eal-fē̆lo `fürchterlich', Middle High
German vālant `devil'; perhaps to Old Church Slavic plachъ `trembling, anxious ' (*polso-
?), plašiti `frighten' etc.;
the extension pelem-

pelem- in gr. πελεμίζω `swing, brandish, shatter', Pass. èrbebe', πόλεμος,
πτόλεμος `battle, war, fight' (PN Νεο-πτόλεμος, Πτολεμαῖος), Gothic us-filma èrschrocken',
Old Icelandic felms-fullr ds., felmta `bange sein' (*falmatjan), Old High German Bavarian
felm `fright';
da Old Icelandic falma likewise `überrascht become', as `tap, feel ' stands for, could
here Latin palpor, -āri (also palpō) `streichle', palpitō ` twitch ', palpebrae ` eyelids ', alb.
palun `fluttering, trembling' and ` maple '.
Maybe alb. (*palun) panjë ` maple ' : Romanian paltin ` maple '.
as well as West Germanic *fōljan (Old High German fuolen, Middle High German füelen,
Old English fǣlan etc.) ` feel ' belong, also Middle Low German vlader ` maple ', vladarn
`flutter'.
References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;
See also: die words under G. could also to pel-2 belong; here also pleu- `flow'.
Page(s): 798-801
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā-
2a pelǝ plā-
Meaning: to cause to move, drive
Meaning:
Material: Latin pellō (probably from *pel-nō), -ere, pepuli, *pultus ` to beat, strike, knock,
push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ' (assumed from pultāre ` to beat, strike, knock '), pulsus
(after perculsus : percellō) ` a pushing, beating, striking, stamping, push, blow, impulse,
stroke ', pulsus, -ūs ` to beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ', Umbrian ař-
peltu ` to drive to, move up, bring along, force towards, to move to, move towards, bring
up, bring near, carry, conduct, drive ', Latin ōpilio (*ou̯i-pili̯ō) ` shepherd ', Palēs ` an Italian
goddess of shepherds and pastures '; appellō, -āre ` to drive to, move up, bring along,
force towards, address, speak to';
Old Irish ad-ella (*pel-nā-t) ` visits ' (= Latin appellat), di-ella ` deviate '; the Futur. to agid
`drives' : eblaid (*pi-plāseti) and brit. subjunctive with el- (above S. 307); Old Irish laë `day'
(*plāi̯om), originally *` turn, change of direction or position; change in condition '; about Old
Church Slavic popelъ àsh' see below pel-2b;
probably based on d-present *pel-d-ō: Old High German anafalz m., Old English anfilte
n. ànvil, incus', Old English felt, m., Old High German filz m. ` Filz ' (*`stomped woolen
mass '), Old High German falzan ànfügen, anlegen', Modern High German falzen ` fold,
plait, fold up, merge ';
eine specific gr. meaning- development ànstoßen' = `sich nähern, near' probably in
πέλας `near', πελάζω (Aeolic πλά̄ζω), πελάσσαι `sich nähern'; trans. `näherbringen,
heranbringen' (πέλασε χθονί `warf to bottom'), πελάτης `neighbor, day labourer '; πίλναμαι
` nearer, closer myself ', πλησιόν, Doric πλᾱτίον `near, by', Ionian ἄ-πλητος, Doric ἄ-
πλᾱτος `dem man nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich', πλᾶτις `wife' (Aryan Ach. 132), ἔμπλην `
totally near ', πλήν, Doric πλά̄ν preposition `besides'.
References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.;

See also: hieher probably also pel-3 `meal, flour'.
Page(s): 801-802
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-2b,
2b pelen-, pel-
pel-en- pel-u̯-
pel-t-, pel-
Meaning: powder, flour
Material: Old Indic pálala- n. `ground, pulverized seeds, porridge, mash, smut'; gr. πάλη
`dust, powder', παι-πάλη, ποι-σπάλη ` fine flour'; παλύνω `bestreue'; Latin palea f. `chaff,
straw, grain husk ';
Maybe in -m- formant alb. (*pal-) pjalm `pollen'.
with t-formants: πόλτος `porridge, mash from meal, flour', Demin. πολτίον, πολτάριον;
Latin puls, -tis ` thick mash of spelt flour ' (*poltos); Middle Irish littiu (Gen. litten), nir. lite,
cymr. llith (i instead of y after llith `bait') ` flour soup, any thing eaten with bread, a sauce,
condiment, relish (fruit, vegetables, salt, etc.), food ' (*pl̥t-; with expressive Gemination);
with u̯-formants: Latin pulvis, -eris `dust, powder' (*polu̯i-; inflection after cinis); gall.
(rom.) *ulvos ds.;
Maybe truncated alb. Geg (*pluvini) pluhuni `dust, powder' < Sardinian Campidanesu
pruini : Sicilian pruvulazzu < Latin pulvis, -eris `dust, powder'.
pelṓus,
here (Indo Germanic *pelṓus, pelu̯-ós) Old Indic m. Pl. palā́vās `chaff', Balto-Slavic
*pelū- and *pēlu̯ā- f. `chaff' in Lithuanian pẽlūs f. Pl., Latvian pelus, pelavas f. Pl. ds., Old
Prussian pelwo f. and Latvian pelvas f. Pl. ds.; Old Church Slavic plěvy f. Pl. `ἄχυρον', klr.
poɫóva ds. etc.;
with n-formants: Latin pollen, -inis `very fine flour, dust powder ' (ll from n. equalization
in inflection *polen, *polnes); pollenta f. `Gerstengraupen'; here also Old Prussian pelanne
f. àsh', Lithuanian pelenaĩ m. Pl., Latvian pę̀lni ds., wherefore Old Prussian pelanno f.
`stove, hearth', Lithuanian pelẽnė `stove, hearth'; Old Prussian plieynis ` ash powder ',
Lithuanian plė́nys f. Pl. ` Flockasche ', Latvian plẽne `white ash on coal '; s. S. 805;
without n-forms, but with Redupl. russ. pépel, Old Church Slavic etc. popelъ àsh', am
ehesten as `crushed, ground, broken into fine particles' to pel-2a ` pellens, pultāre '.
References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;
See also: probably to pel-2 `bump, poke'.
Page(s): 802
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-3a
Meaning: to fold
Material: α. plo- as 2. composition part in Adj. as gr. ἁ-πλός `simple, just', δι-πλός, δίπλαξ `
twofold ' (compare Armenian haɫ `Mal'), Latin simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex èin-,
two-, dreifach', Umbrian dupla ` double, twice as large, twice as much ', tuplak Akk. Sg. n.
`duplicem', tripler `triplis'; Middle Irish dīabul `double' (*du̯ei-plo-); Gothic twei-fls `doubt',
Old High German zvīfal `dubious', m. `doubt', probably also Avestan bifra- n. ` comparison,
Ähnlichkeit ', in Gr. besides die Umbildungen of type ἁπλόος (to πλοῦς) and Ionian
διπλήσιος; further with older t-Ableitg. (see below) διπλάσιος, Doric διπλάτιος etc. `double,
double so groß' (*pl̥ti̯o-; δίπαλτος ` twofold ' from *δίπλατος).
β. alb. palë (*pol-nā) ` crease, row, yoke, pair'; gr. πέπλος m. `Frauengewand'; Old
Icelandic fel f. (*falja-) `furrow, stripe, crease ', Norwegian fela f. `Faltenmagen'.
to-nouns and verbs: Old Indic puṭati ùmhüllt with', puṭa- m. n. ` crease, Tüte, pouch '
γ. -to-
(*pulta-), Middle Irish alt `junctura, artus' (a Redukt. from Indo Germanic о, as perhaps also
Old Indic puṭa-), redupl. strong. V. Gothic falÞan `fall', Old Icelandic falda ` den Kopf cover
', Old English fealdan, Old High German faltan `fold', weak. V Old Icelandic falda `fold', Old
English fealdian, Old High German faltōn ds., Old Icelandic faldr m. ` crease, corner, tail,
Kopfputz the Frau', feldr m. (*faldi-) `mantle', Middle High German valte ` crease,
convolution, angle '; Gothic ain-falÞs, Old High German einfald, -t, Old Icelandic einfaldr,
Old English ānfeald `simple, just'
References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;

See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.
Page(s): 802-803
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-3b, pelǝ-, plē-
3b pelǝ plē-
Meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth
Material: Gr. πέλας `skin', ἐρυσί-πελας `Hautentzündung', ἄ-πελος `nicht verheilte wound';
πέλμα n. `Sohle am foot or shoe ', πάλμη ` light shield' (*of skin), Latin palea f. `Läppchen
am Hahnenschnabel', palear n. `Wampe, dewlap '; Old Frisian filmene `skin', Old English
filmen `Häutchen'; here with k-Erweit. Germanic *felh- `save, store' in Gothic filhan etc.
`conceal, bury', Old Icelandic fela `conceal, hand over ', Old English fēolan ` attach with a
hinge, hook, eintreten' with gramm. variation Gothic fulgins `hide, conceal', Old Icelandic
folgenn ds.; Germanic bi-felhan èntrust, save, store' in Old English be-fēolan, Old High
Germanbi-fel(a)han, Middle High German bevelhan, Modern High German befehlen.
With n-formant: gr. πέλλᾱς Akk. Pl. `Häute', πελλο-ράφος `pellārius', Latin pellis `fell,
fur', Old High German fel, -lles, Old English fell, Old Icelandic fjall n. `skin', Gothic Þrūts-fill
` leprosy '; (Latin pellīnus `from fell, fur' = Old High German fillīn, Old English fellen
`ledern'); with other Wurzelstufen Old Church Slavic pelena, russ. pelená ` diaper,
kerchief, cloth, sleeve, wrapping' (compare without n-forms russ. pélьka ds.) and russ.
plená (for plěná), sloven. plẹ́na, Czech pléna, plína ds., Lithuanian plėnė, plėnìs
`Häutchen', Old Prussian pleynis ` meninx ';
Latin palla `long Obergewand the Frauen, curtain', pallium ` bedspread, esp. ein further
Überwurf the Griechen', maybe from *par(u)lā (?), loanword from gr. φάρος `mantle'?
With t-formants: Old Indic paṭa- m. `piece Zeug, linen, garment ', paṭála n. `sleeve,
wrapping, cover, Schleier, Membrane', gr. πέλτη ` light shield'; Old Church Slavic platьno
`canvas, fabric'.
With u̯-formant: gr. ἐπί-πλο[F]ος `die Netzhaut um die intestines '; Lithuanian plėvė̃ f.
`feine thin skin', sloven. plẹ́va èyelid'; perhaps Old Icelandic fǫl, fǫlva f. `thin
Schneeschicht' (*falwō?), as Norwegian folga ds. to Gothic filhan etc. `conceal'.
References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;
See also: perhaps to pel-4 `fold'.
Page(s): 803-804
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-4
Meaning: a kind of vessel, dish
Material: Old Indic pālavi à kind of Geschirr'; pārī `Melkeimer', pāla- m. Àlmosentopf, ein
certain measure of capacity ', pālikā ` saucepan, cooking pot ' probably also pala- n. à
certain measure of capacity ' palya- n. èin sack, bag for corn, grain '; Latin pēluis `bowl,
platter ', (*pēlou̯i-s); gr. πήληξ, -ηκος `helmet' (from *πηλF-) and πέλλα `Melkeimer' (from
πελ(F)ια or *peli̯ā, compare Old Indic pārī `Melkeimer'); from πέλλα is λλ for λ figurative auf
πελλίς, -ίδος ` platter, bowl', compare πελίκη, πέλιξ, Demin. πελίχνη (ending nachκύλιξ, -
ίχνη) `goblet', die likewise *pelu̯-i- sein can (or *peli-);
Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon full `goblet' (*pl̥-no-m).

References:
See also: perhaps to pel-4 and pel-5 as originally ` container from skin'.
Page(s): 804
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-5
Meaning: to sell; to make money
Material: Gr. πωλεῖν ` sell ', Doric πωλά:, Attic (Gramm.) πωλή f. `sale'; Old High German
fāli `verkäuflich, feil' (*pēlio-), Old Icelandic falr ds. (*polo-); Old High German feili, Middle
Low German veile, Old Frisian fēl `feil' are not related;
Lithuanian pel̃nas ` earnings, pay', pelnaũ, -ýti ` earn ', peldė́ti `spare', Latvian pe'lns,
pel'na ` earnings, Gewinst', pe'lnīt ` earn, gain, verschulden', Old Church Slavic plěnъ,
russ. polōn `booty'.

Page(s): 804
Root / lemma: pel-

pel-6
Meaning: grey; pale
Material: Old Indic palitá-, fem. páliknī (from *-tnī) ` aged-gray, greis' (: πελιτνός), paruṣá- `
marked, stained ' = Avestan pouruša-, paouruša- `gray, old'; pers. pūr `gray' (*parya-);
Armenian alik` `die (weißen) waves, billows; white Bart, weißes hair' (*pl̥ii̯o-);
gr. πελιτνός `gray' (for *πελιτός = Old Indic palitá-ḥ after dem Fem. *πελιτνια = Old Indic
paliknī); Ionian πελιδνός out of it after μακεδνός etc. reshaped; πελιός (*peli-u̯o-) `farblos,
pallid, grauschwarz, bluish black' (here the PN Πέλοψ), πελλός ds. (*πελι̯ός? *πελνός?),
πολιός `gray, greis' (*poli-u̯o-), πιλνόν φαιόν Κύπριοι Hes.; πέλεια, πελειάς `wild dove'
(named after the color, compare πέλειαι, πελειάδες, actually die grauköpfigen, old, as
appellation of the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as πέλειος àge' Hes.; also Latin
palumbēs, Old Prussian poalis `dove'), πελᾱργός `swan' (`the schwarzweiße'); from
*πελαF(ο)- + αργός; maked. πέλλης `τεφρώδης' Hes.; probably here also πηλός, Doric
πᾱλός (*παλσός) ` loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass';
Latin palleō, -ēre `pale, wan sein', pallor `paleness', pallidus `pale, wan' (at first from
*palu̯os, older *polu̯os = Germanic falwa-, Lithuanian paɫvas, Old Church Slavic plavъ);
pullus `schwarzgrau' (ul from l̥ infolge of anlaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbēs or -is `wood-,
dove, wood pigeon' (*pelon-bho-? rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S.
547);
Note:
Note
Alb. (*palumb) pëllumb `dove' shares the same root with Latin palumbes -is, m. and f. à
wood pigeon, ring dove'. It is not a Latin loanword otherwise the ending -es, -is would have
been solidified in alb. like Latin radius > alb. rreze `ray'; actually Latin could have borrowed
this cognate from Illyrian since the shift m > mb is a typical alb. not Latin.
alb. plak ` graybeard, Ältester';

Middle Irish liath, cymr. (etc.) llwyd `gray' (from *pleito-, compare Old Indic palitá-, gr.
πελιτνός);
Germanic *falwa- in Old Icelandic fǫlr, Old English fealo, Old Saxon falu, Old High
German falo, falawēr `sallow, paled, dun-colored, light grayish brown ' (in addition as
`graue ash' Old Icelandic fǫlski m., Old High German falawiska àsh, Aschenstäubchen');
*falha- (: Lithuanian pálšas) in aleman.- Rhein Franconian falch ` dun-colored, light grayish
brown, esp. from hellbraunem cattle'; *fela- or *felwa- in westfäl. fęl ` dun-colored, light
grayish brown ', fęle `fahles roe deer, fahles horse'; with dem Germanic k-forms as in other
bird name here presumably Old High German (etc.) falco `falcon' (late Latin falco from
dem Germanic);
Lithuanian pal̃vas `blaßgelb' (= Germanic *falwa, Latin palli-dus) = Old Bulgarian plavъ
`white', serb. plûv `blond, blue'; Lithuanian pelė̃ ` mouse ', Latvian pele ds., Old Prussian
peles Pl. ` mouse (= Armmuskel)', Old Prussian pele `consecration'; as derivative from
pelė̃ ` mouse ' also Lithuanian pelė́kas, Latvian pelēks `mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray';
Lithuanian pelė́da, Latvian pęlêda òwl ' (`Mäusefresserin'); from a *pelė̃ ` mildew ' derives
Lithuanianpelė́-ju, -ti ` mildew ', pelė́siai Pl. ` mildew ' and in ablaut plė́k-stu, -ti ` mildew,
modern'; in ablaut Lithuanian pìlkas `gray', pélkė `Moorbruch', also pálšas, Latvian pàlss
`sallow, paled' (*polk̂os) as well as Old Prussian poalis `dove' (*pōlis); Slavic *plěsnь in
russ.-Church Slavic plěsnь, Old Czech pléseň ` mildew ' and Church Slavic peles `pullus',
russ. pelësyj `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored'; das forms Indo Germanic -so- or -k̂o-
.
References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;
See also: see above S. 799 C (pel
pel-1).
pel-
Page(s): 804-805
Root / lemma: (pel

pel-9), pol-
pel- pol-, plē- plō̆-
plē-, plō̆
Meaning: to burn, be warm
Note: also with -u̯o- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el- `gleam, shimmer'
Material: Old Icelandic flōr (*flō-wa-) `lukewarm, warm'; Dutch flouw `faint, languid,
lukewarm', Modern High German flau (*plē-u̯o-); Old Church Slavic poljǫ, polěti `burn' intr.,
causative paliti `burn' tr., vъs-planetъ sę `καταφλεγήσεται', plamy, plamenъ m. `flame'
(*polmen-); whether here Lithuanian plė́nys above S. 802?
in addition probably cymr. go-leu `light', bret. gou-lou ds. (*plo-u̯o-); different Lewis-
Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690.
References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.
Page(s): 805
Root / lemma: pelpo- or polpo-

lemma: pelpo- polpo-
Meaning: woodwork
Material: Old Indic parpá- (Lex.) ` bench or Wägelchen for cripple and Fußlahme', parpá-m
(Lex.) `house' (`Bretterbude'), Latin pulpitum `Brettergerüst as stage or Tribüne'.
Page(s): 807
Root / lemma: penkʷe

penkʷe
Meaning: five
Material: A. Old Indic páñca, Avestan panča; Armenian hing; gr. πέντε, Aeolic πέμπε;
πεμπάζειν àn den 5 Fingern zählen' (: bret. pempât `die Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up,
merge '); alb. pesë, Geg pęsë (*peŋkʷti̯ā); Latinquīnque (ī after quīn(c)tus), Oscan-Umbrian
*pompe (compare Oscan pumperias, Umbrian pumpeřias `quincuriae'); Old Irish cōic,
acymr. pimp, mcymr. nc. pump, corn. pymp, bret. pemp, gall. πεμπεδουλα `πεντάφυλλον';
Gothic fimf, Old Icelandic fimm, Old High German fimf, finf, Old Saxon Old English fīf
(schwäb. fuchze 15 after sechze; das u these forms as well as Old High German funf,
funfzich and of Ord. Old High German funfto point at not auf Indo Germanic n̥); Lithuanian
penkì (inflectional); Old Church Slavic pętь 5 (t from kt after dem ordinals; originally
collective = Old Indic paŋktí- `Fünfzahl', Old Icelandic fimt f. `number from fünf'; also
Umbrian puntes if `quiniones'); Tocharian А pëñ, B piś; here.-Hittite panta.
B. 15: Old Indic pañca-daśat, Avestan pancadasa, Armenian hnge-tasán, gr.

πεντε(καί)δεκα, Gothic fimftaíhun, Old High German finfzehan.
C. 50: pañcāśát, Avestan pancāsat, Armenian yisun (from *hingisun), gr. πεντήκοντα,
Latin quinquāgintā (after quadrāgintā), Old Irish coīco (with diphthong).
penkʷtos: Old Indic pakthá-, Avestan puxδa- (after *kturtha ` the fourth ',
D. ordinals penkʷtos:
compare paŋtahva- `Fünftel'); gr. πέμπτος, Latin quīntus, Oscan *pontos (compare above
Púntiis, Πομπιες, Paelignian Ponties `Quinctius' = Latin Quinctius, also Oscan pomptis
`quinquies'; -m- after dem Kardinale, as also das n from Quinctius and quinctus); Old High
German fimfto, finfto, Old Saxon fīfto, Old Icelandic fim(m)ti, Gothic (in compound) fimfta-;
Lithuanian peñktas, Old Bulgarian pętъ, Tocharian A pant, В pinkce; *penkʷetos:
*penkʷetos: Old Indic
pañcathá- (gewöhnlicher pañcamá- after saptamá-), alb. ipesëte, ipestë, gall. pinpetos,
Old Irish cōiced, acymr. pimphet etc.; with r-forms Armenian hinger-ord `the fünfte';
compare perhaps Old Irish cōicer `number from fünf' and Gothic figgrs, Old Icelandic fingr,
Old English finger, Old High German Old Saxon fingar `finger' (*finʒʷraz, Indo Germanic
*penkʷrós).

Page(s): 808
Page(s):
Root / lemma: pen-

pen-1
Meaning: to feed
Material: Latin penus, -oris n. and penus, -ūs m. `Mundvorrat', also `the interior of Hauses'
(where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); penes (solidified Lok.) preposition with Akk.
`by'; penitus `(from) inside, deep, gründlich' (*pene-to-); in addition (after intus : intrō)
penetrō, -āre `penetrate'; Penātēs `die Götter in the interior of Hauses'; perhaps Gothic
fenea (*finja) `Gerstenspeise'; Lithuanian penù, penė́ti `feed, fatten, overfeed ', Latvian
penêt `verwöhnen', Lithuanian pẽnas `food'.
References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M.2 753 f., Trautmann 214;
See also: perhaps to pā- `feed'.
Page(s): 807
pen-2, pen-
Root / lemma: pen- pen-ko-
ko-
Meaning: swamp; water, wet
Material: Middle Irish en (*peno-?) `water', enach `swamp, marsh', en-glas `wässerige
milk', cymr. en-wyn ` buttermilk ', Middle Irish on-chū `Fischotter' (`Wasserhund'), FlN On,
PN Onach (`swamp, marsh'), Celtic FlN ῎Ενος, newer *Eni̯os Ìnn', gall. FlN *Ona `river',
also as suffix (Bebronna `Biberbach' etc.); zero grade Middle Irish an f. ` water, urine ',
gall. anom ` paludem ';
Gothic fani n. `slime, mud', Old Icelandic fen n. `swamp, marsh', Old High German
fenna, fennī f., Middle High German venne n., Old Saxon feni n. ds., Middle Low German
venne f. `moorige willow ', Old English fenn m. n. `swamp, marsh, moor, fen', wherefore
changing through ablaut Old English fyne ` dampness ', fynig ` moldy '
Maybe alb. finjë ` soapwater, soap suds'.
mnl. vunsc, Middle Dutch vuns `muffig'; Old Prussian pannean `Moorbruch' (= Germanic
*fanja-), Lithuanian paniabùdė `Fliegenpilz', Latvian pane f. `Jauche'; also Illyrian
Pannonia. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
With ko-formants:
ko Old Indic paŋka- m. n. `slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh'; Middle
Irish ēicne `salmon' (*penk-īni̯o-); zero grade -t(i̯)o-derivative *fuŋχt(j)a- in Old High
German fūht, fūhti, Old English fūht `humid, wet'.
References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.
Page(s): 807-808
Root / lemma: pent-

pent-
Meaning: to go, walk; way
Note: (in Aryan with th)
Material: Old Indic pánthāḥ (= Avestan pantā̊), Akk. Sg. pánthām (= pantąm), and
pánthānam (= Avestan pantānǝm), Instr. Sg. pathā (= paϑa); i-stem in Instr. Pl. pathíbhiḥ
(Avestan padǝbīš), Old pers. Akk. Sg. раϑim; Avestan pantā̊ also `room, place', as in
ablaut. Old Indic pā́thas- n. `place, homeland';
Armenian hun, Gen. hni `ford, way' (*pont);
Maybe alb. (*hu-) hynj ` enter '
gr. πόντος m. `Meerespfad, sea', zero grade πάτος m. ` path, track, step, tread; kick,
strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track ', πατέω `trete'; ἀπατάω ` deceive '
(*ἀπο-πατάω `bringe vom Wege ab'), ἀπάτη ` deception, deceit';
Lithuanian pons, -tis `Prügelweg through Sümpfe, bridge'; pontifex Òberpriester',

originally `Brückenmacher';
Germanic *paÞa- in Old English pæð ` path, track, way' (engl. path), Old High German
Modern High German pfad derives probably from an iran. Mundart, compare Avestan paϑ-
;
Gothic finÞan `find, learn', Old Icelandic finna ds., (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English findan, Old Saxon fīthan and findan, Old High German
findan, fintan stem V. `find, learn, erfinden'; Old Saxon fāthi n. `the going' (*fanÞio-); Old
High German fend(e)o `Fußganger', Middle High German vende `Fußganger, young lad,
young boy', Old English fēða m. `troop, multitude, crowd, Fußvolk' (*fanÞjan-); Old High
German fandōn = Old English fandian ` examine '; Middle High German vanden
`besuchen', Modern High German fahnden; Old Saxon fundon `sich aufmachen after,
strive, go, hurry' = Old English fundian ds., Old High German funden ds., Old Icelandic
fūss ` willing, inclined, willing', Old Saxon Old English fūs `quick, fast, keen, eager, willing',
Old High German funs `willing, ready, willing' (*fund-sa-), Norwegian fūsa `quick, fast run';
maybe alb. fus, fut ìnsert, thrust in, plant, put in'.
Old Church Slavic pǫtь etc. m. `way' (*pontis), zero grade Old Prussian pintis ds.
References: WP. II 26 f., WH. II 336 f., Trautmann 205 f.; Wackernagel KZ 55, 104 ff., Old
Indic Gr. 3, 1, 306 f.
Page(s): 808-809
Root / lemma: perd-

perd-
Meaning: to fart
Material: Old Indic párdatē `furzt' (Gramm.), Avestan рǝrǝδaiti `furzt'; gr. πέρδω, πέρδομαι
(mostly Med. as in Old Indic) ds., ἔπαρδον, πέπορδα; πορδή `breaking wind, fart'; perhaps
here πέρδιξ m. f. ` partridge, game bird ' (of schwirrenden Fluge); alb. pjerth `pedo' (Aor.
pordha), pordhe `breaking wind, fart' (*pērdā); Old High German ferzan, Old English
feortan, Old Icelandic freta ` fart ', Old High German firz, furz, Old Icelandic fretr `breaking
wind, fart'; Lithuanian pérdžu, pérsti, Latvian pir̂du, pir̂stds., Lithuanian pir̃dis (= Modern
High German `breaking wind, fart'); sloven. prdẹ́ti, russ. perdětь ` fart '; cymr. rhech
`breaking wind, fart' (*rikkā from *pr̥d-kā); for onomatopoeic origin of the root spräche
Swedish dial. prutta ` fart (esp. from horses)'.
References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;

See also: compare pezd
zd-.
pezd-
Page(s): 819
Root / lemma: perg-

perg-1
Meaning: pole; trunk
Note: (originally ` felled trunk?')
perg-1 : `pole; trunk' derived from Illyrian : Baltic : Slavic prefix pre- + gā
Root / lemma: perg-
ʷem- : `to go, come' : Lithuanian gàita ` way , road ', próga `
`road' of Root / lemma: gʷā-, gʷem-
opportunity, term (*end of the road) ' (Präfix *prō̆ + gā); gr. βαθμός m. ` step, threshold,
footstep '.
Material: Old Icelandic forkr m. ` shaft, pole, stick'; (Old English feorcol, Old Saxon fercal
`bar, bolt, lock ' from Latin veruculum);
Lithuanian pérgas ` fishing canoe ' (*dugout canoe);
Old Church Slavic pragъ ` threshold', porógъ ds., poln. próg ` threshold, house,
dwelling', progi Pl. ` floorboards, Bänke';
maybe alb. prag `threshold, doorstep'.

perhaps here Latin pergula ` protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube' as
Demin. eines *pergā `Gebälk'.
Maybe alb. pjergull `pergola'.
References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Mitte (per
per- per-g-).
per-3, per-
Page(s): 819-820
Root / lemma: perg-

perg-2
Meaning: fear, to fear
Material: Gothic fauŕhrtei, Old English fyrhtu f. `fear'; Gothic faurhts, Old High German Old
Saxon for(a)ht, Old English forht `timorous'; Old High German Old Saxon forhta `fear';
Gothic faurhtjan, Old High German furhten, for(a)hten `fear, dread'; perhaps to Tocharian
А В pärsk-, A prask-, В prāsk- `fear, dread', A praski, В prosko, proskye `fear' (-sk- from -k-
sk-).
References: WP. II 48, Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 112.
Page(s): 820
perk-1, prek
Root / lemma: perk- prek-
ek-
Meaning: to fill
Note: ? Only indisch and Irish.
Comments:
perk-1, prek-
Root / lemma: perk- prek- : to fill, derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-
ǝg-,
(s)p(h)erǝg-
(s)p(h)rēg- (nasalized spreng-
(s)p(h)rēg- spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.
Material: Old Indic pr̥ṇákti (pr̥ñcati, piparkti) `füllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt', participle
pr̥kta- ` mixed, erfüllt, voll from', Aor. aprāk; upala-prakṣiṇ- `die quern drehend', common
Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- saṁ-pr̥ć ìn Berührung stehend'; pracura- `much, a lot of, rich';
Middle Irish ercaim `fülle'.
References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 81.

Page(s): 820
perk-2): pr̥k-
Root / lemma: (perk
perk-
Meaning: glowing ashes, coals
Comments:
perk-2): pr̥k- : glowing ashes, coals, derived from Root / lemma:
Root / lemma: (perk
perk-
*(s)p(h)ereg- ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter,
sprinkle.
Material: Lithuanian pir̃kšnys f. Pl. àsh with glühenden Funken', Latvian pìrkstis, pirkstes
Pl. ds.; Old Irish riches f. `glowing coal', bret. regez `Kohlenglut' (*pr̥ki-stā, compare das
Latvian forms); unclear cymr. rhys-yn, Pl. rhys-od `glowing ash', with other forms acorn.
regihten, collective regyth ds.; whether as `sprühend' to *sp(h)er- `strew, distribute, spray
'? compare Latvian spirgsti `glowing coals under the ash' under sp(h)er(e)g- ` twitch,
spray'.
References: WP. II 47, Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 223.
Page(s): 820
Root / lemma: perk̂-1

Meaning: rib; breast
Material: Old Indic párśu- f. ` rib, gebogenes knife', pārśvá-, -m `Rippengegend, side',
Avestan parǝsu- f. ` rib ', pǝrǝsu- m. ` rib, side', osset. fars `side, line, region'; Old Church
Slavic prъsi `Bruste', f. Pl. probably from `Rippengegend'; compare Lithuanian žem. pìršys
f. Pl. `Brust of the horse'.
Maybe alb. parzmë ` chest'.
Page(s): 820
Root / lemma: perk̂-2, prek̂-

Meaning: spotted
Material: With n-formant: Old Indic pŕ̥śni- `mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored', gr.
περκνός, originally `ποικιλός', then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz', περκαίνει `wird
dark'; πρακνόν μέλανα Hes.; Πρόκνη `die swallow'; without -n- Middle Irish erc `mottled,
speckled, *tabby, oxblood, indigo ', also `salmon, trout, cow, lizard', cymr. erch `mottled,
speckled, *tabby' (= πέρκος); Old High German forhana, Middle High German forhe(n),
forhel ` trout ', Old Saxon furnia, Old English forn(e) ds. (*pr̥k̂-nā), ablaut. Swedish färna `
dace ' (*perk̂-nā);
with -u̯o: Old High German faro, Middle High German vare, flekt. varwer `farbig',
substantivized Old High German farawa `paint, color' (*pork̂-u̯ó-); Latin-Germanic fariō
`Lachsforelle' (Germanic *farhjōn-, older *farhwjōn-);
other formations: gr. πέρκος m. `Sperber' (Aristot.), περκό-πτερος `weißköfige Geierart',

περκάζει `wird dark, black'; πρόξ, -κός f. and προκάς, -άδος `Hirschkalb', πρώξ, -κός
`Tautropfen'; πέρκη (Latin perca loanword) ` perch ', Latin porcus èin fish with
Stachelflossen', Ligurian FlN Porco-bera (`trout führend'); Middle Irish orc (and erc, see
above) `salmon'; Old Icelandic fjǫrsungr `trachinus draco' (*perks-ṇkó-); redupl. perhaps
πάπραξ ein thrak. sea fish (`trout?');
perhaps here through Diss. eines *perk-ro-s to *pelcro-, *polcro-: Latin pulc(h)er, Old
Latin polcher `beautiful' (= `varicolored').

References:
See also: extension from per-
per-1.
Page(s): 820-821
Root / lemma: perk̂-3, pr̥k̂-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow
Material: Old Indic párśāna- m. `cleft, gap, abyss, sinking in ';
Latin porca `furrow in farmland', `Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland' (porcu-lētum à field

divided into beds' mars. Umbrian `porculeta'); cymr. rhŷch `furrow' (with expressive -kk)
perhaps = bret. rec'h ` distress ', against it with k abret. rec, gl. `sulco', ro-ricse[n]ti
`sulcavissent'; gall. rica `furrow', French raie `stripe'; Old High German furuh, Old English
furh f. `furrow', Old Icelandic for f. ` drainage ditch, canal' (*pr̥k̂-); zero grade Norwegian
fere m. à field divided into beds'; after F. R. Schröder, Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here Old
Icelandic Fjǫrgyn f. as `goddess the Ackerfurche';
Lithuanian pra-per̃šis `Blänke in ice', pra-par̃šas `ditch, trench, channel', peršė́ti `

burning ache' (from Wunden);
in addition *pork̂ós `swine' (`Wühler').
References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.

Page(s): 821
Root / lemma: perk̂-4, prek̂-, pr̥k̂-

Meaning: to ask, ask for
Material: 1. sk̂o-present *pr̥k̂-sk̂ō, worfrom *pr̥sk̂ō: Old Indic pr̥ccháti `fragt', Avestan
pǝrǝsaiti `fragt, longs for ' (participle paršta-), ap. aparsam Ì frug'; Armenian e-harc̣ `he
has gefragt' (: Old Indic á-pr̥cchat), therefrom das present harc̣anem; Latin poscō `fordere,
demand, beg '; Irish arco Ì beg ', cymr. archaf, corn. arghaf ds., Middle Breton archas ìl
commanda' (Old Irish imm-chom-arc `gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrüßen' etc.) with ar from r̥
before dem s the basic form *pr̥skō (from *pr̥k̂-skō); Lithuanian peršù, pir̃šti `for jemanden
freien' (piršlỹs `Freiwerber'), if with analogical present-ablaut e instead of i; in addition Old
Indic pr̥cchā́ `question, Erkundigung' = Armenian harc̣ ds.; Old High German forsca
`Forschung, question' is post-verbal to forscōn ` inquire, research'; Latin postulō `fordere'
(diminutive of participle *posctos to poscō);in Oscan-Umbrian is *porscō to *perscō
reshaped: Umbrian persnimu Imper. Med. `precātor', in addition with (forms -(e)lo-)
Umbrian persklu, pesklu `supplicātiōne', further mars. pesco `sacrificum', and of participle
*pes[c]to- from: Oscan pestlúm, peeslúm ` an open place for observation, place marked off
by the augur's staff ', from which Messapic πενσκλεν `Bethaus'.
2. Old Indic prāś- `(gerichtliche) Befragung', Avestan frasā f. `question', Old Indic pr̥ṣṭhā-
(= Avestan parštå-) `Gerichtsfrage', praśná-, Avestan frašna- m. `Befragung, question' (=
Old High German fragan ` woodpecker ' KZ 62, 31, 2), Armenian harsn `bride, newlywed,
daughter-in-law ' (compare Gothic fraíhnan); Latin procus ` suitor ', prex f. `request',
precor, -ārī `bid, beg, ask', Umbrian pepurkurent 3. Pl. Fut. `poposcerint'; Gothic fraíhnan `
inquire ', Old Icelandic fregna, Old English frignan (and i̯o-present fricnan) ds., Old Saxon
preterit fragn; Old English friccea ` herald '; Germanic *frehti- in Old Icelandic frētt f.
`question, Erforschung', Old English freht f. `Wahrsagung'; Old High German frāga
`question' (*frāg-ōn, -ēn, frāhēn ` inquire '), Old Icelandic frǣgr, Old English ge-frǣge, Old
Saxon gi-frāgi ìllustrious'; ablaut. Old High German fergōn `bid, beg, ask'; Old Icelandic
prositi `bid, beg, ask';
Maybe alb. porosit òrder, demand' a Slavic loanword.
Lithuanian Iterat. prašaũ, -ýti àrrogate, bid, beg, ask'; Tocharian A prak-, В prek- ` inquire '

Page(s): 821-822
Root / lemma: perkʷu

perkʷu-
ʷu-s
Meaning: oak
Note:
Because of the common Latin, gr., Illyrian, celt. kʷ- > p-, gʷ- > b-s, Latin quercus f. òak' is
the oldest IE cognate, hence Root / lemma: perkʷu
ʷu-s : oak derived from an earlier Root
perkʷu-
ʷu-s.
kʷerkʷu
erkʷu-
Material: Old Indic parkatī- ` sacred Feigenbaum', New Indic pargāi `Steineiche'; Venetic
VN Quarquēni Èichenmänner' (Latin Relikt?); Nymphis Percernibus perhaps Ligurian
(Vaucluse); Latin quercus f. òak'; Italian-trent. porca `pine' (rät. *porca); Celtic Hercynia
silva `das deutsche Mittelgebirge' (from *Perkuniā, older *Perkʷuniā), cymr. perth f. `bush,
hedge ' (*kʷerkʷ-t-?); Celtic VN Querquerni (goidel.) in Hispania Tarrac.; from *Perkuniā
probably borrowed Germanic *ferguniō, Old High German Fergunna Èrzgebirge', (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle High German Virgunt f.
`Waldgebirge westlich Böhmens', Gothic faírguni n. `mountain range', Old English firgen
`Waldhöhe'; Old High German fereheih, langob. fereha `Speiseeiche', Old Icelandic fjǫrr
m. `tree, man'; ablaut. Old High German forha `pine tree', Old English furh; Old Icelandic
fura f. `pine', fȳri n. `Föhrenwald'; from Old High German *forh-is `Föhrenwald': Modern
High German Forst; from Old High German kien-forha (kien- to Old English cen `pinewood
torch', ablaut. to Old English cīnan, above S. 355) wird Modern High German Kiefer;
doubtful whether after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also Gothic fairƕus `world', Old
English feorh, Old High German ferah `life', West Germanic Alaferhuiae (= *Alaferhwiōs),
to Old Icelandic fīrār (*firhw-jōR), Old English fīras Pl. `Männer' etc.; Old Lithuanian
perkúnas Thunder God, Lithuanian perkúnas `thunder', perkúnija f. `Gewitter', Latvian
pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Thunder God ', Old Prussian percunis `thunder';
Maybe alb. përkund `shake' : Latvian pę̄̀rkuôns `thunder, Thunder God '
Old Russian Perunъ ` Thunder God ', russ. perún `thunderbolt, lightning' are transformed
folk etymology after Slavic *perō `hit'; unclear is Old Indic Parjánya- ` thunderstorm God '
(see above under per-
per-3, perg-).
References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme,
Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71.
Page(s): 822-823
per-1, perǝ
Root / lemma: per- perǝ- : prē-
prē-, preu-
preu-
Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet
Note: identical as sper- `sprühen etc.'
Comments:
per-1, perǝ
Root / lemma: per- perǝ- : prē-
prē-, preu-
preu- : to drizzle, sprinkle, jet, derived from Root /
lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to
scatter, sprinkle.
perǝ- : prē:
Material: А. perǝ prē gr. πίμ-πρη-μι, *πρήθω (πρήσω, ἔπρησα) `(fache an =) zünde an,
verbrenne; blow; spritze from', πρηδών, -ονος f. èntzündliche tumefaction ', πρημαίνω
`blow violent', πρημονάω `tobe', πρηστήρ ` lightning, whirlwind, impetuous stream'; Slavic
*prēi̯eti in poln. przeć `sicherhitzen, braise', russ. prejet, pretь `schwitzen, simmer, seethe,
boil', Old Church Slavic para `smoke, vapor', (Old Prussian pore `vapor' from poln. para);
Hittite parāi- ànfachen, blow';
with t-forms Old Swedish fradha `scum, froth, foam, slobber', Middle Low German
vradem, vratem `haze, mist, breath, breeze'; with s-forms Old Icelandic frǣs f. `das blast,
Zischen', reduced grade Norwegian frasa ` rustle '; ō-grade(?) Norwegian frøsa
èffervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen' (perhaps contaminated from frȳsa and fnøsa).
Maybe alb. fryj `swell, blow', fryma `breath'
B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in Old Indic vi-pru- àfter all Seiten hin spray' (but
pr-eu-
compare pravatē `springt auf', actually àuseinanderspringen');
preus-: Old Indic pruṣṇóti `spritzt from', Intrans. prúṣyati `spritzt', Old Icelandic frȳsa
preus-
`prusten, pant, sniff, snort', Swedish frusta ds., frūsa `spray'; lautmalend Middle Low
German Old High German prūsten; Balto-Slavic *prausiō `spritze' in Lithuanian praũsti
`das Gesicht wash', Latvian praũslât `leise laugh', prūšl̨uôt `prusten', Lithuanian prùsnos,
Latvian prusnas `Lippen, mouth', Old Prussian Akk. Sg. prusnan `face'; Old Church Slavic
prysnǫti, russ. pryskatь `spray'; from Balto-Slavic *prūṣa- (: Swedish frūsa) Slavic *prychati
in Church Slavic prychanije n. `fremitus' etc.; in addition perhaps as Venetic-Illyrian
element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusonius and the VN Prausi (leg. *Prousi);
preu-t(h)-: Old Indic prṓthati `prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse)', Avestan fraōϑat̃-aspa- `with
preu-t(h)-
schnaubenden Rossen', Old Indic apa-prōthati `schnaubt weg, bläst weg', pra-prōthati
àufpusten, inflate, bloat'; Old Icelandic frauð n., froða f. `scum, froth, foam', Old English ā-
frēoðan ` foam ';
here einige Germanic words for `frog', as `the Geiferige': Old Icelandic frauðr (compare
frauð `slobber'), Middle English frūde ` toad '.
C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under perk̂-, prek̂- ` dappled ', pers- `spray,
spray, dappled '.

Page(s): 809-810
Root / lemma: per-

per-2
Meaning: to go over; over, through, very, exceedingly
Material:
A. Dient as preposition, preverb and Adverb: a. per, peri (locative of root noun)
`vorwärts, in Hinausgehen, Hinübergehen about, in Durchdringen, in Übermaß', from
which àbout - out, through - toward ';
Old Indic pári, Avestan pairi, Old pers. pariy, gr. περί, πέρ, alb. për (partly also = Indo
Germanic *pro), pej, pe; besides per (*peri) with wiederhergestelltem r; Latin per (*per or
*peri); Oscan-Umbrian per- and pert (*per-ti); gall. eri-, Old Irish ir-, er- (analogical *ero-);
cymr. corn. bret. er; Gothic faír-, Old English fyr-, Old High German fir- `ver-', Old High
German Old Saxon firi- ds.; Old Prussian per, Lithuanian per̃, per-; Slavic per- in Old
Church Slavic prě- etc.; from `vorwärts' entwickelte sich already Indo Germanic die
meaning `very' (Old Indic pari-prī́- `very dear', gr. περι-καλλής `very beautiful', Latin per-
magnus `very groß'; Lithuanian per̃-didis `to big, large', Old Church Slavic prě-blagъ `very
good'), then die the Überlegenheit (Old Indic pári - as-, pári - bhū- ` excel, surpass ', gr.
περι-εῖναι ds.), of Übermaßes or hohen Grades (Old Indic pári-vid-, gr. περί-οιδα, Latin
per-vidēre `genau know, have knowledge of '); esp. Old Indic and gr. is die meaning
`ringsum, umherum' (Old Indic pári i- ùmhergehen', gr. περι-ίεναι; gr. περι-ζώννυμι =
Lithuanian pér-jousti ùmgürten');
derivatives are:
Gothic faírra Adv. àfar', as preposition `fern from', Old Icelandic fjar(ri) Adv. àfar'
(therefrom Kompar. firr, Superl. first), Old English feor(r), engl. far, Old Saxon ferr, Old
High German ferro Adv. àfar, very', Kompar. ferrōr (*fer-ro- from *fer-ero-); Old Church
Slavic prědъ `before; voran; das Vordere' (as na-dъ), prězъ àbout - toward '; -ko-Adj.:
prěkъ `quer', Czech příč(ka) ` transom ' = Umbrian percam `virgam', Oscan perk[ais]
`perticis';
in zeitlicher Verwendung: Old Indic par-út, gr. πέρυσι etc. (see below u̯et- `year') and die
derivatives Lithuanian pérnai ìn vorigen years', Latvian pērns Adj. `the previous year, firn',
Middle High German verne `the previous year', vern ìn vorigen years', Gothic only in af
faírnin jēra òf Vorjahre', Old Saxon fernun gēre, fernun iāra ìn Vorjahre', therefrom with
i̯o-forms Gothic faírneis `παλαιός', Old Icelandic fyrnd f. àge', Old High German firni òld;
wise', Modern High German Firn òld snow'; also to zero grade Gothic faúr : Old Icelandic
forn òld', besides the i-stem Old Saxon an furndagun, Old English fyrn, firn òld'; compare
Old Indic purāṇá- `vormalig' to purā́, ap. paranam ` previously, in the past ' to parā; Latin
perendiē ` the day after tomorrow ' from *peren-die?
Maybe in -e
e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie (*peren-dies) ` on the day after
tomorrow ' : Albanian (*peren-diem) perëndim m. ` sunset, end of the day ', perëndimi `
west ', (*peren-desha) perëndesha ` upper goddess ' (*peren-dea) perëndia ` divinity '.
Albanian (-dea, -desha ` goddess ' : Latin dea : Italian dea : Spanish diosa : French
déesse : Portuguese deusa ` goddess '.
auf per- in other Verwendung point at *per-u̯-r̥/n- in hom. πεῖραρ (Pind. πεῖρας),
πείρατος, Attic πέρας, -ατος ènding, end', hom. ἀπείρων ` eternal, infinite ' = (Attic)
ἀπέρονα πέρας μη ἔχοντα Hes., hom. πειραίνω, Attic περαίνω ` vollende '; - besides in Old
Indic eine gleichlautende family the meaning `knot': Old Indic párva- Nom. Akk. Pl. n.
`knot, joint ' (instead of *parvr̥), páru- m. `knot, joint, limb, member (ocean, sky, heaven)',
paruṣ- n. `knot, joint, limb, member'; gr. πεῖραρ `knot' is doubtful (G. Björck Mél. Boisacq 1,
143 ff.).
pero-s `further': Old Indic pára-ḥ `further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later', Superl.
b. Adj. pero-
paramá-ḥ `fernster, last, best', Avestan ap. para- ùlterior, the other, spätere, künftige',
para-tara- `fiend'; Old Indic paráḥ (Nom. Sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. Akk.
àbout - out', with Abl. `fern from', with Instr. `beyond from', seldom adverbal = Avestan
parō preposition m. Akk. `besides - apart from'; Old Indic párā, Avestan para (Instr. Sg.)
adverbal `fort, weg, zur Seite'; Old Indic parḗ (Lok. Sg.) `darauf, fernerhin'; Old Indic param
(Nom. Akk. Sg. n. = Oscan perum) òut about, beyond, after', preposition with Abl.;
Armenian heri `remote, distant, afar';
gr. πέρᾱ(ν), Ionian πέρην (Akk. Sg. f.) `darüber out, beyond', Adv., preposition m. Abl.
(Gen.); Latin per-perām ` inverted ', per-perus ` incorrect ', from which gr. πέρπερος
`Geck'; gr. πέρᾱ `darüber out, beyond' (Instr. Sg. f. of stem *pero- = Old Indic párā ` away,
in another place, fort') ; therefrom περαῖος `jenseitig' (περαίτερος), πέραθεν `from beyond
her', τῇ περάτῃ (γῇ) `gegen Westen';
from a schwundstufigen additional form from πέρᾱ through -ko- extended is delph.
πρᾱκος `with e. Geldstrafe covered', Ionian πρήσσω Attic πρά̄ττω `durchfahre, vollstrecke,
vollführe, verrichte, do';
Oscan perum (= Old Indic param) `sine';
Old Irish ī̆re `further, länger' (*peri̯o-, das ī after sīr `long');
Hittite parā (= gr. πέρᾱ) `vorwärts, further, further', postposition `from - heraus'; perii̯a(n)
`darüber out', postposition àbout - out', parranda ds. (*= gr. πέραν + δε).
c. prai, perai (Richtungsdativ of stem per), also prei, pri, peri.
Old Indic parḗ `daraufhin' (Lok. Sg.);

gr. παραί `παρά', out of hom. (Ionian Attic) only in compounds, as kyren. Παραι-βάτᾱ;
πρίν (hom. also πρί̄ν) `vorher; before'; probably reshaped from *πρῐς (*pri-is, to Latin prior,
prīscus) compare Cretan πρειν from *πρεις;
alb. pa `before', if from *pari̯- (in vowel reshaped after parë `first'?);
Latin prae prefix `voran, ahead, exceedingly ', preposition `before, because of', Oscan
prai, prae-, Umbrian pre `ргае', prefix and preposition, pre-pa `priusquam', Kompar. Latin
praeter `vorbei an = besides, ausgenommen' (*prai-tero-), Umbrian pretra `priōrēs';
Old Latin prī (*prei) ` before, in front ' (prehendō ` gripe, seize' from *praehendō),
Kompar. *pri-i̯ōs, *pri-is (from which prīs-) in prior ` former, previous, prior, first ', prīmus
(from *prīs-mos), Paelignian prismu ` the first, first ', presumably also prīdem ` long ago,
long since, a long time ago '; prīs-cus ` of former times, of old, olden, ancient, primitive,
antique ' (*preis-ko-, compare Armenian erēc̣, Gen. eric̣u ` the oldest, the priest ', *preis-
ku); prīstinus ` former, early, original, primitive, pristine ', Paelignian pri-trom-e ` right
onward, forward, farther on, onward ', pristafalacirix `*praestibulātrīx '; here probably also
Latin prīvus (*prei-u̯os) ` each, every individual, one each, one's own, private, peculiar,
particular ', prīvō, -āre ` to bereave, deprive, rob, strip ', prīvātus ` apart from the State,
peculiar, personal, individual, private ', Umbrian prever ` one to each, separate, single ',
preve ` one by one, one at a time, alone, single, solitary, singular ', Oscan preiuatud Abl. `
apart from the State, peculiar, personal, individual, private, reō ';
ri- = Celtic [p]ari- in gall. are- (Are-morica, Are-brigium, abrit. Are-clūtā etc.) `by,
peri-
before, esp. östlich from' (compare Irish an-air `from east ');
Old High German Old Saxon furi `before, for, vorbei', Old Icelandic fyr (and with
Komparativendung fyrir) `before, for'; Kompar. Old High German furiro `the frühere,
vordere', Superl. furist, Middle High German vürst `first, vornehmster', Old Saxon furist,
Old English fyr(e)st, engl. first, Old Icelandic fyrr adv. ` prior, vorher', fyrri `the frühere',
fyrstr `the first', Old English fyrsta, Old Saxon Old High German furisto `prince, lord';
Gothic fri-sahts `Bild, example, riddle ' contains zero grades *pri-, as also Old High
German fri-liez besides fir-, far-, fra-liez.
prei- in Lithuanian priẽ, žem. prỹ `by, an', Nominalpräf. príe-, priẽ-, prie-, prý- (also prei-
prei-
kãlas m. ` anvil '), preverb pri-; preposition priẽš àgainst', príeš `before'; Latvian prìe(k)ša
`das Vordere' (*preiti̯ā); Latvian pìere `forehead, Vorderseite' (*̲prìere?); Old Prussian prei
`to, by', as prefix àlso, before, an', prēisiks m. `fiend'; Old Church Slavic pri preposition
and prefix `by, an, to';
from Latin prī[s]mus similar *prĭsemi-, -ei: Old Irish rem- prefix (lenierend) `before, voran'
(rïam `vor ihm', remi `vor you '), remi- as preverb, preposition re (nasalized).
d. peres, peros (and as 1. composition part pres-

pres- `before', Gen.-Abl. of stem per-):
Old Indic puráḥ Adv. and prefix `voran, vorn', preposition `before', Avestan parō Adv.
`vorn, before', preposition `before', gr. πάρος Adv. ` prior; voran, vorn', preposition `before';
pres- in gr. πρέσ-βυς, -γυς òld' (`*in Alter vorangehend', compare Old Indic purō-gavá-
pres-
`guide, leader' (*Leitstier), see below gʷou- `rother, cattle'; to Cretan πρεῖσγος see above);
Old High German frist m. n., Old Saxon frist n., Old English first m. ` time, period ' from
*pres-sti-, Old Icelandic frest n. ds. from *pres-sto-, compare Old Indic puraḥ-sthita-
`bevorstehend'; from *peros-stăti-s ìn Alter voran seiend' probably Old Irish arsaid, arsid
`vetus' (Old Indic purástāt `before, voran, vorn, vorher' is certainly puraḥ + Abl. -tāt).
e. pr̥- `hervor', perhaps Nom. Sg. n. of stem per-: gr. πάρ in proper name as Παρ-
μενίσκος, in el. παρ-βαίνω , πὰρ τὸν νόμον ; Latin por-tendō (: Gothic faúraÞanjan), -rigō,
pol-liceor among others, Umbrian pur-douitu `porricito', Faliscan por-ded `brachte dar,
widmete'; Gothic faúr, Old Saxon for, fur preposition `before, for', Old English for ds., Old
Icelandic for- `before', with steigender meaning Old Icelandic for-ljōtr `very ugly', Old
English for-manig `gar viele, allzu viele';
Germanic derivatives: Old Icelandic forr `hasty, voreilig' (*furha-, compare from *pro: gr.
πρόκα under S. 815); Old Saxon Old Frisian forth, ford, Old English forð `fort, vorwärts';
Middle High German vort `vorwärts, further, fort', Norwegian fort `quick, fast, bald', Old
Icelandic forða, Old English ge-forÞian `fortbringen'; Kompar. *furÞera- in Old Saxon
furÞor, furdor Adv., Old English furðor Adv. `further', furðra Adj. ` greater, higher', Old High
German furdir, -ar Adv. Adj. `vorder, vorzüglicher, prior, vormalig'.
compounds with forms from stā- `stand' in Old Indic pr̥ṣṭi- f. ` rib ', pr̥-ṣṭhá-m
`hervorstehender back, acme, apex ', Avestan par-šta- m. `back', par-šti- f. (Du.) `back',
Middle Low German vorst- f. `ridge of the roof' from *for-stō, Old English fyrst ds. from *fur-
sti-; besides with lengthened grade prefix Old High German first m., Old English fierst f.
`First' from *fir-sti-; probably also Latin postis ` jamb, doorpost ' (*por-sti-s
`hervorstehendes'); gr. παστάς (besides παραστάς) ` jamb, pillar, Türpfeiler', παρτάδες
ἄμπελοι Hes. (*παρ-στάς), Lithuanian pir̃štas, Old Church Slavic prъstъ `finger'
(`hervorstehend');
Maybe alb. prish `deflower, finger, destroy, waste'

f. peră Instr. Sg. of stem *per; Old Indic purā́ Adv. ` previously, in the past, prior; ehe,
before ', preposition `(to Schutze) before, without. besides', Avestan para, ap. parā Adv.
`zuvor', preposition `before', therefrom Old Indic purāṇá- `vormalig, prior, old', ap. paranam
Adv. ` previously, in the past '; gr. παρά, πάρα verbal prefix `before - toward, dar-',
preposition àn etwas hin, along, besides; during'; `by, from the Nähe weg, from seiten';
Gothic faúra, Old High German Old Saxon fora Adv. `vorn, vorher', verbal prefix `vorher,
ahead, before', preposition `before', Old English fore preposition `before'.
g. pro, prō `vorwärts, vorn, voran', formation as *apo, *upo; prō with Auslautsdehnung.
Old Indic prá- prefix `before, vorwärts, fort' (before Subst. and verbs), `very' (before
Adj.), Avestan frā, fra-, ар. fra- prefix `vorwärts, voran; fort, away, in another place '; gr.
πρό preverb `before', preposition `before', πρω-πέρυσι (rhythm. lengthening) ìn
vorvorigen year'; Latin prŏ-, prō- in compounds, prō preposition `before, for'; prōnus
`vorwärts willing, inclined' (from *prōne, compare pōne `behind' from *post-ne); about
prōdest s. WH. II 365; Oscan-Umbrian preverb. pro-, pru-;
air- ro-, cymr. ry-, abret. ro-, ru-, Middle Breton nbret. ra-, preverb and intensive prefix,
e.g. Old Irish ro-már `to big, large', gall. GN f. Ro-smerta;
Gothic fra-, Old High German fir-, Modern High German ver- preverb (latter partly also =
Gothic faír-, see above A.);
Old Prussian pra, pro `through', as preverb `ver-', Lithuanian pra, prõ `vorbei', as
preverb `vorbei-, through -, ver-', compare prã-garas ` wolverine ' = Latvian pra-garis ds.;
Latvian pruô-jãm ` away, in another place, fort'; Old Church Slavic preverb pro- ` through -,
ver-', preposition russ. Czech pro `because of', ablaut. russ. prá-děd, serb. prȁ-djed `great
grandfather';
doubled: Old Indic prápra, gr. πρόπρο ` always vorwärts'.
pru- (Reim auf *pu, s. *apo?) lies the basic in gr. δια-πρυ-σιός `durchgehend', πρυμνός
pru-
`das äußerste end from perhaps forming' (πρύμνη `Hinterschiff' etc.).
prō- èarly, matutinal, morgens' in Old Indic prā-tár èarly, matutinal, morgens', gr. πρωΐ
prō-
(Attic πρῴ) èarly, matutinal, morgens', πρώιος ` matutinal ', Doric πρώᾱν, πρά̄ν (*πρωᾱν),
Attic πρῴην (*πρωFιᾱν scil. ἡμέραν) `kürzlich, the day before yesterday, two days ago',
Old High German fruo ìn the Frühe', fruoi, Middle High German vrüeje (= πρωίος) Adj.
èarly, matutinal' (Indo Germanic *prō); Lithuanian prõ `vorbei', Slavic pra- see above.
derivatives from pro-:
pro-tero- in Old Indic pratarám, -ā́m Adv. `further, prospectively ', Avestan fratara- `the
pro-tero-
vordere, frühere', gr. πρότερος `the vordere, vorige'; Oscan pruter pan `priusquam' is
single-linguistically to *prō- shaped, also Old Indic prātár èarly, matutinal, morgens' see
above;
in addition with superlative suffix -temo-: Old Indic pratamām `vorzugsweise', Avestan
fratǝma-, ар. fratama- `the vorderste, vornehmste, first' (besides Old Indic prathamá- `
previous ' and einzelne iran. forms with th); gr. *πρό-ατος (from πρότατος?) perhaps in
Doric πρᾶτος ` previous '; but gr. πρῶτος ds. from *pr̥-̄ to- (reshaped from *pr̥-̄ mo- ds.); in
addition πρητήν m. ` one-year-old lamb' (see above S. 314);
pro-mo-: gr. πρόμος `Vorderster, Vorkämpfer, guide, leader', Umbrian promom Adv.
pro-mo-
`prīmum', Gothic fram Adv. `further', preposition `from - her', Old Icelandic fram Adv.
`vorwärts', frā (*fram) preposition àway from', Old High German fram Adv. `vorwärts, fort,
further, immediately, right away', preposition `fort from, from - her', Old English from Adv.
`fort', preposition àway from'; Old Icelandic framr `voranstehend, vorwärtsstrebend,
distinguished ', Old English fram `tüchtig pert ';
moin gr. πράμος `guide, leader' (rather korrupt for πρόμος ds.?), Gothic fruma `
pre-mo-
previous ' (Sup. frumists), Middle High German frum, vrom `proficient, brav' (Modern High
German fromm; Old High German Old Saxon fruma f. `benefit', Modern High German
Frommen); similarly Latin probus `good, proficient, brav', Umbrian profe `probe' from *pro-
bhu̯o-s : Old Indic pra-bhú- `salient, superb an power and Fülle', as well as in Old Bulgarian
pr̥̄-mo-
pro-stъ `rechtschaffen, simple, just, unsophisticated ', and (from *pr̥ mo-) Old Saxon
formo, Old English forma ` previous ' (Superl. fyrmest), Lithuanian рìrmas Old Prussian
̄ -).
pirmas `first', probably Latin prandium `Frühmahlzeit' from *prām-edi̯om (*pr̥m
prō̆-ko-
prō̆ ko- `voran seiend': gr. πρόκα (Nom. Akk. Pl. n.) Adv. `sofort', Latin reci-procus
actually `backwards and vorwärts gerichtet', Old Latin procum Gen. Pl., `procerum', after
pauperēs reshaped to procerēs, -um `die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden
Balkenköpfe'; procul àfar' (compare simul);
Latin prope ` near by', Superl. proximus, actually *pro-kʷe ànd vorwärts (an etwas
heran)', with Assimil. p - kʷ to p - p; in addition propter `besides' (*propiter) and propinquus
`benachbart, related' (compare Old Indic praty-áñč- `zugewandt'); compare above S. 813
Germanic *furha;
Old Church Slavic prokъ `residual, remaining', proče Adv. `λοιπόν, igitur' (*proki̯om);
auf ein *prō-ko- goes back bret. a-raok `vorwärts, voran, prior ', cymr. (y)rhawg àuf
lange', with Proklisenkürzung: bret. rak, corn. rag, cymr. rhag `before'.
prō̆-u̯o-: in Old Indic pravaṇā- `(vorwärts) willing, inclined, abschüssig', n. `slope, heap,
prō̆
mound '; about Latin prōnus see above; gr. πρᾱνής, hom. πρηνής `vorwärts willing,
inclined' after Leumann Homer. Wörter 77 f. from *προ-ᾱνης `face ahead'; with other
meaning Old High German frō, Old Saxon frao, Old English frēa `master, mister' (*frawan-
), Gothic frauja `master, mister' (Old Icelandic Freyr GN to o-stem has changed), Old
Saxon frōio ds., Old Icelandic freyja `mistress; name the goddess', Old High German
frouwa `wife, woman'; besides Old Saxon frūa, Middle Low German frūwe `wife, woman'
from *frōwōn, Indo Germanic *prō-u̯o-, das also in Attic πρῷρα (Latin loanword prōra)
`Schiffsvorderteil' (πρωFαιρα-, -αρι̯α Indo Germanic *prōu̯-r̥i̯ā); perhaps Latin prōvincia, if
auf a *prōu̯iōn `master, mister, power, rule' being based on; Old Bulgarian pravъ `right,
right' (`*gradaus');
with the same forms, but as Lithuanian pìr-mas `first' from *perǝ- `shaped', Indo
Germanic реrǝ-u̯o- in: Old Indic pū́rva-, Avestan paurva-, pourva-, ар. paruva- `the
vordere, frühere' (Old Indic pūrvyá-, Avestan paouruya- paoirya-, ap. paruviya `prior', then
`primus'), alb. parë `first', para `vor'; Old Church Slavic prъvъ prьvъ `the first'; probably
also die base from Old English forwost, forwest `the first'.
Note:
Phonetically alb parë ` first ' : Tocharian A pärwat `first' (with -t after the other ordinal
numbers) and Tocharian B parwe (*pärwe) èarlier, first'
h. preti, proti `compared with, entgegen, against', partly in sense of remuneration; preti̯-
os ` equal in '.
Old Indic práti (in Iran. through paiti verdrängt) prefix àgainst, back etc.' preposition
àgainst' etc.; gr. hom. προτί (Cretan πορτί reconverted with metathesis), Ionian Attic
Lesbian πρός (compare πρόσ(σ)ω `vorwärts' from *proti̯ō, πρόσθε(ν) `from vorn'),
pamphyl. περτί (reconverted with metathesis from *πρετί), Aeolic πρές, Adv. `yet in
addition, moreover', prefix, preposition àgainst - toward, to, against', àn', àfter a Bereich
hin; by (in Schwüren)', `from - her, from'; Latin pretium ` value, worth, price of a thing'
(Neutr. eines Adj. *preti̯os), compare Old Indic prati-as- `gleichkommen', apratā (stem
*pratay-) ` without Entgelt, free', Avestan pǝrǝskā (*pr̥t-skā) `price or value, worth ', Old
Church Slavic protivъ, protivǫ èntgegen', Kashubian procim; wruss. preci, poln. przeciw
àgainst' (also in sense of exchange relation); Latvian pret etc.
porsō(d) Armenian aṙ `by, an, besides', verbal prefix and preposition; in addition aṙaj
i. porsō(d):
`Vorderseite, beginning ', aṙajin `first'; gr. πόρρω, πόρσω (Pind.) `vorwärts' = Latin porrō
`vorwärts, fürder'; through ihren o-vocalism auffällige formation.
References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.2 754 f., 801, 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351, 364 ff.,
Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff.,
541 f., 543 ff., 654 ff.
Page(s): 810-816
er-2: B. per-
Root / lemma: per- per-, perǝ
perǝ-
Meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, travel
Note: not certainly from per 2:
2 C. to separate
Material: Old Indic píparti `führt hinüber, geleitet, furthers, übertrifft', causative pāráyati `
places about' (= pālayati `schützt'), Avestan par- (with Präfixen) `hindurch-, hinübergehen',
Kaus. -pārayeité, Old Indic pāra- `hinüberbringend, übersetzend', m. n. `jenseitiges bank,
border, shore, purpose, äußerste limit, boundary' (in addition pārya- `wirksam'), Avestan
pāra- m. `bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end';
Armenian hord `begangen, betreten', hordan ` leave, depart ', hordantam ` allow to
leave, depart ', and heriun `Pfrieme'; thrak. πόρος, -παρα in place names = gr. πόρος
`ford';
gr. περάω `dringe through ', πείρω (πεπαρμένος) `durchdringe, durchbohre' (= Church
Slavic na-perjǫ), διαμ-περής `durchbohrend', περόνη `cusp, peak, sting, prick, clasp,
hairpin '; πόρος ` passage, Zugang, junction, ford; Ausweg; Pl. incomings ', hom. πορεῖν `
obtain ', Aor. ἔπορον; πέπρωται ìs, war of Schicksal bestimmt' (*pr̥-̄ ), πορεύω `lead, guide,
obtain ', Med. ` travel, journey', πορίζω `grant, bestow passage; obtain ', πορθμός
`Überfahrt, Meerenge';
alb. pruva, prura `brachte, führte', sh-poroj `durchbohre, durchsteche' (dis- + *pērā-i̯ō),
sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay `ds., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein' (dis- + *pērei̯ō), sh-pie
`lead, guide hin' (*sem- + *perō); pirr(ë) f. `thorn' (*per-nā) etc.;
Maybe nasalized (*pērā-i̯ōnd) alb. perëndim `sunset, west', perëndi, perëndia ` goddess'
[common alb. n- > nd-] : Middle Persian: xwarōfrān, (Man.) xwrwpr'n `sunset, west' :
Avestan: pǝrǝtu- [m] `crossing, bridge'; OAv. (fra)frā [1sg.subj.aor.act.] `to cross' ( Y
46.10); LAv. fra-pāraiiā̊ŋ́he [2sg.caus.subj.act.] `to bring over' ( Yt 71.16); ni-pāraiieiṇti
[3pl.caus.act.] `to lead to'
Latin portō, -āre `bear, carry, guide, lead, drive, bringen, offer', Umbrian portatu
`portato', portust `portaverit' (*poritō, to an iterative *porei̯ō);
Gothic faran, for ` wander, pull, drag', farjan `drive, schiffen', stem V. Old High German
Old English faran, Old Icelandic fara `drive', schw. V. Old Saxon ferian, Old High German
ferien, ferren, Old Icelandic ferja `drive, schiffen'(farjan = *porei̯ō); Old Icelandic fǫr f.
`journey, Fahrt', Old English faru f. `Fahrt, journey, pull', Middle High German var f. `Fahrt,
way, kind of, way' (fem. to gr. πόρος); Old Icelandic farmr, Old English fearm m. `shipload',
Old High German farm ` bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. porom); lengthened grade Kaus.
Old Saxon fōrian, Old High German fuoren, Modern High German führen, Old Icelandic
fø̄ra ds., Old English (as Iter.) fēran `gehn, pull, drag' (= Avestan pāráyati, Old Church
Slavic pariti); Old High German fuora `Fuhre, Fahrt etc.', Old English fōr f. `Fahrt, cart ';
Old Icelandic fø̄rr `fahrbar, suitable ', Old High German gi-fuori ` fitting, comfortable, useful
'; Verbalabstr. Old Icelandic ferð, Old English fierd, Old High German Middle High German
fart `Fahrt' (*por-ti-);
russ.-Church Slavic na-perjǫ (= πείρω), -periti `durchbohren'; perǫ, pъrati `fly'; Iter. pariti
`fly, schweben' (= Old Indic pārayati, Germanic *fōrjan); pero ` feather '; russ. poróm,
Serbo-Croatian prȁm ` ferry ' (= Old Icelandic farmr); presumably here also Old Church
Slavic porjǫ, prati `carve, slit'; about Modern High German Farn etc. s. addendum S. 850.
per-
per-tu-
tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pr̥-teus ` passage, ford': Avestan pǝrǝtu-š m. f. (Proto Aryan *pr̥tú-
por-tu-
š) and pǝšu-š m. (Proto Aryan *pr̥t́ u-š) ` passage, ford, bridge' (hu-pǝrǝϑwa- `good to
overstep ' = Èuphrat'); Latin portus, -ūs `Haustüre' (XII tab.); ` harbor ', angi-portus
`narrow Passage, Nebengäßchen'; besides ā-stem porta `Stadttor, gate' = Oscan [p]úrtam;
Illyrian PN Nau-portus; gall. ritu- `ford' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. rit, ncymr. rhyd,
corn. rit `ford'; Old High German furt, Old English ford `ford' (zero grade Old Icelandic fjǫrðr
`narrow gulf, bay' from *per-tu-s); besides f. i-stem in Modern High German PN Fürth
(*furti-).
Maybe alb. portë 'door' derived from Latin porta `gate', port 'harbor' derived from Latin
portus 'harbor'.
addendum to S. 817:
To Church Slavic pero ` feather ' belong *por-no- ` feather ' in Old Indic parṇá- n. `
*por-no-
feather, leaf', Avestan parǝna- n. ` feather, wing', Old Saxon Old High German farn
`Farnkraut' (*Federkraut), Old English fearn m. ds., Lithuanian spar̂nas, Latvian spàrns m.
`wing' (das s- from the root spher-);
*prǝti-s in gall. ratis, Middle Irish raith f. `Farnkraut', bret. rad-enn collective ds.;
*po-port-i̯o- in Lithuanian papártis, papartỹs `Farnkraut', Latvian paparde, paparske ds.;

with lengthened grade Slavic *paparti- f. in russ. páporotь etc. ds.
WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer 2, 313.
References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.

Page(s): 816-817
Root / lemma: per- per-, perǝ

per-2: C. per- perǝ-
Meaning: to sell
Material: α. Gr. πέρνημι (present and Impf.), περάω, -ῶ (formal = περάω `dringe through '),
ἐπέρασ(σ)α, and πιπρά̄σκω, περάσω (Attic περῶ), ἐπέρασα, πέπρᾱκα `verkaufe', (gr.
stem *perā̆-), πόρνη `meretrix'; Old Irish ren(a)id `verkauft' (*pr̥-nǝ-: gr. περνᾱ-), Konj. 3.
Sg. -rïa- (*rïā-after Indik. *[p]ri-na- for *[p]erā- eingetreten), Perf. 3. Sg. -rir (*ri-r-e); verbal
noun reicc (Dat.) `Verkaufen' (in final sound after ícc `healing, payment ' directed);
compare with an old guttural-extension Lithuanian perkù pir̃kti ` buy '.
β. Avestan pairyante `sie become compared', aipi-par- `(seine blame) begleichen,

penance, atonement make', a-pǝrǝti-š ` atonement ', pǝrǝϑa- n. ` equalization of (blame),
atonement, punishment ', pāra- m. `blame' (in addition probably also par- `verurteilen');
Latin pār (lengthened grade), păris `gleichkommend, alike, pair', therefrom parō, -āre
`gleichschätzen', comparāre `compare' (Umbrian parsest `par est' has das s from mers
est).
γ. Old Indic pūrtá- n., pūrtí- f. èarnings' = Latin pars, -tis `part' (*pereti-), portiō `part,
allotment ' (Post Classical; Classical only prō portiōne, assim. from *prō partiōne); Old Irish
rann, cymr. rhan, mcorn. ran, abret. Pl. rannou `part' (*perǝ-snā); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-), Old Irish ern(a)id `grants', Konj. r-a-ǽra èr möge esgewähren', preterit ro-ír èr
has gewährt' (*pēr-e), Fut. *ebraid (*pi-prā-s-e-ti); ro-rath ìs gewährt worden' (*prǝ-to-?);
Hittite parš- `break, rupture, grind, split up, cut up, divide'.
References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.
Page(s): 817
per-2: D. per-
Root / lemma: per- per-
Meaning: to bear (child)
Note: (as ferō: `gebäre' in einstiger relationship to per-2: C àllot')
Material: α. Latin pariō, -ere, peperī, partum, paritūrus ` to give birth to children ', reperiō, -
īre, repperī, repertum `wiederfinden, find, learn', partus, -ūs ` to give birth to children, birth;
foetus', Parca (*parica) originally `Geburtsgöttin', Propertius actually `the Frühgeborene' =
Umbrian Propartie `Propertii', parō, -āre `bereite, acquire, buy ', comparō ` buy ' (`sich
etwas besorgen, obtain '); imperāre ànschaffen = order';
Lithuanian periù, perė́ti `brüte', peraĩ Nom. Pl. `Bienenlarven'.
β. Old Indic pr̥thuka- m. `rother, cattle, calf, the young of an animal ', Armenian ort`, -u
`calf of Rindes or Hirsches' (with formants -thu-); gr. πόρις, πόρταξ, πόρτις `calf, young
cow'; cymr. erthyl àbortus'; Old High German far, farro, Modern High German Farre, Old
English fearr, Old Icelandic farri (*farz-) `bull', with gramm. variation Middle High German
verse, Modern High German Färse `young cow' (Germanic *fársī, Gen. *fársjōs), to Old
English héah-fore, engl. heifer; originally from jungen animals, compare engl. farrow `not
pregnant', West Frisian fear `gelt'; lengthened grade Old English fōr, Middle Low German
vōr `Schweinchen'; Old Church Slavic za-prъtъkъ `wind-Ei', Czech s-pratek `früh
geborenes calf', klr. vy-portok `Frühgeburt'.

Page(s): 818
per-2: E. per-
Root / lemma: per- per-
Meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger
Note: (= per- `hinüberführen, durchdringen')
Material: Armenian pòrj `Versuch' (express. p`-); gr. πεῖρα f. Èrfahrung, Versuch', Aeolic
πέρρα (*περι̯α), πειράω, -άζω `versuche', ἔμπειρος ` skillful, smart, adroit'; Latin experior, -
īrī `versuche, prüfe', experīmentum `Versuch, examination ', comperiō, -īre èrfahre genau',
opperior, -īrī, -ītus (and -tus) sum `warte, expect ', perītus ` skillful ', perīculum `Versuch,
Probe; danger; Prozeß; accusation '; das ī from perī-tus, -culum derives from den
compounds with -perior; Old Irish a(i)re `Wachen, attention', nir. faire, because of gallo-brit.
areānī Pl. `Kundschafter' from *pǝrei̯ā; Germanic*firina- `das Außergewöhnliche' in Gothic
faírina f. `blame', Old High German firina ` crime ' etc.; Germanic*fēra- `danger' in Old
Icelandic fār n. `danger, misfortune', Old English fǣr m., Old High German fār(a) `
pestering, temptation; snare, danger', to Gothic fērja m. Àufpasser', Old High German
fārēn àuflauern' etc.; perhaps in addition with Abtönunggr. ταλαί-πωρος ` afflicted ' as
`Gefahren erduldend'.
Page(s): 818
per-3, per-
Root / lemma: per- per-g-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Aryan only with t-formants: Old Indic pr̥t́ -, pr̥t́ anā `fight, struggle, fight', Avestan
pǝrǝt-, pǝšanā `fight, struggle, battle', pǝrǝtamna `die miteinander Kämpfenden', paiti-
parǝtata `bekämpft';
Armenian hari Ì schlug' (Aor. to present harkanem, see below), harac `vulnus'; orot
`thunder', orotam `donnere';
alb. pres `haue ab, low, base; cut, bite', Aor. preva, më pret ès kümmert myself, is mir
angelegen', pritem `werde geschnitten; scratch myself; kümmere myself um etwas';
Latin premō, -ere, pressi, pressum `push, press', prēlum `Presse, Kelter' (*pres-lom);
root pr-em- (with durativem -em-) and pr-esas gr. τρέμω `tremble: τρέω' (*tresō) ds.;
Lithuanian periù, per̃ti `with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit', Latvian peŕu, pèrt
ds.; Lithuanian pirtìs, Latvian pìrts `Badestube';
Old Church Slavic perǫ, pьrati `hit, esp. with dem Bläuel hit, wash', Serbo-Croatian
pȅrêm, prȁti `wash'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic pьrjǫ, *pьrěti `contendere', sǫ-pьrja, sъ-
роrъ `fight', Czech pr̂u, přiti se `quarrel' and Old Church Slavic *pьrǫ, *perti in russ. pru,
pratь, peretь `press, urge, press, push', naporъ ` shove ' etc., Old Russian pьrtь
`Badestube';
perg-: Armenian harkanem (pr̥g-) `hit, zerhaue (wood), fälle (tree), slay, fight '; Old Irish
perg-
orcaid, Middle Irish oirggid èrschlägt, slays, verwüstet'; Middle Irish cymr. orn `Morden,
Zerstören'(*[p]org-no- od. -nā); abret. treorgam `perforō', orgiat `caesar' (= caesor), gall.
orge òccide', PN Orgeto-rīx; different about Celtic org- s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to Hittite
harganu- `destroy'; compare das Old Irish verbal noun orcun from *orgenā); perhaps here
Old Indic Parjánya- rain- and Gewittergott; see below perkʷu-s.
References: WP. II 42 f., WH. II 288, Trautmann 215;

See also: further to perg-1.
Page(s): 818-819
Root / lemma: persnā, snī̆ī̆ī̆-, -sno-

persnā -snī̆ sno-
Meaning: heel
Material: Old Indic pā́rṣṇi- f., Avestan pāšna- n. `calcaneus '; gr. πτέρνη f.; Latin perna f.
(*pērsnā) `Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, thigh, leg', pernīs `quick, fast' (with the
calcaneus); Gothic faírsna, Old Saxon fersna, Old High German fersana `calcaneus '
(*persnā), Old English fiersin f. ds. (*pērsni-); Hittite paršina (leg. paršna) `thigh, hip ', parš-
(a)nāi- ` crouch ' (auf den Oberschenkeln).
References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hittite 258.
Page(s): 823
Root / lemma: pers-

pers-
Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes
Note:
ers- : to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes, derived from Root / lemma: per-
Root / lemma: pers- per-1,
perǝ- : prē-
perǝ prē-, preu-
preu- : to drizzle, sprinkle, jet < Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-
ǝg-,
(s)p(h)erǝg-
Material: Old Indic pŕ̥ṣat, pr̥ṣatá-m n. `drip'; pŕ̥ṣant-, f. pŕ̥ṣatī ` dappled, dotted, spotted,
varicolored', pr̥ṣatī `scheckige cow, gefleckte antelope '; Avestan paršuya- òf water', n.,
perhaps `Schneewasser'; Old Icelandic fors, foss m. `waterfall';
Lithuanian pur̃slas, pur̃sla `Schaumspeichel', pur̃kšti às eine Katze prusten,

schnarchen'; Latvian pā̀rsla `Flocke' (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. pę̃rsla ds.; (compare
Latvian spurslā́t `prusten'); Slavic *parṣa- m. `dust, powder' > *porchъ in Old Church Slavic
рrachъ ds.; Slavic pьrstь in Old Church Slavic prъstь `χοῦς', (*pers-), besides sloven. pr̂h
m. `dust, powder, ash' (= Old Icelandic fors), pŕhati `strew, distribute, whisk ', Czech pršeti
ds. etc.; Tocharian А В pärs- `sprinkle'; participle Akt. papärs, Hittite papparš- `spritzen,
sprinkle '.
References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f.,

See also: extension from per-
per-1 `spray'.
Page(s): 823
orĝhi
orĝhi-
perth- (*pe-ḫorĝ
Root / lemma: perth- hi-a)
Meaning: pole; sprout
Note:
orĝhi
orĝhi-
perth- (*pe-ḫorĝ
Root / lemma: perth- hi-a):: pole; sprout, derived from a prefixed pe- of Root /
orĝhi
ort- (*ḫorĝ
lemma: ort- hi-a):: vine, *grape < Root / lemma: orĝhi
orĝhi- hi-, r̥ĝhi-
orĝhi- orĝhi
orĝhi-
hi- (*ḫorĝhi-a):: testicle. The
prefix pe-, po- is common of Hittite, Slavic languages.
Material: Armenian ort` (o-stem) ` grapevine, Rebe';
Maybe alb. hardi, hardhia `grapevine' (see above).
gr. πτόρθος m. `sprout' (compare πτόλεμος : πόλεμος etc.); perhaps Latin pertica ` shaft,
pole', whether not from per-ti-ca to Oscan pert `bis to' from *per-ti, also originally ` transom
'; compare Czech příska ds., S. 810.
Page(s): 823
pes-3, pesos
Root / lemma: pes-
Meaning: membrum virile
Material: Old Indic pásas- n. = gr. πέος n. `penis', gr. πόσθη f. ds., Latin pēnis (*pesnis);
Old High German fasel, Old Englishfæsl, Old High German faselt `penis', Middle High
German vaselrint ` breeding bull ', Modern High German Faselschwein ` breeding pig ',
ablaut. Middle High German vesil `fertile', visel `penis'.
Page(s): 824
pet-1, pet-, petǝ

Root / lemma: pet- petǝ-
Meaning: to open wide (the arms)
Material: Avestan paϑana- `wide, breit' (das ϑ after pǝrǝϑu- ds.);
gr. Aor. πετάσσαι, πετάσαι, thereafter πετάννῡμι `breite from, öffne', previous present
πίτνημι, πίτνω (from *pet-), πέτασμα n. `curtain', πέτασος m. `breitkrempiger hat', πέταλος
àusgebreitet', πέταλονn. `Platte, leaf', πατάνη f. ` platter ' (from *πετάνᾱ; out of it Latin
patina ds.);
Latin pateō, -ēre `sich erstrecken, be open '; in addition pandō, -ere `öffne, breite from'
(the variation t : d expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalpräs.
163), passus m. ` footstep, fathom'; patera `flat bowl' (from patina through influence of
crater ?); whether here petīlus `thin and fragile, flimsy '??; Oscan pat[ít?] `patet', patensíns
`panderent', Volscan Imper. an-patitu `*adpanditō';
Scots Gaelic aitheamh (*eitheamh) ` filament ' (as measure), = acymr. etem, ncymr.
edau ds. (*petimā);
Old Icelandic faðmr ` hugging, embrace, fathom, filament ', FlN Fǫð, Gen. Faðar, Old
English fæðm mf. ds. ` filament, fathom', engl. fathom, Old High German fadam, fadum `
filament '; here also Old English foðer, engl. fother, Modern High German Fuder?, Old
High German fuodar, Old Saxon fōther, Old English fōðor `Wagenlast', Modern High
German Fuder, from Germanic *fōðra- `das Umfassende'; Gothic faÞa, Middle High
German vade f. `fence' (as ` encirclement '); Old High German fedel-gold `Blattgold' (:gr.
πέταλον), doubtful Old English gold-fell `Goldplatte', Middle High German golt-vel ` gold
plating ';
Lithuanian petỹs `shoulder', Old Prussian pette f. ds.; pettis m. `shovel, scapula';
Hittite pattar, Dat. paddani `Tablett (?)'.
References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.

Page(s): 824-825
pet-2, petǝ
Root / lemma: pet- petǝ- : ptē-
ptē-, ptō-
ptō- (gr. ptā-
ptā-)
Meaning: to fall; to fly
Maybe from Slavic padac ` fall'.
Material: Old Indic pátati `flies, wirft sich, fällt' (= πέτομαι, Latin petō, acymr. hedaṅt), Aor.
apaptat; petǝ- in Fut. patiṣyati, Supin. pátitum, participle patitá-); patáyati `flies' (= gr.
ποτέομαι), pātáyati àllows fliegen, hurl, sling, fling, allows fall' (lengthened grade as pāta-
m. `Flug, fall, Sturz', gr. πωτάομαι `flattre'), pra-pat- `hineilen, fall', pátman- n. `Flug, path,
track, pathway' (: πότμος, ποταμός); Avestan pataiti `flies, hurries ', ap. ud-apatatā èrhob
sich', Avestan patayeiti `flies', acapastōiš Inf. `hinabzufallen', paitipasti- f. Èntgegengehen,
-treten' (compare Old Indic ati-patti- `Zeitablauf'), from an u-present parapaϑwant-
`fortfliegend (of arrow)'; Avestan tāta- (*ptātá-), `fallend (of rain': gr. πτωτός ds.);
Armenian t`ṙč̣im Ì fliege' (*pter-i-skō).
gr. hom. πέτομαι `fliege' (ἐπτόμην); otherwise also πέταμαι, ἔπτατο èntflog', πτά̄ς,
ἔπτην, Doric ἔπτᾱν, Fut. πτήσομαι; ὠκυπέτης `quick, fast fliegend', πετεηνός, (*πετεσᾱνός),
πετεινός (*πετεσνός) `geflügelt, flügge', ποτή `Flug', ποτᾱνός, -ηνός `zum Fliegen befähigt,
beflügelt, fliegend', ποτάομαι (and ποτέομαι, see above) `flattre', πωτάομαι ds., πτῆσις, by
Suidas πτῆμα `Flug', πτηνός, Doric πτᾱνός `fliegend';
stem πετα-, πτᾱ- `fly', but πετε-, πτη-, πτω- with the meaning `fall': πί:-πτω (for *πῐ-πτω
after ῥί̄πτω) `fall'; Perf. πέπτωκα, participle πεπτηώς, Attic πεπτώς from *πεπτᾱώς;
ἀπτώς(Pind.), ἀπτής (Doric inschr.) `not fallend, nicht dem Falle ausgesetzt'; πίτνω `fall',
εὐ-πετής ` comfortable, günstig', προ-πετής `vorwärts fallend, willing, inclined' (: Old Indic
pra-pat-), πέσος n.(Gen. πέσεος from *πέτεος) `cadaver', πότμος `lot, fate, fate, destiny,
esp. trauriges', ποταμός `river', actually `Wassersturz'; πτῶμα, πτῶσις `fall' (: πέπτωκα);
πτωτός `fallend';
with the meaning-färbung of Latin petere: gr. πίτυλος ` intense movement' (: Latin
petulans; compare also ἐμπεσεῖν ìmpetum facere');
finally has πτᾱ- : πτω- : πτα- also die probably from `niederstürzen' development
meaning `sich niederducken' and `verzagt, in fear sein': κατα-πτήτην `(the horse)
scheuten', πεπτηώς `geduckt', πτοίᾱ ` fear, shyness, fright' (*πτωFιᾱ, compare Λητώ
Πτῴα, ᾽Απόλλων Πτῴος), πτο(ι)εῖν `frighten, in Bestürzung versetzen', Pass. `from
Schrecken ergriffen become'; with guttural extension πτήσσω (*πτᾱκ-ι̯ω) `ducke myself '
(Aor. ἔπτηξα, Doric ἔπτακα also trans. `frighten'; κατα-πτᾰκών), πτωσκάζω `ducke myself
timorous, flee', πτώσσω (*πτώκσκι̯ω) ds.; πτώξ, -κός `shy, fleeting ' (m. `hare'), ablaut.
πτάξ m. f. ` wimp ', Gen. πτακός; πτωχός ` beggar'; to letzteren, as it seems, also
Armenian tàk`č̣im, tàkèay `sich conceal';
Latin petō, -ere, -īvī, ītum àuf etwas losgehen, to attain seek, long, want' (petī-tor, -tio,
also probably petīgo ` mange; scabies ' as `Befall'); petulans àggressiv, pert, bratty,
exuberant ', petulcus `pushing, thrusting ' (from *petulus, compare to l-forms gr. πίτυλος),
impetus àssault, attack', praepes ìn Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast';
acymr. hedant `volant', ncymr. eh-edeg `das Fliegen'; eh-edydd m. ` lark ';
Latvian pētît `desire have, nachforschen'.
r- and n-formations: 1. with dem g-forms Old Indic pataṁgá- `fliegend, bird', pataga-
`bird' (*petn̥-go-s; from den Indern as ìn Fluge going' reinterpreted); Avestan fraptǝrǝjāt- (-
jant-) `bird'; gr. πτέρυξ, -υγος `wing' (compare Old Indic patáru-); das Denom. πτερύσσομαι
`hit with den Flügeln' after αἰθύσσω `shake'; Old High German fed(e)rah `wing', anfrk.
fetheracco àlarum' (-a-c- through influence of Old High German fedara-, anfrk. fethera);
2. Old Indic páttra-, páta-tra- n. `wing, feather ', patará-, patáru- `fliegend', Avestan
patarǝta- `fliegend'; Armenian tìr `Flug', tìteṙn ` butterfly' (redupl.), tèrt` `leaf, foliage'
(*pter-); gr. πτερόν ` feather, wing'; πτέρις `Farn';
Latin acci-piter, -pitris ` hawk, falcon' (to 1. part see below *ōku- `quick, fast'); penna `
feather, wing' (*petnā); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Latin
pesna from *pets-nā; pinna is probably dial. form for penna; pro(p)tervus ` boisterous
vordringend, cheeky ' (*pro-pteru-o-);
Maybe alb. (*penna) pendë `feather' a Latin loanword.
Maybe zero grade alb. skifter ` hawk, falcon ', shqiptar ` eagle man ' are Latin loanwords.
From there derived alb. shqipe, shkabë, shqiponjë, zhgabonjë, gabonjë ` eagle' (common
k- > g- guttutals in Celtic Baltic, also common alb. p- > b-). Also alb. shqiptoj ` speak,
pronounce ', shqip ` Albanian language '. The name shqiptar ` eagle man ' evolved after
the Turkish invasion of Arbëria (former Albania). Settlers who escaped to southern Italy
before the invasion still call themselves Arbëresh. The alb. name shqip is unintelligible to
Arbëresh in Italy. the alb. name of the eagle derived from the banner of Albanians before
the Turkish occupation, the double headed imperial eagle.
acymr. eterin `bird', Pl. atar, ncymr. aderyn, adar ds. (a secondary from e); Old Irish ēn
`bird' (*petno-), cymr. edn, acorn. hethen ds., abret. etn-coilhaam `hold Vogelschau',
Middle Breton ezn, nbret. evn, ein `bird', acymr. atan (*peteno-), ncymr. adain `wing, arm '
(*peten-), bret. (h)adan ` nightingale ', with secondary a, as cymr. adaf `wing, hand'
(*petemā); abret. attanoc `volitans'; Middle Irish ette, nir. eite ` wing ' (from *pet-enti̯ā),
Middle Irish ethait `bird' = Old Indic pátanti `fliegend' (*pet-ontī); Middle Irish eithre n. `tail'
(*peteri̯o-);
Note:
Common Armenian ph- > h-, zero, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic
ANATOLIAN
Hittite pata- 'foot'
WEST EUROPEAN
Latin pe:s, pedis 'foot, of foot'
Old Irish 'water'
Tocharian A päts 'foot'
SOUTH EUROPEAN
Greek poús, podós 'foot, of foot'
Armenian otn, otk' 'foot, feet'
Sanskrit á:ts 'foot', pá:dam (accusative case)
Avestan
Avestan pad- 'foot'
Old High German fedara, anfrk. fethera, Old English feðer, Old Icelandic fjǫdr f. ` feather
' (*pétrā); Old High German fettāh, Middle High German vittich, Middle Low German
vit(te)k, Modern High German Fittich;
Hittite pattar n., Gen. Pl. paddanaš `wing'.
*ptē̆i-, pti-: gr. πταίω `stoße an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune'
(πταίσω, ἔπταισμαι, ἐπταίσθην), rare tr. `bump, poke, umstürzen', πταῖσμα `damage, loss,
misfortune, beating ', ἰθυπτί̄ων `geradaus fliegend' (probably actually `geradaus treffend =
pushing, thrusting, aufschlagend'), πτίλον ` feather, Flaumfeder'.
References: WP. II 19 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.

Page(s): 825-826
Root / lemma: peuk̂- and peuĝ-

peuĝ-
Meaning: to stick; to punch
Material: 1. peuk̂-: gr. *πεῦκος n. `cusp, peak, sting, prick' in gr. περι-πευκές, hom. ἐχε-
πευκές `with a cusp, peak versehen'; πευκεδανός ` pricking, wounding', later `bitter',
πευκάλιμος `sharp, eindringend';
here as `die stechende' das root nouns peuk̂- : puk̂- `fir, spruce' in gr. πεύκη f. ds., thrak.
PN Πεύκη, Illyrian VN Peucetii, Middle Irish ochtach f. (*puk̂tākā) `fir, spruce, spear,
javelin'; Old High German fiuhta, asächs. fiuhtia (*fiuhtjōn) `fir, spruce', Old Prussian peuse
f. `pine tree' (Baltic *piaušē), zero grade Lithuanian pušìs f., Gen. Pl. pušų̃, East Lithuanian
Nom. Pl. pùšes (conservative stem).
2. peuĝ-
peuĝ-: gr. πύξ Adv. `with the fist', πυγμή f. `fist, Faustkampf', πυγμαῖος èine Faust
high, dwarf ', πυγών, -όνος m. ùlna, ell', πύγ-μαχος, πύκτης `Faustkämpfer'; Latin pugil
ds., pugnus m. `fist', pūgnō, -āre `fight', pungō, -ere, pupugī, punctum ` prick ', pūgiō m.
`dagger'.
References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Dekl. 57 f.
Page(s): 828
Page(s):
peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆-

Root / lemma: peu-
Meaning: to clean, sift
Material: Old Indic Trans. punā́ti, Med. pávatē `purifies, cleans, läutert (sich)', pávitum;
pavītár-, pṓtar- m. `Reiniger, Läuterer', pavítram `Läuterungsmittel, Seihe, sieve '; pāvana-
`reinigend', pāvaká- (also pavāká-) ` pure, candid ' = Middle Persian pavāg, np. pāk `
candid, pure'; Old Indic pūtá- `pure', pū́ti- f. ` cleaning, purification '; Avestan pūitika- `zur
Läuterung dienend';
Latin pūrus `pure' (formation as clā-ru-s), pūrgō, older pūrigō, -āre `clean'; pŭtus `pure',
nepus `non pūrus' (*nepūt-s); putāre `clean, clean'; Middle Irish ūr `new, fresh, noble',
cymr. ir `fresh, green'; Old High German fowen, Middle High German voewen ` sieve, corn,
grain clean' (*fawjan = Old Indic paváyati `purifies, cleans, läutert');
doubtful gr. πτύον, πτεόν ` throw shovel ' (: Old High German fowen?).

Page(s): 827
Root / lemma: peu-

peu-2
Meaning: to research, to understand
Material: Gr. νή-πιος (*νη-πF-ιος) and νη-πύ-τιος ` injudicious, kindisch', πινυτός `smart',
Material:
πινυμένην συνετήν Hes. (due to eines present *πι-νῡ-μι from *πυ-νῡμι); Latin puto -are
(putāre ) `to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts;
hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think'; Old Church
Slavic is-py-tъ `perscrutatio', pytajǫ, -ati `scrutāri, quaerere'.
maybe alb. (*peus) pyes àsk questions', pyetje `question' : gr. πύστις, πεῦσις f. `question'.
Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: pytati èxamine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian:
Proto-
pytát' `torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat' àsk' [verb], Polish: pytać àsk' [verb],
Serbo-Croatian: pítati àsk' [verb], Slovene: pítati àsk' [verb], Other cognates: Latin putāre
Serbo-
`cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb].
Note:
From Root / lemma: bheudh-

eudh-, nasal. bhu-n-dh- : `to be awake, aware' derived Root /
peu-1, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆- : `to clean, sift' , Root / lemma: peu-
lemma: peu- peu-2 : `to research, to
understand' (see above).
References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 6962.

Page(s): 827
Root / lemma: peu-
peu-3
Meaning: ` foam '
See also: see below pū̆-1, S. 847.
Page(s): 827
Root / lemma: peu̯ǝ-

See also: s. pū̆-2.
Page(s): 828
Root / lemma: peu̯ōr, pū̆r, Gen. pu-

pu-n-és, Lok. puu̯éni (Nom. -rr-, Gen. -n
n- inanimate
formant)
Meaning: fire
Note: with multiple equalization of the r- and n-forms and of vocalism
Material: Armenian hur (Gen. hroy) `fire' (*pū̆r-), hn-oc̣ òven' (*pū̆n-); gr. πῦρ, πῠρός `fire',
wherefore πυρά̄ `Feuerstätte, stove, hearth, pyre, stake', πυρετός m. `fever', πυρσός m.
`Brandfackel', korinth. ΠυρFος `Pferdename' (*` feuerrot '), πυρρός, poet. πυρσός `
feuerrot ' (*πυρσFός);
Maybe Illyrian TN Pirustae (Pipustae)
Umbrian pir `fire' (*pūr), Akk. purom-e ìns fire' (*pŭr-), Oscan aasaí purasiaí ` in
araigniaria ';
Old Icelandic fūrr m. `fire' (*pūr-) and fȳrr, fȳri; Old High German Old Saxon Old Frisian
fiur (*peu̯ri); Old High German older fuir (disyllabic, compare Musp. vugir), Old English fȳr
(from Lok. *puu̯éri);
Gothic fōn `fire' (*pu̯ōn), Gen. Dat. funins, funin (latter from *puneni, a hybridization from
*puu̯éni : *pun-és), Old Icelandic funi m. `fire'; Old High German funko, Middle English
fonke `spark'; with ablaut (*pu̯on-) Middle Low German vanke `spark';
Maybe Illyrian TN Perestae (Penestae)
Old Prussian panno `fire', panu-staclan `Feuerstrahl' (*pu̯on-u), loanword Finnish panu
`fire';
Slavic *pūri̯a- m. `glowing ash' in Czech pýř m. and pýři n. ds.; in addition Old Czech
pyřina ` favilla ', Czech pýřeti `glow', serb. upíriti ànfachen' etc.;
Hittite paḫḫur, paḫḫuwar, Dat. paḫhu(e)ni `fire'; Tocharian A por, В puwā̆r, pwār ds.
Note: Hittite used reduplicated -hh- for voiced laryngeals!!
References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1, 10;
Pedersen Hittite 187 f.
Page(s): 828
Root / lemma: pezd-

pezd-
Meaning: to break wind
Note: (compare *perd- `loudly fart ')
Material: Gr. βδέω `leise einen streichen lassen' from *βzδέω (reconverted with metathesis
from *pezdō), wherefore βδό-λος ` fetidness ' with new formationer o-grade, and *βδε-λύ-ς
`pēdens, scornful, ridiculing' in Βδελυ-κλέων `Cleontī oppēdēns', as well as as base from
βδελυρός `disgusting', βδελύσσομαι `verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing ',
βδύλλω `verabscheue, dread', but also `βδέω'; Latin pēdō, -ere ` fart ' (*pezdō), pōdex `the
Hintere' (*pozd-ek-s), pēdis `louse' (because of Demin. pēdiculus older *pēdex);
klr. pezdíty and zero grade (proto Slavic *bьzd-) bzd́íty, russ. bzdětь `leise einen
streichen lassen', sloven. pezdë́ti, Lithuanian bezdù, bezdė́ti, Latvian bezdêt `leise einen
streichen lassen', Lithuanian bìzdas `podex', bìzdžius `Stänker'; Baltic *bezdēti based on
auf *pzdēti besides *pezdēti; perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root
bhes- `blow', above S. 146.
References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221;

See also: compare above pes-1.
Page(s): 829
Root / lemma: pē̆d-1, pō̆d-

Meaning: container, vessel
Material: Old Indic perhaps palla- m. `Kornbehälter', pallī `grain measure' (whether -ll- from
-dl-); Old High German fazzōn, Middle High German vazzen ìn ein vessel tun, catch,
rüsten, sich bekleiden', Old High German fezzil, Middle High German vezzel `band, strap,
manacle', Old English fetel(s) m. `belt, girdle', Old Icelandic fetill m. `Schulterband'
(Germanic *fatila-), Old High German vazz ` container, Kasten', Old Saxon fat n. `vessel',
Old English fæt n. `vessel, barrel, vat, cask', Old Icelandic fat n. `vessel, fur'; Old English
fǣtels `vessel', Old High German givazzi `Bagage', Middle High German gevæzze,
Modern High German `vessel'; Gothic fetjan, Old English fǣtan àdorn', Old Icelandic fǣta
ès with jemandem to tun have (àdorn' from `beautiful tunmit?'); Lithuanian pė́das
`Getreidegarbe', Latvian pêda ` bundle, armful, armload ', ablaut. Lithuanian púodas,
Latvian puôds m. `pot, pan'.
Page(s): 790
Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d-

Meaning: foot, *genitalia
Grammatical information: m. Nom. Sg. pō̆ts, ped-és/-ós, Nom. Pl. péd
ts Gen. ped-
ts péd-es
Material: 1. Old Indic pad- `foot' (pā́t, pā́dam, padáḥ), Avestan pad- ds.; Old pers.
pādaibiyā `with den Füßen';
Armenian ot-k` `πόδες', ot-n `πούς, πόδα'; gr. πώς, Attic πούς, Gen. ποδός `foot'
(ἑκατόμπεδος `100 feet long'); Latin pēs, pĕdis ds., Umbrian peři, persi `pede' (dupursus
`bipedibus', -u- probably from -ō-); Old Irish īs `below' (whereof īse `low') m. dative, from
dem Lok. Pl. *pēd-su `to Füßen' deutbar = alb. posh in përposh ùnder', posh-të `herab,
subterraneous, underground; under, downwards '; Gothic fōtus, Old Icelandic fōtr, Old
English fōt (Nom. Pl. Old Icelandic fø̄tr, Old English fēt from *fōt-iz) Old High German fuoz
`foot'; Hittite Luvian pata-, Hieroglyphic-Hittite pat ds.; Tocharian A pe, В pai, Dual A peṃ,
В paine;
Note:
Note
Maybe alb. (*po-s) poshtë ` below, under ' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic
po-dъ ` below, under ' from zero grade of Root / lemma: apo- pō̆, ap-
apo- (p pu : (from, out, of)
ap-u, pu):
not from Root / lemma: pē̆d-2, pō̆d- : (foot, *genitalia).
Maybe Tadzik PUST, TAXTAPUST, Lahnda PICCHE, Nepali PITH, Kashmiri PYUTHU,
Singhalese PASSA, Baluchi PHUSHT, Gujarati PITH, Panjabi ST PITTH, Hindi PITH,
Bengali PIT, Marathi PATH, Persian POSHT ` spine '.
to ped- `foot' belongs gr. dial. πεδά `μετά', originally `(jemandem) auf dem Fuße',
compare Latin pedisequus, -a `servant, -in' actually àuf dem Fuße folgend' and under die
Armenian from het ` footprint ' refined prepositions;
with -i̯i̯i̯-ós, -i-t- `going' are shaped: gr. πεζός `pedestris', Latin ped-es, -i-t-is `Fußgänger,
Fußsoldat'; from Latin pēs derives pedāre `with a Fuß versehen, prop, support', and
therefrom again pedum `shepherd's crook; crosier, pad';
pédi̯o- in Old Indic pádya- `den Fuß betreffend', pádyā `Fußtritt, hoof', Avestan paiδyā
`foot', gr. πέζα f. `foot, unterer edge, border, hem, small fishing net', Latin acu-pedius
`swift-footed', Old High German fizza `Gewinde, thread, string' (= gr. πέζα), Modern High
German `Fitze', (wherefore Germanic *fetī f. in Old Icelandic fit `Schwimmhaut, edge', Old
English fitt `break, section, poem', Norwegian dial. fior-fit `lizard', `τετράπεζος'), Lithuanian
pedī- in gr. πέδῑλον n. `sandal' and Germanic *fetī; podi̯o-m:
lengva-pė̃dis `leisefüßig'; pedī-
Middle Irish u(i)de n. `journey'.
2. Verbal: Old Indic pádyate `goes, fällt' (ā-patti- Ùnfall'; padāti-, pat-tí- m. `Fußknecht'),
Avestan paiδyeiti `bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder'; Old Church Slavic padǫ,
pasti `fall' also po-pasti `catch' actually àuf jemanden fall, spring on, attack ' (or to pē̆d-
1?); napastь `casus'; Lithuanian pė̃dinu, -inti `slowly go, leise tread', pėdúoti `Fußtritte
make', gr. πηδάω `spring, hüpfe'; compare zur ē-grade still Lithuanian pėdà ` footprint ',
pė́sčias `to foot' from *pēd-ti̯os, Latvian pę̂da `Fußsohle, Fußstapfe, foot as measure ', pēc
(from pêdis, Instr. Pl. from pę̂ds ` footprint ', compare Lithuanian pė́das ds.) àfter, because
of, gemäß', Old Church Slavic pěšь `to foot', gr. πηδόν ` rudder blade ', πηδάλιον ` rudder,
helm '; auf the verbalen meaning `more abfallend or to Fallen, Verkommen willing, inclined'
based on letzten Endes also the Kompar. Latin peior `bad' (*ped-i̯ōs), Superl. pessimus
`the schlechteste' (*ped-semos); pessum `to bottom, zugrunde' (*ped-tu-m) = Infin. Old
Indic páttum; Old Icelandic feta stem V. (also with leiÞ, veg, heim) `den way find' Old
English ge-fetan stem V. `fall', Old High German fezzan `labare', gi-fezzan èxire,
excidere', Old Icelandic fata `seinen way finden', Old English fatian (wīf) ùxorem ducere',
Old High German sih uazzon `scandere', Old English fetian, engl. fetch `get, fetch' (Old
English fatian and fetian could also to pē̆d-1 belong, as generally die beiden the families
not sharp to separate are).
pedo-m etc.: Old Indic padá- n. ` footstep, step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by
3. pedo-
the foot; footprint, track, Fußstapfe', Avestan paδa- n. `spoor' (and `foot as measure '), ap.
pati-padam àn seine Stelle zurückkehrend';
Armenian het, Gen. hetoy ` footprint ', preposition y-et (*i-het ìn the footprint ') àfter', z-
het, zetoy ` behind after'; Middle Irish ined (*eni-pedo-) `spoor (the Füße); place', Old Irish
ed n. `stretch of time', gall. candetum `spatium, centum pedum' probably for cant-[p]edum;
compare Latin peda `vestigium humanum', Old Icelandic fet n. ` footstep; foot as measure
'; Lithuanian pėdà ` footprint ', Latvian pę̂da `Fußsohle' etc. (see above); gr. πέδον
`ground, bottom', πεδίον ` plain, field' (ἔμ-πεδος `tight, firm stehend'; about δάπεδον see
above S. 198); Latin oppidō `vollig, totally and gar' (ob + *pedom àuf the place '); Umbrian
peřum, persom-e `πέδον `solum'; Hittite pedan n., place';
o-grade: Lithuanian pãdas `Fußsohle, Stiefelsohle' = Old Church Slavic *podъ `bottom,
Untergrund, Unterlage' (preposition podъ `below, under'), Lithuanian pãdžiai Pl.
Ùntergestell a barrel', Old Church Slavic poždь `fundamentum, locus subterraneus';
schwundstufige forms: Old Indic upa-bdá- m. `Getrampel', Avestan fra-bda `forefoot'

(from ped- `foot'), a-bda- `where man nicht hintreten, nicht fixed Fuß fassen kann'; gr. ἐπί-
βδαι `day after dem Feste'.
4. Meaning group `(Fuß)fessel, hindrance for die Füße': Avestan bi-bda- ` double
manacle'; gr. πέδη `manacle', πεδάω, ποδίζω ` tie ', ἀνδρά-ποδον n. `slave', ἐκ-ποδών
`from dem Wege', ἐμ-ποδών ìn Wege, obstructive'; Latin pedica `manacle, loop, noose,
snare ' (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an a foot angebunden wird); Latin peccāre ` blunder,
commit a sin' to *peccos < *ped-cos èinen flaw am foot habend', wherefore also Umbrian
pesetom `peccatum', compes `Fußschelle, Fußblock', impediō, -īre `hinder',
Gegensatzbildung expedīre `das Hindernis wegnehmen' (probably to *pedis f. `Fußfessel'
shaped); in addition oppidum `die Schranken of Zirkus (also `quod pedibus obest');
Landstadt' (originally with Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most Umbrian tribřic̨u,
tribrisine `ternio' as *tri-pedikiō `Dreikoppelung'; Old Icelandic fjǫturr m. `manacle, band,
strap', Old English fëter, feotor f., Old Saxon fëtur, Old High German fëzzer ds.
maybe alb. pengë < Latin pedica -ae,

ae f. à fetter; a trap, snare (for animal's feet)'; alb.
pengoj (nasalized *pędica ) `hinder' = Latin * pedica, impediō, -īre ;
References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f.
Page(s): 790-792
pē(i)-, pī-
Root / lemma: pē(i)- pī-
Meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame
Material: Old Indic pī́yati `schmäht, höhnt', pīyú-, píyāru- `höhnend, schmähend';
gr. πῆμα `ruin, affliction', ἀπήμων ùnbeschädigt; unschädlich ', πημαίνω `stifte mischief,
ruin' (Indo Germanic *pē-mn̥), πήσασθαι μέμψασθαι Hes., ἠ-πανία `lack, Entbehrung';
πηρός, Doric πᾱρός `mutilated, blind', ἄ-πηρος ùnverstümmelt'; Latin paene (pēne)
`beinahe, fast; totally and gar' (originally neuter eines Adj. *pē-ni-s ` damages,
mangelhaft'), paenitet ès reut, tut leid', pēnūria `lack'; from a participle *pǝ-tó-s
`geschädigt' derives patior, -ī, passus sum `dulde, bear, endure, suffer';
Indo Germanic pēi-
pēi- in Gothic faian `rebuke, reproach', pī-
pī- in Gothic fijan, Old Icelandic
fjā, Old English fēon, Old High German fīēn `hate', participle present in Gothic fijands, Old
High German fīānt etc. `fiend';
with fractured reduplication Old Indic pāpá- ` bad, mad, wicked, evil'; pāpmán- m. `
mischief, damage, affliction ' previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen pāpá- for
*pāman- eingetreten; Old Indic pāmán- stands for èine Hautkrankheit, scabies ', pāmaná-,
pāmará- ` scabby ', as Avestan pāman- ` scabies, surface, plain, area, dryness ',
wherefore presumably Latin paeminōsus, pēminōsus ` brittle, rissig'; Old Indic pāpá- =
Armenian hivand- ` sick ' (Ernst Lewy).
References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.

Page(s): 792-793
Root / lemma: pē̆s-1

Meaning: to blow
Note: (see also pēs-2 `dust, powder, sand')
Material: Old Icelandic fǫnn f. ` snowdrift, Schneehaufe' (*faznō), -fenni n. ds.; as ìn
Winde wehender Faden': Old High German faso m., fasa f. ` fibre, filament, fringe, hem',
Old English fæs(n) n. `fringe', engl. feaze ` fibers '; Old Icelandic fǫsull m. `band, strap',
Middle Low German vese(n) `chaff, fibre, filament, fringe', Dutch vezel ` filament ', Old
High German fesa `chaff, Spelze', Modern High German Fehse, Danish fjæser, older f(j)øs
` fibers ', Old High German fasōn ` examine ' (*rub, wear out);
Old Church Slavic рěchyrь ` a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble', pachati
`ventilare, agitare', russ. pachnútь `blow', páchnutь ` smell', zápachъ `smell, odor,
fragrance ' etc.; russ. pásmo `Garnstränne', Latvian puõsm(i)s `dividing off, partitioning off
between zwei Endpunkten', às much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht';
Czech-poln. pochva `tail' (`wedelnd'), Old Church Slavic о-раšь ds.; nasalized poln.
pęchnąć ànblasen, anwehen', pąch, pęch ` scent, sense of smell (of Hundes') etc.;
perhaps Bulgarian pasmina `Rasse' (compare Old Indic tántu- ` filament, fibre,
Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny ').
References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer 2, 320.

Page(s): 823-824
pēs-2, nasalized pēns-

Root / lemma: pēs- pēns-
Meaning: dust, sand
Material: Old Indic pāṁsú-, pāṁsuká- `dust, powder, sand', Avestan pąsnu-š ds.; Church
Slavic pěsъkъ `sand';
presumably as `the wehende, gewehte' named and to pēs-

pēs-1 `blow'.

Page(s): 824
ǝu- : pū̆-
pēu- : pǝu-
Root / lemma: pēu-
Meaning: to hit; sharp
Meaning:
Material: Latin paviō, -īre `hit, stomp', depuvere `caedere', pavīmentum `geschlagener
Boden, Estrich'; from a participle *putos derives putō, -āre `cut, clip', amputāre `rings
beschneiden, abscise ', (?) puteus `ditch, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook'
(àusgestochene pit, pothole'); auf a d- present `niedergeschlagen make, n. sein' based on
probably pudet, -ēre ` be ashamed', prōpudium `Schandtat, monster', perhaps repudium
`Verstoßung', tripudium `dreischrittiger dance ', Umbrian ahatripursatu àbstripodato'; here
also Latin pāveō, -ēre `sich ängstigen' (pavor ` a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,
anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', pavidus `timorous') as `niedergeschlagen sein'; Low German
fūen `with dem Fuebusch hit' (Fastnachtsgebrauch), Old High German urfūr `the castrator',
arfūrian, Old English ā-fȳran `cutting, castrating';
Lithuanian pjáuju, pjáuti (*pēu̯iō

̯ ) `cut, clip, reap, slaughter ', ablaut. pjúklas m. `saw',
pjūtìs f. `harvest time, August', Latvian pĺaũt `mow, reap', pĺava f. `meadow' (= Lithuanian
piovà ds.), Old Prussian piuclan n. `sickle';
daß nachhom. παίω `hit' = Latin paviō sei, is after all possible; then müßte the Aor.
ἔπαισα etc. (instead of *ἔπαυσα) new neologism zum present sein; to παίω anyhow Doric
παιά̄ν, Ionian παιήων, Attic παιών as `the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende
(Apollo)', then with den words ἰη πᾱιήων anfangender hymn of praise, song of praise.
References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217.
Page(s): 827
ǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-

Root / lemma: pǝtḗ ǝtr-és, -ós (*p ǝtḗ(r))
pḫǝ (r)
Meaning: father
Note:
ā̆tos,
It derived from a prefixed pḫe- of Root / lemma: ḫā̆ atta : father, mother.
tos, ḫatta
Material: Old Indic pitár-; Avestan pitar- besides Nom. pta, ta etc.; Armenian hair (*pǝtēr),
Gen. haur (*pǝtros); gr. πατήρ, πατρός, in compound εὐ-πάτωρ èin good father'; Latin
pater, -tris `father'; patres `Vorfahren, Patrizier'; Oscan patir `father', Umbrian Iu-pater
`Juppiter', Dat. Sg. Oscan patereí, mars.-Latin patre; Old Irish athir (*pǝtēr), Gen. athar
(*pǝtros) `father'; about gall. gutu-ater see above S. 413; Gothic fadar, Old Icelandic faðir,
Old English fæder, Old High German fater `father'; Tocharian A pācar, В pācer ds.; about
Old Indic Dyāus pitā etc. see above S. 413.
Ableitnngen: Old Indic pítrya-, gr. πάτριος, Latin patrius `väterlich', Middle Irish aithre f.
`väterliche family'; Old Indic pítr̥vya-, Avestan tūirya- (*ptǝrvya-), Latin patruus, Old High
German fetiro, fatirro, fatureo (Germanic*faðuru̯ia-) `Vaterbruder', Modern High German `
cousin ', Old English fædera `Vatersbruder' (compare gr. πάτρως from*pǝtrōus ds., with
verschobener meaning πατρώιος `väterlich'); Old pers. hama-pitar- = gr. ὁμο-πάτωρ,
compare Old Icelandic sam-feðra `from the same Vater' (*-fadrjans); compare gr. πατρυιός
`Stiefvater' (after μητρυιά̄ ` stepmother '), Armenian yauray ds.; only single-linguistically are
gr. πάτρη, Attic πάτρᾱ `Vaterland', πατρίς, -ίδος f. ds., Latin patria ds., patrōnus
`Schutzherr', patrō, -āre `vollbringe, vollziehe'; proprius èigen, eigentümlich, beständig'
from *prop(a)trios `from den προπάτορες, den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz überkommen'
(?), s. WH. II 374 f.; mcymr. edryð `dwelling'could originally as `väterlicher possession '
with Middle Irish aithre identical sein; Old Icelandic feðgar Pl. `father and son' (compare gr.
πατρικός `vaterlich'); feðgin Pl. `parents' (*feðr-gin).
References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; of babble-word pā- derive ? Kretschmer WZKM. 51,
315 f; or to pō(i)- shield, watch?
Page(s): 829
Root / lemma: phel-

phel-
See also: s. (s)p(h)el-.
Page(s): 851
Root / lemma: pher-

pher-
See also: s. (s)p(h)er-.
Page(s): 851
phō̆l-
Root / lemma: phō̆
Meaning: to fall
Material: Armenian pùl Èinsturz' (*phōlo-), p`lanim Ì falle ein'; Old High German Old
Saxon fallan, Old Icelandic falla `fall' (*phol-n-), causative Old High German fellan, Old
Icelandic fella `fällen' etc.; Lithuanian púolu, pùlti, Latvian pùolu, pult `fall' (*phōlō); Old
Prussian au-pallai `finds' (*verfällt whereupon).
Page(s): 851
Root / lemma: phu-

phu-
See also: see above pū̆-1.
Page(s): 851
Root / lemma: pid-

pid-
Meaning: to bear (child)
Material: Gothic fitan ` to give birth to children ', perhaps to Old English fitt `fight', engl. fit `
attack of a disease, malady', Modern West Frisian fits `bissig'; Middle Irish idu, Gen. idan,
Nom. Pl. idain `throes of childbirth, pain'; die Middle Irish inflection goes auf Old Irish ā-
inflection back, as e.g. Middle Irish persu `person' auf Old Irish persan; the Old Irish Nom.
Sg. muß consequently *idan (*pidunā) gelautet have.
References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.
Page(s): 830
Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

pik(h)o-
Meaning: lump, knot
Material: Avestan pixa- `knot' in nava-pixǝm `neunknotigen'; Latvian piks, pika Èrd- and
Material:
Lehmklumpen', sniega-pika `Schneeballen'.
Page(s): 830
Root / lemma: pi-

pi-lo-
lo-
Meaning: hair, felt
Note:
Root / lemma: pi-lo- : hair, felt, : Root / lemma: pu-
pi-lo- lo- : `hair, felt ' derived from Root /
pu-lo-
lemma: pel-
pel-2a, pelǝ- : plā-
2a pelǝ plā- : to cause to move, drive, felt.
Material: Latin pilus m. `hair', whereof as collective `Haarknäuel' also pila f. ` ball, bale,
Strohpuppe'; auf an s-stem based on *pil-s-os `verfilzt', in gr. πῖλος m. ` felt ', πῑλέω `filze',
Latin pilleus, -eum `Filzkappe, Filzmütze' (*pilsei̯o-); Old Church Slavic plъstь ` felt '.
References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.
Page(s): 830
Root / lemma: pi-
pi-n-
Meaning: a piece of wood
Material: Old Indic pínakā-m `staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. πίναξ, -ακος `Sparre, balk,
beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde'; Old High German witu-fîna f., Middle Low German
vîne `Holzhaufen'; Old Church Slavic pьnь m., serb. pânj etc. `tree truck, -strunk'.
References: WP. II 71; Vasmer 2, 335;
See also: probably to spei- `sharp, pointed bit of wood'.
Page(s): 830
Root / lemma: pīp(p)-

pīp(p)-
Meaning: to squeak
Note: also unredupl. pī̆ī̆ī̆- with variant derivatives. onomatopoeic word
Material: Old Indic píppakā èin certain bird', pippīka- èin bird'? gr. πῖπος f. or πίππος m.
`young bird', πῑπώ, πίπρα f. à kind of Baumhacker', πιπ(π)ίζω `piepe'; Latin pīpilō, -āre,
pīpiō, -īre, pīpō, -āre `piepen', pip(p)itāre òf Naturlaut the Mäuse', pīpulum `das Wimmern',
Oscan pipatio `clamor plorantis', Modern High German (Low German) piepen (with
verhinderter consonant shift); Lithuanian pỹpti `whistle' (loanword?); Czech piptěti
`piepsen', sloven. pípa ` chicken; duct, tube, pipe', serb. piра, eine disease, malady of the
chicken ' (Modern High German Pips) etc.;
Czech pikati `piepen', ; Bulgarian pile, Serbo-Croatian pïle `Küchlein' ; similarly alb. bibë
`young water bird ', Armenian bibem `pigolare', gr. πίφιγξ, πιφαλλίς à bird'.
References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer 2, 363 f.

Page(s): 830
Root / lemma: pīzdā-

pīzdā-
Meaning: vulva
Material: Alb. pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'; čak. pizdà, russ. pizdá, poln. pizda ds., out of it
borrowed (?) Lithuanian pyzdà, Latvian pīzda f. ds., and Old Prussian peisda Àrsch'.
See also: compare also pezd- S. 829.
Page(s): 831
Root / lemma: plab-

plab-
Meaning: to babble, etc..
Material: Old Irish labar ` talkative, loquacious, wordy, chatterer, one who speaks a lot ',
cymr. llafar `language, sound', acorn. lauar ` continued speech, talk, conversation,
discourse ', bret. lavar `word', Irish amlabar ` dumb ', cymr. aflafar, acorn. aflauar ìnfans',
Old Irish labraid, rel. labrathar `speaks', cymr. llafaru `talk, speak', corn. lauaraf Ì speak ';
Celtic FlN Labarā ` Labor ' (Bavaria); [common Armenian Celtic pl- > l- as in Armenian lu
(*plus-) ` flea' see Root / lemma: blou-
blou- (bhlou-
lou-?), plou-
plou- : flea ]. perhaps to ndd. Middle
English flappen `hit, gossip, babble, chatter ', engl. flap `hit';
Maybe Illyrian TN Labeatae (Labeates) `talkative people, babblers '? : Celtic FlN Labarā `
Labor ' [Illyrians called new invaders as babblers similarly Slavs called Germans Niemcy `
mute, dumb', Greeks called foreigners barbars ` babblers'].
in the kind of the onomatopoeic words sound imitation anyhow different is Latin plōrāre
`clamāre (Old Latin); loud weep, cry'.
Maybe truncated alb. *lápati, llap `chat, talk, speak' [see above Root / lemma: lep-
lep-1 : (expr.
Root)]
Albanian llaf ` word', llafe ` empty words ' derived from Turkish laf ` talk, word, say, spiel,
words, empty words '.

Page(s): 831
plā-k-1: plǝ
Root / lemma: plā- plǝ-k-, ple- plō̆-k-, plei-
ple-k- : plō̆ plei-k- and pelǝ
pelǝ-g- : plā-
plā-g- : plǝ
plǝ-g-
Meaning: wide and flat
Note: extension from pelǝ- S. 805
Material: Gr. πλάξ, -κός `surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte' (=
Old Icelandic flǣr Pl. from *flahiz), πλακόεις `platt', πλακοῦς, -οῦντος m. `flat cake' (out of it
Latin placenta) ;
Latin placeō, -ēre `gefallen, compliant sein', placidus `flat, even, smooth, peaceful',
ablaut. plācāre èbnen, besänftigen', nasalized perhaps plancus `Plattfuß';
Old Icelandic flā, Pl. flǣr (*flah-iz = πλάκ-ες) and flār (*flahō) f. ` terrace, bench, step an
einer Felswand', Norwegian flaa ds.; Norwegian flag n. òffene sea', Old Icelandic flaga
`thin Erdschicht', Middle Low German vlage Èrdschicht'; zero grade Old Icelandic flō
(*flōhō) f. ` layer, position ', Old English flōh (stānes) f. `Steinfliese', Old High German
fluoh, Middle High German vluo `Felswand, abrupt abstürzender rock', Modern High
German Flühe, Swiss Fluh, Flüh `Felswand, Felsplatte'; perhaps Germanic ō from Indo
Germanic ō because of Latvian pluoci m. Pl. ` position, layer ';
Lithuanian plãkanas `flat', plõkas Èstrich', plãkė `the lead, Bressem';
Latvian plāce `scapula', plācenis `flat cake'; plùoku (*planku) plakt `flat become', plaka
`Kuhfladen', plakans `flat';
doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from Lithuanian plókščias `flat, platt', plaštakà `flat
hand' (at first through Dissim. from *plāskti̯os), Latvian plāskaîns ` smooth, flat and breit
zugleich', Old Church Slavicploskъ `flat' (*plā̆k-sko-);
Tocharian AB plāk- èinverstanden sein', A plākäm ` permission ', В plāki

Èinverständnis', am-plākätte ` without um permission to bid, beg, ask';
*plek- based on probably Lithuanian pleksnė̃ `breite beet, turnip ',

auf a light root form *plek-
Latvian pl'ęka (besides plaka `Kuhfladen'), plece `Plattfische, Butten', plęcs `shoulder',
further:
zero grades *pl̥kā́ f., Celtic *(p)lika in gall. Arelica (Gardasee), actually èastern from the
Felsplatte from Sirmione', fass. lia `bottom of Backofens' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.),
expressives -kk- in Middle Irish lecc `flagstone ', cymr. llech, bret. lec'h ds.
plei-k- in Lithuanian pleikiù, pleĩkti `breit make', plaikstýti `die Oberkleider about
A i-root plei-
Brust and Schultern, lüften', actually `sich breit aufmachen'; to Middle High German vlīen,
vlīgen `schichtweise lay, place, fügen, sort, order, arrange, prepare, make ready, adorn',
md. vlī(h)en ds.
root form auf -g: gr. πέλαγος òffene sea' (àequor'), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner
the thessalischen Ebene, die Πελασγοί `Flachlandbewohner' (*πελαγ-σκοί); herald. πλάγος
n. `side', τὰ πλάγια `die Seiten, Flanken', πλάγιος `(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant,
skew'; Latin plaga `surface, plain, area, net, coating, layer; region, landscape ', plagula
`BIatt a Toga, leaf Papier', plagella `rag';
nisl. flōki m., Old English flōc m. `Flunder', engl. flook-footed `plattfüßig'; Old High
German flah (-hh-), Dutch flak, flach ` smooth ', Old Saxon flaka f. `Fußsohle', Norwegian
flak n. ` disc, floe, floating mass of ice', Old Icelandic flaki, fleki m. `Bretterverschlag', Tirol-
kärnt. flecken `board, plank, balk'.
References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.
Page(s): 831-832
plāk-2, plāg-
Root / lemma: plāk- plāg- , also plēk-
plēk-, plēg-
plēg-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Gr. πλήσσω (*plāki̯ō), πλήγνῡμι `hit', πληγή, Doric πλᾱγα `blow, knock', πλῆκτρον
Material:
`beetle, hammer etc.'; nasalized πλάζω (*πλαγγι̯ω) `hit, verschlage' (πλάγξω, ἐπλάγχθην);
Latin plāga `blow, knock, wound', plangō, -ere `hit: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve ';
Middle Irish lēn, Gen. lēoin àffliction, wound' (*plakno-), léssaim `schlage violent' (*plang-
sō); Gothic faiflōkun `ἐκόπτοντο, betrauerten', Old English flōcan `Beifall klatschen', Old
Saxon flōcan `verwünschen, curse ' (at first from `loud die Brust hit'), Old High German
fluohhon ds., fluoh ` curse', Old Icelandic flōki `gestampfter Filz'; from dem Germanic here
probably also words for Ànprall, gust of wind' and `with den Flügeln hit, flutter, flicker': Old
Icelandic flaga `sudden attack ', Middle Low German Middle High German vlage ` shove,
attack, storm', engl. flaw `gust of wind, crack'; Old Icelandic flǫgra `flutter', Old High
German flagarōn ùmherfliegen'; with Germanic k: Old Icelandic flǫkra (flakurōn)
ùmherschweifen', Middle High German vlackern, Dutch vlakkeren `flicker', Old English
flacor `fliegend', flicorian `flicker', Old Icelandic flǫkta (*flakutōn) ùmherstreifen, flutter',
expressive Old Icelandic flakka `flutter, umherschweifen', old Dutch vlacken ` twitch ';
nasalized Middle Low German vlunke (`wing'); Old Icelandic flengja `thrash' (engl. fling
`throw' from dem Old Icelandic), wherefore (?) Latin lancea `die originally spanische lance '
(Celtic word);
Lithuanian plakù, plàkti `hit, chastise, castigate', plõkis m. `Rutenstreich'; Old Church
Slavic plačǫ, plakati sę `sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, wail ';
besides plāk/g-
plāk/g- stands plēk/g-
plēk/g-: Latin plectō, -ere `punish, curse, chastise, castigate',
Lithuanian plíek-iu, -ti `hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial. plėgà `cudgel, Züchtigung'.
References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 364 f.;
See also: probably to pelǝ-: plā- S. 805, also originally `breit hit'.
Page(s): 832-833
plā̆t- (pl
Root / lemma: plā̆ plā̆d-), plē̆
plā̆ plē̆t-, plō̆
plō̆t-, plǝt
plǝt-
ǝt-
Meaning: wide, flat
Note: extension to pelǝ- : plā- ds., see there; to Vokalverhältnis compare plāk- : plēk- ds.
and plāk- : plēk- : plĕk- `hit'
Material: Aryan *pleth-: Old Indic práthati `breitet from', -tē `dehnt sich from, verbreitet
sich', pr̥thá- m. `flat hand', práthas- n. = Avestan fraϑah- n. ` Breite', Old Indic pr̥thú-,
Avestan pǝrǝϑu- `wide, breit, capacious ', fem. Old Indic pr̥thvī́, Avestan pǝrǝϑwī (also as
Subst. ` surface '), besides from *pl̥t(h)ǝu̯- : pr̥thivī́ f. èarth' (Èrdoberflache') = gr. Πλάταια,
gall. GN Litavī f., gall.-Latin Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw `die Bretagne', Middle Irish
Letha ds.;
Armenian lain `breit' (*pletǝ-no-).
gr. πλατύς `platt, breit' (= Old Indic pr̥thú-), πλάτος n. `Breite' (reshuffling from *πλέτος =
Old Indic práthas- after πλατύς), πλάτη `Ruderschaufel', ὠμο-πλάτη f. `scapula', πλάτανος
`sycamore' (`breitästig'); πλαταμών ` each flat body' (: Old Indic prathimán- m. `Breite,
Ausdehnung'); πλαταγή `das Klatschen'; formal nicht right clear, bright are παλαστή `flat
hand', πλάστιγξ `flat bowl';
Latin planta f. `Fußsohle' (*pla-n-tā); planta `Setzreis' is back-formation to *plantāre `den

Boden ebnen';
cymr. lled, corn. les, bret. let, led m. `Breite' (from dem n. *pletos = Old Indic práthas-),
cymr. lledu, bret. ledaff ` outspread ', Old Irish lethaim `dehne from, erweitere' (probably
also Old Irish leth n. `side, flank ' etc.), Kompar. cymr. lled `wide, further' (*plet-is), Old Irish
letha `wide', Positive*pl̥teno- in Old Irish lethan, cymr. llydan, bret. corn. ledan `breit', gall.
Litana (silva), Litano-briga; Middle Irish leithe `shoulder' (*pleti̯ā), Middle Irish lethech `
flounder, flat fish '; Old Irish less, cymr. llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-?);
Maybe alb. (*pleti̯ā) fletë ` (wide) wing, side, flank, (flat) leaf ', fle- ` lie, sleep' : Old Irish
leth n. `side, flank ', Middle Irish leithe `shoulder'; also alb. leth, ledh `mud, alluvium; wall,
flat earth, mound, river mouth, balk' : Old Irish less, cymr. llys `castle' (*pl̥t-to-?) : gall.-Latin
Letavia, leg.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw, Middle Irish Letha .
in Germanic with ablaut. а : ō: Middle High German vluoder `Flunder', nasalized Middle
High German Low German flunder ds., Middle Low German vlundere ds., Dutch vlonder
`thin board', Old Icelandic flyðra f. ` deadwood ', Swedish flundra ds., Norwegian also
`small platter stone '; Germanic *flaÞōn in Old High German flado Òpferkuchen', Middle
High German vlade `wide, thin cake', Modern High German Fladen, Kuh-fladen,
Norwegian flade m. `small plain, flat field'; Middle Low German vladder `thin Torfschicht';
Lithuanian plõtyti ` outspread ', plótas `Platte', plõtis `Breite', Latvian plãtît, plèst, thin
aufstreichen'; Old Church Slavic *plastъ `tortum', russ. plast ` layer ' (root form *plāt-);
Lithuanian splečiù, splė̃sti `breiten, breitlegen' (doubtful because of anl. s-, das in our
family otherwise nirgends), platùs `breit' (a = o, different from πλατύς, pr̥thú-), plantù, plàsti
`wide become', Old Prussianplasmeno f. `Vorderhälfte the Fußsohle'; from the root form
plĕt-: Lithuanian plėtóti `sich ausbreiten', Old Church Slavic plesna `Fußsohle' (*plet-s-nā,
to es-stem Old Indic práthas-); but Slavic *plęsati ` dance ' because of Lithuanian plęšti not
here (*plenk̂-);
Old Church Slavic plešte `shoulder', russ. plečȅ ds. (russ. bělo-plekij `weißschultrig',
neologism to plečȅ = Old Bulgarian plešte, compare above Middle Irish leithe).
With final sound voiced-nonaspirated: Old Icelandic flatr, Old High German flaz ` even,
flat', Old Saxon flat `flat, untief' (full grade Middle Low German vlōt ds.), Old Icelandic-Old
English flett n., Old Saxon flet, fletti ` floor in Haus', Old High German flazzi, flezzi
`geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle' (Modern High German Flötz èbene
Bergschicht'); Old High German flazza `palm'; Latvian plañdît `breit make'.
References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.
Page(s): 833-834
Root / lemma: plek̂-

Meaning: to plait, weave
Note: presumably further formations from pel- `falten'
Material: Old Indic praśna- m. `netting, lurban' (also plā́śi- m. ` intestines, entrails ');
Avestan ǝrǝzato frašnǝm `with silbernem Panzerhemd'; gr. πλέκω `flechte' (= Latin plicō),
participle πλεκτός; πλεκτή `rope, band, net', πλέγμα n., πλέκος n., πλόκανον `netting,
wickerwork ', πλοκή `netting; Ränke', πλόκος, πλόκαμος, πλοχμός (*πλοκ-σ-μος, compare
den es-stem τὸ πλέκος) ` braid, plait, curl ', alb. presumably plaf `bunte, wollene cover'
(*plok̂-s-ko-), plëhurë `grobe canvas, fabric'; Latin plicō, -āre `zusammenwickeln,
zusammenfalten', with i after den compounds explicāre, implicāre, applicāre; t-present
plectō, -ere, -xi, -xum `flax, wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten' = Old High German flehtan,
Old English fleohtan (in addition flustrian ds.), Old Icelandic flētta `flax, wattle, braid'; Old
Icelandic flētta f. `lichen', Old English fleohta m. ` hurdle ', Gothic flahta ` hair lock '; Old
High German flahs, Old English fleax n. `flax' (about Dutch vlijen `flax, wattle, braid' s.
Franck van Wijk 749); Old Church Slavic pletǫ, plesti `flax, wattle, braid' (if with West Indo
Germanic guttural from *plek-tō), ablaut. Old Church Slavic plotъ `fence';
References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.
References:
See also: zur t-extension see above S. 797 under pek̂-.
Page(s): 834-835
Root / lemma: pleuk-

pleuk-
Meaning: flake, feather, hair
Material: Old High German (expressive) floccho `lanugo', Modern High German Flocke,
Middle Low German vlocke `Woll-, snowflake ';
Maybe alb. flokë ` flake, hair '
Norwegian dial. flugsa, flygsa ` snowflake '; Lithuanian pláukas èin hair', plaukaĩ `hair',
Latvian plauki `Schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn', plaũkas
Àbfall beim spinning, Flocken, fibers; Hülsen'; Latvian plūcu, plūkt `pluck, tear, rend,
pluck, schleißen', Lithuanian plùksna, plùnksna ` feather '.
Page(s): 837
Root / lemma: pl(e)u-

pl(e)u-mon- pleu-ti̯o-
mon-, pleu-
Meaning: lung
Note:
Root / lemma: pl(e)u-
pl(e)u-mon- pleu-ti̯o- : lung, derived from Slavic alb. prefix pe-
mon-, pleu- pe + Root /
ʷh- : light (adj.), lung.
lemma: legʷh
legʷh-
Material: Old Indic klṓman- m. n. `die right lung ' (Dissim. from p - m to k - m) = gr.
πλεύμων ` lungs ' (through support in πνέω also πνεύ̄μων); Latin pulmō, mostly Pl. ` lungs '
(from *pelmōnes or *plumṓnes);
Balto-Slavic *pleuti̯ā- and *plauti̯ā- n. Pl. in Lithuanian plaũčiai and Latvian plàuši,
plàušas m. Pl., Old Prussian plauti (secondary f.) ` lungs '; Old Church Slavic plušta and
*pljušta n. Pl. (Old Russian pljuča ` lungs '), serb. pljûća f. `liver'.
The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as `Schwimmer' to pleu- (pel-) `πλέω'.

Page(s): 837-838
Root / lemma: pleus-

pleus-
Meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell
Material: Latin plūma `Flaumfeder, fluff, underfur ' (*plusmā); Middle Low German vlūs,
vlūsch ` fleece, fleece', nnd. vlūs(e), vlūsch ` tussock hair, Büschel Wolle', Middle High
German vlius (*flūsi-) `fleece', Modern High German Flaus, Flausch; Middle High German
vlies, Modern High German Vlies;
Old English flēos, flīes n. ds., with gramm. variation Norwegian flūra `zottiges hair'; Old
Icelandic flosa `splinter, offal', Norwegian dial. flos, flus(k), flustr ds. and ` dandruff, scale
auf dem Kopfe', as Latvian plauskas and plaukstes ` dandruff ', Latvian plūsni ìn Winde
flatternde birch bark ', Lithuanian pliū́šinti `rub, wear out', plūšà `Bastfasern' (in addition
рlìūšė̃ `reed') etc.;
Lithuanian plùskos Pl. `Haarzotten, hair', Latvian pluskas `Zotten, rag', ablaut. plauskas
f. Pl. `Schelfer'; Lithuanian pláuzdinis `(Feder)bett, Deckbett', Old Prussian (with g-
insertion) plauxdine `feather-bed'.

Page(s): 838
Root / lemma: pleu-

pleu-
Meaning: to run, flow; to swim
Note: probably extension from pel- `flow, swim', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- `füllen voll'
(`Überfluß, überfließend')
Material: Old Indic plávatē `schwimmt, hovers, flies' (= gr. πλέω, Latin perplovēre, Old
Church Slavic plovǫ), pravatē `springt auf, hurries ' (here and in Avestan ava nifrāvayenta
`sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren', usfravā̊nte `(die Wolken) steigen auf' kann also ein Indo
Germanic preu- `spring' vorliegen); Kaus. plaváyati àllows swim, überschwemmt' (= serb.
ploviti, Old High German flouwen, flewen);
lengthened grade Old Indic plāváyati àllows swim', Avestan usfrāvayōit `daß er
wegschwemmen could' (= Old Church Slavic plavljǫ, plaviti `swim let, schwemmen');
plavá- `schwimmend; m. boat, bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. plov); plutá-

`überschwemmt' (= gr. πλυτός ` washed, made clean '), pluti- f. `Überfließen, flood' (= gr.
πλύσις `the washing'), uda-pru-t- ìn Wasser schwimmend';
arm luanam, Aor. luapi `wash' (*plu(ʷ)a-);
gr. πλέ(F)ω (ἔπλευσα, πλεύσομαι) `schiffe, schwimme' (Inf. Ionian πλέειν, πλῶσαι
`schiffen', but πλώειν, πλῶσαι `swim'); Ionian πλόος, Attic πλοῦς m. `Schiffahrt', (=klr.
plov), πλοῖον `vessel' (= Old Icelandic fley `ship'); πλύ̄νω `wash' (*πλῠ-ν-ι̯ω; Fut. πλῠνῶ,
Aor. Pass. ἐπλύθην), πλυνός m. `Waschgrube', πλύμα n. `Spülicht', πλυτός, πλύσις (see
above); πλοῦτος m. `Fulle, richness '; from the lengthened grade plō[u]-
plō[u]- besides πλώειν,
πλῶσαι (see above), ἐπέπλων `beschiffte', πλωτός `schwimmend, fahrbar', hom.
δακρυπλώειν ìn Tränen swim' (from *δακρυπλώς);
Illyrian FlN Plavis: Lithuanian sea N. Plavõs;

Latin perplovēre (Fest.) `durchsickern let, leck sein', plovēbat (Petron.), pluit, -ere `rain';
pluvius, pluor `rain';
Old Irish loun ` trip food ', loan, loon àdeps' (*plou̯eno-; see below Middle Low German
flōme); Old Irish lu- `move', Abstr. luud ` actuation ', luud àries = Mauerbrecher'; also cét-
lud `coitus'; ess-com-lu- `proficisci', ess-lu- ` leave, depart, entkommen', fo-lu- `fly', lūamain
`das Fliegen', lūath `quick, fast', lūas ` quickness '; Old Irish lū(a)ë f. ` rudder, helm,
calcaneus, tail', (*pluu̯iā
̯ ), cymr. llyw `ruler, tax, tail', acorn. loe `ruler', Middle Irish lūam
`Steuermann', cymr. llong-lywydd ds., bret. levier ds.;
Old High German causative flouwen, flewen ` rinse, wash' (= Old Indic plaváyati), Old
Icelandic flaumr `current', Old High German floum `colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend)',
Middle Low German flōme f. ` raw Bauch- and Nierenfett', Modern High German Flom,
Flaum m. ds., Old Icelandic fley (= πλοῖον, *plou̯iom) n. `ship'; Old Icelandic flūð f. `blinde
cliff' (i.e. `überflutete'; ū : ō[ū] : ēu); plē- in Middle High German vlǣjen ` rinse '; plō[u]- in
Old Icelandic flōa, Old English flōwan ` overflow ', Gothic flōdus (: πλωτός), Old Icelandic
flōð f. n., Old High German fluot `flood', Old Icelandic flōi m. `swamp, marsh';
Lithuanian causative pláuju, plóviau, pláuti `wash, rinse ', Fut. pláusiu (*plōusi̯ō); plū́tis
òffene place in Eise'; plevėsúoti `flutter';
Old Church Slavic plovǫ, pluti `flow, schiffe', plujǫ `schwimme', Kaus.-Iter. serb. plòviti
`schwemmen, swim', russ. plov `boat', klr. plov `natātiō', lengthened grade Old Church
Slavic plaviti `swim let', -sę `navigare', plavati `swim'; serb. plȕta f., plȕto n. `cork'; *plū- in
Inf. russ. plytь, serb. plȉti;
Tocharian А В plu- `fly, schweben', В plewe `ship'.
extensions:
pleu-d-: Old Irish im-lūadi èxagitat', imlūad àgitatio', for-lūadi `schwenkt', lūaid- `move,
pleu-
mention, äußern'; in addition Middle Irish loscann `frog' (`jumper '); Old Icelandic fljōta, Old
English flēotan, Old Saxon fliotan, Old High German fliozan `flow'; Old English flotian
`swim', flota `ship', floterian `to flutter', Old Modern High German flutteren ` to fly to and fro,
fly around, flit about, flutter ';
Maybe alb. flutur `butterfly' : Rumanian fluture `butterfly', alb. fluturonj `fly' : Rumanian
flutura `wave, flutter, flaunt, fly'.
dubious is the apposition from Gothic flauts `prahlerisch', flautjan `sich großmachen', Old
High German flōzzan `superbire'; Lithuanian pláudžiu pláusti `wash, clean', Latvian plaûst
ds., Lithuanian plústu, plū́dau, plū́sti `stream, fluten, overflow ', pludė̃ ` Schwimmholz ',
plūdìmas `das Strömen, Überfließen', Latvian pluduôt òbenauf swim', pludi, pludińi
`Schwimmhölzer', plûdi Pl. ` inundation, flood', plūdît èrgießen, stream; bewässern';
Lithuanian plúostas ` ferry ' (*plōud-tā), pláustas ds. (*ploud-tā).
pleu-k-: Swedish Norwegian fly `moor, fen, puddle, slop' (*fluhja-); Old Icelandic fljūga,
pleu-
Old English flēogan, Old High German fliogan `fly' (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels
probably through Differenzierung against fliehen = Gothic Þliuhan); in addition Old English
fleoge, Old Icelandic fluga, Old High German flioga `fly'; dissimil. from Germanic *flug-la-
(compare Old English flugol `fugax') probably die words for `bird': Old Icelandic fugl, fogl,
Gothic fugls, m., Old English fugol, Old Saxon fugal, Old High German fogal m.; Lithuanian
plaũkti `swim'; plùnksna f. ` feather ', older plū́ksna.

Page(s): 835-837
plēi-, plǝi
Root / lemma: plēi- ǝi-, plī-
plǝi- plī-
Meaning: naked, bare, bald
Meaning:
Material: Norwegian dial. flein `naked, bald, bleak, naked', Subst. `kahler stain ', fleina
èntblößt, baldheaded become' and `die Zähne show, grin '; Lithuanian plýnas ` even,
bare, baldheaded ', Lithuanian plýnė, pleĩnė `kahleEbene'; plìkas ` baldheaded ', plìkė `
bald head, nackte Ebene', pleĩkė ` baldness ', plinkù, plìkti ` baldheaded become'
Maybe alb. plak ‘old man’
Latvian pliks, pleiks èntblößt, naked, bald, bleak'; r.-Church Slavic plěšь `Kahlheit', plěšivь
`naked, bald, bleak', Czech pleš f. ` baldness ' etc., compare also Norwegian flisa ` grin,
laugh, giggle ', fleis `face' (actually `grinsendes face, Grimasse'), flire ` giggle, laugh', Old
Icelandic flim ` derision ';
here also the northern Italy (raet.) PN Plinius.
References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;

See also: compare under under plēk̂- etc.
Page(s): 834
plēk̂-, plǝ
Root / lemma: plēk̂ plǝk̂- and plēik̂
plēik̂-, plīk̂
plīk̂-
Meaning: to tear, peel off
Material: 1. Old Icelandic flā (*flahan), Old English flēan `die Haut abziehen', Old Icelandic
fletta (*flahatjan) `(den bag, die dress) abziehen', Norwegian flaga àbgeschält become
(from the bark)', Old Icelandic flagna `sich peel'; nasalized Old Icelandic flengja `throw',
Norwegian ds., `losreißen'; with Germanic -k- (= Indo Germanic g), Old Icelandic flakna
=flagna (skip-flak `Schiffswrack'), flaka àufklaffen, sich unpick, yawn ';
Lithuanian plė́š-iu, -ti ` rend ' (trans.), nuplė́šti àbreißen (e.g. dress), die Haut
abschinden', plėšzinỹs `fresh aufgerissener farmland'; Latvian pluôsît Iter. ` rend, pull';
perhaps alb. plas `berste, break', plasë ` cleft = col, gap, crack; Schießscharte', pëlsás,
Aor. plasa `berste, spring, be destroyed, perish'.
ēi-, ī-forms: Lithuanian pléišu, -ėti ` rend, burst (from the Haut)', plaiš-inti `break, crack
2. ēi-
make', plýš-ti ` rend, Intr.', plyšỹs, plyšė̃ `crack, col, gap'; Latvian Intrans. plîst ` rend ',
plaîsa, plaîsums `crack', plaisât `Risse achieve '; diese alien i-forms bear also die citation
of Norwegian dial. flīk(e) `gähnende wound' (actually `crack, col, gap'), Old Icelandic flīk,
Pl.flīkr and flīkar f. `scrap, shred, rag', Old English (kent.) flǣc (*flaiki) `flesh' (k probably
from kk), flicce `Speckseite', Old Icelandic flikki ds., Middle Low German vlicke ds., `Flicke,
abgetrenntes piece'; Old High German flëc, flëccko, Middle High German vlec, vlecke
(proto Germanic *flikka) `piece Zeug, piece Haut, piece of land, place, andersfarbige
place, macula'; Old Icelandic flekkr ` stain, piece of land' (Middle Low German vlacke `
stain ' is neuerAblaut);
because of Old English flǣc `flesh' is also kinship from Old English flǣsc, Old Saxon
flēsk, Old High German fleisk `flesh', Old Icelandic flesc (*fleisk) `bacon, ham' to consider,
yet barely under a basic form *flaik-sk-, da Middle Low German Middle Dutch vlēs, vlees
`flesh', Old Icelandic flis ` sliced piece, splinter', Swedish flīs, flīsa ds., Norwegian Dialectal
flīs ds., kjøt-flis ` thin piece of meat ' eine cognate, Germanic root form auf -s instead of
guttural show, in Swedish flister `Schinnen' and Lithuanian pléiskanos `Schinnen in Haar',
Latvian pliska `zerlumpter person' wiederkehrt.
References: WP. II 98 f.,

See also: derived from plē-, plǝ-, above S. 834.
Page(s): 835
plē-, plǝ
Root / lemma: plē- plǝ-
Meaning: to split, cut off
Note: with -s- extended
Material: Old Icelandic flasa f. `thin disc, splinter', fles f. `flat cliff', isl., Old Swedish flas `
dandruff, scale ', Norwegian flasa àbsplittern, abspalten', isl. flaska `gespalten become';
Lithuanian plãskanos Pl. `Schinnen in Haar'.
Maybe alb. plasë ` crack '
See also: compare under plēk̂- etc.
Page(s): 834
ǝi-, plǝu
Root / lemma: plǝi
plǝi- plǝu-
ǝu-
Meaning: to expand; to boast
Material: 1. plǝi
ǝi-t- (compare pleik- under 1. plāk- `breit') in gr. πλαισίον n. `längliches
plǝi-
Viereck', Lithuanian plaitýtis `sich breit make, brag, boast'; with anlaut. s-: Lithuanian
splintù, splitaũ, splìsti `breit become'.
2. plǝu
ǝu-d-, plǝu
plǝu- ǝu-t- in Latin plaudō, -ere, -sī, -sum `klatsche, hit, klatsche Beifall', plausus,
plǝu-
-ūs `Beifall' (compare aplūda `chaff, bran ' from *ab-plaudā `die abgeschlagene') ; Latin
plautus `breit, platt, plattfüßig', PN Plautus, prän.-Latin Plautios, Paelignian Plauties, with
Umbrian ō:Plōtus; Umbrian Imper. pre-plotatu `prosternito'; Latvian plaũksta `flat hand'
(different Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 325).
References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;

See also: extensions the root pelǝ- `flat, even ', above S. 805.
Page(s): 838
plouto-, pluto-
Root / lemma: plouto- pluto-
Meaning: a kind of wooden stockade
Material: Latin pluteus, -um `Schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand', changing through
ablaut with Lithuanian plaũtas `narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge am beehive', Latvian
plāuts `Wandbrett', plautaĩ `die Bänke an the wall the Badestube' and Old Icelandic fleyðr
f. `rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof ', Norwegian expressive flauta f.
`crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled '.
Page(s): 838
Root / lemma:
lemma: pneu-
pneu-
Meaning: to breathe
Material: Gr. πνέω (πνεῦσαι) `blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', πνεῦμα `das Wehen,
breath, breeze, breath etc.', πνοή `das Wehen, snort'; in addition perhaps also ποιπνύ̄ω
`sich rühren, astir sein', trans. `sich eager wherewith beschäftigen', Perf. πεπνῦσθαι `
spiritually astir, sensible, wise sein', πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων Hes., ἀμπνῦσθαι àgain
zum Bewußtsein come', if `sich rühren, astir, esp. spiritually astir ' from `beim Laufe
keuchen' and `breathe = agile, lively sein' has evolved;
Old Icelandic fnȳsa `pant, sniff, snort', Old English fnēosan `sneeze' (fnora `das
Niesen'), Middle High German pfnūsen `pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' (pf- schallverstärkend
for f), pfnust m. ùnterdrücktes laughter ', Norwegian fnysa ` giggle '; besides Germanic
*fnēs-, *fnōs-, *fnas-: Old English fnesan ànhelare', fnǣst m. `breath, breath, breeze',
fnǣsettan `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Middle High German pfnāsen `pant, sniff, snort',
pfnāst m. `das snort', Old High German fnāsteōn ànhelare'; Old Icelandic fnø̄sa `pant,
sniff, snort'; Old Icelandic fnā̆sa `pant, sniff, snort'; Old High German fnaskazzen,
fneskezzen, Middle High German phneschen `pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp';
Germanic fnē̆h-: Old High German fnehan, Middle High German pfnehen `breathe, pant,
sniff, snort, pant, gasp', Old High German fnāhtente `schnaubend' (Middle High German
pfnuht m. `snort' braucht nicht die zero grade from Indo Germanic pneu-
pneu- widerzuspiegeln).
References: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696.
Page(s): 838-839
Root / lemma: pn̥ksti-

ksti-
ksti
Meaning: fist
Material: Old High German fūst, Old English fȳst = Old Bulgarian pęstь (*pìnstь) `fist'.
Note: Obviously Root / lemma: pn̥ksti-
ksti- `fist' derived from penkʷe
ksti penkʷe `five (fingers)'
pā̆k̂- and pā̆ĝ-, S. 788) or to penkʷe
See also: to Germanic faŋχan (p penkʷe `fünf'.
Page(s): 839
polo- : pōlo-
Root / lemma: polo- pōlo-
Meaning: swollen, fat, big
Material: Latin polleō, -ēre `bin strong, vermöge', Denomin. eines *pollos from *pol-no-; in
addition pollex, -icis m. ` thumb, big, giant toe'; proto Slavic palъ in russ. bez-palъij
`fingerlos'; Old Russian-Church Slavic palъcъ ` thumb ' (*poliko-), etc. ; perhaps in addition
as `with the thumb touch ' npers. pālidan ` seek, feel', Bulgarian pálam `search, seek', Old
High German fuolen, Modern High German fühlen, Old English fǣlan, engl. feel, (*fōljan),
Old Icelandic felma `tap, grope ', ablaut. falma ds.
References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.
Page(s): 840-841
Root / lemma: pork̂o-s

Meaning: pig
Note:
From an extended zero grade of Root / lemma: eĝhi
eĝhi-
hi- : ` hedgehog ' derived Root / lemma:
ĝhers- her- : `rigid, *pig' > Root / lemma: pork̂o-s : `pig' : Illyrian-italic-celtic ĝʷh- > p-.
hers-, ĝher-
Material: Sakisch pāsa (*parsa), Kurdish purs, borrowed Finnish porsas, Mordovian puŕts
`swine';
Latin porcus `the tamed swine', Umbrian porca, purca ` porcās '; Middle Irish orc m.
`piglet, young animal', abrit. Orcades (with gr. ending) = Middle Irish Innsi Orc Òrkney-
islands';
Note:
Latin porcus `the tamed swine' < (*ĝhōr-n̥-k) > alb. derk `piglet, sow'.
Old High German far(a)h n., Old English fearh m. n. `swine', (Danish fare `piglet throw');
Lithuanian par̃šas à castrated boar', Old Prussian prastian `piglet' (*parsistian); Old
Bulgarian prasę, -ęte `swine, piglet' (deminut. nt-Suff.); to Latin porcīnus òf swine'
compare Lithuanian paršienà `Ferkelfleisch', to Latin porculus `Schweinchen' das
Lithuanian paršẽlis `piglet', Old High German farheli, Middle High German varchelīn,
Modern High German Ferkel.
References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 34 to perk̂- `tear open' (see 821).
Page(s): 841
Root / lemma:
lemma: pos
Meaning: by, about, around, beside
Note: probably *p + os, Gen.-Abl. to *(e)p-, above S. 53 f.
Material: Gr. in Arcadian-Cypriot and auf gr. Inschriften Phrygiens πός, vor vowel also πο-,
geltungsgleich with πρός (see *per òut - about', Nr. 8) and Doric ποτί; Lithuanian pàs
preposition àn, by'; probably also Old Church Slavic po in the meaning ` behind, after';
compare das erhaltene s- in Old Church Slavic poz-dъ Adj. `late', poz-dě Adv. `late',
pozderije (paz-derije) `καλάμη, στυπεῖον'. To Lithuanian pàs also pãstaras `the letzte,
hinterste'.
derivatives:: 1. with -ti probably Armenian ǝst àfter', Adverbal and preposition àfter =
secundum, gemäß'; in addition stor `the untere part'?; Latin post, Old Latin poste àfter,
behind ', örtlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., Oscan púst, post, Umbrian
post, pus `post' örtlich and zeitlich, preposition m. Abl., therefrom Latin posterus, Oscan
pústreí ìn postero', Umbrian postra, Latin postumus, Oscan pustma[s] `postremae';
Umbrian postne, Latin pōne from *posti-ne; Oscan pústin, Umbrian pustin (from *posti en)
`je after' preposition m. Akk.; Umbrian pust-naiaf `posticas', purnaes `posticis'; Latin
postīcus `hinten situated'.
ko- Old Indic paścā́ (Instr.) Adv. `behind, westlich, later' = Avestan pašca preposition
2. -ko-
` behind, after', örtlich and zeitlich, Old Indic paścā́t (Abl.) preposition ` behind, after,
westlich', Avestan paskāt̃ Adv. `vonhinten her, hinterdrein' spacial and zeitlich; Lithuanian
paskuĩ, pãskui (Dat.) Adv. àfterwards, nachher', preposition àfter'.
3. In ending still controversial is ap. pasā àfter', preposition örtlich and zeitlich; alb. pas,
Geg mbas preposition ` behind, after' (Indo Germanic *pos + Demonstr. si).
References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.
Page(s): 841-842
Root / lemma: poti-

poti-s
Meaning: owner, host, master, husband
Material: Old Indic páti-, Avestan paiti- `master, mister, lord, master, consort, partner '; Old
Indic pátnī `mistress, wife', Avestan paϑnī- `mistress'; Old Indic pátyatē `herrscht, is
teilhaftig' (: Latin potior);
Avestan x ̌aē-pati- èr selbst';
gr. πόσις ` husband ', πότνια `mistress (of Hauses), wife'; δέσ-ποινα `mistress of
Hauses' (*δεσ-πονι̯α, from *δεσ-ποτνι̯α), δεσ-πότης, -ου `master, mister of Hauses' (see
above S. 198); alb. pata `had', pashë `gehabt' (*pot-to-) (to a present as Latin potior, Old
Indic pátyatē);
Latin potis (potior, potissimus) `wealthy, mighty', possum, Old Latin also potis sum
`kann', potui, potens from an ē-denominative as Oscan pútíad `possit', pútíans `possint',
Latin potestās `power', potior, -īrī (potĭtur and potītur) `sich bemächtigen'; com-pos
`teilhaftig' (*`Mitherr'), hospes, -itis ` guest's friend ', pael. hospus (*ghosti-pots `Gastherr');
ein unflektiertes *poti `selbst' placed in utpote às natürlich, da nämlich, namely', actually
*ut *pote (est) às es possible is = natürlich', further with syncope in mihī-, meō-, suāpte
etc.;
Gothic brūÞ-faÞs ` bridegroom ', hunda-faÞs `Befehlshaber about 100 Mann'; engl. fad
`strong, valiant, big, large';
Lithuanian pàts `husband' and `selbst' (old patis), Latvian pats ` householder ' and
`selbst', Lithuanianviẽšpats `master, mister' (old viešpatìs), Old Prussian pattiniskun Akk. f.
` matrimony '; f. Old Lithuanian viešpatni; *patnī under influence of *pati- transfigured to
*patī in Old Prussian waispattin Akk. `wife, woman', Lithuanian patì `wife', Latvian pati
`Wirtin'; indekl. particle Lithuanian pàt, Latvian pat `selbst, even, straight'; about Old
Church Slavic gospodь `master, mister', see above S. 453;
Hittite -pat èben(so), also, rather'; Tocharian A pats `husband'.
References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste
Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hittite 77 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 396 f.
Page(s): 842
Root / lemma: po-

po-ti
Meaning: against
Note: through das Adv.-forms -ti (compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see
below *apo àb') extended
Material: Avestan paiti, ap. patiy preverb. and preposition àgainst, entgegen, to, auf, by';
Material:
àn; for, um'; `from - from'; ìn - toward, in'; hom., Boeotian, lak. etc. ποτί `πρός' preverb.
and preposition àgainst - toward, against, compared with; an, to', ìn - toward, from-'.
References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.
Page(s): 842
pougo- or pougho-
Root / lemma: pougo- pougho-
Meaning: clear, sound
Note: only Celtic and Slavic
Material: Old Irish ōg `jungfräulich', ōge `Jungfräulichkeit'; Czech pouhý ` pure, bare,
simple, just'.
Page(s): 843
pō(i)-1 : (p
Root / lemma: pō(i)- ǝi-?:) pī-
pǝi- pī-
Meaning: to graze
Material: Old Indic pāti, Avestan pāiti `hütet, bewacht, schützt', Old Indic gō-pā́- m.
`herdsman, shepherd', Avestan rāna-pā `Beinschutz, -schiene', Old Indic pāyú- `Hüter'
(compare πῶυ), pālá- m. `Wachter, herdsman, shepherd', -pāvan `schützend', ар. xšaϑra-
pāvan `Landvogt, Satrap'; Old Indic nr̥-́ pī-ti- f. `Mannerschutz'; nr̥-p-a- m. `Männerschützer
=king'; pā́tra- n. ` container ' (= Gothic fōdr);
gr. πῶυ `herd' (n. to Old Indic pāyú-), ποιμήν `herdsman, shepherd' (: Lithuanian
piemuõ), ποίμην `herd', ποιμαίνω `treibe auf die Weide, hüte; ziehe auf; πῶμα (pō-mn̥)
`cover';
Gothic fōdr n. (= Old Indic pā́tra-, yet agrees in addition in pronunciation of only Old
English fōðor) `θήκη, vagina', Old English fōðor, fōdor ` sheath, vagina'; Late Old Icelandic
fōðr n. `food (of clothing)' from Middle Low German vōder ds.; Old High German
(fedar)fōtar `canna', Late Old High German fūoter `theca', Modern High German Futter (of
clothing), Futteral;
Lithuanian piemuõ `herdsman, shepherd', Akk. píemenį (*pōimen-).
References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.

Page(s): 839
pō(i)-2 : pī-
Root / lemma: pō(i)- pī- and (from pō-
pō- from) po-
Meaning: to drink
Meaning:
Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-
pi-pō-
pō-mi,
mi pi-
pi-bō-
bō-mi,
mi
themat. pi-
pi-bō
Material: Old Indic pā́ti `trinkt', Aor. ápāt, pāy-áyati, páyatē `tränkt' (: Old Church Slavic
pojǫ, pojiti), pānam n. `Trunk' (: gr. εὔπωνος `pleasant to drink' Hes., Middle Irish ān f.
`vessel'), Inf. pātavē `to drink' (= Old Prussian poūtwei ds.), pā́tar-, pātár- m. `Trinker' (=
Latin pōtor ds.), -pā́yia-, -pāyya- `to water, soak, Trunk' (= Old Prussian poūis m. `das
Trinken'), pātra- n. `drinking vessel' (*pō-tlo-m = Latin pōculum `goblet'); participle Pass.
ablaut. pītá- `getrunken (habend)', pītí- f. `das Trinken, Trunk', Avestan vispo-pitay-
àlltränkend'; Old Indic Inf. pātum, pātavē, Gerund. pītvā- (: Latin pōtus m. ` drink,
beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'); redupl.
athematic present 3. Pl. pi-p-atē, participle pí-p-āna-, Aor. á-pipī-ta-; thematic píbati `trinkt'
(= Old Irish ibid);
Armenian ǝmpem ` drink ' (formation unclear);

gr. πί̄νω, Lesbian πώνω (of Nominal stem *pō-no-, compare above εὔπωνως) ` drink ',
Fut. (Konj.) πίομαι, Aor. ἔπιον, Imper. πῖθι, Perf. πέπωκα, Med. πέπομαι ` drink ', πῶμα,
πόμα n. `Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst,
draught, potion', πότος m., πόσις, -ιος and -εως f. ds., ποτήρ m., ποτήριον n. ` drinking cup
', πῖνον n. `Gerstentrank', πιπί̄σκω (Fut. πί̄σω) `give to drink';
alb. pī ` drink ' etc.;
Latin bibō, -ere ` drink ' (assimil. from *pibō; Faliscan pipăfo Ì werde drink'; Latin pōtō, -
āre ` drink strong', pōtus ` drunk, intoxicated, getrunken' (= Lithuanian puotà f.
`Zechgelage'), pōtus, -ūs m. ` drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's
thirst, draught, potion' (= Old Indic pātum Inf.), pōtiō f. `Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid
which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (: gr. ἄμ-πωτις f. Èbbe', Old
Prussian poūt `drink' from *pōti-), pōculum `goblet' (*pō-tlo-m), pōtor m. `Trinker' (= Old
Indic pā́tar-); Umbrian puni, poni `milk' (: Old Indic pānam ` beverage, drink '); Old Irish ibid
(*pibeti) `trinkt', Verbalnom. Dat. Sg.oul (disyllabic) `Trinken' (*poi̯ǝ-lo-); acymr. iben
`bibimus', corn. evaf `bibo', Middle Breton euaff ds.; Middle Irish ān f. `drinking vessel' (:
Old Indic pānam `Trunk');
Balto-Slavic *pōi̯ō and *pii̯ō ` drink ' in Old Prussian poieiti `trinkt', poūis m. `das Trinken',
Old Church Slavic pijǫ, piti ` drink '; pirъ m. `Bankett', pivo n. ` beverage, drink ', Czech etc.
`beer'; Kaus. Old Church Slavic pojǫ, pojiti `tränke'; Balto-Slavic *pōta- and *pīta-
`getrunken' in Lithuanian puotà f. `Trinkgelage' and Old Church Slavic pitijь `trinkbar';
Balto-Slavic *pōti uud *pīti f. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. poūt (*pōti-) and slov. pît f. `
beverage, drink ' (Infin. *piti); Balto-Slavic *pōtu- m. `das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf.
puton, pouton and poutwei `drink', ablaut. passive russ.-Church Slavic pitъ.

Page(s): 839-840
ǝu- : pū̆-
pōu- : pǝu-
Root / lemma: pōu-
Meaning: small, little; young (of animals)
Material: 1. With -o-suffix; Gothic fawai Pl. `wenige', Old Icelandic fār ` little, wortkarg', fā-
tøkr àrm' (as Latin pauper), Old High German fao, fō ` little ', Dat. Pl. fouuem, Old Saxon
fā, Old English fēa, Pl. fēawe, engl. few `wenige'.
2. With formants -ko-

ko-: Latin paucus ` little ', pauper àrm' (*pauco-paros or pau-paros? `
little erwerbend, little sich constituting, originating '); Old High German fōh ` little ';
Maybe alb. (*pauc-) pak ` little' a Latin loanword.
With suffix -lo-

lo-: Latin paul(l)us `small, little ' (*pauks-lo-), pauxillus ` totally little ' (*pauk-
s-lo-lo-).
ro-: gr. παῦρος `small, little', Latin with metathesis parvus `small',
3. With formants -ro-
parum (*parvom) `to little '.
4. ` youngling, the young of an animal ':
gr. παῦς (Attic Vasen), Gen. παFός (Cypriot, in addition ein new Nom. πας), παῖς, Gen.
παιδός m. f., hom. πάις, παFιδ- `kid, child'; Latin puer `kid, child, knave, boy, girl' (*puu̯ero-
), puella `girl';
Gothic fula, Old Icelandic foli m., fyl n. (*fulja-), under fylja f., Old English fola, Old High
German folo, fulī(n) ` plenitude, foals'; besides *pō[u]los in Armenian ul `goat', am-ul `
infertile ' (*n̥-pōlo-), yɫi f. `pregnant'(*i-pōlniyā); gr. πῶλος `foals', also `young man, young
girl', πωλίον `small foals, youngling ', alb. pelë, pēlë `mare' (Fem. to *pōlos); perhaps med.
Arbu-pales, if es ` white foals possessing' stands for.
5. With t-formant: putrá- m., Avestan ар. puϑ-ra- m. (latter from pūtlo- = Oscan puklo-)
`son, kid, child';
maybe alb. putra `paw (of a young animal', puta `sole'
gr. names as Πώ-ταλος; Latin putus, putillus `knave, boy', next to which *pūt-so- in
pūs(s)us, -a `knave, boy, girl', but pŭsillus `very small' is Demin. from pullus (*putslo-lo-s);
Oscan puklo- `kid, child' (= Old Indic putrá-), Paelignian puclois Dat. Pl. `pueris', mars.
pucles; Latin pullus ` young, the young of an animal ' (*put-s-lo-);
maybe alb. (*putillus) pulisht `donkey's colt'
Balto-Slavic *putā `bird' in russ.-Church Slavic pъta `bird', pъtištь `small bird' (`bird'
actually `young bird'), Lithuanian putýtis `young animal, young bird' (Zärtlichkeitsausdruck),
Baltic *put-n-a- in Latvian putns `bird'; with other, demin. Formansverbindung Lithuanian
paũ-kštis `bird'.
maybe alb. pata `goose' Slavic loanword from russ.-Church Slavic pъta `bird' : Serbo-
Croatian: pà ̀tka `duck' [f].
References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.
Page(s): 842-843
prāi-, prǝi
Root / lemma: prāi- ǝi-, prī-
prǝi- prī- (pri
pri-)
pri-
Meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly
Material: Old Indic prīṇā́ti ` pleases ', Med. ìs cheerful about etwas', prīyatē ds., ` loves ',
prītá- `cheerful, befriedigt; geliebt', prītí- f. `pleasure, joy, satisfaction', priyāyátē `behandelt
liebevoll, befreundet sich' (: Gothic frijōn, Old Church Slavic prija-jǫ), priyá- `dear,
desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, liked, beloved, fancied ', m. ` lover, husband ',
f. `Geliebte, wife' (= Avestan frya-, Old Icelandic Frigg etc., and Gothic freis, c. rhydd
`free'), priyatvá-m `das Liebsein or -have' (: Gothic frijaÞwa f. `love'), priyátā ds. (= Old
English frēod `love'); with*prǝi- : práyaḥ n. `pleasure, enjoyment', prēmán- m. n. `love,
favour ', prētár- `Wohltäter, Liebhaber, Pfleger', Superl. práïṣṭha- (ved.), prḗṣṭha- `liebst,
teuerst', whereupon Kompar. prḗyas- `lieber' for older *prāyas-; Avestan frāy- ` satisfy ',
e.g. frīnāmahi participle frita-, frīna-, friϑa- `blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt', friti- f. `prayer',
frya- `dear, worth '; perhaps the hispan. (Venetic-Illyrian ?) VN Praesta-marci (: Old
English frīd-hengest);
Note:
Note
alb. Geg prende, Tosc Premte [*prēmán- dies] 'Friday' was created on the same basis as
Latin L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk
Aphrodites hemera day of Aphrodite,
Aphrodite Germanic Freitag 'day of Freya = goddess of love'
similar to gr. παρασκευή 'Friday' from gr. πρᾱΰς ` soft, mild '
gr. πρᾱΰς `gentle, mild' from *πρᾱι̯υ- with jüngerer o-inflection πρᾳος, beweist Indo
Germanic āi; whereas. belongs Old Irish rīar f. `volition, wish' to erei-, S. 330;
cymr. rhydd `free' = Gothic freis (akk. frijana), Old High German Old Saxon frī, Old
English frēo, frī `free, loose, free from', Old Icelandic in frjāls from *frīhals (die meaning
`free' originally `to den Lieben belonging'); Old Icelandic Frigg, Old High German Frija `wife
Wotans', Old English frēo f., Old Saxon frī n. `woman from noble lineage ' (`die love');
Gothic frijōn `love', Old Icelandic frjā ds., Old English frīogan `love, set free, release ', mdn.
vrīen, Old Saxon friohan ` woo, court, marry, werben', participle Gothic frijōnds `friend', Old
Icelandic frǣndi, Pl. frǣndr `friend, kinsman, relative', Old English frīond, Old Saxon friund
`friend, lover, kinsman, relative', Old High German friunt `friend, lover '; Old Icelandic frīðr
`beautiful', Old English frīd-hengest `stattliches horse'; from *frīða- in the meaning
`geschont' derives Gothic freidjan `spare, look after', Old High German vrīten `hegen'
(frīthof èingefriedigter courtyard ', Modern High German Freithof and popular etymology
Friedhof); with ĭ Old Icelandic friðill ` lover, lover ', f. friðla, frilla, Old High German fridel, f.
fridila `Geliebte(r)', next to which from participle *frijōða- from: Old Saxon friuthil, Old High
German friudil ds.; Old High German fridu m. `peace, protection, certainty, Einfriedigung',
Old Saxon frithu m. `peace', Old English frioðu m. `peace, protection, certainty ', Old
Icelandic friðr m. `love, peace', Gothic ga-friÞōn `spare, look after', Old Icelandic friða
`Frieden make, versöhnen', Old English friðian ` shield ', Old High German gifridōn
`beschützen';
Old Church Slavic prějǫ ` be favorable to, take care of ', prija-jǫ, -ti ds., prijatelь `friend,
lover '; probably also Latvian priêks `pleasure, joy'.
maybe alb. prek `touch, make love' : Latvian priêks `pleasure, joy', alb. Geg me pritë `to
host, protect, expect, wait.

References:
Page(s): 844
Root / lemma: prā-

prā-
Meaning: to bend
Note: ?; only Latin and Celtic
Material: Latin prāvus ` inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad'; in addition prātum `meadow' (as `
incurvation of Bodens', compare e.g. Lithuanian lankà ` sinking in, meadow': leñkti `bend')
and (as Àufbiegung, bulge, hill'); Middle Irish rāth, rāith m. f. ` earthwall, fortress', mcymr.
bed-rawt, ncymr. bedd-rod m. `burial mound, grave', bret. bez-ret f. `Begrabnisplatz,
graveyard ', gall. rātin Akk. Sg. `castle(hügel)', PN Argento-rāte.
Page(s): 843-844
Root / lemma: preg-

preg-
Meaning: willing, covetous, active
Material: Gothic (faihu-)friks `(geld-) greedy ', Old Icelandic frekr ` greedy, strong, hard,
agile, lively', Old English frecc ` greedy, audacious' (*frakja-), Old High German freh `
greedy ', Modern High German frech dial. also àgile, lively, fresh'; Old English fræc `
eager, avid, audacious', Middle Low German vrak, Norwegian Swedish dial. frak, Danish
frag `quick, fast, gamy'; Norwegian frǣc ds. (*frākja-); Old Icelandic frø̄kn, frø̄kinn `gamy',
Old English frēcne àudacious, wild', Old Saxon frōkni `wild, cheeky, foolhardy ', Old High
German Frōhn, Fruochan- in PN; frōhni ìactura'; poln. pragnąć ` greedy long, want',
Czech prahnouti `lust, crave' etc.; here Old Icelandic frakkr `gamy' and the VN Franken.
See also: belongs to gr. σπαργάω `bin horny, lustful', see below sp(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s): 845
Root / lemma: prep-
prep-
Meaning: to come in sight
Material: Armenian erevim `werde visible, erscheine', erevak `shape, Bild, mark, token,
sign', eres (*prep-s-), mostly Pl. eresk` `face, Miene, sight, Vorderseite', eresem `zeige
myself, erscheine'; also orovain `belly' etc. (*prop-n̥-i̯o-)?
gr. πρέπω `falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne myself from', πρέπει
ès ziemt sich', ἀρι-, δια-, ἐκ-, εὐ-, μετα-πρεπής `hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend'; θεο-
πρόπος ` seer ' (`the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende'); perhaps πpαπίς `
phren'; different above S. 620.
Old Irish richt `form, shape', cymr. rhith `species' (*pr̥p-tu-);
Old High German furben `clean, clean, sweep, wash away ' (ìn die Augen fallend make,
ein Ansehen give'), Middle High German vürbe ` cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe',
Old Low German wel gifurvid `casta'.

Page(s): 845
prō̆t-
pret-, prō̆
Root / lemma: pret-
Meaning: to understand
Material: Middle Irish rāthaigid `bemerkt'; Gothic fraÞi n. `sense, mind, reason', fraÞjan,
frōÞ ` understand, comprehend ', frōÞs `smart, sensible, wise', Old Icelandic frōðr, Old
Saxon Old English frōd, Old High German fruot ds., Middle High German vruotec, vrüetec
`quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart, valiant', Modern High German Swiss fruetig
`blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also Old High German frad `strenuus efficax',
fradah-līh `procax'; perhaps Old High German ant-frist ìnterpretatio' (*pret-sti-); Lithuanian
prantù, pràsti ` habitual, customary become', su-pràsti ` understand, comprehend ', prõtas
`reason', Latvianprùotu, prast ` understand, comprehend, conceive, mark, perceive, hear ',
pràts `reason, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemüt', Old Prussianprātin Akk. `Rat', iss-
prestun ` understand, comprehend ', is-presnan Akk. `reason', issprettīngi Adv. `namely';
Tocharian A pratim, В pratiṃ ` resolution, decision '.

Page(s): 845
Root / lemma: preus-
preus-
Meaning: to fry; to burn
Material: A. Old Indic pruṣvā́ f. `drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water'; Latin pruīna ` hoarfrost,
frost' (*prusu̯īnā); Gothic frius `frost, coldness', Old Icelandic frør, frer n. `Frostwetter', Old
Icelandic frjōsa, Old English frēosan, Old High German friosan ` freeze ', Old High German
frōren ` congeal, freeze make', Old High German Old Saxon frost (*frus-taz); Old English
forst m. Old Icelandic frost n. `frost';
B. Old Indic plṓṣati `singes, burns', pluṣṭa- `singes, burns, verbrannt'; alb. prūsh
`burning coals, blaze, glow'; Latin prūna `glowing coals' (*prusnā), prūrīre ìtch'.

Page(s): 846
Root / lemma: preu-

preu-
Meaning: to jump
Material: Old Indic právatē `springt auf, hüpft, hurries ', pravá- `fluttering, schwebend,
fliegend', upa-prú-t `heranschwebend, heranwallend' (amalgamation with den
Abkömmlingen from *pleu- `rinnen', see there), plava- m. `frog', actually ` jumper ',
maṇḍūka-pluti- m. `Froschsprung = Überspringung mehrerer Sutra', plava-ga-, plavą-
gama- m. `frog, ape' (that is to say ìn Sprunge going'); Old Icelandic frār `quick, fast,
agile', Proto Norse Frawa- (actually ` jumping ' = Old Indic pravá-), Old Saxon frā `blithe,
glad', Old High German frao, frō, frawēr `strenuus, alacer (Gl.); blithe, glad', whereof Old
High German frouwen, frewen `sich freuen', frewī, frewida `pleasure, joy'; russ. prytь f.
`schneller run, flow', prýtkij `nimble, hasty'.
Maybe Rumanian (*breuska) broască `toad, frog' : alb. (*breustka) bretkosa `toad, frog'; gr
βάτραχος `frog'; also Rumanian broască-ţestoasă `tortoise, water animal ' : alb. (*breuska )
breshkë `turtle, tortoise '.
guttural extension in Old Icelandic frauki, Old English frogga `frog'; from *prug-skō
`hüpfe' Germanic *fruska- in Old Icelandic froskr, Old English frosc, forsc, Modern High
German Frosch; russ. prýgnutь à spring, einen Satz make', prýgatь ` jump, spring', pryg
`spring, Satz'.
Page(s): 845-846
Root / lemma: prīs-

prīs-
Meaning: to granulate
Note: only gr. and alban.
Material: Gr. πρί̄ω (ἐπρίσθην, πριστός) `durchsäge, knirsche with den Zähnen', πρί̄ων, -
ονος `saw', πρῖσμα `das Gesägte, scrapings; dreiseitige column ';
alb. prish `spoil, rupture, destroy, smash'.

Page(s): 846
prōk̂to-
Root / lemma: prōk̂to prǝk̂to-
to- : prǝ to-
to
Meaning: buttocks
Note: only gr. and armen.
Material: Armenian erastank` Pl. `ἕδραι' (from *erast = prǝk̂to-) kann die Redukt.-stem
besides gr. πρωκτός `rump, After' sein.
References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse2 142.
Page(s): 846
prō̆-
Root / lemma: prō̆
See also: s. per-2 S. 813 f.
Page(s): 846
Root / lemma: pr̥so-

so- (?)
so
Meaning: onion
Note: is mediterranes loanword
Material: Gr. πράσον ` leek ': Latin porrum, porrus ` leek '.
In e-grade:
Maybe alb. presh, pras ` leek ' : Rom. praz ` leek ' .
References: WP. II 84, WH. II 343, Szemerényi Gl. 33, 261 f.
Page(s): 846
pster-, pstereu-
Root / lemma: pster- pstereu-
Meaning: to sneeze
Material: Armenian p`ṙngam, p`ṙnč̣em `niese'; gr. πτάρνυμαι, πταίρω `niese', πταρμός m.,
πτόρος m. `das Niesen' (with Inlautbehandlung the Anlautgruppe pst- : ἀποφθαράξασθαι
`schnarchen' Hes.); Latin sternuō, -ere `sneeze'; Old Irish srëod `das Niesen', cymr.
ystrew, trew ds., ystrewi, trewi ds., Middle Breton streuyaff, nbret. strefia `sneeze' (*striw-).
Maybe alb. (*pshetërij) psherëtij `sigh', teshtij `sneeze'.
Page(s): 846-847
ptel(e)i̯i̯i̯ā
Root / lemma: ptel(
Meaning: a kind of tree
Material: Gr. πτελέᾱ, epidaur. πελέᾱ èlm, Rüster' (latter with probably older
Anlautsvereinfachung; unclear are τιλίαι ` black poplar ' Hes. and because of Anlauts
ἀπελλόν αἴγειρος Hes.); Latin tilia `Linde' (Middle Irish teile derives from dem Engl.);
Venetic FlN Tiliaventus?
Armenian tèli èlm' is loanword from πτελέα;
perhaps *ptel-ei̯ā `die Breitblättrige' or at most `weit die Äste Breitende'.
References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.
Page(s): 847
Root / lemma: puk̂-2

Meaning: to enclose, put together
Note:
Root / lemma: puk̂-2 : `to enclose, put together' derived from Root / lemma: ku-
ku-, kus-
kus-
(*kʷukʷh-) : `to kiss' common Celtic - Greek - Illyrian kʷ- > p-.
Material: Avestan pusā- f. ` headband '; gr. ἄμ-πυξ m. ` headband ', Adverb. πύκα `tight,
firm, dense, sensible, wise, painstaking ', in compound πυκι- (πυκι-μήδης `sensible, wise'),
out of it πυκι-νός newer πυκνός `dense, tight, firm, proficient', πυκάζω `make tight, firm,
wrap dense'; alb. puth `küsse', actually ùmarme'.
References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gr. etym. Wb. 290.
Page(s): 849
Root / lemma: pu-

pu-lo-
lo-
Meaning: hair
Note:
Root / lemma: pi-lo- : `hair' : Root / lemma: pu-
pi-lo- lo- : `hair' derived from Root / lemma: pleuk-
pu-lo- pleuk-
: `flake, feather, hair' common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel recorded in
centum languages first, mainly Latin.
Material: Old Indic pula-, pulaka- m. `das Sträuben the Härchen am body', pulastí- m.
`schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying'; Substantiv ` hair of the head ', Patronymikon
Pāúlastya-; gr. Plur. πύλιγγες `hair am Hintern, curls ' Hes.; Middle Irish ul `beard' (*pulu-),
ulach `bearded', ulcha f. `beard', Ulaid `die Leute from Ulster' (*Ulutī).
References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -ti- 191.
Page(s): 850
Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk-

peuk-
Meaning: thick-haired, *fox
Material: Old Indic púccha-, -m `tail, member, rod' (kann *pu[k]-sko- sein); after dem
buschigen Schwanz named, seems Gothic faúhō, Old Icelandic fōa, Old High German
foha ` vixen ' (Germanic -ōn), besides with masc. -s-: Old English fox, Old High German
fuhs `fox' etc.; Lithuanian paustìs ` animal hair '; russ.-poln. puch (*peukso-, poukso-)
`Flaumfedern, Daunen, fine woolen Haar an animals' (out of it Lithuanian pũkas
`Flaumfeder'), russ. pušistyj `fleecy, dense, buschig', pušnój továr `Pelzwerk', Czech-
Lower Sorbian o-puš (*puchъ), opyš `tail', russ. opúška, opušina èdge (of Waldes), hem,
Verbrämung'.
Note:
Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: pū̆k-1, peuk-
peuk- : (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of
older Latin volpes ‘fox’, gr. alôpêx a fox. Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup-
lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox,
wolf)].
Page(s): 849
Root / lemma: pū̆-1, peu-

peu-, pou-
pou- also phu-
phu-
Meaning: to blow, blow up
Material: Old Indic phupphukāraka- `keuchend' (Lex.), pupphula- `Blähung' (Lex.),
phuphusa-, -m ` lung ', pupphusa- ` lung, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose' (Lex.), phū̆t-karóti
`blows, pustet, shouts, howls from vollem neck'; Armenian (h)ogi `breath, breeze, breath,
soul' (*pou̯io-), heval `short or heavy breathe' (*peu̯ā-), hoylk` `congregation, meeting,
troop'; Middle Irish ūan `scum, froth, foam' = cymr. ewyn, bret. eon ds. (*pou̯-ino-), Pl. eien
`Quellen' (compare Lithuanian putà `Schaumblase'); abret. euonoc `schäumend'; Latvian
pùlis `heap, herd, nest, Strichregen', pùl̨uôt ` fester ', pūl'i `Regenwolken', russ. púlja, klr.
púl'a `ball';
Lithuanian pūrė̃ ` tassel ', Latvian paurs, paûre `Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex '
(`bulge '), Lithuanian púras ` measure of capacity ', Latvian pūrs ` measure of capacity for
corn, grain, Aussteuerkasten', puns, pune, punis ` hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch ',
paûns, paûna `cranium, Stirnknochen', also probably Old Prussian pounian `buttock',
Lithuanian púnė̃, Latvian paũna `Ränzel, bundle'.
pu-g-: gr. πυγή `the Hintere'; Old Icelandic fjūk `Schneesturm', fjūka `quick, fast through
pu-
die air drive, whisk ', fok `snow flurry', Middle High German fochen `blow'; Latvian pũga
`gust of wind', pauga ` cushion, head'.
p(h)u-k-: Armenian pùk` `breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart', Pl. `bellows', p`č̣em
p(h)u-
`hauche', p`kàm `blase myself auf'; npers. pūk `das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows',
afgh. pū, pūk à puff, a blast, the act of blowing';
Lithuanian puknė `blister, bubble', pukšlė `swelling, blister', pūkščiù, pūkšti `pant, gasp,
wheeze', pūkỹs, pũkis `chub' (*`Dickkopf'); Latvian pukuls ` tassel ' (actually ` thick tassel
').
pu-p- (probably broken Redupl.): alb. pupë `curd, grape, hill', púpëzë `bud, poppy',
pu-
púpulë `back'; Latin pūpus `small kid, child, knave, boy, Bübchen', *pūpa `small girl' and
(late) ` pupil of the eye ' (the small reflection of Beschauers in Auge of Angesprochenen')` '
Maybe Italian pupilla : Spanish pupila : French pupille : Romagnolo bamben : Venetian
balota dei oci Albanian bebe
bebe ` pupil of the eye '.
Vulgar Latin *puppa (French poupe, Italian poppa) ` nipple '; Old Irish ucht `breast' (*puptu-
); Latvian pups `Weiberbrust', paupt `to swell', pūpuol'i pūpuol'i `Weidenkätzchen' (with
voiced-nonaspirated pubulis `bubble auf beer, knot in thread, string'), Lithuanian pupele,
pupela, pupuole `bud', probably also Lithuanian pupā, Latvian pupa `bean'.
p(h)u-s-: Old Indic púṣ́yati, puṣṇā́ti, pṓṣati `gedeiht, makes thrive, wächst to, ernährt',
p(h)u-
puṣṭá- `wohlgenährt, rich', púṣti-, puṣtí- f. ` prospering; flourishing, growth, fullness,
wealth', pṓṣa- ds., púṣpa-m `flower, blossom, bloom, blossom', puṣkalá- `rich, prächtig, in
full vitality '; gr. φῦσα `blast, bellows, bubble' (*φῡσσα or *phūt-i̯a), φῡσάω `blow, blase
auf', φῡσιάω `snort', φῦσιγξ f. ` garlic, onion, bulb', φυσαλ(λ)ίς f. `bubble', φύσκα f. `bubble,
weal, callus', φύσκη f. ` intestine, sausage ', φύσκων `Dickbauch', ποι-φύσσω `blow, snort';
Latin pussula, pustula `bubble, vesicle, blister, bubble'; Norwegianføysa (*fausian) `swell
up, aufgähren', f(j)usa ` buzz, whirr, with Gewalt ausströmen'; Lithuanian pūslė̃ `bubble',
Latvian pùslis ds., Lithuanian pusnìs, pusnýnas `zusammengewehter Schneehaufe', pùšė
(pũšė) `blister, bubble', pùškas `Hitzbläschen auf the Haut', Latvian pušḱis ` bouquet,
Banderstrauß, tussock ' ; Old Church Slavic *puchati `blow', *opuchnǫti `to bloat, bulge,
swell', puchlъ `cavus (turgid, swollen)', russ.pychátъ `pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give',
pýchatь àufgeblasen, haughty sein', pýšnyj ` luscious, aufgeblasen, haughty ' etc., Old
Church Slavic napyštiti sę `sich aufblasen', russ. pýščitь ds. (*pyskiti; probably also Czech-
poln. etc. pysk `snout, muzzle with thick Lippen'); compare above S. 790 pāuson-?
pu-t-: Old Indic puppuṭa- ` intumescence of the palate and gums'; gr. πύννος `rump'
pu-
Hes. (*put-snos); Latin praepūtium `Vorhaut' (from a *pūtos `penis', compare wruss. potka
ds.); perhaps Irish uth ùdder' (*putus); Baltic *puti̯ō `blow' in Lithuanian pučiù, pũsti `blow',
reflex. `to swell', puntù, pùsti `to swell, sich aufblasen', pūslė̃ f. `bubble, bladder', putlùs
`sich blähend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud', putà `Schaumblase', pùtmenos f. Pl. `swelling,
lump, growth', pari-pũtėlis àufgeblasener person', pãpautas `weal, callus', also paũtas
ègg, testicle', pùšu, pùst `blow, breathe, breathe', pũsma ` breath ', pūte `bubble, blister,
bubble', probably also Lithuanian putrà ` cereal, grain ', Latvian putra ` cereal, grain,
porridge, mash'; auf voiced-nonaspirated: Latvian pudurs, puduris ` tussock, heap', pudra
`heap'; wruss. potka (*pъtьka) `male limb, member'.
References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.;
See also: compare above b(e)u-2.
Page(s): 847-848
Root / lemma: pū̆-2 : peu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to rot, stink
Note: presumably from a pu `fie!' evolved
Material: Old Indic pū́yati `wird faul, stinkt' = Avestan puyeiti `wird faul', Old Indic pūya-, -m
`pus', pū́ti- `faul, stinkend; Jauche, pus' = Avestan pūtay- `Fauligwerden, Verwesung';
pashto pūl `Trübung of Auges', westosset. ambud `faul'; Old Indic pū̆tāu (: Old Icelandic
fuð) `buttocks'; with -sk̂o-: Middle Persian pūsinītan ` decayed ', Old Icelandic fauskr `
rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood'; Armenian hu èitriges blood'; gr. πύ̄θω
`manche decayed ', πύ̄θομαι `faule', πύον (*puʷom), πύος, -εος n. `pus'; perhaps also
πῡός m., πῦαρ, πύ̄ατος, πῡετία ` beestings '; Latin pūs, pūris `pus' (*puu̯os), pūteō, -ēre `
decayed ', pūtidus `faul' (from a participle *pū-to-s), pŭter, -tris, -tre `faul, rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle ' with ŭ-, as Middle Irish othrach ` dunghill ', probably also othar èin
sicker' (*putro-), othar-lige `Krankenbett, Begräbnisplatz'; Old Icelandic fūinn ` decayed,
rott', fūi ` decay ', fūna ` decayed ', feyja ` decay let, verrotten let', Gothic fūls, Old Icelandic
fūll, Old English Old High German fūl `faul';
Old Icelandic fuð f. `pudenda', Middle High German vut `pudenda', Alemannian vüdeli
Kinderwort `Popo', geminated Middle High Germanvotze; Lithuanian pųvù, púti ` decayed
', causative púdau, -yti ` decayed make', Latvian pũt ` decayed ', causative pũdêt `
decayed make', Lithuanian piáulas (*pēu-lo-s) m. `verfaulter tree', Latvian praûls
`verfaultes wood' (*pĺauls), Lithuanian púliai m. Pl. `pus', puvė̃s(i)ai m. Pl. `verfaulte
Sachen', Latvian puveši m. Pl. `pus', pũžńi m. Pl. ds., papuve f. ` fallow '.
with ĝ: Old Icelandic fūki `Stank', nisl. fūki also `verfaultes seaweed, kelp ', as Latvian
pũnis ` decaying, pustulating', pũnes Pl. `Modererde';
with s: Norwegian føyr (*fauza-) ` rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', Dutch voos
`schwammig', Swiss gefōsen `morschgeworden'; about Old Icelandic fauskr see above;
References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -ti- 151.
Page(s): 848-849
Root / lemma: pū̆-3

See also: see below peu- and pōu-.
Page(s): 849
Root / lemma: pū-

pū-ro-
ro-
Meaning: corn
Material: Gr. πῡρός, Doric σπῡρός `Weizenkorn, wheat', πῡρήν ` seed from allerlei Obst
and other Früchten', διός-πυρος, -ον èine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit'; Lithuanian
pūrai `Winterweizen', Latvian pûr̨i `wheat', Old Prussian pure f. `Trespe, Bromus
secalinus', Old Church Slavic pyro ` spelt ', Czech pýr `Quecke', slov. pîr m., píra f. ` spelt '
etc.; Old English fyrs `Quecke, Ackerunkraut', engl. furze.
References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. puri `bread'.
Page(s): 850
ra h- or reb
Root / lemma: rab re h- : rebh-
Meaning: to rage, be furious
Material: Latin rabiēs `fury, Tollheit', rabiō, -ere `toll sein, rage ' berührt sich in the meaning
very near with Old Indic rábhas- n. ` impetuousness, hastiness, force, might', rabhasá-
`wild, boisterous, vast, grand', saṁ-rabdha- ` furious ', das above S. 652 wrongly to
rábhatē èrfaßt, hält sich fest' = Iábhatē, lambhatē èrfaßt, ergreift', placed wurde; compare
Middle Irish recht `sudden attack, fury', das also to Latin rapiō, root *rep- belong could; Old
English rabbian `dash' from Vulgar Latin rabiāre ds.; Tocharian A rapurñe `ferventness,
passion'.
Page(s): 852
rāp-, rēp-
Root / lemma: rāp- rēp-
Meaning: turnip
Note: Wanderwort unbekannter origin
Material: Gr. ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς f. ` beet, turnip ', ῥάφανος, ῥαφάνη `Rettig', Attic ` cabbage ',
ῥαφανί̄ς, -ῖδος `Rettig'; Latin rāpum, rāpa ` beet, turnip ', rāpistrum `wild turnip ', rāpīna
`Rübenfeld' (as Lithuanian ropienà) and `Rüben'; Old High German ruoba, ruoppa (*rōbjō)
` turnip ', besides j- loose additional form in Old Icelandic rōfa `the knochige part of
Pferdeschwanzes', Norwegian rôva `tail', in addition in ablaut Old High German rāba,
Middle High German rābe, rāpe, rappe ds., Swiss räb(e) Bavarian räben (also is Old High
German rēba as jō(n)-stem must be assumed); die Germanic forms can nicht from Latin
derive; certainly Latin loanword is only Dutch raap, engl. rope;
Lithuanian rópė ` turnip ', ropienà `Rubenfeld'; r.-Church Slavic rěpa ` turnip '; alb. repë `
turnip ' from Latin or Slavic; unclear is cymr. erfin `Rüben' (Plur.), bret. irvin ds. (*arbīno-);
References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell,

Pflanzennamen 1, 659.
Page(s): 852
Root / lemma: rā̆̆s-

Meaning: to sound, cry
Material: Old Indic rásati, rā́sate `bellow, roar, neighs, heult, shouts, howls, ertönt'; Old
Indic rasitá- n. ` shrilling, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder'; Gothic razda `voice', Old High
German rarta f. `modulatio', Old Icelandic rǫdd f. `voice'; with ablaut Old English reord f.
`voice, sound, language';
whether here Danish ralle, Swedish dial. ralla etc. `chortle, chuckle, babble, chatter '
(*razlōn)?

Page(s): 852
Root / lemma: reb

re h-1
Meaning: to move, hurry
Material: Npers. raftan `go', mparth. raf- ` assail, fight', osset. räväg `quick, fast';
Middle Irish reb `game, Tücke' (*rebā), rebrad `Kinderspiel', rebaigim Ì play ';
Germanic *reb- ìn heftiger Bewegung sein', Middle High German reben stem Vb. `sich
bewegen, rühren', Modern High German Bavarian rebisch àlert, awake, smart', Swiss
räbeln `rant, roister', Middle High German reben `träumen, baffle sein', Middle Low
German reven ` nonsensical talk, speak, think', Norwegian dial. rava `hin and her taumeln'
etc.
References: WP. II 370, Szemerényi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.;

See also: extended from er-.
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: reb

re h-2
Meaning: to roof
Material: Gr. ἐρέφω, ἐρέπτω `überdache' (*überwölbe), ὑψ-ηρεφής `with hoher
Bedachung', ὄροφος `das reed, wherewith man die Häuser deckt, roof, ceiling', ὀροφή
`Bedachung'; Old High German hirnireba `cranium' (*`brain -bedachung'); Old High
German rippa, rippi, Old Saxon ribbi, Old English ribb, Old Icelandic rif n. ` rib ' (*rebhi̯o-;
die Rippen cover die Brusthöhle, as das Dach das Haus); russ.-Church Slavic rebró ` rib ';
engl. reef ` reef' is Danish loanword
Page(s): 853
red-, rod-
Root / lemma: red- rod-
Meaning: `flow'
See also: see above S. 334 (ered-).
Page(s): 853
reg-1 (and sreg-

Root / lemma: reg- sreg-?)
Meaning: to paint
Material: Old Indic rájyati `färbt sich, rötet sich', newer rajyate, Kaus. rajayati `färbt',
secondary rañjayati; rāga m. `das Färben, rote paint, color';
gr. ῥέζω, Aor. ῥέξαι ` paint ', ῥέγμα `gefärbter Stoff', ῥαγεύς (also ῥογεύς) `Färber',
χρυσο-ραγές χρυσοβαφές Hes.; daß ῥέζω keinen vowel suggestion experienced has, is
auffällig; compareSchwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838.

Page(s): 854
Root / lemma: reg-
reg-2
Meaning: to see
Note: only albanesisch and Baltic
Material: Alb. ruaj `sehe an, look, see'; Lithuanian regiù, regė́ti `see', rãgana ` witch '
(compare ` wicked look'), régimas `visible, apparent, manifest, obvious', Latvian redzêt
`see'.
References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.
Page(s): 854
Root / lemma: reĝ-

reĝ-1
Meaning: right, just, to make right; king
Grammatical information: forms Indo Germanic neither root present nor perfect tense;
participle Perf. Pass. reĝ-
reĝ-to-
to- ` law '
Note:
Alb. shqipe èagle' seems related to Old Indic r̥ji-pyá ` darting along ' epithet of the bird
śyená- (èagle, falcon'), [Rumanian şoim `falcon'], Avestan ǝrǝzi-fya- (cf. gr. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς
παρὰ Πέρσαις H., αἰγίποψ), Armenian arcui (< *arci-wi) èagle' which is evidently a form of
the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality.
Alb., gr., Avestan, and Old Indic prove that from Root / lemma: er-
er-1, or-
or- : èagle' derived
ar(e)-ĝ- (arĝ
extended Root / lemma: ar( arĝ-
arĝ-?), r̥ĝi- : `glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent
zero grade Root / lemma: reĝ-
reĝ-1 : `right, just, to make right; king'.
Material: Old Indic ŕ̥jyati, nasalized r̥ñjáti ` stretches itself, it hurries (from horses)'; probably
also irajyáti (with unclear i-) ` arranges, orders, enacts, decrees '; r̥jú-, Avestan ǝrǝzu- `
just, right ' (in addition ǝrǝzuš ` finger ', Gen. ǝrǝzvō), Kompar. Superl. Old Indic rájīyas-,
r̥jīyas- ` straight ', rájiṣṭha-, Avestan razišta- ` the justest, justest ';
Old Indic r̥jrá- from horses = r̥ju-gāmin, r̥jrāśva-, Avestan ǝrǝzrāspa- EN actually `
whose steeds haste straight on; with fast horses ', next to which compound form *r̥ji- in r̥ji-
pyá- (2. part unclear) ` soaring straight ahead ' (epithet of śyēná- ` eagle, falcon '), Avestan
ǝrǝzi-fya- m. ` eagle, name of a mountain or mountains ', by Hes. ἄρξιφος (i.e. ἄρζιφος)
ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις, Armenian arciv (*arcivi) ` eagle ' (beside it *r̥ju-pya-, ap. *ardufya- in
npers. āluh èagle', compare gr. αἰγυπιός, if transfigured by folk etymology after αἴξ from
*ἀργυπιός); r̥ji-śvan- EN actually ` with fast dogs ', compare in gr. ἀργός (from *ἀργ-ρος
diss.) ` fast, quick ', above S. 64;
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*ρξιφος), ξιφο-, shqiponjë èagle', alb. Geg Shqipni, alb. Tosc
Shqipëri `land of the eagles'.
Old Indic rají- `sich aufrichtend, straight', ráji- RV perhaps `line, row' (= Middle Low
German reke under S. 856); rájas- (Avestan razah-) n. `Raum';
Avestan raz- (rāzayeiti, participle rā̆šta-, gr. ὀρεκτός, Latin rēctus, Gothic raíhts; Avestan
rāštǝm ìn gerader direction') ` direct, aim, point, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange',
razan- òrder, statute ', rašnu- ` justified, legitimate ' (compare gr. ὀρέγνῡ-μι), probably also
razura- n., razurā f. `wood, forest', rāzarǝ, rāzan- ` command, alignment '; rasman- m. n.
`Schlachtreihe' (: gr. ὄρεγμα, Latin regimen);
Old Indic rāj- (Nom. Sg. rā́ṭ) `king' (= Latin rēx, Old Irish rī, s. also Gothic reiks), rā́jan-
ds., rā́jñī `queen, Fürstin', rā́ṣṭi, rā́jati ìs king, herrscht, glares, gleams' (denominative),
rājyá- ` royal ' (= Latin rēgius, compare also Old High German rīhhi), rājyá-, rā́jya- n.
`power, rule' (= Middle Irish rīge, compare also Gothic reiki), rāṣṭrī `Herrscherin', rāṣṭrá- n.
`power, rule, empire', Avestan rāstar- `Lenker, ladder';
Maybe alb. adj. ri ` young man', re ` young female', rini ` youth'.
Armenian arcvi see above; doubtful thrak. PN ΏΡῆσος;
gr. ὀρέγω (ὀρέγνῡμι only in hom. participle ὀρεγνύ̄ς) ` to reach, stretch, stretch out; to
reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand; to reach at
or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to
' (ὀρεκτός = Avestan rašta- etc.), ὀριγνάομαι `strecke myself, long, reiche' (ὀ- is prefix),
ὄργυια or ὀργυιά, Ionian ep. ὀργυιή ` fathom', ὀρόγυια ds. (probably from *ὀρέγυια ass.); in
compound ὠρυγ-, e.g. δεκώρυγος; ὄρεγμα (= Avestan rasman-) `das Recken the hands,
the Füße (footstep); Darreichen'; about ἀρήγω see below beim Germanic; about ἀργός
see above;
venet. Reitia `Geburtsgöttin (compare gr. ᾽Ορθία), die die Kinder in die right Lage bringt'
or `goddess the Erektion?';
Latin regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum (ē secondary lengthening) `gerade richten, steer, rule,
reign' (= ὀρέγω, ὀρεκτός), ērigo `richte auf (= Irish ēirgim `surgo') etc.; about pergō,
porrigō, surgō, Adv. corgō, ergō, ergā s. WH. s. vv.), regiō `direction, line; line, region',
rēgula `Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath' etc., rēgillus `with senkrechten Kettenfäden
gewebt'; Oscan Regaturei `Rectōri'? (from a verb *regāre); Latin rogō, -āre `(die Hand
ausstrecken =) ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, inquire '; rogus `pyre, stake' (gr. sizil. ῥογός
`Getreidescheune' is Latin loanword) probably actually àufgerichteter shove ' (= Germanic
*rakaz); rēx, rēgis `king' (= Old Indic rāj- etc.), rēgīna `queen' (marr. regen[ai] Dat.), rēgius
` royal ' (= Old Indic rājya-);
Latin rigeō, -ēre ` to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle,
stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise ', rigidus ` stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid
', rigor ` stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for
coldness; the coldness' (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frīgus); whether
for *regēre after ērigĕre?;
Old Irish reg-, rig- àustrecken, e.g. die hand', Perf. reraig (*re-rog-e) `direxit'; *eks-reg-
(: Latin ērigō) e.g. in at-reig ùplifts sich', ēirge `surrectio'; ablaut. Old Irish rog(a)id
`strecktaus', mcymr. rho `gift', rhoï `give'; mcymr. dy-re `steht auf', dy-rein `sich erheben',
rhein ` stiff, gereckt' (: Middle Irish rigin ds.), acymr. ar-cib-renou `sepulti', mcymr. ar-gyu-
rein `Begraben' (*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc.; Middle Irish rēn `span' (*reg-no-); Old Irish recht
(tu-stem), cymr. rhaith ` law ', bret. reiz òrder, law, right';
Maybe alb. mbret (mbë-ret) `king'
gall. Rectu-genus; Old Irish rī-, Gen. rīg `king' (= Old Indic rāj-, Latin rēx), cymr. rhi `prince,
lord', gall. Catu-rīx, Pl. -rīges actually `people of C.', Rīgo-magus actually `Königsfeld'
(acorn. ruy, Middle Breton roe, nbret. roue `king' probably French), Old Irish rīgain `queen'
(*rēĝenī =) cymr. rhiain `queen, Dame'; Middle Irish rīge n. `Königreich' (*rēĝi̯om); Old Irish
rīched n. `Königreich' (*rēĝi-sedom);
Gothic raíhts, Old Icelandic rēttr, Old English riht, Old Saxon Old High German reht
`right, straight' (= Avestan rašta- etc.), Gothic ga-raíhtjan, Old High German rihten etc. `
direct, aim, point '; Old Icelandic rēttr, Gen. rēttar `das right, law, court' (= Celtic *rektu-;
wgrm. through das n. of participle Old High German etc. reht `right' replaced); Gothic
rahtōn `darreichen'; Kaus. Gothic uf-rakjan ìn die Höhe recken, ausstrecken', Old High
German recchen àusstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define', Modern High
German recken, Old Saxon rekkian `tell, define', Old English reccan (reahte) àusstrecken,
lead, define, reckon', Old Icelandic rekja `strecken, outspread, define, announce, declare '
(partly iterative *rakjan under Verdrängung from *reĝō, partly denominative); Old Icelandic
rakna àusgestreckt become, zur Besinnung come';
Old English racu f. ` riverbed, run, flow', engl. rake `pathway, way, Geleise', Old English
racian `run, lead, steer', Old Icelandic rekja spor `die spoor pursue ', Middle Low German
reke f. (*raki) `row, order', raken `meet, reach'; Old English racu f. ` narration, account', Old
Saxon raka, Old High German rahha `Rechenschaft, thing', Old Icelandic rǫk Nom. Pl. `
origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache, ground'; Old Icelandic rakr, Frisian Middle
Low German rak `straight, right' (= Latin rogus); e-grade: Middle High German gerech
`wohlgeordnet', Old Saxon rekōn ` direct, aim, point, sort, order, arrange', Middle Low
German reken `right, unhindered, often', Old High German rehhanōn `sort, order, arrange,
reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen', Old English ge-recenian `define', engl. reckon ` therefore
halten'; Old English recen `quick, fast, willing, ready'; Old Icelandic land-reki `king', Old
High German anet-rehho ` drake, male duck '; whether with the outlook the zum
Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of Gothic rikan ànhäufen', Middle High
German rechen `zusammenscharren, anhäufen, gather, collect', Old Icelandic raka, Middle
Low German raken (*rakēn) `(together)scratch', Old Icelandic reka, Old High German
rehho ` rake, rake ', Old Saxon reka f. ` rake ', Old Saxon raka, Old English racu, Swedish
raka f. ds., ē-grade: Norwegian dial. raak f. `spoor, track, Streif, furrow, row', isl. rāk f.
`Streif' (compare Old Indic rāji-, rājī `stripe, row') here belongs, is dubious; through
borrowing from dem Celtic vor the Mediaverschiebung: Gothic reiks `ruler, vornehm,
mighty' (Celtic rīg-s), Old Icelandic rīkr `mighty'; Old High German rīhhi, Old Saxon rīki, Old
English rīce (Celtic *rīgi̯o-) `mighty, vornehm, rich', Modern High German reich; Gothic
reiki, Old High German rīhhi èmpire' (Celtic *rīgi̯on);
ō-grade, with from ùplift, set up, help' entwickelter meaning: Old Icelandic rǿkja, Old
English reccan (for *rēcan after reccan àusstrecken'; but preterit rōhte), Old Saxon rōkian,
Old High German geruohhen ` care bear, carry, Rücksicht nehmen', Old High German
ruoh, ruohha Àchthaben, endeavor, Sorgfalt', Middle Low German rōke m. ds., Middle
High German ruochlōs, Old English rēcelēas (Modern High German ruchlos, engl.
reckless) ùnbekümmert, unworried ', Old Icelandic rǿkr `sorgsam', die with gr. ἀρήγω `
help, stand by ', ἀρηγών, -όνος, ἀρωγός ` helper ', ἀρωγή `help' sich engstens combine,
merge;
nasalized (compare das Lithuanian, also Old Indic r̥ñjáti): Old English ranc `straight,
stout, proud, bold', Middle Low German rank ` slim, thin, weak' (*gereckt), Old Icelandic
rakkr ` slim, erect, bold'; Old Saxon Old English rinc, Old Icelandic rekkr `man';
Lithuanian nasalized žem. rę́žious, rę́žtis `sich recken', ablaut. rą́žaus, rą́žytis (16. Jh.
ranszies), rąžà f. `Recken', Latvian ruôzîtiês `sich recken'; russ. su-rázina `good order';
Tocharian A räk-, rak- `hinbreiten, cover', В räk- ds., A rkäl `cover'.
References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 106,
Trautmann 244.
Page(s): 854-857
Root / lemma: reĝ-

reĝ-2, rek̂- (rek
rek-?)
rek-
Meaning: damp; rain
Material: 1. reĝ-
reĝ-: Latin rigāre `bewässern' (with i from e), alb. rrjeth, Aor. rrodha `flow,
quelle, tropfe'; Norwegian dial. rake m. ` dampness, damp ', Old Icelandic raki ds., nisl.
rakr `humid, wet';
rek-?) in: Gothic rign n. `rain' (*rek̂-nó-), Crimean Gothic reghen, Old Icelandic
2. rek̂- (rek
rek-
regn n., Old Saxon regan, regin m., Old Frisian rein, Old English reg(e)n, rēn m., Old High
German regan, regin, regen, Middle High German regen m.; Old Icelandic rigna `rain', Old
High German reganôn ds. etc.; Lithuanian (with West Indo Germanic k?) rõkia, rõkti ` fine
rain', rôkė ` dust rain '.

Page(s): 857
Root / lemma: reḫgʷos- (*oḫre

re gʷos- reḫgʷo s-)
re gʷoḫs
Meaning: darkness
Note
Root / lemma: reḫgʷos- (*oḫre
re gʷos- reḫgʷo s-):: darkness derived from an extended Root / lemma:
re gʷoḫs
me r-2 : to shimmer, shine (*meḫr- kʷhā > *meḫr-bhā) (common Aryan Greek m- > zero)
meḫr
Material: Old Indic rájanī- `night'; gr. ἔρεβος ` darkness of the underworld ' (ἔ-suggestion);
Armenian erek and erekoy èvening'; also Adverb erek ` yesterday ';
Maybe alb. errët ` dark ', errësirë ` darkness ', errësoj ` darken '
Gothic riqis, -izis n. ` darkness', nisl. røkkr, -rs ` darkness, dawn, twilight'; here perhaps gr.
ὀρφνός `dark' (*orgʷsno-) and Tocharian A orkäm (*orgʷmo-) ` darkness '; different above
S. 334.
References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f.
Page(s): 857
Root / lemma: reib

rei h-
Meaning: expr. root
Material: Old Indic rébhati `creak, rustle, mumble, murmur; cry'; Latvian rìbêt (also ribêt)
`din, drone, rumble, bawl, blaster'.
See also: probably to rei-
rei-3.
Page(s): 860
Root / lemma: reid

rei h-
Meaning: to ride, go
Note:
rei h- : `to ride, go' derived from zero grade of an extended Root / lemma:
Root / lemma: reid lemma:
er-3 : or-
er- or- : r- : `to move' in -eidh- formant.
Material: Middle Irish rīad(a)im `travel' (*reidh-); cymr. rhwydd-hau `beeilen, erleichtern';
Old Icelandic rīða ìn schwankender Bewegung sein, ride'; Old English rīdan `ride'; Old
Frisian rīda, Middle Low German rīden, Old High German rītan, Middle High German rīten,
Modern High German reiten;
Latvian raidīt èilig senden, hetzen', raiditiês ` wriggle ';
Germanic *ridjan- placed in Old English ridda, Old High German ritto ` equestrian ',
extended in Old Frisian ridder, Middle Low German ridder (out of it Old Icelandic riddari),
Middle High German ritter;
gall. rēda `vierrädriger Reisewagen'; Irish dē-riad `Zweigespann' (Indo Germanic

*reidhā); Old Icelandic reið f. `Reiten, Reiterschar, cart ', Old Low German brande-rēda
`Brandbock'; Old English rād f. `Reiten, pull, journey; Musik'; engl. road `way'; Old High
German reita, Middle High German reite ` cart, campaign, kriegerischer attack ' (Germanic
*raidō, Indo Germanic *roidhā); (compare Old High German reisa ` departure, wagon, war
train, trip ' in Root / lemma: er-
er-3 : or-
or- : r- : `to move' in -eis- formant.
compare moreover gall. rēdārius `Lenker a rēda'; PN Еро-rēdia, PN Epo-rēdo-rīx; cymr.

ebrwydd `quick, fast' (*epo-rēdi-);
Germanic *(ga)-raiðia- in Gothic ga-raiÞs àngeordnet, bestimmt', Old Icelandic greiðr

`light to bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright'; Old Frisian rēde, Old English gerǣde,
rǣde `fertig, light, clear, bright, simple, just' (engl. ready); Middle Low German gerēde,
rēde `willing, ready, fertig'; Middle High German gereit, gereite `fertig, willing, ready, zur
Hand'; as Substantiv in Old Icelandic reiði n. and m. Àusrüstung', Norwegian greide n.
`Pferdegeschirr'; Old English gerǣde n. `Geschirr, armament, armor'; Middle Low German
gerēde àppliance, dowry '; Old High German gireiti n. `wagon, cart'; Middle High German
gereite n. ` cart, Geschirr, tool'; Old Icelandic reiðr `durchreitbar, willing, ready';
Gothic ga-raidjan `dispose, festsetzen'; Old Icelandic greiða `sort, order, arrange, pay,
help'; Old English (ge)rǣdan `sort, order, arrange, help'; Middle High German (ge)reiten `
prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, reckon, pay'.
rei hi- in Irish rēid `planus, facilis'; acymr. ruid, ncymr. rhwydd `light, free'; abret. roed in
reid
den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, nbret. rouez `rare, clair-semé'; Latvian raids `willing,
ready'.
rei ho- in Irish rīad `Fahren, Reiten'; cymr. gorŵydd `horse'; Middle Latin-gall. ve-rēdus,
reid
para-ve-rēdus (from *vo-rēdos) `Beipferd'; compare Old High German ga-rît n. èquitatus';
Middle High German īn-rit m. Èinritt'; Middle Low German rit n. `Ritt';
to reidh- also das Abstraktsuffix cymr. -rwydd m.: Old Irish Kollektivsuffix -rad in Old Irish
ech-rad f. ` horse' (*ek̂uo
̯ -reidhā);
gr. ἔρῑθος `servant' with prothet. ἐ- reiht sich an die Dienernamen with a primary
meaning of Laufens an, whether here belonging.

Page(s): 861
Root / lemma: reid-

reid-
Meaning: to lean on, support
Material: Gr. ἐρείδω `lehne an, unterstütze, dränge, strenge myself an' (hom. ἐρηρέδαται
for -ριδ-), ἔρεισμα `pad', ἀντ-ηρίς -ηρίδος `Strebepfeiler, pad'; Latin ridica èin through
fissures größerer Pflöcke gewonnener Weinpfahl'?
References:
See also: probably to rei-5.
Page(s): 860
reig- or reiĝ-
Root / lemma: reig- reiĝ-
Meaning: to bind
Material: Irish ad-riug àlligō', con-riug `colligō', do-riug `nudō', fo-riug `sistō'; *rigo- placed
in Middle Irish ārach `manacle' (bret. ere) from *ad-rigo-, cenn-rach ` halter ' (= cymr. pen-
rhe ` headband '); *reigo- in cymr. modrwy f. `ring', rhwym (*reig-smn̥) m. `manacle' (Pl.
acymr. ruimmein), aerwy (*ad-reigo-) ` halter ', Old Irish būarach, cymr. burwy `Kuhfessel',
cyfrwy `saddle' (*kom-reigo-); Middle Breton rum `bande, troupeau' goes auf *roig-smn̥
back;
Irish cuimrech n. `manacle, Fesseln' (bret. kevre `lien') corresponds, da die basic
form*kom-rig-om is, besides the suffix of Latin corrigia, corrigium `Schuhriemen, strap';
Middle High German ric Gen. rickes m. `band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot' and
ricken `band, join together '.
References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;
See also: probably extension from rei-1; meaning development as (see 858) rei-p-
`wickeln, bind'.
Page(s): 861-862
reiĝ- rēiĝ-
reiĝ-), rēiĝ
Root / lemma: (reiĝ iĝ-
Meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand)
Note: bedeutungsverwandt with reĝ-
reĝ-1.
Material: Old High German reichen `reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken', Middle
Low German rēcken, Old English rǣc(e)an àusstrecken, reichen, darbieten' (engl. reach),
Old Icelandic reik f. `Scheitel in Haar'; Lithuanian réiž-iuos, -tis `sich brüsten', ráiž-from, -
ytis `sich wiederholt recken'; as `Tortur through Strecken the Glieder' seems also related
Old Irish riag `Tortur', ringid `foltert, torments'; Middle Irish rēimm ` buffoon ' (*reiĝ-smi-),
mcymr. dir-rwyn (*reiĝ-no-) `Tortur, affliction'; cyf-rwyn-ein ds.
References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.
Page(s): 862
Root / lemma: reik-

reik-
Meaning: to shake; pole (?)
Material: Norwegian rjaa m. ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen of corn ' (*rīhan-), Swedish dial. ri f.
`picket, pole, shaft, rod'; Middle Low German rick, reck n. (*rikkó-) ` long thin shaft, pole',
Middle High German ric, -ckes m. `waagrechtes rack, shaft, pole', Modern High German
Reck; Old High German rigil m., Middle Low German regel m. `bar, bolt, Reeling', nnd.
also rīchel, old Dutch rijgel now, yet richel `bar, bolt'; isl. rīgr m. `stiffness' (also name of
Heimdallr); Middle Low German rēch ` stiff ', Old Icelandic reigjask `den body uplift, set up,
sich anspannen', Old English rǣge-rēose `Muskeln am backbone, spine'; Old
Icelandicriga, -aða `(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen', Swiss rigelen `waver';
Norwegian dial. rigga ùpset'; Norwegian rikke `move, stir', East Frisian rikke(l)n `hin and
her bewegen, wobble, sway'; Latvian rìku (rìkstu), rikt ` curdle, coagulate, harden, fest
become'.
See also: probably as reik̂- to reiĝ-; s. also rei-5.
Page(s): 862
Root / lemma: rei-

rei-1
Meaning: to tear, cut
Material: Latin rīma ` cleft ' (*rei-mā); Middle Irish rēo `stripe' (*ri-u̯o-); Old English rāw,
rǣw f. `row' (*roi-u̯ā); Lithuanian rievà ` cliff gap, rock, hill' (compare Latin rumpō : rūpēs),
raĩvė `stripe', Latvian riêwa ` cleft, crease, furrow'; in addition probably as ` border line ' or
`Hügelreihe': Middle Irish rōen `way, Bergkette' (therefrom rōenaid `*bahnt sich einen way'
> `besiegt', rōen beating '), bret. run `hill'; Old Icelandic rein f. ` border line ', Old High
German rein, Modern High German Rain ‘slope ‘ ds. (Celto-Germanic *roi-no-).
extensions:
reib-: Old English rī̆pan, riopan `reap' (engl. reap), rifter `sickle', rī̆p n. `harvest',
reib-
Norwegian rīpa `ritzen', rĭpa àbreißen, strip, wipe ', Middle English ripelen, nengl. ripple
`flax break, rupture', Middle Low Germanrepen, repelen ds., Old High German rifila, riffila
`saw, jagged mountain ridge'; Old Saxon rīpi, Old English rīpe, Old High Germanrīfi,
Modern High German reif (`zum Ernten reif').
reig- see below different headword.

reig-
reik(h)-: Old Indic rikháti, likháti ` scarifies ', rēkhā́, lēkhā́ `crack, line, line'; gr. ἐρείκω
reik(h)-
`rupture, tear, rend', ἤρικε `barst', ἐρεικίς, ἐρικίς, -ίδος `geschrotete barley' (-ι- spelling for -
ει-); perhaps Latin rixa `tätlicher quarrel, fight'; cymr. rhwygo `tear', rhwyg m. `break, col,
gap', Middle Breton roegaff `tear, rend', nbret. reuga; ablaut. mcymr. go-rugaw `tear';
Middle High German rīhe `line', Modern High German Reihe, Old High German rīhan àuf
einen Faden pull', with ablaut and gramm. Wechsel Old High German riga `line', Middle
High German rige `line, row, künstlicher Wassergraben', Modern High German Riege;
Norwegian reig m. `row, Zeile';
Lithuanian riekiù, riẽkti `(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflügen', riekė̃ `Brotschnitte',
raikaũ, -ýti `bread mehrfach in Schnitten cut';
similarly reik̂- in Old Indic riśáti, liśáti `rupft, reißt ab, weidet ab' (npers. rištan `spinnen',
Baluchi rēsag, rēsaɣ `spinnen, flax, wattle, braid').
reip-: gr. ἐρείπω `stürze um (tr.), stürze low, base' (intr.), ἐρείπια n. Pl. `ruinae', ἐρίπνη f.
reip-
`falling, tumbling, dropping, slope'; Latin rīpa `steiler edge, bank, border, shore'; Old
Swedish rīva, Old Icelandic rīfa `tear (tr.)', rifna `zerspringen, jump ', rifa f. `crack, col, gap',
Middle Low German rīven `rub', Old Frisian rīva ` rend ', Low German ribben `pluck, flax
pluck'; Old Icelandic rīfr ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (compare `sich um
etwas reißen'), Old English rīf `vast, grand, violent', Middle Low German rīve ` wasteful ';
ablaut. Old Icelandic reifr `blithe, glad, aufgeräumt', reifa `fördern, beschenken'; East
Frisian riffel `furrow', Old English ge-riflian ` furrow '; with p through consonant stretch: Old
Icelandic rīp Òberkante eines Bootes', East Frisian rip(e) èdge, bank, border, shore',
Middle High German rīf `bank, border, shore';
besides eine Germanic family with `scrap, shred, stripe' as basic meaning, so that here
anreihbar, and `wickeln, bind' as abgeleitete meaning: Old Icelandic rif n. `Reff', Middle
Low German rift ds., Old Icelandic rift (ript) f. `piece Zeuges', rifr m. (*riƀi-) ` pulley,
Weberbaum', rifa ` sew ', Old English rift f. `dress, Schleier, curtain', Old High German
bein-refta ` britches '; Old Icelandic reifar Pl. f. `Wickel', reifa `wickeln', Old English ā-rāfian
`loswickeln' (similarly Dutch dial. rijvelen `wear out');
with consonant stretch -p(p)-

p(p)-: Gothic skauda-raip `Schuhriemen', Old Icelandic reip, Old
English rāp `rope, band', Old High German reif `strap, Faßreif, ring';
with Germanic -sp-

sp- (from -ps-?): Old Icelandic rispa `tear open' and f. rispa èin light
Kratzer', Old Swedish rispa `discord', Low German rispe `Flachsraufe', rispen `den Flachs
through die Raufe pull' (Modern High German Rispe `Samenbüschel' but probably with
originally hr-), Old High German rispeln ` snatch ', Bavarianab-reispen àbzupfen,
abbrechen', Middle High German be-rispeln `rebuke, reproach, bestrafen'.
reis-: Old Indic riṣyati, réṣati `wird injures, hurts, disables, receives damage; damages ',
reis-
riṣṭá- ìnjures, hurts, disables', rēṣayati `schädigt, straft', riṣanyáti `geht fehl', riṣaṇyú- `
changeable '; Avestan raēš-, iriš- ìnjure, wound, hurt; damage suffer, bear, endure'
(present raēšyeiti tr., irišyeiti tr., intr., Kaus. raēšayeiti), participle irišta- ` damages ', raēša-
m., raēšah- n. ` damage, harm ', probably also raēša- `cleft, fissure in the earth';
Maybe alb. rrah ` beat, strike '
Old Icelandic rīsta (reist) and rista schw. V. `cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen', rista `Ritz, slit', Old
Swedish rīsta `(Runen) ritzen', Middle Low German risten ` carve ', Old Icelandic ristill m.
`Pflugeisen', Middle High German rist m. n. ` plowshare, plough handle, plough stilt ';
Latvian risums, risiêns `crack, slit', Old Church Slavic rěšiti `loosen'.
References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241.
Page(s): 857-859
rei-2, roi-
Root / lemma: rei- roi-
Meaning: variegated, speckled
Material: Lithuanian raĩ-nas `gray, buntgestreift'; raĩ-mas `varicolored'; Old Irish rīabach `
dappled ', Lithuanian raĩ-bas ` dappled, graubunt' (raĩbti `flicker'), Latvian ràibs
`varicolored, marked, stained ', esp. from animals, Old Prussian roaban `striped ', russ. klr.
roi-k̂o- seems die base from Old High German rēh n., rēho m., Old
ribyj `varicolored'; *roi-
English rā, rāha m. `roe deer', Old Icelandic rā f., Old English rǣge (*raigjōn-), Old High
German rêia, réia (unclear) and Modern High German Ricke, Dutch rekke `Ricke',
(expressive) wherefore probably Old Indic riśya- m. ` male antelope '.
References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 115.
Page(s): 859
Root rei-3, rē(i)-

Root / lemma: rei- rē(i)-
Meaning: to cry, bellow, etc.. onomatopoeic words
Note: s. also reu-, rēu-, rū̆-
Material: Old Indic rā́yati ` barks '; Lithuanian ríeju ríeti `losschreien, scold, chide', refl.
`sich quarrel, squabble'; Latvian reju, rêju, riêt `bark, bay'; ablaut. rãju, rãt `scold, chide',
Lithuanian rojóju, rojóti ùnordentlich crow, cackle' (of rooster, cock)?, Church Slavic rarъ `
clangor ' (Czech raroh m. `Würgfalke'), russ. rájatь ` clink, sound'; Old Icelandic rāmr
`hoarse' (*rēma-); derived from a noun *rama is remja `roar, bellow'; possible here also
rōmr `voice, sound, pronunciation'; compare further Old English rārian `bloken, roar,
bellow', Old High German rērēn ds. etc.;
Old Icelandic jarma `bleat', wherefore Armenian oṙnal `heule' belongs, weis perhaps auf
eine full root erǝ-, rē- there.
extensions:
rēb- `rülpsen':
rēb-
̄ a `den Mund run let' (*rēpjan), rapa `rülpsen'; Old Icelandic repta
Norwegian dial. ræ̆p
(*rapatjan) `rülpsen'; Danish ræbe ds., jüt. also `quack' s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub-
under reu-1.
rē̆k- `roar, bellow, cry':
Latin raccāre, rancāre `roar, bellow' (of Tiger); rāna (*rācsnā) `frog'; cymr. rhegen f.
(*rakinā) ` quail '; Middle High German ruohen `roar, bellow, grunt' (besides rōhen to reu-k-
), Old Middle High German ruohelen, Middle High German rüehelen ` neigh, roar, bellow,
groan ' (besides rüheln, rücheln to *reu-k-); Lithuanian rėkiù, rė̃kti `roar, bellow', Latvian
rèkt ds.; Old Church Slavic rekǫ `say'; with g: Latin ragere `roar, bellow'.
rēt- `roar, bellow, rant, roister':

rēt-
Middle High German rüeden `rant, roister', Bavarian rüeden `roar, bellow, rant, roister, in
the rutting, heat sein'; Old High German ruod ` bellowing, braying, roar ', ir-ruota
`rugiebam', Old English rēðe, `cruel, savage, terrible'.
References: WP. II 342 f., WH. II 414, 416, 421 f., Trautmann 242 f.
Page(s): 859-860
rei-4 : rēi-
Root / lemma: rei- rēi-
Meaning: thing; possession
Note: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) would be ē from eH vor i̯ originated?
Material: Old Indic rai- m. f. ` possession, richness ' in rā́ḥ, rāyáḥ (originally i-stem); das ā
from rāḥ after dem Akk. Sg. rām, the likewise analogical ā has (after gām, above S. 482);
rayí- `gift, possession, jewel' (Avestan Akk. Pl. raēš, leg. rayīš), rayi-vánt-, mostly rē-vánt-
`rich'; Avestan Instr. Sg. raya (leg. rāyā) = Old Indic rāyā́ (to rā́ḥ), Avestan raēvant `rich';
Old Indic Avestan rā- `give' (extended Old Indic rāsatē `gives'), Old Indic rātí- `gift, giver';
Old Indic rāta-, Avestan rātō `bestowed';
Latin rēs, reī `thing, possession ' (das ē after dem Akk. rēm from *reHim?), Umbrian re-
per `pro rē', Dat. Abl. ri; in addition Latin reus `Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte' (*rēi̯-
os); unclear mcymr. rei ` richness '.
References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O.
Szemerényi takes (in writing) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowicz (Études 36
f.) eine basic form *reHi- for das noun and *reH- for das verb an (?).
Page(s): 860
Root / lemma: rei-

rei-5
Meaning: ` crop, trim, prune '
See also: see below reid-, reik- and rem-.
Page(s): 860
Root / lemma: rei-

rei-r(ēi)-
r(ēi)-
Meaning: to tremble (expr.)
Material: Old Indic lēlāyáti, lēlīyáti ` sways, swings, trembles ', lēlā́yā Instr. ` fluctuating, in
unruhiger Bewegung';
Gothic reiran (schw. V.) `tremble, quiver', reirō `Zittern, Erdbeben'.

Page(s): 862
Root / lemma: rei̯ǝ-, rī-

rī-
Meaning: ` move, flow '
See also: see above S. 330 f. (er-3)
Page(s): 862
Page(s):
Root / lemma: rek-

rek-1
Meaning: to tower; pole
Note: as reik-, see there.
Material: Old Icelandic rā f. (*rahō) ` shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen,
Schiffsrahe', Middle Low German rā, Middle High German rahe f. ` shaft, pole, Rahe';
Norwegian dial. raaga (*rēgōn-) `thin shaft, pole', Low German rack ` rack, Wandregal',
Middle High German reck(e) ` long thin shaft, pole, esp. zum Überhängen from Kleidern';
Middle High German rach, -hes and rac, -ges, lengthened grade ræhe ` stiff '; Middle High
German regen stem V. `sich erheben, stare, tower ', Causative. regen schw. V., ùplift, set
up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive' (*ragjan), Modern High German regen;
Norwegian dial. raga `waver'; very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here Middle High
German rogel `not fest, fluctuating ', sich rugelen `sich rühren', Modern High German dial.
rogeln `wobble, sway', Old Icelandic rugla ìn Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother';
geminated rugga `swing, move'; rykkia ` move, hurry', Old English roccian `swing' (engl.
rock), Old High German rucken, Modern High German rücken `move', Old Icelandic rykkr,
Old High German ruc m. `jerk' (*rukki-);
Lithuanian rė́klės `Stangengerüst zum Trocknen, Räuchern'.
References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.

Page(s): 863
Root / lemma: rek̂Þh-

Þh-
Þh
Meaning: to harm
Material: Old Indic rákṣas- n. àgony, Quälgeist, fiend, demon', Avestan rašah- ` damage,
harm, damage, esp. the in other Leben', rašayeiti `schädigt'; gr. ἐρέχθω `zerre and beutle
hin and her' (the storm of the ship); ᾽Ερεχθεύς `the Erderschütterer'. common Old Indic -
ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š-
See also: in addition ŕ̥k̂Þos `bear' as ` damager '.
Page(s): 864
Root / lemma: rek̂-, reĝ-

reĝ-
Meaning: to bind
Material: Old Indic raśanā f. `rope, strap, belt, girdle', raśmi- m. `rope, strap, rein'; Old
Swedish hurraka (hurð-) `Heck-band, strap', Old Icelandic rakki m. `Stropp zum Festhalten
the Rahe', Old English racca m. ds., Old Icelandic rekendi n., rekendr f. Pl. ` chain,
manacle'; Old English racente, racete f., Old High German rahhinza f. d.
Page(s): 863
remb-, romb-
Root / lemma: remb- romb-, romb-
mb-
Meaning: to hack, notch
Note:
remb-, romb-
Root / lemma: remb- romb-, romb-
mb- : `to hack, notch' derived from a zero grade of Root /
ereb-, orob-
lemma: ereb- orob-, rōb-
rōb- : `to drill, make holes'
Material: Middle High German rumph, Modern High German Rumpf, isl. rumpr `rump', md.
Middle Low German rump `trunk' (*`broken piece'); whether to Lithuanian rum̃bas `scar',
rumbúoti ` hem ' (*rombo-), ablaut. rémbėti ` Narben bekommen ', Latvian rùobs ` incisure '
(*rombo-), Slavic *rǫbъ m. in serb. rûb `hem', slov. rǫ̂b èdge, hem', slov. rǫ́biti `hack, hem,
fold and sew down the edge of a piece of cloth ', Czech roubiti ds. etc.?
Maybe alb. rrëmbej `kidnap'
References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.
Page(s): 864-865
rem-, remǝ
Root / lemma: rem- remǝ- (*erǝ-mo-)
Meaning: to rest; to support
Note: relationship to erǝ-, rē- `rest' (see 338 f.) is doubtful
Note:
rem-, remǝ
Root / lemma: rem- remǝ- : `to rest; to support' derived from a zero grade of an extended
erǝ-2, rē-
Root / lemma: erǝ rē- : `to be still' in -m- formant (*erǝ-mo-)
Material: Old Indic rámatē `stands still, rests, finds pleasure, pflegt the love', rámati,
ramṇā́ti, rā̆mayati `bringt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergötzt'; Avestan rāmyat̃ èr
soll rest', rāmōiδwǝm ìhr mögetstehen bleiben', rāmayeiti `relieved', osset. urōmun,
urōmyn ` restrain, hamper, calm, appease '; Old Indic rā́ma- m. `lust, pleasure, joy', rāmá-
èrfreuend, mellifluous, charming', Avestan rāman- n. ` tranquility, peace', npers. rām `
tranquility; cheerful, cheerful'; Old Indic ránti f. ` refreshment, Ergötzung', raṁsu Adv.
`joyful, gratifying'; ratá- `stand geblieben, sich genügen lassend, sich ergötzend', ratá- n.
`Liebeslust', ráti- f. `rest, tranquility, lust';
with unclear η: gr. ἠρέμα, -ας ` peaceful, gentle, leise', ἠρεμαῖος ` peaceful', ἠρεμέστερος
Kompar. (compare den es-stem Gothic rimis);
Old Irish fo-rim- `place, lay, place' (originally *`stützen'; ri- = r̥-); perhaps Middle Irish
rinde `vessel';
Old High German rama `pad, rack, Webe- or Stickrahmen', Middle Low German rame (=
Middle Low German Middle High German reme), ramen ds.; Gothic rimis n. ` tranquility ';
Old Icelandic rǫnd f. èdge, hem, shield', Old English rand m. `Schildrand, shield', Old High
German rant m. èdge, Einfassung, shield', Norwegian rande and ablaut. rinde Èrdrücken,
bench ', Crimean Gothicrintsch `mons', span. (*Gothic) randa `Leiste'; Norwegian rand f.
`crossbar, crossbeam, Sims', Modern High German Bavarian ranten ` shaft, pole' (:
Lithuanian ram̃tis, ram̃stis `pad, handrail'); Old High German ramft èdge, Einfassung'
rem-bh- based on, compare Old Indic
kann *rom-ti- sein, but at most also auf the extension rem-
rambhá- m. `staff, pad', Norwegian rimb, rimme Èrdrücken', Lithuanian rambùs ìdle',
rémbėti `träge sein; nicht right wachsen wollen';
Old Icelandic rim f. `long, thin board', engl. dial. rim ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder ',
East Frisian rim `rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof '; Old English rima
èdge, limit, boundary, Küste' (engl. rim), Old Icelandic rimi m. `Landrücken'; perhaps
through hybridization with a root rei-, deren extensions in reid- and reik- vorliegen
(Wissmann);
Lithuanian remiù, rem̃ti `stützen', Inchoativ rìmsti, rìmti ` peaceful become', causative
ramìnti and rámdau, -yti ` calm, appease ', ram̃tis `pad', ràmas ` tranquility ', ramùs `
peaceful', rōmùs ` peaceful, gentle ', Latvian rāms `tame, domesticated, still, godly, pious';
Tocharian А В räm-, В ram- `sich neigen, bend, bow'.

Page(s): 864
Root / lemma: rend

ren h-
Meaning: to tear
Material: Old Indic rándhram àperture, cleft, fissure, Нöhle'; Old English rendan `tear',
Material:
Middle Low German rende `Zerbrochenes'; Old High German rinda, rinta, Modern High
German Rinde, Old English rind(e) f. `bark, crust', ablaut. mnl. Hessian runde f.
`Wundschorf'.
References: WP. II 372, 374.
Page(s): 865
Root / lemma: rent-

rent-
Meaning: thing
Material: Under this root could combined become:
Old Indic rátnam `property, possession, blessing' (*rn̥tnó-) and Irish rét `thing' (*rn̥tu- or
*rentu-); also Latvian ruotîgs `with all versehen' (whether from *ront-).

Page(s): 865
Root / lemma: rep-

rep-
Meaning: to grab, rip out
Material: Old Indic presumably rápas- n. ` disability, körperlicher damage, injury ', raphitá- `
woeful, wretched, miserable (damages)'; gr. ἐρέπτομαι `rupfe, reiße ab, devour ', ἅρπυια
(Asper after dem unverwandten ἅρπη, ἁρπάζω, whereat s. *ser-, serp- `sickle'), ἀρέπυια
`Harpye', hom. ἅρπυιαι ἀν-ηρέψαντο (Hs. ἀνηρείψαντο); alb. rjep `ziehe from, ab, rob';
Maybe alb. rrep-të ‘strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard’
Latin rapiō, -ere ` pile, an sich reißen, hastig gripe, rob' (a = e); Middle Irish recht `rage,
fury, fury' (*reptu-), s. also rabh-; Germanic*rafisjan originally `körperlich punish, curse'
(denominative eines -es-stem as Old Indic rápas-); Old Icelandic refsa, Old High German
refsen `chastise, castigate, punish, curse', Old Saxon respian ds., Old English refsan,
repsan, respan `rebuke, reproach', next to which *rafjan in Middle High German reffen =
refsen, compare with lengthened grade Old English gerǣf n. (?) = geresp ` accusation,
reprimand';
Old Icelandic rafr `stripe Heilbuttenfleisch', refill `stripe, piece eines texture ' (`ragged '),
Dutch rafel ` fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament ', rafelen `wear out';
Lithuanian ap-rė́pti `catch, gripe, conceive ', Lithuanian rẽplės (Old Prussian raples) f.
Pl. `pliers'.

Page(s): 865
Root / lemma: ret(h)-

ret(h)-
Meaning: to run, to roll
Material: Old Indic rátha- m. ` cart ', rathī́- ` charioteer ', ráthya- `zum cart belonging',
rathar-yáti `travels in cart '; ratheṣṭhā̆-́ `warrior' = Avestan raϑaēštå ds.; Avestan raϑa- `
cart ', raiϑya `Fahrstraße'; Latin rota `wheel', birotus `zweirädrig' (: Lithuanian dvirãtis),
rotundus `scheibenrund';
Maybe alb. rota `wheel'.
Irish roth m. `wheel'; cymr. rhod f. `wheel'; gall. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); Celtic *-reto-
`run, flow', neutr. Abstraktsuffix in cymr.brith-red `perplexity' = Middle Irish brecht-rad
`Mannigfaltigkeit', Kollektivsuffix in Middle Irish aig-red ìce'; lengthened grade *-rōto- in
mcymr. rhawd `run, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar', gaeaf-rawd `Winterszeit' = Middle Irishgem-
rad ds., mcymr. bed-rawd, cymr. bedd-rod, bret. bez-ret `Gräber' (cymr. bedd `grave'), in
addition Middle Irish rā(i)the ` season, quarter of the year ' (*rōti̯o-);
Old Irish rethim `laufe' with compounds, Kaus. roithim `treibe an';
Maybe alb. rreth `hoop, rim (of wheel); circle', rrethim `siege';
Old Irish verbal noun riuth m. `run, flow' (*r̥tu-);
Maybe alb. rrjethë, rrjedhë f. `run, flow' (*r̥tu-);
to Old Irish do-riuth àccurrō' belongs cymr. tyred (*to-rete) `come!'; Old Irish fo-riuth, cymr.
guo-redaf `succurrō', acymr. Perf. gua-raut = Irish fo-ráith (*upo-rōt-e);
Old Icelandic rǫðull m. `Strahlenkranz, sun' and Old Saxon radur, Old English rador,
rodor m. `sky, heaven'; Gothic *raÞs `light', (Kompar. n. raÞizo) Old English ræd `quick,
fast, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Old High German rado, rato adv. `quick, fast';
Old Low German rath, afr. reth, Old High German rad `wheel', radelōt `with Räderchen
versehen'; Lithuanian rãtas m. `wheel, circle ' (Plur. rātai ` carriage, cart '), Latvian rats
`wheel' (Plur. rati ` cart '), Lithuanian ratẽlis m. `Rädchen' (compare Old High German
radelōt and Latin rotula f. `Rädchen'), dvirãtis (mostly Pl. dvirãčiai) `zweirädriger cart ';
maybe alb. Geg me rotullue `to circulate', Illyrian GN Redon, Rodon

Lithuanian ritù, rìsti `roll' (*r̥t-); but gall. petor-ritum `vierrädriger cart ' kann Latin
development from *petor-roto- sein.

Page(s): 866
reu-b- and reu-

Root / lemma: reu- reu-g-
Meaning: to vomit, retch
Material: 1. reub-
reub-: Old Icelandic rjūpa f. `Schneehuhn', Norwegian rjupa, rype (compare
Latvian rubenis `Birkhuhn'?); ablaut. Old Icelandic ropa àufstoßen', rypta `sich erbrechen',
Old High German roffezzen àufstoßen' (*rupatjan), Middle High German rofzen, Modern
High German reshaped to rülzen, rülpsen.
2. reug-
reug-: Npers. ā-rōɣ `das Rülpsen'; Armenian orcam èrbreche myself, burp' (from
*orucam, o- is suggestion vowel); gr. ἐρεύγομαι `speie from, erbreche myself ', ἐρυγγάνω `
burp', ἐρυγή Àufstoßen'; Latin ērūgō, -ere àusrülpsen', ructō, -āre `rülpsen, ausspeien';
Old English rocettan `rülpsen', edroc `das Wiederkäuen', Old High German it-ruchen,
Middle High German iterücken `ruminate', iteroche f. `gullet from ruminants', nisl. jōrtr n.
`das Wiederkäuen' (about *ī-urtr from *ið-ruhtr-); Old Icelandic jōrtra `wiederkäuen';
Lithuanian rjáugmi (riáugėju), raugiù, rúgiu ` burp, have saures Aufstoßen', Old Church
Slavic rygajǫ sę ` burp', Lithuanian rúgstu, rúgti ` sour become, ferment, seethe', ìšrūgos
`wheys', rūgȳs `sauertöpfischer person', rúgžtas `sour', ráugas `sourdough', Latvian
atraugas f. Pl. Àufstoßen', atraugties àufstoßen', raudzēt `säuern', rūkts `bitter, herb', Old
Prussian ructan dadan `sour milk', raugus `rennet';
as *reu-smen `Wiederkäuen; gullet ' (see 873) auf the Lautgebärde *reu- being based
on;
under a Mittelbed. ` burst out, break out ', or èxhalāre' reiht man (yet very doubtful) an:
Old Icelandic rjūka `smoke, whisk, hurry', Old English rēocan `smoke, steam, stink', Middle
Low German rēken, rūken `smell', Old High German rouhhan `smoke, steam, smell', Old
High German rouh, Old Saxon rōk, Old English rēc, Old Icelandic reykr m. `smoke', Middle
High German ruch, Middle Low German röke m. `smell, odor', isl. Norwegian rok n.
`Scatter, sprinkle, drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm';
Maybe Rumanian roi ` cloud '

if alb. rē `cloud' from *rougi- originated is, as Modern High German Rauch, is ein
previously proto Indo Germanic *reug- `cloud, smoke' voraussetzbar.
References: WP. II 357, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.
References:
Page(s): 871-872
Root / lemma: reud u̯ereud

reu h- (*u̯ ereu h-) (zero grade of *ḫ1eleuk̂h-)
ereu
Meaning: red
Note:
reu h- : `red' derived from a zero grade of Root / lemma: el-
Root / lemma: reud el-1, ol-
ol-, el- : `red,
brown (in names of trees and animals)' extended in formant k̂h-;
Material:
in e- grade:
gr. ἐρεύθω ` to make red, stain red, Pass. to be or become red' (= Old Icelandic rjōða),
ἔρευθος n. ` redness, flush; of dye' (compare Latin rubor); ἐρυθρός `red' (= Latin ruber, Old
Church Slavic *rъdrъ etc.); ἐρυσί̄βη ` rust, in corn; title of Demeter in Lydia, mildew,
metallic oxide, rust ' (ambiguous ending), ἐρυσί-πελας `German measles, Rubella'
(*ἐρυσσι-, *rudh-s-);
In zero grade:
Old Indic rṓhita- = Avestan raoiδita- `red, reddish', rōhít- `rote mare, Weibchen a gazelle ',
rṓhi- m., rōhī f. ` gazelle '; Old Indic lōhá- `reddish', m. n. `reddish metal, copper, iron'
(formal = Latin rūfus, Old Irish rūad, Gothic rauÞs, Lithuanian raũdas, Old Church Slavic
rudъ), rōdhra-, lōdhra- m. `symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes
Pulver bereitet wird', loṣṭa- n. ` iron rust ' (*reudh-s-to-); rudhirá- `red, bloody', n. `blood'
(*rudh-i-ro-, contaminated from *rudh-ro- and *rudh-i-); khotansak. rrusta- `red' (*reudh-s-to-
);
Maybe alb. (ndë-rusk) ndryshk ` rust ' [Albanian prefix dz(a)-, dë-, z- is of Macedonian
Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-ástra, dzástra ` the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from
Slavic za ` behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on' see Root / lemma: ĝhō : behind,
towards].
Latin rūbidus ` oxblood, indigo ' (with -do- further formations = Old Indic lōhá-);
with dial. f: rūfus ` light-red, rufous, reddish', Umbrian rofu ` red ';
Maybe alb. rruvâ, rrufâ `vine without grapes' : rrufânë, rrëfânë, rrëfângul (diminutive)
`handle (*twig?)' Latin loaword.
with dial. ō from *ou Latin rōbus, rōbeus, rōbius `red', rōbīgo `Rost; mildew, smut, blight ',
also probably rōbus, rōbur `Hartholz, heartwood '; ruber, rubra, -um `red' (Umbrian rufru `
rubros '), Latin rubor ` redness ', rubeō, -ēre `be red' (: Old High German rotēn, Old Church
Slavic rъděti), russus ` fleischrot ' (*rudh-so-); auf *rudhro- go back to auson. loanword
rutilus `reddish', VN Rutuli (with Dissim.); compare Ligurian fundus Roudelius, Illyrian
Campī Raudii, apul. PN Rudiae (Szemerényi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.); about Latin raudus see
below;
Old Irish rūad, cymr. etc. rhudd `red', Old Irish rucc(a)e ` shame' (*rud-ki̯ā), nasal. fo-
roind `blushes, turns red'; gall. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos (` red Schläger '?),
Rudianos; Celtic roudo- `red' and `strong';
Old Icelandic rjōðr, Old English rēod `red', Old Icelandic rjōða ` make bloody ', Old
English rēodan `red paint ', Gothic (about ` shamefaced blush') ga-riuÞs ` respectable ',
ga-riudei `Schamhaftigkeit'; ablaut. rauÞs, Old Icelandic rauðr, Old English rēad, Old High
German rōt `red', Old Icelandic rauði m. `rotes Eisenerz', roðra f. `blood', roði m. ` redness
', ryð n. and ryðr m. `Rost', roða ` be or become red ', Old High German rotēn `blush',
Middle High German rot `red', Old High German rotamo, rosamo (*rudh-s-men-) ` redness '
(moreover Old Icelandic rosmu-fjǫll `rötliche Berge'), Old English rudu ` redness ', rudig
`reddish'; ā-ryderian `blush'; Old English rūst, Old High German Old Saxon rost `Rost'
(*rū̆dh-s-to);
Lithuanian raũdas, raudónas `red', raudà `rote paint, color'; rùdas ` puce ' (Latvian ruds
`reddish'), ruduõ àutumn', rudė́ti `rosten', rūdìs f. `Rost', rūdýnas, rūdynà, rūdỹnė `swamp,
marsh with rötlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop', raũsvas (*roudh-s-u̯o-)
`reddish', Latvian rûsa (*rūdh-s-ā) `Rost', Lithuanian rùsvas ` reddish brown ' (*rudh-s-u̯o-),
ruslis `Bratrost', rusė́ti `gleam, burn', Latvian rusla `kind of rotbrauner paint, color',
Lithuanian rùstas ` brownish, purple, mauve' (*rudh-s-to-), Latvian rusta `braune paint,
color', rustēt `red paint ';
Old Church Slavic rudъ `red', ruda òre, metal ', rusъ (*roudh-s-o-) `reddish, blond';
*rъdrъ `red' in r.-Church Slavic rodrъ; rъděti sę ` turn red ', rьžda `Rost', russ. rysyj
`reddish blond' (*rūdh-s-o-, compare Latvian rūsa);
Tocharian A rätr-ārkyant `rotglänzend', rtär, В rätre `red' (*rutre-?).
Old Indic ravi- m. `sun', Armenian arev ds. kann only very doubtful as `the Rote'
gedeutet become; Latin raudus, rōdus, rūdus èin formloses Erzstück as coin' is perhaps
with Old Indic lōhá- `rotes metal, copper, iron' and Old Icelandic rauði `rotes Eisenerz', Old
Church Slavic ruda òre, metal ' to connect and gall. or Illyrian loanword;
also Old High German aruzzi, erizzi, aruz, Old Saxon arut òre, Erzstück', Old Icelandic
ortog (*arutia-taugo) `Drittel eines øre' are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed
to betrachten; hence besteht Hommels derivation from sum. urud ` copper' letztlich to right,
different Kretschmer Gl. 32, 6 ff.
References: WP. II 358 f., WH. II 420 f., 444 f., 455, 456, Trautmann 239.
Page(s): 872-873
Root / lemma: reugh

reugh-
gh-m(e)n-
m(e)n-
Meaning: cream
Material: Avestan raoɣna- ` butter', Middle Persian npers. rōɣan `(ausgelassene) butter';
Old Icelandic rjūmi m. ` skimmings', changing through ablaut Old English rēam, Middle
Low German rōme, Old High German roum `cream', and Middle Low German rāme (for
*rōme), from which Modern High German Rahm, with ū Swiss rūm ds.
References: WP. II 357 f.; s. also above S. 868.
Page(s): 873
rēu-, rū̆-
reu-1, rēu-
Root / lemma: reu-
Meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words
Material: Old Indic rā́u-ti, ruváti, ravati `bellow, roar, lärmt, dröhnt', ráva-, ravátha- m. `
Material:
bellowing, braying, roar '; gr. ὠρύ̄ομαι `heule, bellow, stoße einen scream from', ὠρῡδόν
Adv. `with bellowing, braying, roar ' (prefix Indo Germanic ō); Latin rūmor `noise, shout,
call, rumor'; răvus `hoarse', ravis f. ` hoarseness ', raucus `hoarse', raviō -īre `sich hoarse
talk, speak';
Old English rēon `Wehklagen', Middle High German rienen (*reunōn) ` wail, lament'; Old
Icelandic rymja `roar, bellow, drone, grumble', rymr m. `grobe voice';
Church Slavic revǫ, rjuti and Old Church Slavic rovǫ, ruti `roar, bellow', Czech řujě (old),
říje f. `clamor of Hirsches, rutting ', poln. ruja f. `rutting, heat(zeit)' (out of it Lithuanian rujà,
Latvian ruoja f.); Slavic*rovǫ besides *rjuti from *reu̯ō, *reuti, thereafter *rjovǫ > *rjevǫ;
with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: Old Irish rūn ` mystery ', cymr.
rhin ds.; Gothic rūna f. ` mystery ', Old Saxon rūna, Middle Low German rūne ` furtive
whispering, h. Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen', Old English rūn ds., Middle High German
rūne ` whispering, furtive Beratschlagen', Old Icelandic rȳna `vertraulich together talk,
speak', Old English rūnian ` whisper, sich verschwören', Old High German rūnēn `
whisper, raunen', changing through ablaut Old English rēonian ` whisper' (as above rēon,
Middle High German rienen), Norwegian dial. rjona `babble'.
extensions:
reud-: Old Indic rudáti, róditi `heult, weint, jammert', Avestan raod- `weep, cry', Old
a. reud-
Indic róda- m. `Klageton, Winseln, Weinen' (= Old High German rōz m., compare
Lithuanian raudà); gr. ῥύζω? (see above); Latin rū̆dō, -ere, -īvi `cry; roar, bellow'; Old High
German riozan `weep, cry', rōz `das Weinen, Winseln', Old English rēotan ` wail, weep,
cry', ablaut. Old Icelandic rauta `roar, bellow'; Bavarian rotzen `weep, cry'; Lithuanian
ráudmi Ì lament ', raudóju, raudóti ds., Latvian raûdât `weep, cry, lament', Lithuanian apsi-
rústu, preterit su-rúdau `mad, wicked, evil, sad become', rústas ` grumpy, surly, sullen,
fierce, grim'; slov. rydati `weep, cry', Old Czech ruditi àfflict, sadden'.
b. reuĝ-
reuĝ-: gr. ἐρυγόντα ` the bellowing ', ἐρύγμηλος ` bellowing (of bull)', ὀρυγμάδες
θόρυβοι Hes. (also ὀρυμαγδός `great din, fuss, noise' is from *ὀρυγμαδος reconverted with
metathesis), ὠρῡγή, ὤρῡγμα, ὠρῡγμός ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (to ὠ- see
above); ῥύζειν ` growl, bark, bay' Hes.; Latin rūgiō, -īre `roar, bellow (of Löwen)' (after
mūgiō?); Middle Irish rucht ` bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (*rug-tu-); Old English rēoc
`wild', wherefore probably Gothic in-rauhtjan èrgrimmen'; (but Old Icelandic raukn n. `
draft animal ' for rǫkn = vrǫkn); Slavic *ruži̯eti ` neighs ' in Old Church Slavic rъžetъ, rъzati,
serb. ȑžê, ȑzati etc. (Lithuanian rūgóti èvil nehmen' is loanword from russ. rugátь `vilify,
scold' = Old Church Slavic rǫgati sę ` mock ').
reuk-: Old English rȳn `roar, bellow' (*rūhjan), Middle Low German rǖjan ds., Old High
c. reuk-
German rūhin ` bellowing, braying, roar ', besides ruhen (from *ruhjan), Old High German
rohôn `rūgīre' (Wissmann Nom. postv. 87 f.); Latvian rucu, rùkt `roar, roar, bellow',
Lithuanian rūkti `roar, bellow'; Old Church Slavic rykajǫ, rykati `rugire', russ. rykátь `roar,
bellow'; besides Old Church Slavic rikajǫ ` bellow' (from *rjūkajǫ), ablaut. slov. rûk m.
`rutting, heat the Hirsche', rúkati `roar, bellow' etc.
d. ein cognate reus-

reus- seeks man in:
Modern High German rösten (after dem knisternden Ton?), Old High German rōst
`Rostpfanne, pyre, stake', Old High German rō̆sc, Middle High German rosch, rösch
`knisternd, brittle, resch', Old English ge-roscian `beim fire dry'?; in addition probably
Lithuanian rúzgiu `roar, foam, schnurre, grumble'.
References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.
Page(s): 867-868
reu-2, reu̯ǝ- : rū̆-

Root / lemma: reu-
Meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..
Grammatical information: participle Perf. Pass. rū̆-tó-
tó-
Note: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu- (see below)
Material: Old Indic rav-, ru- ` shatter, shatter ' (rávat, rudhí, rāviṣam, rṓruvat; meaning
probably from `her and in Stücke reißen'), participle rutá- ` shatter, zerschmettert' (= Latin
dī-, ē-, ob-rŭtus); rṓman-, lṓman `hair' (compare under n. Irish rūaimneach and Old
Icelandic rǫgg `long hair'); gr. ἐρῠσί-χθων `die Erde aufwühlend';
Latin ruō in the meaning `tear open, dig, scratch', ē-, dī-, ob-ruō, -rŭtus (see above), rūta
caesa àll, was auf a small area of land ausgegraben and gefällt is', rū̆trum `spade, hack,
mattock, hoe, Kelle', rutellum `small shovel', rutābulum `shovel, Scharre';
Middle Irish rūam `spade, Grabscheit', rūamar èffossio'; nir. rūaimneach `long hair';
Old Icelandic rȳja `den Schafen die Wolle ausreißen' (Norwegian rū f. `Winterwolle'), Old
Saxon rūwi f. `rauhes fell, fur';
Old Icelandic rǫgg f., rǫggr m. `long hair, long wool' (*rawwa-), Swedish rugg `zottiges
hair' (*ruwwa-); out of it engl. rug;
Gothic riurs `vergänglich' (riurjan `spoil'), Old Icelandic rȳrr `small, arm';
presumably Old Saxon Old High German riomo `strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle'
(*àbgerissener Hautstreifen'), Old English rēoma, rēama ds., also `thin Haut' (compare S.
873 *reugh-m(e)n- ` skimmings'); Middle Low German Middle Dutch rūn, rūne, schwäb.
raun `Wallach, Gaul', because of East Frisian han-rūne `Hahnrei' (actually ` castrated
rooster, cock') originally èquus castratus', mnl. runen, ruynen `cut, clip, castrate '; (Modern
High German runken); borrowed Latvian rūnīt ` castrate ', also Finnish ruuna `Wallach',
ruunata ` castrate ';
Lithuanian ráuju, ráuti àusreißen, ausjäten', ravė́ti ` weed ' (rãvas `Straßengraben', Old
Prussian rawys `ditch, trench, channel' loanword from poln. rów `ditch, trench, channel');
Latvian raûklis `Raufeisen'; Old Church Slavic ryjǫ, ryti `dig', rъvǫ `reiße from, jäte from',
rylъ, rylo `Grabscheit, spade, hack, mattock, hoe', rovъ `ditch, trench, channel, pit,
pothole', runo ` fleece ';
s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also Lithuanian ùrvas m., also
ùrva f. `cave'.
extensions:
reub-: `reissen' in Latin rubus `Brombeerstaude, blackberry ' (`*shrub, bush, whereof
a. reub-
man sich reißt'), rūbidus (panis i. e. `parum coctus') `raw, rauhrissig'; perhaps also rubēta `
toad '; Middle Irish robb ànimal'?; Germanic *raup-, *rupp- (with intensification) in Gothic
raupjan `pluck', Old English rīepan àusplündern', Old High German roufen, Middle High
German roufen, reufen, raufen `pluck'; Middle English ryppen, engl. rip ` rend ', Middle
High German rupfen, ropfen `pluck', Old Icelandic ruppa, rupla `losreißen', rupl n. `booty,
robbery '.
rud-ló-
reud- `zerreissen'; rud-
b. reud- ló- `raw, wild'.
Latin rūdus, -eris n. `zerbröckeltes rock, detritus, rubble '; also rudis ` uncultivated, raw',
rullus `coarse, bäurisch' (*rud-lo-); Middle Irish rūad `Ruine', cymr. Pl. rhuddion òffal, bran
' (*roud-); Old Norse reyta (*rautjan) àbreißen, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck', also Middle
Dutch rūten, holl. ruiten ` rend, plündern, rob', Middle Low German rüter, holl. ruiter
(Modern High German Reuter) `Plünderer, robber ' (influence of Middle Latin ru(p)tarius); a
related word for `junk' places Middle High German riuze, alt-riuze `wer mitGerümpel
handelt or es ausbessert' ahead; auf das through Wässern and Faulenlassen of Flachses
vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaser weisen Old Icelandic rotinn `faul, decayed ' (but ū-
rotinn still `wer die hair nicht lost '), rot n. ` decay; Ohnmacht', Old Saxon rotōn `from Rost
verzehrt become', Old English rotian ` decayed, wither, wilt'; Middle Low German rӧ̄ten
`flax rösten', Old High German rōzzen ` decayed ', Middle High German rōzzen and ræzen
` decayed let', Modern High German Bavarian rӧ̄ssen `Flachs faulen let' (reshaped to
röstennach rösten àuf dem Rost braten'), Middle High German rōz ` friable ';
here Old Indic Rudrá- GN (*rud-lo-), pāli ludda- `cruel, savage' after W. Wüst Rudrá-.
reu h- `reuten, roden'.

c. reud
Avestan raoiδya- àrable to make';
Old Icelandic rjōða `reuten, räumen', Middle High German rieten stem V. àusrotten,
destroy'; Old Icelandic rjōðr n. òffene place in Walde', Old High German reod `gerodetes
land ', Modern High German dial. Ried ` reed ' ds., Old High German riuti ds., riuten
(*riutjan) `reuten', ablaut. Old Icelandic ruð n. `gerodete place in wood, forest', Middle Low
German rot `das Roden', Old Icelandic ryðja `roden; aufräumen, ausrotten', Old English ā-
ryddan (engl. rid) `mug, rob, plündern'; Middle High German roten, Modern High German
rotten; Middle Low German roden, out of it Modern High German roden, Old Frisian tō-
rotha àusrotten'.
reuk- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-?) `pluck'.

d. reuk-
Old Indic luñcati `rauft, rupft, enthülst', luñcana- n. `das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen', rūkṣá-
see below;
gr. ὀρύσσω, Attic -ττω `ditch, grub, scharre', ὀρυχή, ὀρυγή `das ditch, trench, channel',
ὄρυγμα n. `ditch, trench, channel', κατωρυχής ìn the Erde vergraben'; common Old Indic -
ĝh- > kṣ- : Gr. -ĝh- > -ss-, -tt-
Latin runcō, -āre ` weed, ausjäten', runcō, -ōnis `Reuthacke, Jäthacke'; gr. ῥυκάνη ` plane '
(the vowel suggestion getilgt perhaps after ῥῡσιάζω `reiße weg' to *u̯er-s-, -u-??), from
which Latin runcina ds. (-n- through distant assimilation, unterstützt through runcāre); Irish
rucht `swine' (`Wühler' *ruktu-); mcymr. rhwgn `Reiben, Kerben' (*runk-no-? s. Loth RC.
42, 138 f.);
with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness
(as S. 868 Old Icelandic rǫgg): Old Indic rūkṣá- `rough', common Old Indic -ĝh- > kṣ- : Gr. -
ĝh- > -ss-, -tt-
Old High German rūh, Old English rūh `rough, behaart; ungebildet'; Old Saxon rūgi, rūwi f.
`rauhes fell, fur, grobe cover', Middle High German riuhe, rūhe `Pelzwerk', Modern High
German Rauchwerk, Old English rȳhe, rūwa, rēowe `grobe Wolldecke', Old Icelandic rȳ f.
ds.;
as `crack, furrow' perhaps here Lithuanian raũka f., raũkas m. `wrinkle', raukiù, raũkti ìn
Falten pull, furrow ', runkù, rùkti `wrinkly become' and with g: Latin rūga `wrinkle, crease '.
Maybe alb. (*rūga) rrudha `wrinkle' common alb. -g- > -dh- (not a Latin loanword.
reup- àusreißen, tear, break, rupture'; roupā-

e. reup- roupā- `hole, aperture ', rūpēis-
rūpēis- `rock'.
Old Indic rōpayati ` causes rupture, shatters, cracks ', rúpyati `has Reißen in Leibe',
*rōpa- n. `hole, cave' (= Lithuanian raupaĩ, compare Old Icelandic rauf f., serb. rȕpa);
Latin rumpō, -ere, rūpī, ruptum `break, rupture', rūpēs ` steep Felswand, cliff, cliff gap,
abrupt abyss' (compare under Lithuanian rupis `rock', wherefore Illyrian PN ΏΡύπες,
Achaia, and in similar meaning Modern High German Riepe `Schuttreuse' and die Tirol
place names roupǝ, roufǝ, inscribed Roppen, Rofen), rūpex, -icis `ruppiger uncouth,
clumsy person, Rüpel' (compare Lithuanian rupùs `rough, coarse');
Maybe from [thracian-illyrian word.] gr. ῥομφαία , ἡ, A. large, broad sword, used by the
Thracians, ὀρθὰς ῥ. βαρυσιδήρους ἀπὸ τω̂ν δεξιω̂ν ὤμων ἐπισείοντες Plu.Aem.18 , cf.
Phylarch. Fr.57 J., Arr.Fr.103J.: generally, sword, LXX Ge.3.24, al., Ev.Luc.2.35, Apoc.6.8,
Jul.Ep.89b; of the sword of Goliath, LXX 1 Ki. 17.51, J.AJ6.12.4. derived Latin rhompháia
‘a spear’, later ‘a sword’ (Plut. Aem. Paul. 18; Eust. ad II. VI 166; Hesych.). Other forms of
the word are rumpia (Liv., Gell., Ascon. ad Mil.), romphea (Isid. Etym.), romphaea vel
romfea (CGL 7, 212). later Bulgarian roféja, rufja ` a thunderbolt ' and the Alb. rrufeja ` a
thunderbolt ', reja `cloud ' as derivatives of that word.
Old Icelandic riūfa, Old English rēofan `break, rupture, tear' (Old High German ā-riub
àtrox, dirus', actually ùngebrochen'); Old Icelandic rauf f. `col, gap, hole', Old English rēaf
n. ` robbery, booty, dress, armament, armor' (*roupā = Slavic *rupa `hole'), Old High
German roub m. ds., to Gothic bi-raubōn, Old High German roubōn, Old Saxon rōƀōn
`rob', Old Icelandic raufa `durchbrechen, rob' and reyfa `durchbohren, tear', Old English
bе-rīefan `mug, rob'; Old Icelandic reyfi `gerupfte wool, rauhes fell, fur', Middle Dutch roof
àbgezogenes fell, fur'; geminated East Frisian rubben `scratch, scrape, rub, pluck', Low
German rubbelig, rubberig ` uneven, rough', Modern High German ruppig ùnkempt,
shaggy', engl. rubble, rubbish ` rubble, offal'; Old Icelandic rūfinn `bristly, unkempt, shaggy,
rauhhaarig'; Modern High German rüffeln `scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen';
Lithuanian rūpė́ti `sich kümmern', rūpùs `worries' (to russ. rupá ` care, ruefulness'),
raupýti and (Indo Germanic ablaut ou : ōu) ruõpti `dig, hollow out', rùpas `rough, bumpy ',
rupùs `rough, coarse', rupìs `rock', East Lithuanian raupaĩ Pl. ` measles, pox' ('Rauhigkeit
in the Haut'), raupsaĩ ` leprosy '; also Lithuanian rupužė̃, raupežė̃ ` toad ' (from the
roughness the Haut), compare also Latvian raupa ` goose bumps ' (`shudder, shiver ');
serb. rȕpa `hole, pit, pothole' (*roupā), poln. rupić się `sich kümmern', ablaut. rypać
`scindere, friare'.
reus-: Old Icelandic reyrr m. ` cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
f. reus-
some kind ', rūst f. `Trummer, decomposed wall' (see above S. 686 about Old Indic loṣṭá-
m. n.); Old High German riostar ` plough handle, plough stilt ', Old English rēost èin Teil of
Pfluges', Modern High German dial. riester `rag zum Schuhflicken'; Danish ros ` schnitzel,
offal', Norwegian dial. ros, rys ` fish scale ', rus `thin bowl', rosa `ritzen, die Haut
aufscheuern, sich lösen', isl. rosm n. òffal', rusl n. òffal', Old Saxon ruslos m. Pl.
`Speckseite', Old English rysel m. `bacon, fat, ; Dutch rul ` lax and dry, e.g. of sand, rough'
(*ruzlá-); Old Icelandic ryskja ` rend, pluck', Norwegian rusk òffal, dust, powder' (also
Middle Low German rūsch ` intestines, entrails ', Bavarian geräusch? still insecure Middle
High German roesche, Modern High German dial. rösch `hard and light frail, breakable ');
with Germanic root variation Old Icelandic raska ìn Unordnung bringen'; with -p- probably
Old High German gi-rūspit gl. to inhorruit (aper), and (as ìn neck scratch, scrape') Modern
High German räuspern, Middle High German riuspern, riuspeln, rūspern, compare Latin
rūspor, -āri ` seek ', actually àufreißend, durchwühlend, whereupon forschend', as Italian
ruspare `scratch (from the hen)', ruspo `rough, neugemünzt', rospo ` toad ' show;
Lithuanian rausiù, raũsti `scratch, dig', rūsỹs, rúsas `pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffeln',
pelen-rũsis, -rūsà Àschenbrödel', rùsinti ` poke, stoke, stir coals ', Latvian raust ` stoke,
stir coals, dig', raustīt `pull, rend ', rūsa ` stacked rubble '; about Old Church Slavic rušiti `
overturn, knock over ', *ruchъ `movement', see above S. 332.
References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247,
Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176 f.
Page(s): 868-871
reu-3, reu-
Root / lemma: reu- reu-s-
Meaning: ` hurry, rush '
See also: see above S. 331 f. (er-3), wherefore still Middle Irish rūaimm ònrush', bret.
rumm ` crowd, throng, mass, horde, swarm ' (reu-smen).
Page(s): 871
Root / lemma: reu-

reu-4
Meaning: ` explore, inquire '
See also: see above S. 337 (ereu-).
Page(s): 871
Root / lemma: reu-

reu-smen-
smen-
Meaning: chewing; throat
Material: Old Indic rōmantha- m. `Wiederkäuen'; wakhi ramöt (*raumąϑa-) ds.; kati žëmɛtr
(*romantra-) ds.;
Latin rūmen, -inis `throat, pharynx, gullet', rūma, rūmis, -is ds. (can m from mn have,
as:) rūmāre besides rūmināre `ruminate'; kymr. rhumen `paunch, udder'; compare above
S. 872.
References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-th- 14 f.
Page(s): 873
Root / lemma: reus-

reus-
Meaning: elm
Material: Irish rúaimm `betula alnus, alnus glutinosa' (*reus-men);
to Old High German rust, Middle High German Modern High German Rüster?

Page(s): 873
reuto-, routo-
Root / lemma: reuto- routo-, rut-
rut-
Meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)
Material: Middle Persian rōt ` intestines, entrails of Rindes', npers. rūda, Pl. rūdag-ānī `
intestines, intestines, entrails ' (*reuto-ko-); jav. uruϑwarǝ, -wan- n. (*rut-u̯ar-, -u̯an-) `
intestines, entrails, belly';
Old English rēada `Tiermagen', engl. read `Labmagen' (*routo-), Old Dutch roode `
psalterium '; Swedish dial. rudda f. `Labmagen' (*ruddōn-).
References: Lidén KZ. 61, 14 f.

Page(s): 873-874
Root / lemma: reu̯ǝ- : rū-

rū-
Meaning: to open; wide
Material: Avestan ravah- n. `Raum, Weite', ravas-čarāt- `was sich in Freien bewegt';
Latin rūs, rūris `land (in contrast to town, city), estate' (*reu̯os); Middle Irish róe, rói f.
èbenes field' (because of Eigennamens Cú Rói, welcher older Cú Raui lautet, from
*rōu̯i̯ā);
Germanic rū-main Gothic rūms ` capacious, wide', rūm n. `Raum', Old Icelandic rūmr `
capacious ', rūm n. `Raum, place', Old Saxon rūm m. `Raum', Old Frisian Old English rūm
` capacious ', m. `Raum, stretch of time, possibility, opportunity', Old High German Middle
High German rûm m. `Raum, aperture, free Räumlichkeit', Middle High German rūm `
capacious '; Old High German rūmi, Middle High German rūme ` capacious, wide, afar';
abgel. verb Germanic *rūmian : Old Icelandic rȳma ` capacious make' etc.;
Old Church Slavic ravьnъ from *orvьnъ ` even '; russ. roves-nyk Àltersgenosse'; Old
Prussian arwis `true, certainly ';
Tocharian AB ru- òpen'.

Page(s): 874
Root / lemma: rezg-

rezg-
Meaning: to plait, wind
Material: Old Indic rájju- f. `rope, band'; Latin restis ds. (*rezgtis) = Old Lithuanian rekstis
`basket'; Old English resc(e), risc(e), Middle Low German risch ` bulrush'; Norwegian rusk
m. ryskje n. `Schmiele', Old English rysc, rysce f. ` bulrush'; Middle Low German rusch
`reed, bulrush', Middle High German rusch(e) f. ` bulrush'; Lithuanian rezgù, rèksti `flax,
wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie ', Latvian režǵēt `flax, wattle, braid', režǵis ` wickerwork ';
Old Bulgarian rozga `rod, twig, branch', through secondary Beeinflussung of prefixes raz-:
russ.-Church Slavic razga.
Page(s): 874
Root / lemma: rēd-

rēd-1
Meaning: to excite; joyful
Meaning:
Note: only Germanic and balto-slavisch
Material: Old English rōt ` gleeful, blithe, glad, good', ā-rētan àufmuntern'; Old Icelandic
rö́t̥ ask `heiter become', mál-rǿtinn `redeliebend'; Lithuanian rõds ` gladly, willing'; Old
Church Slavic radъ `libens', Serbo-Croatian rȁd, Czech rád ds.
Page(s): 853
rēd-2 : rōd-
Root / lemma: rēd- rōd- : rǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch
Material: Latin rōdō ` gnaw, benage' and rādō `scharre, scrape, scratch' (from *radzd(h)ō s.
cymr. rhathu), wherefore rāstrum `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst', rādula ` rasper', rāllum `
plowshare ', rāmentum Àbgang, chip, splinter, splinter' and rōstrum `(Nagewerkzeug) bill,
beak, neb, snout, proboscis, prow, bow of a ship'; cymr. rhathu `raspeln, smooth, ebnen',
rhathell `Raspel', rhath ` plain, surface, plain, area', bret. raza `raser'; brit. rath- and Latin
rādō are under *răzdō (from *radzd(h)ō, d(h)-present) compatible;
Old High German rāzi `sharp from taste, wild', Middle High German rāze rǣze ds. prove
die ē-grade *rēd-; in addition Germanic *rattō `rat' (=nibbler): Old Saxon ratta, Old English
rætt m., Middle High German ratze, ratz etc.; in Modern High German Dialekten comes
Ratz in the meaning `marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm' vor; Old High German rato,
radda, ratta.
References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.

Page(s): 854
rēi-1 : rī-
Root / lemma: rēi- rī-
Meaning: ` count, order '
Note: extended rēi-dh-.
See also: see above S. 60 (ar-).
Page(s): 860
rēi-2, rōi-
Root / lemma: rēi- rōi-
Meaning: ` nut '
References: (see Trautmann 241 f.)
See also: see above S. 61 (ar-3).
Page(s): 860
rēito-, rēiti-
Root / lemma: rēito- rēiti-
Meaning: scapula; shoulder (of animals)
Material: Armenian eri, Gen. ervoy `Bug, shoulder from animals'; Lithuanian ríetas m.
`thigh, hip ', Latvian rieta f. `leg'; Church Slavic ritь, Czech řít́ `podex'.
References: Trautmann 242, Lidén Mél. Pedersen 88 f.
Page(s): 863
Root / lemma: rē̆k-2

Meaning: to arrange, prepare
Material: Old Indic racayati `verfertigt, bildet', racana- n. Òrdnen, Betreiben'; Gothic
rahnjan `reckon'; ragin n. `Rat, decision', Old Icelandic regin, Pl. rǫgn `die ratschlagenden
Mächte, gods', Old Saxon ragino giscapu `Beschlüsse the göttlichen Mächte', Old High
German regin- in proper name; Old Church Slavic rokъ m. ` certain time, purpose ', rekǫ,
rešti `say', raknǫti, račiti `want, desire, will' etc.; Tocharian A rake, В reki, Pl. rekauna
`word';
with ē: Gothic ga-rēhsns f. ` decision, ruling, determination '; Old Church Slavic rěčь f. `
a formal complaint, indictment, accusation, prosecution ';
quite doubtful sameness with Old Icelandic rān n. ` robbery ' (*rahna-), rǣna `rob'
(*rahnjan), Old High German bi-rahanen ` capture, entrap '; primary meaning would be `
robbing - assassination '?

Page(s): 863
rē-1, rǝ- extended rē-

Root / lemma: rē- rē-dh- etc.
Meaning: ` calculate, count ', ` make ready, consider '
See also: see above S. 59 f. (ar-).
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: rē̆-2 extended rē-

rē-dh-
Meaning: ` disjoint, separate '
See also: see above S. 332 f. (er-).
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: rē-

rē-3
Meaning: ` oar, row, paddle '
See also: see above S. 338 (erǝ-).
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: rē-

rē-4
Meaning: ` lie, rest, repose '
Meaning:
See also: see above S. 338 f. (erǝ-)
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: rē-

rē-5
Meaning: dark
Material: Old Indic rāmá- ` swart, black'; n. ` darkness, night'; rāmī f. `night'; Middle High
German rām, rōm m. `smut, smut'; nisl. rāma-legr `dirty, filthy'; Old High German rāmac,
Middle High German rāmec, rāmig `dirty, filthy, sooty ', Old English rōmig ` sooty ', Modern
English room `scurf on the head, dandruff';
Old Indic rātrī `night' better to Latin lateō etc., above S. 651 nachzutragen.
With -u̯o-formants: Latin rāvus `gray, gray-yellow '.
Page(s): 853
Root / lemma: rē-

rē-6
Meaning: to cry
Meaning: ` cry, shout, holler '
See also: s. rei-
rei-3.
Page(s): 853
rēp-1 (rep-?)
Root / lemma: rēp-
Meaning: to crawl, sneak
Material: Latin rēpō, -ere ` grovel, truckle, creep, slink'; Old High German rebo, reba, repa,
Material:
Middle High German rebe `Schlingschößling'; ablaut. Middle Low German wīn-rāve ` vine ';
Lithuanian rėplióti ` grovel, truckle, creep ', ablaut. roplóti ds., Latvian rãpât, rãpt ds., Old
Prussian rīpaiti `folget'; barely in addition wruss. rapuxa, poln. ropucha ` toad '.
References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetze16 604.

Page(s): 865
rēp-2, rǝp-
Root / lemma: rēp- ǝp-
Meaning: pole; beam
Material: Old High German rā̆vo `rafter', Old Icelandic rāfr, rǣfr m., rāf n. `Sparrendach';
Material:
Old Icelandic raptr m. `stick, rafter' (vandal. PN Raptus), Old English ræfter ds., Middle
Low German rafter, rachter `small balk, beam, lath'; Lithuanian rė́plinti ùplift, set up,
hinstellen'; Old Church Slavic rěpьjь, rěpijь `picket, pole', rěpьje ` τρίβολος '.
Page(s): 866
rēs-, rōs-
Root / lemma: rēs- rōs-
Meaning: ` flow '
See also: see above S. 336 f. (ere-s-2).
Page(s): 866
rēt-, rōt-
Root / lemma: rēt- rōt-, rǝt-
ǝt-
Meaning: pole; trunk
Material: Old High German ruota, Old Icelandic rōða `rod, shaft, pole', Old Saxon rōda
`(picket, pole)kreuz', Old English rōd ds. and Church Slavic ratište, ratovište
`Lanzenschaft'; perhaps in addition Latin rētae `from dem bank, border, shore of river
protruding tree ', rētāre `den river from solchen clean' and rătis `Floß'.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.
Page(s): 866
Root / lemma: roi-

roi-no-
no-
Meaning: ` way, slope, hill '
See also: see below rei-.
Page(s): 874
Root / lemma: rughi̯o-

Meaning: ` rye, variety of cereal grass cultivated for grain '
See also: see below u̯rughi̯o-.
Page(s): 874
ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-
Root / lemma: ruk(k)- rouk(k)-
Meaning: a kind of cloth
Material: Old Irish rucht (*ruktu-) `tunica'; mcymr. rhuch(en) `mantle' (*roukkā); Gothic
*rukka (Italian rocca), Old High German rocko ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in
spinning) '; Old Icelandic rokkr `Rock' derives from Old English Old Saxon rocc `Rock'.
References: WP. II 374, Loth RC. 42, 62 f.
Page(s): 874
Root / lemma: r̥ksā

ksā
Meaning: tether
Material: Old Indic r̥kṣálā, r̥cchárā f. `manacle' perhaps to Lithuanian rė́ša `Kötengelenk of
the horse'; different about Old Indic r̥kṣálā above S. 673. common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ-
Page(s): 875
Root / lemma: ŕ̥k̂Þo-

Þo-s
Þo
Meaning: bear
Note: (or r̥k̂-s-o-s besides r̥k̂-to-
to-s?)
Material: Old Indic ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear' (in addition a new fem. r̥k̂ṣī `Bärin') = jav. arša-,
common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : jav. -ĝh- > -xš-, -š-
osset. ars, Armenian arj (influenced from arjn `dark brown'), alb. ari, gr. ἄρκτος, newer
ἄρκος, in addition (?) the VN ᾽Αρκάδες,
Note:
Note
Alb. harusha `she-bear' : aquitan. PN Harsus : Old Indic ŕ̥kṣa- m. `bear' proves the cognate
for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved
the matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.
Alb. arithi (diminutive)`standing like a bear' (*ar(h)i) ari `bear' (The stem final -θ- has been
dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the
hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -th.) : Armenian arj `bear', cymr. arth `bear'
[common alb. - cymr. - k̂ > -th].
Middle Irish art, cymr. arth `bear', gall. Deae Artioni `Bärengöttin', Latin ursus `bear',
perhaps Hittite ḫartagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitan. PN Harsus, Basque hartz `bear'
are Celtic loanword; npers. xirs `bear' soll auf iran. *r̥sa- = Indo Germanic r̥k̂o- weisen,
whereupon also osset. ars go back could.
References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f.,
interprets the bear as ` destroyer, damager ', to Old Indic rákṣas- n. ` destruction ',
Avestan raš- `damage' (see 864); compare also Frisk Gr. et. Wb. 141 f.
Page(s): 875
Root / lemma: saip-

saip-
Meaning: stall, fence
Material: Gr. αἱμός (Aisch.) ` thicket ' (*saip-mo-?), αἱμασία `fence, wall' (*saip-mn̥tiā́?);
Latin saepēs, -is ` fence, paddock ', saepiō, -īre ùmzäunen', praesaepēs, prae-saepia `
crib, manger, stall', saepe òften' (neuter eines Adj. *saepis `gedrängt').

Page(s): 878
Root / lemma: sak-

sak-
Meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty
Material: Latin sacer `consecrated, holy' (besides sācris); Faliscan sacru(m), Oscan
σακορο `sacra' or `sacrum', sakrim (Akk.), sakrid (Abl.), sakarater `sacratur', sacrasias
`*sacrariae', sakaraklúm `sacellum', saka(ra)hiter `sanciātur', Umbrian sakra `sacras',
Adverb sakre; Paelignian sacaracirix `*sacratrix, sacerdos'; further Oscan sakrvist `sacra
est'; previous compound is Latin sacerdōs, -dōtis `priest'(also f.) from *săcro-dhō-t-s to root
dhē-;
moreover Sancus, -ī and -ūs, name an Umbrian-sabin. divinity; of u-stem derived

istSanquālis `zum Sancus belonging'; Umbrian Sanśi `Sancium', dat. Sansie; from *sanko-
is sanciō, -īre ` through religious Weihe unverletzlich machen, sanctify; ein law bestätigen'
derived, further sanctus `geheiligt', Umbrian sahta, sahata `sanctam', Oscan saahtúm
`sanctum', Paelignian sato `sanctum'; Latin sagmen `the heiligende, auf the Burg
gepflückte Grasbüschel';
Hittite šaklai- ` custom, Ritus'.
References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.

Page(s): 878
Root / lemma: sal-

sal-2
Meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow
Note: also (after the paint, color) zur appellation of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and
of Speichels
Note:
sal-2 : dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root / lemma: sal-
Root / lemma: sal- sal- : salt;
salty water.
Material: A. Old Indic lengthened grade sāra-, sāla- `gray' = Old English sōl `dirty, filthy,
dark', ndd. saul ds.; air sal and sa(i)le f. `smut', salach `dirty, filthy' = abret. haloc, cymr.
halog ds.; cymr. sal `ärmlich, sick ' is French loanword;
sal-u̯o- in Old Icelandic splr `dirty, filthy' sǫl n. à kind of Alge'; Old High German salo
B. sal-
`cloudy, dirty grey ', Old English salu ds., Dutch zaluw `dunkelgelb'; Middle High German
sal, Gen. salwes `smut'; cymr. salw `ärmlich, low' (das s- from sal, see above), acorn.
halou `stercora'; russ.-Church Slavic slavo-očije `Blauäugigkeit', russ. solovój
ìsabellenfarben'.
C. Latin salīva f. `saliva', out of it Old Irish saile, cymr. haliw ds.
D. Latin salix ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' = Middle Irish sail, Gen. sa(i)lech, cymr. etc.
helyg-en ds.; abrit. PN Salico-dūnon, gall. PN Salicilla; Old High German sal(a)ha, Middle
High German salhe, Modern High German Salweide; Old English sealh m., Old Icelandic
selja ` a willow-tree, willow, sallow' (*salhjōn).
Maybe alb. (*salicus) shelgu `willow' not from lat salix.
References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.
Page(s): 879
Root / lemma: sal-

sal-
Meaning: salt; salty water
Grammatical information: Nom. sal, sal-d-, sal-
sal sal- sal-i, sal- sal-n-és
sal-u; Gen. sal-
Note:
sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root / lemma: sū-
Root / lemma: sal- ro-, sou-
sū-ro- ro- : salty,
sou-ro-
bitter; cheese
Material: Old Indic sal-ilá- n. ` sea, Meeresflut ' (`*das Salzige'), sal-ilá- ` salty '; Armenian
aɫ `salt' (i-stem), aɫt (i-stem) `Salzlager, salt', aɫi ` salty ' (out of it is the river name ῝Αλυς
gräzisiert);
gr. ἅλς, Gen. ἁλός m. `salt', f. `Salzflut, sea', Dat. Pl. ἅλασι; Pl. ἅλες also `Witz', as Latin
salēs, ἅλιος `marinus', ἀλιεύς ` seaman, fisherman '; ἁλυκός `fresh', ἁλικός ` salty '; stem
ἁλι- stets in compound ἁλι-πόρφυρος, ἁλι-μυρήεις (ἁλος-ύδνη contains den Gen. ἁλός);
ἅλμη ` sea waters, salinity, sharpness' (therefrom ἁλμυρός `salty, bitter, sharp'); alb.
ngjelbëtë, ngjelmëtë `salty', njelm `be salty' (-mo- as in gr. ἅλμη);
Maybe alb. njomë `fresh, young, wet'; gjellë (*ghala) `food', gjallë àlive, fresh meat',
gjallesë `creature to be eaten', alb. Geg gja `thing, creature' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz-].
Note:
Root / lemma: solo- sol(e)u̯o- : `whole, integrate' derived from Root / lemma: sal-
solo-, sol( sal- : `salt;
salty water'.
Maybe alb. helm 'poison, bitter' preservation of the old laryngeal
Illyrian PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa; Latin sāl, sălis m., Old Latin also Nom. sale
n. `salt'; Umbrian salu `salem', perhaps also Latin insula as `ἡ ἐν ἁλὶ οὖσα' (compare gr.
ἔναλος ìn Meere situated');
maybe alb. (*insula) ishull ìsland'
Old Irish salann, cymr. halen, acorn. haloin, bret. c'hoalenn, holen (*salei-no-) `salt'; auf
*salī-mo- leads probably cymr. heli `sea'; Celtic FlN Sala `Saale', compare Saalach, Nfl.
the Salzach; Latvian sā̀ls (*sālis); Old Prussian sal is poln. loanword; Lithuanian sālti `
become sweet, become sour ', salià `Süßigkeit'; Latvian sālīms, Lithuanian žem. sólymas
m. ` brine, pickle ' (= cymr. heli); Old Church Slavic solь f. `salt' (*sali-); Slavic *solnъ in Old
Church Slavic slanъ ` salty '; Old Prussian saltan n. `bacon', Slavic *soltь f. in russ. solotь
`swamp, marsh', Old Church Slavic slatina ` ἅλμη ', serb. slativa `Salzquelle', Czech
slatina `moor, fen' etc.; Tocharian A sāle, В sālyiye `salt'.
with dem d- of Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. n. *sal-

*sal-d-: Illyrian PN Saldae (Pannonien),
thrak. PN Salsovia (*sal-d-t-ou̯-); Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon salt, Old English sealt,
Old High German salz `salt'; adj. Old Icelandic saltr, Old English sealt, Middle High
German salzec, Modern High German salzig; with zero grade Old Saxon sultia, Old High
German sulza (*sultja) `Salwasser, Sülzwurst', Modern High German Sülze; Norwegian
sylt f. `überschwemmter Meeresstrand' (but Middle High German sol, sul, Modern High
German Sole `salzhaltiges Wasser' are Slavic Lwe.); Old English sealtan, Old High
German salzan `salzen' (otherwise weak V. Old English sieltan, Old Icelandic salta); Latin
sallō, -ere `salzen', participle salsus (*sald-to-) perhaps with präs.-d
d-suffix; also Balto
Slavic *saldu- `süss' (`*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend') could after a verb shaped sein:
Lithuanian saldùs, Latvian salds, Slavic *soldъk in Old Church Slavic sladъkъ, poln.
sɫodki; without -d-: Lithuanian sąlù, sálti `süss become', East Lithuanian į̃salas, Latvian
ìesals m. ` malt '; the u-stem sal-
sal-u- ergibt sich besides from Balto Slavic *saldu- also from
gr. ἁλυκός ` salty '.
Maybe Seleiitani Illyrian TN, also alb. (*shile) shije `taste, salty taste', sillë `dinner'.
References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the Indo
Germanic Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.;
See also: belongs to sal-2.
Page(s): 878-879
sap-, sab
Root / lemma: sap- sab-
Meaning: to taste, to perceive
Material: 1. sap-
sap-:
Avestan višāpa (*viš-sāpa) `dessen Säfte poison are'; Armenian ham (*săpmo-) `juice,
sap, taste';
Latin sapiō, -ere ` taste, Geschmack have; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein';
sapa f. `juice, sap', sapor `taste, treat, delight ', nesapius, nesapus ìgnorans'; Oscan sipus
`sciens' (*sēpu̯ōs), Volscan sepu `sciente' are neologisms after capio: cēpi; Oscan
innovation seems Latin sibus `sly, cunning'; Middle High German be-seben stem V. `
perceive ', Old Icelandic sefi `sense, mind', Old Saxon seƀo, Old English sefa dss.; to Latin
sapa `juice, sap' stellt sich Germanic *safan- `juice, sap (the Baume)': Old Icelandic safi `
tree juice ', Norwegian sevja ds., sabba ìn Schlamm wade', Middle Low German sabben `
drool, drivel, slaver ', sabbelen ` pollute '.
2. sab-
sab-:
maybe alb. (*sap-), shap 'alum'.
Illyrian sabaium `beer', Sab- in many FlN Italiens, Sabātis (Campanien), Vada Sabatia
(Ligurien) etc.; Celtic (Venetic?) FlN Sabis (Belgien);
Old English sæp n. `juice, sap, broth', Middle Low German sap(p), Old High German
saf, sapf, Modern High German Saft.
Related to Sabath in Jewish tradition? And to number septa ‘seven’ as the day of Sabath?
Sabine ‘Phoenicians in Italy?
References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny Urillyr. 79, 97, 117.
References:
Page(s): 880
Root / lemma: sasi̯o-

Meaning: a kind of cereal
Material: Old Indic sasyá- n. `Feldfrucht'; jav. hahya- ` corn, grain '; gall. Akk. (s)asiam
`Roggen' (`secale Taurini sub Alpibus asiam vocant' Plin. H. N.); cymr. haidd `hordeum',
bret. heiz òrge'; compare also ved. sasá- `nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass,
sown field '.
Page(s): 880
saus-, sus-
Root / lemma: saus- sus-
Meaning: dry
Note:
The real root was *sa
sa-, su-
sa- su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -
dor, -ter in PIE. It seems that the Root / lemma: saus-
saus-, sus-
sus- : (dry) derived from Root /
lemma: sā́u̯el-
el sāu̯ol-
el-, sāu̯ ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-
ol el-, sūl-
el sūl- : (sun).
Material: Old Indic śúṣyati ` dries, wilts ', thereafter śoṣa- m. (assimil. from *soṣa-) `the
Material:
drying up', also Adj. ` made dry '; Avestan haos- ` dry up, become dry ', aŋhao-šǝmna- `not
drying '; Old Indic śúṣka- (from *suṣka-), Avestan huška- `dry';
gr. αὖος (Hom.), αὗος (Attic) àrid, dry', αὐσταλέος ` scrubby, dirty, filthy', αὐστηρός `
harsh, austere '; Denomin. αὐαίνω, αὑαίνω `make dry, desiccate ', αὕω `trockne, desiccate
'; doubtful gr. αὐχμός m. ` aridity, dryness, smut', whether from *sau-k-smo- from a root
variant *sau-k- besides *sau-s-, to Old Indic sū́kṣma- `fine, thin, narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin '? common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ-
alb. thanj (*sausni̯ō) ` dry ';
Note:
Common alb. s > th
Latin sūdus `dry, cheerful' (*suz-do-), sūdum ` cloudless, bright, clear, serene '; different
M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117;
Note:
This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-
sau-,
su- `dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter in PIE. Latin
su-
preserved the rudeiment of the -dor suffix, otherwise Latin cognate evolved according to
Illyrian-alb. (*sausni̯ō > saunus) sūdus `dry' [common alb. n > nd phonetic shift]
Old English sēar, Middle Low German sōr `dry', Norwegian søyr ds., Old High German
sōrēn ` wilt ';
Lithuanian saũsas `dry', saũsti `dry become', saũsinti ` make dry ', sùsti ` become
scabby ', sùskis ` leprosy, scabies ' (: Old Indic śúṣka-); Latvian sust ` become dry '; Old
Church Slavic suchъ `dry', sušiti ` make dry ', sъchnǫti ` become dry '.
References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f., Frisk 188 f., 192 f.
Page(s): 880-881
Root / lemma: sāg-

sāg-
Meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell
Grammatical information: (: *sǝg-) bildet athemat. present root
Note: previous Jägerwort
Material: Gr. ἡγέομαι, Doric ἁ̄γέομαι `gehe voran, lead, guide', nachhom. ` believe, mean,
indicate ', ἡγεμών, ἡγήτωρ ` leader ';
Latin sāgiō, -īre àcute sentire, feel, foresee, predict ', sāgus `wahrsagend, prophetisch,
zauberisch', sāga `Wahrsagerin' (but sagana `Zauberin' from gr. *σαγάνη); sāgāx, -ācis
`sharp, witternd;sharp witted, shrewd';
Old Irish saigim `go a thing after, search, seek' (zur 3. Pl. segait s. Pedersen KG. II 606
ff.), cymr. haeddu ` earn ', cy-r-haedd `reach' and likewise; here probably die Irish
Denominativa auf -aigim (cymr. -haaf); Old Irish sār m. `harm, iniuria ' (*sag-ro-), verbal
noun sārugud (*sagro-sagitus): mcymr. sayrhaed f., ncymr. sarhad ìnsult' (Irish loanword);
Gothic sōkjan (= Latin sāgiō) ` seek, disputieren', Old Icelandic sø̄kja ` seek, assail ', Old
English sǣcan ds., Old High German suohhen ` seek ', Gothic sōkns Ùntersuchung,
Streitfrage', Old English sōcn f. Ùntersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit'; ablaut. Gothic
sakan, sōk `sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble', gasakan `threaten, punish, curse, überführen',
Old High German (etc.) sahhan `rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten', Old
Icelandicsǫk ` legal matter, lament, thing, Ursache', Old English sacu f. `Rechtshandel,
pursuit, fight', Old High German sahha `fight, Gerichtshandel, thing' etc.;
Old Icelandic saka ` wail, harm', sātt, sǣtt f., (*sahti-) ` comparison, peace', (> Old
English seht ds.), sāttr (*sahta-R) `versöhnt'; Gothic in-sahts f. `declaration', Old English
in-siht f. ds. (*in-sak-ti);
Hittite šak(k)-, šek(k)- àware, skillful '.
It seems that through alb. intermediary from Root / lemma: sāg-

sāg- : (to track, trail; to feel,
smell) derived Root / lemma: gʷhen- ǝ)- : (to hit)
ʷhen-2(ǝ)
2(ǝ)-
References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41,
222 ff.
Page(s): 876-877
Root / lemma: sāi-

sāi-
Meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable
Material: With formants -mo-
mo-: gr. *αἱμωδός (umgebidet from *αἱμ-ώδων) in αἱμωδία à kind
of Zahnweh';
with formants -no-

no- perhaps hom. αἰνός `terrible' with Ionic- Epic reduction (different
above S. 10);
with formants -ro-
ro-: Old High German Old Saxon Old Frisian sēr, Old English sār
`schmerzerregend', Old Icelandic sārr `verwundet, schmerzerregend', (Finnish sairas ` sick
' from dem Germanic), Subst. n. Gothic sair `pain', Old High German Old Saxon Old
Frisian sēr `pain', Old English sār `wound, pain', Old Norse sār n. `wound', Adv. Modern
High German sehr, Old English sāre ` painful, exceedingly ', Modern High German
versehren;
t-formations: Old Irish sāeth àffliction, disease, malady' (*sai-tu-s), sāethar àffliction,
toil, work' (*sai-turo-m); cymr. hoed àffliction';
with formants -u̯o-: gr. αἰᾱνής, Ionian αἰηνής ` frightful, dismal ', actually *σαιF-ᾱνής `with
grausigem face (with the eyes and mouth)' (to *ἆνος n. `face' = Old Indic *ānas- n. ds.,
compare ānana- n. `mouth, face'), through influence of αἰεί also ` eternal '; `(doubtful
Gothic saiws m. `sea' (*sǝi-u̯i-), Old Icelandic sǣr, siōr, Old English sǣ, Old Saxon Old
High German sēo `sea'); Latin saevus ` furious, terrible, stern' (Old Latin also `big, large');
Latvian sievs, sīvs `sharp, biting, harsh', also `Jauche, Gerberlohe' and `beim Hanfstoßen
gepreßtes Öl', Lithuanian sývai m. Pl. `juice, sap beim Pressen'; Lithuanian šaižùs `rough,
sharp' (*saižus).
Maybe alb. (*kēr) ther `hurt, slice, cut, injure' common alb. k- > th- mutation; preservation
of the old laryngyeal.

References:
Page(s): 877
Root / lemma: sā̆lo-

lo-
lo
Meaning: to wave, *sea
Material: Illyrian FlN Salon; Latin salum (and salus Ennius) ` restless sea swell, river
current, the open sea, high sea, main, deep '; Middle Irish sal under sā(i)le m. `sea'; gall.
FlN Salia ` Seille ' = Old Irish Sa(i)le (Schottland) = abrit. *Salia > *Halia > Middle English
Hail = hispan. Salia etc.; *Salantia `Salence' (Switzerland): Old Prussian salus `
Regenbach ', Lithuanian FlN Salantas.
References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242.
References:
Page(s): 879-880
Root / lemma: sāno-

sāno-s
Meaning: healthy
Material: Latin sānus `fit, healthy, heil', sānō, -āre `heal, cure'; Umbrian sanes Abl. `sound,
whole, healthy, well', is doubtfully positioned to the root *sā- ` give satisfaction, gratify,
satiates, satiate '.
Maybe alb. (*sānare) shëronj `cure' [rhotacism n/r], shëndet `health' : Latin sanitas `
soundness of body, health'.
References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25,
218 f.
Page(s): 880
Root / lemma: sā-

sā-ti-
ti-
See also: s. sā-
sā-.
Page(s): 880
Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-

el sāu̯ol-
ol el-, sūl-
el sūl- , (*ḫauḫu̯el-)
Meaning: sun
Note: next to which su̯en-
en sun-, thus of old l/n-stem; su̯el-
en-, sun- el- ` smolder, burn ' is probably
el
identical with it
Material:
Note:
1. Old Indic ved. (*suu̯el) súvar n. = (zero grade) Avestan hvarǝ `sun, light, sky', Gen.
(*suu̯ela) súraḥ = jav. (*suu̯elio) hūrō, Old Indic sū́rya- (*sūlii̯o-) m. (compare gr. ἥλιος),
sūra- m. `sun'; therefrom Old Indic sūrta- `light, bright', Old Indic svárṇara- m. ` bright
space, ether ', Avestan x ̌arǝnah-, ар. -farnah- ` shining fame, magnificence ';
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (*suu̯el-a)*suu̯ar- [in names] `sun(god)' (Near-Eastern IA);
Avestan: OAv. huuarǝ̄ [n] (< *húu̯ar) `sun' (gen.sg. xvǝ̄ṇg < *huu̯ánh); LAv. huuarǝ (gen.sg.
hū < *huu̯ánh, next to hūrō = Ved. sū́ras), Sogd. (Man.) xwr `sun', Middle Persian xwr
`sun', New Persian xwr `sun', Oss. xūr / xor `sun'
Maybe Afghan lmar, Waziri lmer, myer `sun' from Old Indic svárṇara- m. ` bright space,
ether '; Armenian arew, aregak, arev, Singhalese ira `sun'.
Maybe the oldest cognate is Luvian: (<h̲u-wa-ya-al-li ) <h̲uwayalla/i- ' Epithet of the Sun-
god'.
gr. hom. ἠέλιος, Attic ἥλιος, Doric ἀέλιος, ἅ̄λιος, Cretan ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος)
Fελιος `sun',
Fελιος
further formations of n. *sāu̯el to m. -i̯o-stem (compare Old Indic sū́rya-); Latin sōl, -is m.
`sun' (from neutr. *sāu̯el about *sāu̯ol, *sāol); cymr. haul, acorn. heuul, mcorn. heul, houl,
bret. heol `sun' (*sāu̯el-);
in addition Old Irish sūil f. èye' from *sūli-, ablaut equally with Old Indic sū́raḥ, and alb.
hüll, üll ` star ' (*sūlo- or *sūli-);
Proto-Celtic: *sāwol- / *sūli- 'sun' [Noun]
Proto-
Old Irish: súil [i f] 'eye'
Middle Welsh: haul
Middle
Middle Breton: heuul, heul
Cornish: heuul gl. sol, heol
Proto-Indo-European: *seh2wōl 'sun'
Proto-Indo-
IE cognates: Skt. sūrya-, Latin sōl, Go. sauil
Notes: The change of meaning in OIr. is understandable from the mythological context.
'Sun' is viewed as 'the eye of the Sky'. It appears that there was still an ablauting paradigm
in PCelt., Nom. s. *sāwol, Gen. *sūl-os, from which OIr. súil was abstracted
Note:
[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)], hence alb. geg
süni , Tosc syri (*sülni) èye' : Old Irish (*sāu̯el--) sūil ` eye '
Erroneous etymology, the Celtic name for eye derived from Romance languages
contaminated by Satem languages the shift k-, g-
g- > -s-:
German Auge
Italian occhio
Spanish ojo
French œil
Aragones güello
Asturian güeyu
Breton lagad
Calabrese occhiu ; uacchiu
Caló aquí
Catalan ull ; † uyl
Valencian ull
Danish øje
Dutch oog
Faeroese eyga
Flemish oog
Frisian each
Furlan voli
Galician ollo
Portuguese olho
Occitan uelh
Icelandic auga
Irish súil
Albanian sy
Ladin edl
Latin oculus
Latvian acs
Leonese güeyu
Limburgian oug
Lithuanian akis
Lombardo Occidentale oeucc
Napulitano uócchio
Norwegian øye
Piemontese öji
Pugliese úacchje
Quechua ñawi
Romanian ochi
Romansh egl
Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) ogru
Sardinian Campidanesu ogu
Sardinian Logudoresu ocru ; ogru ; oggiu ; oyu
Sicilian occhiu
Swedish öga
Triestino ocio
Venetian ocio
Viestano ucchj
Welsh llygad
Zeneize euggio
Also Estonian silm èye' : Finnish silmä èye'
Other alb. cognates (Gjakova dial.) (*huu̯eln) uvill, [Buzuku] (*üviln) yill ` star ', [Sirmie] Pl.
ulini `stars'.
Yet the shift of initial (*su̯e- > de-) is a common alb. phonetic shift. See Root / lemma:
ergh-: to take care of; to be ill. Hence alb. dergjem (*su̯erghi̯ō) `be bedridden, be sick'.
su̯ergh-
ergh
su̯el.
Therefore alb. (*su̯el) diell ` sun ' probably derived from a root *su̯ el
el
A better explanation is the common alb. celtic Genitive Case:
English Sunday
Albanian e di-el
Breton di-sul ; Sul
Catalan diu-menge
Cornish de-Sül
Latin Solis dies
Welsh dydd Sul ; Sul
Hence alb. diel ` Sunday ' > diell ` sun '.
Gothic sauil n. (*sōwila-), Old Icelandic sōl f. (*sōwulā) `sun', Old Icelandic and-sø̄lis,
aschw. and-sylis `the sun zugewendet'; doubtful the rune names Gothic sugil, Old English
sygel, sigel from proto Germanic *sugila-, ablaut. with Old Saxon swigli `bright, radiating'
from *swegila-, Old English sweg(e)l n. `sky, heaven, sun', swegle `bright, radiating' from
*swagila-;
Baltic *sāu̯eli̯ā f. in Lithuanian Latvian sáulė ` sun ';
Slavic *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slьnъce ` sun ' (-ni- from *ogni `fire');
2. In -en-stem:
en
Avestan x ̌ǝng `the sun' (Indo Germanic *su̯en-s), Gen. from hvarǝ; Gothic sunnō (Dat.
sunnin, neutr. after sauil), Old English sunna, Old High German sunno, sunna `sun', (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), wherefore as `sonnseitig = südlich' Old
Icelandic suðr `south', Adv. ` southward ', Old English sūðerra, Old Saxon sūthar-liudi
(`southern people'), Old High German sundar `south', Adv. ` southward ', Middle High
German sund `south' etc. (Modern High German Süd from Low German).
Gujarati surdj `sun'
Perhaps Tocharian A swāñce, swāñco, Tocharian B swāñcai- `ray [of light], (sun) beam'
reflect Proto Tocharian *swāñcai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in
nuce Pisani, 1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *sunϑa- *`sunny' > `south' and
*sunnō `sun' (cf. P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *suhaṇto-
(a derivative of *sehawel-/suhan- `sun') and, with "particularizing" -n-, *suhaṇtōn-/ suhaṇten-
/suhaṇtn-. The attested paradigm of Germanic *sunnō reflects a conflation of the o-grade
and the zero-grade stems (*suhaṇtn- > *sunϑn- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian
forms represent a generalization of *suhaṇten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-.
Note:
The root *suhaṇten- is an attribute noun created in the same way as adj. and ordinal
numbers:
alone.
That means Slavic *sulnika- n. in Old Church Slavic slьnъce ` sun ' (-ni- from *ogni `fire') is
phonetically equal to Tocharian A swāñce, swāñco, Tocharian B swāñcai- `ray [of light],
(sun) beam', hence Slavic forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late
creations.
Maybe gr. 'Απόλλων, -ωνος; various dialectic forms: 'Απέλλων (Doric), 'Απείλων (Cypriot),
Α῎πλουν (Thessalian). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to Cretan ἀβέλιος Hes.
(i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun '. It seems that the sun god 'Απόλλων derived from Cretan ἀβέλιος Hes.
(i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun '. The common in gr. λι > λλ has taken place. Both 'Απέλλων (Doric),
'Απείλων (Cypriot), Α῎πλουν (Thessalian) and Cretan ἀβέλιος Hes. (i.e. ἀ̄Fελιος) ` sun '
derived from the same root *sāhu̯el `sun' where the common gr. hw > p, gw > b has taken
place.
Note:
Khaskura gham (also Indic borrowing surj) ` sun ', Gypsy Gk kham ` sun ' : gr. ἀFέλιος
reflect gr. -b- > -mb- > -m-.
Maybe Etruscan avil ` year ' a borrowing from gr. ἀFέλιος.
References: WP. II 446 f., WH. II 553 f., Trautmann 251, A. Scherer Gestirnnamen 45 ff.
Page(s): 881-882
sā-, sǝ-
Root / lemma: sā-
Meaning: satiated
Material: Old Indic a-si-n-vá-, ásinvan ` insatiable ' (places ein Praes. *sǝ-néu-mi, *sǝ-nu̯-ṓ
ahead);
Armenian at-ok` `full, ausgewachsen'; hač, hačoy `zufrieden' (*sadi̯o-);

gr. thematic present ἄεται `sättigt sich' (Hesiod; *sǝ-i̯ṓ), athematic Wurzelaor. ἄ̄μεναι
(Hom.) ` be satiated '; Aor. Inf. ἆσαι ` satiate ' and ` satiated become', ἕωμεν (*ἥομεν, Konj.
Aor.), Fut. ἄ̄σειν, etc.; ἄ-ατος (*n̥-sǝ-tos) ` insatiable ', ἅδην = Boeotian ἅδᾱν `bis zur
satiation, sufficient ' (Akk. from ἅδᾱ ` satiation '); ἁδη-φάγος ` voracious ', ἁδινός `dense,
rich', ἁδρός `dense, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ';Aeolic ἄσα, Ionian ἄση
`Übersättigung, Überdruß, distress ' (*sǝ-sā with preservation of σ after δῖπ-σα, δόκ-σα),
whereof Ionian ἀσάομαι `bin satiated, ekle myself', ἀσάω `übersättige', ἄσᾱρος, ἀσηρός `
contemptible; disgust, repulsion, loathing erregend';
Latin satis ` sufficient ' (originally Subst. ` satiation '), Kompar. satius; satietās, syllabisch
dissimilated satiās ` satiation. hinreichende Menge, Überdruß'; satur ` satiated ' (ro-
extension einesu-stem);
Old Irish sāith (*sāti-) ` satiety '; sāithech ` satiated ';
Gothic Dat. Sg. sōÞa (Nom. *sōÞ n. or *sōÞs m.) ` satiation ', post-verbal to gasōÞjan `
satiate ' = Old English gesēdan ds.;
Maybe truncated alb. (*gasōÞjan) ngos, ngij `sate'.
Gothic saÞs, Old Icelandic saðr, Old Saxon sad, Old High German sat ` satiated ', Old
English sæd ` satiated, überdrüssig', eng. sad ` grieving, ernst'; derived Old Icelandic
seðja, Middle High German seten, setten `sattigen' and Old English sadian ` satiated
become', Old High German satōn ` satiate ';
Lithuanian sótis f. ` satiation ', sōtùs ` satiated ', post-verbal to sótinti ` satiate '; Old
Church Slavic sуtъ ` satiated ' (with unclear y).
References: WP. II 444 f., 452; WH. II 481 f., Trautmann 250; Wissmann, The ältesten
Postverbalia 67 f.;
See also: s. also sāno-
sāno-s.
Page(s): 876
Root / lemma: sed-

sed-
Meaning: to sit
Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual `sich place' (Old Indic), later
as duratives stative verb with ē-suffix `sit' (Latin Germanic Balto-Slavic)
Material: 1. Old Indic sad- (sátsi, ásadat, Pf. sasā́da, sēdimá, sēdivás-, compare Avestan
hazdyā-t Opt.);
Avestan ap. had- (with Präverbien) `sich place' (nišaŋhasti for *nišasti); Kaus.
(lengthened grade) Old Indic sādayati ` places ', Avestan ni-šāδayeiti àllows niedersitzen,
places low, base', ap. niyašādayam Ì setzte';
Armenian nstim `sit, put myself' (perhaps i̯o-Praes. *ni-zdi̯ō); hecanim `sit auf, reite' (c
from d + aor. -s);
gr. ἕζομαι `sit, put myself' (Aor. εἷσα Hom., ἕσσαι Pind.); Kaus. ὁδεῖν, ὁδᾶν ` sell ',
actually `place' (Specht KZ. 62, 51);
Latin sedeō, -ēre, sēdi `sit' (present due to of originally außerpräs. stem sedē-; Perf.
from *se-zd-ai), Umbrian sersitu `sedētō', zeřef `sedens', andersesust ìntersiderit', Latin
sēdō, -āre ` calm, appease ' (perhaps = Middle Low German sāten ` calm, appease ',
Wissmann Nom. postv. 112, 1); Old Irish sa(i)did (*se(i)did), `sitzt', Fut. seiss (*sed-s-ti),
adsuidi `schiebt auf, verzögert, hält auf' (Kaus. *sodei̯et; otherwise through Denom.
suidigud `place' verdrängt); cymr. seddu `sit';
Maybe alb. Geg me shitë 'to sell in a place'
Old Icelandic sit, Inf. sitia, Old Saxon sittiu, Old High German sizzu `sit' (= ἕζομαι, πι-
έζω; Gothic sitan is probably reshuffling from *sitjan; Praet. sat, sētum), Kaus. Gothic
satjan, Old Icelandic setia, Old High German sezzen `place' (*sodei̯ō);
Maybe alb. shëtit 'walk slowly over a place'
Lithuanian *sė́dmi and sė́džiu, sė́dime (*sēd-), Inf. sėdė́ti `sit', participle Perf. sė́dęs (as
Old Prussian sīdons `sitzend', Old Church Slavic sědъ), Old Church Slavic sěždǫ, sěděti
`sit'; besides ě in Old Czech seděti (: Latin sedēre); Lithuanian sė́du, sė́sti, Latvian sēst
(*sēstēi) `sich place', Old Church Slavic sěsti ds. (present sędǫ, see below), Kaus. saditi
(*sōdei̯ō) `place, pflanzen', Lithuanian sodinù sodìnti `place, pflanzen';
Maybe alb. sodit 'observe, watch from a place'
Old Prussian with (*ŏ) saddinna `places'; Old Church Slavic sędǫ `put myself' (Inf. sěsti)
based on auf secondary nasalization of *sědǫ (= Lithuanian sė́du); also Old Prussian
syndens, sinda(n)ts `sitzend' shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalpräs. 192 f., where Old
Indic āsandī́ `seat' to ā́stē `sitzt' (above S. 342 f.) placed wird;
2. forms with i-reduplication:
Old Indic sī́dati `sitzt' (for *sīḍati from redupl. *si-zd-ati, with replacement from ḍ through
d after sad-); Avestan hiδaiti `sitzt'; gr. ἵζω `put' = Latin sīdō `put myself' (*si-zdō), Umbrian
sistu `consīditō', andersistu `*intersīditō' (*si-zd-etōd);
3. nominal formation:
*sed-to- in Old Indic sattá- `gesessen', Avestan pasuš-hasta- m. ` hurdle (*settlement)

for small cattle', Latin ob-sessus etc., Old Icelandic Old English sess m. `seat', compare
also Lithuanian participle sė́stas and Lithuanian sóstas m. `seat', Old Prussian sosto f. `
bench '; *sed-ti in Old Indic satti- `das Sitzen', ní-ṣatti- `das Sitzen, seat', Avestan ni-šasti-
`Begattung', Latin sessiō `Sitzung', from *sessis; Old Indic sáttar- m. the `Sitzer', Latin ad-,
ob-, pos-sessor;
maybe alb. (*sess), shesh 'plain, flatness, square'.
Old Indic sádas- n. `seat, place, abode, residence', gr. ἕδος n. `seat'; Avestan Old pers.
hadiš- `Wohnsitz, palace' (Indo Germanic -ǝs or -is); lengthened grade Old Icelandic sǣtr
(*sātiz) n. `seat, Sommersitz, Alm'; Old Irish sīd `peace', originally n. es-stem, identical with
sīd n. es-stem `dwelling göttlicher creature ' (compare engl. settlement);
o-grade: Old Irish suide n. (*sodi̯om) `seat, sit' = Latin solium `throne';
noun actionis sē̆d- in: Old Indic Akk. sádam, Dat. sáde, with ē-extension in Latin sēdēs
f. `seat' (sēdibus = Lithuanian Inf. sėdė́-ti: 1 Pl. sė́di-me), Umbrian sersi ìn sēdē'; noun
agentis as 2. compound part: Old Indic apsu-ṣád- `the in den Wassern dwells ', Avestan
maiδyōi-šāδǝm (Akk.) `the in the middle dwells '; Latin prae-ses `Vorsitzender', dē-ses
ìdle' = Old Irish deïd ds. (i-inflection secondary), to deëss ` sluggishness ' (*de-sed-tā);
with Latin subsidium Ùnterstützung' compare Old Irish fothae m. n. `base' from *upo-
sodi̯om, to Old Irish suide;
Old Icelandic set n. ` enlarged bottom', Pl. sjǫt `dwelling', Old English set n. `seat, lair,
stall, sundown, sunset, descent of the sun ', Old High German sez n. `seat, seat, buttocks,
Belagerung';
cymr. sedd f. `seat' (*sedā); hedd m. `peace' (*sedos); Middle Breton hezaff `cease',
mcorn. hathy ds.; gor-sedd ` throne, hill'; eistedd `Sitzen', abret. estid ` that may be sat on,
a seat, bench, stool, chair ' (*eks-dī-sedo-), gall. essedum, -a ` 2-wheeled war chariot '
(with *en-, compare gr. ἔν-εδρον, ἐν-έδρα ` ambush, lurking place, hideout ', Old Irish in-
dessid ` to sit in, settle on '; skyth. VN `Εσσηδόνες);
Albanian karrige : Bolognese carîga : Bresciano cadréga : Paduan carèga : Piemontese

cadrega : Portuguese cadeira : Provençal cadiero : Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada)
cadrea : Sardinian Campidanesu cadira : Sardinian Logudoresu cadrèa ; catrèa : Scots
Gaelic cathair : Irish cathaoir : Welsh cadair : Breton kador : Triestino carega : Valencian
cadira : Venetian carega : Zeneize carega : Catalan cadira : Corsican carrega ; carrea :
Furlan cjadree (common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ) : Galician cadeira : Modern
Greek καρέκλα : Latin cathedra : Lombardo Occidentale cadrega : Occitan carrea : Greek
ἕδρα; καθέδρα ` chair '.
gr. ἕδρα ` sitting-place, seat, abode, freq. in pl., etc.; esp. of the gods, sanctuary,
temple, in pl., quarters of the sky in which omens appear, sitting, session of a council, etc.,
when he rose from the sitting, seat, breech, fundament, Hp. Aph.5.22, etc.; of birds and
animals, rump ' Old Icelandic setr n. `seat ':
lok. ἑλλά̄ καθέδρα Hes. = Latin sella (*sed-lā) `stool, seat', gall. sedlon `seat', Gothic
sitls, Old English setl n.; Old High German sezzal m. ` seat' (*sed-lo-); Lower Sorbian
sedlo `seat'; but Old Church Slavic sedlo `saddle' is *sedъlo, compare Old Church Slavic
o-sedъlati `satteln', Armenian etɫ `place' (in addition auchteɫi `place');
Old Saxon sethal m. `Sitzen, seat', Dat. sedle `(to) sundown, sunset, descent of the sun
', Old High German sethal, sedal n. m. `seat, Wohnsitz, site' (Indo Germanic *sétlo- from
*sedtlo); therefrom Old High German sidilo àgricola', Middle High German sidilen
`siedeln'; Germanic *saðulǝ- in: Old Icelandic sǫðull, Old English sadol, Old High German
satul, satal `saddle' is East Indo Germanic loanword (?); compare above Slavic *sedъlo
from *sedu-lo- n.; besides (in Aryan geneuertes = renamed, has changed???) *sed-tlom in
Avestan hastra- n. `congregation, meeting' = Old Indic sattrá- n. ` celebration, festival'.
Maybe alb. stol 'throne' : Latin solium ` throne'.
lengthened gradee formations: Old Indic sādá- m. ` das Sitzen ', sādín- `(aufsitzend =)
reitend, equestrian ' (compare also russ. vsádnik ` equestrian '), Old Icelandic sāt f.
`Hinterhalt', Old English sǣt ds., Old High German -sāza (in place names) `Wohnsitz',
Middle High German sāze f. `seat, domicile, Hinterhalt', i̯o-Adj. Old Icelandic sǣtr `
suitable to seat ', see above whereof sǣti under `seat, hay heap ' = Old High German
gisāzi `seat, buttocks '; Proto Baltic *sōsta- `seat' (*sōd-to-) in Lithuanian sóstas m. `seat',
Old Prussian sosto f. ` bench ', compare Old Icelandic sess n. `seat' above S. 885; Old
Church Slavic prě-sěda ` a snare, trap ';
with ō: cymr. hawdd `light' = corn. hueth ` peaceful ' (Loth RC 36, 162);
cymr. sawdd `depth, Absinken';
Old Icelandic Old English sōt `smut' (Àngesetztes');
Lithuanian súodžiai Pl., Latvian suõdrẽji `smut', Bulgarian sážda f., Czech sáze (*sōdi̯o-)
unclear Old Irish sūide f., cymr. huddygl, bret. huzel `smut'; Old Church Slavic sadъ
`Pflanzung' (*sōdu-);
4. More or less verdunkelte compositions:
Old Indic nḗdīyas- ` nearer, closer ', nḗdiṣṭha- `nächst' = Avestan nazdyō adv. `(spacial)
nearer, closer an-', nazdišta- `the nächste', Avestan ašna- Adj. ` near ' (*ō̆-zd-na-,
participle Perf. Pass., compare full grade Old Indic ā́sanna- ` near '). (under the influence
ni-zd-os, -оm `nest' (prefix ni- `low, base', or èin-' as `place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen'):
ni-zd-
Old Indic nīḍá- m. n. `Ruheplatz, lair ', Armenian nist ` position, seat, Residenz', Latin
nīdus `nest', Middle Irish net `nest', cymr. nyth `nest, dwelling', corn. neid, bret. nez, neiz
ds., Old High German Old English nest n. `nest';
Maybe zero grade of alb. Geg (*neid) me ndejt `to sit' : corn. neid `nest'.
with popular etymology Umgestaltungen Lithuanian lìzdas, Latvian ligzda, Old Church
Slavic gnězdo `nest'; identical prefix in Old Indic niṣīdati ` places sich', Avestan nišhiδaiti,
ар. niyašādayam, Armenian nstim, see above;
o-zdos `(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough', see there (ozdo

ozdo-s); also gr. ὄζος ` fellow,
ozdo-
servant' from *o-zdos `*Beisitzer'; or rather to B. *sed-?
pi-s(e)d- `daraufsitzen = press': Old Indic pīḍayati (*pi-zd-ei̯ō) `presses, oppressed,

pi-s(e)d-
afflicts' (Perf. pipīḍḗ; pīḍā `Druck, pain'), gr. πιέζω `push, press' (*πι-σεδι̯ω).
B. *sed- in the meaning `go', from connection with Präfixen originated.
Old Indic ā-sad- `hintreten, hingehen, reach ', ut-sad- `sich zur Seite begeben,
disappear', Avestan pazdayeiti `verscheucht (makes go away, pass over'), Avestan ара-
had- `sich wegsetzen, dodge ', āsnaoiti (*ō-zd-neu-ti) `geht heran' (see 886 ā̆sna-); gr.
ὁδός `way', ὁδίτης `Wanderer', ὁδεύω `wandere'; Old Church Slavic chodъ ` gait ', choditi
`go'; ablaut. šьdъ ` gone, departed, left; dead; lost '; Slavic ch- from Indo Germanic s-
probably at first behind pri- and u- originated.
Maybe alb. (*ouda) alb. udhë `way, journey', udhëtoj ` travel ', udhëtar ` wanderer, traveller
'.
Here perhaps as compound with one to Pron. k̂о-, k̂i̯o- (above S. 609) respective Adv.
*k̂i̯e-: Avestan syazd- `zurücktreten vor, abandon ', sīždyamnā ` zurückweichende ', siždyō
àufgebend', sī̆ždra- `shy' and Latin cēdo (*k̂e-zd-ō) `schreite einher; retreat, give after', as
well as necesse `notwendig', whether (?) from *ne-kezd-ti-s ès is kein Ausweichen'.
sed- : (to sit) derived from Root / lemma: ē̆s- : (to sit).
Root / lemma: sed-
References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM2 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273.
Page(s): 884-887
Root / lemma: seg-

seg-1
Meaning: to sow
Note: only Latin and Celtic
Material: Latin seges, -etis f. ` seed ', Seia `goddess of Säens' (*segi̯ā); acymr. segeticion
`prolis', mcymr. se, he ` seed, sperm ', he-u, ncymr. hau `säen', hauaf Ì sow '.
References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare sē(i)-2 `säen'.
Page(s): 887
seg-2, nasalized seng-

Root / lemma: seg- seng-
Meaning: to attach; to touch
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic sájati ` attach with a hinge, hook ' (with ā- ànheften', compare Perf.
sasañja), causative sañjayati ànheften', participle saktá- ànhaftend, angeheftet', sakti- f.
`das Zusammenhängen', saŋga- ds., Old pers. frā-hajam Ì liess hang ' (Aryan *sanjanti =
Slavic sęžetъ), Avestan vohuna-zga- (spā) `the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund';
Middle Irish sēn (*segno-) `Fangnetz', cymr. hoenyn (*sogno-), umgelautet hwynyn ds.;
gallo-Latin sagum (*sogom or *segom) `Soldatenmantel'; Middle Low German Middle High
German senkel `strap', Modern High German `Schnürsenkel, Schuhriemen'; Lithuanian
sègti `heften', Iter. sagýti, ablaut. sãgas `loop zum Befestigen', sagà f. ` agrafe, hook,
clasp, buckle '; Latvian segt `cover', Old Prussian sagis ` buckle, Hufnagel'; Old Church
Slavic sęgnǫti ` gripe ', sęžьnь ` fathom', pri-sęšti `touch' and `swear, vow', pri-sęga òath';
ohne Nasal: Iter. sagati `γαμεῖν', po-sagati, po-sagnǫti `nubere' (auf den Hochzeitsbrauch
attributed).
References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Nasälpräs.
195.
Page(s): 887-888
Root / lemma: seĝh

seĝh-, seĝhi
hi-, seĝhu
seĝhi- seĝhu-
hu-
Meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory
Material: Old Indic sáhatē ` mastered, is able, endures ', sáhas- n. `force, might, victory' =
Avestan hazah- n. ` act of violence, robbery ', common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh-
> -z-
Old Indic sakṣa-, sakṣáṇa- `subduer, victor', sáhu-ri- `vast, grand, victorious ' (: gr. ἐχυρός,
ὀχυρός `strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong', compare also Germanic *sigus-),
Avestan haz- `sich bemächtigen, acquire' (present *zĝh-ō, e.g. 1. pl. Opt. zaēmā = gr.
σχοῖμεν, redupl. *se-zĝh-o-, assimilated Avestan zaza-, e.g. 3. Pl. zazǝntī, particle Perf.
Akt. za-z-va Nom. Sg., za-z-uš-u Lok. Pl.; lengthened grade besides Perf. akt. Old Indic
sāsā́ha also Med. sāsāhḗ, participle sāhvás-, present sā́hati, Imp. sā̆́kṣva `be victorious ';
Gr. ἔχω (εἶχον, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ἕξω and σχήσω) `hold, possess, have'; hom. ῝Εκτωρ,
Lesbian ἕκτωρ `Zurückhalter', ἕξις `Verhalten, Befinden', ἑκτικός ` habitual, customary,
leidend', ἐχυρός, changing through ablaut ὀχυρός `haltbar, certainly, fastens' (: Old Indic
sahuri-, das originally o-stem war), ἐχέτλη ` plough handle, plough stilt ' (= cymr. haeddel f.
ds. < *seĝhedhlā), ἀζηχής (*ἀ-δια-εχής) ` without Einhalt etwas making'; of -es-stem εὐ-
εξος εὐφυής Hes., εὐεξία `Wohlbefinden', ἑξῆς `the row after' (Gen. eines Adj. *ἑξός), ἑξείης
ds.;
o-grade: ἔξ-οχος `salient, superb', Adv. ἔξοχον, ἔξοχα `weitaus', thereafter hom. ὄχα
`weitaus', ὄχος ` holder, Bewahrer', ὀχέω `hold, stütze; hold from, (er)trage', ὀχεύς `strap,
the den helmet festhält, clasp, hairpin, bar, bolt';
with ō: εὐωχέω `tische auf, bewirte rich' (lengthening after dem example the
compounds); ἀν-, δι-, κατ-, συν-οκωχή (in connection in Perf.-formations, as ὀπωπή
produktiv gewordene lengthening);
zero grade: ἴσχω (*si-zĝh-ō) `hold an, have', ἰσχάς f. ànchor', σχεῖν (see above), σχεθ-
έειν, -εῖν, -έμεν `hold, stop', ἄ-σχετος ùnaufhaltsam; unerträglich (affliction)', σχέσις f.
`Haltung, state, status', σχέτλιος ` fatigueless, hartnäckig' (`*withstanding '), σκεθρός
`concise, genau' (`*narrowly anliegend'), σχεδόν ` near, beinahe' (`*sich eng whereof
holding '), σχερός ùnunterbrochen', ἐπισχερώ Adv. ds., σχῆμα `Haltung, shape, form',
σχολή Èinhalten, tranquility, leisure; (wissenschaftliche) occupation in Mußestunden' (ein
with it the changing by ablaut *ἄσχαλος `wer sich nicht halten kann' assumes man as base
from ἀσχαλάω, ἀσχάλλω `bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate'); ἰσχύ̄ς, -ύος ` strength
'(*Fι-σχῡ-ς) to Old Indic vi-sah- ìn the Gewalt have';
Celtic PN Segisū(*-ō), Sego-māros, GN Segomō(n), f. Segetā, PN Sego-dūnon, Sego-

briga, Segontion, Middle Irish seg m. ` strength ', cymr. hy `bold'; cymr. haeddel, Middle
Breton haezl, nbret. héal f., `
plough handle, plough stilt ' (= ἐχέτλη `plough-handle', see above; a from e, also (?) in :)
cymr. haer ` entêté, pressant ', Haer ` woman's name ', haeru ` insure, affirm '; cymr.
Middle Breton hael `cordial, généreux '; cymr. hoel `clavus' (*soĝhlā);
Illyrian PN Segesta in Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily;
Gothic sigis n. `victory', Old High German sigi m. ds., german. PN Sigi-merus, Segi-
mundus etc. (Indo Germanic neutr.-is- or -es-stem), Old High German sigirōn `win,
triumph'; Old High German sigu m., Old English sigor `victory', Old High German PN Sigur-
mār (Indo Germanic neutr. -us-stem).

Page(s): 888-889
Root / lemma: seikʷ

seikʷ-
Meaning: to spill, pour, draft
Material: Old Indic sḗcatē, siñcáti (asicat) `gießt from, begießt', sḗka- m. ` downpour,
Erguß, Besprengung', praseka- m. Èrguß, Ausguß'; Avestan haēk-, hinčaiti (hičaiti) `gießt
from', fra-šaēkǝm Absolutiv `beimVergießen', hixra- n. `flüssiges Exkrement';
gr. ἷξαι διηθῆσαι Hes., Ionian ἰκμάς ` dampness ', ἰκμαλέος `humid, wet', ἰκμαίνω ` wet ',
τρύγοιπος `Mostsieb';
Latin siat `οὐρεῖ'; siāre is probably from *sīcāre after meāre `mingere' reshaped; siccus
`dry';
gall. (goidel. or Venetic-Illyrian) FlN Sēquana `Seine', GN Sinquātis; FlN *Siparis `Sèvre'
= Irish FlN Sechair;
Old High German sīhan ` strain ', Old English sēon ds., intr. àusfließen'; Old High
German Old Saxon Old English sīgan `tröpfelnd fall, sink, flow', Old Icelandic sīga `low,
base or vorwärts glide, slide' (Modern High German versiegen for older verseigen after
dem Ptc. Middle High German versigen), Old High German gisig `palus, stagnum',
Norwegian-Swedish sil (*sīhila-) `side' (sila ` strain ', wherewith Norwegian sila
ùnaufhörlich rain' probably identical is), East Frisian sīl `Schleuse', Middle Low German
sīl `Schleuse, Ablaufkanal', sīlen `dränieren'; Old English seohtre f. (*sihtrōn-), Middle Low
German sichter, sechter ` drainage ditch '; Old Icelandic sīa `Seihe' (schw. Verb sīa ` strain
'), Old English seohhe f., Old High German sīha `Seihe' (*sī̆h-u̯ōn-);
Middle Low German sēge `triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed ', Middle Low German Middle
High German seiger `slowly or tenacious tröpfelnd, faint, languid, schal', Old Icelandic
seigr `tough';
in Germanic also forms with Germanic k: Old High German Middle High German seich
ùrine' (Old High German seihhen, Middle High German seichen, Low German sēken
ùrinate, to make water '), Old English sicerian èinsickern', Low German sīkern, Modern
High German sickern, Norwegian sikla, Swedish sikkla ` drool, drivel, slaver; trickle ' = Low
German sikkelen, Norwegian dial. sikla `small stream, brook', sīka ` strain ', Old Icelandic
sīk n. `stehendes water', Old English sīc ` watercourse ' etc.;
nasallos serb. osjeka Èbbe' (*sēkā); Church Slavic sьčǫ, sьcati ùrinate, to make water
', Iter. slov. síkati `hervorspritzen';
besides eine root seikʷ

seikʷ- `dry', die probably about àbrinnen, versiegen = austrocken'
mitseikʷ- `diffuse' to unite is: Avestan haēčayeiti with us `trocknet from' (trans.), haēčah- n.
` dryness, aridity ', hiku- `dry';
because of seip- lies probably *sei- `drip, trickle, rinnen' the basic.

Page(s): 893-894
seip-, seib-
Root / lemma: seip- seib-
Meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble
Material: Old High German sib, Dutch zeef, Middle Low German seve n., Old English sife
n. ` sieve ', in addition Old English siftan, Middle Low German siften, sichten, Modern High
German (from dem Low German) sichten, and Old Icelandic sef n. `juncus' (because of
porous stalks); Middle Low German Old Frisian sēver m. `mucus, slobber', Old High
German seivar, Middle High German seifer m. ds. (Middle High German seifel m. `saliva'
perhaps with Germanic p, see below); md. sīfe `marshy Bodenstelle'; serb. sípiti ` trickle,
fine rain';
in Germanic also forms with Germanic p (die den end auf Indo Germanic b
rechtfertigen): Old English sīpian, Middle Low German sīpen `drip, trickle', Middle High
German sīfen (stem V.) ds., Swedish dial. sipa `slow flow, seep, drip', Middle Low German
sīp `Bächlein', here also the Germanic name the Seife: Germanic *saip(i̯)ō: Finnish
saip(p)io, Old High German sei(p)fa ` soap '; also `resin', Middle Low German sēpe ` soap
', Old English sāpe f. (out of it nord. sāpa) ` soap ', Latin sāpo (Germanic loanword);
maybe beside Germanic *saip(i̯)ōn- also *sēpon- `tallow, suet (also to Haarfärbemitteln
verwendet)', das with Latin sēbum `tallow, suet' (probably genuine Latin) was obtainable
from Indo Germanic *sē[i]bo- `dripping fat' (Latin b would be then the origin of a root form
in Indo Germanic b); Tocharian A sip-, sep- ànoint', sepal ` ointment '.
Maybe alb. (*sēpon-) sapun `soap', but older cognate zero grade alb. (*seifen) finjë
`soapsuds, lye' [the common drop of initial se- sounds in alb. as in alb. (*śváśura-) vjehërr
`father-in-law']
References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;

See also: s. S. 889 under sei-
sei-.
Page(s): 894
sei-, soi-
Root / lemma: sei- soi-
Meaning: to be damp, to drip
Material: With l-formants: FlN: venet. Silis, Silarus, Ligurian Silarus, Illyrian Silarus
(Lukanien), hispan. Sil; Middle Irish silid ` drips, flows, allows to flow ', contaminated
el-); Old English sioloÞ `sea'; Lithuanian séilė
partially by sel- `to move, stir' (see below su̯el-
el
`saliva, slobber';
with m-formants: cymr. hufen ` skimmings' (*soimeno-); Old High German Modern High
German seim ` honey ', Old Icelandic seimr ` honeycomb ', ablaut. simi m. `sea', Danish
sima av ` dribble from ', westfäl. siǝmern `seep, drip' (Old Saxon *simarōn).

See also: perhaps the base from seikʷ
seikʷ- and seip-
seip- `diffuse'.
Page(s): 889
Root / lemma: sek-

sek-1
Meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)
Note:
Similar Root / lemma: sek-
sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) : Root / lemma: sengʷ
sengʷ- : to fall,
sink
Material: Old Indic á-sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-śc-át `not versiegend', víṣaktā èine nicht milk
gebende (versiegte) cow'; gr. hom. ἔσκετο φωνή `stockte, versiegte'; (*ἔσκετo, *se-sk-eto,
redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized Lithuanian senkù, sèkti `fall (of Wasserstand)', nusèkti
àbfließen, dry become', seklùs ` shallow, having little depth ', seklė̃, sẽkis ` shallow place,
sandbank', Latvian sekls ` shallow, having little depth ', sīku (*sinku, afterwards:) sikt
`versiegen', in addition with Baltic un from on das Kaus. Lithuanian sunk-iù, suñkti
àbsickern let', Latvian sùcu, sùkt `durchseihe', Iter. sũkât, East Lithuanian sunkà `juice,
sap'; Old Church Slavic i-sęknǫti `versiegen (of water)', prě-sęknǫti ` abate '.
Redupl. si-sk-us `dry (= versiegt)' in Avestan hišku- `dry' (also hiškva-), fem. hiškvī,
si-sk-
Middle Irish sesc, cymr. hysb `dry, infertile ', bret. hesp `dry' (*sisku̯o-), Old Irish sescenn
`swamp, marsh, moor, fen' (ìnfertile '; compare Old Icelandic saurr `moor, fen': Old
English sēar `dry'), besides bret. hesk `dry, infertile ', hesken ds., `from a cow without calf
and milk', heska `tarir', bret. hesquein (besides hespein) ds., corn. beuch heskyz à dry
cow', bret. hañvesk Adj., from a cow, die in dem years not calf gehabt has = Middle Irish
samaisc `young cow, zweijährige Färse' (*samo-sisku̯ī `die Sommertrockne'), die auf dem
fem. *sisku̯ī, Gen. *sisku̯i̯ās based on and vor dem i̯ den case obl. u̯ eingebüßt have;
unclear is gr. ἰσχνός àrid, verschrumpft, fragile, flimsy '.
Note:
Nostratic etymology:
etymology:
Meaning: shallow
Indo-European: *sek-, *sisk-
Uralic: *čoka
English meaning: shallow; to become shallow, dry

Saam (Lapp): coakke -g- (N) 'low water (in river or sea)', tsā̊hkē (L) ' shallowly (from a
sea)', ci̊økke (T), cuøikk (Kld.) ' shallow, low (from the water)', coakko- -g- (N) 'fall (e.g.
level of water), sink, decrease', tsā̊hkō- (L) ' get lower water level, sink, fall ', coakka- (K) '
fall (from the water)' ( > Finnish dial. sokku- ' drop, fall ') ?
Selkup: čeka-, te^ka- (Ta.), cakka- (Ke.), čaga- (N) ' parch, dry ', tē̮kki̮- (Tur.) ' become dry '
K. Reshetnikov's notes: Still compare Hun. sekély ' shallow ' (despite its rejection in UEW
61).
Yukaghir parallels: čoɣu ' shallow ', čogunn'e- 'be shallow (of a river)'
Albanian cek ` touch', cekët adj. ` shallow ', cak ` border, line'.
References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpräs. 185 f.
Page(s): 894-895
Root / lemma: sekʷ

sekʷ-1
Meaning: to follow
Grammatical information: mostly medial
Note: as Terminus the jargon spoken by hunters originally eins with sekʷ
sekʷ-2, s. Wissmann
in: Das Institut f. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.
Material: Old Indic sácate `begleitet, folgt', sácati, síṣakti, 3. Pl. sáścati (: ἑσπόμην Aor.)
ds., Avestan hačaitē, hačaiti ds., Old Indic sákman-, Avestan haxman- n. ` escort,
companionship'; Old Indic sākám (m. Instr.) ìn Gemeinschaft with, nebst'; Avestan hakat̃
Adv. `to same time' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *sekʷn̥t); Old Indic sáci Adv.
`zugleich' (: Latvian sec?); Old Indic sácā (m. Lok.) `together with, by, angesichts from',
Avestan hačā, ap. hačā `fort from, from - from' (Instr. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend'); zero grade
Old Indic ā́skra- (*ā-sk-ra-) ` combined ', as Avestan āskiti f., ` association ' (full grade
hačiti- ` accompaniment ');
because of Aryan kh dubious: Old Indic sákhā (sákhi-) ` fellow, comrade, friend',
Avestan haxay- (haši-) ds., ap. Haxāmaniš- ` ᾽Αχαιμένης';
gr. ἕπομαι ` follow ', Aor. ἑσπόμην (redupl., compare Old Indic sáścati) and σπέσθαι,
σπόμενος, ἐπί-σπου; due to eines *sokʷi̯o-s (= Latin socius, Old Icelandic seggr): ἀοσσέω
`help, stand by ' (*sm̥-sokʷi̯ei̯ō), ἀοσσητήρ `Gehilfe'; participle *ἑπτός as base from σουν-
επτᾶ-σθαι συνακολουθῆσαι Hes.;
maybe alb. (*sokʷ) shoku m. shoqe f. `friend'
ablaut. ὀπά̄ων ` fellow ', ὀπάζω ` allow to follow ', ὀπᾱδός, Ionian ὀπηδός ` Веgleiter '
(*soqʷā ` das Folgen, Gefolgschaft ');
Latin sequor, -ī `nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue ', participle secūtus (after solūtus,
volūtus, for older *sectos = gr. *ἑπτός, Lithuanian at-sèktas àufgespürt, aufgefunden'); īn-
sequor `pursue' (: Old Indic anu-sac- `nachgehen'); compare sector, -ārī ` eager begleiten',
secta f. `Richtlinie, party, philosophische Schule'; secundus (participle Praes.) `the
following, second ';sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -tre `(*mitfolgend =) vermittelnd,
Mittelsperson' (from a n. es-stem -seku̯os derive ); secus (with Akk.) `dense after,
nebenbei, gemäß', solidified Nom. Sg. m. eines *sekʷo-s `folgend' (compare o. Old Indic
sácā); to secus àfter, less good' (from `folgend, zurückstehend') trat ein jüngerer
compounds sĕquius; socius `teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse';
maybe alb. (*sekʷo-) shkoj ` go, follow', shko-zë ` beech, (*walking tree)' [-zë alb.
diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh ` fir-tree, spruce', bredh ` wander, (walking tree)',
(*sokʷ) shoku `friend, follower'.
Old Irish sechithir (= Latin sequitur) `folgt', sechem `das Folgen', sech (with Akk.) `vorbei
an, about - out, namely', cymr. bret. hep `without' (compare Old Indic sácā, Avestan hačā̆,
Latin secus);
Old High German beinsegga `pedisequa', Old Saxon segg, Old English secʒ, Old
Icelandic seggr `Gefolgsmann, journeyman, man' (*sokʷi̯os);
Lithuanian sekù, sèkti, Latvian seku, sekt `follow; feel, scent', Lithuanian at-sektas (see
above), sekmė f. Èrfolg', Latvian (veraltet) secen, sec (m. Akk.) `vorbei, längshin',
(perhaps from *sekeną, *seki = Old Indic sáci).
References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.
Page(s): 896-897
Root / lemma: sekʷ

sekʷ-2
Meaning: to see, show; to speak
Note: identical with sekʷ
sekʷ-1.
Material: Gr. ἐνέπω, ἐννέπω (-νν- verbalized the metr. lengthening) `sage an, erzähle'
(Imp. ἔννεπε, Impf. ἔννεπε, Fut. ἐνι-σπήσω (*skʷ-ē-), Aor. ἐνι-σπεῖν, Imp. ἐνί-σπες, ἔνι-
σπες, 2. Pl. ἔσπετε from *ἔν-σπετε), ἄσπετος ùnsäglich; unsagbar groß, eternal, infinite ',
πρόσ-εψις προσαγόρευσις Hes. (: Latin insectiō), θεσπέσιος ` wonderful, divine' (originally
`from the divinity geoffenbart'), from *-σπέ-τιος; θέσπις, θέσπιος ` seer, Weissager'
probably Verkürzung from θεσπέσιος; θεσπίζω `weissage'; ἀσπάζομαι `greet' (ἀ- from n̥
ìn'); ἀσπάσιος ` welcome, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, pleases ' (*n̥-σπά-
σιος);
Latin īnseque `sag an' (= gr. ἔννεπε), also īnsece, с verschleppt from forms as:
insectiōnēs `narrationes', insexit `dixerit'; inquam, inquis, -it `sage I, sagst du, he says '
(inquam Konjunktivform *en-skʷām `möcht' I say'; inquit originally themat. Aorist *en-skʷe-t
as ἐνι-σπεῖν);
Umbrian prusikurent `pronuntiaverint', sukatu `declārātō, pronuntiātō'; k instead of p

after forms with labialization of *kʷ vor s, t;
acymr. hepp, mcymr. heby(r), cymr. eb(e), ebr `sagte', mcymr. hebu `speak', go-hebu
àntworten', cymr. èntsprechen', mcymr. gwrtheb ` reaction ', cymr. ` objection ', corn.
gorðeby àntworten'; mcymr. dihaereb ` proverb, saying ' (*dē-ad-pro-skʷo-), Old Irish
ārosc ds. (*ad-pro-skʷo-); Middle Irish rosc `dithyrambische poem ' (*pro-skʷo-); Old Irish
in-coissig (*ind-com-sech- from *sekʷ-) ` identified ', tāsc ànnouncement' (*to-ad-skʷo-),
ēcosc àpparition' (*en-kom-skʷo-); mcymr. atteb, ncymr. ateb Àntwort' (*ati-sekʷ-), Old
Irish aithesc n. Àntwort' (*ati-sku̯-om), con-secha `züchtigt', cosc ` punishment ' = cymr.
cosp ds. (*kom-skʷo-m), Old Irish diuschi `weckt' (*di-uss-sechi), Old Irish insce ` discourse
' (*eni-sku̯-i̯ā), also Old Irish scēl n. ` narration ' (*skʷetlo-n, from which borrowed cymr.
chwedl etc.); Middle Irish scoth f. `word';
Old High German sagen `say' (*sokʷē-), besides Germanic *sagi̯ō < *saʒwi̯ō in Old
Saxon seggian, mnl. segghen, Old English secgan (engl. say), Old Icelandic segja ds.,
abstract noun Old Icelandic Old High German saga `declaration, narration ' (Modern High
German Sage), Old English sagu f. ds.;
Lithuanian sekù, sèkti `narrare' (= (ἐν)έπω, inseque), sekimas `das Erzählen', sėkmė̃ f. `
narration, Sage', sakaũ, sakýti `say', pãsaka `Märchen' etc.;
Old Church Slavic sočiti ` indicate ', sokъ Ànzeiger, Ankläger', poln. osoka ` accusation,
slander ' etc.;
older meaning sekʷ

sekʷ- `see' and `show' (see previously above Irish in-coissig, tāsc,
auchcon-secha, cosc as Latin animadvertere also ` reprove ') in: Old Irish rosc m. èye,
look' (*pro-skʷo-);
Gothic saiƕan `see', Old Icelandic sjā from sēa, Old English sēon, Old Saxon Old High
German sehan, Modern High German sehen; Gothic siuns `face, eyesight', Old Icelandic
sȳn, sjōn f. `vision, sight, apparition', Old English sīen, Old Saxon siun `sight, vision, eye'
from *se(g)wní; Adj. Gothic anasiuns, Old English gesīene, Old Icelandic sȳnn `visible,
obvious, clear', sȳnast `shine, appear, seem' (= ` appear '); Old High German (gi)siht `the
looking, face, sight', Old English gesiht ds.;
Maybe alb. syu, syni ` eye '

besides from lengthened grade *sē(g)wni-: Old High German selt-sāni, Middle High
German selt-sǣne `seldom' seltsam ‘strange ‘ (but Old English seldsīene ` rare ' from -
*sa(g)wni-);
Hittite šakuu̯a- n. Pl. èyes', šakuu̯āi- `see'; Tocharian A šotre, В šotri `mark, token, sign'
(*sekʷ-tr-).
From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *sígá ( ˜ z-)
Meaning: to look, search
Mongolian protoform: *sigiɣa-
Tungus protoform: *sig-
Korean protoform: *čhắč-
Japanese protoform: *sánk-
Note: ТМС 2, 78, Martin 236, Martin 1996, 27. Kor. *čhắč- is an assimilation < *sVhắč- =
PJ *sá(n)kas-.
References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Tocharian 69.
Page(s): 897-898
Root / lemma: selĝ-

selĝ-
Meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free
Material: Old Indic sr̥játi, sárjati èntläßt, schießt, gießt', participle sr̥ṣṭá-, visárjana-m
Àusgießung' (sárga- `das Entlassen, Schießen, Gießen' with g through derailment);
Avestan harǝzaiti, hǝrǝzaiti èntläßt, sendet from, schickt from', participle haršta-,
harǝzā̆na- n. `das Lassen, leave ; Durchlassen, Filtrieren';
Old Irish selg f. ` hunt' (of Loslassen the Hunde, Old Indic sr̥játi śúnaḥ), sleg f. `spear,
javelin' (*sl̥gā); acymr. in-helcha `venando', helgha-ti ` hunt, chase!', mcymr. hely, ncymr.
hel, hela `hunt, chase', heliwr `Jäger', acorn. helhwr ds., mcorn. helhys, hellys `gejagt',
corn. helfia `Jagen', bret. hem-olc'h ` hunt', di-elc'hat àtemlos sein';
Middle High German selken stem V. `tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken)',
Old English be-sylcan ` make feeble ', *ā-seolcan `träge sein or become', only in participle
ā-solcen, solcen ìdle, faul', engl. sulky.

Page(s): 900-901
Root / lemma: selk-
selk-
Meaning: to drag; plough
elk- to eines originally root su̯elk- to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.
Note: perhaps with u̯elk-
elk
Material: Armenian heɫg `slow, idle' (compare to meaning zögern : ziehen, ducere
tempus); gr. ἕλκω `ziehe', ὁλκή f., ὁλκός m. `pull; das Geschleppte etc.' = Latin sulcus
`furrow', sulcō, -āre `pflügen', zero grade Old English sulh `furrow, plough', alb. helq, heq
`pull, pull down' (*solkei̯ō);
Old High German selah, Old English seolh, Old Norse selr ` seal, Robbe' as `sich
mühsam towing '?
Tocharian В sälk- `herausziehen, vorführen'.
References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.

Page(s): 901
Root / lemma: sel-

sel-1
Meaning: dwelling
Material: Old High German sal m. `dwelling, hall ', langob. sala ` courtyard, house, edifice,
building', Old Saxon seli m. `dwelling, hall, temple', Old English sæl n., salor n., `hall,
palace', sele m. `house, dwelling, hall', Old Icelandic salr m. `hall, room, house', Pl.
`dwelling, courtyard ', sel (*salja-) `chalet'; Gothic saljan èinkehren, abide, remain ',
saliÞwōs Pl. `stop, hospice ', Old High German salida, Old Saxon selitha, Old English seld
`dwelling'; Old Bulgarian selo `farm, village', selitva `dwelling' (similar formation to Gothic
saliÞwōs); Lithuanian salà f. `village'.
Page(s): 898
sel-2, su̯el-
Root / lemma: sel- el-
el
Meaning: beam, board
Material: Old English selma, sealma, Old Saxon selmo `bed', actually `das wooden
bedstead '; Lithuanian súolas ` bench ', Lithuanian sìlė `trough, Schweinetrog', Latvian sile
` crib, manger, trough'; alb. gjolë `Platte, auf die man Viehsalz legt' (*sēlā).
With anlaut su̯-: gr. σέλμα, -ατος (by Hes. also ἕλματα) `balk, beam, Gebälk, scaffold,
trestle, esp. deck of the ship, thwart ', hom. ἐΰσσελμος `with guten Ruderbänken
versehen', σελίς, -ίδος `plank, thwart '; also Old High German swelli, Middle High German
swelle `balk, beam, Grundbalken, threshold', Old Icelandic svalar f. Pl., Old Swedish svali
`Galerie', nisl. svoli ` block of wood ', e-grade Old Icelandic swill f. `Grundbalken,
threshold', zero grade Old English syll, Old Icelandic syll ds., Middle Low German sül,
sülle, sille ds.

Page(s): 898-899
Root / lemma: sel-

sel-3
Meaning: to take, grab
Material: Gr. ἑλεῖν ` to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power ', ἕλωρ n., ἑλώριον
` booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Hom. booty, robbery, capture '; doubtful Latin
cōnsilium ` deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting,
decision '; cōnsulere senātum ` gather the senate ', then ` debrief ', root nouns cōnsul, ` a
consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the
expulsion of the kings ';
Maybe alb. sul ` attack '
in addition as -u̯o-derivative Old Irish selb f., cymr. helw m. ` possession ', gall. (Julia)
Luguselva woman's name (`*property of Lugus'), wherefore Old Irish ad-selb- `render ', to-
ad-selb- àllocate, present ', to-selb ` keep, retain possession of '; perhaps also due to a
basis *slēi-
*slēi-: Irish slī̆- in fuil(l)em ` interest ' (*fo-slī̆-mo-), adroilliu èarn ' (ad-ro-slī̆-), -tuillim
ds. (to-slī̆-); cymr. dyrllyddu, bret. deleza èarn ' (*to-ro-slī-i̯-);
maybe alb. (*sellen, shet) shes ` sell ' aor. shita ` sold '
as causative ` make obtain ' here Gothic saljan ` offer, sacrifice', Old Icelandic selia, Old
Saxon gisellian, Old High German sellen, Old English sellan ` hand over, sell '; the nouns
Old Icelandic sal n. ` payment ', sala f., Old English salu `sale', Old High German sala `
Übergabe eines Gutes ', sal m. ` blessing which is to be handed over according to the
testament ' must be post-verbal; here Old Church Slavic sъlъ ` summoner ', sъlati `send'.
Maybe alb. sjel, sjell `bring'.

Page(s): 899
Root / lemma: sel-

sel-4
Meaning: to spring
Material: Old Indic ucchalati `schnellt empor' (Middle Indic from *ud-salati);
gr. ἅλλομαι `spring, hüpfe' (*seli̯ō), ep. Aor. ἆλτο, verbal noun ἅλμα `spring', ἅλσις `das
Springen';
Latin saliō, -īre, -uī (-ĭī), -tum `spring, jump ', saltus `spring', salax `horny, lustful', saltāre
` dance ', salebra `holprige place of Weges' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultāre;
Middle Irish saltraid `zertritt', verbal noun cymr. sathru `Zertreten', Middle Breton saotra
`Beschmutzen', Vannes sautrein `Zertreten, Beschmutzen';
Lithuanian ãtsala `Wasserlache', sálti `flow', Old Prussian salus `Regenbach'; about
Lithuanian salà, Latvian sala ìsland' s. Mühlenbach-Endzelin III 664;
eine p-extension in Lithuanian sal̃pas m. `bay, bosom' = Slavic *solpъ in slov. slâp
`waterfall, surge '; Slavic *selpjǫ, *sьlpati `spring' in Old Church Slavic vъ-slěpljǫ ds., Infin.
Church Slavic slьpati.

Page(s): 899
Root / lemma: sel-

sel-5
Meaning: to sneak, creep
Material: Old Indic tsárati `slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht' with prefix [a]d-, tsáru m.
`schleichendes animal', Avestan srvant-, sravant- `schleichend, anschleichend' (particle
from Aryan *tsr-au-, u-extension respectively u-present); so perhaps also Armenian solim,
Aor. solec̣ay `serpo, repo, delabor, trahor', solun `humi serpens, repens' (*t-sol- with
alteration from ts- to s-?); gr. ἐιλίποδας βοῦς (Akk.) `schleppfüßig' (actually `schleichfüßig',
compare:) εἰλιτενής epithet of the couch-grass, `die sich schleichweise ausdehnende'
(metr. Dehnungen for ἑλι-);
Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani
alb. shligë `snake, adder, viper'; Old Irish selige, Middle Irish seilche (*seleki̯o-) `turtle,
tortoise, snail'; Old Irish *selid `slinks, crawls', verbal noun sleith (*sleth from *sl̥tā) `das
Beschleichen a schlafenden Frau', intled f. `Fallstrick' (*ind-ṡleth); nir. seilide `snail' (Old
Irish *selit from *sel-n̥tī); Lithuanian selù, selė́ti `slink, leise auftreten'.
References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider
WuS. 21, 166 ff.
Page(s): 900
sel-6, selǝ
Root / lemma: sel- selǝ- : slā-
slā-
Meaning: lucky, luck
Material: Latin sōlor, -āri ` comfort, relieve, beschwichtigen'; Old Irish slān `heil; fit,
healthy';
Germanic *sēl- in Gothic sēls `good, suitable ', sēlei `Gute', Old Icelandic sǣll `lucky',
Old English sǣl m. f. `luck, possibility, opportunity, time', gesǣlig `lucky'. Old High German
Old Saxon sālig `lucky, blessed, gesegnet', Old High German sālida `Güte, luck, salvation'
= Old Saxon sālða, Old English sǣlð, Old Norse sǣld f. `luck'; *sol- in Old English sēlra
(*sōliza) `better', Adv. sēl `better';
Auf a heavy basis *s(e)lǝ- : slā- based on the gr. family of *ἵ̄λημι (*σί-σλη-μι) `bin
günstig, gracious', Imp. hom. ἵληθι, theokr. ἵλᾰθι (*σί-σλᾰ-θι), next to which as Perf.-Imp.
Aeolic ἔλλαθι (*σε-σλᾰθι); unredupl. present ἵλαμαι, after demonstrative redupl. ἵ̄λα-
colored from *ἕλαμαι (ἑ- still in ΏΕλάερα = ἱλάειρα by Steph. Byz.) as also ἱλαρός `cheerful,
blithe, glad' from *ἑλαρός; ἰ̄λάσκομαι (*σι-σλᾰ-σκομαι) `make mir jemanden günstig
gesinnt, versöhne'; due to of present ἵ̄λη-, ἵ̄λᾰ- on the one hand lakon. ἵληFος, Cretan
ἴ̄λεος, Attic ἵ̄λεως, Ionian ἴ̄λεως, on the other hand hom. ἵλα(F)ος, Arcadian ἴ̄λα(F)ος,
Lesbian ἴλλαος `günstig, gracious'.

Page(s): 900
Root / lemma: selos-

selos-
Meaning: swamp, sea
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic sáras- n. `wash basin, pond, pool, sea', Sárasvatī f. FlN and GN (to
sáras-vant- àbundant in water') = Avestan Harax ̌aitī, Old pers. Hara(h)uvatī ` Arachosien
'; Old Indic sarasyá- Adj. `pond, pool-, sea-'; gr. ἕλος n. ` marshy lowland, marsh-meadow,
depression, backwater ', ἕλειος ` of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the
marsh '.
Page(s): 901
selp- (*ghelp-)
Root / lemma: selp-
Meaning: fat n.
Material: Old Indic sarpís- n. ` melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat', sr̥prá- ` greasy,
smooth, sleek, oiled, blank'; gr. ἔλπος (n.) ἔλαιον, στέαρ Hes. and (with φ after ἄλειφα :
λίπος?) ἔλφος βούτυρον. Κύπριοι Hes., ὄλπη, ὄλπις, -ιδος f. ` oil-bottle '; alb. (*ghelp-)
gjalp ` butter '; [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].
Old High German salba, Old Saxon salƀa, Old English sealf ` ointment ', Gothic Old High
German salbōn, Old Saxon salƀōn, Old English sealfian ànoint';
Tocharian A ṣälyp, В ṣalype `fat, butter, Öl'.

Page(s): 901
Root / lemma: sem-

sem-1
Meaning: to pour
Material: Gr. ἀμάομαι ` collect ', ἄμη f. ` bucket; pail ' (out of it Latin ama `Feuereimer', from
which Middle High German ame, ome, Modern High German Ohm ` liquid measure,
measurement of fluid quantities '), ἀμίς f. `Nachttopf', ἀμνίον n. Òpferschale', ἄμαλλα f. `
fascicle, sheaf '(ἄμιλλα), but ἄντλος, -ον `heap, Schiffsraum, Kielwasser' after Benveniste
BSL. 50, 39 to Hittite ḫan- ` pour, let flow, make flow, spill, cast, mold, shed ';
Illyrian FlN Semnus (Lucanien);
Latin sentīna `Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche', sentīnō `schöpfe das Wasser from, habe
meine Not';
Old Irish sem- `diffuse' in to-eks-sem- ds., to-uks-sem- `zeugen, produce ', verbal noun
teistiu Àusgießen', tuistiu ` procreation, creation ' (*to-uks-sem-tiō) etc.; compare due to a
abstufenden inflection -tiō(n)- : -tīn-es above Latin sentīna (originally Adj., scil. aqua); with -
d- weitergebildet send- in abret. do-uo-hinnom gl. ` austum ', cymr. gwe-hynnu ` scoop,
ausleeren'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Lithuanian semiù, sémti ` scoop ', sámtis ` dipper ', with -el- further formations Latvian
smel̨u, smel̂t ` scoop '.
References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88
f.
Page(s): 901-902
Root / lemma: sem-

sem-2
Meaning: one
Material: 1. With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung èins':
Armenian mi èins' (*sm-ii̯os); gr. εἷς, ἕν, μία (*sems, *sem, *sm-iǝ), Gen. ἑνός (for *ἑμός
or ἁμός after *ἕνς, ἕν) èin'; μῶνυξ ` soliped, animal which does not have cloven hoofs '
(*σμ-ῶνυξ), Cretan ἀμάκις, tarent. ἀμάτις ònce', compounds Doric ἅτερος (Attic ἕτερος)
`the eine, the other from zweien' (= cymr. hanner, corn. bret. hanter `half');
Latin sem-per ìn a fort, always' (*sem = gr. ἕν, compare under Germanic sin-); simītu
`zugleich', Ablat. from *simītus < *sem-eitus `das Zusammengehen', compare Old Irish
emith `tanquam, quasi', cymr. hefyd àlso' from *semiti-, to Old Indic sám-iti-; mīlle `1000'
from *smī ĝheslī èine Tausendheit' (wrongly S. 446), compare das in *sm̥-ĝheslom
zerlegte Old Indic sahásra-m, Avestan hazaŋra- à thousand '; Old Irish cumme `similarly'
from *kom-smii̯o- ` totally the eine, the same '; Germanic *sin (i.e. Indo Germanic *sem in
adv. solidification) `*in einem' = `together' or `perpetual' or àbsolutely, very' in Old Saxon
Old High German sin-hīun, Old English sin-hīwan `conjuges, husband', Gothic sin-teins
`daily', Old Saxon sin-nahti, Old English sin-niht èwige night', Middle High German sin-
grüene, Old English sin-grēne, Old Icelandic sī-grønn ìmmergrün', Old English sin-here
`big army ', Old High German sin-fluot `big, giant flood', Old Icelandic sī-valr, Old English
sine-wealt, Old Low German sinu-wel ` totally round ' etc.;
Tocharian A sas m. (komponiert ṣa-), В ṣe (older ṣes in ṣes-ka ` alone ') from *sem-s; A
säṃ f. from *sem; compound form A ṣoma- (*semo-), В somo- (*somo-); Van Windekens
Lexique 121.
sm̥- as 1. composition part: Old Indic sakŕ̥t, Avestan ha-kǝrǝt̃ ònce' (about Old Indic sa-
hásram see above), gr. ἅ-παξ ònce', ἁ-πλόος `simple, just', Latin sim-plus, -plex `simple,
just', gr. ἑ-κατόν à-hundred' from *ἁ-κατόν after εἷς or a *ἕν-κατον. compare under *sm̥ ìn
eins together, with'.
With Gutturalsuffixen: gr. ἴγγια εἷς. Πάφιοι (*ἑν-για); Latin singuli èinzelne' (against it
sincinium Èinzelgesang' not from *singo-caniom, but popular etymology metathesis from
sicinnium from gr. σίκιννις ` dance of Satyrn');
with ĝh presumably Armenian ez ` someone ' (*sem-ĝho-? with it hez `mild,

rechtschaffen' as èinfach from Sitten' alike? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with k̂ Old Indic
śaśvant- `sich gleichmäßig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, each, every,
all' (from *sa-śvant-, with formants -u̯ent- from Indo Germanic *sm̥-k̂o- perhaps ìn a Zuge,
in a row'); perhaps alb. gjith àll, whole' (*sem-k̂o `from einerund the same kind of'?).
Note:
Note
Alb. (*ghim- k̂o) gjithë àll, together ' : Tocharian A sas m., В ṣe [common alb. gh- > gl- >
gj- : lith. gh- > dz-; also alb. -s > -ths].
With l-suffixes: gr. ὁμαλός ` alike, even, smooth ' (`*in a kind of verlaufend') ablaut. Latin
similis `similarly' (*semelis `from ein and the same kind of'), simul, older semol, semul
`zugleich' apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris (ter) widened *semlis ònce'
in semel, Umbrian sumel `zugleich' (with the same о as ὁμαλός? or latter previously after
ὁμός from *ἁμαλός colored?); with reduplication-stem Old Irish samail `Bild, Gleichnis'
(proklit. amal às'), cymr. etc. hafal `similarly, alike ', Old Irish samlith `simul', cosmail
`consimilis'; Gothic simlē `(*once =) once ', Old English sim(b)le, simles, simblon ` always',
Old High German simble(s), simblum ds., auf a n. *semlo-m èine time' being based on.
2. semo-
mo- ` someone ' = ` anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything; something;
everything ' (unbetont):
Old Indic samá- ìrgendein', Avestan ap. hama- ` whoever it be, whatever, each, each
one, every, everybody, every one, everything, omnis';
Maybe alb. Geg urith, Tosc (*ham-uridhe) hamuridhe ` mole '.
Armenian amēn, amēn-ain àlle, omnis';
gr. ἁμό- ìrgend ein' in ἀμῆ, Attic ἁμῆ `rgendwie', ἀμόθεν, Attic ἁμόθεν ìrgendwoher',
ἀμῶς, Attic ἁμῶς ` anyhow, somehow ', οὐδ-αμός `nicht einer, no, not at all, not', οὐδαμῶς
` by no means, not at all, in no way '; Gothic sums ìrgend ein, ein certain ', Pl. èinige,
manche', Old Icelandic sumr ` a certain, a kind of, as one might say, nonnullus ', Old
Saxon Old English Old High German sum ds.
3. `*in eins = together, with';
sm̥-: Old Indic sa-há, sadhḁ `common, together' = Avestan haδa, ар. hadā `together',
Old Indic satrā́ `together, totally and gar' = Avestan haϑrā̆ `together, zugleich, vereint with',
Old Indic sádam, sádā àllzeit, stets always' = Avestan haδa ` always', Old Indic sá-dhrī
Adv. `together' (: root *dher- `hold, stop', as also:) gr. ἀ-θρόοι, Attic ἁ-θρόοι ìn association,
gesamt', ἄ-λοχος `consors tori', ἀ-δελφός `couterinus', ἀ-κόλουθος `Weggefährte' (from ἁ-
through Aspiratendiss). - Old Indic smát `together with', Avestan mat̃ `ds.; always,
immerdar'; gr. ἅμα, Doric ἁμᾶ ìn einem, zugleich', ἁμόθι `together'.
som-: Old Indic sám- `together, zugleich with', Avestan ap. ha(m)- `with' (in connection
som-
with verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Armenian ham- `with' probably from Iran.);
Lithuanian sam-, są- (e.g. sam-dýti èmploy, engage', sán-dora Èintracht', są́-žinė
`Gewissen, conscientia'), Old Prussian san-, sen- (san-insle `belt, girdle'), sen (*sem)
preposition `with' (Indo Germanic *sem); Old Church Slavic sǫ- `with' (sǫ-sědъ `neighbor',
compare Old Indic saṁ-sád- `congregation, meeting'), sǫ-logъ ` consors tori ', compare ἄ-
λοχος etc.;
with Old Church Slavic sǫ- changing through ablaut is *sъn-, sъ (*som) e.g. in sъn-iti `
convenire ', sъ-vęzati ` tie together ' as well as sъ preposition `with'; whether Lithuanian sù
`with' belong, could es together with Old Church Slavic sъ and gr. ξύν, σύν `with' auf Indo
Germanic *ksu respectively *ksun zurückgeführt become; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2,
4877.
somo-s: Old Indic samá- ` even, alike, the same', samám Adv. and
Von som- derives somo-
preposition `together', samáyā, in same way, mitten hindurch', *samayati èbnet, brings in
order', Avestan ap. hama- ` alike, the same', Armenian omn `whoever' (Meillet Esquisse2
90); about Old Indic simá- `selbst' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;
Maybe alb. (*sam-urithe) hamuridhe, urith ` mole' (`the same as a mole '), si ` like'.
gr. ὁμός `common; similarly, alike, even, smooth ', ὁμοῦ Adv. and preposition `together',
ὁμό-θεν `from the same Ort', ὁμό-σε àn denselben place', ὅμως `gleichwohl' (ὁμοῖος, New
Attic ὅμοιος `similarly'); here ὅμηρος (above S. 56), ὁμαρτέω `begleite' (to *ὅμαρτος from
*som-r̥-to-s), after Szemerényi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; Old Irish -som ìpse',
Old Irish sund `here', cymr. hwnn `this' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), (from Indo Germanic *somdhe, welches to sondo- reshaped wurde); Gothic sa sama
`the same', Old Icelandic samr, inn sami `the same', samt Adv. ùnunterbrocben', Old High
German der samo `the same', compare also Zs. as Gothic sama-kuns, Old Norse
samkynja `from same gender, sex', gr. ὁμόγνιος ds., Old Indic sama-jātīya `gleichartig', Old
Norse samfeðra, ὁμοπάτωρ, ар. hamapitar- `from the same Vater', Old Icelandic
sammø̄ðri, ὁμομήτριος `from the same mother ';
ein ī-Fem. *somī, *smī `Beisammensein, association, partly also kämpfendes

Aneinandergeraten' in Old Indic samī-ká- n. `fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. ὅμι-λος `heap,
congregation, meeting, Schlachtgedränge', ὁμιλίᾱ Ùmgang, Verkehr', ὁΏμῑλέω `verkehre'
remain far off because of Aeolic ὄμιλλος, also Latin mīles, compare Szemerényi Arch.
Ling. 6, 41; gr. ἅμιλλα `fight, fight, struggle, contention ' (*sem-il-i̯a), ἁμιλλᾶσθαι
`wettkämpfen';
in addition with the concept of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens

Old Icelandic sama `passen, sich schicken'; Gothic samjan `gefallen, to gefallen seek ',
Old Icelandic semja (= Old Indic samayati) `zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um,
sort, order, arrange, zustandebringen'; in addition probably Germanic *samÞia- in Old High
German semfti (Adv. samfto) ` comfortable, gemächlich, friendly', Modern High German
sanft, Old Saxon sāfto Adv. `light', Middle Low German sachte Adj. Adv. `gentle, mild', Old
English sēfte (Adv. sōfte) ` peaceful, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indic sāntva- n.
`good beschwichtigende words', sā́man- m. n. `ds., mildness, freundliches
Entgegenkommen';
Germanic *samÞia- is viell. from a tu-stem *samÞu- reshaped, the with Old Indic sāntva-
auf Indo Germanic could go back to*sōm-tu-;
against it is Old English smēðe, smōð, Old Saxon smōði ` smooth, even, gentle, milde'
because of westfäl. smǫiǝ from *smanÞi originated; Gothic samaÞ `together', Old Saxon
samad, Old English samod, Old High German samit (samant with n after saman-), Modern
High German samt; eine d-derivative in Old Indic samád- f. `fight, fight, struggle', gr.
ὅμαδος ` scuffle, swarms of people, crowd ';
lengthened grade Old Indic sāman-, sāmaná- ` peaceful ', sāma-gir- `freundliche words
redend', sāntva- (see above), Avestan hāma- ` alike, the same', np. hāmūn ` plain ', Old
Irish sām ` tranquility ' (from `*trauliches Beisammensein'), sāim ` peaceful, mild', Old
Icelandic sōma (*sōmēn) `passen, geziemen', sōmi m. `honour, award', sø̄mr `proper,
fitting', Old Saxon sōmi ds., Old English sōm f. Èinigkeit, congregation, meeting', ge-sōm
èinmütig, friendly', Middle High German suome `pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. Old
Icelandic sø̄ma `sich finden in, Rücksicht nehmen auf, honour', Old English sēman
`versöhnen'; engl. seem `befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. loanword;
Old Church Slavic samъ ìpse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same ';
with n-formants: Old Indic sāman-, sāmana- see above; with ŏ-grade probably Old Indic
samana- n. ` gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, Festversammlung', samanā́ Adv.
`together, concomitant, ebenmäßig'; Gothic samana `beisammen', Old Icelandic saman
`together', Old High German saman, zi samane, Modern High German zusammen;
therefrom derived Old Icelandic samna, Old High German samanōn, Middle High German
samenen `gather, collect', dissim. samelen, Modern High German sammeln; with
reduplication-stem Irish samain `the festival of 1. Nov.' (actually ` gathering, assembly,
meeting, convention '), bech-ṡamain `swarm of bees';
eine lengthened grade *sēm perhaps in gall. σο-σιν ` this ' and in n. of Old Irish article
(s)an, preceding from *sin ` this ' from *sēm about *sīn; die übrigen forms are through
transference the Endflexion auf eine Adv.-form *sinde (from *sēm-dhe; es allows sich after
Old Indic sa-dha Indo Germanic *dhe, odernach Irish suide from Indo Germanic *so-de (jo-
inflection) = gr. ὅ-δε also Indo Germanic *de ansetzen) originated; Demonstr. Irish sin,
cymr. hynn (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), go auf den stem *sindo- back and place die
enclitice form dar.
References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda,
Reflections on the Numerals.
Page(s): 902-905
Root / lemma: sem-

sem-3
Meaning: summer
Grammatical information: (Gen. sem-ós)
Note:
sem-3 : `summer' has certainly derived from Root / lemma: ĝhei-
Root / lemma: sem- hei-2 : ĝhi-
hi- ,
ĝhei- heimn-: `winter; snow' [common satem IE ĝhe- > se-]. It seems that the
men-, *ĝheimn-
hei-men-
Hittite-Illyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery
seems crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.
Material: Old Indic sámā f. `Halbjahr, season, year' (= Armenian am), āi-ṣá-mah `this year'
(probably from a Lok. *āi-samāi reshaped, see above S. 286); Avestan ham- `summer';
Armenian am `year' (= Old Indic sámā), amaṙn `summer' (*semerom); Old Irish sam
(*semo-) and samrad (*semo-rōto-, above S. 866), cymr. corn. haf, bret. hañv `summer';
cymr. hafod `Sommerhaus', bret. havreg ` fallow ', Middle Irish samad m. Àmpfer'; gall.
samon[ios] `Sommermonat', samolus ` sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ', samara Ùlmensamen';
remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind of fish samauca (Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); Old
High German sumar, Old English sumor m., Old Icelandic sumar n. `summer'; as ` one-
year-old animal' Old Icelandic simull `( one-year-old) ox', simi, simir ds., Norwegian simla
`Renntierkuh' (Indo Germanic sem-), Swedish somel `Renntierkalb'.
Page(s): 905
Root / lemma: send ro-, -ā

sen hro-
Meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..
Material: Old Icelandic sindr n. `Metallschlacke' and `Hammerschlag' (in addition sindra `
spark, produce sparks '), Old English sinder ds., Old High German sinter ds., Modern High
German Sinter, Kalksinter (in addition sintern `durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden ');
vermutlichverwandt is Norwegian dial. sinkla `sich with an Ice crust beziehen' as *sind-kla;
serb.-Church Slavic sedry krьvьnyje, russ.-Church Slavic sjadry krovnyja ` coagulated
Blutmassen', Serbo-Croatian sȅdra `Kalksinter', Czech sádra `Gips' (from *sēndhrā).
Page(s): 906
Root / lemma: sengʷh

sengʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: to sing
Material: Prākr. saṃghai `say, instruct'; gr. ὀμφή `voice, Prophezeiung' (*songʷhā),
πανομφαῖος èpithet of Zeus'; mcymr. de(h)ongl `define'; Note: common Illyrian gʷ- > b-.
Gothic siggwan `sing, vorlesen, rezitieren', Old Icelandic syngua, Old English Old High
German Old Saxon singan, singen; Gothic saggws ` song, Musik, Vorlesung', Old
Icelandic sǫngr `( religious) song', Old English sang, song, Old High German Old Saxon
sang, Sang ` chant, song '.
References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31, 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. Wüst (briefl.)
belongs prākr. saṃghai to k̂ens-, above S. 566.
Page(s): 906-907
Root / lemma: sengʷ

sengʷ-
Meaning: to fall, sink
Note:
From Root / lemma: sek-
sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) derived Root / lemma: sengʷ
sengʷ- : to
fall, sink
Material: Armenian ankanim `fall, retreat, take ab'; gr. ἑάφθη `sank' (ἀσπίς);
Germanic *sinkwan in: Gothic sigqan, Old Icelandic søkkva, Old English sincan, Old
Saxon Old High German sinkan sinken, Intens. Danish-Norwegian sakka, Dutch zakken,
Modern High German sacken ` sink '; Adj. *sinhti- in Old English sīhte `sumpfig', Middle
High German sīht(e), Modern High German seicht ` shallow, having little depth ',
Alemannian sīcht `very humid, wet' (from Wiesen).

Page(s): 906
seni-, senu-
Root / lemma: seni- senu-, (s ni-), sn̥-ter-
seni- ter-
Meaning: for oneself; separate
Material: Old Indic sanu-tár àbseits from, weit weg', sánutara- (?), sánutya- ` furtive,
Material:
unvermerkt' (`*beiseite'), Avestan hanarǝ àbseits, without'; gr. ἄτερ (Ionian) àbseits,
without' (*sn̥ter);
Old Saxon sundir `without' (= ἄτερ), Old High German suntar ` separate ' and `but,
against it', Modern High German sondern (diese meaning from `besides, without'), Old
English sundor `for sich, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,
peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ', Old Norse sundr ` divided ', Gothic sundrō `for sich,
abseits, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately,
extra, notably ', Adj. Middle High German sunder, besunder, Modern High German
besonder;
Latin sine `without' (probably neutr. *seni, standing next to Irish sain from *seni-);
Old Irish sain Adj. `different, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,
peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' (*seni-s), cymr. o-han-, a-han- `from', gwa-han
àpart, separated, different', acymr. han àlium'; cymr. hanes ` narration ' = Middle Irish
sanas ` mystery, Lispeln' (*sani-stā); corn. hanys ` secret '; Tocharian A sne, В snai
(*sanai) `without';
The meaning ` separate, for sich' allows connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-,
*s(e)u̯e- to, compare with anlaut su̯-: Old Church Slavic svěně `besides, without' and Latin
sēd, sē preposition `sine, without', prefix `without, beiseite'.
References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.
Page(s): 907
Page(s):
Root / lemma: senk-

senk-
Meaning: to burn, dry
Material: Old English sengan, Middle Low German Middle High German sengen `singe'
(*sangjan ` burn make'); Low German sangeren ìn the Haut prickeln' (actually `burn'), old
Dutch sengel `spark', Middle High German senge ` dryness, aridity ', sinc (-g-) `das
Sengen', sungen, sunken ànbrennen', sungeln, sunkeln ` rustle ', Norwegian dial. sengra,
sengla `brenzlich smell', Swedish dial. sjängla `singe', isl. sāng(u)r, n. sangt `singes,
burns, angebrannt';
Old Church Slavic prě-sǫčiti, isǫčiti `dry', sǫčilo òven', russ. izsjaklyj `dry'.
Page(s): 907
sen(o)- (*heno)
Root / lemma: sen(o)-
Meaning: old, *old moon
Material: Old Indic sána-, Avestan hana- òld', Old Indic sanaká- èhemalig, old' (: Latin
senex, Franconian Sinigus, gall. Seneca), sanaḥ `vor alters', sánā, sanā́t, sanátā `from
alters her, from jeher, stets', sanātána- ` eternal, immortal, perennial '; Armenian hanapaz `
always ', hin òld'; gr. ἕνος òld, of previous years', δί-ενος ` biennial ', ἕνη καὶ νέα ` the day
before the new moon and the first one of the beginning month ';
again gr. ἕνος òld' in contrast to ànew', only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of
the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon circulation which initiates at
the same time the new circulation (since Hes.); in the last-named formation usually ἕνη καὶ
νέα (sc. σελήνη; Attic since Solon).
Maybe alb. hana `(*old) moon' : gr. ἕνος òld moon' : σέλας n. ` brilliance', σελήνη, Aeolic
σελάννα `moon' (*σελασνᾱ), σελαγεῖν ` shine '; hence σελ-ήνη ` the full-moon ' see Root /
lemma: su̯el-
el-2 : `to smoulder, burn'.
el
Latin senex, Gen. senis, Kompar. senior òld, aged'; seneō, -ēre òld, weak sein',
senēscō, -ere àltern, dwindle away, decrease ', senium ` senility, zehrende
Gemütsstimmung', senātus, -ūs (Oscan Gen. senateís) `Senat', senectūs àge', seneciō
ds.; Old Irish sen òld', acymr. corn. bret. hen òld man, aged', compounds Old Irish siniu,
cymr. hyn; Irish sen-māth(a)ir (= Lithuanian sen-mótė) `grandmother'; gall. Seno-gnātus ,
Seneca; Gothic sineigs ` an old man ', sinista òldest', Old Franconian sini-skalkus `the
oldest Hausdiener', Old Icelandic sina ` grass of the previous year'; Lithuanian sẽnas òld',
sẽnis ` graybeard ', seniaĩ ` in the distant past, many years ago, yore, a long time ago',
senė́ju `become old' (= Latin seneō).

Page(s): 907-908
Root / lemma:
lemma: sent-
sent-
Meaning: to take a direction, go; to feel
Material: A. in geistigen sense: Latin sentiō, -īre, -si, -sum ` feel, perceive ', sensus, -ūs `
emotion, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion', sententia (*sentientia) òpinion etc.'; Old High
German sin, -nnes `sense, mind' (*sent-no-), sinnan ` strive, lust, crave', Modern High
German sinnen; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian sintė́ti
`think'; Old Church Slavic sęštь `smart'.
Maybe zero grade alb. (*sentiō, entio) ndjej 'feel' [typical alb. mutation se- > e-]
B. in eigentlichen sense: Avestan hant- (present hī-šasat̃, Fut. ni-šąsyā) ` reach, reach
let'; Armenian ǝntàc̣ `way, gait ', ǝntànam `go, travel, journey, hurry ';
Old Irish sēt `way', cymr. hynt ds., Middle Breton nbret. hent ds. (= Germanic *sinÞa-),
abret. Gl. do-guo-hintiliat ìnceduus', acorn. cam-hinsic Gl. ìniustus' (cam- `crooked'), eun-
hinsic Gl. `justus' (eun- ` justified, legitimate '); therefrom Old Irish sētig `wife, woman'
(`Weggenossin', ī-Fem. eines Adj. *sētach); cymr. carrynt (to carr ` cart ') `way, journey',
epynt (to eb-, *ek̂uo
̯ -) ` horse-way', dyffrynt `valley' (to dwfr `water'); from *senti̯o-: mcymr.
hennydd ` fellow ', bret. hantez `Nachbar', corn. hynsads.;
Gothic sinÞs m. `Mal', Old Icelandic sinn n. `Mal', sinni n. ` gait, journey' (and as
descendant of *gasinÞja- also ` cortege, Unterstützung'), Old English sīð m. `Fahrt,
journey, way, Mal', Old Saxon sīð `way, direction', Old High German sind ` gait, way,
journey, Fahrt'; Gothic ga-sinÞa ` travelling companion ', Old Icelandic sinni ds., (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English gesīÞ, Old Saxon gisīð, Old High
German gisind ` fellow ', wherefore n. Old English gesīð ` accompaniment ', Old Saxon
gesīthi, Middle Low German (ge)sinde ` servants ', Old High German gisindi `Reisegefolge,
kriegerisches cortege ', Modern High German Gesinde ‘servants’, Old Icelandic sinni n. `
cortege '; Old High German sinnan (see above) also `go, reisen, wander, come'; Kaus.
Gothic sandjan, Old Icelandic senda, Old English sendan, Old High German senten
`senden' (Old Icelandic senda also `sacrifice'); *senÞōn Denom. from *senÞa- (see above)
in Old Icelandic sinna `reisen, sich worum kümmern, heed', Old Saxon sīðōn `go, pull,
drag, wander ', Old English sīðian ds., Old High German sindōn ds.;
Lithuanian siunčiù (*suntiù ass. to *siuntiù), sių̃sti, Latvian sùtu, sùtît `senden, send'
(Baltic un reduplication-stem on besides the full grade from Gothic sandjan).

Page(s): 908
sen-, sene-
Root / lemma: sen- sene-, sen(e)u-
sen(e)u-, senǝ
senǝ-
Meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed
Material: Old Indic ásanam Ì gewann', sanḗma ` we mögen gewinnen'; sanṓti `gewinnt',
sanuká- `beutegierig', sánitar- ` gainer, victor', participle sātá- `gewonnen', sātí- f.
`Gewinnung, acquisition '; gr. *ἄνῡμι, themat. ἀνύω, Attic ἁνύω and hom. ἄνω (*ἄνFω)
`vollende'; gr. ἀνύτω ds.; ἀανές οὐ τελεσθησόμενον Hes., ἰν ἀνάτοις ἐν ἀπορίαις Hes. (ἄν-
ατος ùnvollendet'); hom. ἐννεσί-εργος `ἔργα ἀνύων'; ἔναρα `die armament, armor of
erschlagenen Gegners' (`*Kampfesbeute'); therefrom ἐναίρω, Aor. ἤναρον ìn Kampfe
slay', ἐναρίζω `dem getöteten Feinde die Rüstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay'; lak.
ἐναρσφόρος `τὰ ἔναρα φέρων'; ἔντεα (Sg. ἔντος) àrmament, armor'; next to which *ἐντύ̄ς
`Zurüstung, consummation ' assumed from ἐντύω, ἐντύ̄νω `make fertig, rüste to, bereite';
besides τὸ ἔντος stands συν-έντης συνεργός Hes. and αὐθέντης `*with eigener Hand
vollbringend: murderer; master, mister';
Old Irish con-suī `seeks to erwerben, makes streitig', cymr. cynyddu èrobern, to
gewinnen seek ' etc.;
Hittite šanḫ- ` seek, strive, arrogate'; also ` sweep, wash away ' (`*durchsuchen').
References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hittite 185.

Page(s): 906
Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂

sek̂ʷm-)
ʷm
ʷm
Meaning: seven
Note:
Root / lemma: septm̥ (*sek̂
sek̂ʷh-)
ʷh : seven derived from a mutated Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s,
ʷh
ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) : six; common gr.-celt. kʷ > p, gʷ > b.
Material: Old Indic saptá, Avestan hapta, Armenian evt`n, gr. ἑπτά, Latin septem, Old Irish
Material:
secht n-, cymr. etc. saith, Gothic Old High German sibun, Old English seofon, Old Norse
siau (-n preserved after one besides *siƀun stehenden sibuni; t-loss in ordinals sep[t]m̥-tos
dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septun the Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftun or Latinisierung
eines echten *sifun is, stands dahin), Lithuanian septynì, Old Church Slavic sedmь (after
dem ordinals), alb. shtatë (*s[e]ptm-ti-; abstract number formation as Old Indic saptatí-,
Avestan haptāiti- 70, Old Icelandic siaund `number from 7'); Tocharian A ṣpät, В ṣuk(t);
Hittite šipta.
Note:
Gr. ἑβδομαδικός `belonging to the week' : alb. javë `week' common alb. -b- > -v-.
Alb. shtata `seven' from (*s[e]ptm-ti-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern
similar to alb. So Lycian aitãta (*ok̂tō(u)ta) èight' : alb. teta èight'; Lycian ñuñtãta `nine' :
alb. nanda `nine'. Therefore alb. shtata `seven' derived from a truncated *sa(p)tata `seven'
later Old Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoða,
Lithuanian septiñtas; also Old Indic saptatí-, Avestan haptāiti- 70; in alb. -ta, -të are
attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indic cognates. The attribute suffix -
ta is used in the alb. genitive and adjectives.
ordinals: sept(e)mos in Old Indic saptamá-, npers. haftum, gr. ἕβδομος, dial. ἕβδεμος (die
extension derives from a form ἕβδμος, compare Old Church Slavic sedmь), Latin
septimus, gall. sextametos, Old Irish sechtm-ad, cymr. seithfed (*septem-etos), Old
Lithuanian sẽkmas, Old Prussian sep(t)mas, Old Church Slavic sedmъ; *septm̥-to-s in Old
Indic saptáthaḥ, Avestan haptaϑa-, Old Saxon sivotho, Old English seofoða (also
akzentuell = saptátaḥ; besides Old High German sibunto, Old Saxon sivondo, Old Norse
siunde, siaunde), Lithuanian septiñtas.
It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:
Semitic
East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sabàh, Saudi sabà, Yemeni sabàh,
h, Syrian sabà,
Lebanese sabà, Cypriot sába`, Iraqi sabà, Egyptian sabà, E Libyan 'sabà, N African
(Darja) sebà, Moroccan sebà, Sudanese sa|bà, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari säba'a,
Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-`, Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-`-t, Classical
Hebrew+ sheba`, Modern Hebrew sheva`, Classical Aramaic+ shi:Beà:h, Modern Aramaic
shubà:, Classical Syriac+ shabà:, Syriac shaw'a, Van shåvå, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-
b-', South Arabian (Harsusi) ho:ba, (Sheri) sho:`, Socotra 'yhobe?, N Ethiopic : Geez+
sebàtu, Tigre sabu`, Beni Amir saba`, Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic : Amharic säbat,
Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ säbattä, Soddo säbatt, Goggot säbätt,
Muher säbät, Masqan säbät, CW Gurage säbat, Ennemor säB?at.
Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum, Western : Old English+ seofon, Middle English+ seven,
English seven, Scots seiven, Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian sân, Frisian (Saterland) sogen,
Dutch zeven, W/S Flemish ze:vne, Brabants ze:ve, Low Saxon söven, Emsland ze:bm,
Mennonite Plautdietsch säwen, Afrikaans sewe, German sieben, Central Bavarian simme,
Swabian siibe, Alsatian seve, Cimbrian siban, Rimella shìbne, Rheinfränkisch siwe,
Pennsylvania siwwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebë, Yiddish zibn, Middle
High German+ siben, Old High German+ sibun, Northern : Runic+ siu:, Old Norse+ sjau,
Norwegian sju, Danish syv, Swedish sju, Faroese sjey, Old Icelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjö,
Eastern : Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+
*zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance : Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Galician sete,
Spanish siete, Ladino sieti, Asturian siete, Aragonese siet, Catalan set, Valencian set, Old
French+ set, French sept, Walloon set, Jèrriais sept, Poitevin sét, Old Picard+ siet, Picard
siet, Occitan (Provençal) sèt, Lengadocian sèt, Gascon sèt, Auvergnat sé, Limosin se,
Franco-Provençal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Grischun set, Sursilvan siat, Vallader set,
Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontese sèt, Milanese sètt,
Genovese sette, Venetian sete, Parmesan set, Corsican sette, Umbrian sétte, Neapolitan
sèttë, Sicilian setti, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,åpte,
Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh
saith, Cardiganshire soch, Breton seizh, Vannetais seih, Unified Cornish+ seyth, Common
seyth, Modern sith, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old Irish+ secht, Irish seacht,
Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ heptá, Greek eftá, Cypriot
eftá, Tsakonian eftá, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late,
late Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian
shtatë, Gheg (Qosaj) shtat, Tosk (Mandritsa) shtátë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian
evthn, Armenian yoth, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *septi:njai, East : Lithuanian septynì,
Latvian septin
ni, Latgalian septeni, Slavic East : Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem,
sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim, West : Polish siedem, Kashubian sétmë, Polabian+ sidêm,
Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, West sedem, East shedzem, Upper Sorbian sydom, Lower
Sorbian sedym, South: Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sédem, Macedonian
sedum, Serbo-
Serbo-Croat sëdam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-
Indo-Iranian:
Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian Iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta,
Khwarezmian+ 'bhd, Sogdian+ 'Bt
Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto owé, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo,
Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rushani wu:vd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli
(Tashkorghani) üvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Western Northwest : Parthian+ hft, Yazdi
haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari häft, Gazi häf, Sivandi häf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf,
Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh håft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt,
Baluchi hept, Turkmenistan apt, E Hill hapt, Rakhshani (Western) (h)ept, Kermanji (S)
Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani ha:ft, Kermanshahi häft, Southwest : Old
Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, Isfahani haf, Tajik
Tajik h=aft, Tati hæft, Chali haft, Fars häft,
Lari 'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari haf'ta, Nuristani : Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri sëtë, Kati sut, Kalasha-
ala so:t, Indic : Sanskrit+ saptá, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany
(Gypsy) : Spanish estér, Welsh trin t'a: shto:r, Kalderash yeftá, Syrian h.o:t,
t, Armenian haft,
Iranian efdá:, Sinhalese-
Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian
hate, Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sât, Brokskat sa:t, Phalura sa:t,
Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot,
Dameli sat, Gawar-bati set, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot,
Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatri sat, Lahnda satt, Central: Hindi/
Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi set, Siraiki sat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari
(Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili xa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t,
t,
Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi
(Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang
ha:d.
Dravidian
Northwest : Brahui haft, Northeast : Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te, Central : Kolami sa.t,
Telugu eedu, Gondi e:rru:ng, Koya e:d
du, Konda e:rru, Pengo sat,
t, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta, South
: Tulu e:l,
e: Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:llü, Kurumba -ö.llu,, Toda öw,
Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:llu, Irula elu
Nahali
Nahali sato
Basque
Basque zazpi
Etruscan
Etruscan+ semph
Hurrian
Hurrian
Hurrian+ shindia
Page(s): 909
Root / lemma: sep-

sep-
Meaning: to care of smth.; to honour
Material: Old Indic sápati `liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt', Avestan hap- (2. 3. Sg. hafšī,
haptī) `(in the Hand)halten, stützen'; gr. -ἕπω (with ἀμφι-, δι-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-), Aor. ἐπ-έ-
σπον, -σπεῖν ` provide, supply, bereite, bearbeite'; ὅπλον n. `tool, appliance, weapon',
ὁπλέω `harness', ὅπλομαι `bereite mir to' etc.;
in addition Indo Germanic *sepeli̯ō in Old Indic saparyáti `veneratur', Latin sepeliō -īre,
sepultum `bury' i.e. `venerari sepulcro'.
References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.

Page(s): 909
Root / lemma: serk-
serk-
Meaning: hedge, to fence
Material: Gr. ἕρκος n. ` paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence, Wall; loop, noose, snare,
Fangnetz', ὁρκάνη Ùmzäunung', ὅρκος m., ὅρκιον òath';
Latin sarciō, -īre ` patch, mend, wiederherstellen', sarctus tectus from a house `twisted
and gedeckt, i.e. complete ', sarcina `bundle, Pack, tragbares baggage ', sartor
`Flickschneider', Umbrian sarsite `*sarcītē'; Hittite šar-nin-k- èrsetzen, compensate '.
References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.

Page(s): 912
ser-1 (*ker- < *kel-)

Root / lemma: ser-
Meaning: to flow
Material: Old Indic sísarti, sárati ` flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt'; fut. sariṣyáti,
subjunctive sisīrṣati from a heavy basis *serǝ-, compare hom. ῥώομαι `budge me quick,
fast, strong, stürme an, hurry ' from *srō-i̯ō; ein root nouns *sr̥ǝ, in addition Old Indic *sī́r,
*sĭráḥ, is die base of ā-stem Old Indic sirā́ and sīrā́ ` Rinnsal, stream'; Old Indic sarít f.
`stream, brook, river', saraṇa- ` running ', sa-sr-á- `strömend', sá-sr-i- ` running, hurrying ';
saráyu-, sarayū- m. `name eines river', ар. Haraiva-, Avestan (Akk.) Harōyūm, np. Harē `
river and region from Herāt ';
Old Indic sárma- m. ` das Fließen ', gr. ὁρμή Ànlauf, attack, Drang after etwas', whereof
ὁρμάω `treibe an, rege an', intr. `stürme hence, worauf los'; in addition ὅρμενον ` Salbei '
as `die Anreizende', s. Strömberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; αἱρέω ` gripe, seize' instead of
*αἵρω (*seri̯ō) through influence of ἀγρέω ds.;
Old Indic sará- `fluid', sarā́ `river, stream, brook', gr. ὀρός, Latin serum ` the wässerige
Teil the geronnenen milk, whey '; perhaps alb. gjizë (*ser-di̯ā) `gelabte milk, cheese';
thrak. PN Germi-sera `Warmwasser', FlN Σέρμιος; French la Sermane (*Sermanna),

northern Italy Sermenza (*Sermentia), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), Venetic PN Sirmiō (*Sermiō), Pannonian PN Sirmium, poln. (Venetic) PN Śrem
(*Sermo-); Illyrian FlN Sarnus (Kampanien); gall. (Venetic-Illyrian) FlN Sara (*Serā),
Sarāvus `die Saar'; Sar- bildet many FlN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and Frankreich,
also appellative (Mantua sariöl `stream, brook' etc.); cymr. FlN Sôr (*Sorā); sor- also in den
FlN Old Prussian Sar-ape, Lithuanian-poln. Szar-upa, Latvian Sarija;
Middle Irish sirid (*serīti) `durchwandert, sucht heim, loots, verlangt', verbal noun siriud;
cymr. herw (*ser-u̯o-) `Landstreicherei', Middle Irish serb ` theft ';
Lithuanian apsirti ùmzingeln', Latvian sirt ` umherschwärmen, Raubzüge make ', sira
(compare Old Indic sirā) Ùmherstreifer, beggar'.
References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 7271; in addition sreu- `flow',
after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. ῥέθεα `nostril, nose', ῥόθος `Wogenschwall', as well
as ῥίς, ῥῑνός `nose' as `die Triefende'.
Page(s): 909-910
Root / lemma: ser-

ser-2
Meaning: to guard, watch over, support
Material: Avestan haraiti `has acht, schützt'; haurvaiti ds., haurva- `beschützend, hütend' in
pasuš-haurvō spā `die Schafe beschützender Hund, Schäferhund' (as Latin servō from an
u-extension); harǝtar- ` Hüter, Wächter ', harǝϑra- `nourishment, care, cultivation,
Wartung'; hāra- àchthabend, hütend', redupl. hišāra- ds.;
gr. ῝Ηρα `* Schützerin ' from * ῝ΗρFα, ἥρως, -ωος (stem ἡρωF-, see above) `* Hüter '
(ἥρωες ` Landesschutzgeister '), `bulging, mighty man'; servō, -āre `(den Wächter machen)
erretten, receive, unversehrt bewahren ', Oscan serevkid àuspicio, iussu'; Umbrian seritu
`servato', anseriato Supin. òbservatum' compare ooserclom perhaps `*observaculum'
from *ser-tlom;
unclear are Old Church Slavic chranjǫ, chraniti `look after, watch over, keep, preserve,
protect', chrana `dish, food, nourishment, food' etc. (see Berneker 397 f.); compare
Machek Slavia 16, 191 f.;
as guttural extension here Lithuanian sérg-mi, -u, -iu ` behüte, guard ', sárgas ` Wächter
', sargùs `watchful, wakeful', Old Prussian but-sargs ` Haushälter ', absergīsnan Akk. `
protection'.

Page(s): 910
ser-3, sor-
Root / lemma: ser- sor-
Meaning: red
Material: Old Indic perhaps in sā́ra- m. n. ` marrow of a tree (compare Latin rōbur `
heartwood '), Festigkeit, power '; with formants -to- Lithuanian sar̃̃tas `fuchsig (from
horses'), Latvian sârts `red in face'; with formants--bho- Latin sorbum `die rote berry of
Sperber-, Vogelbeerbaumes', sorbus `this tree'; Swedish sarf ` roach, cockroach '; russ.
sorobalina ` rosehip, dog rose, blackberry ', Lithuanian serbentà, serbeñtas ` black currant
' (ass. from *sarbentà?); with formants -g(h)o- russ. soróga ` roach, cockroach, Plötze';
with -k- Latvian sarks `reddish';
with -m- Lithuanian sarmóties ` be ashamed';
with -p- Lithuanian serpės Pl. èin gelbes Färberkraut, Serratula tinctoria', sirpstù,
sirpaũ, sir̃pti ` mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned become' (only from Beeren and
Steinfrüchten, also actually `yellow or reddish become').
References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 267.
Page(s): 910-911
Root / lemma: ser-

ser-4
Meaning: to put together, bind together
Material: Old Indic sarat-, sarit- ` filament ' (uncovered), perhaps saṭā `lichen, mane,
bristle';
gr. εἴρω (*seri̯ō) `reihe aneinander' (hom. only participle Perf. ἐερμένος, 3. Sg. Plusqpf.
ἔερτο), ἐνείρω `knüpfe an, reihe an' (: Latin in-serō `füge ein'), ἔνερσις `das Hineinfügen,
Hineinstecken' (: Latin insertiō; ti-stem also in praesertim ìn previous Reihe,
vorzugsweise'), ἕρμα n. Òhrgehänge', ὅρμος m. ` necklace ', ὁρμίᾱ f. `fishing line',
ὁρμαθός m. `row, chain ', presumably also εἴρερον ìn Gefangenschaft';
Latin serō, -ere, -tum `fügen, put in a line, tie, bind, knot ', seriēs òrder, chain, row',
serīlia `Seile', sors `lot, fate' (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera às bar, bolt vorgelegter
crossbar, crossbeam' (?); Oscan aserum àsserere'; Old Irish sernaid `reiht an, ordnet an',
subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth (*sr̥tā) Àusbreiten, row' etc. kann also *ster- and
*sper- contain; Gothic sarwa n. Pl. àrmament, armor, weapons ' (probably `geknoteter,
geknüpfter Harnisch', compare Latin sertae loricae), Old Icelandic sørvi n. `kostbares,
collar, neckband', Old High German Old Saxon saro àrmament, armor', Old English searu
àrmament, armor'; also `skillfulness, artifice', as sierwan ìnsidiari, planen';
Old Lithuanian sėris ` filament, Pechdraht'; Hittite šarra- `break, rupture, divide' (?).
Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for `geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife,
woman' seeks man in Old Icelandic serða stem V. ` lubricity drive, push', sorðenn and
stroðenn `muliebria passus' (Old English seorðan is nord. loanword), Old High German
sertan `geschlechtlichen Umgang have', cymr. serth òbscenus', serthedd òbscena
locutio'; if Irish serc `love', bret. serc'h `Kebsweib' anzureihen is, is a West Indo Germanic
ser- `geschlechtlich verkehren' anzuerkennen; about unsicheres Indo Germanic *sor-
`wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.
References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hittite 118.

Page(s): 911
ser-5, extended serp-

Root / lemma: ser- serp-
Meaning: sickle
Material: Old Indic sr̥ṇī́ f. `sickle', sŕ̥ṇya- `sichelförmig', sr̥ṇi- m. `hook zum Antreiben of
Elefanten'; Latin sariō, -īre `die Saat behacken, weed ' (*seri̯ō), sarculum `Jäthacke' (*sar-
tlom).
Maybe alb. harr 'to weed' similar to Latin sarrio (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi `to hoe, weed'.
[common alb. s > h shift]; alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.
With p-extension:
Gr. ἅρπη `sickle' and à bird of prey', ἁρπάζω `raffe, raube, despoil ', ἁρπαγή f.
`Plünderung', ἁρπάγη f. ` rake ', ἅρπαξ, -αγος `räuberisch, greedy ';
Latin sarpiō and sarpō, -ere, -si, -tum `beschneiteln, abschneiteln', sarmen (*sarp-men),
sarmentum àbgeschneiteltes rod, deadwood'; Old High German sarf, Middle High
German sarph `sharp, rough, from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel,
savage, wild'; Old Church Slavic srъpъ, russ. serpъ `sickle', Latvian sirpis `sickle'.
References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153
ff.
Page(s): 911-912
Root / lemma: serp-

serp-
Meaning: to crawl, *snake
Note:
From a zero grade of Root / lemma: angʷ(h)i- : `snake, worm' derived Illyrian *nsala èel'
angʷ(h)i-
[later alb. (*encheleae > *ensala) ngjalë èel'], then from the intermediary Illyrian root
*nsala èel' derived Root / lemma: sal-
sal- : `salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sal-
sal-2 : `dirty
grey; salt, saliva, willow'.
Also from Illyrian PN Salapia (Apulia) to FlN *Sal-apa `salty water' [sala `salt' + *apa
`water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa- `sea snake' then Root / lemma: serp-
serp- : `to
crawl, snake'.
Material: Old Indic sárpati `slinks, crawls, goes' (= ἕρπω, Latin serpō), sarpá- m. `snake';
gr. ἕρπω `slink, go', ἑρπύζω `slink, crawl, creep', ἑρπετόν `crawling animal', ablaut.
Lesbian ὄρπετον ànimal' (*sr̥p-), ἕρπης, -τος `lichen an the skin', ἕρπυλλον ` thyme '
(Latinized serpullum); alb. gjarpën `snake' (*serpeno-), shtërpínj àll Kriechende'; Latin
serpō `crawl, creep, slink', serpēns `snake'.
Note:
alb. gjarpën
gj `snake' = Saami gearpmaš `snake'.
Maybe alb. Geg (*serpeno-) gjylpanë, Tosc gjilpërë ` needle '.
Page(s): 912
Root / lemma: seug-

seug-
Meaning: sad, grievous; ill
Material: Armenian hiucanim `sieche hin'; Middle Irish socht m. (*sug-to-) `Schweigen,
Depression';
Gothic siuks ` sick ', Old Icelandic sjūkr ` sick, grieving ', Old English sēoc (engl. sick),
Old Saxon siok ds., Old High German siuh, sioh, Middle High German siech ` sick,
freudlos'; Gothic siukan `siechen, be sick '; abstract noun Gothic siukei, Old High German
siuhhī, Middle High German siuche ` epidemic '; Middle High German sochen (*sukēn)
`siechen, pain, feel ill ', Old Icelandic sokna ` sick become'; Gothic saúhts `Sucht, disease,
malady, Kränklichkeit' (*sug-ti-), Old Icelandic sōtt `disease, malady', Old High German
suht `disease, malady', Modern High German (Schwind)sucht, Sucht (here meaning-
influence of suchen ` seek '); Old English sȳsl n. f. (*sūh-sla-) ` sorrow ', sēoslig (*seuh-sla-
) `gepeinigt', Old Icelandic sȳsl, sȳsla ` occupation, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the through
Pflichtarbeit ausgelösten Unlust)', sȳsl Adj. ` eager bemüht, sorgsam' (*sūsli-R).

Page(s): 915
seu-1, seʷǝ
Root / lemma: seu- ʷǝ- : sū-
seʷǝ- sū-
Meaning: juice; liquid, *rain
Material: 1. Gr. ὕει ` it is raining ', ὕω ` allows to rain ' (*sū-i̯ō), ὑετός `heavy rain' (*suu̯-
etos, as νῐφετός); alb. shi `rain' (*sū-); Tocharian В swese `rain', sū-, swās- `rain'; to ὕει
perhaps ὕθλος (ὕσθλος, ὕσλος Gramm.) m. èmpty gossip' (as though ` letting drip
monotonously ');
Note:
The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-.
Illyrian Savus (*Sou̯os) displays satem characteristics : alb. shiu `rain'.
2. Old Indic sunṓti ` squeezes, presses ' = Avestan hunaoiti ds.; Old Indic sávana-m,
savá- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ', sutá- ` pressed ', sṓma- = Avestan hauma- m. ` Soma ';
Old High German sou, Old English séaw `juice, sap', isl. söggr `humid, wet' (*sawwia-);
Old Irish suth `juice, sap, milk' (*sŭ-tu-s); here probably also FlN gall. Save, Savara, -ia
and (Illyrian) Savus (*Sou̯os).
Note:
Old Indic sávana-m, savá- m. ` Kelterung des Soma ' : Illyrian Savus prove the satem
nature of Illyrian-alb. Proto Illyrian was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum
languages.
3. seu-
seu-d- in Old English be-sūtian `smudge', westfäl. sot ` filth '; Old Icelandic sut `care,
sorrow', sȳta ` grieve '.
seuk-, sū̆k- and seug-

4. Guttural extension: seuk- seug-, sū̆g-:
Latin sūgō, -ere `suck'; Latin sūcus `juice, sap', cymr. sugno, Middle Breton sunaff,
nbret. suna ds., sun `juice, sap', cymr. sugnedydd `pump' (*seuk-n-; cymr. g from Latin
loanword sug `juice, sap'), acymr. dissuncgnetic ` exhaust, suffer through, endure '
(morphologically difficult group); Old English sūcan, Dutch zuiken `suck'; Old English
socian (*sukōn) ` steep, absorb, suck ', gesoc n. `the sucking', Old Icelandic sūga (sjūga)
`suck', sog n. ` the sucking ', Old English Old Saxon Old High German sūgan `suck', Kaus.
Norwegian dial. søygja, Middle High German söugen ` suckle ', Middle High German suc,
soc, g. soges and souc, -ges `juice, sap', Old English sogeða m. `gulp'; Latvian sùkt `suck';
Old Prussian suge f. `rain'.
Maybe alb. shushunjë `leech, bloodsucker' : Latin sanguisuga [sangui `blood + suga
`sucker'] : Italian sanguisuga : Spanish sanguijuela; sanguja; sanguisuela : French
sangsue : Calabrese sancisùca : Portuguese sanguessuga : Sardinian Campidanesu
sangunera : Valencian sangonera : Venetian sangueta : Zeneize sanguetta ` leech '.
5. l-formant: gr. ὕλη òrdure, slime, mud', ὑλίζω `filter, clean'; Old Indic sūra- m.
ìntoxicating potion'; súrā àlcohol', Avestan hurā `Kumys' (wogul. sara, syrj. sur from
Iranian) = Lithuanian Latvian sulà ` abfließender tree juice ' (with ū Latvian sūlât ` siepen '),
Old Prussian sulo ` coagulated milk'; Old English sol n. `slime, mud, puddle, slop', Old
High German Middle Low German sol ds., Old English sylian `smudge', Old Saxon
sulwian, Old High German sullen ds., Modern High German sühlen, suhlen ` sich im Kot
wälzen '; Gothic bi-sauljan ` blemish ', Norwegian søyla ds.
6. seup- seub-: Old Indic sū́pa- m. `broth, soup'; Old Icelandic sūpa, Old English sūpan,
seup-, seub-
Old High German sūfan ` slurp, drink, swig ', sūf `broth, soup', Middle High German suf,
sof `soup', Old English sype m. ` soaking up ', Old Icelandicsopi m., Old English sopa
`gulp', full grade Old High German souf `soup', Old Icelandic saup n. ` buttermilk '; Old
English sopp f. ` sop ', Middle Low German (out of it Middle High German) soppe, suppe
`sop', Old High German sopha, soffa ` broth, also with soaked slices; settlings '; Gothic
supōn ` spice ' = Old High German soffōn ds. (actually ` dunk into broth '); Middle High
German sūft m., Middle Low German sucht `sigh', Old High German sūft(e)ōn, Middle High
German siuften, siufzen `sigh'; Old Icelandic Old English sufl n. ` Zukost ', Old Saxon
suval, Old High German suvil(i), -a ` sorbiuncula '; Middle Low German sūvel, Dutch zuivel
` der Buttergehalt der Milch ';
Maybe turk. (*sū-) su `water, aqua, juice'
Old Church Slavic sъs-ǫ, -ati, Iter. sysati `suck' probably from *sup-s-.
alb. sisë, thithë `teat', thith (*sis-) `suck' [common alb. s- > th-]
References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.
Page(s): 912-913
seu̯ǝ-), sū̆-
seu-2, (seu̯
Root / lemma: seu-
Meaning: to bear child; son
Material: Old Indic sū́tē (sāuti), sūyatē (sūyati), savati `gebiert, zeugt', sū́ḥ `progenitor',
sū́tu- m. `Schwangerschaft' (: *sūtu-s in Old Irish suth), sutá- m. `son'; sūtí- `birth, progeny
', súṣuti- f. `leichtes parturition'; Avestan hav- (hunāmi) ` to give birth to children, Kinder zur
Welt bringen', hazaŋrō-hunā èine, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; Old Irish suth (*sutu-s)
`birth, fruit'; cymr. hog-en `girl' (*sukā), in addition hog-yn `lad, young boy'; due to the
present *sū̆nāmi
nāmi (compare Avestan hunāmi) and *sŭi̯ṓ (compare Old Indic sūyatē): Indo
Germanic *sū̆nú-
ú-s and *sui̯ú-s originally `*the parturition, birth', then ` foetus, son';
Old Indic sūnú- m.; Avestan hunu-š; Gothic sunus, Old Icelandic sunr, Old High German
Old English sunu; Lithuanian sūnùs; Old Church Slavic synъ `son';
gr. υἱύς (Gen. hom. υἱέος) and (secondary) υἱός `son' (in addition hom. υἱωνός
`grandchild, grandson' from *sui̯ō[u]-nó-s), as proto Indo Germanic formation verified
through tochar. В soyä (A se) `son' and that reshaped after dustr `daughter' Armenian ustr
`son'; also Old English suhterga `grandchild, grandson, nephew ' kann eine corresponding
reshuffling after Tochter `daughter' sein.
In Italian-Celtic Gebiete fehlen diese words for `son'.
Maybe alb. (*tsun) çun `son'.

Page(s): 913-914
Root / lemma: seu- su- : seu̯ǝ- : sū-

seu-3 : su- sū-
Meaning: to bend, turn
Material: Old Indic suváti ` sets in motion, excites, arouses, animates ', sutá- `veranlaßt,
angetrieben', prá-sūta- ìn Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet', nr̥-sūta- `from
Männern angetrieben', prá-sūti- ` motion; agitation ', savá- ` actuation, incitation,
command, order, Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende', sávīmani Lok. ìn actuation, in
behest ', savitár- ` hastener, impeller, motivator, exciter; the god Savitar ';
Avestan hav- ` set in motion ', hunāiti `verschafft, seeks to obtain ', hvąnmahi (*su̯-en-) `
we seek to obtain '. apavanvainti (*su̯-en-u̯-) `sie lenken ab', mainyu-šūta- òf Geist
getrieben', hvōišta- `the höchste, beste; oldest';
Old Irish sō(a)id `dreht, kehrt' (*sōu̯-ei̯e-ti), ess-ro-so- `mißlingen' (*hinwegdrehen);

sua(i)nem m. `rope, cord' (*seu-n-i̯a-mō); Lithuanian siaũras (*seu-ro-) ` narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin, narrow';
Hittite šuu̯āi- `bump, poke, urge, press, push'.
seu-k-: osset. xurx ` whey ' (Aryan *sukra-: Lithuanian sukrùs `*was sich leicht dreht');
seu-
Lithuanian sunkalai Pl. `wheys', pã-sukos ds.; Lithuanian sukù, sùkti `turn', sukrùs
`movable, nimble, agile', apsùkalas `Türangel', Latvian sukt ` escape; to get away ', sukata
`Drehkrankheit', Slavic *sъkǫ, *sъkati (preterit-stem *sukā-) in russ. sku, skatъ `zwirnen,
zusammendrehen, wind up, roll up ', ablaut. Church Slavic sukati `turn' (reshaped from
*soukei̯e-, compare russ. sučítь `zwirnen');
References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Lidén KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hittite 134.
See also: s. also seu̯io
̯ - ` left ' and su̯ei- `bend'.
Page(s): 914
seu-4, seu-
Root / lemma: seu- seu-t-
Meaning: to boil, move vividly
Material: Avestan hāvayąn `sie schmoren', hāvayeiti èr schmort' (3. Sg. Opt. huyārǝš -
Material:
Old Indic *suyúr to a present *haoiti after the Wurzelklasse);
in addition Germanic *sauÞ- in Old Icelandic sjóða `simmer, seethe, boil, cook', Old
English séoðan (engl. seethe) ds., Old High German siodan, Middle High German Modern
High German sieden, Old Icelandic seyð `brausendes water', seyðir `Kochfeuer'; Gothic
sauÞs ` sacrificial animal ', Old Icelandic sauðr `sheep, also anderes small cattle'; Old
Swedish sauÞn `Sprudelquelle'; Germanic *suÞa- in soð n. `Fleischsuppe, broth';
Lithuanian siaučiù siaũsti `( corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate;
play; dash, rage ', siuntù, siùsti `toll become'; besides also the meaning `hit' in žem. siũtis `
shove ', Latvian šàust `geißeln'; compare also Lithuanian saũbti `rage, clamor, dash',
šaũbti ùmhertoben', Old Lithuanian siaubti `prank pull '; Latvian šaulis m. `gate';
maybe alb. (*ši-) shij `thresh, winnow'.
russ. šučú, šutítь `spaßen, joke', šut (Gen. šutá) m. ` merrymaker, buffoon ', slov. šutec
`fool'.

Page(s): 914-915
Root / lemma: seu̯ǝ-, sū-

sū-
Meaning: to let, leave (?)
Material: Gr. ἐάω ` allow ' (*ἐFάω), ἔβασον ἕασον. Συρακούσιοι, εὖα = ἔα Hes., Fut. ἐά̄σω,
Aor. ἔιᾱσα (to *ἐῖα); zero grade Old High German vir-sūmen, Modern High German
sū-mó-
säumen, ver-säumen (would be denominative eines *sū-mó-s ` slackening, säumend').
References: WP. II 472, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.
Page(s): 915
Page(s):
Root / lemma: seu̯i̯o-

Meaning: left
Material: Old Indic savyá-, Avestan haoya- ` left ', Old Church Slavic šujь, f. šuja ds.
See also: perhaps as ` writhed, crooked, humped ' to seu-3 (compare Latin laevus above
S. 652).
Page(s): 915
Root / lemma: se-

se-
Meaning: reflexive pronoun
Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)u̯e) s(e)u̯e-
se- and s(e)u̯e- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri;
Material: se-
Gen. seu̯e, Dat. seb
se hei, enclitic Gen.-Dat. s(u̯)oi;
)oi; adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)u̯o-; se-: se-
)oi
u̯e- inflectional as te-: te-u̯e `du'.
se-: gr. σφέ, σφίν etc., poss. σφός, derive from *σ-φει, σ-φι(ν), die as σφ-ει, σφ-ι(ν)
1. se-
aufgefaßt wurden;
Latin sibī, sē, Paelignian sefei, Oscan sífeí `sibi' (*sebhei), siom `se' (Umbrian seso `sibi'
from sei-psō `sibi ipsī?'), Gothic sik, Old High German sih, Old Norse sik `sich' (*se-ghe),
Gothic sis, Old Icelandic sēr Dat., Poss. Gothic seins, Old High German sīn etc. `sein' (auf
dem Lok. *sei beruhendes *sei-no-s); compare Messapicveinan `suam' from *su̯ei-nā-m;
Old Prussian sebbei Dat.. sien Akk., Old Church Slavic sebě Dat., sę Akk. `sibi, se'.
2. seu̯e-, *su̯e-: Old Indic Poss. svá- `suus', Avestan hva-, x ̌a-, ар. huva- èigen, suus'
and zero grade Avestan hava- ds.; Avestan Dat. Abl. hvāvōya i.e. iran. *hu̯abya `sibi, se', x
̌āi `sibi';
Armenian in-k`n, Gen. in-kèan, `selbst' (k` from su̯), perhaps iur `sui, sibi', (*seu̯ero-
or*seu̯oro-);
gr. ἕ (pamph. Fhε) `sich' from *su̯e, hom. ἑέ from *seu̯e, Gen. hom. ἕο, εἷο, εὑ, εὗ, Attic
οὗ (*suesi̯o), Dat. οἷ, οἱ, Lesbian Fοῖ (*su̯oi) besides hom. ἑοῖ (*seu̯oi), Poss. ὅς, Doric Fός
`sein' (*su̯os) besides hom. ἑός (*seu̯os), wherefore ἧλιξ (*su̯ā-li-k-) ` of the same age,
coeval, fellow ';
alb. ve-të (*su̯e-ti-) `selbst', u- Pron. refl. (*su̯ë-), vajë `girl' (*vari̯ā to *su̯o-ro- ` relative '),
vëla ` brother ' (see above S. 685);
Maybe Phrygian: vela-- f. `family, relatives' (?) : alb. vëlla `brother'

Note:
Wrong etymology of alb. vajë `girl'
Maybe alb. Geg (*vargha) varza, tosk vajë `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, rod '
(from *u̯iz-gā), virgō ` girl, virgin ';
er-3: E. u̯er-
er er-ĝh- (*su̯
er su̯erĝʷh
rĝʷh-
Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: u̯eis-
eis
Old Latin sovos, from which in schwachtoniger position suos, Latin suus; Oscan suveís
`sui' (Gen.), súvad `suā', Paelignian suois `suis', marr. suam `suam', next to which zero
grade Umbrian sue-so Lok. Sg. `suō'; Latin sē̆d, sē̆ preposition `without', prefix `beiseite'
basic meaning `for sich, without' (Abl. *s(u̯)ed), conjunction `but, however'; in addition gr.
ἴδιος `privat, eigen', argiv. *Fhεδιος from Indo Germanic *su̯ed-i̯os;
Gothic swēs èigen', n. `property', Old High German Old Saxon swās, Old English
swǣs, Old Icelandic svāss `dear, traut' (as *su̯ēdh-so- or -to- root *su̯edh-, see below;
Middle Dutch swāselinc `father-in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law'; to Old High German gi-
swīo (see below) the VN Suīonēs by Tacitus, Old Icelandic Svīar m. Pl. `Schweden', svī-dāi
`from selbst dead (not killed)', lengthened grade svē-vīss `stubborn ', Gothic swi-kunÞs
àpparent, manifest, obvious';
Lithuanian savę̃s, sevę̃s `sui' (Gen.) etc., Poss. sãvas; zero grade Old Prussian swais =
Old Church Slavic svojь `suus, eigen'; out of it swojakъ àffinis', etc.
3. s(u̯)e- (o)-, su̯o-bho- `from eigener kind of': Old Indic sabhā́ `congregation, meeting,
)e-bh(o)-
)e
Gemeindehaus' (less good above S. 105); Gothic sibja, Old High German sipp(e)a etc.
`family, Gesamtheit the particular Leute' (*seƀjō); Germanic *seƀnō- and *seƀnan- `family'
in Old Icelandic sjafni m. `love', GN sjǫfn f., VN *Seƀnan-ez >Semnones `Sippegenossen;
in addition the VN Latin Sabīnī as `die Sippenangehörigen', Sabelli (*safnolo-), Samnium =
Oscan Safinim; Latin Samnītes; perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften Illyriern
bezogener name with a from Indo Germanic o, compare Slavic sob-; in addition
lengthened grade die Germanic Suēbi, Old High German Swābā `Schwaben' (Germanic
*swēba-, Indo Germanic *su̯ēbho- `free, zum particular Volk belonging'); russ. (etc.) o-soba
`person', sobь Èigenart, character', Old Church Slavic sobьstvo Èigenart, entity', and with
su̯- Old Church Slavic svoboda `Freiheit' (originally `state, status the Sippenangehörigen');
zero grade seems Old Prussian subs `selbst'; quite doubtful with e Slavic *sebrъ in russ.
pá-serbъ `Stiefsohn' and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorben; with still
klärungsbedürftiger nasalization *sębrъ in aserb. sebrь `free Baner', russ. sjabr `Nachbar,
friend'; compare Vasmer 2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.
4. su̯ē̆dh-: Old Indic svadhā́ Èigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimstätte', (Avestan x

̌aδāta- àbout sich selbst bestimmend, immortal ' is neuere composition); gr. ἔθος n. `
consuetude, custom' (thematic βεσόν ἔθος Hes., lakonisch), participle hom. ἔθων `
habitual, customary ', Perf. εἴωθα, Lesbian εὔωθα `bin habitual, customary ' (*sesu̯ōdha),
ἐθίζω `gewöhne', lengthened grade ἦθος n. `custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen', Pl.
`domicile' (: Germanic *swēsa-, if from *su̯ēdh-s-o-, see above), ἠθεῖος `traut', ἔθνος `bulk,
mass, Völkerschaft' as `family'?;
Latin sodālis (*su̯edhālis) `buddy, friend, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse'; soleō `bin
habitual, customary ', with l for *dh; suēscō `werde accustomed ' (*suēdh-skō);
but Gothic sidus `custom', Old High German situ, Old English sidu, seodu, Old Icelandic
siðr, Akk. Pl. siðu m. `custom' (previously Modern High German fem.) not here, da sie i in
the root syllable have (Wissmann, Münchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).
5. t- derivatives: Avestan x ̌aē-tu- àngehörig', x ̌aē-tāt- Àngehörigkeit, affiliation' (due to

eines Lok. *su̯ei-, su̯oi-); Old Church Slavic svatъ `kinsman, relative, relative, Brautwerber',
(*su̯ō-to-s, compare serb. svāk ` sister's husband ', Old Church Slavic svojakъ àffinis');
Lithuanian svẽčias, svẽtis `guest' (actually `foreigner, stranger'; because of svẽtimas `
strange ', Latvian svešs ` strange; guest', from *su̯e-ti̯os `for sich, alone stehend, hence
out of stehend'; compare Latvian sevišks ` separate, alone ' and gr. ἑκάς (Hes. βεκάς),
actually *Fhε-κάς `for sich', compare ἀνδρα-κάς `man for man' and Old Indic dviśas `to
zweien'; gr. ἕκαστος (*ἑκασ-στος `for sich stehend') èin jeder', thereafter ἑκάτερος, delph.
Fεκάτερος `jeder from zweien'; hom. ἔτης (Fέτης) `kinsman, relative, friend', el. Fέτας
`Privatmann'.
With anlaut *se- (not *su̯e): Old Church Slavic *sětъ `guest', posětiti `besuchen'; gr.
ἕταρος ` fellow ', fem. *ἕταιρα, ἑταίρᾱ, wherefore as new m. ἕταιρος.
6. other Zugehörigkeits- and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under particular

Schlagworten *su̯elio[n]-, su̯esor-, su̯ek̂uro-s, suek̂rū-) are:
Maybe alb. (*su̯elio vëlla `brother (*brother-in-law, sister's husband)'
Old Icelandic sveinn `lad, young boy, herdsman, shepherd', Old Saxon swēn ` a swine-
herd ' (Bedeutungsanschluß an swīn `swine'), Old English swān ` a swine-herd, herdsman,
shepherd', poet. `man, warrior'; Lithuanian sváinis (*su̯oini̯os) òf Weibes sister's husband
', sváinė `die sister the wife, woman', Latvian svainis `brother the wife, woman'; Old High
German (ge)swīo `brother-in-law, sister's husband ', Middle High German geswīe m. f.
`brother-in-law, Schwägerin', Old Icelandic sveit f. `Kriegerschar';
7. Auf a connection from *se- with dem Pron. *(o)lo- beruhendes *se-lo- seems (?) die
base from Germanic *selba- `selbst' (-bho- as above in *s(u̯)ebho-), Gothic silba, Old Norse
sjálfr, Old English self, Old High German selb, Modern High German selb, -er, -st in
addition Venetic sselboi sselboi `sibi ipsi' (= Old High German selb selbo); compare also
Germanic *selda- `seldom', Gothic silda-leiks `wundersam' (`from rare, seltsamer Gestalt'),
Old High German selt-sāni ` strange ', adv. seltan `seldom' etc. (`seldom' from `for sich,
alleinstehend, einzig'); daß Latin sōlus ` alone, einzig, bare' a similar Indo Germanic
connection *sō-lo- entstammt, is possible; after Szemerényi (Word 8, 50) from *su̯e-alo-.
8. Vom reflexive in the meaning to divide is the stem su̯e- in particles for `so' from which
às' and ìf':
Hom. ὥς (Fως) postpositive `so' from *su̯ō- with suffixalem -s; but ὁτ(τ)ι, Attic ὅτις `was
also always' (*i̯od-kʷid), hom. ὅππως, Attic ὅπως às' belong to *i̯o- above S. 283
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 617); Oscan svaí, svae, Umbrian sve, sue ìf', Old Latin suad
(Festus) `sic'; Gothic swē às' (relative), swa-swē às'; Gothic swa, Old Norse svā, Old
English swā, swǣ `so', Old Saxon Old High German nnd. sō; in addition Gothic swa-leiks,
Old Icelandic slīkr, Old English swelc, swilc etc., Old High German solīh, sulīh etc. `solch';
Umbrian so-pir `siquis', Oscan svaepis, Volscan sepis `siquis', surur, suror, suront,
sururont ìtem' (*su̯ō-su̯ō); Old Latin sō-c `so' (could have evolved from *su̯ō ), Latin sī ìf'
(originally `so', sī dīs placet), sī-c `so'.
References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251
f., 291, 294 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff.,
Benveniste BSL 50, 36 ff.;
See also: s. also seni- and su-.
Page(s): 882-884
Root / lemma: sē̆ik-

ik-, sī̆ī̆ī̆k-
ik
Meaning: to reach for, grab
Material: Gr. ἵκω (*sīkō), Doric εἵκω (*seikō) `come, gelange, erreiche', Ionian Attic Inf. Aor.
ἱκέσθαι (*sĭk-), Praes. ἱκνέομαι, hom. ἱκά̄νω (*ἱκανFω) ds., ἱκανός `hinreichend, genügend',
ἱκέτης, ἵκτωρ, ἱκτήρ `Schutzflehender' (`schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend'); προΐσσομαι
`bettle', προΐκτης ` beggar', προίξ, προικός f. `gift, present', Attic Akk. προῖκα às gift, free',
ἴκμενοςοὖρος èin günstiger wind' (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), αἴκτος ` impenetrable ';
from Indo Germanic *sē[i]k-: ἥκω `bin angekommen, bin da';
contamination from εἱκ- and ἐνεγκ- is ep. Ionian ἤν-εικα `ἤνεγκα';

Old Icelandic sār `large bowl, basin ' = Old English sā ` bucket, pail ' (*saihaz), Old
Icelandic sāld ds. (*saihadla-); Lithuanian síekti `die Hand ausstrecken', seikiù, seikė́ti
`with measure of capacity measure ', Iter. saikaũ, -ýti; saĩkas, síekas ` measure of capacity
'; síeksnis ` fathom (as measure)';

Page(s): 893
sē(i)-1 (*kē(i)
Root / lemma: sē(i)- kē(i)- skē(i)-kla in centum languages)
kē(i)-kla, skē(i)-
Meaning: to sift
Material: Gr. ἤθω, ἤθέω `siebe', ἠθμός m. ` cheesecloth, light cotton gauze used in cheese
Material:
making, sieve '; changing through ablaut (probably ī-) ἱμαλιά̄ τὸ ἐπίμετρον τῶνἀλεύρων
Hes., ἱμαλίς, -ίδος `Schutzgöttin the Mühlen' ; (about Latin simila `feinstes Weizenmehl' s.
but WH. II 538); Middle Irish sīthlad `das Sieben' (th from sīthal ` bucket, pail '); cymr. hidl,
Middle Breton sizl, nbret. sil ` sieve ' from *sē-tlo- = Old Icelandic sāld n. ` sieve ' = Gothic
*sēÞl, assumed through karel. siekla, Finnish seula ` sieve '; Lithuanian síetas ` sieve ' =
Old Church Slavic sito ds. (*sēi-to-), Lithuanian sijóju, -ti ` sieve '; Slavic *sějǫ, *sěti
(*sějati) in Old Church Slavic pro-sěati `σινίασαι' serb. sȉjati ` sieve ', (present-stem *sēi̯a-,
preterit-stem *sii̯ā-); alb. shosh `siebe'(*si̯ā-s);
Maybe truncated alb. (*sethmos) shoshë ` sieve ' : gr. ἠθμός m. ` sieve ', shoshit ` sieve '
(common Celtic alb. abbreviation).
*sēi- ` sieve ' is probably as ` through ein Geflecht fall let' eine Sonderanwendung from
*sēi- èntsenden, throw, säen, fall let'.

Page(s): 889
sē(i)-2 : sǝi-
Root / lemma: sē(i)- ǝi- : sī-
sī- : sē-
sē- : sǝ- and sei-
sei- : si-
si-
Meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semenƛ ɫäṭɛ
Material: A. èntsenden, throw, säen':
a. Old Indic sā́yaka-, `zum Schleudern bestimmt', m. n. ` missile, arrow', m. `sword',

sāyikā `dagger', sḗnā ` missile, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, army ', prásita-
`dahinschießend (from birds)', prásiti- f. Ànlauf, onrush, throw, shot, projectile';
b. `säen': Old Indic sī́ra- n. `Saatpflug', sī́tā `furrow' (*die Besäte); Latin serō (*si-s-ō), -
ere, sēvī, sătus `säen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen', sătiō `das Säen', sător `Säer';
Gothic saian (saísō), Old High German sāen, Old Saxon sāian, Old English sāwan, Old
Icelandic sā `säen' from proto Germanic *sējan = Lithuaniansė́ju (sė́ti) ds., Old Church
Slavic sějǫ (sějati) ds.; Latin sēmen ` seed, sperm ' (Sēmōnēs `Saatgötter'), Old High
German Old Saxon sāmo ds. (m. has changed), Lithuanian Pl. sė́men-s, -ys `Flachssaat',
Old Prussian semen `Samen', Old Church Slavicsěmę `Samen'; Old High German etc. sāt
`das Säen, seed ', Gothic mana-sēÞs `(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world'; zero grade
cymr. bret. had ` seed, sperm ', corn. has ` seed, sperm ', further probably Old Irish
sa(i)the (*sǝti̯o-) ` swarm, birth from jungen animals, brood', cymr. haid f. ` swarm, troop,
multitude, crowd', bret. hed m. ` swarm, swarm of bees' (also `* seed, sperm = generation,
progeny ', as Gothic manasēÞs);
-tlo-formation:
tlo Lithuanian sėklà ` seed ': with reduplication-grade *sǝi-: Latin saeculum
`gender, sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert'; cymr. hoedl `Lebensdauer', abret. hoetl,
Middle Breton hoazl ds., gall. Deae Sētloceniae;
Old Irish sīl ` seed, sperm ', cymr. hil ` seed, sperm, progeny ' (Indo Germanic *sē-lo-),
Lithuanian pasėlỹs Àussaat, Beisaat'; zero grade in compound: probably Gothic frasts
`kid, child' from *pro-s[ǝ]-tis; perhaps Middle Irish ross n. `(flax)samen';
controversial is die affiliation from gr. ἵημι `throw, cast, send', see above S. 502.
B. `die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power ', presumably from the outlook
the forceful zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:
Old Icelandic seilask (*sailjan) `sich strecken, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself ';
Lithuanian síela ` eagerness ', Old Prussian seilin Akk. ds., Pl. seilins `sense', noseilis
`ghost'; serb. sȉla, Czech síla ` power ' (*sḗilā); Old Irish sīnim `recke, strecke from';
Lithuanian ne-seĩ-nyti `not reach'; Middle Irish sethar `strong' (*si-tro), cymr. hydr, abret.
hitr, hedr, nbret. hezr `bold'.
C. `kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, release, let go, free, set free; säumen; late,
slow, sich lang hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend';
Old Indic áva-syati, Aor. a-sāt `hört auf, schließt; makes halt, verweilt', áva-sita- `wer
sich niedergelassen has, wohnhaft', avasā́na- n. `place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode,
residence; end, death'; sāyá- n. Èinkehr, evening', sāti- f. `decision, end' (Lex.) = Avestan
hāti- `piece, break, section' (`*das Absetzen am end eines Abschnittes'); Avestan hāϑra- n.
`certain stretch of time, time, period '(*`terrace, bench, step, ein way- and Zeitmaß');
gr. presumably ἥσυχος ` peaceful ' (ending as μείλι-χος, from a *sē-tu- ` tranquility ';
similar t- derivatives see below);
Latin sinō, -ere, sī-vi `let, befall let', dēsinere ` cease ', dēsivāre ` cease ', pōnō (*po-
sĭnō, compare participle positus); `place, place ' (*`low, base-place, ab-place'), situs `stand
gelassen; beigesetzt'; sileō, -ēre `rest, cease (e.g. of Winde), keep mum, keep quiet ' =
Gothic anasilan `(of Winde:) cease, fall silent ' due to eines l-participle *si-lo-; compare Old
English sāl-nes `Schweigen' (*sǝi-lo-);
Latin sētius `later, less, less good'; sērus `late' (= Old Irish sīr);
Old Irish sīr (= Latin sērus) `langdauernd, eternal ', cymr. corn. bret. hir `long', Kompar.
Old Irish sīa = cymr. hwy (from *sē-is), Superl. Old Irish sīam, cymr. hwyaf; Middle Irish
sith- `lang, andauernd' (Intensivpartikel), compounds sithithir àlso long', cymr. hyd ` long,
Fortdauer, while; usque ad', acymr. hit, corn. hes, bret. hed, het m. `length' (*si-tu-, -ti-);
viell. cymr. hoed (*sǝi-to-) m. `longing, yearning';
Gothic seiÞus `late', Þana-seiÞs `further, still' (Kompar.-Adv. *sīÞ-iz, as:) Old Icelandic
sīðr Adv. `less', sīz `nachdem' (< sīðes), Old English sīð ðām `seitdem', Old Saxon sīth,
Old High German sīd ds., Modern High German seit ` from '; Old Icelandic sīð Adv. `late',
Superl. sīzt; with the meaning `schlaff herabfallend' : sīðr ` droopy, sagging, long', Old
Frisian sīde `low', Old English sīd `long, wide, breit', Old High German sīto Adv. `laxe'; eine
nominalization therefrom is Old Icelandic sīða f. `side (of Körpers)', Old English sīde, Old
Saxon sīda, Old High German sīta `side' (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under
grown); Gothic sainjan `säumen, hesitate', Old Icelandic seinn `slow, late', Old English
sǣnе, Middle High German seine `slow, idle', Old English ā-sānian `slack, weak become';
changing through ablaut Middle High German senen (*si-nēn), Modern High German sich
sehnen and Swedish dial. sīna `cease milk to give' (n bare present formant, as in Latin
sinō); Norwegian seimen `saumselig, slow', Old High German lancseimi `slow'; changing
through ablaut Old English siomian (*simian) `hesitate, hang, sich senken', Old High
German gi-semōn `harren';
Lithuanian ãtsainus `careless, neglectful', presumably also sietuvà, Latvian siet(u)s,

sietawa `deep place in river' (perhaps `deep hinabsinkend');
References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The
Heimat the Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 25;
See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1.
Page(s): 889-891
sē(i)-3, -sǝi-
Root / lemma: sē(i)- ǝi- : sī-
sī- and sei-
sei- : si-
si- (*ḫeik
ki- in centum languages)
Meaning: to bind; strap
Material:
Hittite išḫii̯a-, išḫāi, Luvian hišḫii̯a- `bind' (Pedersen Hittite 114 Anm.).
With m-formant:
gr. (*ḫismas) ἱμά̄ς, -άντος `strap' (to *ἱμά̄), (*ḫismao) ἱμάω `pull an einem rope, band in
die Höhe', (*ḫismonia) ἱμονιά̄ `Brunnenseil', (*ḫismaios) ἱμαῖος `das Wasserschöpfen
betreffend', (*ḫismasso) ἱμάσσω (Aor. (*ḫismassai) ἱμάσσαι, ἱμάσαι) ` lash, flog ';
Irish sim ` chain '; Old Icelandic sīmi m. `rope, band, cord', Old English sīma, Old Saxon
sīmo `band, strap, rope, manacle', Old Icelandic seimr ` filament ';
Old Indic sīmán- m., sīmā f. `Scheitel, limit, boundary', sīmanta- m. ds.;
Old Indic syáti, sinā́ti, sinōti `binds, binds los' (Perf. siṣā́ya, Aor. ásāt, participle sita-),
sayatvá- n. `connection, fortification ', sētár- m. `Feßler; fesselnd', prasiti- ` loop, noose,
snare, net, dragnet ' (lex.); Avestan hā(y)- `bind, fesseln' (present hayeiti, participle hita-),
hita- m. ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ';
Latvian sìet `bind', Lithuanian siẽti ds., sijà `Brückenbalken', ãtsaja `Stränge of the
horse';
with -bh- formants: Old Irish soīb ` deceitful, verlogen' (*soi-bho-), wörtl. `zauberisch',
ablaut. sīabair ` phantom, ghost', sīabraid `verzaubert, verwandelt' (*sei-bh-), PN Find-abair
f. = cymr. Gwen-hwyfar `Ginevra' (`weißes ghost'); s. Vendryès RC 46, 263 ff.;
With n-formant: Avestan hinu- m. `band, strap, manacle', Old English sinu, Old High
German senawa, Old Icelandic sin f. `sinew' (proto Germanic *sinwā, das after the
alteration from nu̯ to nn from sinu- reshaped is), Middle Irish sī̆n ` chain, collar, neckband';
Latvian pa-sainis `cord', aif-sainis `bundle', Lithuanian síena `limit, boundary, wall', Latvian
siẽna `wall';
With l-formant: Old Icelandic seil f., Old English sāl m. f., Old High German seil n. `rope,
band, rope, manacle', Gothic in-sailjan ànseilen', ablauteud Old High German silo m.
`rope, band, strap', Old Icelandic sili, seli m. `Seile'; Lithuanian àtsailė f.
`Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse', àtseilis `das vom Schwengel an die
Achse gehende iron'; Slavic *sidlo n. (*sitlo-) in Old Church Slavic silo `rope, band', poln.
sidɫo ` loop, noose, snare ';
With t-formant still: Old Indic sḗtu- `bindend, fesselnd', m. `band, strap, manacle, bridge,
dam, Grenzzeichen', Avestan haētu- ` dam '; Latin saeta ` strong hair, esp. the animal,
bristle'; cymr. bret. hud `charm, spell', acorn. hudol ` magician ' from *soi-to- = Germanic
*saiÞa- `charm, spell', GN Dat. Pl. Saitchamimi[s], to *SaiÞhamjōz `die through Zauber
ihre Gestalt change to be able ', Old Icelandic seiðr m. `band, strap, rope, band', seið f.
`charm, spell'; in addition sīða `conjure, perform magic', Old English -siden f. `charm, spell';
Old English sāda m. `rope', Old High German seito m., seita f. `rope, Fallstrick, string ';
Lithuanian saĩtas, siẽtas, Latvian saĩte `band, strap, manacle, cord', Old Prussian saytan n.
`strap'; Old Church Slavic sětь f. `net', sitьce `rope'.
References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. Wüst Ural-alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff.
Page(s): 891-892
Root / lemma: sē̆k-2

Meaning: to cut
Grammatical information: unthemat. present root
Material: Alb. shatë ` hoe, spud ' (*sekti-);
Latin secō, -āre ` to cut, cut off, cut up, reap, carve ', segmen, segmentum `break,
section', secespita ` a long iron sacrificial knife ' (ending unexplained), secīvum ` libum est,
quod secespita secātur ' (: Old Church Slavic sěčivo àxe'); secūris àxe' (: Old Church
Slavic sekyra àxe'), sēcula `sickle' (kampanisch); with ablaut Latin a: saxum ` a large
stone, rough stone, broken rock, bowlder, rock ' (compare to meaning rupes ` a rock, cliff ':
rumpō ` to break, burst, tear '), Modern High German Schere ` scissors, shears ': scheren,
to form Old High German sahs `knife', Old Church Slavic socha; Latin a seems
reduplication-grade o besides о in Old High German sahs), perhaps sacēna, scēna `die
hoe the Pontifices' (*sakes-nā); asignae ` κρέα μεριζόμενα ' (*an-sek-nā), marr. asignas N.
Pl. f. ` non prosectae (carnes) ';
Latin sī̆gnum n. ` a mark, token, sign, indication, proof ', if originally ` incised mark ' (?);
Umbrian prusekatu ` prōsecātō ', proses̀etir ` to cut off, cut away ', asec̨eta ` non secta ',
prusec̨ia ` prōsiciās ';
Middle Irish tescaid `cuts, slices, bites ' (*to-eks-sk-), Middle Irish ēiscid ` hew, cut off,
cut down ' (*in-sek-); Middle Irish arasc (*ari-sko-) àbgehauener neck -stump', airsce (*ari-
ski̯o-) ds.; Old Irish se(i)che f. `skin, fell, fur' (: Old Icelandic sigg n. `hard skin' from *seʒi̯a-
); but Irish sēol `kerchief, cloth, sail', cymr. hwyl `sail' from *seglo- (: Old Icelandic Old
English segl `sail' from *sekló-m) are probably Germanic loanword;
cymr. hesg, Sg. hesgen ` a reed grass, sedge ' (from the incisive sharp leaves), acorn.
heschen ` a reed, cane ', bret. hesk (*sek-skā) `reed with piercing leaves', Middle Irish
seisc f. ` bulrush';
Old High German sega, saga, Old English sagu, sage, Old Icelandic sǫg `saw', Old High
German segisna, segansa, Modern High German Sense; Old Icelandic segi, sigi m. ` torn
Fleischstück, Fleischfaser'; Old Icelandic sigðr m., sigð f., Old English sigðe m., Middle
Low German segede, sichte f. `sickle' (*seketó-); Old English secg f. `sword' and `sedge',
Middle Low German segge `sedge'; Old High German sahar, Modern High German
Bavarian Sac(h)er ds.; Old Icelandic Old English segl, Old High German segal `sail', Old
Saxon segal, segela `curtain' (*`Tuchstück'; see above to Irish sēol); Old Icelandic sigg n.
`hard skin' (see above to Irish seiche); Old Icelandic sax n. `knife, sword', Pl. sǫx
`scissors', Old English seax n. `knife, short sword', Old High German sahs `knife' (also in
mezzi-ra(h)s, Old English mete-seax `knife'); Old Icelandic sø̄gr ` torn piece, stripe'; Old
High German suoha `harrow, furrow' (Demin. suohili, suoli n.);
Lithuanian į-sē̆kti ` dig in ', išsē̆kti ` to carve, cut, grave, chisel, form, fashion '; Old
Church Slavic sěkǫ, sěšti `cut, clip', sěčivo àxe' (: Latin secīvum), sekyra àxe' (next to
which *sěkyra in serb. sjekira transfigured after sěkǫ);
unclear, whether here Latin sīca `dagger', sīcīlis à cutting instrument';
Maybe alb. thika `knife' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. (*suk) thuk ` mortar '
Lithuanian sỹkis `Hieb, Mal', klr. syč in. `the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende
Teil of stems', Old English sāgol (*sǝikolo-), m. `stick, club, mace, joint' = Middle High
German seigel ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder, grade', Middle High German dial. saich
`reed'.
References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;
See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, skēi-, sken-, skēu-6.
Page(s): 895-896
Root / lemma: sēk-

sēk-3
Meaning: quiet, lazy
Material: Gr. hom. ἦκα `still, leise, sacht, weak, slow', ἤκιστος `langsamster', Attic ἥκιστα
àm wenigsten, gar nicht', hom. ἥσσων, Attic ἥττων `schwächer, geringer'; reduced grade
hom.ἀκέων ` closemouthed ' = Adverb. ἀκήν, later as object, Doric ἀκᾶ (Instr.) ` peaceful,
stillschweigend', ἀκαλά-ρροος, ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing ', perhaps ἄκασκα, ἀκασκᾳ
`sacht';
Latin sēgnis (*sēknis) `slow, sleepy, idle'.
extension from 2. *sē(i)- ` slacken '.
References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 166 f., Frisk 52.
Page(s): 896
sēmi- (*ghemi-)
Root / lemma: sēmi-
Meaning: half
Material: Old Indic sāmí- `half' (á-sāmi- Adj. `not half, complete '); gr. ἡμι- `half' (ἥμισυς
`half' from originally ἥμιτυς m. `*half', compare Cretan ἠμιτυ-έκτου, epid. ἡμίτεια; ἡμίνα
`half'); Latin sēmi- (sēmus late Adjektivierung); sēmis indekl. `half' probably after bis; Old
High German sāmi-, Old Saxon sām-; compare Latin sēmi-vivus, gr. ἡμί-βιος, Old High
German sāmi-queck, Old Saxon sām-quick `halbtot'.
Maybe alb. Geg (*simus) gjymsë, Tosc gjysmë `half' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh-
> dz-] : Rumanian jumătate `half' : gr. ἥμισυς `half' preservation of the old laryngeal.
Page(s): 905-906
lemma: sē[i] dh- : sīd

Root / lemma: sī h- and : sǝdh-
Meaning: to strive for a goal
Material: Old Indic sā́dhati `kommt zum Ziel, bringt zum Ziel, in order', causative sādháyati,
sādhú- `straight, proficient', -sādh- (2. composition part) = jav. -hād- `steering', hādrōyā- f.
`desire nachErreichung of Zieles' (from *hādra- m., Indo Germanic *sēdh-ro- Èrreichung of
Zieles'); zero grade Old Indic sidhrá- èrfolgreich', sídhyati `kommt zum Ziel', participle
siddhá-, Perf. siṣḗdha- etc.; Avestan āsna èrfolgreich' (*ā-zdh-na-); ablaut neologism is
sadh- in Old Indic sadh-nōti and sádhis- `place, purpose ';
gr. ἰ̄θύς (*sīdhus) `straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet), Adv. geradeaus', ἰθύς, -ύος àttack,
undertaking', ἰθύω `dringe vor', ἰ̄θύ̄νω `make straight'; εἶθαρ ìmmediately, right away',
εὐθύς (from *εἰθύς) `straight'.
References: WP. II 450, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 350.

Page(s): 892
Root / lemma: si̯ē[u]-ro- : si̯ǝ-ur(
ē[u]-ro-
ē[u] ur(i̯o)-
o)-
o)
Meaning: brother-in-law
Note:
From an extended Root / lemma: se-
se- : reflexive pronoun
Material: Old Indic syālá- ` brother of the wife, woman'; serb.-Church Slavic šurь, serb.
Material:
šûra, Old Russian russ. šúrin (Pl. šúrьja, compare bratьja).
Maybe alb. (*hu̯ela) vëlla ‘brother’
References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 91; against it
Brückner ZslPh. 4, 217;
See also: whether to sē̆i-3 S. 891?
Page(s): 915
Root / lemma: si̯ū- (*ki

ki ū in centum languages)
ki-ū
Meaning: to sew
Note:
Root / lemma: si̯ū- : to sew, derived from Root / lemma: sē(i)-
sē(i)-3, -sǝi-
ǝi- : sī-
sī- and sei-
sei- : si-
si- : to
bind; strap.
Grammatical information: (for consonant and in present si̯ūu̯ō), sīu̯
sīu̯- (in present sīu̯
sīu̯i̯ō)
sū- (dissimilated from si̯ū-i̯i̯i̯ō); probably to sĕi
Note: besides sū- sĕi-3, S. 891
Material:
Old Indic sī́vyati `näht' (= Gothic siujan), syūtá- `genäht' (= Lithuanian siútas, russ. šityj ds.,
Old Icelandic sjōðr), syūman- n. `band, strap, rein, suture' (compare Old Prussian
schumeno, and with ŭ gr. ὑμήν), sīvana-m ` the stitching, sewing, the seam, stitch used to
close a wound ', sūtra-m ` filament '; gr. ὑμήν m. `thin skin, sinew'; Latin suō, -ere, suī,
sūtum ` sew, stitch up, sew together', sūtor `Schuster', sūbula ` pricker, awl' (*sū-dhlā);
Gothic siujan, Old Icelandic sȳja, Old English si(o)wian, seowian, Old High German siuwan
(preterit siwita) ` sew '; Old High German siut m. ` suture', Old Icelandic sjōðr m., Old
English seod `bag ' (iu̯ from Indo Germanic i̯ū); Middle High German sūte ` suture', Old
Icelandic sūð f. `Plankenverband, board'; Old High German siula, Modern High German
Säule ` pricker, awl' (*si̯ū-dhlā, compare Old Church Slavic silo and Latin subula);
(common Latin dh- > b-)
Old High German soum, Old English sēam, Old Icelandic saumr m. `hem, suture'
(compare Old Indic syūman-); Lithuanian siuvù, siúti ` sew ', Latvian šuvu (šuju, šũnu), šut
ds.; Lithuanian siútas `genäht', Latvian suts ds.; Old Prussian schumeno `Schusterdraht' (:
Old Indic syuman-); Old Church Slavic šijǫ (*si̯ūi̯ō), šiti (= Lithuanian siúti) ` sew ', russ.
šityj `genäht', Old Church Slavic sьvěnъ `genäht' (*si̯uu̯eno-), silo = Czech sidlo n. `
pricker, awl'; further by Trautmann 261 f.; Hittite šum(m)anza(n) ` filament ', also (?) šuel,
šuil ds.
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.
Page(s): 915-916
ska h-, skamb

Root / lemma: skab kam h-
Meaning: to support
Material: Old Indic skabhnā́ti, skabhnṓti ` propped ', Perf. cā̆skámbha; skabhāyati `
fastened, ligated, strengthened, reinforced, made fast; fortified '; skambhá- m.,
skámbhana-m ` prop, pillar ', Avestan upaskambǝm ùnder fastening, strengthening ',
fraskǝmba-, frasčimbana- ` girders, pillars '; npers. paškam ` a covered walk between
columns, colonnade, piazza, arcade, gallery, porch, portico ', sogd. šk'np- (*skamb) ` base
of the universe ';
Maybe alb. Geg shkamb, Tosc shkëmb `seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar' related to Latin
scamnum (*skabhnom).
Latin scamnum (*skabhnom) ` bench, footstool ', Demin. scabillum, scabellum `niedriges
Bänkchen, footstool ';
die Aryan within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from Avestan frasčimbana-
(compared with Old Indic skámbhana-m) reshuffling through Aryan from skabh- after
*stembh- (see steb- ` jamb, upright section of a door frame or window frame; stanchion,
roof support ') in Old Indic stabhnā́ti ` plinth, base, base of a pedestal t', stambha- ` posts,
pillars, columns ' etc.

Page(s): 916
(s)kamb- and (s)kemb-

Root / lemma: (s)kamb- (s)kemb-
Meaning: to curve, bend
Note:
(s)kamb- and (s)kemb-
Root / lemma: (s)kamb- (s)kemb- : `to curve, bend' derived from Root / lemma: kam-
kam-p-
: `to bend'.
Material: Gr. σκαμβός `crooked, bowlegged'; Old Irish camb `crooked', cymr. corn. cam,
bret. kamm ds., gall. in Cambio-dūnum `Kempten', bret. camhet an rot ` rim of the wheel '
(*cambitā); zero grades *km̥b- `turn = swap, vary, exchange ' and `zusammendrehen,
fesseln' in gall.-Latin cambiāre `swap, vary, exchange ' and Middle Irish cimb ` tribute,
silver ', Old Irish cimbid `captive', cimbe ` captivity, imprisonment, confinement ';
Maybe alb. këmbej ‘exchange’ a Latin loanword.
With e-vocalism: gr. κόμβος m. `band, strap, loop', κομβόω ` bind, knot '; Norwegian
hempa `Kleiderstrippe, loop, noose, snare, handle, part of an object designed to be
gripped by the hand ' (also ` stuff of hemp ', in which meaning certainly influenced by hamp
` hemp ');
from a basic meaning ` go crookedly ' from reiht man an: gr. *σκέμβω ` limp '
erschlossen from dem names Σκόμβος, Swedish skumpa ` limp ', skimpa ` jump, dance ',
Old High German scimpfan ` joke drive, push, play, deride ', Modern High German
schimpfen, Schimpf; Modern High German (Low German) humpen, humpeln ` hobble, limp
'(or to keub-? above S. 590 f.);
*(s)kamb- reminds an kam-, kamp- `bend' (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb-
is still unclear; also das zur nasalized root for `bend' (?) or `haken' (compare Lithuanian
kimbù, kìbti ` hang bleiben'): kabù, -ė́ti ` hang ', kabìnti ` hang ', kablỹs m. `hook', kabė̃ f. `
Heftel, hook ' (but also e-forms as kebẽklis `hook'); Old Church Slavic skoba f. ` fibula ',
russ. skobá ` agrafe, hook, clasp ', wherefore Old Icelandic hōp n. `small bay', Old English
hōp `ring'; against it Old Icelandic hespa ` iron staples ' = Old English hæpse, hæsp,
Middle High German haspe, hespe, Modern High German Haspe, Häspe, holl. hespe
`Hüftgelenk', Middle Dutch also `hack, mattock, hoe' to kap-, above S. 527 f.
References: WP. I 346, 350 f., II 539 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 112, 116.
Page(s): 918
(s)kand-, (s)kend-
Root / lemma: (s)kand- (s)kend-
Meaning shine
Meaning:
See also: see above S. 526 (kā̆-).
Page(s): 918
(s)kāi-, (d-
Root / lemma: (s)kāi- (d-), (t-
(t-)
Meaning: shining, bright
Material: Old Indic kētú- m. `Lichterscheinung, brightness, Bild' (= Gothic haidus), kēta- m.
`mark, token, sign', kētana-m `body, mark ', citrá- àugenfällig, lovely, superb, pretty,
splendid, bright', n. àpparition' = Avestan čiϑra- àugenfällig, clear, bright' (ablaut. with Old
High German heitar);
Latin probably caesius `γλαυκός, from den Augen' (from *kait- or *kaid-to- from,
compare Lithuanian skáistas) and caelum `sky, heaven' (*kaid-lo- or *kaid-, *kait-slo-,
compare with -r-forms German heiter ` bright, clear ', Lithuanian skaid-rùs, skáidrus);
Gothic haidus `kind of way' (originally *`lichte apparition'), Old Icelandic heiðr m.
`honour, earnings', Old English hād, hǣd, Old High German heit `Stand, rank, kind of'
(Modern High German suffix -heit); Old Icelandic heið n. `clear, bright sky, heaven' (: Old
Indic kēta- m.), heið-r Adj. `cheerful, uncloudy'; Old High German heitar `cheerful,
gleaming (originally from the cloudless sky, heaven)', Old Saxon hēdar `cheerful', Old
English hādor ds., n. `cheeriness of sky';
Lithuanian skaidrùs, skáidrus `bright, clear, bright'; Latvian skaĩdrs ds., `clean';
Lithuanian skáistas, skaistùs `bright'; different (to skēid- under S. 921) Trautmann 263.
Maybe alb. skaj èdge, end'
References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;

See also: compare kăi
kăi-3 (above S. 519) and sk̂āi-
āi- (under).
āi
Page(s): 916-917
(s)kek-, skeg-
Root / lemma: (s)kek- skeg- (*nasalized *(skenk
(skenk-, *skek
(skenk- skek-no-)
skek-no-
Meaning: to spring, move quickly
Material:
In e-grade: Alb. geg hekë àgony ', heq `suffer' : Old Irish scēn `fright' [common alb. sk- >
h- , Slavic sk- > ch-].
Gr. κεκῆνας λαγωούς. Κρῆτες Hes. (`hare' as ` jumper ');
Old Irish scēn `fright' (*skek-no-); scochid, newer scuchid (*skoketi) `weicht, geht fort,
geht to end' (Konj.-stem scess-, Perf. scāich ` walked fort, war vorüber'); di-ro-uss-scoch- `
excel, surpass ' (*`hervorspringen'), cymr. ysgogi `to stir', bret. diskogella `shake';
Old High German scehan stem V. `hurry, quick, fast leave, depart ', Middle High
German Modern High German geschehen, Old English scēon schw. V. ` befall, hurry',
Middle High German schehen schw. V. `quick, fast einherfahren, hurry', Old High German
skihtīg `shy' (Gothic skōhsl n. ` wicked ghost, fiend, demon' as èinherfahrend' or ` shaking
' here?); Causative Middle High German schicken (àllow to proceed, go ahead ') `
prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, senden', Modern High German schicken; Old
High German gesciht ` event', Modern High German Geschichte ` occurrence ', Middle
High German schiht ` alignment, layer (by Bergleuten, and otherwise)'; with gramm.
variation: Old Icelandic skaga `hervorspringen, project, protrude', skagi m. ` tongue of land;
promontory ', lengthened gradeskōgr m. `wood, forest'; Old English tōscecgan `sich
divide', sceaga m. `shrubbery, bush' (from `wood, forest'); also Old Icelandic skegg n.
`beard' (*skaggja-), Old English sceagga ` hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skeggja f. `
battle axe ' (compare Modern High German Barte ds.);
Maybe alb. (*skuonta) hunda ` (*tongue of land; promontory) nose ' [common alb. sk- > h- ,
Slavic sk- > ch-].
Church Slavic skokъ m. `Sprung', Perfektiv Old Church Slavic skočiti, Imperf. skakati
`spring'; with alternation sk : ks Lithuanian šókti `spring', Latvian sâkt `begin', Lithuanian
šankìnti ` make jump '.
Maybe nazalized alb. (*skankac) kërcej ` spring ' : Lithuanian šankìnti ` make jump ', alb.
(*skankalec) karkalec ` grasshopper (jumping insect)' similar to Bulgarian skakalec `
grasshopper ', kërcënoj ` threaten (*jump, dance in a threatening manner)' [common alb.
n- > r- rhotacism].
Auslautvariante auf -g-: skeg-

skeg- `hurry, spring, shake' (= `spring make') in: Old Indic
khajati ` stirs, mixes ' (Dhātup.), khája- m. ` scuffle ', khája-, khajaka- m., (lex.) khajā f. `
mashing stick, twirling stick, butter pestle '; Old Icelandic skaka stem V. ` swing, schnitteln
', Old English sceacan `shake (engl. shake); hurry, go away, pass over, flee'; Old Saxon
skakan stem V. `go away, pass over, escape, flee' (Low German schacken ` shake, move
'), Old High German unt-scachōndes `fluctivagi'; Old High German scahho m. ` foreland,
promontory ', Middle High German schache m. ` Stückeinzelstehenden Waldes ', Modern
High German Bavarian Swiss Schachen ds., Old Icelandic skekill `Landzunge'.
doubtful is affiliation from Old Frisian skāk m. `booty, robbery ', Old High German scāch
m. ` burglary, theft, robbery ', Old English scēacere, Old High German scāhhari ` robber ',
Modern High German Schächer ` haggler, bargainer, wrangler, peddler, merchant '
(actually, ` wander, or run with the booty '?).

Page(s): 922-923
Root / lemma: (s)kel-

(s)kel-1
Meaning: to cut
Note: not reliable from kel- `hit' and kel- `prick' (above S. 545 f.) to separate.
Material: Old Indic kalā́ `small part' (: serb. pro-kola `Teil eines gespaltenen Ganzen', das
at first to Old Church Slavic koljǫ ` prick ' and `split', above S. 546);
Armenian čelkèm `split, zerschlage'; probably also kèli ` rudder, helm ' (meaning as in
Old English helma, see below); auf anl. sk̂- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem
palatal) wiese c̣elum `split';
gr. σκάλλω `scharre, hacke, ditch, grub', σκαλίς `hack, mattock, hoe, Karst'; σχαλίς `
wooden fork als Stütze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze' (under influence of σχάζω ` split, schlitze
auf', σχάσμα ` incision '); σκαλμός `peg, plug, oarlock' (compare thrak. σκάλμη, Old High
German scalm, Old English helma, Upper Sorbian čoɫm, Lithuanian kélmas); σκύλλω `flay,
tear, rend, plage' (*skoli̯ō), κο-σκυλ-μάτια `Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather', σκῶλος
`Spitzpfahl' (compare Lithuanian kuõlas `picket, pole'; with ŏ: Old Church Slavic kolъ `peg,
plug' above S. 546); perhaps is also κωλύω ` hamper, hindre' from a *κῶλος `peg, plug'
derived (ànpflöcken'), the ending -ύω after dem begriffl. contrast λύω?; σκόλυθρον `
footstool ', σκολύπτειν ` mutilate, beschneiden' Hes., ἀποσκολύπτω `kastriere'; auf eine
meaning `from the skin sich abspaltende scale, husk ' goes back κελεφός ` leper, outcast,
one who is rejected by society' (compare Middle English scalle ` crust, scab, eschar ',
nengl. scall (nord. loanword), Swedish skål `skin rash am mouth');
thrak. σκάλμη `sword, knife' (*skolmā);
alb. halë ` scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the Ähren ' (*skoli̯ā = Gothic skalja);
holë `thin, fine, tender'; f. `Zartheit' (*skēl-); hel `Pfrieme, pricker, awl', hele `Bratspieß, spit,
pike, lance ' (= σκῶλος); perhaps shtel' `öffne, make gleaming, sharp, stecke fire an,
entzünde' (Lithuanian skìlti likewise `fire anschlagen');
Latin siliqua `Hülsenfruchtschote' (whereof silicia `foenum graecum, Bockshorn'), diss.

from *sciliqua, older *sceliquā: Old Church Slavic skolьka òstreum'; Latin silex, -icis `
pebble ' diss. from *scilec- older scelic-; compare Middle Irish sce(i)llec `rock' (ending after
Old Irish carraic `rocks');
without anl. s- perhaps here: Latin culter, -trī `knife' (*kel-tro-s, *kol-tro-s or*kḷ-tros); celtis
f. `chisel' existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;
cymr. chwalu `scatter', corn. scullye, sculye, bret. skuĺa ds.;
Middle Irish scoilt, scailt `col, gap', scoiltim Ì split', brit. with metathesis of sk- to ks- (hw-
): cymr. hollt `col, gap', corn. felǯa (umlaut) `split', bret. faouta ds.; Middle Irish sceillec
`rock' (see above); perhaps Middle Irish scellān ` seed, sperm ';
Old Irish colainn `flesh', cymr. celain ` corpse ' (*kolanī); cymr. caill, Pl. ceilliau
`testicle(n)', bret. kell ds.; gall. callio-marcus ` coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose
leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ' from older *callio marcī `
testiculus equi '; compare gall. ebulcalium (from *epālo-callion) besides epo-calium (*epo-
callion) ùngula caballina';
Gothic skilja `Fleischer'; Old Icelandic skilja `separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide',
skil n. (i after skilja) `difference, verdict, information, message ', skila `(ent)divide'; Dutch
verschillend `different' (*skiljand); Middle Low German schelen `separate, distinguish,
discern' (schele `difference, lack, limit, boundary') = Old English scielian `divide, entfernen'
(*skelōn);
Gothic skildus `shield', Old Icelandic skjǫldr m. (out of it Middle Irish scell), Old English
scield, Old Saxon scild, Old High German scilt ds. (-tu-stem besides Lithuanian skìltis
àbgeschnittene disc '); in addition Gothic skillings, Old High German etc. scilling `small
coin, Schilling' from skildu-lings;
Gothic skalja `Ziegel', Old Icelandic skel f. `bowl', Old English sciell f. `husk,
Muschelschale', Middle Low German schelle f. `bowl, fish scale '; Old High German scā̆la
`husk, shell ', Middle High German schale also `flagstone ', Old English scealu `husk,
bowl'; Old High German fuaz-skal `wooden peg, plug as lock for den foot', Modern High
German Schelle `manica, compes, numella', Hand-, Fußschelle;
Maybe alb. (*skala) hala ` fish scale' common alb. sk- > h-.
Old Icelandic skjall n. `Häutchen', Old English sceallan m. Pl. `testicles', Old Frisian skall
ds. (: cymr. caill); Old Icelandic skalli m. ` bald head ', as àbgeschnittene cranium'; also
Norwegian Swedish skalle; ablaut. Swedish skulle `skull, cranium', older Swedish skolla
`thin Platte', Old High German scollo m., scolla f. `plaice';
skēl- (compare alb. holë): Old Icelandic skāla f. `drinking bowl,

with lengthened grade *skēl-
Wagschale', Old High German Old Saxon scāla `bowl';
Old Saxon skola, Old English scolu `dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd';
without anlaut. s-: Gothic hallus m. `rock' (*kol-nu-), Old Icelandic hallr m. ` stone, rock',
hella f. ds., Finnish loanword kallio ds., (*hallj[ōn]). Old Icelandic hellir `Berghöhle', Swiss
Hell `flagstone ' etc.; see above S. 544;
Old Icelandic hold n. `flesh', Old English hold n. `corpse', Old English holdian `lacerate',
hyldan `die skin abziehen', Old Icelandic hylda `lacerate' (based on auf a participle *kl̥-tó-
m);
Old High German scultirra, Old English sculdor `shoulder' (*skḷ-dhrā `scapula as shovel,
as Grabwerkzeug');
with formants -mo-

mo- and den meaning ` cutting tool; geschnittenes wood; ausgehöhlter
dugout canoe, barge': Old Icelandic skǫlm f. ` tine a fork, pod ', Pl. `scissors', Low German
ostfries Dutch schalm `thin board', Old Icelandic skalma-trē `cloven tree', Old High German
scalm `navis'; also probably Old High German scalmo ` pestilence, epidemic disease,
plague, corpse'; Middle High German schalm(e) ds.; in addition skelmo `Todeswürdiger'
(*skalmian-), Middle High German Middle Low German schelm(e) ` villain '; compare alb.
helm `mourning, grief, poison '; without anlaut. s-: Old English helma, engl. helm `handle,
grasp of Steuerruders, tax', Middle High German halm(e), helm Àxtstiel', Old High
German helmo, halmo `Ruderpinne', Dutch helmstock ds., Middle Low German holm
`crossbar, crossbeam, Jochträger', Old Icelandic hjǫlm f. `tax', hjalm-vǫlr `Ruderpinne';
*skol-dhā `(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole' is probably die base from Old High German
scalta `Stoßstange, Bootshaken', scaltan `with a shaft, pole push ', Modern High German
schalten also èinschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoßen)' and übertr. `walten', dial. also
`split', Old Saxon skaldan èin vessel vorwärts push ', Middle High German schalte, Old
Icelandic skalda ` ferry ', Middle High German schalter, schelter `bar, bolt', Modern High
German Schalter `Schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken';
with formants -go-

go-: Middle Low German schalk `Sparrenstütze' East Frisian schalk
`Holzklötzchen as Unterlage', Bavarian schalken `zerspalten'; Swedish skulk àbgesägter
stump';
Lithuanian skeliù, skélti `split' (the pronunciation after skílti?), skilù, skílti `sich split'; `fire
hit' (intonation of the heavy basis, as kélnės); skalà `chip of wood, Lichtspan', Iterat.
skéldėti ` burst, break, crack'; Latvian šḱel̂t `split', šḱēlêt ds., šḱēle ` sliced piece', etc.;
about Lithuanian kélmas see above S. 546;
Old Church Slavic skala `rock, stone ' (the meaning `bowl' through borrowing from Old
High German scāla ds.), sloven. skála àssula tenuis; Lichtspan', russ. skalina àbgelöste
birch bark '; skolьka `Muschelschale' (see above Latin siliqua), russ. ščelь `col, gap',
sloven. ščalja `splinter', poln. skalić się `sichspalten, break, crack';
Hittite iškallāi- `zerreissen, aufschlitzen'.
root extension skel(e)-

skel(e)-p-:
perhaps in Old Indic kálpatē `wird geordnet, wird zuteil', kalpáyati òrdnet an', kl̥ptá
`fertig, gerüstet' = Avestan hu-kǝrǝpta- `schöngeformt', das though also to kǝhrp- `shape'
(above S. 620) belong could;
gr. σκάλοψ ` mole ' (as `Gräber'); σκόλοψ m. `Spitzpfahl';
Latin scalpō, -ere `scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool cut, chisel, cut '
(scalprum, scalper `scharfes tool zum Schneiden, Meißeln'), sculpō, -ere (originally in
compounds from scalpō) ds.;
Old High German scelifa, Middle High German Modern High German dial. schelfe
`häutige bowl', Middle Low German schelver àbgeblättertes piece', schulvern ` exfoliate ';
Old Icelandic skjǫlf ` bench ', Old English scielfe `Flur, Stockwerk, Bretterverschlag', scielf
m. ` crag ', Middle Low German schelf `Brettgerüst, shelf ';
without s: Gothic halbs, Old Icelandic halfr, Old English healf, Old Saxon half, Old High
German Modern High German halb (actually `divided'); Old English hielfe `handle, grasp,
shaft' (engl. helve), Old High German Middle High German halb `hold, grasp', Modern High
German dial. halb, helb `Stiel'; Old High German halftra `bridle, rein', Old English hælftre `
halter ', (from *`Handhabe (hold, grasp)');
Lithuanian kálpa ` transom am sled ', kìlpa `Steigbügel, loop, noose, snare ', kìlpinis
Àrmbrust', Old Prussian kalpus `Rungenstock';
Lithuanian sklempiù, sklem̃pti ` smooth behauen, polish'.
root extension skel(e)-

skel(e)-b-:
Old Icelandic skalpr `ship', Danish dial. skalp `Samenschote, husk', Middle Low German
schulpe, scholpe ` shell, scale, husk ', Danish skulp, skulpe ` pod, Fruchtbalg', Norwegian
skolp ` pod, husk', engl. skalp (nord. loanword) `cranium, skull', Old Icelandic skelpa f.
`Grimasse', skolpr ` chisel '; Old Church Slavic sklabiti sę `den Mund aufmachen, smile ',
Czech škleb `Zähnefletschen';
i-extension: sklei-
sklei-, sklei-
sklei-d-, sklei-
sklei-k-, sklei-
sklei-p-:
Old Icelandic slīta `tear, destroy, verbringen' (slitna intr. `rumpi'), Old English slītan
`tear', Old Saxon slītan `schleißen, split', Old High German slīzan `split, rend,
aufbrauchen', Modern High Germanverschleißen, schleißen, Old Icelandic slit `slit, crack,
Abnützung', Old English geslit `das Bersten', Old High German sliz, Modern High German
Schlitz, Middle High German sleize, Modern High German Schleiße `Leuchtspan'; Old
Icelandic slīðrar f. Pl., slīðrn. Pl. `sword- or Messerscheide' as *s(k)lei-tro-, -trā- from the
unerweit. root form sklei-;
Lithuanian skleidžiù, skleĩsti, Latvian skliêst ` outspread, umblättern', Lithuanian

sklaidaũ, -ýti `hin and her blättern', refl. `sich scatter', iš-sklaidýti `scatter, vertreiben', sklį̃sti
àuseinanderfließen'; Lithuanian sklaidùs `zerstreut', Latvian sklaidis èin Herumtreiber,
good for nothing, useless person'; without anlaut. s-: klaîdît `sich herumtreiben', klîstu,
klîdu, klîst èrr', Lithuanian klýstu, klýdau, klýsti `sich verirren' (without d: Lithuanian klajóju,
-óti ` wander ', Latvian klaijât, -uôt ds. eineoriginally versch. family?); Old Prussian sclait,
schlāit, schklait `but; without', schklāits Adv. `sonderlich, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; otherwise ', Adj.
ùnsophisticated, simple, just';
Old English slīfan `spleißen', engl. slive, Old English to-slǣfan `split', Middle Low
German slēf, Norwegian sleiv `large spoon'.
References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.
Page(s): 923-927

(s)kel-2
Meaning: to be guilty, to owe
Note: only Germanic and balto-Slavic
Material: Gothic skulan, Old Icelandic skulu, Old English sculan, Old High German scolan
`schuldig sein, müssen, sollen', newer also solan, Modern High German sollen; Old
English scyld f. `blame', Old High German Old Icelandic skuld ds.; Gothic skula m.
`Schuldner';
Old Lithuanian skelù and Lithuanian skeliù, -ė́ti `schuldig sein', skylù, (*skįlù), skìlti ìn
Schulden geraten', skolà `blame'; Old Prussian skellānts `culpable', ablaut. skallīsnan f.
Akk. ` obligation ', poskulīt (paskollēt) èrmahnen';
without s-: Lithuanian kaltė̃ `blame', kal̃tas `culpable'.

See also: compare (s)kel-4?
Page(s): 927

(s)kel-3
Meaning: to dry out
Material: Gr. σκέλλω `trockne from, desiccate ' (trans., Fut. σκελῶ, Aor. ἔσκηλα; intr. Aor.
ἔσκλην, Perf. ἔσκληκα), σκελετός àusgetrocknet', m. `Skelett', n. `Mumie', σκληρός `dry,
hard, rough, unbeugsam', σκελιφρός àusgetrocknet, abgemagert', σκληφρός `small and
agile', ἀ-σκελής 1. òhneWiderstandskraft' (without σκληρότης); 2. ùnablässig, of rage,
fury, of Weinen' (actually ùnversieglich'); περι-σκελής `very dry, brittle, hartnäckig', περι-
σκέλεια f. ` stubbornness ';
Maybe alb. (skol-) hollë `lean, thin' common alb. sk- > h-.
Swedish skäll `lean, thin, fade, säuerlich', Low German schal `dry, arid', Middle Low
German Middle High German schal `schal from taste; trüb, unclear', schaln `trüb become',
Middle English schalowe `schal, faint, languid, shallow, having little depth ', engl. shallow
(also probably Old English sceald ` shallow, having little depth, not deep', Low German
scholl ` shallow water');
without anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic hall-ǣri `Mißjahr', Old English hall-heort èrschrocken';
Middle High German hel (-ll-) `weak', hellec ` tired ', Modern High German hellig `faint,
languid, exhausted from thirst ', Middle High German hellegen èxhaust, behelligen', Low
German hal `dry, lean '; lengthened grade (?) Low German hāl, Dutch haal `dry', Middle
Dutch hael àusgetrocknet, arid, schal'; Danish dial. hælm `still', Danish helme `cease'
(`*languish', originally vor Hitze or thirst);
Latvian kàlss ` lean ', kàlstu, kàlst `vertrocknen, wilt', kàltêt `dry'.

Page(s): 927
(s)kel-4 (extended klā-

Root / lemma: (s)kel- klā-, klō-
klō-)
Meaning: to bend; crooked
Note: (compare also S. 611 f. kolǝ- `spinnen')
Material: Gr. σκέλος m. ` thigh ', σκελίς, -ίδος `Hinterfuß, hip, haunch' (Attic σχελίς),
σκελλός ` bowlegged', σκολιός `crooked; improbus', σκαληνός `tubercular, slant, skew,
crooked', σκώληξ, -ηκος m. `worm', σκωλύπτεσθαι `crook, hin and her winden', κελλόν
στρεβλόν, πλάγιον Hes., redukt.-grade κυλλός ` writhed, crooked, humped, lamed ', κυλλο-
ποδί̄ων Beiw. of Hephaistos (*κελ-, *κυλ-νός), κυλίνδω, -έω `rolle, wälze' (Ionian Attic
καλινδέω), κύλινδρος `Walze, pulley, Zylinder'; κῶλον `limb, member', κωλέᾱ, Attic κωλῆ
`Hüftknochen, ham', κωλήν, -ῆνος, κωλεός ds., κώληψ f. ` popliteus, ankle' (to 1. -ap-
above S. 50 f.); κωλώτης, -ου m. `lizard' (`with Gliedern versehen'); ὀκλάζω `hocke low,
base' (Frisk IF. 49, 99 f.); about κλόνις ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column ' see above S. 608;
alb. tshalë `lame' (*skelno-);
Maybe alb. shalë ` thigh ' : σκέλος m. ` thigh '.
Note:
common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.
Latin scelus, -eris `malice, Verruchtheit, crime ' (formal = σκέλος); coluber, -brī `snake'
(`sich windend', *kelo-dhro-, *kolo-dhro-); calx (see below);
Old High German (with formants -ko-) scëlah (*skélha-) `slant, skew, crooked', Modern
High German scheel (Denom. Middle High German schilhen, Modern High German
schielen), Old English sceolh ds., Old Icelandic (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr (*skelkó-)
`slant, skew, scheeläugig'; isl. skǣll `schiefer mouth', Old Icelandic skǣla sik `den Mund
verziehen'; with labiales extension: Old Icelandic skjalfa `tremble, quiver' = Old English
scielfan ds., engl. to shelve àbschüssigsein', Old Icelandic skjalfr, skelfr `trembling'?;
without anlaut. s-: Balto Slavic *kali̯ō (*koli̯ō) `lehne an' in Lithuanian at-si-kal̃ti `sich
anlehnen', ãt-kalas àngelehnt'; to Balto Slavic *klana- m. (*klǝ-no-) `leaning, tendency' in
Lithuanian klãnas `puddle, slop', ablaut. klõnis m. `valley' (*klā-ni-), klonė̃ `lowland,
depression'; with Indo Germanic ō: Lithuanian kluõnas, Latvian kluõns m. `Dreschtenne'; in
addition further above S. 509 *klā- `hinlegen';
with Balto Slavic -ul- = Latin -al- (Indic -ol[ǝ-]) with k̂-suffix: Lithuanian kùlšė, kùlšis `hip,
haunch' (with k-insertion: kulkšìs, kulkšnìs ànkle, Sprunggelenk'), Old Prussian culczi `hip,
haunch'; with -k-suffix: Lithuanian kul̃nas m., kulnìs f. `hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus '
(*kulk-n-), proto Slavic. *kulkā f. `hip, haunch' in spätChurch Slavic klъka `poples', bg.
kъ́lka `hip, haunch, thigh' (is-kъlčъ́ `verrenke'); Serbo-Croatian kȕk ds. etc.;
Latin calx `calcaneus ' (calcō, -āre `tread, stomp', calcitrāre `violent ausschlagen', calcar
` spur ', calceus ` shoe ', tarent. καλτίον ds. from Oscan *calc-tio-); after Trautmann 145
lk- besides kolk̂-.
Indo Germanic root nouns *kolk-
References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. I 144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.
Page(s): 928
Root / lemma: skend

sken h-
Meaning: to plunge
Note: only gr. and Baltic
Material: Gr. σκινθός ùntertauchend'; Lithuanian skęstù, skę̃sti ùntersinken, drown ',
causative skandinù, -dìnti ` drown '; Old Prussian auskiēndlai èr go under'.
Maybe alb. (*skendh-) hedh 'plunge, throw' [common alb. sk- > h-].

Page(s): 930
Root / lemma: (s)ken-

(s)ken-(d-
(d-)
Meaning: to rift; to flay
Note: probably extension from sek-
sek- `cut, clip'; only Celtic under german.
Material: A. Bret. skant collective `Schuppen' (*skn̥to-), abret. anscantocion Pl.
ìnsquamōsos', cymr. ysgythru `Schnitzen' (*sken-tr-);
Old Icelandic skinn n. `skin, fell, fur' (*skén-to-, proto Germanic *skinÞa-, compare lapp.
loanword skidde and runisch ski[n]Þa-leubaR; Old English scinn, (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), engl. skin ds. is loanword from Nord., also Middle Low
German schin à kind of russisches Ledergeld'), Middle High German schint f. ` fruit bowl ',
Modern High German Schind-mähre, -aas, Dutch dial. schinde `skin, fell, fur; bast, bark',
abgel. verb Old Saxon biscindian àbrinden, peel ', Old High German scinten, Middle High
German Middle Low Germanschinden ènthäuten, ausplündern, maltreat ' (Modern High
German schinden stem V.); Old Icelandic skān f. ` bark ', nisl. also `Häutchen', Middle Low
German schin `dandruff in Haar' (out of it Modern High German Schinn, Schinne), (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle Dutch schene `thin skin, bast';
B. besides Indo Germanic (s)kend-

(s)kend- in:
Old Irish ceinn ` scale, husk, bowl', cymr. cenn (*kend-n-), acorn. cenn-en `Häutchen,
skin', ysgenn `Schinnen', Middle Breton quenn `skin', bret. kenn m. `Schinnen', -ken `skin'
in bu-gen `Rindshaut' etc.; bret. (Vannes) skignan `frog' (*skenni̯ano-); Old Icelandic hinna
f. `thin skin, Membrane' (*skend-n-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
).
compare with a-vocalism: Middle Irish scaindrim `zerspalte', scandrad, scaindred
`dispersion', scainder `Gefecht'.
References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.

Page(s): 929-930
Root / lemma: (s)keng-

(s)keng-
Meaning: lame; slant
Material: Old Indic sákthi- n. (= Avestan haxti-) ` thigh ' (*skak-thi-, Indo Germanic *skn̥g-ti-
; das -thi- after Old Indic ásthi- `bone', above S. 783); khañjati `hinkt' (Middle Indic for
*skañj-), khañja- `hinkend', khañjana-m. ` wagtail ';
gr. σκάζω (only present and Imp.) ` limp ' (*skn̥gi̯ō); Middle Irish scingim `spring' is
probably reshuffling from Old Irish scend- `spring' (see below ĝhengh- ` march, step,
stride, strut');
Old Icelandic skakkr `hinkend, slant, skew', Swedish dial. skinka ` limp '; without anl. s-:
Old High German hinkan ` limp ', Denomin. Middle High German hanken ds.;
Germanic *skanka- in Norwegian skonk, skank f. ` thigh, shinbone', Old English scanca
f. ` shank, leg, shin bone ', Middle Low German schenke ` thigh ' (Demin. Middle High
German Modern High German Schenkel ` thigh '), ablaut. Old High German scinkel ` thigh
', scincho m., scinca f. `Beinröhre, thigh ', Modern High German Schinken, on the other
hand Old Frisian skunka, Modern High German Dialectal schunke (*skn̥g-) ds.; without s-
Middle High German hanke ` thigh, hip, haunch', Tirol Henkel ` thigh '; also Late Middle
High German schank m. ` rack, cupboard for Trinkgeräte' and Old Saxon skenkjan
èinschenken' (from `das vessel schief halten'), Old High German scenkan ds., Middle
High German schenken ds., also `give' Modern High German schenken; in addition
postverbal Middle High German schanc `vessel from = Geschenkt wird' and `gift';
a Germanic root skēh- in Old Icelandic skāðr `slant, skew', Middle High German schǣhe
` squinting' etc.
References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner 425 ff.

References:
Page(s): 930
Root / lemma: (s)kep-

(s)kep-1
Meaning: to cover
Note: only gr. and Balto-Slavic
Material: Gr. σκέπας, -αος n. `cover, sleeve, wrapping, shelter', Ionian Attic σκέπη f.
`cover, protection, shelter', σκεπάζω, σκεπάω, σκέπω `bedecke, verhülle, schütze';
Lithuanian kepùrė `Mütze', Latvian cepure `Mütze, hat; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf
dem Felde', russ. čepéc `bonnet' etc.
Page(s): 930
(s)kerb(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-
Root / lemma: (s)kerb(h)- (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)kremb-
(s)kremb-
Meaning: to turn, curve
Note: extension to (s)ker-
(s)ker- `turn' (see also sker-
sker- ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,
wrinkle up ')
Material: Gr. κάρφος n. `dry deadwood, chaff' (*kr̥bh-), κάρφη f. ` dry wood, hay', κάρφω `
allow to shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate ', καρφαλέος `dry,
hoarse', καρφύ̄νεσθαι ξηραίνεσθαι. φθείρεσθαι () Hes.; κράμβος èingeschrumpft, arid,
dry', κράμβη f. ` cabbage ', κραμβαλέος `dry, roasted', κρομβόω `roast, roast' (assim. from
*κραμβόω);
Latin perhaps corbis `basket' (*`twisted'); Middle Irish corb ` cart ', probably originally
`Wagenkorb';
Old Icelandic skorpinn èingeschrumpft', skorpna ` shrink ' (about skarpr

èingeschrumpft, lean etc.', Old English scearp, Old High German scarpf `sharp' s. also S.
943 under sker- `cut, clip'); nasalized Middle High German schrimpf ` scratch ', Middle
High German schrimpfen `rümpfen, shrivel up, shrink' = Old Icelandic skreppa ` shrink up,
slide ', Danish skrumpe = Modern High German schrumpfen, Norwegian skramp `mageres
creature', skrumpa `magere cow', engl. shrimp `toddler' (besides with Germanic -mm-: Old
English scrimman ` shrink up, shrink ');
(about Modern High German Schärpe, Bavarian schärpfen `belt, girdle', Dutch sjerp,
engl. scarf ds., Late Old High German scherbe ` pouch ', Low German schrap ` pouch ',
Old Icelandic skreppa `Rucksack' s. Meyer-Lübke3 7723, Kluge-Goetze16 653, Holthausen
Awn. Wb. 257: all from Latin scirpea `Binsentasche');
nisl. herpa-st `sich zusammenkrampfen', harpa `nip, pinch', Old Icelandic munn-herpa `
witch ', Swedish dial. harpa i hop `pull together', Norwegian hurpe ` old woman'; Modern
High German Swiss harpf `magere cow, böses woman'; here Old Icelandic harpa, Old
English hearpe, Old High German har(p)fa `harp' (from the hakigen curvature);
Old High German (h)rimfan, rimpfan `rugare, contrahere', Modern High German
rümpfen, Middle Low German rimpen ` furrow, crook', Old English *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen
`wrinkly', hrympel `wrinkle', Middle Low German ramp `cramp', Middle High German rampf
`cramp', Old Icelandic hreppr `Distrikt', Norwegian ramp `magerer person', engl. dial. rump
`magere cow'; (but Norwegian rump ` dull mountain top; buttocks ', Middle Low German
rump m. `trunk, bauchiges vessel', Modern High German Rumpf rather as àbgehauenes
piece' to Old Church Slavic rǫbъ `rag', ohen S. 864 f.); besides with Germanic -m(m)-:
Middle Low German ram, ramme `cramp', Old English hramma m. `cramp', Old Icelandic
hrammr `paw' (actually `verschrumpft'); Gothic hramjan `crucify ', Old English hremman
`hinder, bother, annoy', Dutch remmen `hamper, bremsen';
with the the vowel Stellung kreb-

kreb-: Old Icelandic hrapi, Norwegian Danish rape
`Zwergbirke' (`*crippled '); to Middle Irish cruibhe èin Baumname' (*krobi̯o-); then (with the
imagining of the gekrümmten Finger) Norwegian rapse `zusammenscharren', Low German
rapsen `hastig gripe ', Old English ge-hrespan ` rend ', Old High German raspōn ` snatch ',
hrespan `pluck, pile ' (sp from ps); without -s: Norwegian rapa ` snatch ', Middle Low
Germanrapen, Middle High German Modern High German raffen ` pile ', Norwegian
Swedish rappa àn sich reißen, snatch ' = Low German rappen ds.;
Old Icelandic hreppa `receive', Old English hreppen `feel; touch on', Middle Low
German reppen ds.;
Lithuanian skur̃bti `verkümmern, grieve ', Latvian skurbinât ìn die Runde drehen bis
zum Schwindligwerden', skùrbt ` dizzy become', skur̃btiês `sich drehen'; nasalized
Lithuanian skramblỹs `small dickleibiger person, dwarf ', Old Prussian (with p) sen-
skrempūsnan f. Akk. `wrinkle'; with the vowel Stellung *skreb-: Lithuanian skrembù, skrèbti
`dry sein or become', skrebė́ti `rustle (vontrockenem straw)', old skreblỹs `Filz', Latvian
skreblis èinfältiger person, hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz';
without s-: Lithuanian kremblỹs èine Pilzart' (probably `wrinkly' or `faltig'); with p-:
Latvian krum̃pa ` crease ', krum̃pêt ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ',
Lithuanian krumplỹs ` knuckle ' (also krumslỹs, Latvian krum̃slis, skrum̃slis ds., also
`gristle, knag'), Old Prussian krumslus `Knöchel am Finger';
russ. skórblyj ` wizened ', skorbnutь `sich crooked '; koróbitь `crook', refl. ` crook
oneself, pull together, shrivel up, shrink', nasal. Old Church Slavic krǫpъ `small
(contractus)', krǫpě-jǫ, -ti ` shrink up ';
about Lithuanian kar̃bas `basket', russ. kórob, wruss. koróba ds., Old Prussian carbio f.
`Mühlenkasten', Lithuanian kar̃bija `basket', Old Church Slavic krabьji ` arcula ' s.
Trautmann 117 f.
References: WP. II 588 ff.

Page(s): 948-949
(s)ker-dh-, (s)kor-dh-
Root / lemma: (s)ker-
Meaning: small, miserable
Material: Old Indic kr̥dhú- ` abbreviated, mutilated, small, mangelhaft' (comparative
kradhīyaṁs-, superlative kradhiṣṭha-), á-skr̥dhōyu- `not abbreviated, not kärglich'; gr.
σκυρθάλιος νεανίσκος Hes., σκύρθαξ μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος Hes., lakon. (with σ = θ) κυρσάνιος
`young person', compare κυρσίον μειράκιον Hes.; Lithuanian skurstù, skurdaũ, skur̃sti
`verkümmern, in Wachstum zurückbleiben', nus-kur̃dęs ìn Wachstum verkümmert'.
Maybe alb. kërthi ` young baby ', kërthizë ` umbilical cord of the child '.
See also: to (s)ker- `cut, clip' as ` truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'.
Page(s): 949
Root / lemma: sker-

sker-(d)-
(d)-
Material: Avestan sairya- ` manure, crap, muck, droppings', Middle Persian sargōn, np.
sargīn ds.;
gr. σκῶρ, σκατός òrdure', whereof σκωρία `Schlacke';
Latin mūscerda `Mäusekot'; sūcerda `Schweinekot', bū-, ovi-cerda have cerda for
*scerda through false Zerlegung from mū[s]scerda; Old Church Slavic skarędъ `disgusting'
entscheidet dafür certainly nicht, compare Old Indic chr̥nátti, chardayati èrbricht, speit
from', Middle Irish sceirdim `speie from', as d-extension unseressk̂er-;
Old Icelandic skarn, Old English scearn, afries skern, Low German scharn `crap, muck,
droppings';
Latvian sãrn̨i Pl. `Schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente', Lithuanian šarwai `Menstrua';

proto Slavic. *serǫ (*seri̯ō), *sьrati `cacāre' (e.g. Serb. sȅrem, srȁti), russ. sór `crap, muck,
droppings', etc.
Hittite šakkar n., Gen. šaknaš òrdure, excrement', šaknu-u̯ant ìmpure, unclean'.
References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk Indogerm. 25 f.
Page(s): 947-948

(s)ker-1
Meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin
Note: probably to sker-3.
Material: A. Unerweitert in Norwegian Swedish skare `hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem
Schnee'? russ. skorá etc. `skin, Tierhaut';
B. with Guttural-extension: Norwegian dial. skarka `frozen crust', skjerkna ` through

Kälte hard become'; Norwegian dial. skrekling `weakling', skrakal ` fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, kränklich', Low German schräkel `verkrüppeltes creature ', Middle
High German waltschrechel, -schreckel `fairy demon, ghost, Faun'; Norwegian skråna
(*skrahnan) `verschrumpfen', skråen `dry', Middle Low German schrā (*skrēha-) àrid, lean
', Modern High German schrāh (Nord-Franken) ds., schrähelin (Oberpfalz) `zauberisches
creature, Wichtlein', Old Icelandic skrǣling(j)ar (*skrēhila-) Pl. Èskimos', Norwegian
skrælen ` pitiful ', isl. skrælna ` shrink ' East Frisian verschrālen ds.; Old Icelandic skrā f.
(skrahō) `piece dürren Leders etc.';
C. with Dental-extension: Norwegian dial. skranta ` lean become' (etc.); Middle High
German schraz, with Germanic d: Old High German scrato `larvae, lares mali, pilosus',
Modern High German wood, forest-schratt, with Germanic tt: Old Icelandic skratti
`monstrum, magician ', Swedish skratte `fairy demon, ghost, ghost', Old High German
scraz, screz, Middle High German schraz, schrez `fairy demon, ghost', Modern High
German Bavarian schrätz ìn Wachstum zurückgebliebener Mensch'; Norwegian skrinn
(*skrenÞa-) àrid, lean, infertile '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
skreda `weakling', Middle Low German schrāde `thin, lean, kümmerlich';
Lithuanianskrentù, skręsti `sich with a trockenen Kruste beziehen';
D. eine bare in Germanic available u-basis seems Old Icelandic skrǫggr `fox',
Norwegian skrogg `wolf', isl. skröggur ` graybeard ', Swedish dial. skragge `devil', Middle
High German schröuwel ds. (Germanic *skrawwa-), Old Icelandic skriūpr ` fragile, easily
broken; unstable, dilapidated, friable ';
Dental extension: Old Icelandic hrūðr m. `scurf, scab', Old Saxon hrūtho m., Old High
German rūda, riudī `Raude, mange; scabies ', Old Icelandic skrydda `geschrumpfte skin';
Old Lithuanian skraudùs ` brittle, rough', skraudù, skraùsti `rough become';
whether here Lithuanian krenkù, krèkti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian krecēt ds., -
ties `lumpy, klunkerig become', kręcumi ` remnant, leftover item, spawn of frogs ' as `
shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up '?

Page(s): 933
(s)ker-2, skerǝ
Root / lemma: (s)ker- skerǝ- : skrē-
skrē-
Meaning: to spring, to turn
Note: not to separate from (s)ker- `turn'
Material: Old Indic kiráti (kariṣyati, kīryátē, kīrṇa-) `streut from, vergießt, wirft, hurl, sling,
fling'; vi-kira, vi-ṣkira `Scharrer, ein bird from dem Hühnergeschlecht'; osset. k`álịn `schütte
from';
gr. σκαίρω (*skr̥i̯ō) `spring, hüpfe, dances', σκάρος n., σκαρθμός `Sprung'.
Maybe alb. hardhucë ` lizard ' (common alb. sk- > h-).
gr. καρθμοί κινήσεις Hes., σκάρος m. èin Meerfisch', actually ` jumper '; σκαρίς f.
`Springwurm' Hes.; ablaut. σκιρτάω `spring'; with anl. ἀ- (bloßer suggestion?) ἀσκαρίζω
`spring, wriggle ', wherefore ἀσκαρίς, -ίδος `small Eingeweidewurm, larva a
Wassermücke';
Maybe alb. kërcej ` jump, dance', kërcënoj ` threaten ', from ` threatening dance'.
Old High German scerōn `bratty sein', Middle High German scher(e)n `hurry', Modern
High German sich scheren `sich packen', Middle Low German scheren ` mock, scoff ' and
`run, hurry', Old Low German scern n. ` illusio, subsannatio ', Old High German scern m. `
joke, Mutwille' (scirno ` histrio '), Old Icelandic skāri m. `young seagull', skirja f. `young
cow', Middle Low German scherke `kind of small seagull' (of unsteten Flug);
skrē- perhaps in Middle High German schrǣjen, schræn `spray, whisk ', schrā f. `hail,
hoarfrost, snow', schrāt m. `Wasserstäubchen, drip' and Old Icelandic skrǣ-ma-sk `flee',
Swedish skrämma `frighten' tr. (`jump make');
locust compare Lithuanian skėrỹs, skėrẽlis `

Old English secge-scēre `cicada locusta (locust
locust)',
locust, grasshopper ' (: gr. σκαρίς, ἀσκαρίς); bait. FlN *Skērijā > wruss. Ščara; арг. Skarra
(*Skarā); Old Church Slavic skorъ `quick, fast'; very doubtful Old Church Slavic ašterъ,
russ. jáščerica `lizard' (anl. a- the Indo Germanic preposition *ō??);
an extension skreg- in Old High German screcchōn àuffahren, jump', hewi-screcko `
locust, grasshopper ', Kaus. screcken ` jump make, bange make', Modern High German
schrecken etc.; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 190.
d-extension (s)kre-
(s)kre-d- and (s)ker-
(s)ker-d-:
Old Indic kūrdati `springt, hüpft' is not Indo Germanic; gr. κράδη f. `Schwinge, treetop ',
κραδάω `swing, brandish, schwanke', κραδαίνω ds.; κόρδᾱξ `lustiger dance in the
Komödie', (σ)κορδίνημα ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', σκορδινᾶσθαι `sich gähnend
recken, agitated sein' (probably also κορδύλη `club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus;
wreath; roll; bulb, Kopfputz'); alb. hardh-ëlë, -ëjë, -itsë, hardhucë `lizard' (*skord-); Latin
cardō `Türangel; Wendepunkt' (`Drehpunkt'; from the un extension root also Old English
heorr(a), Old Icelandic hjarri `Türangel' and with Indo Germanic t: Old High German scerdo
`fishing rod');
Middle Irish ceird `the march, stride, strut', Old Irish fo-cerdaim `throw, cast', cymr.
cerddaf `wandle' (with other the vowel Stellung abret. credam `vado'), next to which
without d das causative cuirithir (*kor-ei̯e-trai) `wirft, legt, places '; with cymr. go-gerdd f.
`Burleske' compare Modern High German Scherz;
Old Icelandic hrata `fall, waver, hurry', Old English hratian ds. (besides also hraÞian,
hradian with Indo Germanic t; Old High German hardilla ` wagtail ' = `*Wipperin'); Middle
High German razzen `rage, clamor' (and - probably secondary - `rattle, clash', as Middle
Low German ratelen `clatter', Old English hratele `Klapperschote'); Middle High German
scherzen `fröhlich spring, sich delight ', Middle High German schërz `pleasure, game',
Modern High German scherzen, Scherz, Middle High Germanscharz, schurz m. `spring';
Old Icelandic skart n. `kostbare clothing', Norwegian skertast `spaßen', skarta
`leichtfertiges bird '; perhaps Old High German hros Old English hors etc. `steed', see
above S. 583 f.;
Lithuanian-žem. pakìrsti, preterit pakìrdo `from dem sleep auffahren';
Note:
common Hittie Albanian Slavic prefix pa-, po-.
eine b-extension in: Old Icelandic hrapa `hinabstürzen', intr. `hurry', Middle Low German
rapp `rash, hasty, violent', sik reppen `hurry'; Middle Irish crip, crib (with bb) `quick, fast';
eine s-extension in: Latin scurra ` merrymaker, Witzbold; Stutzer' (: Old High German
scern, basic form skʷr̥sā); presumably in Old Icelandic skjarr `shy, timorous'
(`*aufspringend' or `*trembling'), skirra `frighten'; Tocharian В kärss- `schießen'.
References: WP. II 566 ff., WH. I 167 f., Trautmann 263, Loth RC. 43, 416 f.
Page(s): 933-935

(s)ker-3
Note: (see also 1. (s)ker- ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ' and 2. (s)ker-
`spring')
Material: A. Avestan skarǝna- ` round ', skārayat̃-raϑa- EN., actually `the den chariot
kreisen allows';
alb. perhaps kërrús, kurrús `beuge, bend';
gr. κυρτός `crooked' (old u- coloring, compare russ. kortočki, as well as Church Slavic
sъ-krъčiti `pull together' etc.); κορωνός ` writhed, crooked, humped '; κορώνη àllerlei
Gekrümmtes, Gebogenes etc.' (Latin loanword corōna), perhaps as *korō[u̯]-no-s zur u-
basis *(s)kereu-;
Latin curvus `crooked, writhed, crooked, humped, arched' (forms -u̯o-); cortīna `round
vessel, kettle; the Dreifuß Apollos with dem kettle darauf; Himmelswölbung'; from a
participle *kr̥-to- ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' derived;
Middle Irish cor, Akk. Pl. curu `Kreise', cymr. cor-wynt, bret. cor-uent `turbo';
russ. kórtočki Pl. f. `crouching, cowering position ', klr. kortáty śa `sich durchhelfen,
rackern' (if `* crook oneself '? compare gr. κυρτός).
α) guttural extensions:
ker-k-, besides kir-

ker- kir-k- (from redupl. *ki-kro-) and (s)krek-
krek-:
Doubtful Old Indic kŕ̥kāṭa- n. ` neck joint ', kr̥ka- m. (uncovered) `larynx';
Maybe alb. grykë ` throat ' (common alb. k- > g- common gutturals Celtic Baltic).
gr. κίρκος m. `ring' (κιρκόω ` tie with a ring'), usually (from Homer) κρίκος (in addition
κιρσός, κρισσός, Doric κριξός m. Poll. Hes. `Krampfader' as `vortretende Aderringe'); Latin
circus `Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. the (round) racecourse ', preposition
circum `ringsumher etc', circā (after suprā, extrā); the Umbrian name of a month kurc̨lasiu
as ` circulāriō '?;
(s)krek- in Low German schrēge, schräge, Middle High German schræge ` slantwise ',
(s)krek-
Middle Low German Middle High German schrage ` kreuzweisestehende Holzfüße '; klr.
kórkuš m. ` nape ', korkoši Pl. ` underarms, armpits ', Czech krk ` neck ' etc. (compare
above Old Indic kr̥ka-); Church Slavic sъ-krъčiti `pull together', russ. kórču, -itь ds., ` face
cut ', kórča, korč `cramp', okorča `crooked part of sledge', Czech dial. krkoška `knag in
wood', krkva `wrinkle, crease ' etc.; also wruss. korch `fist' etc. from *kъrk-so-?;
(s)krenk-: presumably russ. krjákatь ` take another turn ', krjač ` wood toggle ',
nasalized (s)krenk-
krjáčitь ` fasten '; Church Slavic kručina (*krǫčina) `χολέρα, epilepsia', sloven. u-kroknem, -
niti ` crook oneself ', u-kročiti ds., Czech kručina `broom', poln. kręcz (*krǫčь) ` turn one's
head, rotate one's head; confuse, whirl one's head around, dizziness, giddiness; swindle;
(old) tetanus ';
with -g-: (s)ker-

(s)ker-g-.
Norwegian hork (Old Icelandic *hǫrk f.) ` Weidenband ', dial. also ` wrinkled woman',
herkja `tie together', hurkl `bumpiness, knag', harkal ` gnarled '; russ. korgá ` crippled tree
', koržávyj `verschrumpft, withered, hard' (etc.);
nasalized (s)kreng-
(s)kreng-: Old Icelandic hrøkkva (hrǫkk) `sich kräuseln, crook, shrivel up,
shrink' (*hrenkwan), Kaus. hrøkkva `bind, wrap, frill, friz ' (*krankwjan), Danish rynke `
furrow ', Old Icelandic hrukka, Middle High German runke `wrinkle'; m. anlaut sk- Old
Icelandic skrukka ` wrinkled woman', Norwegian skrukk `wrinkle', Swedish skrynka ` furrow
', Old English scrincan ` shrink up, verschrumpfen, wither', Middle Low German schrinken `
shrink up '; Gaelic sgreang `wrinkle' is perhaps Old English loanword;
as `verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten': Middle Low German Middle High German
schrank(e) `Gitter, fence, lock ', Modern High German Schrank, Schranke, Middle Low
German Middle High German schrenken `verschränken, beschränken, hinder'; Old High
German scranc `deceit', screnchan `to collapse bringen', Old English screncan èin leg
place, cheat, deceive';
(s)kregh-, nasalized: (s)krengh-:

(s)kregh-
Umbrian cringatro, krenkatrum, krikatru ` a girding '; urgem. *hrengaz in Finnish rengas,
Old Icelandic hringr, Old English Old Saxon Old High German hring `ring', Old Icelandic
hringja `small round vessel' and `clasp, hairpin ' = Old High German rinka, Old English
hringe `clasp, hairpin ', Old High German Old Saxon hringon `ringeln, einen circle build '; in
addition probably as `Rundstab', Gothic hrugga `staff', Old English hrung f. ` rung,
horizontal step on a ladder, Speiche', engl. rung ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder ',
Middle Low German Middle High German runge `Wagenrunge'; Old Church Slavic krǫgъ `
circle ', Church Slavic kruglъ, okruglъ ` round ' etc.;
β) Dental extension kert-

kert- `turn', see above S. 584 f.
γ) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)- (s)kremb- `turn' see below esp. headword.

(s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb-
B. i-basis (s)krei-
(s)krei-:
Latin scrinium `rollenförmige Kapsel, shrine' (*round container);
Lithuanian skriejù (for *skrejù), skriẽti ìn Kreise bewegen, fly in circle ', Latvian skrìenu
(skreju), skrìet `run, fly', Old Lithuanian skrelis ` wing ', Old Church Slavic krilo (*krī-dlo-) n.
`wing'; Lithuanian kreĩvas `winded, slant, skew', East Lithuanian kraĩvas `slant, skew', apý-
kraivis ` writhed, crooked, humped ', ablaut. krìvis `schief gewachsener Mensch'; Old
Prussian grēiwa-kaulin Akk. ` rib ' (`krummer bone'; dissim. from krēiwa-kaulin), russ. (etc.)
kriv `crooked', Old Church Slavic razkriviti `crook'; Latvian krails ` bent, curved, writhed,
crooked, humped '; Latvian kreĩlis `Linkhand', ḱeĩris (dissim. from *kreiris) ds., Lithuanian
kairỹs ds. (dissim. from *krairỹs); Old Church Slavic krinica `vessel, crock, pitcher', okrinъ `
paten ', russ. kriníca `Kufe, stream, brook, wellspring';
α) With Dentalen:
(s)krei-t-: Latin crīsō, -āre `with den Schenkeln wackeln (beim Beischlaf; from the wife,
(s)krei-
woman)', *creitsō or *crītsō; Middle Irish crith `Zittern, fever', cymr. cryd ` cradle, fever',
with s-: ysgryd, bret. skrija `vor fear tremble'; Old Icelandic hrīð f. ` attack, storm;
Zwischenzeit, period (of time) ', Old English hrīÞ f. `storm', Old High German (h)rīdōn
`tremble', ablaut. (h)rit(t)o `fever', Old English hrið `fever', Old Icelandic hreiðr n. `nest'
(`*wickerwork'); from dem concept the bogenförmigen Bewegung is verständlich Old
Icelandic skrīða `sich langsam vorwärts bewegen, grovel, truckle, creep ' (from Würmern),
Old English scrīÞan, Old Saxon scrīthan and skrīdan, Old High German scrītan ` march,
step, stride, strut', Old High German scrit ` footstep ', Old Icelandic skriðr `run, flow,
Vorwärtsschreiten', Old English scriÞe, scride m. `run, flow', skrid n. ` cart '; Latvian kraitât
`lurch'; Lithuanian skriečiù, skriẽsti `turn, slue in circle ', skrýtis ` rim of the wheel ', Old
Prussian scritayle ds., Lithuanian apskritùs ` round ', skritulỹs ` circle, kneecap ', Latvian
skritulis `wheel', Lithuanian skritinỹs `ball, Globus'.
(s)kreid-
(s)kreid-:
Lithuanian skrindù, skrìsti `fly, kreisen', skridinė́ti `kreisen (from birds)', skrýdauti ìn
Kreise gehn', skriedžiù, skriẽsti `fly', skraidaũ, -ýti `hin and her in circle fly', skraidùs `quick,
fast'; Latvian skraidelêt ùmherlaufen', skrìedinât ` set in motion '.
β) With Labialen: (s)kreip-

(s)kreip-:
Old Icelandic hreife m. `wrist', hreifa `swing'; Lithuanian kreipiù, kreipti ` turn ', kraipaũ, -
ýti, Iter. krypstù, krỹpti `sich drehen'; Old Church Slavic skrěnja `εὐτραπελία, scurrilitas'
(*skroipni̯ā); Slavic *krě(p)sъ (*kroip-so-) in Old Church Slavic vъz-krěšǫ, -iti àuferstehen
let (from den Toten)', Church Slavic krěsъ m. `τροπή, temporum mutatio', serb. krȉjes `
Johannisfeuer '; ablaut. Old Church Slavicvъs-krьsnǫti àuferstehen'.
(s)kreib-: Old Icelandic hrip n. ` wooden vessel', Middle English rip `creel', Old High
(s)kreib-
German href ` pannier '(originally ` the twisted '); Latvian kribas Pl. `netting in sled '.
s-extension (s)krei-
(s)krei-s-, esp. from `vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake'.
Middle Irish cressaim `shake, swing, brandish' (*kristō);
Gothic af-, us-hrisjan àb-, ausschütteln', Old English Old Saxon hrissan `to shake,
tremble'; Old Icelandic hrīs n. ` shrubbery, rod', Old English hrīs n. `twig, branch, rod', Old
High German hrīs `rod, rod, deadwood, shrubbery, bush'; Norwegian risla `bush, twig,
branch, treetop eines Baumes; ear ', Swedish ressna `(Hopfen)ranke', ressn `Docke
gehechelten Flachses' etc.; Latin crīnis `hair, esp. hair of the head ' (*crisnis, compare:)
cris-ta `the comb am Kopfe the animal', Old Icelandic hrista `shake', Middle Low German
risten `flax, wattle, braid'; Old High German rīsta, Modern High German Reiste
`zusammengedrehter tussock, bundle generally '; with ĭ: Low German riste, risse ds.,
Dutch riste (and rijste) also `Traubenkamm, Rispe, row'; Old Prussian craysi ` stem ', crays
`hay';
here as p-derivative also: Latin crispus ` frizzy, sich kräuselnd, vibrierend', crispō, -āre `
frill, friz, swing', intr. `tremble', gall. PN. Crixos, cymr. crych ` frizzy ', bret. crech ds.; Middle
High German rispen ` frill, friz ', rispeln ds., rispe `Gezweig, shrubbery ', Old High German
hrispahi `virgultum', Modern High German Rispe `deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle,
büschliger Blütenstand', in the Weberei èine gewisse Lage the Fäden', engl. dial. risp `
stalk from Schlingflanzen, tendril '.
C. u-basis (s)kreu-
(s)kreu-:
compare above S. 935 to gr. κορωνός; acymr. crunn, mcymr. crwnn, fem. cronn,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), abret. cron ` round ', Middle Irish cruind ` round ', zur
basic form *krundi, compare gr. κοκρυν-δακοί κυλλοί;
sloven. krúliti ` mutilate, rings behacken', serb. krùljav `lame, crippled ', poln. królić (for
krulić) ` furrow ';
compare also Old Indic karū́-kara- m. `whirl of Halses and Rückgrates';
(s)kreu-k-: Old Indic kruñcati (Dhātup.) `krümmt sich'; Latin crux `Marterholz'
k-extension (s)kreu-
(originally `round picket, pole'); Irish crūach f. `heap, barn, haystack, hill', gall. *krouka `
acme, apex ', worfrom *krōkka, krūk(k)a ds. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), cymr. crug m.
`cippus, tumulus', corn. abret. cruc `hill', nbret. crug, abrit.-Latin Penno-crucium PN.; Old
Icelandic hryggr `backbone, spine', Old English hrycg, Old Saxon hruggi, Old High German
(h)rukki `back'; Old Icelandic hrūga f. `heap', hraukr `heap', Old English hrēac `Kornhaufe',
Dutch rook ds., changing through ablaut Old English cornhrycce f. `Korndieme', engl. rick
ds.; Lithuaniankriáuklė `Meerschnecke', kriáuklas ` rib '; Latvian kruknêt ` writhed, crooked,
humped sit';
A t-extension seems krū̆t- `Körperwölbung' above S. 624.
References: WP. II 568 ff., WH. I 220 f., 233 f., 279 f., 317 f., 293, 296 f., Trautmann 140
f., 267 f., Loth RC. 43, 416 f.
Page(s): 935-938
(s)ker-4, (s)kerǝ
Root / lemma: (s)ker- (s)kerǝ-, (s)krē-
(s)krē-
Meaning: to cut
Material: I. A. Old Indic ava-, apa-skara- ` excrement (Ausscheidung)'; kr̥ṇāti, kr̥ṇōti `
injures, slays ' (lex.), utkīrṇa- àusgeschnitten, eingeritzt', samutkīrṇa- `durchbohrt'; Old
Indic cárman-, Avestan čarǝman- `fell, fur, skin'; presumably Old Indic kr̥vi- (unbel.) èin
Webergerät' (: russ. dial. červь `sickle', Lithuanian kir̃vis àxe' (?);
Armenian kòrem Ì scratch', kèrem `scratch, scrape ';
gr. κείρω (κερῶ, ἐκάρην, κέκαρμαι, καρτός) ` abscise; shave, shear; abfressen', κέρμα n.
` schnitzel, small coin', κορμός m. `(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk', κορμάζω
`zerstückle'; κόρις m. `bedbug' (= russ. korь f. ` moth ': ìncisive, biting, zerbeißend'); Gen.
καρός `Nichts' in τίω δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, compare also καριμοίρους τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾳ
μοίρᾳ... Hes., further ἀκαρί n. `mite', ἀκαρής, ἀκαριαῖος `tiny', Hes.; ìncisive' seems die
basic meaning from κάρνος and κάρ `louse' Hes.; to latter perhaps κάρον, κάρος `Kümmel'
(from the Ähnlichkeit of Kümmelkornes with a louse); with gr. κώρυκος `leather sack'
compare Irish curach `Hautboot', cymr. corwg, cwrwg ds. from *kŏrukos; compare further
Old Icelandic hǫrr `Leinenkleid', Old High German harra `sack, bag'; with a meaning
`schneidender derision, ridicule' here κέρτομος `höhnend', κερτομέω `höhne, lästere' (*κερ-
στομος èin Lästermaul habend'? in 1. part ein root noun [s]ker-, or ein -[e]s-stem *ker-s-);
σκέραφος, κέραφος `reprimand' Hes., σκέρ-βολος λοίδορος, σκερβολεῖ ἀπατᾳ Hes.,
σκερβόλλω ` abuse, revile ';
alb. hirrë f. ` whey ' (*sker-nā; the h after harr); Lidén KZ. 61, 9 f.;
alb. sh-kjer `reiße apart', harr (*skor-n-) `cut, bite from, jäte', tsharɛ `spoil, verwüsten,
sich separate', tshartës `Scharfrichter', lengthened grade korr, kuarr (*kēr-n-ō) ` schneide
ab, harvest ';
Latin corium ` thick skin, bag, leather'; carō, carnis f. `flesh', originally ` slice of meat ' as
Pl. carnēs; Umbrian karu `part', Dat. karne, Abl. Pl. karnus `carnibus', Oscan carneis
`partis'; Umbrian kartu `distribuito'; Latin curtus ` abbreviated, mutilated' (*kr̥-tó-);
Old Irish scar(a)im (*skerā-mi) Ì slit, separate', cymr. ysgar `Trennen', gwa-sgar
`scatter'; Kaus.-iterative Old Irish scu(i)rim `spanne die Pferde ab', scor ` paddock for
abgespannte Zugtiere'; auf a to-participle in addition based on Middle Irish aurscartad
(*air-uss-scart-) `Fegen, Reinigen', diuscart(a)im (*dī-uss-scart-) èntferne'; cymr. ysgarthu,
dyscarthu `clean', ysgarth `rubbish, Spülicht', carthen `purgatoria' ; Middle Irish scairt `net
um die intestines, phren'; Irish cert `small'; nicht certainly covered is Middle Irish coire
`sword' (see below Gothic haírus); Irish curach, cymr. corwg, cwrwg `Hautboot' to gr.
κώρυκος? see above;
Old Icelandic skera `cut, clip, prick, abmachen', Old High German sceran `shave, shear,
abscise ', Old English scieran ds., Old Saxon sker-sahs ` shearing knife '; Old High
German scero ` mole ', Modern High German Schermaus, Norwegian vatn-skjer
`Spitzmaus' (compare under Old English scierfe-mūs `Spitzmaus'); Kaus.-Iter. Old High
German scerian, Old Saxon skerjan, Old English scierian àllot, decide, define, ordain,
determine'; Old Icelandic skǫr f. `hair; edge; end', Old English scearu f. `das
Haarschneiden; allotment ', Old High German scara `Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude,
crowd etc.', Middle Low German schare f. ds. (out of it Old Icelandicskǫr f., skari m. `troop,
multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'); with not clear meaning-development Old High German
haram-skara, Old Saxon harm-skara, Old English hearm-scearu ` punishment, plague';
Old High German scar, scaro m., scara f. ` plowshare ', Old English scear m. n. ds.,
Norwegian skere (*skarjan-) ds.; Old Icelandic sker n. (*skarja-) `cliff' (out of it Middle Low
German schere f. `Felszacke, cliff', Modern High German Schäre); ablaut. Old English
score `(felsiges) seashore, Küste', scorian òverhang, from Klippen ', Middle Low German
schore, schare `Küste, bank, border, shore', next to which with -rr-: Old High German
scorra `schroffer rock', scorrēn ` jut, project, protrude, stick out, from rocks or bone';
Old Icelandic skarðr ` damages, verstummelt, verringert', Old Saxon skard `zerhauen,
verwundet', Old High German scart, Middle High German schart `zerhauen, schartig', Old
English sceard ds., Old Icelandic skarð n. `notch, hole, lack, damage, pity', Middle High
German Modern High German scharte, Old English sceard n. `piece, fragment', ablaut.
Old Icelandic skorða f. `cloven staff', àm oberen end cloven pad' (compare in similar
meaning Middle Low German schore, schare `Strebepfahl, pad' = engl. shore);
Old Icelandic skor f. ` incision, incisure, crack', Middle Low German schore m. ds., nnd.
schör, schär `frail, breakable, brittle ';
Old Icelandic skyr n. (*skurja-) ` coagulated milk' (: skera-sk `sich divide = curdle,
coagulate, harden '); skurðr m. `das Schneiden'; Old High German skerm, skirm `shield
(`*of skin'), protection, Bedeckung', Middle High German scherm, schirm, Old High
German skirmen (*skirmjan), Old Saxon biskirmian `beschirmen';
s-loose perhaps Old Icelandic hǫrund n. `flesh'; Middle High German häre, härwer `herb'
('incisive of taste'; proto Germanic *har-wa in Finnish karvas `herb'); Gothic haírus, Old
Icelandic hjǫrr, Old English heoru, Old Saxon heru m. `sword' (see above Middle Irish
coire);
lengthened grade Old High German scār, scāra, Pl. scāri `scissors', Old Saxon skāra f.
ds., Old English scēar `Pflugscher', Pl. scerero, Old Icelandic skǣri n. Pl. `scissors', hrǣ-
skǣrr ìn Leichen hackend (eagle)'; Middle High German schuor f. ` fleece ', Old Icelandic
skø̄ra `fight, struggle';
Lithuanian skiriù, skìrti, Latvian šḱir̃t `separate, divide', Lithuanian karnà f. `linden bast ',
Latvian àizkar̂t `feel; touch on'; Lithuanian kę̃ra, kẽro, kérti `sich loslösen'; skarà `scrap,
shred, rag'; Old Prussian kērmens `body' (see below); Lithuanian kir̃vis, Latvian cirvis
àxe'; presumably of concept the abgespaltenen dandruff, flaky scales of skin from:
Lithuanian karaĩ Pl. `Steinpocken' (Slavic loanword?), prakarùs `maserig, of wood';
russ. korь f. ` measles ' and ` moth ' (`*Schererin'); Old Russian kora `bark', russ. etc.
korá `bark, crust'; whereof among others Church Slavic koricę Pl. `Zimt', russ. koríca ds.,
kórka `bowl, bark, crust', korětь `hard become', Bulgarian koráv ` stiff, hard', serb. o-kòreti
se ` stiff, hard become' etc. (Old Church Slavic korьcъ à measure of capacity ', russ.
koréc `Mühlkasten; scoop etc.', slov. korec `Körbchen '; perhaps to Old Indic carú- ` kettle '
etc., s. kʷer-);
Maybe alb. kore `bowl, bark, crust' a Slavic loanword.
russ. dial. červь `sickle' (= Lithuanian kir̃vis, Old Indic kr̥vi-, see above); Balto Slavic
*kermen- and keru̯a- n. `belly, body' in Old Prussian kērmens m. `body'; Slavic *červo n. in
Old Church Slavic črěvo `lower abdomen, belly', russ. čerëvo ds. etc. (originally
àusgeschnittene Tiereingeweide'); doubtful Old Church Slavic črěvьjь `sandal', russ. old
čerevьji Pl. `Schuhe' etc. (*`skin, leather'?);
Church Slavic krъnъ `mutilated', okrъniti àmputieren', russ. dial. kórnyj `from kleinem
growth, short', kornátь `stutzen', (etc. = Old Indic -kīrṇa-); presumably (as àbgeschnittene
shaft, pole') Old Church Slavic krъma ` rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes', r. kormá
`Schiffshinterteil' etc.; perhaps r.-Church Slavic črěnъ `Handgriff', russ. čéren ` haft, Stiel,
handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfen'.
B. Dental extensions:
α) (s)ker-
(s)ker-d-:
Illyrian Scordus (mons), Σκάρδον (ὄρος) : Lithuanian skardùs `steep' see below (Jokl,
Eberts Reallex. 6, 37); Old Irish scerdid `kratzt ab';
Maybe alb. (*skord-) kodrë `hill'
after the divided Wurzelknollen: gr. σκόρ(ο)δον n. ` garlic ', alb. hurdhë, hudhrë ds.
(*skord-);
Maybe alb. hurdhe ` ivy', hurdhë ` pond, pool' (from ` steep shore?)'.
Old High German scherze, scherzel ` sliced piece'; Old High German scurz `short'
(Middle High German schürzen `kürzen', schurz `gekürztes garment', Modern High
German Schurz, Schürze), Old English scort `short', scortian `kürzer become, blunder,
lack' (scyrte f. `Schurz, shirt'; engl. short `short', shirt `shirt'), Old Icelandic skorta ` blunder,
lack', skort n., skortr m. `lack';
with other the vowel Stellung (influence of Germanic *skraut-, *skrut-?) Middle Low
German schratelen `carve, slit';
maybe alb. (*scyrte) shkurt `short'
Note:
Illyrian TN Scordisci meant: ` men with shirts, kilts (like women)' hence alb. (*skodra) kodra
'hill' actually meant: '(*short) low mountain, low hill' [common drop of initial s- in alb. sk > k]
Lithuanian skerdžiù, sker̃sti `( swine) slaughter ', Latvian šḱę̄ržu, šḱe'rst `split, lacerate',
Lithuanian skérdžiu, skérdėti `Risse bekommen', ablaut. skardýti `schroten'; skardùs
`steep', skar̃dis m. ` steep bank, border, shore' (see above Illyrian Scordus), skurdùs
`painful', nu-skur̃des `zerlumpt', East Lithuanian skurstù, skur̃sti `lack suffer, bear, endure';
Latvian skārdît `split up, cut up, divide', Lithuanian suskir̃dusios kójos àufgesprungene
Füße', Old Prussian scurdis `Bicke, Mühleisen', Old Church Slavic o-skrъdъ m. `tool zum
Behauen the stone ', russ. oskórd `big hatchet', skorodá `harrow', Czech oskrd `Mühleisen,
pointed hammer '; nasalized Lithuanian skrándas ` aged Pelz', skrañdis `Viehmagen',
Latvian skrandas Pl. `rag, clout', Old Prussian scrundos Pl. `scissors'.
About sker-dh- see below esp. headword.
β) (s)ker-
(s)ker-t-, (s)kre-
(s)kre-t-:
Old Indic kr̥ntáti newer kartati `cuts, slices' = Avestan kǝrǝntaiti (besides kǝrǝnaoiti =
Old Indic kr̥ṇōti, above S. 938) `cuts, slices; schindet'; participle Perf. Pass. kr̥ttá- (Avestan
-kǝrǝsta-); Old Indic kartanam `das Schneiden', kr̥tí- m. or f. `knife', Avestan karǝti- `knife',
npers. kārd ds.; Old Indic karta- m. `separation, Unterscheidung', kartá- m. `pit, pothole,
hole' (kāṭá `depth, ground' out of it Middle Indic development), perhaps Avestan -kaša-
`bay'; es can partizipiale to-formations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; Old
Indic kŕ̥tti- f. `fell, fur', ni-kr̥tti- `Niedermetzlung'; Old Indic kŕ̥tvaḥ `...Male', -kŕ̥t e.g.sa-kŕ̥t,
Avestan ha-kǝrǝt̃ ònce', originally `with a Hieb', as in Old Indic sakr̥d-āchinná- àuf
einmalabgetrennt', Avestan hakǝrǝt̃-jan- àuf einmal tötend' (compare Old Church Slavic
kratъ `mal', Lithuanian kar̃tas ds.);
Old Indic kaṭu- (mi. from *kart-u-) `(*incisive) sharp, biting' (: Lithuanian kartùs `bitter');
Armenian kèrtèm `pull die skin ab, schäle ab';
alb. kjëth ` shear ' (*kertō);

Maybe alb. kjeth, qeth `shear' derived from Polish czesać `comb'.
Latin cortex `bark, scab ', scortum `fell, fur, Tierhaut, whore ', cēna `meal' = Oscan
kersnu `cēna', kerssnaís `cēnis' (*kert-snā `share'); Umbrian śesna `cēnam', c̨ersnatur
`cēnāti';
Old High German herdo `vellus', Old English heorda m. `fell, fur', Modern High German
Swiss herde, härde `sheep- or goatskin '; Old English herðan Pl. `testicles' (`*Hautsack';
from *haruÞjan) with other the vowel Stellung Old Icelandic hreðjar Pl. `Hodensack';
Maybe alb. herdhe ` testicles '.
perhaps here also Gothic hairÞra, Old High German herdar n., Old English hreðer m. `
intestines, entrails '; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in Middle Low German schrāt (-d-)
èin in the Länge abgeschnittenes piece', schrāden ` abscise ', schrāt (-d-) ` slantwise
(eine other Linieschneidend)'; at most to-participle to basis skrē-;
nasalized (Germanic *skrenÞ-, compare Old Indic kr̥ntati): Old High German skrindan, -
tan `break, crack, Risse bekommen', Norwegian skrinda ` incisure '; zero grade Old High
German scrunda, -ta `col, gap, crack', Modern High German Schrund(e), Norwegian
skrunda `hutch'; with gradation Middle High German schranz(e) `crack, slit, geschlitztes
garment ' (Old High German *scrantussa, compare scruntussa `crack'); west Frisian
schrander `sharp' (from reason), etc.; without s-: Middle Low German uprinden
àufbersten' (from Wunden);
Lithuanian kertù kir̃sti `haue sharp, schlage violent', kir̃stas `beaten', Latvian cę̄r̀ tu, cìrst
`hew, hit, hack'; Lithuanian kir̃tis `Hieb', Old Prussian kirtis ds., Lithuanian ker̃slas
Àderlaßeisen' (*kert-s-lo-), besides ker̃stas `Lanzette'; Old Prussian kersle `hoe, axe' (=
russ. čéresló etc.); Lithuanian karsa `cave'(*kartsā), Lithuanian kartùs, Old Prussian Nom.
Pl. kārtai `bitter'; Old Prussian scordo (consigns stordo) `Schwarte' i.e. `menschliche
Kopfhaut' (Baltic *skartā); Lithuanian kertùkas `Spitzmaus' (: klr. čertéć `große dormouse ',
compare of simple *sker- Old High German scero ` mole ' etc.); Lithuanian kar̃tas `mal',
víens kart víens èinmal eins', Latvian viênkā̀ršs `simple, just' (see above to Old Indic
kŕ̥tvas, -kr̥t), Lithuanian kartà ` position, layer ', Latvian kā̀rta òrder, layer, position ';
Lithuanian kirtas ` lair (of an animal) ';
as ` sliced piece of wood ' Lithuanian kártis ` shaft, pole', Latvian kãrts ds., Old Prussian
kartano f. ds.; Baltic *karta- `trough' (out of it Finnish kartta ds.) in Old Prussian pra-cartis
m. ds., Lithuanian prã-kartas ds.; besides proto Slavic. *karūta- n. `trough, trough' in
Church Slavic koryto àlveus', russ. korýto `trough, trough' etc.; with through das nasal
present bedingter other the vowel Stellung Lithuanian krintù, kritaũ, krìsti ` fall down, of
leaves, of fruits ' (compare Old Indic kr̥ntátram `cleft, gap, col, gap, Zerklüftung ');
Old Church Slavic na-črъtati ` ὑπογράψαι ', russ.-Church Slavic črъtu, črěsti `cut, clip',
russ. old o-čeresti èine limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine' (etc.);
Maybe alb. kris ` crack, break', krismë ` shot, strike ' a Slavic loanword.
klr. čertéć `big, giant dormouse ' (compare above to Lithuanian kertùkas); klr. čeresló,
poln. trzosɫo `Pflugmesser, Sech', sloven. črė́slo, Czech tříslo `Gerberlohe'; perhaps russ.
old čerešča, Middle Bulgarian (ablaut.) o-črьšta, o-črъšta `tent' (if `from Fellen or bark',
*k(e)rst-i̯-ā, compare Old Indic kŕ̥t-ti-); perhaps russ. (etc.) čerët ` reed ' (from den piercing
leaves); Church Slavic kratъ-kъ (= Old Indic kaṭu-, Lithuanian kartùs), russ. korótkij `short'
(etc.); Old Church Slavic sъ-kraštǫ, -kratiti ` shorten; sich short fassen, endigen'; Old
Church Slavic kratъ in tri kraty ` thrice, three times ' etc., poln. trzy-kroć ds. (etc., see
above to Lithuanian kar̃tas `mal');
Hittite kartāi- ` abscise, beseitigen'.
About perhaps cognate words for `quer' see below *skert-s- `quer'.
C. guttural extension:
*krok-no- in cymr. croen `skin', Pl. crwyn, acorn. croin ds.; croinoc `rubeta' > corn.
cronek `crapaud' besides *krok-inā in gall.-Latin crocina `mastruca', Old Church Slavic
kruzno, russ. korzno ds.; out of it borrowed Old High German krusina, kursinna (wherefore
Modern High German Kürschner), Old Frisian kersna, Late Old English crus(e)ne ` fur skirt
', Middle Latin crusina; *krokkeno- in Middle Irish crocann, nir. croiceann `skin', bret.
kroc'hen, mcorn. crōghen ds.
D. Labial extensions:
α) (s)kerb/h/-
(s)kerb/h/-, (s)kreb(h)-
(s)kreb(h)-:
Middle Irish cerb `sharp, incisive', cer(b)aim `cut, bite';
Old English sceorpan `scratch, scrape, gnaw ' (probably also `*cut, clip', compare
sceorp `dress'); Old Icelandic skarpr èingeschrumpft, lean, strong, sharp', Old English
scearp, Old Saxon skarp `sharp, rough, bitter', Old High German scarf, scarph, Middle
High German scharf, -pf `rough, incisive'; Old High German skurfen, scurphen, Middle
High German schür(p)fen `lacerate, disembowel, (fire) anschlagen', Modern High German
schürfen;
Balto Slavic *skirbā f. ` cleft ' (*skerbhā) in Latvian šḱir̃ba f. ` cleft, col, gap', ablaut.
šḱerbala and skarba f. `splinter' and skar̂bs (= Modern High German `scharf') `sharp,
rough'; in addition Lithuanian skirbti ` sour become', Latvian šḱerbs `herb, sour'; Slavic
*ščьrbъ m., *ščьrba f. in poln. szczerb m. `notch, incisure ', slov. ščr̂b `schartig', ščŕba `
notch' etc.; russ. ščerbá f. `crack, notch, scar';
Maybe alb shkarpë, pl. shkarpa ` piece of wood'.
Balto Slavic *skurbā (*skorbhā) in Lithuanian žem. skur̃bti `be in woefulness ', skur̃bė f.
`ruefulness', Latvian skùrbstu, skùrbt ` senseless, unconscious become'; Slavic *skъrba f.
in slov. *škŕba ` notch, dental gap ', also Slavic skъrbь f. in Old Church Slavic skrъbь,
russ.-Church Slavic skъrbь, serb. skr̂b, russ. skorbь `ruefulness, care ', skórbnutь `wither,
wilt, mortify', slov. skrbẹ́ti `care for, worry';
Latin scrobis m. f. `pit, pothole'; Old English screpan `scratch, scrape', Middle High
German schreffen stem V. ` rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape'; Old Icelandic skrapa (*skrapōn)
`scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape', Middle Low German schrapen ds., Middle High German
schraffen `die skin ritzen, schröpfen', schrapfe (*skrappṓ) `tool zum Kratzen', whereof
schrapfen ` curry ', Middle Low German schrappen `scrape, scratch, scrape'; Middle High
German schrepfen (*skrapjan), Modern High German `schröpfen';
Lithuanian skrebė́ti `rustle, sough, rustle', Latvian skrabt `hollow out, scratch, scrape,
scrape', skrabinât `benagen', skribinât ds. (neologism from *skrebinat); Lithuanian
átskrabai m. Pl. òffal'; russ.-Church Slavico-skrebъ ` worn out habend', russ. skrebú,
skrestí (skrestь, also skrebátь) `scrape, scratch, scrape', Iterat. Czech škrabati `scratch,
scrape';
with reduced grade: cymr. crafu `scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten'; Latvian kribinât
àbnagen';
lengthened grade: skrēb skrō h-, with r-suffix the name the hornbeam (after the
skrē h-, skrōb
sawed leaf): alb. shko-zë (*skrēbh-r-), Old Prussian scober-wis (*skrōbher-), Lithuanian
skrúoblas (*skrōbh-ro-), newer skroblùs, but Latvian (with secondary ā) skābardis,
skābarde (*skrōbhar-) ` red beech ', s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare Lithuanian
skir̃pstas under S. 945;
zero grade gr. σκαρφᾶσθαι σκεδάννυσθαι Hes.;

compare also gerbh-, above S. 386, and cymr. cramen S. 945.
β) (s)kerp-
(s)kerp-, (s)krep-
(s)krep-:
Old Indic kr̥pāṇa- m. `sword', kr̥pāṇī f. `scissors, dagger'; karpara- n. `shard' m. `bowl,
cranium' (: Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium', Old Church Slavic črěpъ `shard', Old High
German scirbi `shard');
alb. karpë, karmë (*korp-n-) `rock, cliff' (compare Latin saxum : secō; insecure krep,
shkrep `rock, slope'); in addition thrak. Καρπάτης ὄρος `Carpathians';
gr. καρπός `fruit' (` sliced, picked '), καρπίζομαι, καρπόομαι ` harvest '; κρώπιον `sickle'
(Indo Germanic *krōp-); with s- probably σκορπίος ` scorpion, a thorny sea fish ';
Latin carpō, -ere ` pluck, pick ', originally ` detach ', gloss. scarpo i.e. excarpo ` eligo ',
scarpinat ` scripithaen ' (Old English `die hen scharrt'); carpinus ` hornbeam ' etc. (after the
sawed blade); compare Hittite karpina- à tree';
Middle Irish corrán `sickle', cirrim ` chop, mutilate ' (-rr- from -rp-) perhaps Irish corr,
cymr. cor `cusp, peak' (: σκορπίος);
Old High German herbist, Old English hærfest àutumn' (`time of the picking, harvest';
probably a superlative *karpistos ` suitable best of all for the picking '); Old Icelandic harfr
m. herfi n. `harrow';
with s-: Old English sceorfan stem V. ` bite, erode ', gesceorfan `tear, scrape'; scyrft `
the cutting, the edges ', Old High German scirbi, Middle High German schirbe, later
scherbe `shard (*sharp - edged, incisive); head, skull ' (see above to Old Indic karpara-),
Middle Low German scherve `bowl'; Old High German scerf, Middle Low German scherf `
half a pfennig, smallest scabbard coin ', Modern High German Scherflein; Old English
scearfian (*skarƀōn) `scrape, tear' = Middle Low German scharven (besides scherven from
*skarƀjan) ` cut into small pieces ', Old High German scarbōn ds., Middle Low German
scharf `shard', Old Icelandic skarfr ` sloping end piece ', Norwegian skarv `cliff';
maybe alb. shkrep `cliff, rock', shkrif `soften'?
with other vocal result: Old High German screvōn ` carve ', Middle Low German schreve
m. `line (`* Ritzung '), line', Swedish skreva ` cliff gap ', Old Icelandic skref n. ` footstep '
(`*cleft, gap'); Old English scræf `cave', Middle High German schraf, schrave ` cleft rocky
cliff ', Middle Low German schravel `spiky, brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep ';
Middle High German scrove, schroffe m. ` pointed (*piercing) stone, cliff', back formation
Modern High German Adj. schroff ` brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep '
as ` rimose, rough skin ' here the Post-verbal Old Icelandic skurfa f. `scurf, scab',
Swedish skorf, Old English skurf, scēorf m. `scurf, scab, crust, eschar ' (to scēorfan, see
above), Old High German scorf ds. (besides Norwegian skorpa `crust', Middle High
German besides schorf also schorpf from geminated *skorp[p]-), compare Lithuanian
kárpa ` wart ', Latvian kãrpa, kārpis ds.;
Lithuanian kerpù, kir̃pti `with the Schere cut', Iterat. karpýti, atkarpaĩ, ãtkarpos `
schnitzel'; krapštýti `scratch, stochern' (onomatopoeic word?); Latvian cę̄̀rpu, cìrpt `shave,
shear', cir̃pe f. `sickle'; Iterat. kā̀rpît `scratch, die Erde aufwerfen' (compare Old Norse
harfr, herfi); Old Prussian kerpetis `cranium' (compare Old Indic karpara-);
with s-: Latvian šḱērpêt `lawn cut', šḱērpis `Pflugmesser', šḱērpele `wooden splinter',
šḱirpta ` notch'; with zero grade i: Lithuanian skir̃pstas `Rüster', Old Prussian skerptus ds.
(after den gesägten leaves), Lithuanian skir̃pstus `Rotbuche';
Old Church Slavic črěpъ `shard' (in den neueren Slavic Sprachen partly also `cranium');
presumably also proto Slavic *čъrpǫ, čer(p)ti in Old Church Slavic črъpǫ, črěti ` scoop '
(`with a shard Wasser scoop '); russ. dial. čerp `sickle' probably contaminated from červ
and serp m. ds.;
compare also kerǝp- `rag' above S. 581.
E. (s)krē- (s)krǝ-m-:
(s)krē-m-, (s)krǝ
cymr. cramen f. `scurf, scab' (with -mm-), bret. crammen, cremmen ds. (das -mm-
expressive or from *-b-m-); Middle Irish screm f. ` surface, skin' (with -mm-);
Old Franconian *scramasaks in `cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant' (Gregor
v. Tours), compare also scramis (besides scutis, spatis, lanceis, sagittis) in the Lex
Visigothorum; Middle High German schram f.` scratch, Schwertwunde', m. ` cliff crack,
hole', schramen `tear open'; besides with mm : Middle Low German schram (-mm-) m. `
cleft, incisure ', schramme f. ` cleft, scratch ' (out of it Modern High German Schramme);
ablaut. Old Icelandic skrāma `wound, scratch; axe';
Lithuanian krãmas, Latvian krama ` crust, scab, eschar '; Lithuanian krim̃sti ` gnaw,
plague', Latvian krìmst ` gnaw, pick out, pick up, collect; pinch';
Church Slavic pokromь `margo panni', russ. kromá `Brotschnitte, edge', Church Slavic
ukromь Adv. `singulatim'(`*abgetrennt'), Old Church Slavic kromě Adv. àußen, outside ';
ablaut. russ. dial. kremь f. `break, section of Waldes';
presumably Old Church Slavic kremy, kremenь `Feuerstein'; Latvian krems ds., ablaut.
krams.
F. (s)ker-
(s)ker-s-:
Hom. ἀκερσεκόμης `with ungeschorenen Haaren'; Attic κουρά̄ `das Abscheren the hair';
κουρίς, -ίδος f. `razor', κούριμος `geschoren', κουρεύς `barber' etc., κουρίξ `by den Haaren
fassend', κορσόν κορμόν Hes., κορσόω ` shear ', κορσωτός `geschoren' etc.;
Attic inschr. κουρον `lignum sectum'; αἱμακουρίαι `Blutopfer', κούρειον à sacrificial

animal ';
Middle Irish cymr. etc. corr `verkümmert, dwarfish ' (*korso-);
Tocharian A kärṣt-, В kärst- ` abscise, destroy'; Hittite karš-, karšii̯a- ` abscise, mutilate '
etc.
skerī̆-, skrē̆
II. i-basis skerī̆ skrē̆i-, skrī̆
skrī̆- `cut, clip, divide' also particularly ` through Sieben Grobes
and Feines divide'; see above gr. κείρω, καρῆναι, Lithuanian skiriù.
α) Gr. κρί̄νω (*κρῐν-ι̯ω, compare Fut. κρῐνῶ, and Lesbian κρίννω) `scheide,
unterscheide, entscheide', participle κριτός; κρίμνον ` coarse meal, flour' (`das Gesiebte'),
κρῖμα, κρίμα n. ` verdict, judgement', κριτής m. `judge', κρίσις f. ` verdict ', διακριδόν `
separate '; κρησέρα ` fine sieve ' (derivative from *κρῆσις, *krē[i]-tis `crētiō, Sieben');
Latin cernō, -ere `sichten, divide; distinctly perceive (distinguish, discern), recognize '
(*crĭ-nō); certus (= κριτός) `geschieden, entschieden, certainly, surely', Perf. crē-vī-
(whereupon previously crētum), ex-crē-mentum Àusscheidung', screa (*skrēi̯ā) ` sputum,
spit, saliva ', screāre `sich räuspern'; discrīmen `trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum;
Unterscheidung; entscheidender, kritischer instant, eye blink', crībrum ` sieve,
Durchschlag' (*krē̆i-dhrom);
Old Irish criathar (*krē̆i-tro-) ` sieve ', acymr. cruitr ds. (ncymr. crwydr `das Hin- and
hergehen, Wandern'), corn. croider, Middle Breton croezr nbret. krouer ` sieve '; cymr. go-
grynu ` sieve ' (*upo-kri-nō), bret. gourner ` sieve ', cymr. gwa-gr, gogr ds.; gall.-rom.
crinare `split', northern Italy crena `cleft, fissure', etc.; about Irish crīch `limit, boundary,
region, area', cymr. crip, crib, corn. bret. krib `comb', see above S. 619;
Old English hrīdder, hrīddel ` sieve ', Old High German rītera, Modern High German
Reiter ` coarse sieve ' (*krē̆i- or *krī-dhrom); Gothic hrains (*kroini-), Old Icelandic hreinn,
Old Saxon hrēn(i), Old High German hreini `pure', Modern High German rein, dial. ` fine-
ground, sieved ';
Balto Slavic *krei̯ō `slit, separate, scheide' in Latvian krijât `flay', krija f. ` bark, outer
covering of a tree ', Lithuanian krìjas m. `Siebreifen', Pl. krìjos `bast, bark', skrìjos
`Siebreifen';
Maybe alb. krasit `cut', alb. kreh (*kre-sko) `comb, dress the hair', [common alb. -sk- > -h-].
proto Slavic. *krojǫ, *krojiti (previous causative) in Church Slavic krojiti `περιτέμνειν, -
σχίζειν, dissecāre', russ. krojú, krojítь `cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieve ';
proto Slavic. *krajь (Balto Slavic *krōi̯a- m.) in Old Church Slavic krajь èdge, bank,
border, shore', russ. kraj èdge, region; end', krájnij `äußerst'; with ablaut Old Church
Slavic iskrь ` near '; proto Slavic. *krida in Upper Sorbian křida, Lower Sorbian kśida f. `
sieve '.
β) (d-present?) (s)kreid-
(s)kreid- in:
Middle Irish scrissid `cuts, slices' (*skrid-t-);
Gothic dis-skreitan `tear trans.', dis-skritnan `tear intr.', Modern High German Swiss
schrīssen, schreißen, Bavarian schritzen ` rend, schlitzen', schritz `crack'; Old Saxon hrītan
or hrītian ` rend, ritzen, write ', Old Swedish Runic hrita `ritzen, carve '.
γ) (s)krei-
(s)krei-t-: Old English mid-hriðre n. ` phren'; Old Frisian mid-hrith(ere) ds.
δ) Labial extensions:
(s)kerī h- in gr. σκαρῑφάομαι and σκαρῑφεύω `scratch, ritze auf, einen Umriß', σκάρῑφος
(s)kerīb
m. `stylus, Umriß, Skizze'; Latin scrībō, -ere `with a stylus graben, einzeichnen, write ',
Oscan scriftas Nom. Pl. `scriptae', Umbrian screihtor `scripti'; Latin Lwe. are Old High
German scrīban, Old Saxon skrīƀan, Old Frisian skrīfa ` write ' and die originally religious
words Old English scrīfan à punishment, esp. eine religious penance, atonement
auferlegen', Old Icelandic skript ` confession, admission, punishment '; unclear is das p (=
bb) in Middle Irish scrīp(a)id `kratzt';
with Indo Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic hrīfa `scratch, scrape, scratch'; hrīfa f. ` rake ', Old
Frisian hrīvia, Dutch rijven ` rake, rake ', Old English gehrīfnian àbreißen'; lett skrīpât
`scratch, scrape, scribble; einschreiben', skrīpsts `krummes Schnitzmesser', skrīpa
èingeritzter stripe'.
III. u-basis (s)keru- (s)kreu-, compare perhaps Lithuanian kir̃vis àxe', russ. červь
(s)keru-, (s)kreu-
`sickle' etc.; Old English scréawa m. `Spitzmaus', scierfe-mūs ds.:
(s)kreut-: gr. κρουτεῖται `kernt from' Hes.;

(s)kreut-
Latin scrūtillus `venter suillus condita farte expletus', dial. scrōtum `Hodensack',
hyperurbanisiert scrautum ` quiver ' (scrūta `junk' from gr. γρύ̄τη `junk', as scrōfa from
γρομφάς); scrūtor, -ārī ` examine, durchstöbern';
mcymr. ysgrud `Skelett' (*skrou-to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;
Old High German scrōtan `hew, hit, cut, clip, schroten'; also `dress zuschneiden' (hence
Schröder, Schröter), scrōt `cut' (Middle High German schrolle `clod of earth' from *skruð-
lá-??), Old English scrēadian ` peel, abscise ', *scrēad(e) f. `piece Zeug', skrūd n. `dress' =
Old Icelandic skrūð n. `kostbares Zeug, dress'; (without s-: Old Icelandic hrjōða `leeren,
vertreiben, verheeren', hrjōðr ` Exterminator '); Old High German scrutōn, scrodōn,
scrutilōn èrforschen, durchforschen', scrod `scrutatio', and Gothic and-hruskan
`nachforschen' (*krū̆t-skō); here probably with Nasalized and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated
Old Prussian scrundos f. Pl. `scissors'.
(s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-
(s)keru- (s)kreu-p-:
Latin scrūpus `scharfer, pointed stone ', scrūpulus `spitziges small stone ' (scrīpulus
nachscrīptus) and (as scrūpulum) `kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maßes; ängstliche
Genauigkeit (as àuf spitzen Steinen going'), Skrupel', scrūpeus ` stony ';
perhaps as `grating, scraping, coarse ' = Swedish skroflig ` uneven, rough, hoarse' etc.;
poln. skorupa etc. `shard'.
References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff.,
Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;
See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.
Page(s): 938-947
Page(s):
(s)ker-5
Meaning: onomatopoetic word
See also: see above S. 567 ff. (ker-).
Page(s): 947
Root / lemma: (s)kert-

(s)kert-s-
Meaning: across
Note: ('in Querschnitt'; to [s]ker-t- `cut, clip')
Material: Armenian -xeṙ àufsässig, widerspenstig' (würde also Indo Germanic -rs-
voraussetzen);
gr. ἐγ-κάρσιος, ἐπι-κάρσιος `slant, skew, in die Quere', κάρσιον πλάγιον Hes.;
Balto Slavic *(s)kersa- in арг. kirscha, kirschan (zero grade), kerscha, kērschan àbout';
Lithuanian sker̃sas Adj. `quer, zwerch', Latvian šḱèrs, Adv., šḱḕrsu `quer', russ.-Church
Slavic črěsъ (and after other preposition auf zъ : črězъ), russ. čerez ` through, about - out';
also Old Church Slavic črěsla Nom. Pl. ` loins' as ` phren, Quere of Körpers'?

Page(s): 949-950
skeub-, skeub
Root / lemma: skeub- skeu h-, skeug-
skeug-
Meaning: to move; throw, shoot
Material: Gothic af-skiuban `wegschieben, verstoßen', Old English scēofan and scūfan `
push ', Old High German scioban ` push ' (has Modern High German also die meaning
èilig go'), Old Icelandic skūfa and skȳfa ` push, fortstoßen', intensive with gemin. Tenuis
Middle High German Modern High German schupfen, Norwegian skuppa ds., Old High
German scupha, scopha `Schaukelbrett'; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: Norwegian
skubba `rub, scour, rub, clean', Middle High German schoppen ` stuff ' and with long
spirant engl. scoff ` derision, ridicule'; Old High German scūf(a)la `Schaufel = shovel',
scūbla ds., Old English scofl ds., Middle Low German schuppe, Dutch schop f. ds. (-pp-);
Middle High German schūft `Galopp';
auf skeub-
skeub- wird zurückgeführt Old Icelandic skopa `run, spring', Old Icelandic skaup and
skop n. ` derision ', Old English scop `bard' (imitation after Latin mimus), Old High German
scof, scoph m. `bard', n. ` poem, derision ';
Lithuanian skùbti `hurry', skùbinti `beeilen', skubùs, skubrùs àgile, hasty'; Old Church
Slavic skubǫ, skubati `pluck, rend ';
skeug- in Middle English mnl. schokken `bump, poke', Middle Low German schocken
skeug-
`tremble', Low German schocken, sckucken `shake, swing', Middle High German
schocken `swing, dance ';
maybe from skeu-

skeu-k- here as `gehetzt': Germanic *skeuhwa- `shy' in Old English scēoh,
engl. shy, Middle High German schiech; out of it Old English scyhhan, Old High German
sciuhen, Modern High German scheuchen; with ablaut and gramm.variation Germanic
*skugwa- `shy' in Middle Low German schǖ(we), Swedish skugg; Old Church Slavic ščuti
`hetzen' (*skou-);
References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and
Skop BSB. 1954, 2.
Page(s): 955
Root / lemma: skeud-

skeud-1
Meaning: to protest, grumble
Material: Gr. σκυδμαίνω, σκύζομαι `rage against, grolle', σκυθρός (diss. from *σκυδ-θρός) `
grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad', σκυθρωπός ds., σκυθράζω `bin unwilling ';
Lithuanian pra-skundù, -skudaũ, -skùsti `to ache, to exhaust begin ', skundà `
accusation ', praskundà `pain', núoskunda `pity', skùndžiu, skų́sti `sich bemoan '; Latvian
skund-u, -êt `mißgünstig, envious sein, be angry with'; Lithuanian skaudùs ` painful, sullen,
violent', skaũsta (skaudė́ti) ès schmerzt', Latvian skàužu, skàust ` envious sein, injure,
hurt', skaudêt ds.; Lithuanian skaudulỹs ùlcer'.

References:
See also: compare also keu̯ǝd- above S. 595 f.
Page(s): 955
Root / lemma: (s)keud-

(s)keud-2
Meaning: to throw, shoot
Material: Old Indic cṓdati, cōdáyati `treibt an, throngs', np. čust àgile, active, fitting', Old
Indic skundatē ` hurries ' (Dhātup.);
gr. κυδίας `Zahnkeim', Hes. (?); alb. heth `throw, cast, winnow ' (for *hedh from
*skoudei̯ō?);
This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root / lemma: sē(i)-

sē(i)-2 : sǝi-
ǝi- : sī-
sī- : sē-
sē-: sǝ-
and sei-
sei-: si-
si-: (to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived alb. (*seth), hedh 'throw'.
Old Icelandic skjōta, Old English scēotan `toss, fling, bump, poke, schießen', Old High
German sciozan `schießen, throw, shooting up bewegen'; Old High German scoz
`projectile, sprout', scuz ` shot, throw, quickness ', Old Icelandic skjōtr, Old English scēot
`quick, fast', Gothic skaut `lap, hem', Old Icelandic skaut n. ` corner, tail, point, edge, lap,
protrusion', Old High German scōz ` corner, tail, Kleiderschoß, Rockschoß', Middle Low
German schott (-tt-) `(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, lock ', whereof schutten àbdämmen,
hinder, shield ', Middle High German Modern High German schützen;
without anlaut. s-: Middle High German hossen, hotzen `quick, fast run', Modern High
German dial. hutzen ` set in motion, hetzen' (as Old Indic cṓdati), also `bump, poke';
Lithuanian skudrùs, skaudrùs àgile'; Latvian skaudrs ds., skudra ` ant '; Old Church
Slavic is-kydati `herauswerfen', russ. kidátь `throw', kídkij `rash, hasty, willing, ready,
greedy '.

See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.
Page(s): 955-956
Root / lemma: (s)keu-

(s)keu-1
Meaning: to perform, commit
Material: Gr. σκεῦος n. (mostly Pl.) àppliance, armament, armor', σκευή àrmament,
armor, clothing, Tracht', σκευάζω `bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an';
Old Icelandic heyja, Old English híegan ` commit ';
Old Church Slavic prě-kutiti àdorn, embellish, adorn', russ. kutitь ` carouse, sich with
Klatsch befassen, rage, clamor', Church Slavic kutiti `machinari', Czech kutiti, kutati `drive,
push, philander, flirt ', also (refl.) ` gnaw, dig, schüren'; the Slavic words based on a *kou-
tā perhaps ` front '.
References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear').

Page(s): 950-951
(s)keu-2, (s)keu̯ǝ : (s)kū-

Root / lemma: (s)keu- (s)kū-
Meaning: to cover, wrap
Material: Old Indic skunāti, skunṓti, skāuti `bedeckt'; doubtful ku-kūla- `Hülsen, armament,
armor', pāṃsu-kūla- `Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Mönche';
Armenian c̣iw `roof, cover' (*skēu̯o-); with anl. kh-: Armenian xuc̣ `Stube' (*khū̆-sk̂ho-, at
most zur s-extension), fraglicher xavar `dark' (*khou̯o-, forms Armenian -ar), xu-p` `cover',
xul, xlik `cottage', xlay (*khū̆lati-) ` female Kopfverhüllung, Schleier; dress';
gr. σκύ̄νια Pl. ` brows ', ἐπισκύνιον `skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen' (compare Old Indic
skunā́ti); σκύλος n. ` kip, animal skin, bowl', σκύλον àbgezogene kip, animal skin ', σκῦλον
ds. ` arms stripped off a slain enemy, spoils '; doubtful κῶας, Pl. κώεα ` fleece ';
Latin obscūrus `*bedeckt' = `dark'; cūlus `the Hintere';
Maybe Italian scuro : Reggiano : scûr : Bergamasco scür : Venetian scuro : Zeneize scùo :
Catalan obscur : Spanish oscuro : Galician escuro : Portuguese escuro : alb. (escur) err-
të, errët : i errët `dark' < Latin obscūrus `dark'.
Old Irish cūl m. `back, rump', cymr. cil `back'; Old Irish cūl (*kū-lā-) f. ` angle, hideout ' =
cymr. etc. cil, ysgil ` hideout '; Irish cuarān, cymr. curan ` shoe '; perhaps Celtic-Latin
cucullus ` cowl ' (compare above Old Indic ku-kūla-?);
Old Icelandic skjā f. `barn' (*skeu̯ā), probably also Old Icelandic hā f. `skin' in hross-hā
(*skou̯ā), skāli `cottage, room' (Germanic *skawalan-); skȳ n. (*skeui̯o-) `cloud,
Verdunklung', Old English scīo, Old Saxon scio `cloud'; Old English scu(w)a m. `shadow,
darkness, protection', Old High German scuwo, scū m. `shadow', scū-c(h)ar n. `mirror',
actually `Schattengefäß', Old Icelandic skuggi m. `shadow, reflection, ghost', skugg-sjā f.
`mirror', Gothic skuggwa m. `mirror'; Old High German skugin(a), Middle High German
schiune, Modern High German Scheune (`hideout'), Norwegian dial. skyggne m. `cottage,
hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'; Old Icelandic skaun f. (or skaunn m.) `shield'; Norwegian
skūme `dark', Old Icelandic skūmi m. `dawn, twilight', Middle Low German schummer
`dawn, twilight' (: Latvian skumt); Old Icelandic hūm n. ` twilight ', PN. Hymir `Verdunkler';
perhaps Old High German scūm `scum, froth, foam' (if `deckendes');
maybe alb. (*scūm) shkumë 'foam'
Old Icelandic skjōl n. ` hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn', skjōla `Bütte, bowl, basin ',
(`Verwahrungsraum'), changing through ablaut Old Icelandic skȳli, Middle Low German
schūle n. ` hideout ', Old Frisian skule `cottage'; Old Icelandic skȳla `beschützen', Middle
High German schūlen ` bent sein, lurk, lugen';
Old High German scūr m. `Wetterdach, protection' (: Latin obscūrus), Middle High
German schūr `hideout, shelter', Old Icelandic skūr f. `skin the Mandel', Old High German
skūra, sciura, (*skūrja) ` barn'; with formants -ko-and lengthened grade ō[u] probably
Gothic skōhs, Old Icelandic skōr, Pl. skūar, Old High German scuoh ` shoe ' (actually
`deckendes Oberleder of Schuhes', compare above Irish cūarān ` shoe ' and Middle Dutch
schoe `sword scabbard, sheath ');
Lithuanian kẽvalas Èierschale', Latvian čàula `bowl, husk'; Latvian kūja `vulva'; Latvian
skaût ` hug, embrace, hold tight ', skumstu, skùmt ` become sad ' (` obscurāri '); but
Lithuanian skūrà `leather, bark, outer covering of a tree ', Latvian skura `husk' from
weißruss. skyra.
A. Dental extensions (respectively formations with dental formants):
(s)keu-
(s)keu-t-:
Gr. σκῦτος n. `skin, leather', ἐγκυτί, ἐγκυτίς ` besides the skin', κύτος n. `sleeve,
wrapping, skin' and `vessel, Urne, cavity', κυτίς `small Kasten, Büchse', κυσός ἡ πυγή; ἤ
γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον Hes.; (*κυτ-ι̯ος or *κυθ-ι̯ός), κύτ(τ)αρος `cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle,
Eichelnapf', κύσσαρος ` ānus ' (*κυτFαρος); about Latin cuturnium ` vas, quo in sacrificiis
vinum fundebatur ' s. WH. I 320;
Latin cutis `skin'; cunnus `pudendum muliebre' (*kut-nos); (under the influence of
cymr. cwd `Hodensack'; mcymr. eskit, esgit, ncymr. esgid, corn. eskit, esgis ` shoe '
(*ped-skūti-); (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation)
Old Icelandic hūð, Old English hȳd, Old High German hūt (*hūdi-) `Haut' (Swiss hut
`husk, Fruchtschale');
Old High German hodo, Old Frisian hotha `testicle'; Old English hoðma m. ` darkness ',
Old High German hutta `cottage' (*kuti̯ā́ or *kudhi̯ā: out of it Old Saxon hutta, huttia);
Old Lithuanian kutỹs `bag, Geldkatze'; Baltic *keutā `skin', Old Prussian keuto,
Lithuanian kiáutas `bowl, husk', dial. kẽvetas m. ds.; kiãvalas m. Èierschale' (*keu̯olo-),
Latvian čàula f. `bowl', čàumala f. `hard bowl' (Trautmann 132);
nasalized *kunti̯ō `preserve' perhaps in Old Church Slavic sъkǫtati ` calm, appease,
stillen', russ. kútatь ` veil, cover ' etc., Old Prussian -kūnti `pflegt', Inf. pokūnst, pakūnst
`preserve, protect' and with intonation change Slavic *kǫta f. in Old Church Slavic kǫšta `
σκηνή ', klr. kúča ` pigpen' (Trautmann 145).
Maybe alb. (*po-skura) pasqyra ` mirror ' (common Slavic po- alb. pa- prefix).
(s)keud
(s)keu h-:
Old Indic kuhara- n. `cave', kuhaka- m. `Schelm, Gaukler, cheater ', kuhayate `betrügt',
kuhū́- f. `Neumond' (`the hidden, concealed moon'); pamir dial. skīð ` high Mütze from
fleece ';
gr. κεύθω `hide', κεῦθος n., κευθμών `verborgene depth', κευθμός `verborgener place,
cavity, Saulache';
Middle Irish codal `skin';
Old English hȳdan `conceal'; here or to *skeut- Gothic skauda-(raip) Akk. Sg. ` shoe
(riemen)', Old Icelandic skauð f. `vagina', Pl. `Vorhaut; Elender, monster', skjōða f. `bag,
sack, bag', Middle Low German schōde n. `vagina' (beim horse), f. ` pod, pea', Middle High
German schōte ` pod, Samengehäuse';
unclear is Latin cūdō, -ōnis `helmet from fell, fur' (loanword?); in the meaning near
stands Avestan xaōδa- m., ар. xaudā- `hat, Карре; helmet'.
keu-k̂-:
В. guttural extension (s)keu-
Old Indic kṓśa- m. ` container, Schatzkammer etc.' (late also kóṣa-, das perhaps Indic
development from kṓśa- is); doubtful kōśaka- m. n. ègg, testicle, Gehäuse', kuśapa- m.
(uncovered) `Trinkgeschirr', kuśayá- m. (uncovered) ` cistern '; kukṣí- m. `belly, womb,
cavity'; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- npers. kus `vulva'; Avestan kusra- `sich wölbend,
hollow', vīkusra-, hankusra- `sich auseinander-, zusammenwölbend';
Lithuanian kūšỹs (Plur. kūšỹs), Latvian kũsis, kũsa `vulvahaare' (*kūki- or *kūksi-);
Lithuanian kiáušė `skull, cranium', kiaũšis ègg, testicle', Prussian-Latvian ḱaušis ègg';
Lithuanian káušas `large dipper ', Latvian kaûss ` platter, Kochlöffel'.
C. s-extension (s)keu-
(s)keu-s-:
Perhaps Old Indic koṣṭha- m. n. ` container, lower abdomen, storeroom' , kuṣṭha- m.

`Lendenhöhle' (?), kúṣṭhikā ` content of the intestines ', npers. kušt ` groin ' (Armenian
loanword kušt `belly, groin, body');
gr. κύστις, -εως, -ιδος ` bladder, bag ', κύσθος `vulva';
doubtful Latin custōs `Wächter', compare WH. I 319;

cymr. cwthr Àfter, Mastdarm' (*kuzdhro-);
Old Icelandic hauss m. `cranium'; ablaut. Norwegian dial. hūse m. `Fischkopf', Old High
German hūso `Hausen', after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten head;
Modern High German dial. hosen `husk, pod ', Old English hosa m. `Strumpf, husk', Old
Icelandic Old High German hosa `trouser';
presumably here Gothic Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon Old High German hūs
`house', compare Low German hūske `Kerngehäuse, sheath, Tüte' ;
Gothic huzd, Old Icelandic hodd f. (?), Old English Old Saxon hord, Old High German
hort `treasure, tribute, Hort' (*kuz-dho- = gr. κύσθος); Swedish hydda `cottage', dial. hodda,
hudda `Schuppen, Gefängnisraum', aschw. hydda `conceal'.
References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132,
145.
Page(s): 951-953
Root / lemma: (s)keu-

(s)keu-4
Meaning: ` worauf achten '
See also: see above S. 587 f. ((s)keu-4).
Page(s): 954
Page(s):
(s)keup-, skeub(h)-
Root / lemma: (s)keup- skeub(h)-
Meaning: bundle, flock, etc..
Material: Old Icelandic skauf ` bundle, tassel ', Old English scēaf, Old High German scoub
`bundle, bundle of straw, fascicle, sheaf ', Modern High German dial. Schaub `bundle,
bundle of straw', Old Icelandic skūfr ` tassel, fringe, bundle '; Old High German scubil `
bundle of hair or straw or like that, heap, pile ';
Old English scyfel(e) f. ` women's bonnet, tuft of feathers' (with p: Old Icelandic skypill,
skupla ds.);
Maybe alb. scype, shqiponjë (diminutive) èagle, bird (*tuft of feathers?)'
Old High German scobar `haystack, barn, heap, part. from grain or hay', Middle High
German schober hār ` bundle, hair ';
Gothic skufta (Dat. Sg.) ` hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skopt ds.; Middle High German
schopf m. ` tuft, crest, tuft of feathers; shock of hair ', schopfen and (Low German)
schoppen ` stuff (originally with bundles of hay, hair etc.), be swollen '; with precisely such
Germanic pp: Norwegian hupp ` tassel ', Old High German hopfo ` hop, vine, plant which
creeps or climbs as it grows ';
perhaps as ` roof covered with straw bundles ' here Low German schupp ` protective
roof ' (Modern High German Schuppen ` hanger, shed '), Old High German scopf m. `
building without front wall, barn', Modern High German Bavarian Swiss schopf m. ds., Old
English scypen f. `stall', engl. shippen, Old English scoppa m. ` shed, stall ' (engl. shop `
junk shop, knick-knack shop ');
serb. čȕpa ` shock of hair ', russ. čupъ, čubъ, Czech čup, čub ` tuft, crest, tuft of
feathers; shock of hair ';
perhaps Slavic *kyta (*kūp-tā) in russ. kíta ` Stengel und Blätter lang stieliger Pflanzen ',
kítka ` catkin in trees ' etc., and russ. kistь (*kūp-sti-) ` tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes,
hand ', Bulgarian kíska (from kystъka) ` bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers
', Serbo-Croatian kȍščica `kind of paintbrush', old also kist, poln. kiść ` tassel, broom,
bush, bundle '.

Page(s): 956
Page(s):
(s)keut-, (s)keud
Root / lemma: (s)keut- (s)keu h-
Meaning: to shrink
Material: Germanic partly -tt-, partly -dd-: Swedish dial. hott, hodd m. `small,
eingeschrumpfter person', Dutch hotten ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', ndd. hotten ` shrivel,
shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ', Dutch hot, Middle Low German hotte `
coagulated milk', Modern High German dial. hutzeln, verhutzeln ` shrivel, shrink due to
excess dryness, wrinkle up ', verhutzelt `verschrumpft, vertrocknet';
Lithuanian ap-kiaũsti `verkümmern'; kūstù, kūdaũ, kũsti ` peak, become thin ', sukũdęs `
wizened '.

Page(s): 956-957
skē̆i-bh-, -p-, nasalized ski-
Root / lemma: skē̆ ski-m-bh-
Meaning: slant; to limp
Material: Old Icelandic skeifr `slant, skew' (*skoipo-), Old English scāf, scāb ds. (in scāf-fōt
`schieffüßig'), Middle Low German schēf ds. (Modern High German dial. scheif), next to
which (*skēipo-) Middle High German (md. Low German) schief, and (as Germanic
*skibba-) Hessian-Franconian schepp `slant, skew', as well as (as Germanic *skippa-)
Middle High German schipfes Adv. `quer';
Lithuanian paskybei `quer', skybas `keilförmiges piece of land'; Latvian šḱībs `slant,
skew', šḱieb-u, -t `schief neigen, kippen'; compare gr. σκίψαι ὀκλάσαι. ᾽Αχαιοί Hes.;
nasalized gr. σκιμβός `lame', σκιμβάζειν ` limp '.
skē̆i-p-, -bh- extended from skē̆

Indo Germanic skē̆ skē̆i-, compare *skai-u̯o-s (*skǝi-u̯o-s) `slant,
skew, left '; besides Middle High German schie-f stands schǣhe and schie-c; to
unadjusted root perhaps Norwegian skina, skjena `biesen', Old Swedish skena
`durchgehen' (of horse), ablaut. Norwegian skeina `schief zur Seite fliegen'.
References: WP. II 546, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 151.

Page(s): 922
skē̆i-
Root / lemma: skē̆
Meaning: to cut, separate
sek-; initial sound partly also sk̂-, skh-, sk̂h-, as in the continuing
Note: extension from sek-
formation
Material: I. Old Indic chyati ` clips ', participle chāta-, chitá- ` cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off
', Kaus. chāyayati (with sk̂-, like:)
Avestan fra-sānǝm ` destruction ', sā-, sya- ` to fight ';
gr. σχάω (*skhǝi̯ō, Impf. ἔσχwν, Inf. κατα-σχᾶν), σχάζω (neologism, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
716) ` scratches, slits ' and ` drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open ', σχάσις ` the
scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go ', σχάσμα n., σχασμός m. ` incision ',
σχαστήριον ` fleam, latch, bolt ', σχαστηρία ` the rope (serving for the separation of the
spectators) before the racetrack ';
Maybe alb. (*sciō) shquanj `distinguish', (*scie) shqyenj `tear, split'.
Latin sciō, scīre ` to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do ' (` part, make a
distinction '), dēscīscō, -ere ` to break away, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize,
renounce ', scīscō, -ere ` to investigate, inquire; polit. to vote, ordain, resolve ' and ` try to
find out ', plēbīscītum ` a decree of the people ', scītus ` knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious;
pretty, fine; adv. scite, skillfully ' (like Middle High German geschīde, Modern High German
gescheit to *skēi-t-) in the meaning ` eliminate ' (compare Old Icelandic skīta under S. 921)
Middle Irish sceïd ` vomits ' (*skei-i̯e-ti, Indo Germanic *skei-), verbal n. sceith f. (from
*sceth, Indo Germanic *ski-tā, therefrom:) cymr. chwydu, bret. c'houeda, mcorn. hweža `
vomit '; from Irish scethach ` to the travelling rupture ' places Old Icelandic skjaðak n. `
ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and
rheumatism and dizziness) ';
Middle Irish scïan f. ` knife ', (*skii̯enā) out of it cymr. ysgïen ` knife, sword '; Middle Irish
scaīlid ` lets go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses ' (*skǝi-l-), Old Irish erscaīliud ` breakup,
dissection, dissipation, fragmentation ';
Old Icelandic skeina ` wound lightly '; as ` * split off piece of wood, ': Middle High
German schīe m. f. ` fencing post, pale ', Old English scīa m. ` shinbone ', next to which
(compare Old High German bīa : bini ` bee ')
Germanic *ski-nō(n) in Old English scinu f., scine-bān n. `shinbone', Old High German
scina `shinbone', also `needle', Norwegian skĭna `small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ';
Old Frisian skidel `bones of the arm' (-dla forms); West Flemish schier `block of wood'
(*skī-ro-); from `*distinguish, discern' from: Old High German skērī `sharp, sharp witted,
shrewd' (*skēiro-); Middle High German schier `quick, fast', Adv. Old High German skēro,
skioro `quick, fast', Middle High German schier(e) ds., `fast';
Latvian šk'ieva ` fissure in wood ' and Lithuanian skivytas `scrap, shred' have probably v
from dv, so that to d-extension Lithuanian skíedžiu, Latvian šk'iežu;
Maybe alb. Geg shkü-, shküeva aor., Tosc shqyenj, shqeva aor. `tear, rind'
Old Church Slavic cěvnica `λύρα' (actually `shepherd’s pipe'), russ. cěvjë `handle, hold,
grasp' and `shinbone', cěvka `coil, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses', etc.;
besides with palatal: Lithuanian šeivà, šaivà, Latvian saiva ` weaver's reel ' (Balto Slavic
*kōi-u̯ā, *(s)kēi-u̯ā, *(s)k̂ōiu̯ā).
skē̆i-d-, -t- (d, t partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-to-
II. Dental extensions skē̆
):
A. forms on -d-; in Aryan and Armenian with sk̂-, in Baltic with sk-:
Old Indic chinátti, themat. chindati `clips, cuts, splits', Kaus. chēdayati; chēda- m. `cut,
break, section', chitti- `the fissures' (: Latin scissiō), chidrá- `breaks, splits', n. `cleft, fissure,
hole', chidira- m. (lex.) àxe, sword' (: Avestan sidara-, gr. σκιδαρός, Old High German
scëtar, Latvian šk'idrs `leaking'; full grade Lithuanian skied-rà); Avestan saēd- `split',
avahisiδyāt̃ ` he may split ', sidara- (leg. sidra-) n. `hole, aperture, crack', a-sista- ` not split
', balūčī sindag `split, break, rupture';
Armenian c̣tim ` ritze myself, zerkratze mir with den Nägeln die Haut ';
gr. σχίζω `split, slit, separate', σχιστός (= Avestan á-sista-, Latin scissus) `divided, apart,
separated; divisible', σχίδαξ `splinter, shingle', σχίζα f. ` piece of wood ', σχινδαλμός, Koine
σκινδαλμός `wooden splinter', ἀνασχινδυλεύω ` to spear to'; makedon. σκοῖδος àuthority;
administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of
the Seven Planets';
Latin scindō, -ere, scicidī, scissum ` to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate '; scissiō `the
fissures';
Middle Breton squeigaff, nbret. skeja `cut, clip' (-ž- from -dj-, *skidi̯ō); cymr. ysgwydd
(*skeid-), corn. scuid, bret. scoaz `scapula';
Old Irish scīath `scapula, wing' (Þ instead of ð after scīath `shield');
without anlaut. s- perhaps cymr. cwys f. `furrow' (*kēid-tā-);
Old High German scīzan, Old English scītan, Old Icelandic skīta èxcrete feces,
defecate' (*èliminate '), Middle High German schīze f., Old Icelandic skītr m. `diarrhea';
Old High German scetar `thin, incomplete, fragmentary', Middle High German schiter(e)
ds., Modern High German (obd., schles.) schitter (*skidro- = Old Indic chidrá- etc.);
maybe alb. (*skīta) skitë `diarrhea'
without anlaut. s- perhaps Old Icelandic hīt f. ` a furry sack ';
Lithuanian skíedžiu, skíesti `separate, divide', Iter. skáidyti (: Gothic skaidan, Old Indic
chedayati), skiedà and skiedrà, skiedarà `chip, splinter', skíemenys Pl. ` der Raum, durch
welche das Weberschifflein geworfen wird ', ap-skīdęs ` zerfranst ', paskýsti ` scatter ';
without anlaut. s- (through diss. loss?) probably sukìdęs ` tattered, ragged, fray ';
Latvian šḱiedu, šḱiest `scatter, waste, spread', šḱiemeńi Pl. ` die über den Weberhefteln
sich kreuzenden Fäden = the weaver's little boat or SHUTTLE = this might be the hefteln
(small booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers ', šḱīstu, šḱīst `break up', šḱidrs
`leaking, thin', skaîda `chip, splinter'; about Latvian šḱieva `col, gap', see above S. 920;
with it identical Lithuanian skíedžiu, skíesti `dilute', skýstas `thin fluid', Latvian skaidīt `
dilute potables ', šḱīsts `thin fluid' (and `clean, clear, bright, chaste '), šḱīstīt ` clean ',
šḱīdināt `thin, make fluid', šḱidrs `thin fluid'; Old Prussian skīstan Akk. `clean', skīstai
`chaste';
Old Church Slavic čistъ `clean', čistiti `clean', čěśtǫ, čěstiti `clean', Church Slavic čěditi `
strain '; russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine'; compare also above S. 917;
B. forms in -t-:
Old Irish scīath m. `shield', cymr. ysgwyd, abret. scoit, nbret. skoed ds. = Old Church
Slavic štitъ `shield', (originally `board'), next to which with gradation Old Prussian staytan
(lies scaytan) `shield' and Latin scūtum ds.;
alb. (*scūtum) shqyt `shield'
Old Icelandic skīð n. `piece of wood, snowshoe' (`ski'), Old English scīd `piece of wood';
Old High German scīt `bit of wood, piece of wood' (*skīto-), Middle High German schīten
`split', schīden `separate, divide', geschīde `brainy, sly, cunning', Old Icelandic skīðī n.
`vagina'; changing through ablaut Middle High German scheite `chip of wood' and zero
grade Old High German scidōn `divide', scidunga `separation', Middle High German schit,
-of m. `separation, differentiation ';
Gothic skaidan `divide', Old English scēadan `divide, scatter, shed' (so also mnl.
scheiden ` shed blood '); Old High German sceidan (participle ki-sceitan) `divide'; Old
Icelandic skeið n. ` part of space or time, career ', Old Saxon skēth m. `difference', Middle
High German scheit f. `separation, watershed'; Old English scēada, mnl. schēde, Old
Saxon skēðlo ` vertices, vertex ', Middle Low German schēdel m., schēdele f. ds., Old High
German sceitilo ds.;
Old Icelandic skeið f. ` weaver's comb ', Pl. ` sword scabbard ' (àctually die beiden
Holzscheiben in this = wooden discs '), Old English skǣð, scēað, Old High German sceida
`sword scabbard', also `separation, limit, boundary', Old Saxon skēðia ds., Old English
sceaðel ` weaver's comb ';
Middle High German schedel `cranium, also dry measure ', mnl. schedel `cover, lid,
eyelid' (Dutch scheel `cover'), Middle Low German schedel, schidele `box, case, bag' from
*skiÞla-, Indo Germanic *ski-tlo-, actually `( truncated) brainpan, skullcap '; in to-participle
of skēit- or skēi-d- (compare Latin scissus) based on Old High German scesso `cliff, rock';
III. Labial extensions:
skē̆i-p-: gr. σκοῖπος m. ` the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a
skē̆
building '; σκί̄πων ` staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch '
(actually `* cleaved, divided = split off branch ');
Maybe alb. shqeponj `walk with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick' : shqiponja,
shkabonja, gabonja èagle, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons ', shqip
`clear, fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language)' also shqiptonj ènounce, pronounce,
enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly)', shqiptar Àlbanian (who speaks clearly)'; tshkep `
unstitch' (see Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two') : qep ` stitch'.
gr. σκίμπους ` kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked
in for the night ' (*σκιμποπους), σκίμπω, σκίμπτω ` insert '; Latin scīpiō m. `staff'; s. also S.
543 under k̂eipo- `picket, pole' and S. 930 f. skēp-; gr. σκοίψ ψώρα Hes. (the itch, scurvy,
scab, mange = of skin flaking off);
Old High German scivaro ` wood splinter or spall', Modern High German Schiefer,
Middle Low German schever, Middle English scifra, nengl.shiver `splinter, shred', Middle
High German schebe f. ` dross from flax rolling, flax breaking ', Modern High German
Schäbe, engl. shive `slice, cut', further (as ` cut-off piece of a trunk '), Old Icelandic skīfa,
Old Saxon skīƀa, Old High German scība ` disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ',
Modern High German Scheibe, wherefore Old Icelandic skīfa ` split, divide into sheaves ',
Middle Low German schīven, Middle High German schīben ` roll a cone, divide into
sheaves ' (cone schieben ‘push’ through distortion), Old Frisian skīvia `divide'.
skei-b-: Gothic Old Icelandic Old English skip n. `ship, boat' (`* ausgeschnittener,
skei-
gehöhlter dugout canoe '), Old High German scif, scef `ship, archaic navigation instrument
measuring altitude ' also ` vessel ', sciphi n. ` drinking vessel, bowl, saucer ', Middle High
German schipfe ` shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging) '; in addition
(as ` divide = distribute ') Old Icelandic skipa ` allot, decide, define, ordain, determine, sort,
order, arrange ', Middle Low German schippen ds.; Old Icelandic skipta `divide, decide,
determine, swap, vary, exchange', Old English sciftan, Middle Low German schiften,
schichten `divide, sort, order, arrange';
Lithuanian skiẽbti ùnpick', Latvian šḱibît `hew, hit, cut, clip, branching out '.
Maybe alb. shkep ùnpick' : Lithuanian skiẽbti ùnpick'
Note:
Note
skē̆i- : (to cut, separate) is detrimental for alb. language because

The root Root / lemma: skē̆
alb. people chose it to design clear speech: alb. (*skei-b- ), shqip `clear speech, separated
words', (*skipta) shqipto `speak clearly', (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Alb.
people employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their
language. Hence people who didn’t speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of alb. so
important became the clear Indo European language to alb. that they finally switched from
the name Arban (Alban) to (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly'. Other alb.
derivatives: (*Schäbe) shkabë èagle (with sharp talons)', alb. Geg (*scipioni) Shqipni `land
of eagles'. Obviously alb. association of (*skipta) shqiptar `people who speak clearly' and
(*skipion) shqiponjë èagle' was distorted by Illyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army.
Illyrians who didn’t speak Latin translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as:
scipio -onis, m. à staff, wand' = alb. (*scipioni) shqiponjë `the eagle (itself)', also alb.
(*scipioni) Shqipni `land of eagles'. When Gergj Kastrioti `king of Epirus' presented his
heraldic emblem of the eagle (the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed
the name of his people. Illyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their
Hittite heritage.
References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.
Page(s): 919-922
(s)kē̆p-2, (s)kō̆p- and (s)kā̆p-; (s)kē̆b(h)-

Root / lemma: (s)kē̆ b(h)-, skob(h)-
b(h) skā̆b(h)-
skob(h)- and skā̆ b(h)-
b(h)
Meaning: to work with a sharp instrument
Material: A. Forms in -b: (there are listed here only the definite Germanic forms; Latin and
Balto Slavic with b see by the root form in bh); skab-
skab- ` form carving '.
Gothic gaskapjan stem V. `make', Old Icelandic skepja, Old English scieppan, Old High
German scepfen, Middle High German schepfen, from which Modern High German
schöpfen; to preterit Middle High German schuof, participle ` geschaffen = created ' would
create a new present `schaffen = make, create', as Swedish skapa, Danish scabe;
deverbative ō-verbs are Old Icelandic aschw. skapa ` make, furnish, found, install ', Old
High German scaffōn ` build, effectuate ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73); Old English ge-
sceap n. `shape, creature', Old Saxon gi-scapu Pl. n. `fate, destiny'; Old Icelandic skap n. `
shape, mood ' etc.; -skapr e.g. in vin-skapr ` friendship'; Old High German scaf m. ` shape,
structure ', -scaf and -scaft f., Modern High German -schaft; West Germanic *skap n.
`(engraved) vessel' in: Old Saxon skap n. ` Schaff, ship', Old High German skaf `vessel,
Schaff ', whereof scepfen ` draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away; drain
dry, empty out ' (after scepfen ` bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin to '
early with strong inflection); diminutive Old Saxon skepil, Old High German skeffil ` bushel
'; ablaut. Middle Low German schōpe ` scoop ', Middle High German schuofe f. ` a small
bowl with handles '.
B. forms auf -bh: (including Latin and Balto Slavic forms with zweideutigem -b-).
Latin scabō, -ere, scābī `scrape, scratch, rub', scăbiēs f. ` scab, mange, itch; roughness;
itching desire; mange ', scaber `rough, scabby '; with o: scobis f. ` filings, chips, shavings,
sawdust ', scobīna ` file, rasp '; Middle Irish (s)cīp (with bb) `hand' (expressive gemination);
Gothic skaban `scrape, shave, shear', Old Icelandic skafa `scrape, scratch, scrape', Old
English scafan ds. (Old Icelandic Old English preterit skōf, as Latin scābī); Old Low
German scaban `scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip', Old High German scaba ` plane ', Old
Icelandic skafa ` rasper '; Old Icelandic skabb, Old English sceabb ` scabies ', Middle High
German schebīc ` scabby, measly ', older Modern High German Schäbe ` scabies ', Old
Low German scavatho ` mange; scabies '; isl. skōfir f. Pl. ` scrape, singed crust ', Middle
Low German schōve (and schōpe) f. ` scale, husk ', Old High German schuoppa ds.;
Latvian skabrs (= Latin scaber) `splitterig, sharp', skabrums ` sharpness, scabrousness

', Lithuanian skabùs `sharp, incisive', skabù, -ė́ti `cut, clip, hew, hit ', skóbti `hollow out',
nuskóbti ` pick ', skóbas, Latvian skābs `sour' (*`sharp, incisive'); Old Church Slavic skoblь
` rasper', russ. skóbelь ` plane '; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here Old Church Slavic
chabъ èvil, bad', chabiti `spoil'.
C. forms auf -p:
Npers. kāfaδ, kāvaδ ` burrows, digs, splits ', kāf `cleft, fissure', šikāftan `split';
alb. kep ` hew stones, cut out ' (Indo Germanic *kopō or *kapō), wherefore kmesë,
këmés, kamés f. `hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' (*kapneti̯ā), sqep ` angle, bill,
beak, neb';
Maybe alb. (*kaponti̯ā) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba ` eagle ' : sqep ` beak of the eagle ',
shqipta, shqip ` clear, sharp (language) ', shqiptonj ` speak clearly, divide words ', shqep `
(*split), rip, tear; unpick ' : qep `sew'
gr. σκέπαρνος, -ον `hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes', σκόπελος m. ` lookoutplace:

hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock ' (venet. *skopelo-); κόπτω `hit, haue;
belästige, ermüde', κόπος m. `blow, knock', κοπάζω èrmüde', κόπις `(ermüdender)
babbler ', κοπίς, -ίδος f. ` butcher's knife ', κοπεύς m. `chisel', κόπανον `hatchet,
Mörserstößel', κοπάς, -άδος `beschnitten', κόμμα n. ` incision, break, section'; with a-
vocalism:σκάπτω `ditch, grub, hacke', σκαπάνη `hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit',
(σ)κάπετος `ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole'; durchEntgleisung after θάπτω :
τάφος also forms with φ: ἐσκάφην, σκάφος `das ditch, trench, channel, grave', σκάφη,
σκαφίς f., σκάφιον n. ` bath, trough', σκάφος `Schiffsbauch';
venet. (Illyrian?) FlN *Skopelantia `Schefflenz' (Baden): gr. σκόπελος (Krahe PBB. 69,
486 ff.);
Latin capō, capus ` capon ' (`castrated ', compare Old Bulgarian skopьcь), because of
the roman. Abkömmlinge (Italian cappone etc.) more properly (with expressive pp): cappō;
cappulāre `zerhauen', concipilāre ìn kleine Stücke zerhauen'; Latin a places eine ā̆-root
skā̆p- ahead; also Latin scapulae `scapula, shoulder', Umbrian scapla ` scapulam ' (from
the Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);
Maybe alb. gabonjë, zhgabonjë, shqiponjë, shkaba ` eagle '.
gall.-rom. capanna `cottage' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (:
serb. kòpa `barn, haystack'), probably Venetic-Illyrian element in Gallischen;
Germanic *hēbjō besides *habbō with expressive gemination, also *habjō: Old High
German hā̆bba, hā̆ppa, heppa, Middle Latin hapia, Middle High German happe, heppe
`scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser';
Balto-Slavic skē̆pa- m. ètwas Abgespaltenes' in:
Latvian šḱę̀ps `spear, javelin, spit, pike', šḱẽpele f. ` sliced piece of wood '; ablaut.
Lithuanian skãpsnė f. `piece Stoff'; Old Church Slavic štapъ (*skēpos), sloven. ščáp `stick',
russ. ščap Ànhieb (eines Baumes'), russ. ščepá `chip of wood', ščepátь, ščepítь `split',
Old Church Slavic skopьcь `the castrator' (Modern High German loanword Schöps `
wether, castrated ram '), skopiti `cutting, castrating'; Lithuanian skãplis `Hohlaxt', skãptas
`krummes Schnitzmesser', skopiù, skõpti `with dem knife aushöhlen', skoptùvas
`Hohlmesser';
maybe alb. (*skop) shkop `stick'
Lithuanian kapóti, Latvian kapât `hack, hew, hit', Lithuanian kapõnė, Latvian kapāns `
chopping knife, mincer ', Lithuanian kaplỹs `hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt', Latvian kaplis
`hack, mattock, hoe', Lithuanian kãpas, Latvian kaps `grave(hügel)', Old Prussian enkopts
`bury';
Old Church Slavic kopajǫ, kopati `dig', vъkopati `bury', serb. kòpa `barn, haystack,
heap', Bulgarian kopá ds., etc.;
Old Church Slavic kopьje ` lance '; probably Slavic *čepъ `*abgeschnittener bough', in
russ. dial. čopъ `twig, branch of grapevine, vine', bg. čep `bough', Serbo-Croatian čȅpur `
stalk, stem of a plant ' ; perhaps belongs to the family *kāp- `piece of land' and *kap-ut
`head' (above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for `stick, staff':
gr. σκη̃πτρον `staff', Doric σκᾶπτον ds. = Ionian *σκῆπτον in σκηπτοῦχος

`zeptertragend', σκᾶπος κλάδος Hes., σκηπάνη `staff, Szepter', hom. σκηπάνιον ds. =
Doric σκᾱπάνιον Hes.; σκήπτω `stütze, swing, brandish with power ', intr. and med. `sich
stützen; sich with Kraft auf etwas throw', σκηπτός `sudden niederfahrender whirlwind,
Wetterstrahl, misfortune'; Latin scāpus ` shaft, Stiel, stalk, stem', scōpa f. `thin twig,
branch, rod', Pl. `Reisigbesen', scōpiō, -ōnis m. `the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape
hängen; stem of Spargels', scōpus ds.;
Old High German skaft ` shaft, spear, javelin', Old Saxon skaft `spear, javelin', Dutch
schacht ` quill, Lanzenschaft', Old English sceaft m., Old Icelandic skapt n. ` shaft, shaft,
pole, spear, javelin'.
References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.
Page(s): 930-933
skēth-, skǝth
Root / lemma: skēth- skǝth-
ǝth-
Meaning: to scold
Material: Gr. ἀσκηθής (proto gr. η) ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,
wohlbehalten' (from *σκῆθος n.); dubious Armenian xatàrem `destroy, smash, destroy';
Middle Irish scīth ` tired ', escid ` fatigueless ' (cymr. esgud àgile, astir ' etc. with still
unclear Vok.), next to which with st-suffix Middle Irish scīs ` fatigue ';
stem V. Gothic skaÞjan, skōÞ, Old English sceððan ìnjure, hurt', denominativ Old
Icelandic skaða, Old English skaðian, Old High German scadōn, scadēn `harm'; Gothic
skaÞis n. `damage', Old Icelandic skaði `damage, loss, death', Old English scaða, Old
High German scado `damage', noun agentis Old English sceaða ` damager, devil', Old
Saxon scatho, Old High German scado ` damager, fiend'; with gradation ō as in imperfect
Old Icelandic skōð ` harmful thing, weapon', skø̄ðr ` harmful '.
References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73 f.

Page(s): 950
ēt- : skǝt
Root / lemma: skēt
skēt- skǝt-
ǝt-
Meaning: to spring
Material: Latin scateō, -ēre, arch. scatō, -ĕre `spring up, bubble', scatebra f. ` mineral
water ', scaturriō `sprudlehervor'; compare gr. ἐσκατάμιζεν ἐσκάριζεν Hes.;
westfäl. schǭt ` spawn, spat, spawn of oyster ', New Franconian schaiden (ai = wgrm. ā)
`laichen', perhaps westfäl. schåden Èrtrag give, of wheat';
Old English sceadd m. `Maifisch', Modern High German Schad(e) ds., Norwegian dial.
skadd `small Schnäpel', wherefore (loanword) cymr. ysgadan `Häring', Middle Irish scatán,
nir. scadán ds.;
Old Lithuanian skastu, skatau, skasti `spring, jump ', su-skantù, -skačiaũ, -skàsti
àufhüpfen';
an Indo Germanic additional form auf -d perhaps in: Norwegian skat `Wipfel eines
Baumes', skata ìn eine cusp, peak auslaufen', Old Icelandic skata f. ` magpie,
Glattrochen'.

Page(s): 950
skē̆u-3, ksē̆
Root / lemma: skē̆ ksē̆u-
Meaning: to sneeze
Material: Old Indic kṣāuti `niest', kṣuta- `das Niesen'; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- Old
Lithuanian skiaudžiu, skiaudėti `sneeze' (similarly čiáudžiu, -dėti), Latvian šḱauju, šḱāvu,
šḱaut, Iterat. šḱaũdêt `sneeze' (viel strong irregular Slavic kъchnǫti, kychati and čьchati,
compare Old Indic chikkā `Niesen');
Maybe alb. (*skauda) hunda ` nose '.
through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- (*kneus-, *sneus-) in npers.
išnōša, ašnōša `Niesen'; Old Icelandic hnjōsa, Middle English nēsen, Old High German
niosan (participle ginoran); Old Icelandic hnø̄ri m., Old English hnora `Niesen', Old Saxon
hnioxwrt `Nießwurz'; besides Middle English snēsen, engl. sneeze; compare Low German
snūsen, Danish snuse `schnoben, scent' ; similarly also Lithuanian šniaũkti `schnupfen'.
References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.

Page(s): 953
skē̆u-5
Root / lemma: skē̆
See also: besides sk̂eu- (see below) `throw, schießen, hetzen'; s. die extensions skeub-,
skeubh-, skeud-, skeug-, skeuk-.
Page(s): 954
Root / lemma: skēu-

skēu-6(t-
6(t-)
Meaning: to cut, separate, scratch
Note: extension from sek- `cut, clip'
Material: Old Indic skāu-ti, skunāti, skunōti `stört, stöbert, stochert', with ā- `zerkleinert
through Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals)', ava-skavá- m. èin worm',
ni-ṣkávam `zerfetzend', cō-ṣkū-yā́tē `scharrt together';
with r-formants: gr. σκῦρος (σκύρος) m. `spall, Abfall beim Behauen the stone ',
σκῡρωτὰ ὁδός `gepflasterter way';
Lithuanian skiaurė̃ `durchlöcherter Kahn as Fischbehälter';
without anlaut. s-: Lithuanian kiáuras `durchlöchert, divided ', originally `hollow' (*kēuro-
); kiauraĩ preposition `hindurch', Latvian caũrs `was ein hole has, hollow is', caũr
preposition ` through, hindurch'; Lithuanian kiùrstu `löcherig become', pra-kiùręs
`durchlöchert';
Old Swedish skø̄r (from *skø̄yrr) ` fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Swedish
Norwegian skȳr ds.; Gothic skaúrō `shovel' (in winÞi-skaúrō `winnowing shovel'), Old High
German scora, Middle High German schor `shovel, hoe', schorn `zusammenscharren,
kehren, fortstoßen', schürn èinen Anstoß give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen,
schüren'; Old Icelandic skora `cut, clip, count', Old English scorian `chop, cut, reject'
(actually `wegstoßen'); with rj > rg: Old High German skurgan, Middle High German
schürgen ` push, drive, push, bump, poke'; compare Middle High German md. schiuren,
schūren `scour, rub, clean, clean, sweep, wash away ' = Danish skure, Swedish skura ds.;
with formants -lo-: Middle High German schiel (*skē̆ulo-) `splinter, abgesprungenes or
ragged piece';
Latvian skurinât `lausen, ruffle; tousle ', refl. `sich kratzen, krauen';
with t-extension: Middle Irish scothaid `clips, cuts' (*skutãti), scoth f. `cutting edge, cusp,
peak', also ` hair lock '; Middle High German hudele `rag'; Lithuanian skutù, skusti `scrape,
peel ', skùtas `scrap, shred, rag', skùtenos ` scrapings ', Old Lithuanian skutnà ` bald head,
worn out place'; Latvian skuotitiês `sich schuppen', šḱaute ` sharp edge'; Lithuanian
skiáutis `piece Zeug', skiauterė̃ ` cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb ';
perhaps Latin scutilus `thin' and gr. σκυτάλη `club, mace, joint, stick', σκύταλον ds.,
σκυταλίς `staff, cudgel, club, Walze' (*`cleaved Aststück' or likewise); here σκύτη κεφαλή
Hes., σκύτα τὸν τράχηλον. Σικελοί Hes.;
about East Lithuanian skvẽtas `rag' compare Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56; thereafter
probably skver̂nas ds. from *skernas;

Page(s): 954
(s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-
Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ai- (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai
(s)k(h)ai-
)ai-t-
Meaning: to hit, kick
Material: Latin caedō, -ere (occīdō etc.) `hew, hit, strike, slay', caedēs `Schlachten,
Morden', caementum (*caid-smento-) `Bruchstein', caelum `chisel' (*caid-slo-), caia
(*caidi̯ā) f. `cudgel ', caiō, -āre `hew, hit, strike', ancaesa `vasa caelata', ancīle n. `small
shield' (*ambi-caid-sli-);
alb. qiell `sky, heaven' from Italian cielo `sky' < Latin caelum (1) -i n. `the burin or
engraving tool', caelum (2) -i n. `the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home
of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc..'.
k(h)ai- in mnl. heie `Rammblock', Middle High German Modern High German heie
k(h)ai-
`beetle, hammer, wooden hammer, Ramme', mnl. heien `hit, bump, poke, rammen',
Modern High German Swiss heien `stomp, hemp break, rupture';
khai-t- in Armenian xait` `prick, prick, sting', xaitèm ` prick ', xitàm `be anxious ', xit` `
khai-
grieving heit, heftiger pain'; against it xirt `stutzig, anxious, argwöhnisch' from *khid-ro-;
References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about Old Indic khidáti `reißt,
presses' (ǝ), secondary khédā f. `Druck, load' s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-
28.
Page(s): 917
(s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-
Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ed- (s)k(h)e-n-d-
Meaning: to crush, scatter
Note: (extension from sek- `cut, clip')
Material: Old Indic skhadatē (uncovered) `splits' (*skhn̥d-?); Avestan sčandayeiti ` breaks,
destroys ', skǝnda- m. ` destruction ' etc.; Middle Persian škastan `break, rupture, grind';
Armenian šert `chip, splinter, wooden log' (*skhedri-);
gr. σκεδάννυμι (Aor. also without s-: ἐκέδασσα, ἐκέδασθεν) `zersplittere, zersprenge,
zerstreue', ablaut. σκίδνημι ds., σκίδναμαι, κίδναμαι `sich scatter (from
Menschenmengen)'; σκιδαρόν ἀραιόνHes.;
alb. tshanj, tshaj `split, tear, rend, plow' (*sked-ni̯ō); Latin scindula, scandula f. `shingle';
Middle English scateren `scatter', engl. scatter ds., shatter `break, rupture, grind', Middle
Low German schateren `with Gekrach apart reißen, loud laugh';
maybe alb. (*scater-) shkatëronj `destroy, break'
Lithuanian skedervà `splinter', Latvian škedēns `small, cleaved bit of wood'; Lithuanian
kedė́ti `break, crack', kedénti `pluck, wool krämpeln';
Old Church Slavic skǫdъ àrm, small'; russ. ščédryj ` generous ' (`*vergeudend, sein Gut
zersplitternd'), sloven. ščedljìv ` economical ' (`*bigoted, narrow minded, stingy =
abzwackend').

Page(s): 918-919
Root / lemma: skhel-

skhel-
Meaning: to stumble
Note: (?) only Old Indic and armen.
Material: Old Indic skhálatē `stolpert, sways, geht fehl', skhalita- `taumelnd fehlgegangen;
Material:
whereof etwas fehlt, to little '; Armenian sxalem, sxalim `strauchle, irre, sündige, verfehle;
werde verfehlt, vermißt, frail; tue eine Fehlgeburt', sxal `fault, error, mistake, lack;
fehlerhaft, lacking, to little ', sxalak `taumelnd (in intoxication)'.
See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-4?
Page(s): 929
sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(
Root / lemma: sk( sk(h)u̯i(i̯i̯i̯)-
Meaning: needle, thorn
Material: Old Irish scē, Gen. Pl. sciad `hawthorn' (*sku̯ii̯-at-s); cymr. ysbyddad ds., corn.
Material:
spethes ↓Brombeerstrauch, Dorngestrüpp', bret. spezad `Stachelbeeren'; Lithuanian skujà
`Tannennadel and -zapfen', Latvian skujas ` pine deadwood '; russ. chvojá f., chvoj m.
`Nadeln and branch the Nadelhölzer' (etc.; Berneker 408 considers affiliation also from
russ. chuj `penis' as *(s)khoui̯os).
Alb. (*sku-) huni, hunj Pl. `needle, thorn, stake', [common alb. sk- > h- , Slavic sk- > ch-].
Page(s): 958
skor ho-, -ā-

Root / lemma: skord
Meaning: vessel; potsherd
Material: Old High German scart-īsarn, Middle High German schart m. n., scharte f.
èiserne Pfanne';
Old Church Slavic skrada `Tiegel, Pfanne, stove, hearth' (also skvrada, skovrada, poln.
skowroda, russ. skovorodá; v kann from Slavic skver- `melt', Old Church Slavic raskvьrǫ
etc., übernommen sein); Latvian skārds, skārde `Blech, Weißblech' has, if related, its
meaning maybe evolved from `shard (sharp and thin)'.
Maybe truncated alb. (*skordho-) shkrinj `melt';
Page(s): 957
Root / lemma: skot-

skot-
Meaning: shadow, darkness
Material: Gr. σκότος `darkness' (m., later n.); Old Irish (lengthened grade) scāth n.
`shadow, protection, mirror';
mcymr. isgaud, cy-sgawd, cymr. cy-sgod, acorn. scod, neucorn. skēz, bret. skeud
`shadow'; Gothic skadus m., Old English sceadu f., scead n., Old High German scato, -
awes `shadow', Norwegian skodda, skadda `fog'.
maybe alb. skaj èdge, remote border, end' related to eng. sky ME. [ON ský cloud, rel. to
OE sceo, OS scio and (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skuggi shade,
shadow, Goth. skuggwa mirror.]
maybe alb. hie `shadow', hi àsh, gray' [common alb. sk- > h- shift].
Page(s): 957
Root / lemma: sku̯erb(h)-

erb(h)-
erb(h)
Meaning: to stick, pierce (thorns)
Note: Only Celtic and Baltic
Material: Corn. bret. spern `spinae' (-rn- from -rbn-);
Lithuanian skverbiù, skver̃bti `with a spitzen tool bohrend prick', Iter. skvarbaũ, skvarbýti
ds., skvìrbinu, -inti `prick, bore, prickeln'.

Page(s): 958
Root / lemma: (s)kū̆t-

Meaning: to shake
Material: Lithuanian kutù, kutė́ti àufrütteln', kustù and kuntù, kutaũ, kùsti `sich aufrütteln,
sich erholen', kutrùs `nimble', kutà ` tassel, fringe';
besides with anlaut. s-:
Old Saxon scuddian `with a Schwunge ausgießen', Old High German scutten, Old
Frisian skedda `shake, upset', Modern High German schütten, Middle Dutch Middle
English schuderen, engl. shudder `shudder, tremble' (*`to shake'), Modern High German
schaudern (Rhein Franconian word with Low German d), Old High German scutilōn,
Modern High German schütteln; Old Englishscūdan, sćyndan, Old Icelandic skynda `drive,
push' and skunda ` hasten; hurry', Old Saxon farskundian ` incite, aufhetzen', Old High
German scunten ` set in motion, stir, tease, irritate'; Old Church Slavic skytati sę `vagari'.
Maybe alb. shkund `shake' from alb. probably derived Latin scindo scindere scidi scissum
`to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'.

See also: s. also above S. 632 under ku̯ēt-
ēt-.
ēt
Page(s): 957-958
Root / lemma: sk̂āi-

āi-, sk̂ǝi-
āi ǝi- : sk̂ī-
ǝi
Meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); shadow
Note:
Root / lemma: sk̂āi-
āi-, sk̂ǝi-
āi ǝi- : sk̂ī- : to glimmer (of wet things); shadow, derived from
ǝi
truncated Root / lemma: aisk-
aisk- (*avisk
avisk-):: bright, shining.
avisk-
Material: Old Indic chāyā́ ` radiance, shimmer, shadow', Avestan a-saya- `wer keinen
shadow wirft', np. sāya `shadow, protection';
gr. σκιά̄ f. (sk̂ii̯-ā) `shadow', σκιερός, hom. σκιόεις `shady, dark', σκίρον `sunshade '
(formal = alb. hir, with length Gothic skeirs); with the grade sk̂ā[i]-: σκηνή, Doric σκᾱνά̄
`tent, stage, scene ', σκῆνος, Doric σκᾶνος n. `tent; body (as wrapping of the soul)'; σκῆν `
butterfly, moth ' Hes.; σκίναρ n. `body';
Note:
From gr. σκιά `shadow' + gr. οὑρά `tail' derived gr. σκίουρος, Latin sciurus -i, pl. sciuridae
m.`squirrel', alb. from a reshuffled Latin cognate derived alb. (*sciuridae) cetër, ketër
`squirrel' from alb. derived Bulgarian katerica `squirrel'. Typical of alb. is the drop of initial
s-: sc- > c- also the shift c > k.
alb. hē, hie `shadow' (*sk̂ii̯ā), hir ` grace ' (= gr. σκίρον), (h)ona `shadow' (*skēi-n-?),
Geg huj `god';
Typical alb. sk- > h- initials.
Old Icelandic skī n. ` hypocrisy ' (: gr. σκιά̄), Gothic skeinan `shine, appear, seem,
gleam, shine, gleam', Old Icelandic skīna ds., Old High German Old English scīnan ds.,
Modern High German scheinen (n-present, compare Old Church Slavic sinǫti; if also in
Latin scintilla `spark' a formation from a similar originator from is present, is doubtful
(derivative eines *sk̂i-nto- `gleaming'?);
Maybe Venetian sciantizo : Napulitano scentella : Portuguese centelha : Romanian

scânteie > alb. shkëndija : `spark'.
Old Icelandic skīn n., Old Saxon skīn, Old High German scīn m. `shine, radiance '; Old
English Old Saxon scima, Middle High German scheme `shadow', Modern High German
Schemen `shadowy shape', Old Icelandic skimi m. ` radiance ', Modern High German
schimmern, Schimmel etc.; Gothic skeima `shiner, torch', Old High German Old Saxon
scīmo, Old English scīma m. `light, radiance '; Middle High German scheim ds.; without s-
probably Norwegian hīm, hīma, as skīm `thin cover, Häutchen' (as `durchscheinend',
compare:) Old Icelandic skjār m. ` transparent skin, sash '; Gothic skeirs `clear, bright', Old
Icelandic skīrr, Old English scīr `durchsichtig, bright, clean', Middle High German (md.)
schīr ` pure, candid ', Modern High German schier; Old Icelandic skǣrr `clean, clear,
bright' (*skairi-r), Old Frisian skēria `clean';
Latvian seja (*k̂ei̯ā) `shadow, reflection, face';
Old Church Slavic sijati, sinǫti ` become gleam, illuminated ', sěnь `shadow' (besides
stěnь for *scěnь); Czech čirý ` pure, candid ', russ. ščíryj `veritable, genuine' (Gothic
loanword?), Church Slavic *širъ ` open open ', Adv. širý etc.;
Tocharian В skiyo `shadow' (= gr. σκιά̄).
References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.
Page(s): 917-918
Root / lemma: sk̂ed-

ed-
ed
Meaning: to cover
Material: Old Indic chadati (uncovered), chādáyati `bedeck, verbirgt', chattra-m ` shelter',
chadíṣ- n. `cover, roof'; Avestan sādayantī- à garment' (skyth. trouser?), afghan. psōlǝl `to
put on, wear' (*pati-upa-sad-); Old High German hāz m., Middle High German hǣze n.
`Rock, clothing', Old English hǣteru Nom. Pl. n. `dress'.
Note:
common Illyrian-alb. sk- > h-.
References: WP. II 558, Holthausen Altengl. Wb. 146.
Page(s): 919
Root / lemma: (s)k̂el-

el-
el
Meaning: to spring
Material: Old Indic śalabha- m. ` locust, grasshopper ', śalúna- m. à certain insect', śālūra-
m. `frog';
Note:
ur : Old Indic śālūra- m. `frog' : Ἰλλῠ

υρί
υρικό
Ἰλλυρ
υριστί
Middle High German schel ` jumping, auffahrend, angry, furious ', schellec ` jumping,
angry, irate, wild', Old High German scelo `Schellhengst' (`Bespringer'), Modern High
German schälen ` spring, jump ', Middle High German schelch `Bockhirsch'; Old Icelandic
skelkr `fear' as `*erschreckt auffahrend'; for Gothic etc. skalks `servant' one assumes a
basic meaning ` jumper, Laufbursche' and dissimilation from *skal-[s]kas-;
Lithuanian šuolỹs `Galopp', Latvian suôlis ` footstep '.
Maybe alb. (šk̂el-) *shkel `to step'.

Page(s): 929
Root / lemma: (s)k̂em-

em-
em
Meaning: disabled
Material: Old Indic śámala- n. `fault, error, damage, pity'; Old Icelandic PN. Hamall, Old
English hamola, Old High German hamal `mutilated' (Modern High German Hammel `
wether, castrated ram '); Old Icelandic hamla, Old High German hamalōn etc. ` mutilate ';
with expressive -mm-: Old Icelandic skammr, Old English Old High German scamm `short';
Old High German hamm, hammēr `mutilated'.
Note:
common Illyrian-alb. sk- > h-.
References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;
See also: in addition also k̂em- above S. 556.
Page(s): 929
Root / lemma: sk̂ē̆u-

Meaning: to throw, shoot, push
Note: only Balto-Slavic
Material: Lithuanian šáuju, šáuti `schießen (with a Feuerwaffe'), šũvis ` shot '; šáudyti
`mehrfach schießen, herumschießen, fly around, kick around, wander about aimlessly';
Latvian šaũt (*sk̂jauti) `schießen, rasch zufahren', šaudrs `hasty, stormy, hot tempered';
Old Church Slavic sujǫ, sovati `bump, poke, push '; Old Church Slavic sulica, Czech
sudlice `spear, lance'.

References:
See also: s. also under skeu-5.
Page(s): 954-955
Root / lemma: sk̂lēk-

lēk-, sk̂lǝk-
lēk ǝk-
Meaning: wet; to sprinkle
Material: Old Icelandic slag n. ` damp (from rain)', sleginn `benetzt', Norwegian slagen
`humid, wet', Swedish slaga `swamp, marsh'; Middle Low German slagge `schlackiges,
rainy weather ', Swedish slagga-väder ds.; Modern High German dial.slack
`Schneequatsch'; Low German slack `big, giant and heavy drip', slackern `verschütten,
pollute ', besleckern `beklecken'; ablaut. Old English sloh `morass', Middle Low German
slōch ds.;
Lithuanian šlãkas `drip, stain, Kleck' (in the meaning `Schlacke' German loanword),
šlakstaũ, -ýti `mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle ', šlakù, -ė́ti `drip, trickle', šlekiù, šlė̃kti `spray',
Latvian slaka Ànfeuchtung', slacît `naßmachen, sprinkle, fine rain'.
References: WP. II 602 f., 705;

See also: compare also sresk- `drip'?
Page(s): 957
Root / lemma: (s)kʷalo

(s)kʷalo-
ʷalo-s
Meaning: a large fish
Note: or rather kʷalo-
ʷalo-s ?
Material: Latin squalus èin größerer Meerfisch'; das s- could but previously secondary
from squatus ds., squāma ` scale, husk ' attributed sein;
Old Icelandic hvalr m. (besides -hveli n.) `whale' (i-stem), Old English hwæl, engl.
whale, Old Saxon Old High German hwal ds., besides Old High German hwelira
(Germanic *hvali-s-ōn-), Modern High German Waller, Weller and Middle High German
`Wels' (Germanic *hvali-s), wherefore also Old Prussian kalis `Wels'; the mythische fish
Avestan kora- is die iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. *kola `fish', later kal, to tscherem.
kol, lapp. guole, Finnish kala etc.; die ganze family also probably finno-ugr. origin.
References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f., Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arier and
Ugrofinnen 241 f.
Page(s): 958
ʷel-5, (s)kel-
Root / lemma: (s)kʷel
(s)kʷel- (s)kel-
Meaning: ` sound, shout '
See also: see above S. 550 (kel-).
Page(s): 928
Root / lemma: (s)kʷer
(s)kʷer-
ʷer-
Meaning: ` make '
See also: see above S. 641 f. (kʷer-).
Page(s): 947
Root / lemma: slak-

slak-
Meaning: to hit, hammer
Note: only Irish and Germanic
Material: Middle Irish slacc `sword', nir. slacaire `Schläger' (with expressive -kk-); Middle
Irish slachta `beaten', nir. slacht m. `good apparition, from gutem blow, knock', Gaelic
slachdaim `hit with dem hammer', slachdan `club, mace, joint';
Gothic slahan, Old Icelandic slā, Old English slēan, Old Saxon Old High German slahan
(sluoc, sluogen, geslagen) `hit'; Old High German slagon, Old Frisian slagia ds.; Old
Icelandic slā f. ` shaft, pole, bar, bolt', Old English slahe, slēa `Weberkamm', Middle High
German sla, slage `Schlagwerkzeug', Middle Low German slawe `Hufbeschlag', Middle
High German slouwe `spoor, track, Fährte' (*slagwō); lengthened grade Old Icelandic slø̄gr
` crafty, cunning ' (`*board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash '); Gothic
slauhts f. `Schlachtung' (*sl̥k-ti-); Old Icelandic slāttr f. `reaping, harvesting, mowing, hay
harvest', slātr f. `Schlachtfleisch', Old High German slahta `killing, Schlachtung'; with a
meaning as Modern High German jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock `kind of': Old
High German gislaht `noble geartet', gislahti n. `stem, quality ', Modern High German
Geschlecht.
References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.

Page(s): 959
Root / lemma: (s)lā̆gʷ-

Meaning: to grab
Material: Gr. (ep. Ionian) λάζομαι (present and Impf.) `take, catch, gripe, seize (*λαγ(ʷ)ι̯ω);
after αἴνυμαι is Ionian Attic λάζυμαι, Boeotian λαδδουσθη reshaped; Aor. ἔλλαβε (hom.),
ἔλαβον, aegin. λhαβών, Attic inschr. Λhαβετος or -ητος, Perf. Attic εἴληφα (*σεσλᾱφα), Fut.
λήψομαι, Ionian λάψομαι, present Ionian Attic λαμβάνω (to λαβεῖν neologism); λάβρος
`violent, boisterous; voracious, greedy ', λάβρᾱξ m. `Meerwolf' (fish), hom. λαβρεύομαι
`babble cheeky, vorlaut', λαβρ-αγόρης ` cheeky redend', λαβροῦσθαι `sich whereupon fall';
Old English læccan `catch, gripe ' (= λάζομαι from *slagʷi̯ō), engl. latch.
References: WP. II 707, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 649, 698, 699.
Page(s): 958
Root / lemma: (s)leb-, (s)lob-

lemma: (s)leb- (s)lob-, (s)lep-
(s)lep-, (s)lop-
(s)lop-
See also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps Middle Irish lelap, lenap (p = b), lenab
(b = w) `small kid, child'.
Page(s): 959
Root / lemma: (s)leib-

(s)leib-
See also: ' slippery, glide, slide' see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones
WGr. 125) cymr. llithr m. ` glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' (slib-tro-).
Page(s): 960
Root / lemma: (s)leid

(s)lei h-
Meaning: slippery, to slide
Note: extension from lei-
lei-3, slei-
slei- above S. 662 f.
Material: Old Indic srédhati `gleitet ab, geht fehl, errs '; gr. ὀλισθάνω, Aor. ὤλισθον `gleite',
Material:
ὀλισθηρός ` slippery ', ὄλισθος m. `Glätte, Schlüpfrigkeit' (*lidh-to-s) based on -dhō- or -tō-
present; anlaut as in ὀλιβρός from the related root (s)leib-
(s)leib-, above S. 663;
Middle Irish slōet `Floss', nir. slaod `gleitende mass', with unclear dd;
Old English slīdan, Middle High German slīten `glide, slide, skid ', Old English slide m. `
slide, fall', Old High German slito, Old Icelandic sleði ` sled ' (compare Latvian slidas
`Schlittschuhe'), Old English slidor ` slippery, smooth ', slidrian ` slide ', Low German
slidderen, Modern High German schlittern;
Lithuanian slýstu, slýdau, slýsti `glide, slide', Latvian slist, slīst ds., slîdēt ` skid, glide,
slide', Lithuanian slidùs ` smooth, slippery ', Latvian slids ds., slidas Pl. `Schlittschuhe',
slaids àbschüssig, smooth ', sliẽde ` track, Geleise (of cart)'; Old Prussian slidenikis
`Leithund';
Old Church Slavic slědъ `spoor, track ', russ. slěd ds., sležý, sledítь `spüre, follow ' etc.
sli-n-dhō in Lithuanian lendù, lindaú, līsti, Latvian lìenu,

in addition probably n-present sli-
lìdu, lìst ` grovel, truckle, creep, slip into ', and through ablaut derailment Germanic *slind-,
sland-, slund- in Gothic fra-slindan ìntertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf,
consume' (actually `glide, slide let'), Old High German slintan ds., Middle High German
slint, slunt `gullet', Old Dutch slinderen `glide, slide, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High
German lendern àmble', Dutch lunderen ` hesitate ';
compare with other extension sli-

sli-n-dō, Germanic *slint- in Old Icelandic sletta slatt `
sink, glide, slide, hang ' (*slintan), sletta `hit, throw, spray' (*slantjan), Swedish slinta `fall,
glide, slide', Swedish dial. släntra = Low German slentern, Dutch slenteren, Modern High
German schlenzen àmble', ablaut. Norwegian Danish sluntre ùnordentlich sein', Low
German sluntern ds., Modern High German schlunzen `careless, neglectful go';
whether Latin lumbrīcus m. `worm' auf *londhr-īko- zurückginge, could above n-forms
also auf eine root (s)lend(h)- `glide, slide' zurückgeführt become.
References: WP. II 707 f., 715, Trautmann 269, Vasmer 2, 658 f., Johannesson 922 f., 931
f.
Page(s): 960-961
Root / lemma: (s)leig-

(s)leig-
Meaning: to hit, hack
Material: Latin ligō, -ōnis m. `hack, mattock, hoe', Old Irish sliucht m. `spoor, track, break,
section, progeny ', Old English slicc n. (*slikja-) `Schläger, hammer', Old Frisian Old Saxon
slēc (*slaiki-) `blow, knock'.
Page(s): 961
slenk-, sleng-
Root / lemma: slenk- sleng-
Meaning: to wind, turn; to creep
Material: 1. auf -k: cymr. llyngyr Pl. `Würmer', Middle Breton lencquernenn, nbret.
lenkernenn Èingeweidewurm' (*slinkurī-), Middle Breton lencr `schleichend'; Old High
German slingan, Old English slingan stem V. `swing, coil, flax, wattle, braid', refl. `sich
schlängeln, grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Icelandic slyngva (slǫng) `throw, toss, fling,
zwirnen' (v present formant), Kaus. sløngva `throw, toss, fling', Old High German slango
`snake', Old Icelandic sløngva `Schleuder', Old High German slinga ` loop, noose, snare ',
slengira `Schleuder';
Lithuanian slenkù, sliñkti `slink' (from the snake), slìnka, slankà `Faulenzer', slañkius m.
`Bergrutsch'; Latvian slìkt `sich senken, in Wasser untergehen', slìесе f. ` Sledge skid '
(*slenkē-);in addition (because of Ganges) Balto Slavic *slā̆nkā f. `Schnepfe', in Lithuanian
slankà, Latvian slùoka (sekundärerē-stem Old Prussian slanke, Lithuanian slañkė), proto
Slavic. *slǫka in russ. slúka `Schnepfe'.
2. auf -g: Old English slincan stem V. ` grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Swedish slinka `
grovel, truckle, creep, sich schmiegen', Middle Low German Dutch slinken `shrivel up,
shrink'; Middle High German slanc ` slim, lean ' (actually `pliable'), Middle Low German
slank `pliable', Norwegian dial. slakk `fragile, flimsy, slim '.
References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.
Page(s): 961-962
Page(s):
Root / lemma: sler-

sler-
See also: see below S. 965 f. (*slr̥g-).
Page(s): 962
Root / lemma: sleub(h)-

sleub(h)-
Note: only Latin and Germanic; compare also sleuĝ-.
Material: Latin lūbricus ` slippery, smooth ';
Gothic sliupan `slink', Old High German sliofan, Modern High German schliefen, Old
English slūpan `glide, slide, slip, stumble ', Middle Low German slūpen ` slip, slide;
stumble, slink', Gothic afslaupjan ` strip, wipe ', Old English slīepan àn- or disrobe ', Old
High German Middle High German sloufen ` slip, slide; stumble let, an- or disrobe ', Middle
High German sluft (actually `Schlupf'), Modern High German Schlucht, Middle High
German slupfer(ic), Modern High German schlüpfrig (ro-forms as in lūbricus), Old English
slyppe `dough, mucus', Old High German Middle High German slouf `das Schlüpfen, duct,
tube, pipe', Middle High German sloufe `duct, tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote', Modern High
GermanSchleife, older Schläufe, dial. Schlaufe, etc.;
in Germanic also *sluƀ- (Indo Germanic *sleup- or *sleu bh -): Old English slīefan
`(dress) lure, tempt ', slīefe f. `Ärmel' (engl. sleeve), nl. sloof `Schürze', Modern High
German dial. Schlaube ds.
References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.

Page(s): 963-964
(s)leug-, (s)leuk-
Root / lemma: (s)leug- (s)leuk-
Meaning: to swallow
Grammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-
(s)lu-n-gō,
gō (s)lu-
(s)lu-n-kō
Material: Gr. λύγξ, -γγος f., λυγμός (probably *λυγγμός) m. `the Schlucken', λύζω `have
den Schlucken', (*λύγγι̯ω), λυγγάνομαι Hes. `schluchze'; *(s)leuk- in λυγκαίνω ds.,
λαυκανίη (v. l. λευκανίη) `throat, gullet'; λύγδην `schluchzend';
Old Irish slucim, nir. sloigim `schlucke' (*slunk-ō), cymr. llyncu, bret. lonka ` gulp, sip,
swallow ', abret. roluncas `has verschlungen'; *(s)lung- in Old Irish -lungu Ì eat, drink ',
cymr. llewa èat, drink' (*lugamā);
Norwegian slūka stem V. ìntertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume',
Middle Low German slūken stem V. `hinunterschlucken', Middle High German schlūchen
sch. V. `schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow ', Late Old High German slūch m. `gullet', Middle
High German slūch `gullet, abyss'; with ū: Old Icelandic slok n. `trough, Wasserrinne',
Middle Low German sloke `gullet, gulp', with kk: Middle High German slücke àperture ',
slucken `schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow, sob ', Middle Low German slucken, Dutch slokken
`schlingen'; with au Norwegian sløykja `rinnenartige immersion ';
Lithuanian pa-laũkis ` dewlap of Rindes'; klr. ɫýkaty, wruss. ɫkać ` gulp, sip, swallow '.
References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.

References:
Page(s): 964
Root / lemma: (s)leuĝ-

leuĝ-, (s)leuk̂-
Note: only Germanic and Balto-Slavic; compare also sleub-.
Material: Dutch sluiken `slink, schmuggeln', Swiss slūche `go sluggishly', slūchi
`langsamer, schleichender, heimtückischer person'; Middle High German slūch
`Schlangenhaut, hose' (actually `worein geschlüpft wird'), Modern High German Schlauch,
Old Low German slūk `squāmas'; besides Germanic sluh-, slug- (Indo Germanic *sleuk-) in
Swedish dial. slu(v) (*slūhwō) `die husk um den empfindlichsten Teil in Horn or Hufe',
Norwegianslo `the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe', Middle Low German slū `Fruchthülse,
Fruchtbalg, bowl', nnd. also slūwe, North German dial. Schlaube, Middle English slughe,
slouh (engl. slough) àbgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; Low German slū, Modern High German
schlau, South German dial. schlauch ds. (*slūha-, actually `schleichend');
Lithuanian šliũžės Pl. `Schlittschuhe', šliaũžti ` grovel, truckle, creep ' (šl- from sl-),
Latvian šl'užât `slither'; russ. lýža `snowshoe; Schlittenbalken', klr. ɫýžva `Skier', russ. dial.
lyzgátь àuf dem Eise gleiten, slither', lyznútь, lyzgonútь `davonrennen', Bulgarian lъ́zgav `
smooth ', lъ́zgam se `laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.
References: WP. II 711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.
Page(s): 964
(s)leup-, (s)leub(h)-
Root / lemma: (s)leup- (s)leub(h)-
Meaning: to hang loose
Note: only german. and Baltic
Material: Old English lyft `weak' = Middle Dutch luft, lucht ` left ', East Frisian luf `slack,
tired ', Old Icelandic lūfa `dichtes Нааг' (probably `*dense and long niederhängendes'),
Middle Low German lobbe ` hanging lip, Manschette', Dutch lobbig `schlotterig, slack', isl.
lubba f. `large codfish'; Low German sluf, Dutch slof `faint, languid, slack', sluffen `go
sluggishly', engl. sloven `nachlässiger, unreinlicher person'; Dutch slobbe `slime, mud',
engl. slobber, slubber ` drool, drivel, slaver, befoul ', Low German slubberen ` slurp ', nisl.
slupra ` slurp ' (imagining of Herabhängenlassens beim food, eating, of hängenden
Schleimes and Schlammigen);
Lithuanian lū́pa f. `lip' (: mndd. lobbe) and slùbnas `slack, faint, languid'.

Page(s): 964-965
Root / lemma: (s)leu-

(s)leu-
Meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble
Note: esp. with extensions; out of Germanic only barely provable, in this but very reich
entfaltet
Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: Gothic slawan ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (*slawēn `*faint,
languid sein' from an Adj. *slawa-?);
with m-suffix: Norwegian slum `slack, thin (from Grashalmen)', sluma `schlaff and go
sluggishly', Danish older slum ` slumber ', Old English slūma m. ` slumber ', late Middle
High German (md.) slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse'; Norwegian sløyma `quick,
fast to langem, weichen Stroh wachsen';
with n-suffix: Alemannian schlūne ` drowse ', Middle High German slūn `Faulenzer';
with r-suffix: Norwegian slūre `sluggish person', slūren `faint, languid, sleepy ', slora,
slura ` loose hang, drag', Middle High German slūr m. Ùmherschlendern; Faulpelz',
Middle Low German sluren `shiver, swerve, träge sein'; Dutch (abl.) sleuren ds., sloor
`liederliche person'; Middle High German slier (*sleura-) m. n. `slime, mud, loam, clay '
(Modern High German dial. Schlier ds., Schliere `slimy mass', Tirol schlieren `glide, slide,
slip, stumble '), engl. slear, sleer `smear', slur `slime, mud', Verb. `smear, glide, slide'.
(s)leug-
(s)leug-:
Low German slūk `slack', Dutch sluik ` lean, hager, smooth ', engl. slouch ` den Kopf
hängen, idle and careless, neglectful go '; Old Icelandic slokinn èrloschen', slokna ` be
extinguished, die'; sløkkva ` extinguish, put out, slay'; Norwegian sloka `faul sein', Low
German slokeren `slack sein, shiver', with kk: slukkern ds. (Modern High German
Schlucker), slukk `sad', slokk `slack, weak', Norwegian slauk ` limp person', slauka `sich
schleppen', Old English slēac `slack'; without s-: Old Icelandic loka `schlaff herabhangen
lassen', Norwegian lukr, lugr ` loose, schlotternd'; besides with expressive voiced-
nonaspirated gemination Norwegian Swedish slugga ` be clumsy ' (engl. slug, slug-gish `
sleepy, idle' is Scandinavian loanword), Middle Low German luggich ds.;presumably
Lithuanian slúgstu, slúgau, slúgti ` abate, small become'.
(s)leut-
(s)leut-:
Middle Irish lott (lōt?) ` whore ' seems Germanic loanword; compare under Old Icelandic
lodda, in addition lydda `faules woman';
Old English līedre `nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Middle High
German liederlich `light and dainty, slight, leichtfertig', Modern High German liederlich
(*liuÞri-); Old High German lotar, Middle High German loter, lotter ` lax, leichtfertig'
(Modern High German Lotterbube), also ìdle' (Modern High German Lotterbank), Old
English loddere ` beggar', Old Swedish lyddare f. ùntaugliche person', Old Icelandic lodda
f. `wife, woman'; here with the meaning ` loose hängendes Tuch, scrap, shred' perhaps
Old High German lūthara, lūdara ` diaper, cradle ', Old Saxon lūthara `Kinderwindel'; with ŭ
Old High German lodera ds., Old Saxon lodara `scrap, shred' and Old High German ludo,
lodo ` coarse Wollenzeug, Überwurf out of it', Modern High German Loden, Old Saxon
lotho, Old English loÞa m. `mantle', Old Icelandic loði `Lodenmantel' (in the meaning from
loðenn, above S. 685, influenced);
serb. lûtȁm, lútati àmble', ablaut. russ. lytátь `sich herumtreiben, umherschlenzen';
presumably also аčесh. lútový ` frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; vain',
Latvian lutêt, lutinât ` spoil, pamper ';
With s-: Gothic af-slauÞjan ìn Bestürzung versetzen' (if `*slack, feeble make', from an
Adj. *slauÞa-), af-slauÞnan ìn Bestürzung geraten'; Old Icelandic sloðra `sich vorwärts
schleppen', slyðra ` fibre, filament ', Middle High German slot(t)ern, sloten `wobble, sway,
tremble', Modern High German schlottern, Dutchslodderen ds., slodder `liederliche
person'; Middle High German slūdern ` swerve, toss, fling', slūder `Schleuder', slūderer
`wer übereilt and liederlich arbeitet', slū(de)r-affe `Müßiggänger' (Schlaraffe), Bavarian
schlaudern also ` loose hin and her drive';
isl. slydda `snow and rain durcheinander', sludda `clump saliva or nasal mucus ', engl.
dial. slud `slime, mud', South German schludern `to snow and rain zugleich', Middle High
German slate `slime, mud, thaw', Modern High German dial. schlott, schlutt ds.; ablaut.
Middle High German slōte `slime, mud, loam, clay ';
with Germanic t-: Old Frisian slāt, Middle Low German slōt m. `Wassergraben, puddle,
slop, swamp, marsh', engl. sleet (Old English*slīete), `Schloßen, graupel ', Low German
slöten `hail', Middle High German slōz, slōze, Modern High German Schloße, Norwegian
slutr `rain and Schnee durcheinander', Old Icelandic slota `herabhängen', Swedish dial.
`faul sein', with lengthened zero grade Old Icelandic slūta `herabhängen, hang, lässig
sein', Modern High German dial. schlossen `slack become, thaw' (schlotzen `with smut to
tun have, careless, neglectful sein' with -tt-).
References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.
Page(s): 962-963
(s)lēg- : (s)lǝg
Root / lemma: (s)lēg- ǝg- and (s)leg-
(s)lǝg- (s)leg-
Meaning: weak, feeble
Note: nasalized (s)leng-
(s)leng- (= leng- `swing, waver'?)
Material: Old Indic laṅga- `lame'; gr. λήγω `lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans. `make
withdraw' (*slēgō), ἄλληκτος (*σλ-) ùnaufhörlich', λαγάσσαι ἀφεῖναι Hes., λαγαρός `slack,
fragile, flimsy, thin', hom. λαγωός, Ionian λαγός, Attic λαγώς, -ώ `hare' (*(s)lǝg-ōusos `with
schlaffen ears'), λαγών, -ονος usually Pl. `the groin, Dünnen' (formal = Old Icelandic laki
`Faltmagen'), λάγανον `thin wide cake' (formal = Old Saxon lakan etc. `kerchief, cloth'),
λωγάνιον ` dewlap ' (compare Swedish slōka `schlaff herabhängen'), nasalized
presumably here λαγγάζω ` hesitate ', λαγγών `Zaudern', λαγγεύαι φεύγαι Hes. (*`faint,
languid sein, schlaff and unschlüssig sein'); with the meaning ` lustful ': λάγνος `horny,
lustful', λαγνεύειν ` lustful sein', λαγνεία `lust, desire, sensuality, voluptuousness', λωγάς
πόρνη Hes. (besides with ĕ-Vok. λέγαι δε γυναῖκες = ἀκόλαστοι Archil., ἐλεγαίνειν
`ἀσελγαίνειν' EM.;
Latin laxus `slack, wide, capacious ', nasalized langueō, -ēre `faint, languid, slack,
abgespannt sein';
Old Irish lacc (with expressive gg) `slack, weak'; mcymr. llacc, ncymr. llac `slack' derives
because of seines cc instead of ch from engl. slack;
Middle Low German lak `slack, loose ', Dutch lak, Modern High German Dialectal lack
ds., Middle Dutch lak also ` lustful ', Old Icelandic lakr and (full grade) lākr èvil, bad,
small'; with gradation ō Swedish dial. lōka `schlaff herabhängen', Old Icelandic lōkr `
blockhead, Faulpelz'; Germanic *lakana- `baumelnder rag, corner, tail' in Old Saxon lakan
`kerchief, cloth', Old High German lahhan ds. (Modern High German Laken from dem Low
German, formal compare gr. λάγανον), Old Icelandic laki m. ` tadpole, frog or toad larva ';
the manyplies of the ruminant, Faltmagen' (= λαγών), lack, fault, error';
with s-: Old Icelandic slakr `slack' (poet.), slakna ` languish, tire, slacken ', Old Saxon
Middle Low German slac `slack, weak', participle Old Saxon gislekit `stumpf gemacht',
Middle Low German slak-sīde `Bauchseite' (as λαγών and Modern High German
Weichen), Old English slæc `slack, idle, slow', Old High German slah- `slack, idle', Old
English sleccan (*slekjan) ` exhaust, weaken ';
with gradation ō: Old Icelandic slōkr à limp boy', Norwegian slōken `slack', Swedish
slōka `schlaff herabhängen lassen', dial. `träge sein', slōk and (with ē) slåk `leichtsinniges
woman', Old Swedish slökifriÞ, -frilla `Kebsweib';
nasalized probably Swedish slinka `nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, limp ', Old High German
slinc, Dutch slink ` left ', Middle High German link, Modern High German link; Old High
German lenka `die Linke', Swedish linka and lanka `somewhat limp ', lunka `slowly go',
Danish slunken `slack, schlotterig' (*`schlaff dahergehen'); perhaps Swedish dial. slank,
South German schlank `scrap, shred, thin';
Latvian leǵę̄ns `slack, soft';
doubtful russ. pere-slěga `fault, error in texture ' (*Àuslassen of Fadens'??), sloven.
preslệgast `fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak';
whether also Tocharian A slākkär `sad'?
References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.

Page(s): 959-960
Root / lemma: slēgʷ
slēgʷ-
Meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle
Material: Gr. λώβη f. `schimpfliche Behandlung, disgrace, shame, maltreatment, damage,
ruin', λωβάομαι `behandle schimpflich, mißhandle, mutilate, frevle, hurt ';
Lithuanian slogà `plague, Landplage', with secondary ablaut.: Latvian slāga `damage,
complaint '; Lithuanianslogùs `beschwerlich', slogìnti `plague', sluogaĩ `Hölzer zum
Beschweren eingeweichten Flachses'; with uo: Lithuanian slúogas, Latvian sluogs `clot,
chunk, stone, load', sluodzît ` grouch, niederpressen, thrash', sluogât, sluoguôt ds.; with ē:
Lithuanian slė́g-iu, -ti ` distress, press', Latvian slēgt `shut' (*`zudrücken'), Lithuanian
slėgtis, slėgtė̃ `Presse, Kelter', Latvian at-slēga `Schloß', slēgs `burden'.

Page(s): 960
(s)lī- (: slǝi
Root / lemma: (s)lī- ǝi- or slōi
slǝi- slī-u̯o-
slōi-), slī-
Meaning: blueish
Material: Latin līveō, -ēre `bleifarbig, be bluish ', līvor ` bluish paint, color', līvidus ` bluish'
(based on auf an Adj. *slī-u̯os or *lī-u̯o-s);
Old Irish lī `paint, color, radiance ', cymr. lliw, acorn. liu, ncorn. lyw ds., abret. nbret. liou
`paint, color' (`paint, color' from `blue' verallgemeinert), abret. liou `naevum', da-liu (lies du-
liu) `fuscus'; gall. PN Līvō; but Latin Līvius perhaps etrusk.
russ.-Church Slavic slíva `plum' etc., from which Lithuanian slyvà, Old Prussian
sliwaytos ds. borrowed; slov. slîv ` bluish' is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen;
with formants -ko-: Old High German slēha, slēwa (*sloi-kʷo-), Old English slāh (engl.
sloe), Modern High German Schlehe ` sloe, wild plum ', Swedish slå(n) ds.; compare
Martinet Word 12, 4.
References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer 2, 660.
Page(s): 965
slougo-, -ā- f.
Root / lemma: slougo-
Meaning: help, service
Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch
Material: Old Irish slōg, slūag m. ` army, Schaar', teg-lach (*tego-slougo-)
`Hausgenossenschaft, family ', cymr. llu ` army ', acymr. telu, mcymr. teilu, newer teulu `
cortege ', ncymr. ` household, family ', acorn. luu, mcorn. lu `bulk, mass, Schaar, army ';
gall. VN Catu-slugi (leg. -slōgi) `Kampfesscharen'; Lithuanian žemait. slaugaũ, slaugýti `
support, help', slaugà `das Dienen', pã-slauga `help, Hilfeleistung'; Old Church Slavic
sluga m. `servant'; in addition Old Church Slavic služǫ, služiti ` serve ', etc.
References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.
References:
Page(s): 965
Root / lemma: (s)lr̥g- and sler-

sler-
Material: Gr. λάρυγξ, -υγγος m. `gullet' (perhaps after φάρυγξ reshaped);
Latin lurco(r), -āre, -ārī `feast, eat plentifully, devour ', if auf *lurgicos being based on;
lurcō, -ōnis m. ` gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater ';
Middle High German slurc `gullet', slurken ` gulp, sip, swallow ', Norwegian Swedish
slurk `gulp, mouthful ', Norwegian Swedish slurka ìn großen Zügen slurp '; Modern High
German schlürchen `careless, neglectful go';
sler- with variant extensions in Latvian slarpata òld rag', slarpatât

an onomatopoeic root sler-
`lumpig einhergehen': Swedish slarfva `scrap, shred, rag'; Latvian slarkšêt (besides
slarpšêt) `go sluggishly': Modern High German schlarken `schleifend go' (schlarfen ds.).

Page(s): 965-966
Root / lemma: smeg(h)-

smeg(h)-
Meaning: to taste
Material: Middle High German smach `taste, smell, odor', Middle Low German smak(e)
`das Schmecken, taste, smell, odor', smaken, Old Frisian smakia, Middle English smakin `
taste ';
with -kk- Old High German smac (-ckes) `taste', smecken trans. and intrans. ` taste ', Old
English smæcc m. `taste, smell, odor', isl. smekkr ds.; with -g- (Indo Germanic variant
*smegh-): Old High German gismagmo `taste', gismag, gismah `schmackhaft';
Lithuanian smaguriaĩ ` tidbit ', smaguriaúti ` nibble ', smagùris ` forefinger ' (actually
`Naschfinger, Näscher'); perhaps is smeg(h)- as s-form with Lithuanian mė́gti
`wohlgefallen' etc. identical,
See also: s. mē̆gh- `wohlgesinnt' above S. 707.
Page(s): 967
(s)mei-1, smeu-
Root / lemma: (s)mei- smeu-
Meaning: to laugh, surprise
Material: Old Indic smáyatē, -ati `lächelt', Kaus. smāpayati; smita- `lächelnd', vi-smita-
èrstaunt', smaya- n. ` astonishment ', smēra- `lächelnd' (= Latin mīrus);
gr. (with d-extension) μεῖδος γέλως Hes., φιλομμειδής ` gladly lächelnd', μείδησα,
μειδιάω `laugh';
Latin mīrus ` wonderful ' (formation as clārus, = Old Indic smēra-); Latin cōmis, old
cosmis `compliant, friendly', as `with smile ', from a root nouns smi-;
Old Irish mīad n. `fame, pride', ablaut. moīdid `rühmt sich';
Alemannian šmīǝ àstonish'; Middle English smīlin, engl. smile, Danish smile, Norwegian
smila ` smile '; Old English gāl-smǣre `zum Lachen willing, inclined';
Latvian smeju, smiêt `verlachen', smaĩda `the smile ' (in -d- probably with dem Gr. to
compare); smaidît ` smile, flatter, mock ';
Old Church Slavic smějǫ (*smei-i̯ō), smijati sę `laugh', směchъ `das laughter ';
Tocharian A smi- ` smile '.
Besides smeu-
smeu- in:
Middle High German smieren, smielen, old Dutch smuylen `lacheln', probably also
Middle High German smollen `from Unwillen schweigen, schmollen; smile '; russ.
uchmyĺátьsá ` smile, schmunzeln', dial. chmylítь ` smile ', probably also poln. dial. chmlić
się `sich verfinstern, ein verdrießliches face machen'.
References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31.
Page(s): 967-968
smeit-, smit-
Root / lemma: smeit- smit-
Meaning: to throw
Material: Avestan hamista- `niedergeworfen, oppressed' (*ham-[h]mista-, with in Simplex
erfolgtem Anlautswandel from sm- to [h]m-); hamaēstar- `wer niederwirft, oppressed';
maēϑ- `throw', with Ablat., *ēmittere ex' = `mug, rob' (mōiϑat̃), with ā- `(an sich) come
lassen' (āmiϑnāiti), with paiti- `*zurückschicken' = `den Laufpaß give, absagen', with ham-
`mug, rob' (hǝmiϑyāt̃); with ham + aibī ` admit, allow, den Zutritt gestatten';
Latin mittō, -ere, mīsi, missum `go let, run let; send, senden', with expressive
intensification from *smītō (*smeitō), compare cosmittere Paul. Fest.
References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.

Page(s): 968
Root / lemma: smek-

smek-
Meaning: chin, beard
Note: in Old Indic with k̂
Material: Old Indic śmaśru- n. `beard, whisker, moustache' (assim. from *smaśru-);
(through metathesis) Armenian mauruk`, moruk` `beard';
alb. mjekrë, mjekëra, mjekra `chin, beard' (*smekrā);
Note:
Common alb. shift sm > m; drop of initial s- in alb.
perhaps Latin māla ` mandible, maxilla ', Demin. maxilla (*smek-slā, dessen vowel with
Armenian a vergleichbar would be); Irish smech `chin' (*smekā), presumably Old English
smǣras m. Pl. `Lippen' (*smahria-), in addition as `Lippenblütler' nisl. smǣra f., smāri m.,
Norwegian Danish smǣre m., Swedish dial. smäre m. ` clover ', after other to smei- ` smile
'; Lithuanian smãkras m., smakrà f. `chin', Latvian smakrs `chin, palate';
Hittite zama(n)kur `beard' (*smokur or *smokru-).
Page(s): 968
Root / lemma: smel-

smel-1
Meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder
Material: Middle Irish smāl, smōl, smūal f. `fire, blaze, glow, ash'; mnl. smölen, Dutch
smeulen `gleam, smolder ', Low German smelen, smölen ds.,
ō-grade Flemish smoel `muggy'; Middle English smolder `smoke', nengl. smoulder; also
(compare rauchen ` exhale, smoke ': riechen ` smell '), Middle English smel, smul (-ll-)
`smell, odor', engl. smell;
Upper Sorbian smalić `singe, burn lightly ', Lower Sorbian smališ `singe, blacken, make
black', klr. prysmaɫýty ànbrennen'.
With k-extension: Lithuanian smilkstù, smil̃kti èinen weak Dunst or Rauch from sich
give', smilkýti ` fume ', smelkiù, smel̃kti `choke; suppress, crush';
besides in Germanic with r- Old English smorian `choke; suppress, crush (tr.)', Middle
Low German smoren `dämpfen, choke; suppress, crush (tr.and intr.), schmoren', Flemish
smoren `smoke, misty sein', Middle Low German smurten `choke; suppress, crush', Middle
English smorther, engl. smother `vapor'.
References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.

Page(s): 969
Root / lemma: smel-

smel-2
Meaning: gray
Material: Gr. μελίη àsh tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz' (ἐυμμελίης `with a guten
Eschenspeer bewaffnet'), μέλινος, μείλινος èschen' (*[σ]μελF-ιᾱ, -ινος), perhaps from the
grauen Farbe of Holzesund to Old Lithuanian smėlùs ` ash-colored, dun-colored, light
grayish brown ', Lithuanian pasmė̃lti `cloudy, dark become'.
See also: compare mel-6 above S. 720 f.
Page(s): 969
smerd-, smord-
Root / lemma: smerd- smord-
Meaning: to stink
Material: Gr. σμόρδωνες Pl. `Stänker' Hes.; σμορδοῦν συνουσιάζειν; Lithuanian smìrdžiu,
smirdė́ti `stink', Latvian smir̂dêt ds., Lithuanian smirdėlė̃ `dwarf elder', smardìnti `stinkend
make', Latvian smerdelis `Stänker', smards ` fetidness ', Lithuanian smár[d]vé, Old
Lithuanian smarstas ` fetidness ' (also smarstė, smarstvas, smársas `schlechteres fat',
actually ` bad-smelling fat'), Old Prussian smorde ` alder buckthorn, alder dogwood '; Old
Church Slavic smrъděti, russ. smerdétь `stink', russ. smórod ` fetidness ', smoródina `
black currant ', poln. smród, Czech smrad ` fetidness '; in addition probably Latin merda
òrdure, ordure of Leibes'.
smerd- `stink' is eine probably already Indo Germanic verselbständigte use from
(s)merd- in Modern High German schmerzen, Latin mordēre, s. mer-, merd- ` chafe '
(above S. 736 f), originally also `beißender smell, odor'.
References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer 2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.
Page(s): 970
Root / lemma: smeru-

smeru-
Meaning: grease, fat
Material: Gr. probably σμύρις `Schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren', (σ)μυρίζω `poliere
through Reiben, anoint, smear, rub', μύρον n. `wohlriechendes Salböl, plant juice ',
perhaps also (σ)μῦρος à kind of eel, Muräne' as `fettig sich anfühlend';
Latin perhaps in medullae Pl. ` marrow of bones and plants ', through influence of
medius ` in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ' from *merulla transfigured; Old
Irish smi(u)r m., Gen. smera ` marrow ', cymr. mer ` marrow '; Old Icelandic smiǫr n., Old
English smeoru, Old High German smero (Gen. smerwes) `Schmer, fat', whereof Old
Icelandic smyria, smyrva `bestreichen, anoint', Old English smierwan ànoint', Old High
German smirwen ànoint, smear', Modern High German Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgel;
with other stem formation Gothic smaírÞr n. `fat', smarnōs òrdure, crap, muck, droppings'
(meaning as Modern High German schmierig, Dutch smerig `faecal, mucky, dirty, filthy').

Page(s): 970-971
Root / lemma: (s)mer-

(s)mer-
Meaning: to remember; to care for
Material: 1. Old Indic smárati ` reminds sich, gedenkt', smaraṇa- n., smŕ̥ti- ` memory,
recollection, Gedächtnis', Avestan maraiti, hišmaraiti `(be)merkt', mimara- èingedenk';
Armenian mormok` `Bedauern, Mißvergnügen, distress, affliction'(with formants -ok` from
a *mor-m[or]o- with fractured reduplication); gr. μέρμερος `was viel Sinnen, Sorgen
required '; μερμαίρω, μερμηρίζω `care, sinne, hesitate '; μέρμηρᾰ f. ` care, Sinnen',
μεριμνάω `care, bin bedacht, grüble', post-verbal μέριμνα f. ` care, anxiety '; also μάρτυς, -
ρος, hom. μάρτυρος, Cretan μαιτυρ- ` witness, testifier '? different above S. 735;
Latin memor èingedenk' (compare Avestan mimara- ds., Old English ge-mimor ds.),
memoria `Gedächtnis'; Morta èine Parze';
Old Irish airm(m)ert f. `forbid', cymr. armerth `Vorbereitung' (*smert-), Middle Irish
mertaid `richtet ein', bret. merzout `become aware', Vannes armerhein èinrichten'; gall.
PN Smerius, Smertullus, GN Smertrios; Ro-smerta `die Voraussehende'; abrit. VN
Σμέρται.
Old Icelandic Mīmir à giant '; Old English mimorian `sich remind', ge-mimor `known',
māmrian `überetwas sinnen', Dutch mijmeren `deep nachsinnen'; Gothic maúrnan, Old
English murnan, Old High German mornēn `care for, worry, anxiously worry about';
Old Lithuanian merė́ti `care for, worry', lengthened grade serb. máriti `sich kümmern
um', etc. (*mōr-);
2. as `sinnen, sinnend dastehen' = `hesitate' probably die group Latin mora f. `Verzug,
delay', Old Irish mar(a)im ` stay '; corn. bret. mar `doubt';
3. here as `jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes' also gr. μείρομαι

(*σμερι̯ομαι) èrhalte allotment ', μοῖρα ` allotment, fate, destiny' (*sm-, compare hom. κατὰ
μμοῖραν), Perf. hom. ἔμμορε `hatAnteil', εἵμαρται (*σέ-σμαρται) ès is durchs lot, fate
zugeteilt', εἱμαρμένη `fate, destiny', μέρος n., μερίς f. ` allotment, part', μερίζω `divide',
μόρος m. `lot, fate, fate, destiny, person’s lot in life', κάσμορος δύστηνος Hes.
(*κατσμορος; κάμμορος Od. is newer formation), hom. ἄμμορος ùnteilhaftig', ἠμορίς
ἐστερημένη Hes., lak. μόρᾱ `dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres', μόριον
`part'; probably also ἁμαρτάνω `verfehle' due to eines *ἄ-hμαρτος ùnteilhaftig'; Latin
mereō, -ēre and mereor, -ērī èarn, acquire ' (i.e. èrhalte allotment ', èrwerbe mir meinen
allotment '), merenda `Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal' (`*wherewith person and animal to
consider is').
References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes Ét. Celt. 2, 133
f., Duval Ét. Celt. 6, 219 ff.
Page(s): 969-970
(s)meukh-, (s)meug-
Root / lemma: (s)meukh- (s)meug-, (s)meugh-
(s)meugh-
Meaning: to smoke, smoke n.
Material: Armenian mux, Gen. mxoy `smoke'; gr. σμύ̄χω (χ = kh or gh; ἐσμύγην from the g-
form) àllow verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume'; Irish mūch `smoke', cymr. mwg
(with alternation ū : u), corn. mok ds., bret. moug, mog `fire', moged `smoke' (-kh- or -k-);
with -g: gr. σμυγῆναι; Armenian murk, Gen. mrkoy `sengend' (*smū̆gro-);
Old English smēocan `smoke', mnl. smieken and smuiken `smoke'; Kaus. Old English
smīecan `smoke, fume ', Middle Low German smōken `schmauchen, fume, through Rauch
choke'; Old English smīec m. `smoke', Middle High German smouch `smoke, haze, mist';
Old English smoca m. `smoke', smocian `smoke, fume ';
Lithuanian smáugiu, smáugti `choke; suppress, crush (originally through smoke),
strangulate '; perhaps russ. smúglyj, klr. smuhɫyj ` brownish black ' (`smoke-color '); Balto
Slavic words at most with gh, whereupon also Armenian moyg `brown, dark' as *smougho-
in comparison käme; unclear das relationship to russ.-Church Slavic smaglъ `dark, brown',
russ. smága `flame; smut', Czech smahnouti `dehydrate, desiccate, languish '.
References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.

Page(s): 971
Root / lemma:
lemma: smeu-
smeu-
See also: see below smei-1.
Page(s): 971
Root / lemma: sme,

sme smā
Meaning: really, particle of emphasis
Material: Old Indic smā̆ emphasizing particle, gr. μά in Schwüren Beteuerungspartikel,
Thessalian μά `but, δέ'; *μᾶ (= Old Indic smā) extended to μά̄ν, Ionic-Attic μήν ìndeed,
yet', Ionian (infolge Funktionsschwächung) shortened to μέν, emphasizing particle; Latin
nam `for', originally Versicherungspartikel, maybe from *mān transfigured; Hittite -ma `but',
s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.
References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.
Page(s): 966
smēi-2 : smǝi
Root / lemma: smēi- smī̆-
ǝi- : smī̆
smǝi-
Meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument
Material: Gr. σμί̄λη `Schnitzmesser', σμῐνύ̄η, σμῐνύς `hack, mattock, hoe';
Gothic aiza-smiÞa ` smith ', Old Icelandic smiðr `worker in wood (these das
geschichtlich ältere) and metal ', Old English smið ` smith, Radmacher', Old High German
smid ` smith '; Old High German smīda ` metal, Metallschmuck', gismīdi `Metallschmuck,
Geschmeide', Old Icelandic smīð f. ` skilful work'; Old High German smeidar
`Metallkünstler'; an s- loose root form is probably mai- (mǝi-) `hew, hit, cavitate ', see
there;
doubtful Latvian smicens `black Spitzmaus' (`*nibbler '?? or to smidzis, above S. 966?),
Lithuanian smailùs `sharp, snacking ', smìlius `Näscher, forefinger '.

Page(s): 968
smēi-3, smeid-
Root / lemma: smēi- smeid-, smēig-
smēig-, smēik-
smēik-
See also: see above S. 966 f. (smē
smē-).
smē-
Page(s): 968
smē-, smeī-
Root / lemma: smē- smeī-, sm-
sm-ei-
ei-
Meaning: to smear, rub
Material: Gr. Infin. σμῆν, Aor. σμῆσαι `smear, abwischen, abrade', 3. Sg. Pass. σμῆται,
σμᾶται; σμήχω, σμῆξαι ds., σμώχειν ` grind ', σμῆμα f. ` ointment ', σμῶδιξ, -ιγγος f.
`blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme', σμώνη (Gramm.) `gust of wind'; Latin macula ` stain,
blemish; stitch in Stickereien' probably from smǝ-tlā;
smēi- (in addition 2. mai-, above 697), smei-

smēi- smei- extended (or d-present) in:
smeid-: Armenian mic `smut' (*smidi̯o-); Gothic bi-smeitan `besmear, bestreichen', ga-
smeid-
smeitan `smear, stroke', Old High German smīzan `stroke, smear, hit', Modern High
German schmeißen, Old High German bismīzan `besmear', Old English besmītan ds.;
Norwegian dial. smita, abl. smīta `thin aufschmieren'; Old English smittian ` blemish,
anstecken', Middle High German schmitzen ànstreichen, geißeln, hit', Modern High
German verschmitzt; Old English smitte f. ` stain ', Middle High German smitze f. ` stain,
smut';
Old Church Slavic smědъ `fuscus', also in russ. FlN., perhaps as `*schmierig' here
(`doubtful', Vasmer 2, 670 f.).
smīk- `zerriebenes, winziges tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ':
smē[i]k-: smīk-
smē[i]k-
gr. σμῑκρός, (σ)μικρός `small, kleinlich, short', Doric Ionian μικκός `small' (Kurzbildung as
lippus, γύννις); Latin mīca èin tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch, bißchen',
mīcidus `tiny'; Old High German smāhi `small, little, low', Old Icelandic smār (*smāha-)
`small', Old English smēalīc `fine, painstaking ', Old High German smāhen `small make,
verringern', Modern High German schmähen, Schmach, Old High German gismāhteōn `
dwindle ', Modern High German schmachten ` languish ', ver-schmachten; Old Frisian
forsmāia `verschmähen', Middle Low German smāginge ` abuse '.
In similar turn in ` the little one, dainty, elegant ':

smī̆ī̆ī̆g-; poln. smagɫy ` slim, fragile, flimsy '; śmigɫy ds., śmiga `thin rod' (a
smē[i]g- : smī̆
smē[i]g-
borrowing from German schmiegen ` nestle, cuddle, snuggle ' is certainly nicht to think);
Lithuanian smaĩgas ` shaft, pole'; Latvian smidzis `mite, Wasserfloh';
with ĝ: Lithuanian susmìžęs `small, crippled '; nisl. smeikr ` smooth, shy'; Old English
smicre `beautiful, dainty', Old High German smechar, smehhar, Middle High German
smecker ` slim, schmachtig', Norwegian smikr n. ` fine piece of work ' (besides without s-
and with other Gutturalstufe migr n. àllzu feine Arbeit', migren `fragile, flimsy ');
a clear meaning `smear, stroke' in Norwegian smika `stroke, smooth', smeikja ` caress,
flatter ', Modern High German schmeicheln, Old English smācian ds., Middle High German
smicke `the vorderste Teil a lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur; Schmiß, wound',
Middle High German smicke, sminke ` makeup '.
A u-variant (s)mēu-
(s)mēu- : (s)mǝ
(s)mǝu- : (s)mu-
(s)mu- seems vorzuliegen in Old Icelandic mā (*mawēn)
`wear out, scrape ', Norwegian mugg m. n. (*muwwa-) `Sägemehl'; Old Icelandic mōa-sk
(*mōwōn) `verdaut become'; Modern High German Bavarian schmaudeln ` flatter '.
References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.

Page(s): 966-967
Root / lemma: smog-

smog-
Meaning: to weigh heavily
Material: Gr. μόγος `toil, exertion ', μογερός (σμογερόν Hes.) `mühselig', μογέω `strenge
myself an', μόγις Adv. `barely' (originally Nom. Sg. `sich mühend' = `nur with toil'); μόχθος
(*μόξτος) m. ` exertion, toil', μοχθεῖν `sich abmühen', μοχθηρός `mühselig'; μοχλός
(*μοξλός) `Hebebaum, lever ', μοχλ-έω, -εύω `budge away, move away'; Lithuanian (žem.)
smagùs ` heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag', Latvian smags, smagrs `schwer from
Gewicht, lastend'.
Page(s): 971
Root / lemma: (s)nad

(s)na h-
Meaning: to cut, slice
Note: only Celtic and West Germanic
Material: Irish snad- `carve, cut, clip', snass m. `cut, Hieb', cymr. naddu `to chip, to cut',
acymr. nedim, ncymr. neddyf `Krummaxt', Middle Breton ezeff `Queraxt', nbret. eze, neze
ds.;
Old High German snatta, Middle High German snatte `Strieme, Wundmal', Alemannian
schnattwa, schnättwe ` incision ' (*snadwō), Swiss schnätzen `carve', Low German snā̊t
`limit, boundary', Modern High German Schnate `Wundmal, limit, boundary'; without s: Old
Icelandic naddr m. `sting, prick, arrow'.
References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.

Page(s): 972-973
snā-, snǝ
Root / lemma: snā- (t-), snāu-
snǝ-(t- snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-
sn-eu- sn-et-
et-
Meaning: to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters
Meaning:
Material: 1. Old Indic snā́ti, snāyatē `badet (sich)', participle snātá-, Avestan snayeitē `
washes, purifies, cleans through Spülen', participle snāta-; d(h)-present -snāδayǝn; Old
Indic snāpáyati `schwemmt', snápana- `zum Baden dienend (of water)'; in addition Latin
Neptunus above S. 316;
gr. νήχω, -ομαι `schwimme' (formation as σμήχω, ψήχω under likewise; Indo Germanic
gh or kh); νῆσος, Doric νᾶσος ìsland' as `Schwimmer';
Latin nō, nāre (*snā-i̯ō) `swim', Umbrian snata, snatu Akk. Pl. n. `ūmecta'; Old Irish
snām `dasSchwimmen', cymr. nawf ds., bret. neun̄vi `swim'; Middle Irish snāid `schwimmt,
crawls, flows ';
2. auf *snǝ
*snǝ-t- based on Latin natō, -āre `swim, flows '; Venetic FlN Nati-sō(n), *Natusis
Modern High German Netze; cymr. naid f. `spring' (*snati̯ā), bret. n(e)ijal `fly', corn. nyge
`fly, swim', mcymr. dienad (*dī-ro-natā) `Tosen of Meeres', and Armenian nay `damp, fluid';
3. auf sn-et-, *sn-

sn-et- ot- based on probably gr. νότος ` southern wind ' (`Regenwind'),
*sn-ot-
νότιος, νοτερός `damp', νοτίς f. ` damp '; thrak. FlN Νέστος, S. 759?
4. Beside snā-
snā- lies snāu-
snāu- and sneu-
sneu-:
Old Indic snāuti, participle snuta- `triefen, a liquid of Körpers, particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Mother's milk,
entlassen' (present Indo Germanic *snāu-ti or lengthened gradees *snēu-ti); gr. νά̆ω,
Imperf. ναῖον, Aeolic ναύω `flow' (*σναFι̯ω); Ζεὺς νά̄Fιος (Dodona) as strömend thought,
whereof νᾱιάς, Ionian νηιάς, -άδος, also νᾱΐς, Ionian νηΐς, -ΐδος `stream, brook-,
Quellnymphe', Νηρεύς, Νηρηΐδες (*σνᾱF-ερο-, substantivized probably in νηρόν τὸ
ταπεινόν Hes., das as `Meerestiefe' to understand, comprehend sein wird; but νηρίδας
τὰςκοίλας πέτρας Hes. perhaps to ner- `penetrate'), reduced grade νᾱρός (*νᾰερός)
`rinnend, flowing ', ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρροος Hes., Attic Vok. νᾶτορ m. `stream', νᾶμα
(*νᾰFεμα) ` liquid, wellspring', νᾱσμός (*νᾰFεσμός) ` watercourse, wellspring, stream,
brook'; Middle Irish snāu, snō `stream' (*snāu̯ā);
5. from *sneu-
sneu- from: νέω (Fut. νεύσομαι) `schwimme', lak. νόα πηγή, ἔ-ννυθεν ἐκέχυντο
Hes. Latin nūtriō, -īre ` suckle, nourish ', derivative from a *sneu-trī fem. `milk flow lassend';
as d-extension from sneu- one understands Middle Irish snūad (also FlN) `river';
`caesaries' (`*herabfließend'), Middle High German snuz `catarrh', Norwegian snott, Old
English gesnott n. `Katarrh', Old Icelandic snȳta, Old High German snūzen, Modern High
German schneuzen, Norwegian snūt m. `snout', Modern High German Schnauze ` snout ';
with p: Middle High German snupfe, Old Icelandic snoppe `catarrh', Middle High
German snūfen `wheeze', snūben `pant, sniff, snort' ; after Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 178
f. are Germanic snub-, snup-, snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-,
snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187 f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- `pant, sniff,
snort, pusten', also to the above *sneu-;
with Indo Germanic t: Middle High German snudel, snuder, snūde `catarrh', Old High
German snūden `pant, sniff, snort, schnarchen', Old Icelandic snyðja `snuffle, sniff, scent
(of dog)', snuðra, snoðra ds.;
whether here thrak. νύ̄σᾱ ` nymph '?
References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.
Page(s): 971-972
Root / lemma: sneig-

sneig-
Meaning: ` crawl, creep '
See also: see below sneg-
sneg- ds.
Page(s): 974
Root / lemma: sneigʷh

sneigʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: to snow; snow, *rain
Note:
ʷh- : `to snow; snow' derived from a zero grade (*suu̯-etos, *su̯eri̯ō) :
Root / lemma: sneigʷh
sneigʷh-
Old Indic sunṓti ` squeezed, pressed ' = Avestan hunaoiti of Root / lemma: seu-
seu-1, seʷǝ
ʷǝ- :
seʷǝ-
sū- : `juice; liquid, rain'.
sū-
Material: Präkrit. siṇeha- (= Old Indic snēha-) `snow'; Avestan snaēža- `to snow', pamir.
šugni žǝnij `snow', (*snaiga-); gr. νίφα Akk. `snow', hom. ἀγάννιφος ` much snowed on,
snow-capt ', νείφει (νί̄φει) ` it is snowing ', νιφάς ` snowflake ' (νιφετός ` snowstorm,
snowfall '), Latin nix, nivis `snow', nivit ` it is snowing ' (probably ī); nasal-präs. ninguit
(ninxit) ds.;
Irish snigid ` it drips, is raining ', snige n. `drip, flux ', snecht(a)e `snow' (to t-forms
compare νιφετός); cymr. nyf `snow', nyfio `to snow';
Old High German Old English snīwan `to snow' (stem V., participle gi-snigan, compare
still Modern High German Bavarian participle geschniwen; otherwise Modern High German
schw. V.), Old Icelandic snýr ` it is snowing ' (participle snifinn ` snowy '); Gothic snaiws
`snow' = Old English snāw, Old High German snēo (Gen. snēwes);
Lithuanian sniẽgas, Latvian snìegs (vowel from the undertaken verb) `snow', snaĩgala `
snowflake ', sniẽga ` it is snowing ', Inf. snìgti, Old Prussian snaygis `snow', Old Church
Slavic sněgъ `snow'.
• Sumerian šeg4: `frost; cold shudder, chills', šeg8/9: `snow; ice' (cf., sigga).
References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer 2, 680, R. L. Turner
BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare Old Indic sníhyati `become damp, sticky ', snēha- m. `
stickiness, oil, fat '.
Page(s): 974
Root / lemma: sneit-

sneit-
Meaning: to cut
Material: Gothic sneiÞan, Old Icelandic snīða `cut, clip, reap', Old English snīðan `cut, clip,
hew, hit', Old Saxon snīthan, Old High German snīdan `cut, clip'; Old Icelandic sneið `
sliced piece', Middle High German sneite ` through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau' ;
Old High German snit `the cut', Middle High German snīde `cutting edge', intensive.
*snittōn in Middle High German snitzen `carve'; Old Icelandic sneis `small
(abgeschnittener) twig, branch', Old English snǣs, snās `spit, pike, Speiler', Middle High
German sneise `row, cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird' (*snoid-tā);
klr. snït `clot, chunk', Czech snět `bough' (*snoito-s); compare perhaps Middle Irish
snéid `small, short', whether from Old Irish *snéith?

Page(s): 974
Root / lemma: (s)nerb-
(s)nerb-
Meaning: to cut
Material: Gr. νορβεῖ ἐνταμεῖται, νορβά καλή Hes. (as Modern High German `schneidig'?);
also Gothic at-snarpjan ànfassen'?; Old Icelandic snarpr `sharp, hart, uneven', snerpa `
sharpen ', Dutch snerpen `bite (from Wunden), ache', westfäl. snirpsch `sharp (of wind)';
Old High German snerfan `together pull, drag'; without s-: nisl. norpa ` freeze '.
See also: whether to the above sner-b- (sner-2)?
Page(s): 977
(s)ner-1, (s)nur-
Root / lemma: (s)ner- (s)nur-
Meaning: to murmur, grumble
Material: Gr. ἔνυρεν ἔτρισεν; ἐνυρήσεις θρηνήσεις; ὀνυρίζεαι ὀδύρεται Hes.; Middle High
German snarren ` burr, babble, chatter ', snerren ` babble, chatter ', snurren `sough, rustle,
buzz, whirr ', snurrære, snurrinc ` merrymaker, fool', Modern High German schnarren,
schnurren, Schnurre, engl. snarl ` growl ', Middle English snorin, nengl. snore
`schnarchen', Middle English sneren, nengl. sneer ` contemptibly laugh'; Middle English
nurnen `hersagen', Swedish dial. norna, nyrna `zuflüstern', Old Icelandic norn
`Schicksalsgöttin', Middle High German narren, nerren ` growl ', Old High German narro
`fool';
Lithuanian niùrniu, niurnė́ti `drone, grumble, growl '; Latvian ńura èin weinerlicher
person', ńurât `drone, grumble, spinnen as eine cat '.
Auf -d: Middle English snurtin `schnarchen', Middle High German snarz `Schnarre,
Wachtelkönig'; Latvian ńur̃dêt `murmur, drone, grumble, growl '.
Auf -g: Norwegian Swedish snerka `prusten, schnarchen', Swedish snurka ` groan ',
Middle Low German snorken, snarken `schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort', Middle High
German snarchen ds., Modern High German schnarchen; Norwegian nurka `creak, growl ',
Dutch nurken `drone, grumble, nörgeln'; Lithuanian snarglỹs ` nasal mucus ', Latvian
snurgalas ds. (`*rattling, clashing, groaning '); snirguôt ` sob; fauchen as die Gänse';
Latvian nir̂guôtiês `höhnisch laugh', ńur̂gt `die Zähne show'; also probably Lithuanian
nar̃glyti `somewhat slowly tun' (meaning similarly as in Swiss norggen òhne Erfolg
arbeiten').
Auf -k: Old Icelandic snǫrgla (*snargulōn) ` groan ', Modern High German nörgeln,
nergeln ` inarticulate sprechen, with verdrießlichem näselnden Tone tadeln'; Lithuanian
niurksaũ, -óti ` dismal or brütend dasitzen', Latvian ńurk'êt, ńur̂kstêt, ńur̂kšêt `drone,
grumble, murmur, growl ', ńęrka èin weinerlicher person', ńar̂kšêt `weinerlich sein, creak',
ńir̂kstêt ` gnash, ein Geräusch make, as if etwas bricht', snirkt ` gnash '.
Auf -p: Old Icelandic snarfla ` groan ', Norwegian Swedish snarva ` growl, die Zähne
fletschen'.

Page(s): 975
Root / lemma: (s)ner-

(s)ner-2
Meaning: to turn, wind, etc..
Note: perhaps extension to snē-
snē ds.
Material: Old Indic nr̥t́ yati `tanzt', nr̥tí- f. ` dance, game', nr̥tú- `tanzend', narma- n., narmá-
m. ` joke ', naríṣṭā f. ds., etc.; miran. nār- `catch'(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);
gr. νάρναξ κιβωτός Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. λάρναξ `Kasten, hutch,
vessel'; through Weitergreifen this dissim. Wandels also *νάρκος (from the k-extension,
see below), still receive in ναρκίον ἀσκός Hes., to λάρκος `basket';
Old Saxon naru, Old English nearu, engl. narrow `narrow' (*nar-wa- actually
`zusammengeschnürt'), Old Icelandic in Nǫrva-sund `Gibraltar' (besides Niǫrva-sund and
Modern High German Nehrung ` spit, tongue of land, schmale promontory ' from *ner-wa-),
Old High German narwa f., narwo m. `scar' (i.e. `zusammengezogene Wundränder'), also
ànsa, fibulatura', Modern High German Narbe dial. also ` agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen an
Türen' as Norwegian norve ` agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp' (and Latvian nãrs, nāre ` agrafe,
hook, clasp ');
Modern High German Bavarian der-narren ` rigid become, particularly, specially,

especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost' (`*shrink
up, -krampfen'), narr `mißratene verschrumpfte fruit', narr (Swiss) krampfartige Spannung',
narrennagel ùnförmig ausgewachsener Nagel'; zero grade (with s-) Modern High German
schnurren, ein-schnurren, -schnorren `shrivel up, shrink', isl. snurða `knot an a Faden,
bildlich of Nasenrümpfen';
lengthened grade Old Icelandic nāri ` groin ' (Èinschnürung of Leibes'), Middle High
German nǣrlich `concise, genau, young ' and with gradation Old Icelandic Nōri
`Zwergname', nōr n. `narrow bay, Sund', Danish Swedish nōr `toddler, whole small kid,
child';
probably Old High German snuor `cord, band, strap, rope, cable', Danish-Swedish snōr
ds., Gothic snōrjō `geflochtener basket', Old English snēr (*snōri̯ō) ` string of a harp', Old
Icelandic snø̄ri n. `gedrehtes rope, band';
Lithuanian neriù, nérti ` submerge, einschlüpfen, einfädeln', nyrù, preterit niraũ, nìrti
`sich schlängeln, ranken', íšnìrti `sich dislocate, luxate, crick ', nãras ` aquanaut ', narỹs `
loop, noose, snare; joint, limb, member'; Latvian nãrs, nāre ` agrafe, hook, clasp ';
russ. nerët, neretó `kind of fish snaring net';
here belongs ner-3, above S. 766.
extensions:
sner-b- with Germanic p: Norwegian dial. snerpa stem V. ` shrivel, shrink due to excess
sner-
dryness, wrinkle up, shrink up ', Old High German (bi-, fir-) snerfan `den Mund
zusammenziehen, die Miene verfinstern', Bavarian schnurfen `sich einziehen, shrink ' =
Norwegian snurpa `fälteln, loose stitch up, sew together', Norwegian snerp `skin auf the
milk'.
sner-g-: Old English sneorcan stem V. ` shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle
sner-
up ', Norwegian snerka, snyrkja ds., snerk(e) m. `thin skin auf the milk', Old Icelandic
snerkja (*snarkian) `pull together, furrow '.
(s)ner-k-: Armenian nergev `tenuis, gracilis' (`*zusammengeschnürt or eingeschrumpft');

(s)ner-
gr. νάρκη `das solidification, cramp, Lähmung; Krampfrochen', ναρκᾶν ` solidify, congeal
' (see also above about νάρκιον, λάρκος); Old High German sner(a)han (stem V.)
`schlingen, tie, bind, knot, bind', Middle High German snërhen ` tie, bind, knot, bind, pull
together', Old High German snar(a)ha ` loop, noose, snare ', Old Icelandic snara
(*snarhōn) `schlingen, tie, bind, knot, coil ', snara f. ` loop, noose, snare ' (Scandinavian
loanword is Old English snēare f. ` loop, noose, snare '), snarr `rash, hasty, sharp', Middle
Low German snarlīken Adv. `quick, fast, bald', Old English snierian `hurry' from *snarhian
(`quick, fast' from `was sich dreht, quick, fast wendet').
References: WP. II 699 ff., WH. II 165, Trautmann 197, Vasmer 2, 213 f.
Page(s): 975-977
Root / lemma: sneu bh- (*sneu
sneu- bh-)
sneu-
Meaning: to woo, marry, nymph
Meaning:
Note:
Root / lemma: snusós snousós
snusós (*snousó
snousós):: daughter-in-law : Root / lemma: sneub
sneu h- (*sneu
sneu-bh-):: to
sneu-
woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed in - bh- format of Root / lemma: snā-
snā-, snǝ (t-),
snǝ-(t-
snāu-, sn-
snāu- eu-, sn-
sn-eu- et- : to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters.
sn-et-
Material: Latin nubō, -ere, -psi, -ptum `marry, from the wife, woman', prōnuba ` married
woman who conducted the bride to the bridal chamber ', cōnūbium (*co-snūbiom) `
marriage/wedlock; right to marry; act/ceremony of marriage (usu. pl.) ';
russ.-Church Slavic snubiti ` couple ', Czech snoubiti ` woo, court, marry, betroth '
(Kaus. *snou bhei̯ō); with secondary nasalization proto Slavic. dial. *snǫb-;
nasalized gr. νύμφη `bride, virgin, nymph ', νύμφιος ` bridegroom ', νυμφεύω ` betroth ';
probably as *snusos from the connection through marriage and extension to snē̆u- `
Fäden zusammendrehen, tie, bind, knot '.
References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 683.
Page(s): 977-978
Root / lemma: sneud(h)

sneud(h)-
h)-1
Meaning: drowsy, to drowse
Note: perhaps to sneudh-2.
Material: Gr. νυστάζω `sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful', νύσταλος, -λέος ` sleepy ';
Lithuanian snáudžiu, snáusti, Latvian snaũžu ` drowse ', Lithuanian snaudãlius ` drowsy
person', snaudulỹs ` slumber ', Latvian snaũdule `Schlafratze', Lithuanian snústu, snúdau,
snústi èinschlummern', snudà, snùdis `Schläfer, Träumer'.
Page(s): 978
Root / lemma: sneud

sneu h-2
Meaning: mist
Material: Avestan snaoδa- ` clouds', südbaluči nōd `leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwolke'; gr.
νυθόν ἄφωνον. σκοτεινόν, νυθῶδες σκοτεινῶδες Hes.; Latin nūbēs `cloud', in addition
obnūbō, -ere ` veil, cover ' (durchs Perf. obnūbī also formal from nūbō, nupsī `marry' sharp
geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: `(sich) bewölken' = `(sich)
cover', at first of sky, heaven, then generally; cymr. nudd `fog' (to GN Nudd see above S.
768);
possibly originally as ` dampness ' = *sneudh- the extension from sneu- besides snāu-
and snā- (see there) `flow'; as `benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy ' perhaps to
sneud(h)-1.

Page(s): 978
Root / lemma: sneu-

sneu-
See also: see above under snā-.
snā
Page(s): 977
Root / lemma: (s)nē bh-ri-

ri-, (s)nō
(s)nō bh-ri-
ri-
Meaning: narrow
Note: only armen. and german.
Material: Armenian nurb ` narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ' (*snōbh-ri-, = Old Icelandic
*snø̄fr);
Old Icelandic snǣfr (Gen. -rs) `narrow; quick, fast', aschw. snǣver ` tight, slim, slender,
thin, narrow', Old Icelandic snǣfugr `rash, hasty, agile', with gradation Old Icelandic snø̄fr
`quick, fast, agile', reduced grade snǫfurligr `rash, hasty'; s- loose Nebenformen aschw.
nǣver and nø̄ver, Old Icelandic nø̄fr (neutr. nø̄frt) `rash, hasty, agile' (in addition also
Middle High German, Modern High German Alemannian nuofer àlert, awake, smart, fresh,
sober', Modern High German Bavarian nuober).

Page(s): 973-974
Root / lemma: (snēp

snēp-), snōp-
snēp- snōp-, snǝp
snǝp-
ǝp-
Meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle
Material: Latin (etrusk.?) napurae `Strohseile'; Old High German snuaba `vitta', snuobili `
small chain '; Old Church Slavic snopъ `δέσμη, fasciculus, ἐπίδεσμος, ligatura', russ.
snopъ etc. ` fascicle, sheaf ';
References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.
See also: probably extension to (s)nē- `zusammendrehen'.
Page(s): 974-975
snū- and snĕu
snēu- : snū-
Root / lemma: snēu- snĕu-
Meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew
Material: Old Indic snā́van- (n.) and snāván- `band, strap, sinew'; reshuffling eines r/n-
neuter: a-snāvirá- òhne Sehnen' (snuta- `from the sinew'), Avestan snāvarǝ `sinew'
(snāuya- `from an Tiersehne gefertigt'); Armenian neard `sinew, filament, Fiber' (*snēu̯rt̥ );
gr. νεῦρον `sinew', νευρά `sinew, bowstring '; Latin nervus `sinew, tendon; muscle, Nerv';
alb. nus `Bindfaden, cord' (*snu-ti̯o-);
Old Icelandic snūa (snera, snūinn) ` coil, zwirnen, turn ' (*snōwan), snūðr, Gen. -ar m. `
loop, noose, snare ' and ` quickness ', Old English snūd m. `haste, hurry', Old Icelandic
snūðigr `sich herumdrehend (of millstone), quick, fast', Gothic sniwan, Old English
snēowan `hurry', Old Icelandic snøggr `quick, fast' (*snawwu-), Norwegian snaa
`hurry'(*snawēn); *sneu-mi̯o- `hurrying' in Gothic sniumjan `hurry', sniumundō `hasty', Old
High German sniumi Adj. `rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning', Old English snēome Adv.
`rash, hasty, immediately ' (besides stands ein unerklärtes Old Icelandicsnemma, snimma
` early, bald');
Latvian snaujis ` loop, noose, snare '; Old Church Slavic snovǫ and snujǫ, snuti
ànzetteln, ordīrī', Iter. osnyvati, russ. snovátь ànzetteln' and `quick, fast hin and her go'.
Tocharian В ṣñaura `Sehnen, Nerven'.
cognitional with (s)nē- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u̯- extended.
References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer 2, 682.

Page(s): 977
(s)nē- and (s)nēi-

Root / lemma: (s)nē- (s)nēi-
Meaning: to sew together, to web, spin
Note: (maybe from the present snē-i̯ō; or backwards snē- from snēi-?); compare the
related roots snep-, snēu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also nētr-àdder, viper'; s. also 1. ned- S. 758 f.
Material: Old Indic (unbel.) snāyati ùmwindet, dressed ', snā́yu, snāyu- f., n. `band, strap,
sinew' (in addition probably nīví-, nīvī- ùmgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz');
gr. νῇ `spinnt' (*σνήι̯ει; ἔννη `nebat', ἐύννητος `good gesponnen' prove Anl. sn-), Fut.
νήσω; νήθω `spin', νῆμα `Gespinst, filament ' (= Latin nēmen), νῆσις `the spinning ' (: Old
High German nāt ` suture'), νῆτρον ` distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning)
'; νώμενος, νῶντα Gramm. probably from *νη-όμενος, *νήοντα;
Latin neō, nēre (*snē-i̯ō) `spinnen', nēmen `Gespinst, texture ', nētus ds.;
Middle Irish snīid `dreht; binds, afflicts, müht sich ab'; cymr. nyddu `nēre', corn. nethe,
Middle Breton nezaff ds. (*sn(i)i̯ō); Middle Irish snīm m. `the spinning, Drehen; distress ';
gradation snō- in Old Irish snāth(e) ` filament ', bret. neud ds.; (but cymr. ysnoden `lace,
band', corn. snod `vitta' from engl. snood `hairband '); Old Irish snāthat `needle', cymr.
nodwydd àcus, acicula', acorn. notuid, Middle Breton nadoez `needle';
Old High German nāu `nähe' (= Latin neō, gr. νῇ, Old Indic snāyati, yet without s-), nāt `
suture'; Gothic nēÞla, Old Icelandic nāl, Old High German nādala, Old English nǣdl f.
`needle' (Old Icelandic snǣlda ` Handspindel ', probably reconverted with metathesis from
*snǣð[i]la); *snō- in agutn. snōÞ, New Swedish snod(d) `cord', Old English snōd f. `head
fascia' (: Old Irishs nāth, Latvian snāte);
Latvian snāju, snāt ` lax zusammendrehen, spinnen', snāte, snāne, snãt(e)ne f. `leinene
cover';
s-loose: nâtns `leinen, zwirnen', nât(e)ne = snãt(e)ne; *nī- as zero grade to *nēi- (see
above Old Indic nīví-) in Lithuanian nýtis `Hevelte or Weberkamm', Latvian nīts `part of
Webstuhls', Old Church Slavic *nitь ` filament, rope', russ. nítь ` filament ', Serbo-Croatian
nȉti ` Webertrumm '.
References: WP. II 694 f., WH. II 159 f., Trautmann 199, 272, Vasmer 2, 221.
Page(s): 973

snusós (*snousó
snousós)
Meaning: daughter-in-law
Grammatical information: f. o-stem
Note:
snusós (*snousó
snousós):: daughter-in-law : Root / lemma: sneub
sneu h- (*sneu
sneu-bh-):: to
sneu-
woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: snā-
snā-, snǝ (t-), snāu-
snǝ-(t- snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-
sn-eu- sn-
et- : to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters.
et-
Material: Old Indic snuṣā́ ds. (reshaped after the Fem. in ā-); Armenian nu, Gen. nuoy ds.,
gr. νυός ds.; Latin nurus, -ūs ds. (reshaped after socrus); Old High German snur, snora,
Old English snoru, Old Icelandic snor, snør, Modern High German Schnur ` daughter-in-
law ' (after the ā-stem), Crimean Gothic schnos (Hs. schuos); s.-Church Slavic snъcha ds.;
perhaps also alb. nuse, nusja `bride' (*snusiē).
Note:
Note
Amazingly gr. νυός, Armenian nu, nurus, alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of alb. sn-
> n- or the drop of initial s-.
References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer 2, 682 f.; after Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 90 f. to Old Indic sanóti ` acquires, wins ', above S. 906; s. though above
sneu h-.
sneub
Page(s): 978
Root / lemma: soi-

soi-to-
to-
Meaning: `sorcery'
See also: see above S. 891 (sē-).
Page(s): 979
sol(e)u̯o-
solo-, sol(
Root / lemma: solo-
Meaning: whole, integrate
Note:
Root / lemma: solo
solo- sol(e)u̯o- : `whole, integrate' derived from Root / lemma: sal-
lo-, sol( sal- : `salt;
salty water'.
Material: Old Indic sárva- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged, whole, all, each,
every ', Avestan haurva-, ар. haruva- ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,
whole' (= gr. ὅλος, οὖλος, alb. gjalë, compare also Latin salvus), Old Indic sarvā́tat(i)- `
intactness, completeness, entireness, wholeness, welfare, salvation', Avestan haurvatāt-
`Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare ' (= gr. ὁλότης); Armenian olj (*soli̯o-) `fit, healthy,
whole, complete '; gr. Attic ὅλος, Ionian οὖλος (*ὁλFος) ` complete, whole', Vok. οὖλε (:
Latin salvē from *salvĕ) through reinterpretation to an Imperativ);
besides with vollerer Formansstufe ὁλοός (from *ὁλεFός), ὁλοεῖται ὑγιαίνει Hes.; alb.
gjalë, gjallë `strong, fat, alert, awake, smart', ngjal, ngjall `belebe, heal, fatten' (*solu̯o-);
zero grade: Latin salvus `heil, fit, healthy, gerettet', salvē (see above), Umbrian sal(u)uom
`salvum', Oscan salavs `salvus', Paelignian Salauatur PN `Salvator' from *salvo- (*saluu̯o-
or *salou̯o- = gr. ὁλοός), Latin salūs, -tis Ùnverletztheit, haleness, healthiness,
Wohlergehen', salū-bris `the haleness, healthiness zuträglich', Sallustius (with lengthened
-ll-); besides *solos in soli-dus, soldus `dense = gediegen, massiv' and `tight, firm,
complete, whole', solōx `dense, filzig', solidāre ` to make firm or solid ', Paelignian solois
òmnibus';
Italian *sollos (*sol-no-) in Old Latin sollus `totus et solidus', Latin sollers, sollemnis etc.,
Oscan sullus òmnes'; but cymr. bret. holl, oll, corn. oll `whole, all', belong to Old Irish oll
(above S. 24); Tocharian A salu ` complete ', В sol-me `whole'.
References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;

See also: perhaps in ablaut to sēl-, above sel-6 S. 900.
Page(s): 979-980
Root / lemma: so(s),

so(s) sā
Meaning: demonstrative stem; he, she
Grammatical information: originally only Nom. Sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-
to-; fem.
also sī
Material: Old Indic sá and saḥ (*sos), f. sā́, Avestan ha and hō, f. hā (also in Old Indic ē-
ṣá, Avestan aē-ša `this'; with particle -u Old Indic a-sāu, Avestan hāu, ap. hauv m. f. `this,
diese', compare gr. οὗ[ιος]);
gr. ὁ, ἡ (Doric ἁ:) article (Attic etc. also Pl. οἱ, αἱ compared with älterem Doric τοί, ταί);
substantivisch ὅς (καὶ ὅς, ἦδ'ὅς) from *sos (or si̯os), wherefore sich n. ὅ, Akk. ὅν, ἥν etc.
gesellte; further das with den το-forms as the relative gebrauchte ὅς by Herodotus; *so-u-,
sā-u in οὗ[τος], αὕ[τη]; ὅ-δε `this';
alb. *so, *sā in k-ü `this', këjó `diese' (*ke-o) and a-ǘ ` that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hic, the former, (sometimes the latter)', a-jó
ìlla'; Old Latin sa-psa ìpsa', sum, sam, sōs, sās èum, eam, eos, eas'; *so- in Oscan exo-
`hic' (e.g. Abl. f. exac) from *e-ke-so- (to front part s. ko- `this');
gall. so-sin, so-sio Akk. Sg. n., Old Irish (s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s
prefixedes Pron. the 3. Sg. f. and 3. Pl. (impu `circum eos' imb + ṡu from *sōns) etc.; Old
Irish demonstrative -so (*sos) `this, -e, -es'; bret. ho-n ùnser', ho-z ` your ';
Gothic sa, sō, Old Icelandic sā, sū; Old English sē̆ m.;
Tocharian A m. sǝ-m, f. sā-m, n. tǝ-m; Tocharian В m. se (*so), f. sā, n. te;
to anaphorischen so belongs also Gatha-Avestan hōi, jav. hē, šē, ap. šaiy, gr. οἱ ìhm';
besides ein erweit. stem s(i)i̯i̯i̯o-, s(i)i̯ā-: Old Indic syáḥ and (after sá) syá m. syā́ f., ap.
hyah m., hyā f.; perhaps Old Irish se `this' from *si̯od, and -se, -sa particula augens the 1.
Sg.; very doubtful is Zurückführung from Old Icelandic siā `this' on previous *si̯o.
Fem. *sī:
sī: gr. `sie' (Soph.), Old Irish sī `sie', Gothic si, Old High German sī, si `sie'; in
addition after Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig si in Proto Norse
si-ainaR `that', sa-si `this', su-si `diese', Þat-si ` this '; genus-indifferent are Akk. Old Indic
sīm, Avestan hīm, ap. šim.
References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 610 f.,
Pedersen Tocharian 1113 f.
Page(s): 978-979
Root / lemma: sō[u]rā : sōrā

Meaning: calf (of leg)
Material: Gr. ἄωροι πόδες (μ 89) `Beine ohne Waden'?; Ionian ὤρη `Teil eines Opfertieres,
calf'?;
Latin sūra `calf', if with -ūr- from -ōr, or -ū- in ablaut to -ōu-?
References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.

Page(s): 980
Root / lemma: spako-

spako-
Meaning: drop, point
Material: Gr. ψακάς (late ψεκάς) `Regentropfen, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a
pinch ', ψακάζω `tröpfle', ψάκαλον n. `neugeborenes animal'; Lithuanian spãkas `drip,
Pünktchen'.
References: WP. II 652, J. B. Hofmann Gr. Wb. 425.
Page(s): 980
Root / lemma: speĝ-

speĝ-
Meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted
Note: (or spō̆ĝ-)
Material: Old Icelandic spakr `smart, peaceful, gentle', speki f. `reason, wisdom ', spekt
(*spakiÞō) f. ` wisdom ', spekja `weismachen, besänftigen';
Old Church Slavic pažǫ, paziti àchten auf', with sę `sich hüten'.

See also: compare spek̂- ` peer ' and Old English specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g-.
Page(s): 981
Root / lemma: spek̂-
Meaning: to watch
Material: Old Indic spáśati (Dhātup.), páśyati ` sees ', participle spaṣṭá- (= Avestan spašta-
, Latin spectus), spáṭ `Späher' (= Avestan spas, Latin au-, haru-spex), spáśa- ds. (: gr.
σκοπός), Avestan spasyeiti `späht' (= Latin speciō, gr. σκέπτομαι), spas `Späher', spaštar-
ds. (= Latin -spector, umb. spetur-e), spasan- `hinspähend auf' (= Old High German speho
`Späher'); Armenian spasem Ì expect ' is iran. loanword;
gr. σκέπτομαι `look, see' (σκεπ- reconverted with metathesis from *spek-); σκοπός
`Späher; purpose ', σκοπεῖν òbserve, aim, examine ', σκοπή, σκοπιά: `Warte', σκέψις
`Betrachtung'; alb. pashë Ì sah' (*[s]pok̂-s-?);
Latin speciō, -ere, -xī, -ctum `see' (con-spiciō etc.), spectō, -āre `watch, look ', speciēs
`sight, prestige, appearance, apparition', au-, haru-spex; specus, -ūs `cave', speculum
`mirror', speculor, -ārī ` peer '; Umbrian speture `spectōrī', speturie `spectōriae';
Old High German spehōn ` peer ', in addition speha f. àufmerksames Betrachten,
Untersuchung, Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen'; Old Icelandic spā `Wahrsagung' (*spahō :
gr. σκοπή? yet point at spā- auf root stress and is post-verbal origin dubious, s. Wissmann
Nom. postv. 1, 41); spā ` forecast, soothsay ' (*spahōn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spār
`wahrsagend, prophetisch' (*spaha-s); Old Saxon Old High German spāhi `smart, skilful'.
References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;

See also: compare speĝ- `hinsehen'.
Page(s): 984
Root / lemma: (s)pel-

(s)pel-
Meaning: to speak aloud; to tell
Material: Armenian aṙa-spel `Sage, proverb, saying, riddle ';
Gothic spill n. ` narration, Sage, fable', Old Icelandic spjall n. ` narration, discourse ', Old
English spell n. ` narration, discourse, Predigt' (engl. gospel = Old English gōd-spell)
Èvangelium'; Old High German spel, -les n. ` narration, discourse, Märchen', Old High
German Middle High German bī-spel `belehrende narration, fable, Gleichnis', Modern High
German Beispiel;
therefrom Gothic spillōn ` promulgate, tell', Old Icelandic spialla `talk, mention ', Old
English spellian `talk, tell' (engl. spell), Old High German got-spellōn èvangelizare', Middle
High German spellen `tell, talk, babble, chatter ';
with it are as s- loose forms compatible gr. ἀπειλή ` threat; prahlerische Versprechung'
(ἀπειλέω `drohe; gelobe, verheiße; rühme myself, boast, brag'), whether from *ἀπελνι̯α,
wherein ἀ- am ehesten die preposition *n̥ ìn'; (also Germanic -ll- probably from -ln-)
Latvian pel̂t `vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander', pal'as (Plur.) `reprimand, abuse ', iz-pal'uôt
`proficient ausschmähen', as well as Tocharian päl-, pāl- ` praise '.
References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.

Page(s): 985
Page(s):
Root / lemma: spend-

spend-
Meaning: to offer libation
Material: Gr. σπένδω `verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende', Med.
`schließe einen pact, covenant'; σπονδή `Spende, libation, drink offering made to the
gods; Pl. Verträge';
Latin spondeō, -ēre (Kaus.-Iter.) `feierlich promise, sich verbürgen'; sponsa `die
Verlobte'; respondēre èine Gegenleistung promise; antworten'; despondēre animum `den
courage sinken let'; Hittite šipand- `spenden, sacrifice'.
References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hittite 166.
Page(s): 989
Root / lemma: (s)pen-

(s)pen-1(d-
1(d-)
Meaning: to pull; to spin
Note: (s)pen- spē(i)- `ziehen' = pen-
(s)pen- : spē(i)- pen- `feed': pā-
pā- ` graze the cattle, feed' = bhā- : bhen-
`speak'; compare das different vokalisierte pā̆n- ` texture ', above S. 788.
Material: 1. forms without -s-:
Armenian hanum, Aor. hanay and henum, Aor. heni `to weave, stitch up, sew together';
s. above Meillet Esquisse2 55, 105, 111 f.;
gr. πένομαι `strenge myself an, mühe myself ab, have Mangel', πόνος `mühsame work,
hardship, distress ', πονέω `mühe myself ab, etc.', πονηρός ìn schlechtem Zustande,
defective, faulty, lewd, lasterhaft', πένης àrm, poor', πενία `lack, poverty', πεινῆν `starve',
from which probably retrograd πείνη `hunger' and πάτος ἔνδυμα τῆς ῝Ηρας Hes. as *pn̥-
tos; diese or eine similar t-formation lies also dem Old Irishēt- ` apparel ' the basic;
Lithuanian pinù, pìnti `flax, wattle, braid', pántis m. f., Old Prussian panto f. `manacle',
Latvian pinu, pît `flax, wattle, braid', pinekls `manacle';
Old Church Slavic pьnǫ, pęti `spannen', ablaut. opona f. `curtain', ponjava Ùmhang,
dress', pǫto `manacle'(serb. pȕto), wherefore among others russ. prepjátь `hinder',
raspjátь `crucify ', pjatь, pnutь `with dem Fußestoßen' and Old Church Slavic pęta
`calcaneus ' (serb. petasati `with den Füßen ausschlagen'), russ. pjatá, serb. péta,
Lithuanian péntis m. `ds.; back the axe, the scythe', Old Prussian pentis `calcaneus ';
perhaps alb. pendë, pëndë `pair Ochsen; yoke (piece of wood as field measure)' from a
*pentā `* yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '; also penk `Koppel';
2. forms with anlaut. s-:
Latin sponte `from eigenem actuation, from freiem Willen';
Gothic Old High German Old English spinnan, Old Icelandic spinna `spinnen' (*spenu̯ō,
compare spannan S. 982 from *spǝ-nu̯ō), Old High German spinna ` spider' (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); with plain n: Old Icelandic spuni m.
`Gespinst', Old English spinel, Old High German spinala (and spinnila) ` spindle'.
3. extension (s)pen-
(s)pen-d-:
Lithuanian spéndžiu, spę́sti èinen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen)', Old Lithuanian
spándau, -yti `spannen', Lithuanian spanskus `narrow, drückend', spą́stas ` dragnet ',
Latvian spiêst `press, constrain, oblige', iterative spaidît, spuôsts `Fallstrick, dragnet ',
Latvian spendele ` feather an a Schlosse', spanda `Strickwerk am Pflug', as also pām.
spundr `plough', gr. σπινδεῖρα ἄροτρον Hes. (i.e. σπινδῆρα);
Old Church Slavic pęndь `span', pǫditi ùrge, press, push, drive, push' (originally
perhaps èin Vieh an gespanntem Strick vorwärtsziehen'); presumably also as `gespannt
hängen', Latin pendeō, -ēre ` hang, herabhangen', pendō, -ĕre `wägen, assess, pay' (to
weighing hang), Umbrian ampentu ìmpenditō'; whether also Old English finta m. `tail,
Folge'?
References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.
Page(s): 988
Root / lemma: speno- stē̆no-

speno-, stē̆no stē̆no-
no-, p(ǝ)stē̆ no-
no
Meaning: teat; breast
Material: 1. anlaut sp: Old Irish sine m. `teat': bō tri-phne = bō trī sine `cow with drei
Zitzen', Middle Irish sineSeāin ùvula';
Maybe alb. Geg (*sini) gjini `breast, teat' [common alb. s- > gj-] probably homonym with
alb. gji `bay, harbor' : contaminated by Latin sinus à bent surface, hollow, coil, curve, fold,
winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf. heart, secret
feelings'.
Old Icelandic speni m. `teat, nipple ' (Old Swedish spini also `Zäpfchen in neck'), Middle
Low German spene ds.; o-grade Old English spane, spanu f. ` nipple ', spanan
èntwöhnen'; Middle High German spen f. `breast, Mother's milk ' (probably *spani;
compare Modern High German Span-ferkel); reduced grade Middle Low German spone f.,
Old High German spunni, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle
High German spünne and spune ` nipple '; Lithuanian spenỹs `teat, Zäpfchen in neck,
Ohrläppchen', Old Prussian spenis `teat'.
2. Middle Persian np. pistān ` female breast' (*pǝstāna-), Avestan fštāna- m. Du. `ds.,
nipple, knot' (*pstāna), ǝrǝavafšnyā̊ `the hochbusigen', Old Indic stána- `breast, esp.
female '; Armenian stin ` female breast' (*stē̆no-; Gen. Sg. stean); gr. στηνίον στῆθος Hes.
(daß στῆθος related sei, is heavy credible; has besides θήνιον, τιθήνη once a *θη-θος, *τῆ-
θος bestanden, das besides στηνίον eine parallel formation στῆθος ins Leben treten
ließ??).
The association the Anlaute under p(ǝ)stē̆n- seems possible.
References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.
Page(s): 990
Root / lemma: sperĝh

sperĝh-, spreĝh
spreĝh-, nasalized sprenĝh
sprenĝh-
Meaning: to hurry, to spring
Note: Erweit. from sper- ` twitch, schnellen'.
Material: Old Indic spr̥háyati ` longs for, empfindet envy ', Avestan ā-spǝrǝzatā `war
bestrebt';
gr. σπέρχομαι ` storm along, hurry (σπερχόμενος `hasty, hasty, rash, hasty'), boisterous,
be angry, furious ', σπέρχω `dränge, drive', σπερχνός `quick, fast, hasty', ἀσπερχές Adv.
`violent, ardent '; here cymr. ffraeth (see 996);
Old Icelandic springa `spring, burst out, break out ', Old English Old Saxon Old High
German springan ds.; Kaus. Old High German sprengen `spring make (ein horse),
(zer)sprengen' and `strew, distribute, spray, sprenkeln', Old Icelandic sprengja ` sprinkle ',
Old English sprengan ` outspread, break, crack; burst, säen'; Middle High German sprinc
(-g-) `spring, wellspring', Old English spring `Wasserquell', engl. spring `ds., Sprungfeder,
Knospenspringen, spring '; old Ablautform *sprōgh- in Old Icelandic sprōga `spring, run'.

Page(s): 998
Root / lemma: (s)per-

(s)per-1
Meaning: rafter; pole, spear
Note: originally denominativ
Material: Latin sparus, sparum `kurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and dürftige
Kriegswaffe' (*spero-); in addition a kind of fish sparus, gr. σπάρος; alb. shparr, shperdhë
òak' (as `timber'; rr from rn); Germanic *speru- in Old Icelandic spjǫr `spear, javelin', Old
English spere n., Old Frisian spiri, spere, sper, Old Saxon Old High German sper, Middle
High German sper m. n., Modern High German Speer m., Old High German spereboum
àesculus'; Old Icelandic spari, sparri m. `Speiler, rafter, balk, beam', sperra f. (*sparriōn)
`roof beam', Old High German sparro `balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole', Modern High
German Sparren ` rafter'; therefrom Old Icelandic sperra `with Sparren versehen; die
Beine spreizen, aussperren, verhindern'; Old Icelandic sperra, Old English be-, ge-
sparrian `verrammeln', Old High German Middle High German sperren ` through
einenSperrbalken verschließen, sperren; ausspreizen';
other formations Old High German spirdren `nītī' (j-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz,
Germanica for Siewers 367);
without anl. s-: Latin paries `wall' (originally `die Seitenstützen eines Zeltes '); Slavic
*pьrǫ, *perti `prop, support', with podъ- `fulcire', with za- `claudere', e.g. Old Church Slavic
podъpьrǫ, prěti `prop, support', zaprěti `shut', russ. u-perétь `stemmen, an or against
etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, sträuben', zaperétь
`versperren, verschließen', poln. przeć `spreizen, lock ', Old Church Slavic podъporъ, -
pora `fulcrum, baculum', russ. upór `pad, Strebepfeiler' etc.
References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341.
Page(s): 990-991
Root / lemma: sper-

sper-2(g-
2(g-)
Meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)
Material: Gothic sparwa, Old English spearwa, Old High German sparo `sparrow' (*proto
Germanic *sparwan-); Middle High German sperlinc Modern High GermanSperling,
diminutive; Old Icelandic spǫrr ds. from *sparwa-z, compare also Modern High German
Sperber, Old High German sparwā̆ri (final ending after Old High German aro ` eagle '
transfigured?);
gr. σπαράσιον ὄρνεον ἐμφερες στρουθῷ Hes. (*σπαρFn̥-ti̯om); the formant u̯ also (??) in
gr. ψά̄ρ, Ionian ep. ψήρ (hom. Akk. Pl. ψῆρας), Gen. ψᾱρός `Star' (originally *ψά̄ρF-ς,
Gen. *ψαρFός?), newer ψά̆ρος, ψᾱρος, ψᾶρος m. ds., ψᾱρός `stargrau'; in addition
probably Old Saxon sprā, Dutch spreeuw, North Frisiansprian, Middle Low German sprēn,
Low German (Modern High German) sprehe `Star';
corn. frau, bret. frâo `crow' (*sprawā); daß Latin parra èin bird, dessen Geschrei
Unglückbedeutete', Umbrian parfam, parfa `parram' (*parsa) an s- loose kinsman, relative
sei, is quite dubious;
Tocharian A spārāñ èin bird';
forms auf g: gr. PN Σποργίλος `sparrow', (σ)πέργουλος ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον Hes.; Old
High German sperk, sperch, spirch `sparrow', Old Prussian spergla-wanag[is] `Sperber'
(actually `Sperlingsgeier'), ablaut. spurglis m. `sparrow'.

Page(s): 991
Root / lemma: sper-

sper-3
Material: Gr. σπεῖρα f. ` convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser)',
σπειράω `coil, wickle', σπείρᾱμα ` convolution, diaper '; σπάρτος m. èin shrub, bush, from
dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht', σπάρτον, σπάρτη `gedrehtes or geflochtenes
rope, band'; σπυρίς (Ionian σφυρίς) `geflochtener basket' (from dem Akk. σπυρίδα derives
through etrusk. mediation Latin sporta `geflochtener basket');
Old Lithuanian spartas `band, strap'; probably here Armenian pàrem, pàrim
ùmschließe, umarme'.
spereg-, nasalized spreng-

g-extension spereg- spreng- ` coil, umwickeln, dadurch eng tie up ':
Gr. σπάργω `wickle ein', σπάργανον ` diaper ';
Lithuanian springstù, spriñgti ` strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken)',

sprengė́ti ds., sprangùs `würgend', Latvian sprangât èinschnüren'.
Page(s): 991-992
sp(h)ī̆ī̆ī̆ and sp(h)ē : sp(h)ǝ

Root / lemma: sp(h)ei : sp( sp(h)ǝ-2
Meaning: to pull, drag
Material: Gr. σπάω, σπῶ (*spǝ-sō) `pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krämpfen
an, pull ein, suck ein'; σφάκελος m. `Zuckung, cramp'; σπασμός m. `Ziehen, Zuckung,
cramp', σπάσμα n. ds. `rag, scrap, shred'; σπα-δ- e.g. in παρασπάς, -σπάδος f.
`Pflanzenabsenker', σπάδιξ àbgerissenerZweig', σπαδών m. ` twitch, cramp, σπάδων `the
castrator', Ionian σπαδίζω `pull ab, reiße ab (δέρμα)', argiv. σπάδιον `στάδιον' (ìn die
Länge gezogen'); das sonstige στάδιον ` racecourse ', probably through support in στάδιος
`stehend'; σπάτος n. `skin' (`*Abgezogenes');
partly auf a present *spǝ-nṓ and spǝ-nu̯ṓ based on probably die Germanic family Old
High German spanan ` entice, stir, tease, irritate' (`*lure, tempt '), Old Saxon spanan `
entice, veranlassen, set in motion ', Old English spanan ds., Old High German spennen
(*spanjan) àllure, entice, incite ' = Old Icelandic spenja àllure, entice, überreden',
Norwegian spana (*spanōn) `spannen, strecken', span m. `Spannung', Old High German
spanst ` actuation, allurement, temptation '; gi-spanst ènticement, deception ', Middle High
German (ge)-spenst ènticement, devilish delusion, Gespenst', Modern High German
abspenstig machen, widerspenstig; Middle High German spān `discord, fight, contentio'
(*spē-n-), widerspān ds., widerspǣne `widerspenstig'; Old High German spannan
(*spǝnu̯ō) `spannen, anspannen'; intr. `sich dehnen, gespannt inerwartungsvoller
Spannung sein', Middle High German spannen ds.; Old English spannan `spannen, fasten,
anfügen', Middle High German span, -nnes `Spannung, Zerwürfnis, discord', Old High
German spanna, Old English spann f., Old Icelandic spǫnn f. `span', Kaus. Old Icelandic
spenna ùmspannen, umschließen, urge, press, push', Middle High German spennen
`spannen, dehnen'; eine Germanic Gutturalableitung in addition in Modern High German
Spange; Old High German spanga, Old English spang ds., Old Icelandic spǫng `thinPlatte,
floe, floating mass of ice'; spanst wird Germanic formation from spanan from sein.
Auf a to-participle *spǝ-tós with the meaning from Latin tenuis `thin, also watery, from
liquids' based on probably Old Swedish spædher `fragile, flimsy, tender, young ', schw.
späd, Danish spæd `tender', Old Icelandic spað `thin soup';
the same meaning `tenuis' with i-vocalism in:
gr. σπι-νός ` lean '; Old Irish sēim (*spē̆imi-) ` exilis, macer ', sēime `Dünne';
with guttural extension: gr. σπίκανον σπάνιον Hes., σπιγνόν μικρόν, βραχύ Hes.; Old
Icelandic spiki m. `Meise'; Swedish dial. spikjin `thin, fragile, flimsy, lean ', Swedish dial.
spink `schmächtiger person', Norwegian spiken àrid, lean, geräuchert' (Old Icelandic
spiki-lax `gedörrter salmon'), isl. speikja `dehydrate, desiccate', Swedish spink `splinter',
Middle Low German spik `dry' (Modern High German Spick-aal etc.).

sp(h)ē̆i-3, (s)pen-
See also: in addition sp( 1(d-) and (s)p(h)eu-
(s)pen-1(d- (s)p(h)eu-d-.
Page(s): 982
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)elg

(s)p(h)elg-
)p(h)elg-
Meaning: to split, splinter
Note: (further formations from (s)p(h)el-
(s)p(h)elds.)
Material: Armenian pèlk `long piece of wood or Stoff'; Old Icelandic spjalkir Pl. `Speiler',
Old English spelc, spilc `chip, splinter, Holzschiene', East Frisian spalke `splinter', spalken
`break, crack, split', Old Icelandic spelkja, Old English spilcan `schienen'; compare cymr.
fflochen `wooden splinter' (*splokitnā);
gr. φελγύνει ἀσυνετεῖ, ληρεῖ Hes.; Lithuanian paspilgęs `thin in straw (of corn, grain), in
Wachstum zurückgeblieben', become better to a particular family the meaning
`verkümmern, kümmerlich' zusammengeschlossen.

Page(s): 987
sp(h)elĝh(en,
Root / lemma: sp( ā) splenĝh
elĝh(en, -ā), splē̆ĝh-
splenĝh-, splē̆
Meaning: spleen
Note: taboo deformed
Material: Old Indic plīhán-, Avestan spǝrǝzan- m., Armenian pàicaɫn, gr. σπλήν (*σπληγχ,
compare σπλάγχνα Nom. Pl. ` intestines, entrails '), Latin liēn, Old Irish selg f., Middle
Breton felc'h, Old Church Slavic slězena.
Maybe from Avestan spǝrǝzan derived alb. (*spelǝtan) shpretna `spleen'.

References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18,
451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120.
Page(s): 987
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-

(s)p(h)el-1
Meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board
Material: Old Indic sphaṭati (Dhātup.) `reißt, springt auf', sphaṭita- `gesprungen, zerfetzt',
sphaṭikā- `Bergkristall' (`sich blättrig abspaltend'), *sphāṭáyati `splits', covered das
participle sphāṭita-; sphuṭáti `splits sich, springt auf, platzt, reißt' (sek. sphōṭati); besides
diesen t- present (: Old High German spaltan) das to-participle sphuṭa- àufgeblüht, open '
(: Gothic spilda); Old Indic paṭati `splits sich, cracks', pāṭayati `splits, breaks, rips' (: paṭú-
`sharp', gr. πλατύς ` salty '? s.under *pl̥tú-s);
phálati `cracks, springt divided ', phálakam `(*cloven wood) board, lath, leaf, shield,
Holzbank', phāla- m. ` plowshare ' (`zugespitztes Aststück'?); Old pers. Glosse σπαρα-
βάραι οἱ γερροφόροι Hes. `schildtragend', npers. ispar, sipar `shield' (Old Indic pharam,
spharam `shield', uncovered, probably from dem Iran. and in anlaut after phálakam
directed);
gr. σφαλάσσειν τέμνειν, κεντεῖν Hes., σφάλαξ `Stechdorn', ἀσπάλαθος m. ds. (`*whereof
man sich reißt, scarifies '), σφάλαξ, ἀσφάλαξ, σπάλαξ, ἀσπάλαξ ` mole ' (`die Erde
aufreißend'), σπαλύσσεται σπαράσσεται, ταράσσεται Hes., ἄσπαλον σκῦτος Hes.,
σπάλαυθρον `Schüreisen'; σπόλια τὰ παρατιλλόμενα ἐρίδια ἀπὸ τῶν σκελῶν τῶν
προβάτων Hes. (: Latin spolium), Attic σπολάς àbgezogenes fell, fur' and `Überwurf from
Leder, breastplate, mantle', Aeolic σπαλίς, Attic ψαλίς `scissors'; to σφαλάσσειν also
σφαλός `Fußblock for Gefangene; Wurfscheibe' and σφάλλω `throw (originally with
`Prügeln'), toss, fling, bump, poke' and `(at first beim Ringen) ein leg place, in fight,
struggle hinder', from which `bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive', Med.
`waver, fall, sich irren', ἀσφαλής ùnerschütterlich, ohne sich fortstoßen to let' - ` peaceful,
certainly', σφαλερός ` slippery ', σφάλμα `falscher footstep '; σφέλας `wooden log, club,
cudgel; ausgehöhlter block, bench ';
from Alb. perhaps palë `side, party ' (*polnā, compare Old Church Slavic polъ `side,
bank, border, shore, gender, sex, half'); popëlë `Felsstück, plaice', plis (*pli-ti̯o-) `clod of
earth', plish ` reed ' (*pli-si̯o-):
Latin spolium àbgezogene or abgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene Rüstung,

booty';
with t-Erweit.: Old High German spaltan, Middle Low German spalden `split', Gothic
spilda (*speltā) `Schreibtafel', Old Icelandic spjald (*speltos) `board', Old English speld
`splint; bit of wood', Middle High German spelte ` cleaved bit of wood, Handgerät the
Weberei'; Old Icelandic spjall, spell `damage' (*spelÞa-, -i-), Old English spilð, spild `
annihilation, Ruin', whereof Old Icelandic spilla, spella `spoil, slay' (*spelÞjan, *spelÞōn),
Old Saxon spildian, Old English spildan `destroy', Old High German spildan, spilden
`waste, spread', Old Saxon spildi ` generous '; Germanic t in Middle Low German spelte `
cloven piece', East Frisian spalter ds., Germanic *speltō (out of it Latin spelta) in Old High
German spelza Vulgar Latin spelta (from which:) ` spelt '; engl. spelter `Zink' (*spaldiz-);
Old English spaldur `Balsam' (*spalduz- ` effluence from cloven plant '); n-present Old
Englishspillan, Middle High German spillen `split' (*spelljan), wherefore without s- Swedish
fjäll `Schinnen in Haar'; Old Icelandic spǫlr `thin flache shaft, pole', Middle English spale
ds., Middle High German spale ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder '; probably (as `thin, flat
bit of wood') Old High German spuolo m., isl. spōle `Weberschiffchen', Norwegian spōle
`coil, spool' (Germanic *spōlan-); Old High German spuola (Germanic *spōlōn-) `coil,
spool', `duct, tube, pipe, quill '; without anl. s-: Old Icelandic fjǫl `board' (*pelā);
with t-Erweit., but without s- probably Irish alta(i)n, cymr. ellyn, acymr. elinn ` shearing
knife ', abret. altin gl. ` ferula ', Middle Breton autenn, nbret. aotenn ` shearing knife '
(*paltinā); mcymr. allaw `shave' (*altā-mu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173.
Lithuanian spãlis, Pl. spãliai, Latvian spal'i `Flachsschäben'; Latvian spals `handle, hold,
grasp'; Old Prussianspelanxtis `splinter';
Old Church Slavic ras-platiti `split' (*poltiti, compare Modern High German spalten, Old
Indic sphaṭati), platъ `ῥάκος, scrap, shred', polěno `piece of wood wood', polica `board',
palica, Old Russian palъka `stick', russ. ras-polótь èntzweischneiden', pо́lotь, poltь
`(abgeschnittene) Speckseite', poltina `half', Old Church Slavic polъ, Gen. -u `half, side,
bank, border, shore, gender, sex'; Old Bulgarian plěvǫ, plěti (russ. polótъ) ` weed ', plěvelъ
`weed'; *o-pelnъ in Czech oplen, oplin `Gipfstock, Rungenstock', sloven. oplẹ̀n
`Wagengipfenholz' etc.;
with dem v from plěvǫ (*pelu̯ō) is zusammenzuhalten: Latvian spal̃va ` feather,

Gefieder, hair', spil̃va `husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras', spìlvęns `Bettkissen' etc.;
Tocharian A spāltk-, В spalk- `sich anstrengen';
References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck
Zink under Zinn, 157 ff.
See also: with (s)p(h)el- `split' hang possibly together: pel- `skin, fell, fur', spelg- `split',
splei- `split', plēi- `naked, bald, bleak', plēk̂- plēik- ` rend ', pleu (s-, -k-) àusrupfen', plas-
àbspalten'.
Page(s): 985-987
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-
(s)p(h)el-2
Material: Old Indic sphuliŋga- m. `spark' (Erweiter. eines *sphuli = Armenian pàil, Indo
Germanic *spheli-), vi-sphulíŋga- ds., vi-spuliŋgaká- ` sparking, producing sparks';
Armenian pàil, Gen. pàilic̣ ` radiance, shimmer ', pàilem `gleam, shimmer'; pàɫpàɫim,
pòɫpòɫim `gleams'.
g-extension sp(h)el-
sp(h)el-g-, nasalized (s)p(h)leng-
(s)p(h)leng-:
Latvian spul̃guôt `gleam, sparkle, glitter', spul̃gis `the Funkelnde = the morning star',
spul̃gans, spil̃gans ` shimmering, gleaming'; nasalized Germanic *flinka- ` shimmering,
also from rascher Bewegung' in Low German (Modern High German) flink `rash, hasty,
quick, fast', flinkern `gleam, shimmer', Middle High German kupfervlinke `Kupfererz',
changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) Modern High German flunkern `flicker;
einem etwas vormachen', and perhaps Latvian plañga, pluñga, pleñga `blister'.
d-extension, nasalized (s)plēnd-

(s)plēnd-, (s)plǝnd
(s)plǝnd-
ǝnd-:
Gr. σπληδός m. (σπληδώ f. Hes.) àsh'; Latin splendeō, -ēre `gleam, shimmer', Old
Lithuanian spléndžiu, splendė́ti `gleam, shine'; perhaps also Old Irish lēss (*lanssu- from
*plǝnd-tu-) `light'; Middle Irish lainnech `gleaming' (*plǝndi̯āko). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- >
-nn-).

Page(s): 987
Root / lemma: sp(h)e(n)d-

sp(h)e(n)d-
Meaning: to shiver, to shake
Material: Old Indic spandatē `shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from', spanda- m. ` twitch,
movement', snāyu-spanda- `Pulsschlag', spandana- m. `twitching'; gr. σφενδόνη
`Schleuder', σφαδάζω ` twitch, wriggle, bewege myself violent'(*σφn̥δ-); σφόνδυλος,
σπόνδυλος m. `whirl an the spindle, etc.'; unnasalized σφεδανός, σφοδρός `violent, keen,
eager'; older Dutch spat `cramp', Modern High German Spat(h), Middle High German spat,
East Frisian spat(t), spad(de) ` tumefaction am Pferdefuß' (Germanic d, dd besides t, tt
kann new Variation sein), Low German Dutch spatten ` twitch, wriggle ';
here Lithuanian spį́stu, spį́sti èrglänzen', spìndžiu, spindė́ti `gleam', Latvian atspîst
`wiedererglänzen', spîdêt `gleam, gleam, shine', ablaut. spuôžs `gleaming, bright,
luminous' (*spandús), spuôdrs `gleaming, durchsichtig, clean' (*spondros).
See also: compare *sp(h)eng- `gleam'.
Page(s): 989
Root / lemma: sp(h)eng-

sp(h)eng-
Meaning: to shine
Note: (and *speg-
*speg-?)
Note:
sp(h)eng- : to shine derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-
Root / lemma: sp(h)eng- *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erǝg-,
(s)p(h)erǝg
h)erǝg-
Material: Lithuanian spingu, spingė́ti `gleam', spiñgis `Durchbau in Walde';
Latvian spĩgana èine Lufterscheinung, dragon, witch ', spĩgans ds., spĩganis Ìrrlicht',
spĩgulis `Johanneswürmchen', spĩguluot `shimmer'; spuoga ` reflection ', spuogalas f. Pl. `
radiance ', spuogât `gleam';
Old Prussian soanxti (leg. spanxti) `spark';
to this group as `* blinking ' also Lithuanian spañgas ` inarticulate seeing ', apspañgęs
`verblendet', spangỹs `Halbblinder, Schielender'; also Old English spincan ` spark,
produce sparks', engl. spunk `spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder' as `*phosphoreszierend';
da helle light- and onomatopoeic words Schallempfindungen frequent, often with the
same words identified become, possibly also Lithuanian speñgti ` clink ', Latvian spìegt às
eine mouse pfeifen' angereiht become;
perhaps Indo Germanic spheng-, also to gr. φέγγος n. `light, shine', φέγγω ` shine,
erhelle';
da *spend- `gleam' eine Zerlegung in *sp(h)en-g-, -d- zur Erwägung places, kann
speng-not zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:
(s)peg- gelten, das erschlossen wird from Modern High German Spuk from Middle Low
German spōk `spook, ghost' (Germanic*spōk-); if in addition also the group from Middle
Low German spakeren `spray' (etc.)?.

Page(s): 989-990
sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-
Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)- (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)-
sp(h)rend(h)-
Meaning: to rush; to spring; running
Note: d(h)-extension to 1. and 2. sp(h)er-
sp(h)er-.
Comments:
sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-
Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)- (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)-
sp(h)rend(h)- : to rush; to spring;
running, derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-
ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
(s)p(h)erǝg- (s)p(h)rēg- (nasalized
spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.
spreng-
Material: Old Indic spárdhatē, spūrdháti (Perf. paspr̥dhḗ, Inf. spūrdhásē) `wetteifern, fight',
spŕ̥dh- f. `Wetteifer, fight, struggle' (: Gothic spaúrds), Avestan spǝrǝd- f. ` eagerness '; gr.
in spartan. names Σπερθίης; Gothic spaúrds f. ` racecourse ', Old English spyrd m. `
racecourse, Wettlauf', Old High German spurt ` racecourse '.
In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:
Gr. σπυρθίζειν ` jump, wriggle, violent bewegt sein'; Old Icelandic spraðka ` wriggle ',
Norwegian spradla ds. (*spraðla), westfäl. spraddeln ds., Old High German spratalōn ds.,
Old High German sprata `linea, regula, norma', Middle High German spretzen `spray'; Old
Icelandic sporðr m. `tail; äußerstes end from etwas', Middle High German sporte `tail', Old
Icelandic *sperðill, Pl. *sper[ð]lar assumed from Norwegian dial. speril, sperl, spæl `kurzen
tail';
with Germanic t: Swedish sprata `with den Füßen umherstoßen, strampeln', Norwegian
spratla ` wriggle ', Old High German sprazzalōn ` wriggle ', Middle High German spretzen
(*sprattian) àusspritzen', Modern High German Bavarian spratzeln `spray, spray', Middle
Low German spartelen, spertelen, sportelen ` wriggle ';
nasal. Old Icelandic spretta (*sprintan) àuffahren, jump, sprossen, spray, aufgehen
(from the sun)', Kaus. spretta (*sprantian; partly also sprattian?) `losreißen, separate',
Middle High German sprenzen schw. V. ` sprinkle, spray, sprenkeln = bunt schmücken,
clean' and `sich spreizen, einherstolzieren'; Middle High German sprinz `das Aufspringen
the Blumen, Farbenschmelz', Modern High German Bavarian sprinz àufgeschossener
junger person', Old High German spranz `crack', Middle High German spranz `das
Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen', Middle English sprenten `spring, run',
nordengl. sprent `spring, burst', sprent ` smirch, stain, splotch ';
Lithuanian sprándas ` nape ', Latvian sprañda ds., Lithuanian sprindỹs `span', Latvian
sprîdis ds.;
with Germanic d:
Old English sprind àgile, lively, strong', Old Icelandic sprund f. ` gap, cleft, fissure; wife,
woman';
Old Church Slavic predajǫ, -ati `spring; tremble', russ. prjádatь, prjánutь ` jump, spring',
ablaut. poln. prąd `Stromschnelle', slov. prôdek àlert, awake, smart' etc.
References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.

Page(s): 995-996
sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erǝ
Root / lemma: sp(h)er- sp(h)erǝ-
Meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc..
Grammatical information: spr̥i̯ō, spr̥-nā-
nā-mi ds.;
Note: compare per-1`sprühen, spray', further: sper- `sparrow', sper- `rafter', sp(h)er-
`Mistkügelchen', sp(h)ereg- ` twitch ', sperĝh- `sich hastig bewegen', sp(h)ered(h)- ` twitch
', sp(h)reig- `strotzen'
Comments:
sp(h)er-1, sp(h)erǝ
Root / lemma: sp(h)er- sp(h)erǝ- : to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush,
etc.., derived from Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-
ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
spreng-
) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.
Material: Old Indic sphuráti `stößt with dem Fuße weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks,
trembles, zappelt', ápaspharīḥ Aor. Inj. `schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch' (: Latin
aspernārī), apa-sphúra- `wegstoßend' (: Latin asper-), sphúra- `blinking', sphuraṇa-
`blinking, gleaming, scintillant, flickering, sparkling', n. ` twitch, sparkle, Erscheinen',
visphārita-m `das Schnellen'; sphūrti- `the burst out, break out, Offenbarwerden' (*sphr̥-̄ ti-,
compare Lithuanian spìrti), pharpharāyate `bewegt sich heftig hin and her'; spr̥-
`losmachen', spr̥ṇóti `wehrt ab', spr̥ṇāti ` slays ';
Avestan spar(aiti) `tritt, stößt', with frā `rushes, hastes', with vi àuseinandertreten, -
stomp', sparman- n. perhaps ` step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot;
footprint, track, shove ', np. sipardan `tread';
Armenian spaṙnal `bedrohen' (Indo Germanic sp-);
gr. σπαίρω, ἀσπαίρω (ἀ- vowel suggestion) ` twitch, wriggle ' (= Lithuanian spiriù),
σπαίρει ἅλλεται, σκιρτᾳ, πηδᾳ Hes. (aspiriert σφαῖρα `Ball zum Spielen'?), aspiriert σφυρόν
ànkle, calcaneus ', wovonσφῦρα `hammer, beetle, hammer' (to σφυρόν compare Old High
German spuri-halz `hinkend', actually `knöchel-lame');
Latin spernō, -ere, sprē-vī, -tum `back-, fortstoßen, verschmähen, despise ', aspernor, -
ārī `from sich weisen', asper `rough, harsh, abstoßend' (: Old Indic apa-sphúra-);
Old Irish seir `calcaneus ' (*speret-s), Akk. Du. di pherid, cymr. ffēr, ffern ` the ankle,
ankle bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart '; Middle Breton fer ds.;
cymr. uffarn ànkle' from *opi-sper-no-;
Old Icelandic sperna `with den Füßen ausschlagen, wegstoßen' (: Latin spernō), Old
English speornan ds., Old High German firspirnit `stößt an, tritt fehl'; Old Icelandic sporna
(-aða) `with dem Fuße ausschlagen', Old English spurnan, spornan `ds., also
`zurückstoßen, despise ', Old Saxon Old High German spurnan `tread, with dem Fuße
bump, poke'; Old High German spornōn `with the calcaneus ausschlagen, dem Fuße
bump, poke', spurnen (spurnta) ds., `zurückstoßen' (spurnida Ànstoß'), Old Icelandic
spyrna `with dem Fuße bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen'; without
präsensbildendes n: Old Icelandic spora `with Füßen treten', Old English sporettan `with
dem Fuße bump, poke'; Old Icelandicspori, Old English spora, spura, Old High German
sporo ` spur '; Old Icelandic Old English Old High German spor n. ` footprint ', Middle High
German spur, spür f. n. `spoor, track ', Old High German spuri-halz `lame, hinkend, from
horses' (see above to σφυρόν), Old High German (etc.) spurjan, spurren `the spoor
nachgehen, erforschen, skillful '; Old English spearwa m. `calf', Middle High German spar-
golze f. èin Teil the Beinbekleidung' (perhaps `Wadenstutzen'); with erweiterndem g: Old
Icelandic sparka `with dem Fuße bump, poke', in addition postverbal spark `Getrampel';
Lithuanian spiriù, spìrti `with dem Fuße bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige'
(from the heavy basis), ablaut. ãtsparas `Widerstand', spárdau, -yti `continual with den
Füßen bump, poke'; Latvian sper̂t àusschlagen (of horse), with dem Fuße bump, poke';
spars ` energy, Schwung, force '; Lithuanian spartùs àusgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively',
Old Prussian sparts `mighty', sperclan `Zehballen'; but Lithuanian spurzdė́ti `sich with den
Flügeln jiggle or flutter', suspùrsti from birds ìn eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten', then
generally ìn heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become' are probably onomatopoeic
words (compare Modern High German brr!).
References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.
Page(s): 992-993
(s)p(h)er-2, sprei-
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er- sprei-, spreu-
spreu-
Meaning: to sprinkle, scatter
Note: probably with sp(h)er-1 ` twitch ' identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.
Comments:
(s)p(h)er-2, sprei-
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er- sprei-, spreu-
spreu- : to sprinkle, scatter, derived from Root / lemma:
*(s)p(h)ereg- ǝg-, (s)p(h)rēg-
spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter,
sprinkle.
Material: A. Armenian pàrat `zerstreut' (*pher-), pàratem `zerstreue, entferne, take away '
(compare gr. σποράς, -άδος); perhaps also sp`ṙem `zerstreue', spìr `zerstreut, verstreut,
vast, spacious' (would be *sphēro-);
gr. σπείρω `streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, sprühe' (σπερῶ, ἔσπαρκα, ἐσπάρην), σπέρμα
n. ` seed, sperm ', σπορά, σπόρος m. `das Säen, the seed ', σποράς, -άδος `verstreut',
Adv. σποράδην, σπαρνός `dünngesät, sparse ';
Middle Irish sreb `stream' (*spre-bhā); srāb `stream, torrent, Schaar' (*sprō-bhu-);
Old High German sprāt `das Spritzen, Sprühen', Middle Low German sprē-wedel
`Sprengwedel'; with dem by Germanic roots auf langen vowel appearing w proto Germanic
*sprēwēn in Norwegian spraa, ä. Danish spraaes ` brittle, brittle become', Danish dial.
spraae `get split, from buds; break, crack', Swedish dial. språ, språs ` sprout, get open,
break, crack', Norwegian spra from *sprada (and spræ from *sprēwjan) `spray, sprinkle ';
derived Old Icelandic sprǣna `spray, trans. and intr.'; *sprēwjan in Middle High German
sprǣjen, sprǣwen, mnl. spraeien ` whisk '; *sprōwjan in Modern High German sprühen, nl.
sproeien ds.; Norwegian sprōa `Strebepfeiler, pad' (*sprōwōn; to meaning see below); d-
present nl. sproeten `spray', sproetelen `bubble out', Middle Low German sprōte `( splash,
dash =) stain, freckle '.
B. i-basis sprei-
sprei-d-, -t-:
Old High German sprīzan, spreiz ìn Stücke splittern, spray', Old Icelandic sprita àpart
lock ' (after fisherman, The loanword of Awn. 40 from Middle High German sprîten
borrowed); Norwegian sprita `spray'; Middle High German sprīten and (with
grammatischem variation) sprīden `sich ausbreiten, sich scatter, zersplittern', Kaus. Old
Swedish spreda `scatter, outspread ', Norwegian spreida, Old English sprǣdan ds., Old
High German spreitan, Middle High German Modern High German spreiten;
Old Lithuanian sprainas ` stiff, rigid, übersichtig, of eye' (probably *spraid-na-s, actually
`die Augen weit aufspreizend'), Latvian spriêst `spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen'
(`*spreizen'), spraids ` place, where Leute zusammengedrängt stand', debes-spraislis `
vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies '; in addition presumably Lithuanian spréndžiu
`spanne with the hand'.
C. extension spreu-
spreu-: Old High German spriu, Gen. spriuwes `chaff'; Old English
sprēawlian `sich krampfhaft bewegen'; Modern High German spröde = Middle English
sprēÞe ds. (*sprauÞia- actually `light zerspringend');
cymr. ffrau `(Hervorsprudeln), stream', ffreuo `hervorspritzen' (*sprou̯-), ffraw àgile,

lively' (*sprōu̯o-), cyffro èrregen', deffro àwake, animate' (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.);
Old Irish sruth (*spru-tu-) m. `river' = cymr. etc. ffrwd ds.; gall. FlN Φρουδιος Gen. (leg.
Φρουτυος), Modern High German FlN Frutz (Vorarlberg), northern Italy fruda ` torrent,
stream '; bret. Vannes fru `Sprühregen' (*spreus-); also Modern High German Sprudel
‘mineral water’?
Latvian spraûjuôs, spraûtiês ` produce, emporkommen'; Lithuanian spriaũnas ` funny,

fresh, alert, awake, smart, exuberant '.
spreu-d- (d-extension, perhaps originally from a d-present) `spray, quick, fast

spreu-
hervorkommen, sprout' etc.):
cymr. ffrwst m. `Hast' (*sprud-to- or -stu-);
Gothic sprautō Adv. `quick, fast, bald'; Middle High German spriezen ` sprout', Old Low
German ūtsprūtan ` sprout ', Old Frisian sprūta `germinate, sprout', engl. sprout; Old
English spryttan ` sprout', Low German sprütten `spray', Middle High German sprützen `
sprout, spray'; Old Icelandic sproti m. `young sprout in a tree, Stecken', Old High German
sprozzo `sprout, scion, shoot'; Middle Low German sprote(le) `(* splash, dash =) stain,
freckle ', Modern High GermanSommersprosse ` freckle '; Middle Low German sprūte, md.
sprūze ds.; Old English sprēot ` shaft, pole', Dutch spriet (out of it Modern High German
Spriet); Norwegian spraut, sprauta `Stellholz in the dragnet ', sprøyta `Fenstersprosse,
Spannstock in a loom'; Old High German spriuzen `spreizen, prop, support, stemmen',
spriuza `Spreize, pad, Strebe';
Lithuanian spriáusti `hineinzwängen, clamp '; ablaut. sprústi `from a clamp infolge of
Druckes herauskommen'; Latvian spraûst `hineinstecken', ablaut. sprū-st èingeklemmt
become'.
spreu-g-, -k- in identical Bedeutungsumfang:

spreu-
Modern High German Low German spriegel, sprügel, sprugel, sprogel `Schnellbogen;
gespannter circle to a Überdeckung; speckle beim Vogelfang', luxemb. spriegel `Sperrholz
zum Auseinanderspannen';
Latvian spruga, spruñga `clamp', spruñǵis `toggle';
Lithuanian sprūgsti ` rise, escape; to get away ', Latvian sprauga ` fracture'; probably
also (as `zerprengen, zerstieben make'), Latvian spràugt `coarsely grind, schroten'; with k:
Latvian sprukt ` escape; to get away, slip '; spruksts èin Leichtfüßiger, jumper ', spraukt
`durchzwängen, escape, flee'.
Maybe alb. (*spreu-k-) shpërthenj `bloom, blow' [common alb. -k- > -th-].
(s)preus- see above S. 809 f. ((s)preus-)

(s)preus-
References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff.
Page(s): 993-995
Root / lemma: sp(h)er-

sp(h)er-3
Meaning: cattle excrements
Material: Gr. σφυράς (Attic), σπυράς, σπύραθος (also πύραθος) `Mistkügelchen from
Ziegen and Schafen', σφυράς, σπυράς also ` pellet, globule, Pille generally '; Lithuanian
spìros `Schafmistkügelchen', Latvian spiras `Mistkügelchen the sheep, Ziegen, rabbit;
große graue Erbsen', pires `Schafmist';
with dh-extension: gr. σπορθύγγια τρίβολα τὰ διαχωρήματα τῶν αἰγῶν, ἅ τινες σπυράδας
καλοῦσιν Hes.; nisl. sparð n. `Schafmist', sperðill `Ziegenmist'.

Page(s): 995
(s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erǝg
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er- (s)p(h)erǝg-
ǝg-
Meaning: to tear; rag, snippet
Material: Armenian pèrt` ` ragged piece' (*sperk-to-); Old Icelandic spiǫrr f. `scrap, shred,
abgerissener Streifen Tuch' (proto Germanic *sperrō);
gr. σπαράσσω, Attic -άττω `tear, rend, zerre' (probably analogical for -άζω), σπάραγμα `
ragged piece', σπαραγμός `das Zerren, Reißen; cramp';
nasalized perhaps Old Bulgarian prǫžiti, prǫžati `lacerare'.

Page(s): 992
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-
(s)p(h)eu-d-
Meaning: to press, hurry
Material: Npers. poy `haste, hurry' (iran. *pauda-), parth. pwd `run, flow';
gr. σπεύδω `spute myself, hurry; be eager, strive, strenge myself an'; trans. `treibe an,
beschleunige' (originally `dränge, push, press', as in σπούδαξ `Mörserkeule', i.e.
`Zerdrücker' Hes.); σπουδή f. `haste, hurry, eagerness, aspiration ', σπουδαῖος `hasty,
keen, eager, fleißig', σπουδάζω `spute myself, betreibe with eagerness ';
perhaps alb. punë `work, business ' (*pudnā);
whether d-extension a root spēu- : speu- : spū̆-, possibly to Old Indic sphā-vayati
`mästet, verstärkt', Old English spōwan `thrive' (different above under 2. spēi-); compare
also gr. ἐσφυδωμένος `vollgestopft with food, eating', σφυδῶν ἰσχυρός, σκληρός Hes.,
διασφυδῶσαι αὐξῆσαι Hes.; doubtful gr.σφύζω (Fut. σφύξω) ` twitch, bewege myself
violent, fiebere, strive eager ', σφυγμός m., σφύξις f. `Zuckung, Puls', ἀσφυκτέω `bin ohne
Pulsschlag' (*sphug-);
Old High German spioz `Kampfspieß', Modern High German Spieß, asächs. spiot, Old
Icelandic spjót `spit, pike', spýta `peg, plug'; whether here without s-: Norwegian föysa ` set
in motion ', nisl. fausi `hitzige person, fool' (*poud-to-)?
Lithuanian spáusti `press', Iter. spáudyti; spaudà `Presse'; ablaut, spũdinti `hurry, flee',
spūdė́ti `sich abmühen'.
References: WP. II 659, Trautmann 273 f., Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205 f.
Page(s): 998-999
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)ē̆i-1 : (s)p(h)ī̆-

Meaning: sharp, sharp stick
Note: extended with -d, -g, -k, -l, -n, -r, -t
Material: 1. Old Indic sphyá- m. `chip of wood, staff, Spiere, rudder ';
2. Old High German Middle High German spiz `Bratspieß' (different from Spieß `spear,
javelin' from Old High German spioz), Old English spitu ds.; Norwegian spita f. `peg, plug';
spit m. `cusp, peak, thin Wasserstrahl'; Swedish speta `peg, plug'; Old High German spizzi
` pointed '; o-grade Middle Low German speis(s)e `long spit, pike' (*spoid-tā); perhaps
here Latin cuspis, -idis f. `cusp, peak, spit, pike', whether from *curi-spis à cutting
instrument' (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);
3. Latin spīca, spīcus, -um ` ear ', spīculum à cutting instrument', Vulgar Latin spīcārium
`Speicher'; Dutch spie `peg, plug, bolt ' (*spīχōn); Armenian p`kìn àrrow' (*phīkīno-);
Old High German speihha, Old Saxon spēca f., Old English spāca m. `Speiche, ray';
md. spīcher, Modern High German Speichernagel, Middle Low German nnd. spīker ìron
nail', engl. spike, Old English spīcing ds., Old Icelandic spīkr m. `nail', spīk f. `wooden
splinter', Norwegian spīk `Speiche', Old English spīc ` pointed Landstück', Bavarian spickel
`wedge';
Lithuanian speigliaĩ `Stacheln';
4. gr. σπίλος f., σπιλάς, -άδος f. ` reef'; Middle High German spīl m. `cusp, peak of
javelin ', Modern High German dial. Speil `chip, splinter, splinter, wedge', Middle Low
German nnd. spīle `Bratspieß'; Old English spilu f. `peg, cusp, peak', Old Icelandic spila f.
`thin, schmales piece wood', etc.; (the long vocal Germanic *spīlō could also *spīðlō sein,
in gramm. variation with Middle High German spidel, spedel, Modern High German dial.
speidel `splinter'); Czech spíle `Stecknadel', Latvian spīle ` wooden nail';
5. Latin spīna `backbone, spine, thorn' (in addition Umbrian spinia, spina `columnam'?),
spīna crīnālis `Haarnadel', spīnus `briar'; Old Saxon Old High German spinela, spenula
`Haarnadel, buckle ', Middle High German spenel `Stecknadel, Spennadel'; Latvian spina
`horsewhip, rod', ält. poln. spina `backbone, spine', russ. spiná `back'; s-loose at most
Germanic *finnō, *finōn in Old English finn, Modern High German Finne `Floßfeder,
Spitzflosse', Swedish fina `Flosse', Norwegian finn ` grass bristles ', Middle High German
vinne `nail; Finne in the skin', next to which Swedish fime, Flemish vimme `Flosse, Achel';
maybe alb. shpina ‘spine’ a Latin loanword.
Tocharian A spin- `Hacken, peg, plug';
6. Old English spīr ` stem, sprout', engl. spire `sprout; Turmspitze', Middle Low German
spīr `germ, sprout-, Grasspitze, ear, Turmspitze, very small person', Old Icelandic spīra
`Stiel, young scion, shoot, Rohrstab ';
7. Lithuanian spitulỹs `star auf the Tierstirn', spitẽlė, spitulė̃ `die needle, the thorn in the
buckle ', spitnà ds.; perhaps is in Latin secespita ` a long iron sacrificial knife ' ein cognate
*spita contain;
References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer 2, 708.

Page(s): 981-982
sp(h)ē(i)-3, spī-
Root / lemma: sp(h)ē(i)- spī- and sphē-
sphē- : sphǝ
sphǝ-
Meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc..
Material: Old Indic sphā́yatē `wird fat, obese, takes to', participle sphītá- `swollen,
wohlhabend, dense, full', sphāta- `big, large, strong', sphītí- f. `the prospering; flourishing ',
sphātí- f. ` fattening, prospering; flourishing ', Kaus. sphāváyati `mästet, verstärkt', sphārá-
`vast, spacious, wide, big, large', sphirá- `fat, obese' (Indo Germanic *sphǝ-ró- = Old
Church Slavic sporъ, Old High German spar); with formants -ko- (as Latvian spḕks): pīva-
sphāká- `from Fett strotzend';
Old Indic vi-ṣpitám is strittiger meaning;
from the aspir. form sphē-: ἐρί-σφηλον `ἐρισθενῆ', ἄσφηλοι ἀσθενεῖς; σφηλὸν γὰρ τὸ
ἰσχυρόν Hes.; without s- Armenian pàrtàm `rich';
Latin spatium `Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration'; spēs, -ēī, Pl. spērēs f. `
expectation, hope', spērō, -āre `hoffe'; originally `from Hoffnung geschwellt'; prosperus
`günstig, lucky' (*pro-spǝ-ro-);
maybe alb. (*spatium) shpat `precipice, mountain, forest', (*spērēs) shpresonj ` I hope'.
mcymr. ffysgiaw, corn. fesky Èilen' (*spid-sk-);
Gothic spēdiza `later', spēdumists `spätester', Old High German spāti, Adv. spāto `late'
(actually `*sich hinziehend');
Old English spōwan `thrive, succeed ', Old High German spuon `succeed', Germanic
*spōði- in Old High German spuot, Old Saxon spōd, Old English spēd ` prospering;
flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry', Modern High German sich sputen ` hasten'; Old
High German etc. spar see below;
Lithuanian spė́ti ` have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able ', spė́rus ` quick ',
spė̃tas m. ` leisure ', spėmė̃ f. `haste, hurry'; spė̃kas and spėkà ` power ';
Maybe alb. (*spė́t-) shpejt ` quick '
Latvian spẽt ` to be capable of, to be able ', spḕks ` force, strength, power' (probably
also Latvian spīte ` contrariness ', spîtîgs `defiant'); ;
maybe alb. (*spẽt-) shpëtim `salvage', (--im m. noun suffix) shpëtoj `save, preserve, keep' (--
o verb suffix).
Old Church Slavic spějǫ, spěti Èrfolg have'; spěсhъ m. ` a busying one's self about or
application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion,
endeavor, study ', spěšiti `hurry';
maybe alb. shpesh òften, frequent', shpejt `fast'
Old Church Slavic sporъ (= Old Indic sphirá- etc.) `rich', in neueren Slavic Sprachen
also (and probably das ursprünglichere) ` long lasting, lang ausreichend', so russ. spóryj,
serb. spȍr `lang lasting ', hence on the other hand also ` long ausreichend, economical ',
Czech sporý ` productive, ausgiebig' and ` economical, sparse ', spořiti `spare' (German
influence?), Old High German spar ` economical, concise', Old English spær, Old Icelandic
sparr ` economical, penurious ' (: sporъ);
Hittite išpāi ìßt sich satt', 3. Pl. išpii̯anzi.
Von spĭ- (: speĭ-) from:
with the meaning `fat, thick' and g-formants: Old Indic sphij- (Nom. Sg. sphik, Du.
sphijāu; sphicāu through derailment after d. Nom. Sg.?), sphigī Àrschbacke, hip, haunch';
Old Icelandic spik n., Old English spic n., Old High German spec, -ckes `bacon';
With dental formants: gr. σπίδνος `vast, spacious, wide, even ', σπιδόεις, σπιδνός (Hes.)
ds., σπιδόθεν `from weitem', ἑλεσ-[σ]πίς, -σπίδος `Sumpffläche', ἀσπιδής (*αν-σπιδής with
preposition ἀν) ` capacious ', ἀσπίς, -ίδος `shield', (`*dem body entlang gebreitete surface,
plain, area'?), σπίζω `ἐκτείνω';
Latin spissus (*spid-to-) `dense, thick, slow, zögernd';
with dh: σπιθάμη `span (the hand)', σπιθίαι σανίδες νεώς Hes.;
with t: Lithuanian speičiù, speĩsti èncircle', spiẽsti `schwärmen', spintù, spìsti ìn
Schwärmenausbrechen, from bees', Latvian spiêts `swarm of bees' (participle Lithuanian
spìstas `gedrängt', Latinspissus); compare also Latvian spaile, spailis `line, Schwaden of
Mähers' (-l- maybe from -dl-), Lithuanian spielóti ìn den Nährahmen einspannen', Latvian
spailes ` cloven Stecken zum Einklemmen', spī̀le, spī̀lis èine Zwicke, Zwickeisen;
Holznägel; need, Verlegenheit' (Middle High German loanword?), spī̀lis also `zeltartig
ausgespannte Leinwand', spī̀lêt ` clamp - pinch, tweak, nip, spannen'.
With g-formant:
gr. σφίγγω `schnüre ein, klemme ein', σφιγκτήρ `cord, band, strap; muscle ';
Latvian spaiglis, spaigle `Krebsgabel'; Germanic with the meaning àusspannen =
spreizen': Modern High German dial. spaichen àusschreiten', ausspaichen `with Schritten
or ausgespannten Fingern ausmessen', Norwegian speika `with steifen (gespannten)
Beinen go', spīka `widerspenstig sein'.
References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92,
Vasmer 2, 707, 710;
See also: in addition spēi-
spēi-2 and spen-
spen-1.
Page(s): 983-984
sp(h)ē-, sp(h)ǝ
Root / lemma: sp(h)ē- sp(h)ǝ-(dh-)
Meaning: long flat piece of wood
Material: Gr. σφήν, -ός m. `wedge'; maybe from *σφανσ-, Indo Germanic *sphǝnes-;
Germanic *spē-nu-s in: Old High German Middle Low German spān `chip of wood', Old
English spōn ds. (engl. spoon `spoon'), Old Frisian span, spon `flat pectoral, chest
decoration ', Old Icelandic spānn, spōnn `chip, splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte';
borrowed Finnish paana ` shingle, chip, splinter';
maybe alb. (*spon) shponj `pierce, prick'
with dh-formants: gr. σπάθη `breites flat wood the weaver; rudder blade, scapula, long
breites sword'; compare Hittite išpatar `spit, pike', A. Kammenhuber Festschr. Sommer,
105;
Germanic *spaðan: Old Saxon spado, Old English spada m., -e, -u f. `spade'; Modern
High German Spaten;
maybe alb. shpata `sword', s(ë)pata àxe' Latin loanword.
with g-formants: Norwegian spæk `chip, splinter', nisl. Norwegian sprækja; changing
through ablaut spake ` shaft, pole', Old English spæc n. `twig, branch', Old High German
spahha, -o `dry brushwood ', Modern High German dial. Spach, Spachen `chip, splinter,
wooden log', Spache `Speicher' and (as àrid, as ein Stecken') Middle Low German spak,
Middle High German spach àrid', etc.;
with t-forms probably Germanic *spēÞa-, spēða- in Middle High German spāt `blättrig
brechendes rock, Spat', Modern High German dial. also spaad, Dutch spaath.

See also: to sp(h)ēi-
sp(h)ēi-2, sp(h)ē-
sp(h)ē-.
Page(s): 980
Root / lemma: (s)p(h)i̯i̯i̯ēu-

ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu̯
ēu pīu̯- (*ps(h)i̯ēu- < -ĝʷhi̯ēu -)
Meaning: to spit
Note: the i̯-losen forms at least partly through dissimilation in i̯o-present *sp[i̯]ū-i̯ō.
Material: Old Indic ṣṭhīvati `spit, speit from' (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound
with ni(ḥ)-, daherṣ- from s-; ṣt-v dissimil. from ṣp-v, so that = Gothic speiwan), ṣṭhyūtá-
`gespuckt, gespien'; Avestan spāma- `saliva, mucus'; gr. πτύ̄ω `spucke', πτύαλον, πτύελον
`saliva', πῡτίζω (dissimil. from *πτῡτίζω) `spucke, spritze' (πτυ:- from *pi̯ū-; compare with
Inlautbehandlung the group ἐπιφθύσδω Theokr. `despuō'; ψύττει πτύει Hes. with φÞ- from
φθ-); Latin spuō, -ere, spūtum `spit, spucken', despuō `spucke from, verschmähe'; Gothic
speiwan, Old Icelandic spȳja, Old English Old Saxon Old High German spīwan `spit', Old
Icelandic spȳta `spit', (in addition Old Icelandic schw. spotta, Danish spotte, Old Frisian
spottia, Middle Low German spotten, Old High German spottōn ` mock '), East Frisian
spüjen `spucken, sprühen', Middle Dutch holl. spuwen `spucken, spit'; Lithuanian spiáuju,
spiáuti `spit', Old Church Slavic pljujǫ, pljьvati ds.;
Maybe alb. Geg pshtyj, Tosc pështyj `spit', shpëtonj èscape, drip' : Old Indic kṣīvati `spit' :
gr. ψύττει; common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > kṣ- : gr.- Illyrian - alb. -ĝʷh- > -kʷh- > -ps-.
Armenian tùk` `saliva', t`kànem `spucke, speie from' (t` kann, although from pt-
deducible not dem gr. πτ < πι̯ gleichgesetzt become), osset. tù, npers. tuf, tuh `saliva'
from an Old Indic (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thūthū as Wiedergabe of Spucklautes
vergleichbaren Lautgebärde;
again etwas different Old Indic kṣīvati (Dhātup.) `spit, speit from', common Old Indic -ĝh-
> -kṣ- gr. σίαλον, Ionian σίελον `saliva, slobber', Cypriot σῖαι (Cod. σίαι < *σιFαι, Bechtel
Gr. Dial. I 412, or *σῖσαι?) πτύσαι (Cod. πτῆσαι). Πάφιοι Hes.
References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 325, 752, 4.
Page(s): 999-1000
Root / lemma: sp(h)reig-

sp(h)reig-
Meaning: to abound
Note: compare (s)p(h)ereg-
Material: Gr. σφριγάω ` to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling,
swell, bin in full vitality, bin eager, avid, lascivious', σφρίγoς n. `strotzende fullness, wealth';
Norwegian sprikja àusspannen, spreizen', intr. èntspannt sein, strotzen, to swell',
Swedish dial. sprika àusspannen'.
Page(s): 1001
Root / lemma: (s)pingo-

(s)pingo-
Meaning: sparrow, finch
Material: Gr. σπίγγος (Hes.), σπίζα (*σπιγγι̯α) `finch' (similarly σπύγγας, σπινθών, σπίνος
`finch'), σπιζίᾱς m. `Sperber' (meaning `Sperlingstößer' as in Modern High German
Sperber: Old High German sparo `sparrow'), σπίζω `piepe'; Swedish spink, spikke `small
bird, sparrow under ä.', engl. (from dem Nord.) spink `finch'; Old Indicphiŋgaka- m. èin
best. bird, the gabelschwänzige Würger' (meaning as in σπιζίας, see above);
besides without anlaut. s- Old High German fincho, Old English finc, engl. finch `finch',
therefrom independent onomatopoeic words Schallbezeichnung in French pinson, Italian
pincione, span, pinzon, as probably also in Swedish pink `sparrow', engl. dial. pink, pinch
`finch'.

Page(s): 999
Root / lemma: (s)pī̆ko-

ko-
ko
Meaning: woodpecker, etc..
Material: Old Indic piká- m. `the Indian cuckoo'; Latin pīca ` magpie ', pīcus ` woodpecker ';
Umbrian peico ` picum ' (ei for ī), Italian VN Pīcentes; with anlaut. s: Old High German
speh, speht, Old Icelandic spǣtr, Norwegian spett(a), Swedish spett, Danish spætte `
woodpecker '; Old Prussian picle `Krammetsvogel'.
Maybe alb. quka-piku (cioc -a picus) ` woodpecker ' a compound of Romanian cioc ` beak,
pecker ' + Latin pīcus ` woodpecker ' : Romanian ciocănitoare ` pecker, woodpecker '.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.
Page(s): 999
Root / lemma: (s)pleiĝh

pleiĝh-
Meaning: to spread the legs
Material: Old Indic *plḗhatē `goes, bewegt sich'; gr. πλίσσομαι `schreite from', ἐκπλίσσομαι
` gape apart (from Wunden)', πλιχάς f. `die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkeln', στόμα
διαπεπλιχός òffenstehender mouth'; with anl. s- probably Old Irish sliassait f. ` thigh '
(*spleigh-s-ontī); about Old Irish lingid `springt', preterit leblang- (*ple-plong-?) s.
Thurneysen Gr. p. 687.
References: WP. II 684., Pisani Mél. Boisacq II, 181 ff.
Page(s): 1000
Root / lemma: (s)plei-

(s)plei-
Meaning: to split, cut
Note: compare S. 985 under (s)p(h)el-1 and plēi- `naked, bald, bleak, bare' (see 834), if
actually èntrindet, flayed '.
Material: Latvian plītes `small crumbs ', plivin̨a àbgelöste flatternde bark, outer covering of
a tree, Schelfer'; very doubtful Old Icelandic fleinn àbstehender hook an a Geräte', Old
English flān f. m., flā f. àrrow, spear, lance';
d-present (or d-extensions): Middle High German splīzen, Old Frisian splīta `spleißen,
split; intr. sich split', Low German nl. splitten `sich split', Middle High German splitter
(Germanic *splitra-) `splinter', Swedish splittra, Middle Low German splitteren `zersplittern';
nasalized Norwegian splint `wooden nail, wedge', engl. splint, splent ` cloven piece of
wood, splinter, chip, splinter', engl. Low German nl. splinter `splinter, chip, splinter'; without
s-: Norwegian flinter `shred', nl. flenter `scrap, shred'; Old Icelandic fletta (*flintōn) in fletta-
grjōt `Feuerstein', Swedish flinta ds.; Norwegianflint `spall', Old English flint `Feuerstein,
rock', Middle Low German vlint-stēn (besides Old High German flins, Middle High German
Middle Low German vlins ` pebble, harter stone ', probably as *flint-sa-, descendant eines -
es-stem); Middle Low German Low German vlîse (out of it Modern High German Fliese)
`Steinplättchen', Old Icelandic flīs `splinter' (*plīd-to-);
besides with Germanic d: Norwegian flindra `thin disc or splinter', engl. flinders `Stöcke,
Stümpfe' and Norwegian splindra `large flat wooden splinter', Old Danish splind, splinder
`splinter', splinde `splittern';
Old Irish sliss ` schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter', slissiu ` schnitzel, lath' (*splid-ti-, -tiō);
aberslind `Ziegel, flat stone ' to bret. sklent `Schiefer' and probably metathesis from Latin
scindula: *scindla - *sklinda.

Page(s): 1000
(s)poimno-, -ā
Root / lemma: (s)poimno-
Meaning: foam
Material: Old Indic phḗna- m. `scum, froth, foam, Feim'; osset. fink, fink`ä ds.; Latin spūma
f. `scum, froth, foam', pūmex m. `Bimsstein' (from seiner schaumartig porösen
Beschaffenheit);
Old High German feim, Old English fām `Feim, scum, froth, foam'; Lithuanian spáinė
`Schaumstreifen auf bewegter sea', Old Prussian spoayno `scum, froth, foam' (*spáinā),
Old Church Slavic pěna (russ. péna, Serbo-Croatian pjȅna) `scum, froth, foam'.
References: WP. II 681, WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.
Page(s): 1001
sprei-, spreu-
Root / lemma: sprei- spreu-
See also: see above S. 994 f. (spher-).
Page(s): 1001
Root / lemma: srakʷ to-, -ti-

srakʷ-toti-
Meaning: sharp-edged
Material: Old Indic sraktí- f. `prong, spike, point, edge', Avestan sraxti-, ϑraxti- `point, edge,
side'; gr. ῥακτοί φάραγγες Hes. besides secondary ῥάπται ds.
References: WP. II 702, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 299.
Page(s): 1001
sre h-, sr̥bh- and serb

Root / lemma: sreb ser h- (*ghreb-)
Meaning: to sip, swallow
Material: Armenian arbi (*sr̥bh-) Ì trank', arb `Zechgelage'; gr. ῥοφέω (Ionian ῥυφέω)
`schlürfe' (also ῥόφειν EM.), ῥοπτός `geschlürft', ῥόφημα (Ionian ῥύφημα) n., ῥόφος m.
`broth, thick drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught,
potion'; alb. gjerp (*serbhō) Ì sip, swallow', gjerbë `drop, drip';
Wrong etymology; rather alb. (*gherb-) gjerb Ì sip, swallow' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
lith. gh- > dz-].
Latin sorbeō, -ēre ` slurp '; Middle Irish srub `snout' (*srobu-); Lithuanian srebiù, srė̃bti `
slurp ' (also sriobiù, sriaubiù, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut. surbiù, sur̃bti `suck,
slurp ', Latvian surbju, surbt ` slurp ' (-ur-reduced grade to srobh- or sorbh-?; compare also
poln. sarbać), Latvian strebju, strèbt ` slurp, auslöffeln', stręba `somewhat to Schlürfendes;
ein Betrunkener'; proto Slavic. *serbjǫ, *sьrbati ` slurp ', with variant Ausgleichungen in
sloven. srẹ́bati, Czech střebati etc.; perhaps also Middle High German sürpfeln, sürfeln `
slurp ', isl. sarpr `craw of the bird ', Old Icelandic as Spitzname (`*gullet'), with Germanic p
from gemin. pp; also Dutch slorpen, slurpen, Modern High German schlurfen with l after
schlucken ‘gulp, sip, swallow ’.
References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 612; W. Schulze
setzte *s(u̯)erbh-, *srubh- an.
Page(s): 1001
sr-edh-, sr-
Root / lemma: sr- sr-et-
et-
Meaning: to whirl, wave, boil
Note: extension from 1. ser-
Material: Gr. ῥόθος m. `das Wogenrauschen', ἁλί-ρροθος `meerumrauscht', ταχύ-ρροθοι
λόγοι `schnelldahinrauschende words', ἐπίρροθος (and ἐπιτάρροθος) `herbeisausend; also
from Göttern: zur help', ῥόθιος ` roaring ', assimil. ῥάθαγος τάραχος Hes.; perhaps also
later ῥώθων, mostly Pl. ῥώθωνες `nostril, nose' as Trivialausdruck `*Schnarcher, Rassler';
in addition ῥέθεα Pl. `nostril, nose'; compare ῥί̄ς, ῥῑνός f. `nose' as `the flowing ' zur root
form *srēi- : srī-;
acorn. stret gl. `latex', mcorn. streyth `river'; Middle Irish srithit f. `ray from milk or blood'
(*sr̥t-n̥tī); Old High German stredan, strad, Middle High German streden `roar, strudeln,
cook', stredunga, stridunga `surge', Middle High German stradem `whirlpool', late Middle
High German and Modern High German Strudel.
References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Wörter 220.
Page(s): 1001-1002
Root / lemma: (s)reigh-

(s)reigh-
Meaning: to climb, creep
Note: (also (s)reikh-
(s)reikh-?)
Material: Old Indic ríṅgati (voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and
ríṅkhati `bewegt sich mühsam, crawls' (from children);
gr. ἀνα-ρριχάομαι, ἀρριχάομαι `mühselig with Handen and Füßen emporklettern'.
References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gr. Wb. 103.

Page(s): 1002
Root / lemma: srenk-

srenk-
Meaning: to snore
Material: Gr. ῥέγκω, ῥέγχω `schnarche; snort'; ῥέγκος n., ῥέγξις f. `Schnarchen', ῥόγκος,
ῥογμός ds.; Old Irish srennim `schnarche' (*srenk-nā-mi); Middle Irish srēimm n.
`Schnarchen' (*srenk-smn̥), also srĕimm through influence of srennim;
Maybe alb. rënkoj ` sigh'.
a similar onomatopoeic words sound imitation entspringt probably gr. ῥύγχος

`Schweinsrüssel, snout, bill, beak, neb'; whether Armenian *ṙungn, Pl. ṙngun-k`, ṙǝngun-k̄
`nostril, nose' out of it borrowed or under Indo Germanic *srungh- with it common origin
sei, is doubtful.

Page(s): 1002
Root / lemma: sresk-

sresk-
Meaning: to drizzle
Material: Avestan srask- (srasča-) `triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen', sraska- m. (np.
sirišk) `tears, Weinen', mp. srixt `dropped', Armenian srskel (*srēsk- or srōsk-) `sprinkle';
borrowing of Armenian words from dem Aryan would be die Vorbedingung for die
connection from Avestan srask-, Armenian srskel as *k̂lek-skō- with Lithuanian šlãkas
`drip', šlakė́ti `drip, trickle', šlė̃kti `spray' (see above S. 607 k̂leu- ` rinse ').
References: WP. II 602 f., 705.
Page(s): 1002
Root / lemma: sreup-

sreup-
Meaning: scabby, dirt
Material: Gr. ῥύπος m. `smut, Unreinlichkeit', ῥυπόω, ῥυπαίνω `sully', ῥυπαρός `dirty,
filthy', ῥυπάω `bin dirty, filthy', ῥύπος n. `wheys', ῥύπτω `clean', Med. `wash myself,
schneuze myself'; proto Slavic.*strupъ (from *sreupos or *sroupos) `wound' (Old Church
Slavic; actually `*scurf, scab auf the wound'), ` poison, pus' (slov.), `scurf, scab' (New
Bulgarian russ.), `skin rash by children' (Serbo-Croatian), ` crust, scab, eschar ' (poln.
Czech); ablaut. Church Slavic strъpъtъ `roughness, hardness '.
References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.
Page(s): 1004
Root / lemma: sreu-

sreu-
Meaning: to flow
Material: Old Indic srávati ` flows ' (= gr. ῥέω), srava- m. `das Fließen' (= gr. ῥόος, Old
Church Slavic o-strovъ), giri-sravā `Bergstrom' (= gr. ῥοή, Lithuanian sravà), srutá- flowing,
geflossen' (= gr. ῥυτός = fem. Lithuanian srutà; zero grade Latvian strauts), srutí- f. `way,
das Fließen' (= gr. ῥύσις, perhaps Armenianaṙu), sravát- f. `river' (= gr. -ρεFετ-ης), Old
Indic srōtaḥ n., Old pers. rautah- n., npers. rōd `river'; causative srăváyati `makes flow',
srāva- m. ` effluence ';
Avestan (ravan-), Gen. Pl. raonąm `the Flüsse', urvant- (sru-vant-) ` flowing '; from
einemd(h)-present from (: gr. ῥυθ-μός?): Avestan raoδaiti ` flows ', raoδah- n. `river', urūd f.
` river flow, bed' (Old Indic visrúh- f. `stream' or likewise?);
Armenian aṙoganem, oṙoganem ` wet ' (*srou̯-), compare Old Lithuanian srãvinu `make
bluten'), probably also aṙu `canal' (*srutis or *srui̯os);
gr. ῥέω `flow' (Fut. ῥεύσομαι, Аог. Epidaur. ἐξερρύᾱ, Kalymna ἐ[γ]-ρυᾳ Konj. from
*sruu̯ā-; compare Lithuanian pasrùvo `floß' from -āt; usually *sreu̯ē- in ἐρρύην, Lithuanian
sravė́ti; to this beiden heavy base Old Indic Inf. srávitavē); ῥόος (Cypriot ῥόFος), Attic ῥοῦς
m. `current, flood', περί-ρροος `rings umflossen' (also ἀψό-ροος for expressed ἄψορρος),
ῥοή (korkyr. Dat. Pl. ρhοFαῖσιν) `das Strömen, stream' (= Lithuanian sravà), ῥυτός `
flowing, strömend', περίρρυτος `rings umflossen' (= Old Indic pari-sruta-), ῥύσις f. `das
Strömen', ῥύας, -άδος `rinnend', ῥύδην, hom. ῥυδόνAdv. ìn Überfluß'; ῥεῦμα n. `Strömen,
river; surge '; ἀκαλα-ρρείτης `gentle flowing ', βαθυ-ρρείτης `deep flowing ', ἐυ-ρρείτης `rich
flowing ', (*-ρρεFετης, compare Old Indic sravat-), as Ionian ῥέεθρον, Attic ῥεῖθρον n. `
river flow, riverbed ' from themat. *sreu̯e- derive ; ῥυθμός, Ionian ῥυσμός (`the wash of the
waves of Meeres compared) regelmäßige Bewegung, rhythm '; thrak. Στρύ̄μων river name,
Στρύ̄μη town name;
Old Irish sruaimm n. `river', abret. strum ` copia (lactis) ' (= gr. ῥεῦμα, if not ablaut
equally with Germanic *strauma-); but Old Irish sruth `river', cymr. ffrwd etc., from *spru-tu-
; compare Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.;
Old High German stroum, Old English strēam, Old Icelandic straumr `stream' (: Latvian
straume, poln. strumień);
Lithuanian sraviù, sravė́ti (old sravù) ` mild flow, seep, drip', sraũjas `rasch flowing ',
sravà `das Fließen, Menstruieren', srovė̃, Latvian strāve, stràume `stream', strauts
`Regenbach, Stromschnelle', Lithuanian srutà `Jauche'; Old Church Slavic struja `current',
ostrovъ ìsland' (`das Umflossene'), poln. strumień `stream, brook';
Indo Germanic sreu- is extension from ser- `flow'.
References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.
Page(s): 1003
srēno-, -ā
Root / lemma: srēno-
Meaning: body part (hip?)
Material: Avestan rāna- m. `the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh', mp. np. rān ` thigh ';
Lithuanian strė́nos `die loins, the cross'.
Page(s): 1002
srīg-, srīgos-
Root / lemma: srīg- srīgos-
Meaning: cold, frost
Material: Gr. ῥῖγος n. `frost', ῥῑγέω, Perf. m. present-meaning ἔρρῑγα ` freeze, shudder,
erschauern'; ῥῑγώω `friere';
Latin frīgus, -oris n. (= gr. ῥῖγος) `coldness, frost', frīgeō, -ēre `cold sein, freeze, gefroren
sein', frīgidus `cold'.
References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *(s)rēiĝ-, to Latin rigeō `
rigid', rigor ` solidification (vor coldness)', Lithuanian réižtis `sich strecken' (different above
S. 855, 862.)
Page(s): 1004
srō̆mo-
Root / lemma: srō̆ mo-
mo
Meaning: lame
Note: only altindisch and slavisch
Material: Old Indic srāmá- `lame', srā́ma- m. `Lahmheit'; Old Church Slavic (etc.) chromъ
`lame'.
References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer 3, 272 f.
Page(s): 1004
Root / lemma: stag-

stag-
Meaning: to drop, drizzle
Material: Gr. στάζω, στάξω σταγῆναι `drip, trickle, einträufeln tr., drip, trickle let; drip, trickle
intr., rinnen', στακτός `tröpfelnd, tropfend', σταγών, -όνος f. `drip', στάγες Pl. ds.;
Latin stāgnum `jedes ausgetretene Gewässer, sea, pond, pool, pond, pool or langsam
running Gewässer';
Latin (Celtic loanword?) stagnum `Zinn' (`das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare'), Old Irish
stān `Zinn'; cymr. ystaen, ncorn. stean, bret. stean (from Latin?);
abret. staer, nbret. ster `river, stream, brook' (*stagrā), cymr. taen `conspersio,
adspersio' (*stagnā).
References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.
Page(s): 1010
Root / lemma: (s)tāi-

(s)tāi-
Meaning: to conceal; to steal
Material: Old Indic stāyát ` clandestine, hide, conceal', stāyú-, tāyú- `thief' (= Old Church
Slavic taj Adv. `secret ', if from *tāi̯u; gr. τηΰ-σιος); stḗya-m ` theft ', stēná- `thief'; Avestan
tāyu- `thief', tāya- ` theft '; gr. τηυσίη ὁδός èin way, the einen um die Mühe the intention
betrügt' (*τᾱΰ-τιος, from *τᾱι̯υ-τᾱ), τήτη ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις Hes., τητάω `bringe um
etwas, rob', Med. `darbe'; Old Irish tāid `thief' (= Old Bulgarian tatь, das -d analogical); Old
Church Slavic taj ` secret ', tajǫ, tajiti ` hide ', tatь `thief'; Hittite tajezzi, tajazzi `stiehlt'.
Page(s): 1010
stī̆ī̆ī̆-, sti̯-ā-
stāi-, stī̆
Root / lemma: stāi-
Meaning: to condense, press together
stē̆ib(
Note: in addition stē̆ stē̆ip-
ib(h)-, stē̆
ib ip- ` shaft, pole etc.'
ip
Material: Old Indic styā́yatē `gerinnt, wird hart', participle styāna-; (Gramm.) prastīma-
`gedrängt, gehäuft', stīmá- ìdle' (actually ` jammed, packed, stuck '), viṣṭīmín- Bez. of
pudenda, stíyā f. `träges, stehendes water', stimita- ` clumsy, idle, unbeweglich, damp';
Avestan stā(y)- `heap, mass';
gr. στέᾱρ, στέᾱτος `stehendes fat, tallow, suet' (*stāi̯r̥); hom. ἀγχι-στῖνος ` near
aneinandergedrängt' (compare Old Indic styā-na-); στί̄α f., στῖον n. ` small stone '; στίλη
`drip' (compare Latin stīria, stīlla);
Latin stīria `frozen drip, icicle', Demin. stīlla `drip' (*stīr[e]lā);
nisl. stīrur `stiffness in the eyes', Norwegian stīra, Old Icelandic stira, Danish Swedish
stirra `gaze, stare', East Frisian stīr ` stiff, rigid', Modern High German stier, stieren;
Lithuanian styrstù, stỹrti ` solidify, congeal ', stýrau, -oti ` stiff and lümmelhaft dastehen';
Old Icelandic stīm n. ` restlessness, din, fuss, noise', Norwegian stīm `Fischschwarm',
Middle High German stīm, steim `bunte bulk, mass, Getümmel';
Gothic stains, Old Icelandic steinn, Old English stān, Old High German stein ` stone ';
Old Church Slavic sténa `wall', stěnьnъ ` stony ';
perhaps also Old Icelandic stī n. `stall', stīa ` make a hedge, fence ', Old English stig, stī
` pigpen; hall', Middle Low German stege `corral, pen, fold', Old High German stīga, Middle
High German stīge, stīje `stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle';
Lithuanian stìngti ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian stingt ` compact become', stingrs
`stramm, rigid, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, stiff ';
about Latin timeō `dread myself', etc. s. WH. II 682.

See also: s. also steu̯ǝ- S. 1035.
Page(s): 1010-1011
stāk-, stek-
Root / lemma: stāk- stek-
Meaning: to stand; to put
Note: extension from stā- `stand'
Material: Old Indic stákati `widersteht', Avestan staxta- `tight, firm, strong', staxra- `strong,
tight, firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern'; Umbrian stakaz `statūtus';
Old High German stahal n. m. Old Icelandic stāl n. (derived Old High German stehli, Old
English stiele n.) `Stahl' (from dem Germanic derives Old Prussian staclan `Stahl'),
Germanic *stahla- probably = Avestan staxra-, Indo Germanic *stóklo-; Old Icelandic stagl
n. `wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient', Norwegian stagle `picket, pole', staga ` stiff go', Old
Icelandic stag n., Old English stæg n. `rope, hawser' (`*das steif gespannte');
with other meaning change (`stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become') Old Icelandic
stakka f. ` stub', stakkaðr, stǫkuttr `short', Danish stak-aandet `kurzatmig'; Lithuanian stokà
`lack', stokstù, stõkti `to lack begin'.

Page(s): 1011
stā- : stǝ
Root / lemma: stā- stǝ-
Meaning: to stand
Note: reduplicated si-stā-, extended stāi-
si-stā- stī̆-, stāu-
stāi- : stī̆ stū̆- and st-
stāu- : stū̆ st-eu-
eu-
Material: A. Old Indic tiṣṭhati, Avestan hištaiti, ap. 3. Sg. Impf. a-ištata `stehn' (: Latin sistō,
Irish -sissiur; athematic still gr. ἵστημι, during late Old High German sestōn `disponere'
from dem roman. Italian assestāre ` bring in order ' borrowed is), Aor. Old Indic á-sthā-m
(= gr. ἔστην), Perf. tasthā́u, tasthimá, tasthivas-; gr. ἵστημι (Doric ἵστᾱμι) `stelle', Aor. ἔστην,
Perf. ἕστηκα, ἕσταμεν, ἑσταώς (ἐπί-σταμαι ` understand ' probably neologism after Aor.
ἐπι-σταίμην, ἐπι-στάμενος); ἱστός ` mast, the senkrechte Weberbaum, texture ';
Avestan ap. stāya- ` place; Med. sich stellen';
Latin sistō `stelle', Umbrian sestu `sistō', Volscan sistiatiens `statuērunt';
Old Irish tair-(ś)issiur `stay, stand', ar-sissedar ìnsistitur, innititur', fo-sissedar `tritt ein
for' (sessam `das Stehen', sessed ds. etc.);
Latin stō (stāre, stetī) = Umbrian stahu ` stand ', *stā-i̯ō; Old Latin probably also trans. `
place '; Oscan staít (*stai̯ei̯eti) `stat' Pl. stahínt, eestínt (*ēstai̯ei̯ent) èxtant'; Old Irish ad-
tāu, -tō Ì befinde myself, bin' (*stā-i̯ō), 3. Sg. (ad)-tā = cymr. taw `daß es is' from *stā-t,
unpersönl. Passiv tāthar `man is (mad, wicked, evil)'from *stā-to-ro (?), mcymr.
Impersonale ny-m-dawr ès kümmert myself nicht', corn. ny-m-deur (*tā-ro-) Ì will not'; Old
Irish ness- (*ni-stā-) `niedertreten' in com-ness- ds., `verurteilen', dī-ness ` despise ', to-
ness- `betreten', ar-ossa ` expect t' (*are-uks-stā-); assae `light to tun' from *ad-stā-i̯o-
àdponendus';
Note:
Note
Maybe alb. stan 'winter station for animals' from med.L stantia f. L stant- pres. ppl stem of
stare to stand.
Old Saxon Old High German stān, stēn `stand'; Reimwortbildungen to gēn, gān `go'
(see 419); with t-extension: preterit Gothic stōÞ, Old Icelandic stōð, Old Saxon stōd, Old
High German stuot (mostly stuont after dem present) Ì stand', wherefore with present
nasalization Gothic Old Saxon standan, Old Icelandic standa, Old English stondan, Old
High German stantan `stand'; in addition Old High German stanta ` bowl, basin, Kufe' and
with neuem ablaut Old Icelandic stund `time(punkt), while, hour, length', Old English stund
f. ` certain time, hour, Mal', Old Saxon stunda `time(punkt)', Old High German stunta ds.,
Late Middle High German also `hour';
Lithuanian stóju (*stāi̯ō), stóti `tread', Old Church Slavic *stajǫ, stati `sich stellen', stojǫ
stojati (*stǝi̯ēti) `stand'; Tocharian В ste ìs', 3. Pl. stare.
B. Indo Germanic n-present *stǝ-nā- in Avestan fra-stanvanti `sie come voran',

Armenian stanam èrstehe, acquire ', gr. Cretan στανύω `stelle' (neologism gr. ἱστάνω);
Latin prae-stināre `den price vorher feststellen, buy', dēstināre `festmachen, festsetzen,
fest beschließen' (dēstina `pad'), obstināre àuf etwas bestehen'; alb. shtonj `vermehre'
(`*stelle, staple auf'); Old Church Slavic stanǫ (Inf. stati) `werde myself stellen, tread'; Old
Prussian postānimai ` we become', postāt `become', stānintei `stehend'; Tocharian В
stäm- `stand'; compare also die nouns with n-formant.
C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:
Old Indic ni-ṣṭhā́- `hervorstehend, -ragend', pari-ṣṭhā́- `(*herumstehend =) hindering ', f. `

hindrance ', pr̥thivi-ṣṭhā- (and -ṣṭhá-) àuf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend', rathē-ṣṭhā́-
àuf dem cart stehend, kämpfend' = Avestan raϑaē-štā- `warrior'; gr. θέμις, -στος `right, law
' (originally god's name `die fest and unverbrüchlich Stehende', *θεμί-στᾱ), gr. μετανάστης
`wer seinen ursprünglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verändert has'; Old Irish
hiress `faith, belief' (prefix*[p]eri + stā).
D. -st-o-: Old Indic e.g. prati-ṣṭhá- `standing firm' (-ṣṭhā f. `Stillestehen, Beharren'), duḥ-
stha- = gr. δύσ[σ]τος `δύστηνος', bala-stha- ìn voller Kraft stehend' ; Subst. pra-stha- m.
`Bergebene' (`hervorstehend') = Old Irish ross ` foreland, promontory, wood, forest', Middle
Breton ross `hill', cymr. rhos `moor, fen';
Maybe alb. (rsi) rri `stand' (common Italic alb. rs- > rr-).
Old Church Slavic Adj. `straight, unsophisticated, simple, just'; Old Indic pr̥-ṣṭhá- n. `back'
etc. (see 813); gr. παστός `Bettvorhang' (compare with d-suffix gr. παραστάς, παστάς etc.
in the same place); Old Indic gōṣṭhá- m. n. ` cowshed ', bhayá-stha- m. n. `gefahrvolle
position ', Old High German ewi-st m. ` sheepfold, Schafhürde', Old Icelandic nau-st n. `
shed for Schiffe, Schiffshaus'; alb. breshtë, bresht f. `Tannenwald' (: brē `fir') ; Old Illyrian
Tergeste, Λαδεστα, -στον etc.; Old Indic tri-ṣṭhá- àuf drei Unterlagen stehend', Oscan
trstus ` testes ' (tristaamentud `testamento'), Latin (to. i-stem has changed) testis (*tri-sto-)
`wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei Streitenden stands', Old Irish tress- `dritter'; Latin
caelestis ìncaelo stationem habens' (originally o-stem, compare ἅπαξ λεγ. Veneris
caelestae), agrestis `ländlich'; Lithuanian atstùs àfar' (: atstóti `sich entfernen'; of Adverb
atstù = Instr. auf -ṓ derive ), Latvian nuô-st Adv. ` away, in another place, hinweg, fort';
Latin praestō `gegenwärtig, da, zur Hand, to Diensten';praestōlarī `bereitstehen' probably
from *praestōdārī;
as Indo Germanic *st[ǝ]ti

ǝ]ti-s with in the Komposition reduced ǝ are whereas aufzufassen:
*st[ǝ]ti-
Old Indic pr̥-ṣṭi- f. `back' etc. (see 813 Mitte) and prati-ṣṭhi- `Widerstand'; gr. ἔξαστις
`from dem texture vorstehender Faden' (*ἔξ-αν-στις), κατ' ἄντηστιν `compared with'
(*αντην-στι-); Lithuanian dim-stis ` courtyard, courtyard, blessing'.
E. nouns with Dental-suffixes:
1. Latin super-stes, anti-stes (*stǝ-t-);
2. participle Old Indic sthitá- `stehend' (Avestan stāti- `stehend' with geneuerter =
renamed, has changed?? lengthened grade), gr. στατός ` placed, stehend', Latin (Oscan-
Volscan) status ` placed '; Old Irish fossad `tight, firm', cymr. gwastad `planus, constans,
aequus' (*upo-statos); Old Icelandic staðr `zum Stehen willing, inclined, stätig' (esp. from
horses) derivative Middle High German stetec ds.; Old High German stata f. ` comfortable
er Ort or moment, help', Modern High German zustatten; Old High German gistatōn `gute
possibility, opportunity give, bear, permit ', Old Icelandic steðja ` place, bestätigen, bear,
permit ', Middle Low German steden ds., Old English stæÞÞan `zum Stehen bringen';
Lithuanian stataũ, -ýti ` place ';
3. alb. mështet, pshtet `stütze, lehne an', fstetem ` stay ' (to Verbaladj. *stǝ-to-);
4. Old Indic sthíti- f. `das Stehen, Stand, Bestand', Avestan stāti- `Stehen, Aufstellung';
gr. στάσις, -εως ` position, Stand; Aufstand' (στατικός, στάσιμος);
Latin statim `during of Stehens, stehend'; Maybe abbreviated and prefixed alb. mbë-
shtim `standing',
Classical àuf the Stelle', statiō = Oscan statíf `Standort', Gothic staÞs m. (i-stem), Old
Icelandic staðr m., Old High German stat f. `place, site, Stadt', Old English stede, styde f.
`das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site' (compare also Old Norse en-stem steði m., Gen. steðja `
anvil ' from *staÞjan-, actually `Ständer'); zero grade Avestan stāiti- `Stehen, Stand,
Aufstellung', Old Church Slavic postatь ` determination ', Inf. Lithuanian stóti, Latvian stāt,
Old Prussian stāt, Old Church Slavic stati `sich stellen, tread';
Latin status, -ūs `das Stehen, position, Stand', statuō, -ere `hin-, aufstellen', Umbrian
statita `statūta'; bret. steut, cymr. ystawd `Garben' (*stā-tā), bret. steudenn ` spigot, nail'
(*stā-t-), Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; Lithuanian statùs `stehend, steep', Gothic staÞa Dat., Old
Saxon stath m., Old High Germanstad, stado m. `Landungsort, bank, border, shore,
seashore'; Old Icelandic stǫð f. `Landungsort, position ', stǫðva `zum Stehen bringen'
(*staÞwō(n), compare Latin statu-s, -ere); staði `Heustapel in the barn' (= Middle Low
Germanstade `place, where die Ernte aufgehäuft wird').
5. with dh-suffix: cymr. an-sawdd `das Festmachen', Old Irish sādud (*stādh-ī-tu-) ds.;
Old Icelandic stōð n. `Standort, herd from mare with one or mehreren Hengsten', Old
English stōd n. ` herd of horses ', Middle Low German stōt (-d-) f. Èinzäunung for horse,
herd from Zuchtpferden', Old High German stuot f. `herd from Zuchtpferden', also `mare',
Modern High German Stute; Old Icelandic (e.g. hug-) stø̄ðr `standing firm, tight, firm'
(rather Indo Germanic t because of Gothic ungastoÞai òhne firm Stand'; t or dh with
analog. ablaut ē: Old High German stāti `tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet', Middle Low German
stēde `tight, firm, beständig'); Kaus. Gothic ana-, du-stōdjan `begin', Old Icelandicstø̄ða
`zum Stehen bringen'; with Germanic *stōÞia- lautet ab Lithuanian stãčias `stehend';
Lithuanian statìnė `big, giant Holzwanne';
6. Old Indic sthātar- `Lenker', sthātr̥ n. `das Stehende', Latin stātor; gr. στατήρ, -ῆρος
èin Gewicht and eine coin'; *st[ǝ]-ter with reduction of ǝ in compound, perhaps in Old Indic
savya(ē)-ṣṭhar- `the links stehende Wagenkämpfer', Avestan raϑaē-štar- `warrior,
Kriegsheld' (as raϑaē-štā-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from -ṣṭhā after den nouns
agentis auf -tar);
7. Latin obstāculum ` hindrance ' n.; cymr. cystadl èquivalent', distadl `wertlos' (*stǝ-tlo-
); Old Icelandic stǫðull m. `Melkplatz, Senne' = Old English staÞol `base, position, place',
Old Saxon stathal ` position ', Middle Low German stadel `barn', Old High German stadal
`Stand, Kornscheuer', Modern High German (South German) Stadel, Old Danish stedel
`ground, Hofstätte'; Lithuanian stãklės Pl. `loom'; Lithuanian stãklė `picket, pole', Latvian
staklis `ds. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork ', Old Prussian stakle `pad' (with kl from tl).
lo-: Latin stabulum `Standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal,

8. with formants -dhlo-
stall' (prōstibulum `Ding zum öffentlich Ausstehen, Dirne', naustibulum `Schiffstandort,
vessel in Schiffsform'), stabilis `standing firm, steadfast', Umbrian staflarem `stabulārem',
Oscan staflatas-set `statutae sunt', Paelignian pri-stafalacirix `*praestibulātrix, antistita';
vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -dhin gr. σταθμός, mostly Pl. σταθμά `Stand, Standort,
weight ', σταθερός `stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm'; -d- in στάδιος `stehend,
unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen', στάδην `stehend', ἀπο-σταδόν `fern abstehend'.
9. with l-formant:
cymr. cystal ` just as well ' (*kom-sta-lo-); Gothic stōls `throne', Old High German stuol,
Old English stōl, Old Norse stōll `stool', Lithuanian pastõlai ` rack for Bienenkörbe', zero
grade Old Church Slavic stolъ `throne, seat', in den neuern Slavic Spr. `stool' or `table,
desk'.
Alb. stol ` stool' a Slavic loanword.
10. with m-formant:
Old Indic sthā́man- n. `Standort, power '; gr. στήμων m., στήμεναι `stand', Latin stāmen
n. Àufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc.', Umbrian Dat. stahmei `statiōni'; stahmito
`statūtum'; Old Irish sessam `das Stehen' (*si-stā-mu-), foessam ` protection' (*upo-si-sta-
mu-) = mcymr. gwaessaw `Garantie'; Gothic stōma `ὑπόστασις, foundation, Stoff';
Lithuanian stomuõ, -eñs ` stature '; russ. stamík `Stützbalken';
gr. στάμνος `crock, pitcher', σταμῖν-ες Pl. `Ständer, Seitenbalken'; cymr. cysefin `first'
(*kentu-stamīno-); Middle Irish samaigim `stelle', cymr. sefyll, corn. sevell `stand', bret.
sévell (*stamili̯o-) èrect, to build' (besides with Celtic t Old Irish tamun `tree truck'; Old
High German stam, stammes `stem' etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- with a
staƀna-, s. *steb- ` jamb '); Tocharian A ṣtām, В stām `tree'; but Old High German
ungistuomi ` boisterous ' to stem- `hamper', see there.
11. with n-formant (compare die Präsensbildungen with n):
Old Indic sthā́na- n., Avestan ap. stāna- n. `Standort, place', npers. sitān, gr. δύσ-
[σ]τηνος, Doric δύστᾱνος `(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky ', ἄστηνος ds., Lithuanian
stónas `Stand', Old Church Slavic stanъ `Stand, lair ', alb. shtuarë `stehend', shtorazë
èrect' (*stā-no-di̯o-, compare to d-suffix gr. ἀποσταδόν etc.), shtâzë, shtėzë `cattle' (*stan-
zë).
Maybe alb. stan ‘animal stall’, (*status), shtat ‘standing body’, shtyj ‘push (pushing
animal)’, shtie ‘kill (an animal)’. Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: stā-
stā- : stǝ
stǝ- : (to stand)
derived from Root / lemma: sed-
sed- : (to sit).
12. with r-formants: Old Indic sthirá- `tight, firm, unbeweglich'; Lithuanian stóras `thick,
umfangreich' (actually `stämmig'), Old Church Slavic starъ òld' (`*stämmig' in contrast zur
zarteren youth), Old Norse stōrr `big, large', Old Saxon stōri `big, large, illustrious', Old
English stōr `vast, grand';
13. with dem i̯i̯i̯ from *stā-i̯ō other formations: Old Indic jala-sthāya- m. ` water container,
water carrier ', sthāyin- `stille stehend, verweilend, stetig' , sthēmán- m. `Festigkeit,
tranquility, duration' (*sthayiman-).
st(h)ū-: Lithuanian stóviu, -ė́ti `stand' (Memel stáunu), stovà `place', stõvis
st(h)āu-: st(h)ū-
F. st(h)āu-
`state, status', stovùs `stehend (of water)', Latvian stãvu, stãvêt `stand', stãvus `stehend,
erect';stãvs `steep', stāvs `shape', stāvi, stāve `loom'; Old Church Slavic staviti ` place ',
stavъ `Stand, structure, composition '; Old English stōw, Old Frisian stō f. `place', Old
Icelandic eld-stō `Feuerstätte'; Gothic stōjan ` direct, aim, point ' (perhaps *stōwjan : Old
Church Slavic staviti), staua f. `court' (*stōwō), staua m. `judge', Old English stōwian `
restrain ', engl. stow `stauen', Old High German Middle High German stouwen (*stawjan)
`(au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten; Refl. sich stauen', Modern High German stauen; with ū:
Old High German stūatago `Gerichtstag', stūan ànklagen, scold, chide, hamper', Middle
Low German stūwen (= stouwen, stōwen) ` dam ', etc.;
stōu-: gr. *στωF-ός ` column ' in Attic στοιά, στοά (*στωFι̯ᾱ), Aeolic στωΐα
with gradation stōu-
`Säulenhalle', στωΐδιον Demin., στωικός `zur Schule the Stoa belonging', στώμιξ δοκὶς
ξυλίνη Hes.;
zero grade: Old Indic sthūṇā ` column ' (Middle Indic n̥ from n), Avestan stū̆na, stunā `
column '; gr. στύ̄ω `steife, richte empor', Med. `bin steil aufgerichtet', στῦμα n. èrectio
penis', στύμος στέλεχος, κορμός; στῦλος m. ` column, stylus', στύραξ `das untere end the
lance '; Old Icelandic stūmi à giant '; Middle High German stūnende `widersetzlich',
Modern High German staunen as ` look stiff, be amazed, marvel '; keine evidence for
diese ablaut grade are whereas die u-stem Old Indic su-ṣṭhú Adv. `good, beautiful', anu-
ṣṭhú, anu-ṣṭhuyā́ ìmmediately, right away';
with t-forms in addition: Old Icelandic stoð (Pl. stoðir, støðr, steðr) f. `pad, jamb,
Unterstützung', Old English stuðu, studu f. `pad, jamb ', Middle High German stud f. ds.,
Old Icelandic stuðill m.ds., Middle High German studel ` jamb, Turpfosten';
Old Icelandic styðja `prop, support', Old High German studen ` belay, statuere', Old
Icelandic stoða ` support, help'; with intens. consonant stretch: Middle Low German stutten
`(under-)prop, support', Old High German (under)stutzen, Modern High German
(under)stützen; also Old High German stūda `bunch'; Latvian stute, stuta `rod, rod';
reduced grade stǝu

ǝu-: gr. σταυρός `picket, pole' = Old Icelandic staurr `picket, pole'
stǝu-
(ablaut. Norwegian dial.styr, styrja `long shaft, pole, steife person'); Latin in: instaurāre
ìnstand place' (originally from Stangen, Ständern beim Bau), restaurāre
`wiederinstandsetzen'.
G. st- st-eu̯ǝ- `massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit' (Germanic stiura see below) as
eu-, st-
st-eu-
`standsicher, standing firm' in Old Indic sthāvará- `thick, standing firm, beständig' (latter
meaning and die Vokallänge perhaps through support in sthā- `stand'), sthávira- `breit,
thick, strong, dense, old', (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) Old
Indic sthūrá-, sthūlá- `thick' = Avestan stūra- ùmfangreich, strong' (composition form stūi-,
stvi-, i.e. *stuvi-), Kompar. Superl. Old Indic sthávīyas-, Avestanstaoyā̊ `the
Umfangreichere, Stärkere, Größere', Old Indic sthá-viṣṭha-, Avestan stāvišta- `the
Stärkste, Derbste, Gröbste', Old Indic stháviman- n. `Breite', Avestan stavah- n. `thickness,
fatness, Starke'; Armenian stvar `thick' (*stuu̯ar-);
aschw. stūr `big, large' (besides stōr, see above), stȳras `brag', Middle Low German stūr
`big, large, strong, heavy; störrisch, coarse, unfriendly' (compare Old Indic ni-ṣṭhura-
`rough, hard, coarse', ni-ṣṭhūrin- `coarse, raw'), Old Icelandic stūra `Düsterheit', Vb. `
grieving sein' (nschw. stūra ` rigid hinsehen' in the meaning after the family of Modern High
German stieren umgeändert), zero grade Old High German stiuri `strong, stately, stout,
proud';
with other meaning: Old High German stiura, Middle High German stiure `pad, rudder,
helm, Unterstützung, tax', Modern High German Steuer f. and (from dem Low German) n.,
Old English stēor f. ` rudder, helm ', Old Icelandic stȳri n. ` rudder, helm ', Middle Low
German stür(e) n. ` rudder, helm ', f. n. `Regierung; help, Gegenwehr', f. Ùnterstützung',
Gothic us-stiurei `Zügellosigkeit', Middle Low German unstǖre ds., Gothic stiurjan
`feststellen, affirm ', Modern High German zur Steuer der Wahrheit, Old Icelandic stȳra èin
ship steuern; regieren', Old English stīeran ds., Old High German stiurren `prop, support,
steuern, steer'; probably originally `picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop,
support, steer)', with Old Icelandic staurr, gr. σταυρός (see above) under *stēu-ro- : *stǝu̯-
ro- compatible, das from *st(h)āu- not quite apart, separated become could;
to Old Indic sthūrá- etc. stellt sich probably Indo Germanic steu-ro- `bull (and anderes
steu-ro-
cattle)':
Avestan staora- `cattle', Middle Persian stōr ` draft animal, steed', Gothic stiur m. ` bull
calf, bull' (after W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 483 = Old Indic sthávira-); Old High German stior, Old
English stēor, Old Icelandic stiōrr (besides Þjōrr) `bull'.
References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.
Page(s): 1004-1010
steb(h)- and stēb(h)-

Root / lemma: steb(h)- stēb(h)- : stǝ
stǝbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-
stemb(h)-; step-
step- (also stēp-
stēp-?),
nasalized stemp- stǝbho-s, stemb(h)ro-
stemp-; nominal stǝ stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-
stomb(h)o-s
Meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc..
Note: relationship to *stā- `stand' is possible.
Material: root form with -b:
Old Indic stábaka- m. n. ` tussock ', stambá- m. `bush, tussock ' (= Lithuanian stámbas
`Kohlstrunk');
gr. στέμβω ` stamp, mißhandle, abuse, revile ', στεμβάζειν λοιδορεῖν, Hes. στόβος m.
`Schelten, boastfulness ', στοβέω, στοβάζω ` abuse, revile ';
Old Saxon preterit stōp `trat fest auf', Old English stæppan (steppan), stōp `fest treten,
march, step, stride, strut', Old High Germanstepfen and stapfōn `fest auftreten, fest
auftretend schreiten', in addition Kaus. Old English stǣpan èinweihen', Old High German
(Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane `liessen zusammenstapfen'; Middle Low German
stappe, Old High German stapf, stapfo (stāffo) `Stapfe, footprint ' (Germanic *stapp-); Old
Icelandic stǫpull m. ` jamb, pillar, tower', Old Frisian stapul `Richtblock; Krone eines
Zahnes', Old English stapol m. `stem, jamb, column ', Middle Low Germanstapel m. `
column, Unterlage, stacked heap, Stapelplatz' (out of it Modern High German Stapel ` pile,
stack '), Old High German stapfal, staffal ` foundation, footstep, grade', Modern High
German Staffel ` rung, horizontal step on a ladder, Treppenabsatz'; Old Saxon stōpo m. `
step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, footprint ', Old English
stōpel ds., Old High German stuoffa, stuofa, Modern High German grade, Middle High
German stüefe `tight, firm, strong'; Old English stǣpe, stepe, Pl. stapas ` footstep, grade',
Old Frisian stepe ds., Old Icelandic stapi m. `hoher and steiler rocks'; Old Frisian stēpa
`beisteuern' (denominative from:) Old Frisian ield-stōpe `Beisteuer; Wergeld', Old High
German stuopfa ds. (Old Church Slavic stapъ `Steigbügel' from dem Germanic);
nasalized Old Low German stamp, Old High German stampf m. `tool zum Stoßen', (Old
Church Slavic stopa `mortar' from dem Germanic), therefrom Old Icelandic stappa `bump,
poke, stomp, crunch ', Old English stempan ìn mortar grind ' (engl. stamp also ` stamp '),
Middle High German stempfen and Old High German stampfōn, Middle High German
stampfen `stomp, hit, stamp ' and further Middle Low German stempel, Old High German
stempfil `Stämpfel, pestle'; Middle Low German stump m. ` stump; adj. `dull, stupid', Old
High German stumpf m. ` stub, stump '; Adj. `stumpf, mutilated, abbreviated ';
problematisch Middle Irish sibal à walking, marching' (*stebulo-).
root form with -bh-:
Old Indic stabhnā́ti, stabhnṓti, stambhatē, -ti `prop, support, hamper', Med. ` stiff
become, solidify, congeal ', stabhitá- `gestützt', stabdha- ` stiff, rigid; haughty ', Kaus.
stambhayati, -te `fastens, makes stiff, lähmt, halt an, oppressed', stambha- m. ` jamb,
column; hindrance, Lähmung; Aufgeblasenheit', (compare np. sitamba ` violent, brutal,
streitsüchtig'), stambhanam ` fortification, Festhalten, hindrance ' = Avestan stǝmbana-
`pad', Avestan stawra- `tight, firm', np. sitabr, istabr `strong, vast, grand'; ved. stabhūyán,
stabhūyámāna- ` sich nicht from the Stelle rührend, unbeweglich ', ap. stambava ` resist!
rebel!' (indoiran. *stambhau-);
gr. ἀστεμφής ùnerschütterlich' (actually `wer nicht gepreßt become kann'), στέμφυλα n.
Pl. àusgepreßte Oliven or Trauben', σταφυλή ` grape, grapevine; uvula in mouth',
σταφύλη `plummet';
Middle Irish sab f. ` shaft, pillar, stick' (*stǝb[h]ā); semmor ` clover ' (*stemb[h]ro-);
Old Icelandic stefja (*staƀjan) `hinder', stefna ` dam ' (*make stiff, stiffen, make rigid,
halt, stop, cause to stop, block '), Old High German stabēn ` rigid, stiff sein', East Frisian
staf ` stiff, lame'; Gothic *stafs (Nom. Pl. stabeis) στοιχεῖα `Buchstaben' (lesson through
Runenstäbchen), Old Icelandic stafr `staff, pad, alphabetic letter', Old English stæf `staff,
alphabetic letter', Old High German Middle High German stap (-b-) ` stick, pad, rod ';
Swedish Danish staver ` fence post ' (compare Old Church Slavic stoborъ, Lithuanian
stãbaras); Old Frisian stef `staff';
Maybe alb. stap ` stick, pad, rod ' a Germanic loanword.
Old Icelandic stef n. (*stabja-), stefna f. (*staƀanjōn-) ` certain, feste time etc.', Old
English stefn, stemm m. `time, Mal, Periode'; Old Icelandic stafn n. `Steven, Hausgiebel',
Old Saxon stamn m. `Steven', Old English stefn, stemn m. `stem, root, Steven', Old High
German stam (-mm-) ` tree truck, Geschlechtsstamm ', Modern High German stem
(Verquikkung eines *staƀ-na- with a *stam-na-: Old Irish tamun `tree truck');
nasalized Old High German stumbal ` cut-off piece, stump ', stumbilōn ` mutilate ', Old
Frisian stemblinge ` mutilation '.
Lithuanian stem̃bti ` stalk ansetzen', stem̃bras, stembrỹs ` stalk' (= Middle Irish

semmor), stim̃bras ` tail stub, tail stump ', žem. stámbris ` stalk', Lithuanian stambùs
`coarse, coarsely granulated ', stámbas `Kohlstrunk', Latvian stuobrs ` stem, reed';
Lithuanian stebulė̃ f. `hub of a wheel', Latvian stebe ` mast ', russ.stebátь, klr. stebnuty `
lash, flog; steppen, sew '; stabýti, stabdýti ` halt, stop, cause to stop, block ', stãbas ` jamb,
Schlagfluß', Old Lithuanian stabas ` idol ' (göttlich verehrter Pflock), Latvian stabs ` pillar,
column ', Old Prussian stabis m. ` stone ', stabni f. `( stony) oven', Lithuanian stãbaras `dry
bough', Old Church Slavic stoborъ ` column '; with the meaning ` be amazed, marvel ':
Lithuanian stebė́tis;
root form in -p-:
Old Indic in Kaus. sthāpáyāmi ` place, found, ground ';
Old Church Slavic stopa ` footprint ', stepenь `grade', Old Lithuanian stapýtis `stand
bleiben', Lithuanian stẽpas `Schlagfluß', stapìnti ` penem erigere ';
Old Church Slavic stǫpiti, stǫpati `tread'.
References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalpräs. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16,
19, 35.
Page(s): 1011-1013
stegh-, nasal. stengh-

Root / lemma: stegh- stengh-
Meaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc..
Material: Gr. στόχος `das assigned purpose, Vermutung' (στοχάζομαι `ziele, investigate
from, errate'); Swedish stagg (Germanic *stagga-) `stiff and stechendes Gras', dial. Àchel,
Stichling (fish)', wherefore *staggian- `with *sting, prick = penis versehen' in Old Icelandic
steggi m. `Stecher', nisl. also `tomcat, male-cat' (late Old English stagga m., engl. stag `the
adult male deer', engl. dial. also `male', from dem Nord.); Prussian-Lithuanian stegė, stegis
`Stichling', Latvian staga(i)s à prickly fish', stage Àlant' (also stagi èin herb, das as
cabbage gegessen wird'?);
nasalized: gr. στόνυξ, -υχος (geformt after ὄνυχ- ` sharp cusp, peak'), στόνυξι κέρασι
Hes.; στάχῠ̄ς, -υος (also ἄσταχυς) m. ` ear ' (α = n̥);
Old Icelandic stinga, stakk, Old English stingan `stick'; Gothic usstagg `ἔξελε, stich
from!'; Old High German stanga, Old Icelandic stǫng `stick, picket, pole, shaft, pole', Old
English steng (*stangi-) ds., nl. steng (*stangiō[n]-) ds., Old High German stengil ` stalk';
ablaut. Old High German stungen `prick';
Church Slavic ostegъ, serb.-Church Slavic ostežь `dress, mantle'; russ. stegátь,
stegnútь `steppen, sew, lash, flog ', stëžka ` suture' (e in geschlossener syllable from ь
and auf stegátь figurative); Czech steh, poln. ścieg, ścig `prick, sting';
here as `sich versteifen', with the intonation of a heavy basis: Lithuanian sténg-iu, -ti
`sich anstrengen', Refl. `sich widersetzen', stangùs `widerspenstig'?
References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.

Page(s): 1014-1015
Root / lemma: (s)teg-

(s)teg-1
Meaning: to cover
Material: Old Indic sthagati (umbelegt), sthagayati `verhüllt, verbirgt'; gr. στέγω `cover,
schütze etc.', στέγος, τέγος n. (= Old Irish tech), στέγη, τέγη f. `roof, house', στεγανός
`deckend, sheltering; bedeckt, hidden, concealed', στεγνός `bedeckend, schützend;
bedeckt, verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense' (see because of this meaning also
*tegu- `thick'), στεκτικός `bedeckend, schützend';
Latin tegō, -ere ` cover ', tēctum `roof' (= στεκτός), tegulum `cover, roof, wrapping ',
teges, -etis `cover, mat ', tēgula ` a roof tile ', toga ` the white woolen upper garment worn
by Roman citizens '; Umbrian tehteřim ` a covering, plaster used for covering';
Maybe alb. (*tēgula) tjegulla `tile, brick', truncated (*tēgula) tulla `tile, brick', tehu (*tegu)
`blade, sharp edge' Latin loanwords [common alb., italic -g- > -h-]
Old Irish tech (neutraler -es-stem = gr. τέγος), acymr. tig, ncymr. ty, acorn. ti `house',
abret. bou-tig ` cowshed ' (with unclear brit. i); Pl. acymr. te, ncymr. tai, also in Old Irish
teg-lach ` Hausgenossenschaft ', cymr. teulu, acorn. teilu ` family ' (*tego-slougo-), Old
Irish -tuigiur Ì cover' = Old High German decchiu; tuige `stramen' (*togi̯ā), imthuge
`Bedeckung, Bekleidung', cymr. am-do àmiculum, involucrum', Old Irish ētach `dress',
cymr. corn. to `roof', cymr. toï `tegere';
Old Icelandic Þekja `cover', Old English Þeccan `cover', Old High German decchen
`cover' (iterative *togei̯ō = Old Irish tuigiur, under Verdrängung from Indo Germanic *tegō);
Old Icelandic Þak, Old English ðæc, Old High German dah n. `roof'; Old Icelandic Þekja
`roof', Old High German decchi `cover, roof'; Old English Þecen, Old Saxon thecina ds., in
addition Old Icelandic staka, stakka f. `fell, fur'; (without s Norwegian dial. taka
`Schweinshaut');
lengthened grade Lithuanian stíegiu stíegti èin Dach eindecken', Old Prussian steege
`barn', Lithuanian stíegtojas `Dachdecker', ablaut. stógas = Old Prussian stogis `roof';
perhaps russ.-Church Slavic stogъ m. `barn, haystack, heap'.

Page(s): 1013-1014
Root / lemma: (s)teg-

(s)teg-2
Meaning: pole, stick, beam
Note: s. also under steig-
steig- `prick'
Material: Armenian tàkn, Gen. tàkan `cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint',
tàkaɫak, tàkaɫaɫ `capitello, architrave';
Latin tīgnum (*tegnom) `timber, balk, beam';
Old Icelandic stjaki `picket, pole, shaft, pole' = Old High German stehho `cudgel, club,
picket, pole, Stecken, peg, plug'; (with expressive Gemination stekko): Old Swedish staki `
shaft, pole, spit, pike', Old English staca ds., Middle Low German stake ds., Old High
German stach `Spießhirsch';
Danish stak Àchel, awn'; denominative Old Icelandic stjaka `bump, poke', staka `bump,
poke, fall', Middle Low German staken `bump, poke'; Gothic hleiÞra-stakeins Èinstecken
from Zelten';
of form the shaft, pole genommen is Norwegian dial. staka, stjaka ` stiff go, stumble',
Low German stakern ds.;
Old Icelandic stakkr `barn, haystack', Middle Low German stak `schräger dam from
Pfählen and deadwood' (: Old Church Slavic stogъ `barn, haystack');
Lithuanian stãgaras, stegerỹs `dürrer langer stalk', Latvian stēga f., stēgs m. `long shaft,
pole, long stick, spit, pike'; stega f. `penis';
Old Church Slavic stežerъ `cardo', russ. stožár ` shaft, pole', sloven. stę̂žja, stǫ̂žje
`Schoberstock', serb. stȍžêr `tree auf the Dreschtenne', Upper Sorbian sćëžor ` mast '; Old
Church Slavic stogъ `haystack'; stěgъ `banner, ensign, flag'; about Old Church Slavic
stьgno see below (s)teigʷ
(s)teigʷ-.
References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.

Page(s): 1014
Root / lemma: steigh-
steigh-
Meaning: to march, ascend
Material: Old Indic stighnōti `steigt' (Dhātup.), ved. pra-stighnuyāt Opt. present èr möge
emporkommen', ati-ṣṭigham Inf. `übersteigen, bemeistern';
gr. στείχω `schreite, go', *στίξ, Gen. στιχός, Pl. στίχες, -ας `row, Zeile', Attic στίχος `row,
Zeile, line', στιχᾶσθαι ìn dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander go or come', στοῖχος
`row, line';
alb. shtek, shteg-u ` passage, entrance, way, Haarscheitel' (= στοῖχος);
Old Irish tīagu Ì schreite, go', techt f. `the going, the summoner ', cymr. taith `journey' =
bret. tiz `haste, hurry' (*[s]tiktā), cymr. mor-dwy `Seefahrt' (*[s]teigho-) etc.;
Gothic steigan, Old Icelandic stīga, Old English Old High German stīgan ` ascend ' (= gr.
στείχω); Old High German stīg ` steep path, path, track, grade', Old Icelandic stīgr
`Fußsteig'; Gothic staiga ` steep path, way', Old High German steiga `steiler way';
Old High German steg m. `narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge, small bridge'; Old
Icelandic stigi m. `Stiege, ladder', stig n. ` footstep, grade', Old English stige `das Hinauf-
or Herabsteigen', Old High German stega `grade, stairs, ladder' (Old High German stiega,
Modern High German Stiege with ē2, also probably from *stēighā); Old English stǣger f.
`Тreрре' (engl. stair), Middle Low German steiger `steep', nld. `Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle',
Old Icelandic steigur-ligr `steep, erect'; Old Icelandic stētt f. ` footprint, Trittstein, way,
Stand, rank', stēttr m. ds. (: cymr. taith), Old Icelandic stētta ` support, help', Old English
stihtan, stihtian (`*auf eine basis place =) einrichten, sort, order, arrange', anfrk. stihtan (=
Old High German stiftan?) etc.;
Lithuanian staigà Adv. `sudden', staigùs `violent, quick, fast aufbrausend', staigaũs, -ýtis
and steigiúos, steĩgtis `sich beeilen, sich bemühen'; Latvian stèidzu(ôs), stèigt(iês) `sich
beeilen', staĩgât `change', stiga ` path, track '; Old Church Slavic stignǫ Ì come', stьdza,
stьza `Fußsteig, road', stьgna `road'.

Page(s): 1017-1018
Root / lemma: (s)teig-

(s)teig-
Meaning: to stick; sharp
Note: extension from stei-
stei- ds.
Material: Old Indic tējatē ìs sharp, schärft', tējáyati `schärft, stachelt', tiktá- `sharp, bitter',
tigmá- `spiky, sharp', tḗjas- n. ` sharpness, cutting edge, radiance ', tḗjana-m `das
Schärfen, Anzünden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, arrow shaft ', wherefore as
collective tējanī́ f. `netting or bundle from reed, straw ';
Avestan taēɣa-, taēža- `sharp; m. sharpness', tiɣra-, ар. tigra- `sharp'; afghan. tērǝ
`sharp, spiky' (*taigra-); Avestan tiži- ds., tiɣri- àrrow' etc., np. tēɣ `cusp, peak, sword'
(Armenian loanword tēg ` lance '), tēz `sharp', tēj àrrow';
without anlaut. s- also Germanic *Þī̆hstila- `thistle' (compare den s-stem Old Indic tḗjas-)
in Old Icelandic Þistill, Old English ðistel, Old High German distil and Norwegian tīstel,
East Frisian dīssel `thistle' and perhaps acymr. tigom `naevi' (`*dot, speck, Tupf' from
`prick, sting'? compare gr. στίγμα);
gr. στίζω ` prick, tätowiere', στίγμα `prick, sting, dot, speck ', στικτός `varicolored'
(èmbroidered ');
Latin īnstīgō, -āre ànspornen, sting, goad, incite, aufreizen';
nasalized īnstinguō `reize an', interstinguō `besetze (bestecke) hin and again with
etwas', distinguō `( prick, stochere apart) unterscheide' (-uō after unguō etc.), Umbrian
anstintu `distinguito'; Latin stinguō, -ere ` extinguish, annihilate, erase ' (of
Auseinanderstochern the brennenden Scheite);
Middle Irish tiug- (*tigu-) `last', acymr. guotig, cymr. wedi àfter' (`*behind dem end'), Old
Irish tigernae `master, mister', gall. Tigernum castrum, cymr. teyrn `ruler' (often influenced
from *tegos `house'); bret. stec'h ` fascicle, sheaf ' (*stikkā); bret. stiogen `Tintenschnecke'
to *stiog from *stigākā (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);
Gothic stiks `prick, sting, dot, speck ', Old High German stih, Old Saxon stiki, Middle
Low German steke, Old English stice m. `ds.'; stician `prick'; Intr. `steckenbleiben, fest
bleiben', Middle Low German sticken `prick, prickle, kindle, inflame, choke; suppress,
crush', Old High German sticken `prick, prickle ', ir-sticken `choke; suppress, crush', Old
High German steckēn `festsitzen', Modern High German stecken ` stick '(*stikkēn as
though àngenagelt sein'); Old Icelandic steikja `fry' (actually àn den spit, pike stick'; in
addition steikr `Braten', stikna `roasted become'); with ablaut derailment: Old Saxon stëkan
` fasten with needle or thread, festhaften', Old High German stëhhan, Modern High
German stechen, Kaus. *stakjan in Old High German stecken `( through Stiche) fasten,
clip, bind, einstecken', Modern High German stecken tr., Gothic staks `Wundmal', Old High
German stahhula `sting, prick', Old Icelandic stǣkr `stinkend, sharp'; diese structure in die
e-Reihe war preferred through die Germanic Ableger from *steg- ` shaft, pole' (e.g. Old
Icelandic stjaki m. ` jamb '), with denen sich die group Gothic stiks, Modern High German
stechen to a neuen Einheit zusammenschloß; so based on formal auf *stig-, but with the
meaning from *steg-: Old Icelandic stika, Old High German stehho `Stecken' (latter but
zugleich also = Old Icelandicstjaki), Old Icelandic stik n. `picket, pole'; with kk: Old
Icelandic stikka `Stecken, shaft, pole', Old English sticca m. `Stecken, spoon', Old Saxon
stekko `Stecken, picket, pole', Old High German stecko `Stecken';
to *stig- stellen sich still: Old Icelandic stikill `cusp, peak', Old English sticel(s) m. `sting,
prick', Middle Low German stekel, Old High German stihhil `sting, prick', Modern High
German Stichel; Gothic stikls, Old High German stehhal `goblet' as `zum Einstecken in die
Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel'; Old Saxon stekal `rough, stony ', Middle Low
German stekel `devexus', Old English sticol `steep, high', Old High German stehhal,
Middle High German stechel, stichel, stickel `steep' as `die Fußsohlen pricking, voll
pointed stone ';
Latvian stigt ` sink in ', Lithuanian stingù stigaũ, stìgti and stýgau, -oti àn a Orte ruhig
verbleiben (steckenbleiben'); whether to (s)teigʷh
ʷh-?
(s)teigʷh-
References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, Vasmer 3, 8;
See also: see below (s)teg-
(s)teg-2.
Page(s): 1016-1017
Root / lemma: (s)teigʷ

(s)teigʷ-
Meaning: shoulder, arm, hip
Material: Armenian t`ēkn, Gen. tìkan `shoulder, Achsel; arm ', Pl. tìtunk` `Schultern; back;
rump, side eines Gebäudes etc.' (*toigʷ-no-);
Celtic *toibos from *toigʷ-os- in Old Irish tōeb, tōib n., cymr. corn. bret. tu `side';
Old Church Slavic stьgno `femur', slov. stégno `thigh', russ. stegnó `hip, haunch, hip;
thigh'.
References: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-

steg-2).
Page(s): 1018
Root / lemma: (s)teig

(s)teigʷh-
ʷh-
Meaning: to await patiently
Material: Old Indic títikṣatē `hält from, duldet', titikṣā `geduldiges Ertragen, endurance,
patience '; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- Gothic stiwiti ` patience '; here Latvian stigt,
above S. 1017.
Page(s): 1018
Root / lemma: (s)tei-

(s)tei-
Meaning: sharp, spike
Material: Avestan staēra- `mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ' ἅπαξ λεγ., taēra-
`mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex ' (probably *stoi-lo-, so that dieVollstufe
to:) Latin stilus `spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, stalk, stylus zum Schreiben'; with formants-mo-
: Latin sti-mu-lus `sting, prick'; in addition Latin stīva (and *stēva the rom. Sprachen) `
plough handle, plough stilt ' as *stei-u̯ā? compare Old Indic tīvrá- `violent, sharp', das from
`*sharp, pricking ' could have evolved;
about Old High German Old Saxon stil etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.

Page(s): 1015
Root / lemma: (s)tel-

(s)tel-1
Meaning: to let flow; to urinate
Material: Gr. σταλάσσω, Attic -ττω `rinnen let; triefen, drip' (probably analogical for -άζω),
Material:
στάλαγμα `drip', σταλαγμός `das Tröpfeln, drip', late σταλάω `σταλάσσω'; τέλμα n. `puddle,
slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar' (Armenian teɫm, tiɫm `slime, mud, ordure' out of it
borrowed?);
engl. stale ùrine', to stale ùrinate, to make water ', Middle Low German stal ùrine of
the horse', Middle Low German Modern High German stallen ùrinate, to make water '
(from horses, Swiss also from people); unclear Middle Breton staut, nbret. staot ùrine'
(*stalto-?);
eine ĝ(h)-extension perhaps in Lithuanian įtel̃žti ` steep, eingießen', Intrans. ištil̃žti

àufweichen', ablaut. tul̃žti ` become humid, wet '; proto Slavic. *tъlstъ `swollen, thick' in
Old Church Slavic *tlъstъ ds., russ. tolstyj `thick'.
References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 117.

Page(s): 1018
stel-2, stelǝ
Root / lemma: stel- stelǝ-
Meaning: broad, to broaden
Material: Armenian aṙa-staɫ (*stḷ-no-) `roof', lain `breit' (*lai-in, extension from lai- from
*stlā-to =Latin lātus);
Latin lātus (*stlā-to-) `breit', older anlaut in stlatta `Kauffahrteischiff';
ablaut. *stlǝ- in latus, -eris n. `side', later `Ziegelstein' (whether `platter stone '), perhaps
lāmina `thin Platte', whether from *(s)tlā-menā `die ausgebreitete', also Latium, if from
*(s)tlǝ-t-iom `Flachland';
proto Slavic. steljǫ stьlati ` outspread ' in Old Church Slavic po-steljǫ, po-stьlati
`στρωννύειν', stelja f. ` στέγη '; in addition Latvian slāju, slāt `load, pack'.
References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;
See also: probably to stel-
stel-3.
Page(s): 1018-1019
Root / lemma: stel-

stel-3
Meaning: to put, place
Material: Old Indic sthála-m, sthalī́ èlevation, tableland, hill, plateau, Festland', sthálā
Èrdaufschüttung', sthálati (Dhātup.) `stands'; perhaps sthāla-m, sthālī́ `vessel, pot, pan';
unclear sthāṇú- `standing firm', Subst. `stump, stick' (*stharnú-, Indo Germanic *st(h)el-nu-
?);
Armenian steɫcanem `schaffe', steɫn, Pl. steɫunk` `stem, stalk, twig, branch';
gr. στέλλω `stelle auf (in order); bestelle, allow to come; send; rüste to, kleide, stelle
fertig', στόλος m. `Zurüstung, pull, Heereszug' and `hervorstehender balk, beam, peg,
plug, helm pole and likewise', στολή f. àrmament, armor, clothing, Ausrüstung,
Heereszug';
Maybe alb. stoli ` jewellery ' a Greek loanword;
gr. στολίζω `bestelle, make fertig, rüste', στελεά̄ f. `Stiel the axe', later στελεόν n., homer.
στελει-ή, -όν ds., Attic στελεός m. ds., στέλεχος n. `stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool ';
Lesbian-Thessalian στάλλα, Doric στά̄λᾱ, Attic στήλη ` column ' (*stḷ-nā, compare Old High
German stollo); perhaps στάλιξ(ᾰ); `peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze';
alb. shtjelj (*stel-nō) `wickle ein'?;
Maybe alb. shtylla ` column ';
Latin stolidus ` doltish, stupid, ungebildet', stultus `crazy', stolō, -ōnis `Wurzelschoß'
(actually `Stecken, Stiel');
Latin locus, Old Latin stlocus `place' (*stlo-ko-); īlicō àuf the Stelle' (*en-stlokōd);
Old Icelandic stjǫlr `rump', Norwegian stjø̄l ` stalk, Stiel', Old English stela m.
`Pflanzenstiel', ablaut. Middle English stall `Pflanzenstengel, rung, horizontal step on a
ladder, Stiel', Middle Low German stale, stal ` jamb; foot'; Old Icelandic stāl n. `barn,
haystack, pile, stack ', Old English stǣl `place' (*stēlā); vandal. PN Stilico = Modern High
German Stilka;
Old Icelandic stallr (*stolnos) ` rack, altar, crib, manger, stall', Old English steall `
position, Stand, stall', Old High German Middle High German stal (-ll-) `domicile, place,
stall'; therefrom Old High German stellen àuf-, feststellen, einrichten', Old Saxon stellian,
Old English stellan `place, place '; Old Icelandic stallra `stehenbleiben, stocken';
Old Saxon stollo `Fußgestell', Old High German stollo, Middle High German stolle `pad,
rack, jamb, foot eines Sessels', Modern High German Stolle, Stollen (Indo Germanic *stl̥n-,
compare gr. στήλη and das the changing by ablaut Old Icelandic stallr ` rack ');
Old Saxon Old High German stilli `still, peaceful ', Old English stille ds. (*stel-ni-); Old
Icelandic stilla `stillen, sort, order, arrange, überlisten', Old Saxon gistillian `stillen', Old
English stillan `stillen, calm, appease ', Intr. ` become still ', Old High German Modern High
German stillen ` make still ';
isl. stālmi, Norwegian stalme m. `das Angeschwollensein of Euters', Swedish stolm

`Stoppeln' (: Latvian stul̂ms); Norwegian stalma, stolma ` curdle, coagulate, harden ';
Old Prussian stallīt `stand'; Latvian stul̂ms ` stump; limb, member, arm, leg';
as s- loose Nebenformen comes in Betracht *tel-

*tel- `still sein' (see there).
Erweiterte root forms:
stelb- lbo- ` jamb ':

stelp-; stelbo-
stelb-, stelp-
Old Low German stelpōn `stagnare', Dutch stelpen `stillen, hamper', Modern High
German (Low German) stelpen `sistere sanguinem', Middle Low German stalpen
`stagnāre', stolpe ` lard and other Fettarten' (`*jammed, packed, stuck '); Old Icelandic
stolpi, Middle English stulpe, Middle Low German stolpe `balk, beam, jamb '; Middle Low
German stülpen ùmstülpen, umkehren', stulpe `Stülpe, Topfdeckel'; Norwegian stolpa
`with steifen and langen Schritten go', Modern High German (Low German) stolpern ;
Lithuanian stalbúotis `stand bleiben', stelbúotis `schal become', ablaut. Latvian stul̃bs `
dazed, astounded ', stùlbs ` jamb ', ablaut. stil̃bs `shinbone'; Old Church Slavic stlъba
`grade', russ. stolb ` column, jamb ';
danehen with p Lithuanian stul̃pas, Latvian stùlps, Old Church Slavic stlъpъ ` a column,
pillar, post, tower ', russ. stolp;
a nasal. root form stlemb-

stlemb- probably in Latin stlembus ` clumsy, slow'.
steld-:
steld-
Old Indic at most in sthaḍu- m. ` hump, hunchback, hunch ';
Old High German stëlza, Middle Low German stelte, Swedish stylta, Middle English
stilte `stilt', engl. stilt ds.; Low German stilte ` shaft, pole, stalk', Old English styltan
`verdutzt sein' (*solidify, congeal '), East Frisian stoltern `stumble', Middle High German
stolzen, stülzen ` limp ', Swedish stulta `stumble', Middle Low German stolt `stately,
haughty ', Old High German Middle High German stolz ds. (Middle High German also
`crazy');
a dh-present to stel- in Gothic and-staldan `darreichen, offer, bid', ga-staldan àcquire,

possess, control', Old English stealdan `possess, control', Old High German (etc.)
hagustalt `(only a grove possessing =) day labourer, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz'.
stelg- (also stelk-

stelg- stelk-?) nominal (s)tolgo-
(s)tolgo-:
Middle Irish tolg m. f. ` strength '; Old Swedish stiælke, Norwegian stjelk, stelk and
changing through ablaut stalk, engl. stalk ` stalk, Stiel', Old English stealc `high, steep',
Middle Low German stolkeren `stolzieren', nld. stelkeren, stolkeren ` curdle, coagulate,
harden ', further as ` stiff, go'; Norwegian stalka, stulka `stapfen, slink', as Old English
stealcian, engl. stalk ds., Old Icelandic stelkr `Strandkiebitz'; compare Middle Irish ta(i)lc
`strong', with k;
Lithuanian stel̃gti ànstarren, rigid hinsehen', stalgùs ` rigid, defiant, stout, proud',
stel̃gtis `brag, boast', probably also žem. stìlguos `sich beeilen'; because of the meaning
doubtful Lithuanian stulgỹn ìn die Höhe', Old Lithuanian stulginti `verlängern'.
References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.
Page(s): 1019-1020
Root / lemma: stem-

stem-
Meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter
Material: Old High German gistemōn, gistemēn, Middle High German stemen Èinhalt tun',
Old High German ungistuomi ` boisterous ' (*sich nicht beherrschend'), Middle High
German gestüeme `gentle, still'; Gothic stamms ` stammering ', Old Icelandic stamr ds.
`behindert, stolen; looted ', Old English stam, Old High German stamm ` stammering ', Old
Icelandic stama, Old High German stamēn ` stammer ', Old English stamor ` stammering ',
Old High German stam(m)al ds., stamalōn ` stammer '; Old Icelandic stemma (*stammjan)
`stemmen, dämmen, hinder', East Frisian stemmen ds., Middle High German stemmen
`stand make, stiff make; Intr. (of water) gestaut become'; zero grade Old Icelandic stumra
`stumble' (Norwegian also stamra), Middle English stumren, stum(b)len, East Frisian
stummeln ds.; Old Saxon Old Frisian Old High German stum(m) ` dumb ';
Latvian stuomîtiês ` stammer, stumble, stand bleiben, sich bäumen, hesitate ' (*stōm),
stumt `bump, poke', Lithuanian stumiù, stúmiau, stùmti `bump, poke, push ', Latvian
stuostīt (*stamstīti) `bump, poke'; Refl. `stottern'.
Maybe alb. shtyj `bump, poke, push ', alb. Geg shtue, Tosc shtoj `to add, increase, pile '.
References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.

Page(s): 1021
Root / lemma: (s)ten-

(s)ten-1
Meaning: to groan, etc..
Material: Old Indic stánati (= gr. στένω, Old English stenan, Lithuanian stenù), stániti,
stanáyati `donnert, dröhnt, bellow, roar, braust', stanayitnú- m. `thunder', tanayitnú-
`dröhnend, donnernd', tányati (= Aeolic τέννει) ` soughs, sounds, donnert', tanyú- `
soughing, thundering '; afghan. tanā `thunder', np. tundar ds.; Old Indicabhi-ṣṭaná- m. `
din, noise ';
gr. στένω `dröhne, ächze, lament', Ionian στείνω (= Old Church Slavic stenjǫ) ds.,
στενάζω ds., στεναγμός `das sigh ', στενάχω ds., στόνος m. ` the groaning ', ἀγά-στονος
`very stöhnend' (Old Indic abhi-ṣṭaná- `das Tosen, shout', russ. ston `sigh'), Στέντωρ;
Lesbian τέννει στένει, βρύ̄χεται Hes.;
Latin tonō, -āre ` thunder; also from other lauten Schalleindrücken', to-nitrū, tonitrus
`thunder'; Celtic FlN Tanaros (: Old High German donar);
Old English stenan stem V. `groan, moan'; Middle Low German stenen schw. V. ds.
(*stanjan = Old Indic stanáyati); Old Icelandic stynja ds. = Middle Low German stönen
(Modern High German stöhnen); Old Icelandic stynr m. `Gestöhne', Old English gestun n.
`din, fuss, noise, whirlwind'; Old Icelandic stanka `groan, moan', Old English stenecian
`pant, gasp'; Old High German donar `thunder', Old English Þunor ds., Old Icelandic Þōrr `
Thunder God ', Old English ðunian ` thunder, roar, bellow, sigh';
Lithuanian stenù, -ė́ti ` groan, groan, moan', Old Church Slavic stenjǫ, stenati ds.; russ.
stón ` the groaning '; Old Prussian *stint, stīnons participle Perf. Akt. `gelitten'.
References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; Vasmer 3, 10, 19.
Page(s): 1021
Root / lemma:
lemma: sten-
sten-2
Meaning: narrow
Material: Alt. στενός, Ionian στεινός `narrow' (*στεν-Fό-ς), hom. τὸ στεῖνος `narrowness,
narrow Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also Attic τὸ στένος)', στενυγρός `narrow', Στενύ-
κληρος (στεν-υ- : στεν-Fο-); στάνει (σ)τείνεται συμβέβυσται Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to- in
Old Icelandic stinnr ` stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong', Old English stīð, Old Frisian stīth ds.,
das Holthausen further to Latvian stinte ìcicle' places.
References: WP. II 627; Holthausen Aengl. Etym. Wb. 323.
Page(s): 1021-1022
Page(s):
sterg-, sterk-
Root / lemma: sterg- sterk-
Meaning: to care for, take care of
Material: Gr. στέργω `love; bin zufrieden', στοργή `love, affection '; Irish serc `love' wird
because of cymr. serch ds. rather as *sterkā here, as to ser-2 or ser-4 belong; to Slavic
*sterg- ` whereupon worrying achten, guard, watch': Old Church Slavic strěgǫ, strěšti
`servare, beware, guard', stražь = russ. stórož `Wächter' etc.
References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.
Page(s): 1032
Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)terǝ

lemma: (s)ter- (s)terǝ- : (s)trē-
(s)trē-
Meaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc..
Note: s. also ster- ùnfruchtbar' and ster- ` stiff Pflanzenschaft', further treg- àlle Kräfte
anstrengen', strenk- `straff'
Material: A. Gr. στερεός (Attic also στερρός from
*στερεός) ` rigid, tight, firm, hard', στέριφος ds. (also
` infertile ', s. ster-6 ` infertile '), στερέμνιος ds.;
στεῖρα `Kielbalken', lengthened grade: στῆρα τὰ
λίθινα πρόθυρα Hes., στηρίζω (Fut. -ξω) `tight, firm
prop, support, stemmen', Med. Pass. `sich prop, support, sich feststemmen',
στῆριγξ, -γγος `pad', wherefore σκηρίπτω `stütze',
Med. `stütze myself, stemme myself', dissimil. from *στηρίπτω; στρηνής, στρηνός ` hard,
sharp, forceful ', στρῆνος n. `heftiges desire, power, Übermut', στρηνιᾶν `minxish, wanton
sein', στρηνύζω `cry rauh' (in formant. Bez. to Latin strēnuus??), Latin strēnuus `voll
rüstiger
Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker'; alb. shterr (*ster-n-) `lay, dry the place, make dry up '; about
strēnā `good omen, sign' s. WH. II 601;
Latin consternō, -āre, also exsternō `bestürzen, from the Fassung
bringen', sternāx `shy, störrisch';
cymr. trin `toil, fight, struggle'

(*strēnā?);
Germanic *stara- ` rigid, esp. of eye' in mnl. star

m. `Starrheit of Auges', Old High German stara-blint, Old English stær(e)blind
`starblind', Old Icelandic stara, Old English starian, Old High German starēn ` stare,
stare'; with-rr- (from -rn-) Old Icelandic stǫrr f. `Carex' (actually `die
Steife'), starr (Akk. starran) ` stiff, rigid, hard', Modern High German starr ` rigid',
Middle High German sterre, Modern High German Bavarian sterr ` rigid, stiff ', whereof
Middle High German starren, sterren ` rigid be or become', Modern High German
erstarren, starren, Norwegian stara and sterra (*starrian) `sichsträuben, sich anstrengen';
*sturra- (*sturna-) `sich steif aufrichtend, stemmend' in Gothic and-staúrran `
uncourageous sein', Old High German stōrren `steif herausstehen, jut, project, protrude,
stick out ', Old High German storro ` stump, clot, chunk', Modern High German störrig,
störrisch; Old English stierne èrnst, hard, stern', Old High German stornēn `stutzen,
frighten' (*`stiff, rigid vor Schrecken'), sturni `stupor', Swedish sturna `stutzen';
Old Icelandic stirðr ` stiff, unbeugsam, hard,
unfriendly';
Old Prussian stūrnawiskan Instr. Sg. ` seriousness ',

stūrnawingisku Adv. èrnstlich', stūrni-tickrōms `keen, eager'; Lithuanian
starinù, -ìnti ` stiff make';
russ. starátьsja `sich abmühen';

with ablaut *strō- (to στρη-νής, strē-nuus) and
Dentalformans: Old Church Slavic strada `hard work, toil', stradati `suffer, bear, endure';
in addition Old Church Slavic strastь àffliction' (*strad-tь), Latvianstruôstêt
`bedrohen'; with formants -mo- presumably Old Church Slavic strьmo `steep,
abschüssig', ablaut. poln.stromy ds. (Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 25).
1.
(s)ter-g- and (s)tre-

(s)ter- (s)tre-g-:
Old Icelandic participle storkinn `clotted, congealed, coagulated, solidified '; Gothic ga-
staúrknan ` solidify, congeal ', Old Icelandic storkna ` curdle, coagulate, harden ', Old High
German ki-, er-storchanēn ` solidify, congeal, erkalten'; Modern High German Tirol stork
`knag, stump eines Baumes', Bavarian stork `Fischerstange', Middle High German storch
`penis'; also (of steifen Gange)
Old Icelandicstorkr, Old English storc, Old High German stork, storah(h) ` stork '; (if
in addition gr. τόργος ` vulture', actually ` stiff = big, large'?), compare Tirol
storke(l)n `with langen Beinen einherschreiten', thüring.
storchen às ein stork go', westfäl. storkeln `straucheln,
stumble';
Adj. *starku- in Old English stearc ` stiff, stern, strong',

Old High German starc, starah `strong, big, large', Old Icelandic sterkr, Old Swedish
starker
`strong', zero grade Old Icelandic styrkr (*sturki-) m. ` strength ';
Middle Low German

strak (-ck-) ` stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; störrig', Middle High German
strac (-ck-) `straff, gestreckt, straight': Old English strec, stræc
(strǣk?) ` rigid, tight, firm, stern, violent'; Denom. (or umgekehrt strak
post-verbal?) Old High German stracchēn àusgestreckt sein' and strecchan,
strecken àusstrecken, straight make', Old English streccan àusstrecken'; compare
still treg- `die Kräfte anstrengen';
Latvian terglis `stubborn ,

störrischer person', terglāties `sich auf etwas versteifen';
Lithuanian
strė́gti ` solidify, congeal, to ice become'; doubtful, if in addition Old Bulgarian strachъ
`fright' as *strōgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23;
perhaps based on auf

(s)terg-: Latin tergus, -oris `hard Rückenhaut the animal, fell, fur,
back' (probably from dem am back am stärksten gesträubten hair), tergum
`ds., esp. back', tergīnum `lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur from leather';
here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there.
(s)ter-k-:
(s)ter-
klr. storčáty, storčity `ragen, stare ',

torčáti, torčity ds., Czech strčeti, trčeti ds.
2.
Dental extensions:
(s)tert-, more properly *ster-to- in cymr.

(s)tert-
serth `steep, obszön', Old Icelandic stirðr ` stiff ' (see above) and storð
`grass, green stalk';
(s)terd-:
(s)terd-
Old Icelandic stertr `tail',

Old English steort, Old High German sterz ds., Middle High German also ` stalk, Stiel' (as
engl.
start), Modern High German Sterz; ablaut. Norwegian dial. start ` stiff twig, branch,
dull', Middle High German stürzel ` stalk'; Old Icelandic upp-stertr ` haughty ', Old Icelandic
sterta `spannen', Middle High German sterzen (also stem Verb.) `steif emporragen,
sich rasch bewegen', trans. (also starzen) ` rigid aufwärtsrichten', Middle English
sterten àuffahren, frighten', engl. start; Old Icelandic stirtla
ùplift, set up', Old English steartlian `stumble', engl. startle `vor Schreck
auffahren'; West Germanic *sturtjan, ahd sturzen, Middle High German stürzen, Middle
Low German
storten `fall, diffuse, bestürzt make', Old Frisian stirta
ùmstoßen'; Middle High German storzen `strotzen'; without anlaut. s: Norwegian
tart (and start) ` coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column ', turt
`Sonchus alpinus' (t- from
Old Norse Þ-), compare gr. τόρδυλον èine Doldenpflanze'; cymr.
tarddu `to break out, spring, issue';
(s)terǝ-d-: cymr.
(s)terǝ
tardd m. èruption, issue, flow', corn. tardh Ànbruch (of Tages)',
bret. tarz `rupture, éclat', tarz-ann-deiz `daybreak'
(*tr̥̄d-);
with similar meaning as Modern High German Sterz, Norwegian (s)tart,

here: Lithuanian tursóti `with ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen',
tursė́ti `den Hintern hinausstrecken' (turs- from *tort-s-)
and Old Irish tarr `belly' (*tortso-); identical seems Irish
torrach `pregnant', cymr. torrog ds., corn. tor, abret. tar,
bret. tor, teur, cymr. tor(r) `belly, lower abdomen'.
(s)ter h-:
(s)terd
Gr. στόρθη Hes., στόρθυγξ `cusp, peak';

possibly here cymr. tardd see above;
a nasalized root *strend- in

Germanic, e.g. Middle High German strunz `stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel', engl.
dial. to strunt ` stiff, gespreizt umhergehen' etc.
3.
Labial extensions:
(s)terp-:
(s)terp-
Latin stirps `stem eines
Baumes (übertr. progeny, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor)';
Lithuanian stir̃pti `somewhat emporkommen, heranwachsen' (actually `*sich straffen'),

ster̃ptis àuf seinem Rechte bestehen' (`sich versteifen'), stùrplis `rump of the horse';
alb. shterpë ` infertile ' (compare also 6. ster- ` infertile '); Irish serrach ` plenitude' (from
den langen Beinen);
without s-: torpeō, -ēre ` rigid, insensible, betäubt sein' (= Old Bulgarian u-trъpěti or =
russ. toropétь); Lithuanian tir̃pti ` solidify, congeal, insensible become', Latvian tìrpt ds.;
serb.-Church Slavic utrъpěti ` solidify, congeal ', russ. térpnutь `ds., also vor fear', r.-
Church Slavic terpkij ` αὐστηρός ', r. térpkij `herb, sour'; russ. toropétь, otoropétь `bestürzt
become' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 325), klr. torópa ùnbeweglicher person', slov. tràp `
blockhead ';
Maybe alb. trap ` fool ' a Slavic loanword.
in the meaning ` rigid, stiff = persistent sein' based on probably Old Church Slavic trъpěti
`suffer, bear, endure', russ. terpétь ds.; proto Slavic. *torpiti (Kaus.) in Czech trápiti, apoln.
tropić `torment, smite', russ. toropítь ` set in motion '; as ` rigid, dull, vom Standpunkte of
Geschmacks': Old Church Slavic *trъръkъ àcerbus, asper', russ. térpkij `herb, sour', as
np. turuš `sour' (if from *tr̥fša-) and Modern High German derb (see below).
Teils auf (s)terp-

(s)terp-, partly auf
(s)ter h- can go back:
(s)terb
Old Icelandic Þiarfr, Old English ðeorf,

Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbi ` unleavened ', Modern High German Bavarian
derb àrid, dry, lean ';
with anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic stjarfi m. `work, toil', stjarfr `hartmäulig (from horses)',
stirfinn `halsstarrig', starf n. `work, Streben, Amt', starfa `sich abmühen';
Old High German sterban `die' (`*solidify, congeal '; see below Middle Irish ussarb); Old
Saxon
sterƀan, Old Frisian sterva, Old English steorfan ds. (engl. starve ` perish, esp. vor
hunger'); Old High German sterbo, Old English steorfa ` pestilence, epidemic disease,
plague ';
Modern High German-Tirol storfn ` stalk, stem of a plant, stump ', westfäl. storpeln
`straucheln' can auf a root form auf b based on.
strep-
strep-:
Lithuanian par-strapìnti `heimtorkeln', strỹpti `trample', stripinỹs, stráipis ` rung,

horizontal step on a ladder '; Late Middle High German straf (-ff-) `straff, strenge', West
Flemish strāf (*strēpo-) `strong, stern', East Frisian strabben `sich widerspenstig
gebärden', Middle High German strabbeln ` wriggle '; Swiss strapfen `straff ziehen'
(*strappōn); probably as `stern behandeln' here: Old Frisian straffia `bestreiten, scold,
chide', mnl. Middle Low German straffen, from which borrowed Middle High German
strāfen, ds. `punish, curse', strāfe `Schelte, reprimand, punishment '.
ster h-, streb

sterb stre h-:
gr. στέρφνιον
σκληρόν, στερεόν Hes. (compare also στέριφoς,
στριφνός under under streibh-), στέρφος,
τέρφος, Doric στρέφος `Rückenhaut the animal, fell, fur, leather';
Middle Irish ussarb `death' (*uks-sterbhā); cymr. serfyll ` frail ' (Loth
RC. 43, 147); Middle Irish srebann m. `skin';
Old Church Slavic u-strabiti `recreāre',

poln. postrobić ` strengthen ' (proto Slavic. *storbiti); ablaut. Old Russian
u-strebe Aor. `wurde mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Church Slavic strъblъ `fit, healthy,
tight, firm', russ.
stérbnutь ` solidify, congeal, absterben', etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 11
f.);
whether gr. groups from στρεβλός ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ',
στρέφειν `turn', ablaut. στραβός `verdreht',
στράβων ` squinting', στροβέω ` turn, twist, rotate herum',
στροφή ` turn ' etc. from a meaning `straff zusammenziehen' (see
under Modern High German bestremmen this meaning) expounded become may, is
höchst
dubious; rather to a distinctive root streb-, strebh- `turn,
coil '.
stremb-, stremp-
stremb- stremp-:
Middle Low German strampe(le)n `with

den Füßen heftig auftreten', Modern High German (eigent. Low German) strampeln,
Middle Low German
strumpe(le)n `straucheln, anstoßen' ; Middle High German strumpf, Middle Low German
strump `Strumpf, stub' (Modern High German `gestutzte britches, Strumpf'), Norwegian
dial.
strump `small Holzschüssel ' (`*ausgehöhlter tree truck', also
stropp à measure '); Norwegian dial. stremba ànspannen; breast or stomach
aufblähen', isl. strembinn `straff, hard, stout, proud', Norwegian dial. stramb
`scharfer smell, odor'; with -mm-: Middle Low German stram (-mm-) `straff, strong,
thickset, strong' (Modern High German stramm from dem Low German), Modern High
German Bavarian bestremmen, bestrempen `pull together, make narrow, limit, restrict';
Old Prussian strambo ` stubble, bristle ', Latvian strìebs and struobs (*strambas) ` stem,
reed', strumbulis `cudgel, club';
Lithuanian stram̃pas `cudgel, club', strampalióti

`wankend (*stiff) go'; Latvian strampul(i)s ` stalk, stem of a plant, small bit of wood;
hartgefrorener ordure'.
strē̆i-, steri-
B. strē̆ steri-:
Old English
strīmendi `resisting, striving' Gloss.; engl. dial. to strime = to
stride; Lithuanian strainùs ` keen, widerspenstig', pasistraĩnyti
`strive, sich feststemmen'.
1. With guttural extension: s. streig-

` stiff '.
2. With Dental extensions:
with Indo Germanic -dh-: Old English

strīdan stem V. ` march, step, stride, strut', engl. to stride, Middle Low German strīden `die
Beine spreizen, weit ausschreiten' (about Latin strittabellae `Buhldirnen'
s. WH. II 605 f.); Old High German strītan st V. `quarrel, sich bemühen', schw.
V. Old Icelandic strīða `quarrel, torment, smite', Old English strīdian `quarrel'; Old Icelandic
strīð `fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness ', Old Saxon strīd `toil, fight, struggle',
Old High German
strīt `fight', einstrīti `hartnäckig'; Old Icelandic strīðr ` stiff,
hard, stern, strong'; with Indo Germanic -d-: Old Icelandic strita `strive, sich
anstrengen', streita ds.; without anlaut. s-: Old Swedish Þrēsker
`widerspenstig', Norwegian dial. treisk `defiant, beschwerlich, mühsam'.
3. With bh-Erweit.: gr. στέριφος ` rigid, hard, tight, firm,

infertile ', subst. `Kielbalken' (as στεῖρα), στριφνός
`hard, tight, firm' (compare above στέρφνιον, στέρφος); Middle Low German nnd.
strif, stref ` stiff, tight, firm', streven ` stiff sein, sich strecken',
Middle High German streben `sich uplift, set up, sich strecken, ragen', Modern High
German streben,
Strebe-balken, -pfeiler; ablaut. md. strīben stem V., nld.
strijven `strive, quarrel'.
strē̆u-:
C. strē̆
1. With
Dutch struik, Middle Low German strūk, Middle High German strūch,
Modern High German Strauch; Middle High German strūch ùnkempt, shaggy'; nisl. striūgr
`Gericht from
geronnener milk', strūga `rough, unkempt, shaggy make', Old Icelandic strūgr
` repulsion, pride, hauteur', Middle English nengl. to struggle `sich abmühen,
fight';
Latvian strūkuls ìcicle', also Old Lithuanian strungas, Lithuanian

strùgas, striùgas, strùkas `short, truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off'.
2. With
Dental extensions:
Lithuanian strustìs f. `Baststreifen in Siebe'; without

anlaut. s-: proto Slavic. *trъstь in Old Church Slavic trъstь `reed'; gr.
θρυόν n. ` bulrush' (*trusom); Lithuanian trùšiai m. Pl. `reed',
trušìs, triušìs f. `reed', Latvian trusis ` bulrush, reed',
Old Church Slavic trъsa, trъsina `stiff hair, bristle'; Latviantrums `swelling, blister,
ulcer', (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) Latin strūma f. `geschwollene
glands, craw ' (*streud-stroud-, strūd-mā); after Vasmer 3, 145
in addition Lithuanian traũšti ` crumb, spall, crumble ', Latvian trausls `frail, breakable',
trust ` decayed, modern';
Old Icelandic strūtr `cusp, peak', Danish strude,

strutte ` stiff stand, widerstreben', Swedish strutta `stolpernd go',
Old English strūtian ` stiff stand', Low German strutt ` stiff ', Modern High German strotz
ds.,
Middle High German Modern High German strotzen, Middle High German striuzen
`sträuben, spreizen', strūz
`Widerstand', fight', Modern High German Strauß ds. = Middle English strūt `das
Schwellen,
fight'; Middle High German strūzach `shrubbery, bush', gestriuze `Buschwerk', Modern
High German
(Blumen-)Strauß; here also Old Saxon strota `tuba, guttur', Middle Low German
strote, strotte f., Middle High German strozze `throat, windpipe ', Old Frisian
strot-bolla ds.; without anl. s-: Old English ðrotu, ðrote, engl.
throat, throttle `throat, windpipe ', Old English ðrot-bolla ` windpipe ',
(engl. thropple), Old High German drozza `throat, windpipe ', Modern High German
Drossel with
the derivative erdrosseln, Middle High German drüzzel `throat' and `snout', Old Icelandic
Þrūtr `snout';
Old Icelandic Þrūtinn `swollen', Þrūtna

`to swell, also vor pride, hauteur', Þroti ` intumescence ', Old English ðrūtian
`vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury swell ';
dieselben meaning `to swell, fight' also in Middle Irish trot, nir. troid `fight' (*truzdā?),
cymr.
trythu `to swell', trythyll ` lustful ';
3. With
Labial extensions:
gr. στρῡφνός `herb (from taste);
grumpy, surly, sullen; tight, firm, stiff ';
Old Saxon strūf ùnkempt, shaggy, rough', strūvian

`sträuben', Middle High German strup (-b-), strūbe ùnkempt, shaggy', Old High German
strūbēn,
Middle High German strūben, *striuben ` stare ', Modern High German sträuben, Middle
High German strobel
ùnkempt, shaggy', Old Germanic Strubiloscalleo `Strubbelkopf'; Middle High German
Struppe (Germanic
-bb-), Modern High German Gestrüpp, nl. strobbe `stump, shrub, bush',
strobbelen `straucheln', Swedish strubbla ds.; with Germanic -p- (Indo Germanic
-b-): Norwegian strøypa ` clamp ', Modern High German Swiss stru(m)pfen, Middle Low
German
strumpen `pull together', struppe `stump';
Old Icelandic
str(j)ūpi `throat, gullet ', Norwegian strop `narrow aperture ';
Lithuanian strùbas, Latvian stru(m)ps `short abgestutzt', strubikis,

strupikis, strupastis `Stumpfschwanz', Latvian strupulis `kurzer thick
person; piece wood, clot, chunk', Old Lithuanian strupas ` decrepit, antiquated man'.
References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer
3, 98 f., 126.
Page(s): 1022-1027
Root / lemma: ster-

ster-3
Meaning: to rob, steal
Material: Gr. στερέω (Attic στερίσκω only present) `rob', στέρομαι `bin stolen; looted, miss';
Middle Irish serb ` theft ' (*ster-u̯ā); with l instead of r through hybridization with hehlen:
Gothic stilan, Old Icelandic stela, Old English Old High German stelan `steal'.

References:
Page(s): 1028
Root / lemma: ster-

ster-4
Meaning: line, stripe, ray
Note: also sterǝ
sterǝ- : strē-
strē-, strei-
strei-, streu-
streu-; with g, b, dh (or t) extended; identical with ster-
òutspread'
Material: Old High German strāl(a) àrrow, lightning ', Modern High German Strahl, Old
Saxon strāla f. àrrow', Middle Low German strāle àrrow, ray, sting, prick', Old English
strǣl f. àrrow, lance ', Norwegian straal `small Fischschwarm', East Frisianstrāl `stripe',
Old Saxon strāl m., Middle High German stræl (*strēlia-) `comb' (from den teeth =
Strahlen), whereof Old High German strālen, Modern High German strählen `comb';
Norwegian strīl, strīla `stripe, vein, ray', Swedishstril `small Wasserstrahl', strila ` trickle ',
Old Church Slavic strěla àrrow';
Middle High German strām `Lichtstreifen, ray, stream', Modern High German dial. strām
`stripe'; to strei-: Old High German strīmo, Modern High German dial. streimen, Middle
Low German strīme `stripe, Strieme, ray'; to *streu- perhaps: Middle High German mnl.
strieme, Middle Low German strēme `stripe, ray' (if from Old High German *striomo),
Modern High German Striemen ` weals, marks from blows';
Old High German strëno, Middle High German strën(e) `Strähne, braid, plait '; to *streu-:
Lithuanian struniti `to build', Old Church Slavic struna `rope, string '; from the basis *ster-:
klr. postorónok, poln. postronek, Czech postranek `cord, rope, string '.
Latvian (saules) stars `Sonnenstrahl', stars `bough', stara `rope, stripe';
streig-: gr. ξέστριξ (knid.) `sechsseitig', whether from ξέσ-στριξ; Latin striga `line,
streig-
Schwade; Zeltreihe; Längsfurche', strigōsus `fragile, flimsy, lean ', stria (probably *strigi̯ā)
`furrow, crease ';stringō, -ere in the meaning ` strip, wipe, stroke, touch, das sword ziehen',
strigilis ` rasper' (out of it Modern High German Striegel `currycomb');
Old High German strīhhan `stroke', Old English strīcan `stroke, rub, sich bewegen, go';
Gothic striks `line', Old High German strik `line, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes', Old
English strica `stripe'; Old Icelandic strik `striped Zeug', Norwegian strik `line, Windstrich,
prank'; Middle Low German strēk `prank, prank', Middle High German streich `prank, blow,
knock' (*straika-), Old English strācian `stroke', engl. stroke `blow, knock';
Old Prussian strigli `thistle'; Old Church Slavic strigǫ, strišti `shave, shear'; russ.-Church
Slavic strěgъ `κουρά' (*stroigo- = Middle High German Streich); with Swedish streke
(*strikan-) `Stromstrich' compare proto Slavic. strьž-: russ. stréženь, strež, strežá
`Stromstrich';
after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as ` center, heart', Old Prussian strigeno `
brain '.
Maybe alb. Geg (*struni) truni ` brain '; (common alb. st- > t-)
proto Slavic. *strьžьnь, respectively *strьženь ` center, marrow ', russ.-Church Slavic
strьženь ` marrow ' etc.
streib-: Old Irish srīab `stripe' (*streibā); Middle Low German strīpe `stripe', Middle High
streib-
German strīfe, Modern High German Streifen, Norwegian strīpa ds., Swedish stripa
`herabhängender topknot '; Middle Low German mnl. strīpen `(ab)stripe', Middle High
German streifen (*straipjan) `stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay', Low
German strēpen ` strip, wipe '
streug-: gr. στρεύγομαι `werde weakened, schmachte hin' (Old Irish trōg ` woeful,
streug-
wretched, miserable '? see below ter-, treugh- `rub'); Old Icelandic strjūka `stroke, whisk,
smooth; sich rasch bewegen', strȳkja, strȳkva ds., stryk `line', strykr ` strong wind', Old
High German strûchon `ruere, impingere', Middle High Germanstrûchen `straucheln', nl.
strooken ` caress, übereinstimmen with', East Frisian strōk `Streif, stripe', Middle Low
German straken `stripe, caress' (a from o), Old English stroccian `stroke', Norwegian
strokk ` plane '; Latvian strūgains `striped ', Lithuanian striũgas `knife' (poln. loanword); Old
Church Slavic stružǫ, strъgati `scrape, shave, shear', strugъ `tool zum Schaben', russ.
strug ` plane ' etc.
Alb. strug ` plane, bladed tool used to smooth wood ' Slavic loanword.
eub-: Old High German stroufen, Middle High German ströufen (*straupjan) ` strip,
streub
streub-
wipe, mug, rob, plündern, umherstreifen' = Middle Low German strӧ̄pen ds., Old English
be-strīepan ds., Middle High German striefen (*streupan) `stripe'; Middle High German
strupfen `stripe, pick off, remove'.
streut-: Old English strūdian and strūdan `plündern', strȳdan `mug, rob',
streu h- or streut-
streud
Middle Low German stroden, Old High German strutten ds.
References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.
Page(s): 1028-1029
ster-5, sterǝ
Root / lemma: ster- sterǝ- : strē-
strē-, steru-
steru- : streu-
streu-
Meaning: to widen, to scatter
Note: (compare ster-
ster ` stare, stiff sein')
Material: A. Old Indic str̥ṇā́ti, str̥ṇṓti (actually zur basis streu-), later also starati `streut
(hin), bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base', participle str̥tá-, stīrṇá-, Inf. stártavē and staritavāi,
starītavē; sva-stara- m. èigene Streu', pra-stará- m. `Streu, cushion; surface, plain, area,
plain ' (= russ. prostór `Raum, Geräumigkeit'); stárī-man- n. Àusbreitung, Ausstreuung'
(ablaut. with gr. στρῶμα, Latinstrāmen);
Avestan star- (present starati, stǝrǝnaoti, stǝrǝnāti) `sternere', participle stǝrǝta- and
starǝta-; stairiš- n. `Streu, lair, bed'; urvarō-straya- `Niederhauen from Pflanzungen';
gr. στόρνῡμι (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare ὀμόργνυμι), στορέννῡμι
(neologism), στρώννῡμι (after στρῶσαι) `bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; level, even ',
Aeolic Perf. ἐστόροται; participleστρωτός; στρῶμα n. `Streu, lair, rug, cover', στρωμνή ds.;
στρατός (= Old Indic str̥tá-) `troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge' (Cretan σταρτός with
metathesis èine Unterabteilung the Phyle'), then ` army ' (in addition στρατιά, στρατεία,
στρατηγός), Aeolic στροτός; zero grade στέρνον `breast' (àusgebreitete surface, plain,
area'; compare Old High German stirna `forehead', reduced-grade Old Indic stīrṇa-, cymr.
sarn, and o-grade Old Church Slavic strana);
alb. shtrinj `breite from' (str̥ni̯ō); shtie `lay, place there, throw, cast, make eine
Fehlgeburt' (*sterō); shtrofkë `cover, cave, nest';
Latin sternō, -ere `scatter, strew, hinbreiten; niederstrecken', participle strātus

(*sterǝtós), afterwards Perf. strāvī; prosternere (: Slavic prostьrą, Old Indic pra-stará-);
strāmen `Streu' (: στρῶμα; Old Indic stárīman-); in addition with g-Erweit. strāgēs `das
Niederstürzen, Hinsinken, Verwüstung' (`*Hingestrecktsein'), strāgulus `zum About - or
Unterbreiten helpful';
Old Irish sernim `breite from' (= Latin sternō), cossair `bed' (*kom-stari- or stori-), fossair
`Strohdecke' (*upo-stori-), sreth `strues' (*str̥tā́), sreith `pratum'; from the heavy basis
Middle Irish srath (tu-stem) `beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund' (not loanword;
Latin loanword are but cymr. ystrad `valley', bret. strad `le fond, l'endroit le plus bas');
cymr. sarn `stratum, pavimentum' (*sterǝno-, proto Celtic *starno- : Old Indic stīrṇá-);
Old High German stirna `Stirne' (*sterni̯ā), Old English steornede àudacious';
Lithuanian strāja `with Stroh ausgelegter stall';
Old Church Slavic pro-stьrǫ -strěti (russ. sterétь) ` outspread ', prostranъ (*storno-)
`breit', strana `side, region', russ. storoná ds.; Old Church Slavic Old Russian etc. strojь
òrder', strojiti `parāre';
perhaps here the partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- based forms:
Prussian-Lithuanian trẽnis `region, place' (compare Old Church Slavic strana, proto
Slavic *stor-nā); Old Lithuanian trenta `place, region, line'; Old Irish trēt (Gen. trēoit) `herd'
(*trento-); Old Icelandic strind f. `side, edge; land'; strǫnd èdge, beach, seaside', Old
English strand, Late Middle High German strant (-d-), Modern High German Strand, Old
Icelandic fer-strendr ` rectangular '.
B. extensions:
stre-k-: Old English stregdan stem V. `strew, distribute, spray, allot' (Präsensbildung as
stre-
bregdan); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic strěkati `prick', ablaut. stroka `κέντρον,
στίγμα', Slavic *strъkati in Czech strkati `bump, poke', serb. stȑcati `spray'.
streu-: Latin struō, -ere (struxi, structum with analog. Guttural after verbs with v from gʷ)
streu-
`übereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen', struēs, struīx `heap, bulk, mass', Umbrian
struc̨la `*struiculam';
abret. strouis `stravi', nbret. streuein `strew, distribute';
Gothic straujan `strew, distribute', Norwegian strøya, Old Icelandic strā `strew,
distribute, outspread ', Old English strē(o)wian, strēgan, Old High German streuwen,
strouwen `strew, distribute'; Old Icelandic strā n. `straw', Old English strēaw, Old High
German strō, Modern High German Stroh, post-verbal Middle High German ströu, Modern
High German Streu; Germanic strava `pyre, stake zur Siegesfeier'; Old English strēon n. `
richness, profit, gain, usury', Old High German gi-striuni n. `profit, gain', Old English
strīenan àcquire, produce '; Old High German gi-striunan `lucrari', Middle High German
striunen `schnuppernd umherstreifen', Modern High German Bavarian streunen àfter
Vorteilen umhersuchen', Low German strüne `Gassendirne', actually `die
Umherstreifende';
whether here serb. strovo `herabgeschüttelte Früchte', kroat. strovaliti `strew, distribute'
and Old Church Slavic ostruiti, ostrujati `destroy' (`*apart strew ')??
References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.
Page(s): 1029-1031
Root / lemma: ster-

ster-6
Meaning: sterile
Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- ` stiff '
Material: Old Indic starī́- f. ` infertile e cow';
Armenian sterj ` infertile, from animals', also sterd (*ster-dh-o-, -i̯o-);
gr. στεῖρα f. ` infertile ' (cow, wife, woman), στέριφος ` infertile ' (and ` rigid');
alb. shtjerrë `young cow, lamb'; also prefixed alb. mëshqerë ` young cow'.
Latin sterilis ` infertile ';
Gothic stairō f. ` infertile ', Old High German stero àries, ram'; with k- extended mndd.
sterke `young cow', Old English stierc `calf'; isl. stirtla ` infertile cow';
Bulgarian sterica `Gelte'.

Page(s): 1031
Root / lemma: (s)ter-

(s)ter-7n-
7n-
Meaning: sharp stalk or thorn
Note: to ster-
ster ` stare, stiff sein'
Material: Old Indic tŕ̥ṇa-m `Grashalm, grass, herb'; gr. τέρναξ Àrtischocken-,
Kaktusstengel'; Gothic Þaúrnus, Old Icelandic Old English Þorn, Old High German dorn
`thorn'; Old Church Slavic trъnъ `thorn', strъnь ` stem '.
References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.
Page(s): 1031
Root / lemma: (s)ter-

(s)ter-8
Meaning: dirty water, mud, smear
Material: Avestan star- `sich blemish, commit a sin';
Armenian tàrax, -ic̣, -oc̣ `pus, humeur' (*tero-; besides o-grade perhaps:) Armenian tòr
`that flows down, that drops'; Norwegian stor n. `Faulen, Verwesen'; russ.-Church Slavic
stьrvъ, russ. stérva ` carrion '; without anlaut. s-: Lithuanian terménti `smear ', Bulgarian
torъ ` manure'.
(s)terk̂-, nasal. (s)trenk̂-:
Latin stercus, -oris ` excrement, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure', sterculīnum,
sterquilīnum ` dunghill '; cymr. trwnc ` urine, yeast', bret. stroñk `human excrement';
cymr. troeth `lye, urine ', troethi `mingere', bret. troaz ` urine ' (*troktā or *tronktā);
Lithuanian teršiù, ter̃šti `smudge', apter̃šti `smudge', tiršti `dickflüssig become'; East
Lithuanian tręsiù, trę̃sti ` fertilize ' (as Latin stercorāre);
Lithuanian trąšà ` manure', trèšti ` decayed, verwesen', traškanos `pus in den Augen',
wherefore nisl. Þrār `faul, rancid ', Norwegian traa ds., Old English ðrōh `rancor'.
(s)treg-:
(s)terg-, (s)treg-
(s)terg-
gr. στεργάνος κόπρων Hes.; τάργανον `Weinessig'; ablaut. τρύξ, -γός `young, still trüber
wine, Weinhefe '; expressive Old Icelandic Þrekkr, Middle High German drec, -ckes ` filth ';
probably also Old English ðreax `caries'; perhaps Latin troia `sow' (*trogi̯ā `die Dreckige'),
das but also to Middle Irish trogaid `gebiert' belong could; whether Old Irish torc, cymr.
twrch, acorn. torch, bret. tourc'h `boar' from*trogos after [p]orc- `swine' reshaped sei, is
doubtful, yet could es as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.
References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, Vasmer 3, 12.

Page(s): 1031-1032
Root / lemma: (s)teu-

(s)teu-1
Meaning: to push, hit
Note: with conservative extensions
(s)teu-k-: gr. τύκος `hammer, chisel; battle axe ', τυκίζω `bearbeite stone ',
Material: A. (s)teu-
τυκάνη `Dreschvorrichtung' (by Hes. τυτάνη); Old Irish toll `hollow', toll `cave, hole' (*tukslo-
), cymr. twll `foramen', adj. `perforatus', bret. toull `hole'; probably Old High German dūken
`press, niederdrücken', Old English ðȳ(a)n, ðēon `press, constrain, oblige, prick' (see
accurately under tu̯enĝh
nĝh- `beset');
Latvian tukstêt `knock', taucêt ìn mortar stampfen', russ.-Church Slavic istъknǫti
èffodere', Old Church Slavic tъkati `to weave, prick', etc.;
maye alb. (*stuk) thuk `mortar' common alb. s- > th-
Old Icelandic styggr àngry, irate, unfriendly', nl. stug, older stugge ` stiff, unfriendly,
abstoßend' can originally àbstossend' and ` stiff ' sein and in letzteren case with
Lithuanian stúkti (see below) under steugh-
steugh- `steif dastehen' combined become.
(s)teu-g-: Old Indic tujáti, tuñjáti, tunákti `throngs, stößt', Med. `kommt in schnelle
B. (s)teu-
Bewegung';
Middle Irish tūag f. àxe' and `bow', newer stūag, tūagaim `hit with the axe', tōcht `part,
piece'; expressives *stoukkā in bret. stuc'h ` arrowhead, feather ', stuc'henn ` fascicle,
sheaf, Brotschnitte' (nir. stūaic ` tableland, hill, plateau, cusp, peak' etc. is brit. loanword);
compare Modern High German Stück = ` piece ' and `Stauche' (Loth RC. 42, 320 ff.);
presumably Lithuanian stùngis `Messerstumpf', stúkti ìn die Höhe ragen'; and Old
Church Slavic tъštati sę `σπεύδειν';
Swedish stuka ` dazzle, blind with bright light ', Norwegian stauka `bump, poke, injure,
stottern', mnl. nnd. stūken `bump, poke, stratify, layer, astonish', Modern High German
verstauchen (from dem Low German), Dutch verstuiken ` dislocate, luxate, crick '; Old
Frisian stāk ` stiff ' to Norwegian stauka;
Middle Low German stoken `prick, stochern', engl. dial. stoke `das fire schüren', Modern
High German stoche(r)n; without anlaut. s-: Old Icelandic Þoka ` move, change, go', Old
English ðocerian ùmherlaufen';
Old High German Middle High German stoc, -ckes `Stock, staff, tree truck' (probably
`*abgeschlagener bough or stem', compare abstocken), Old English stocc `stick, stem,
stump', Old Icelandic stokkr `tree truck, picket, pole, block ', next to which with the
meaning ` stiff ' Low German stück, Middle High German Modern High German stocken `
stiff become'; Old Icelandic stykki, Old English stycce, Old High German stucki, Modern
High German Stück ` piece ';
Old High German stūhha f., Middle High German stūche m. f. `weit offener Ärmel am
Frauengewand (actually Ärmelstumpf), Kopftuch', Modern High German Stauche, Middle
Low German stūke `stump, further Ärmel'; with ŭ: Old English stocu f. `long Ärmel';
manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes ` stiff ' (from which `bump, poke'
has evolved), and for comparison with Lithuanian stúkti ìn die Höhe stand' (Old Lithuanian
stauginė́ti àmble', actually ` stiff, stolpernd go'); compare russ. stugnutь ` congeal, freeze
(*stiff, rigid become?)', gr. στύγες Pl. Èiskälte', στύγος n. `repugnance, hate', στυγέω `
hate, verabscheue, dread', στύξ, Gen. στυγός f. `das Verhaßte, frost'; FlN Στύξ, see below
S. 1035;
dubious and only under the assumption from ` ablaut derailment ' possible is die
affiliation from Gothic stigqan `zusammenstossen with', ga-stigqan ànstossen', Old
Icelandic støkkva stem V. `spray', Intr. `break, crack, spring, fall, run'; Old English stincan `
whisk, steam, whirl up; stink', Old Saxon Old High German stincan `stink, smell'; Kaus. Old
Icelandic støkkva `verjagen, sprinkle', Old English stencan `scatter', Middle High German
steuken `stink make'; Old Saxon stank, stunk, Old English stenc `smell, odor, fetidness ',
Old High German stanc `ds., also fragrance '.
(s)teu-d-: Old Indic tundatē, tudáti `stößt, stachelt, sticht', todá- m. `Stachler, Lenker';
C. (s)teu-
Armenian t`ndal, t`ndel èrschüttert become';
from Gr. presumably names as Τυδεύς, Τυνδάρεως; doubtful τυννός ` μικρός ' (`*grind ',
Old Indic tunná-? (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), rather babble-
word with consonant stretch as τυτθός ` totally small; young ');
alb. shtynj `poke, push' (*studni̯ō);
Latin tundō -ere, tutudī `bump, poke, hit, hammer', tudes, -itis `hammer', tuditāre `violent
bump, poke', probably also tussis ` cough ' (if in addition Umbrian tuder `finem', tuderato
`finitum', so that `limit, boundary' actually Èndpunkt; whereof man anstößt'?); studeō, -ēre
`sich ernstlich worum bemühen, eager betreiben, sich befleißigen', studium `Streben,
eagerness ' (`*whereupon aim' from `whereupon hit');
Maybe alb. tund ` shake' a Latin loanword.
Old Irish do-tuit `fällt' (das t of Pl. -tuittet from *-to-tudi̯ont); abret. ar-stud ` cuspis ', bret.
astuz Ùngeziefer', cymr. cystudd `pain', etc.;
Gothic stautan (Old Icelandic stauta schw. V.), Old Saxon stōtan, Old High German
stōzan `bump, poke'; Middle High German Modern High German stutzen `with den
Hörnern Stoßen, sudden stillestehen, zurückprallen', Middle High German stotze `stem,
clot, chunk'; Old Icelandic steytr, Old High German stōz ` shove '; Old High German stiuz,
Modern High German Steiß (with md. ei for eu) actually `*abgestutzter Körperteil'
(compare Modern High German Stoß `die Schwanzfedern of Vogels in the jargon spoken
by hunters ');
Old Icelandic stūtr `horn, stump, ox', Middle Low German stūt `thigh, rump'; Swedish
Norwegian stota `stottern, stumble', Modern High German (Low German) `stottern'; due to
of nasal present Old Icelandic stuttr `short', Old English styntan `stutzen'
(s)teu-p- (occasionally -b-, -bh-) `bump, poke'; also `stick, stump'.

D. (s)teu-
Old Indic pra-stumpáti (uncovered), tṓpati, tupáti, túmpati, tumpáti `stößt', tūpará- `
unhorned ';
gr. τύπτω `hit', τύπος `blow, knock, Eindruck'; στυπάζει βροντᾳ, ψοφεῖ ὠθεῖ Hes.,
στύπος `stick, Stiel, stalk'; with -bh- στυφελίζω `hit, mißhandle', στυφλός `rough, stony ';
about στυφελός `herrisch' s. Leumann Homer. Wörter 269 f.;
Latin stuprum ` shame', esp. `die Entehrung through lubricity ' (originally `die dafür
verhängte Prügelstrafe'?); stupeō, -ēre ` rigid stand; betäubt, betreten sein, stutzen',
stupendus èrstaunlich, staunenswert'; with -b(h)- perhaps titubāre `wankeln, straucheln,
with the tongue anstoßen, stottern';
from *steub(h)-mā, *stoub(h)-mā: cymr. ystum f. `bend, turn, shape', bret. stumm ds.
(ins Irish borrowed Middle Irish stuaimm f. ` ability, capacity '), also `Flußbiegung'; dastum
`das Einsammeln' (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare Old English stūpian;
Old High German stobarōn òbstupēre';
Old Icelandic stūfr `stump', Middle Low German stūf Adj. `dull', stūven = Old Icelandic
styfa àbstumpfen, cavitate '; Old Icelandic stofn ` stump, foundation '; Old English stofn
ds., Old Icelandic stubbr, stubbi m. `stump, trunk', Old English stybb n. ` stump ';
with Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic stūpa ` tower ', Old English stūpian, mnl. stupen `sich
bücken'; ablaut. Old English stēap `high, ragend' (engl. steep `steep'), Middle High
German stouf `hochragender rocks' (Hohestaufen), Middle High German stief `steep'; Old
Icelandic staup n. `hole, goblet'; Old English stēap, Old High German Middle High German
stouf `goblet'; Old English stoppa ` bowl, basin, bucket, pail '; from àbgestutzt = stolen;
looted ' expounded sich Old Icelandic stjūp- `Stief-' (stjūpr `Stiefsohn'), Old English stēop-,
Old High German stiof-, stiuf-, Modern High German Stief-, Old English ābe-stīepan `mug,
rob', ā-stīeped `verwaist', Old High German ar-, bi-stiufan `the parents or the Kinder
berauben';
Latvian staũpe ` Pferdefußtapfen '; stupe, stups ` Besenstumpf; (ruptured, broken) rod'.
References: WP. II 615 ff., WH. II 608 ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer 3, 109, 160.
Page(s): 1032-1034
Root / lemma: steu-

steu-2
Meaning: to praise
Note: only indo-iran. under gr.
Material: Old Indic stā́uti, stávatē etc. `lobt, praises ', participle stutá- `gepriesen', stutí- f. `
laudation, praise ', stōtár- `Lobsanger' etc., Avestan staoiti `lobt, praises, besingt; prays ',
participle stūta-, stūiti-, staotar- etc., extended Old Indic stṓbhati ` praises, jauchzt'; gr.
στεῦται `(*rühmt sich) verspricht boasting '.
Page(s): 1035
Root / lemma: steu̯ǝ-

Meaning: to get dense or tight
Note: perhaps stāu-
stāu-, stǝu stū̆ with stāi- : stī̆- : sti̯-ā- `sich verdichten, stocken' as
ǝu- : stū̆
stǝu-
extension eines *stā- auffaßbar
Material: Old Indic ghr̥ta-stāvaḥ Akk. Pl. ` lard, drip'; pr̥thu-ṣṭu- `with a breiten Zopfe', stú-k-
ā, stuka- m. ` tuft of wool, Flocke', stōká- m. `drip', with the meaning-development ` clots,
roundish thing', probably Latvian stũḱis `Wickelkind' and Old Indic stúka- m. `kid, child, the
young of an animal '; Old Indic stū́-p-a-, stupá- m. `Haarschopf', gr. *στύ̄πη, στύππη `
oakum ' (out of it Latin stūpa, stuppa ds); gr. στύ̄φω `pull together, make dense, hard,
schmecke herb', στῦμμα `zusammenziehendes tool ', στῦψις `dasZusammenziehen,
Beizen', στῡπτικός `zusammenziehend', στῡφός, στῡφρός, στῡφνός `herb,
zusammenziehend', στυμνός `tight, firm, compact '; perhaps gr. στύξ, στυγός in Pl.
`durchdringender frost, Eiseskälte', στύγος n. `(* shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate',
στυγέω ` hate, verabscheue, dread', yet compare above S. 1033;
Church Slavic studъ studь `coldness', stynǫti èrkalten' and styděti ` be ashamed'
(`*solidify, congeal '); russ. istygnutь, stugnutь ` congeal, freeze '.
References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.

Page(s): 1035
stē̆ib(h)-
Root / lemma: stē̆ib(h) stī̆b(h)-
ib(h)-, stī̆ stē̆ip-
b(h)-, stē̆
b(h) stī̆ī̆ī̆p-
ip-, stī̆
ip
Meaning: pole, stick; stiff
stē̆ib(h)-
Material: 1. stē̆ stī̆ī̆ī̆b(h)-
ib(h)-, stī̆
ib(h) b(h)-: Old Indic stibhi- m. `Rispe, tussock '; gr. στιφρός `dense
b(h)
(zusammengedrängt), tight, firm, strong', στῖφος n. `Zusammengedrängtes, heap';
Armenian stēp `frequent, often', as Subst. ` power, compulsion ', stipem `dränge, force,
coerce '; gr. στείβω `make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete', στιπτός `tight, firm, thickset ',
στιβαρός ds., στίβος m. `the betretene path, track ', στιβάς, -άδος ` lair from Streu or straw
etc.', στοιβή `das Stopfen, Ausstopfung', στοιβάζω `häufe an', στί̄βη ` hoarfrost ';
Old Church Slavic stьblъ, stьblo (russ. stébelь) ` stalk', stьblije `καλάμη'; Lithuanian
stáibiai `Schienbeine', stíebas `stick, pillar, mast ', Latvian stiba `staff, rod', Old Prussian
stibinis `Schlittenbein', Lithuanian stībis `membrum virile': Lithuanian stiẽbtis `sich high
uplift, set up', Latvian stibt `betäubt become', Lithuanian stíebas `staff, pillar, mast ',
Latvian stìebrs ` bulrush'.
stē̆ip-
2. stē̆ stī̆ī̆ī̆p-: Latin stīpes, -itis m. `picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole', stīpō, -āre `dense to
ip-, stī̆
ip
press together, pile up, collect, accumulate, gedrängt vollstopfen', obstīpus ` sideways
willing, inclined';
with ĭ: stipula f. ` stem, straw'; unclear are stips, stipis ` currency, gift, Spende';
stī̆pendium `Soldatenlöhnung, tax, tribute, pay, guerdon, reward ' (*stipi-pendiom), stipulor,
-ārī `bedinge mir from'; Umbrian steplatu, stiplato `stipulātō';
gr. PN Στί̄πων to *στῑπος = Old English stīf, Middle High German (actually md.) stīf ` stiff
erect', besides Old Frisian stef (?); Middle Low German stīvele `pad', Middle High German
stīvel ds., Old Icelandic stīfla `dämmen' (out of it engl. stifle `choke; suppress, crush'); with
Germanic p: Low German stīpel, stīper `Stützholz', Frisian stīpe `picket, pole', engl. stipe `
stalk'; Middle Low German stip, stippe ` dot, speck, Tupf', stippen `punktieren, prick ',
Middle High German steppen `reihenweise sew, prick ', Modern High German steppen;
Middle Low German stift `small nail, peg', Old High German steft `cusp, peak, thorn, peg';
unclear are Old Low German stiftōn àedificare', Old High German Middle High German
stiften `feststellen, gründen, to build, instigate ', Modern High German stiften;
Lithuanian stimpù stìpti ` solidify, congeal, verenden', stiprùs `strong', Pl. stipinaĩ `pad
am sled ', Latvian stipt ` stiff become', ablaut. Lithuanian stiẽpti, Latvian stiept `recken'; Old
Prussian postippin `whole'.
References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;
References:
See also: to stāi-
stāi- S. 1010.
Page(s): 1015-1016
stē̆r-2
Root / lemma: stē̆
Meaning: star
Material:
In a-grade:
Hittite: astira- c. 'star?' (Tischler 86), ḫaster- c. (204ff)
Armenian astɫ, Gen. asteɫ `star, stars'; gr. ἀστήρ, -έρος `star', collective ἄστρα ` young '
ἄστρον `star, stars' (out of it Latin astrum), wherefore probably with (ὠπ-)ὀπ-: (ἀ)στεροπή,
ἀστραπή `lightning, sheet lightning ', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαῖος ` Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus)
';
In zero grade:
In e-grade (internal):
gr. στέροψ ` shimmering ', (ἀ)στράπτω `flash, sparkle, glitter',
Latin stēlla `star' (*stēr-[o]lā, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.
seren `star' (Pl. ser), Middle Irish ser `star' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade
gall. GN Dɦirona, Sirona; Gothic staírnō, Old High German sterno, Old Norse stjarna `star'
and Old High German Old Saxon sterro, Old English steorra `star' (*sters- to s-stem
*steros?), Old Frisian stēra `star' (or stēre f.).
Tokharian: A śre (pl. śreñ), B śćirye (PT *śćäriye) 'star' (Adams 640)
Note:
Common alb. Tocharian st- > sc- see alb. stjerrë, shqerrë ` young cow, heifer'.
In a-grade (internal):
Old Indic Instr. Pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, Nom. Pl. tāraḥ m. `stars', tarā f. `star', Avestan Akk. Sg. stā̆rǝm,
Gen. stārō, Pl. Nom. staras-ča, stārō, Akk. strǝ̄uš, Gen. strǝ̄m, Dat. stǝrǝbyō `star';
without anl. s- (as Old Indic tāraḥ, tarā) τερέων Gen. Pl., with metr. lengthening τείρεα,
τείρεσιν ` constellation ';
Maybe alb. (*Hstēr-[o]lā, diminutive > abbreviated hyll `star'.
References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gr. Et. Wb.
170 f.
Page(s): 1027-1028
stilp-, stilb-
Root / lemma: stilp- stilb- ?
Meaning: to shine; to show
Note: dem Bau Indo Germanic roots widersprechend
Material: Gr. στίλβω `gleam, shimmer', στίλβη ` radiance '; στιλπνός `gleaming' = Irish sell
èye', sellaim `sehe an', cymr. syllu, corn. sylly, bret. sellout `watch, look '.
Page(s): 1035
Page(s):
Root / lemma: stomen-

stomen-
Meaning: mouth
Material: Avestan staman- n. `muzzle (of dog)'; gr. στόμα n. `mouth', στόμαχος (-gho-
forms) `throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, stomach'; lengthened grade
στωμύλος `mundfertig, gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering; artig plaudernd',
στωμύλλω `plaudere', στωμυλία `Geschwätzigkeit' (daß ved. stāmú- perhaps ` sounding,
stöhnend' bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: cymr. safn ` maxilla ';
sefnig `throat', acorn. stefenic `palate', Middle Breton staffn, nbret. staoñ ds.
Page(s): 1035
Root / lemma: storos, str̥nos?)

storos stornos (str̥ nos
nos
Meaning: a kind of bird (starling)
Material: Latin sturnus, -ī m. `Star', from *str̥nos or *stornos, in latter case = Old English
stearn `Seeschwalbe', Old Prussian starnite ` seagull' (Ms. stamite); compare also Czech
strnad, russ. strenátka `Goldammer'?
Old High German star(a), Modern High German Star, Old Icelandic stari, Old English
stær, Demin. stærling ds.
References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer 3, 26.

Page(s): 1036
Root / lemma: streig-

streig-1
Meaning: to stop, be immovable
Material: Latin strigō, -āre `stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren)', wherefore
probably also obstrigillō, -āre ` hindering entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein';
Norwegian strika (*strikōn =strigāre) èinhalten, stoppen', striken òbstructive', strīka stem
V. `den run, flow hamper, stoppen'; Lithuanian straigýti `hineinstoßen', stringù, strìgti
`steckenbleiben', Latvian striêgt and strigt ` sink in ' (actually `steckenbleiben'), straignis
`morass'; Slavic *stręg-ti in poln. zastrząc, ustrząc.
References:
Page(s): 1036
Root / lemma: streig-

streig-2
Meaning: stiff
Note: probably extension from ster- ` stare '
Material: Latin stringō, -ere, strictus in the meaning `straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie
';
Norwegian dial. strīkja `die Augen aufsperren, to swell', strīk, strek èin aufgeschossener
knave, boy'; *strikki- `rope' in Old Frisian strik, Middle Low German strik (-ck-), Old High
German Middle High German stric (-ck-) `rope'; therefrom Middle Low German stricken `
lace, tie, bind, knit ', Old High German strickan `heften, festschnüren, knit ', Old English
strician ` knit, mend'.

Page(s): 1036
(s)treig-3, streid(h)-
Root / lemma: (s)treig- streid(h)-
Meaning: to hiss
Material: Gr. τρίζω, τέτρῑγα `zirpe, schwirre, knirsche', τριγμός (neologism τρισμός) m. `das
Zirpen, Schwirren', τρί̄γλη `Seebarbe', τρῑγόλας `Knurrhahn'; στρίγξ, -γγός f., also στρίξ,
στλίξ; στρίγλος Hes. èin Nachtvogel', Latin strīx, -gis f. Òhreule', strīd(e)ō, -ē̆re, strīdī
`hiss, schwirren, schrillen'.
Page(s): 1036
strenk-, streng-
Root / lemma: strenk- streng-
Meaning: stiff, tight
Note: (as by ster-g-, stre-g-, see below ster- ` stare ')
Material: Gr. στραγγός ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved '; through eine
schmale aperture tröpfelnd' (στραγγουρία `Striktur'), στράγξ, -γγός f. àussickernder,
ausgedrückter drip', στραγγεύεσθαι `sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate',
στραγγάλη f. `string, rope, loop, noose, snare ', στραγγαλεύω, -ίζω, -όω (from which Latin
strangulō) èrdroßle', στρογγύλος (from *στραγγύλος) ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved = round ';
Middle Irish srengim `pull, drag', sreng `rope', srincne `Nabelschnur' (strengīni̯ā);
Latvian stringt `stramm become; wilt' (`*shrink up '), strangs `gamy, fresh' (Lituanismus);
in Germanischen from the root form auf k or gh: Old Icelandic strengr `cord, rope, stripe,
schmaler stream' (*strangi-), Old English streng m. `cord, rope', Old High German stranc (-
g-), Modern High German Strang `rope '; denominative Old Icelandic strengja ` fasten,
shut';
with other meaning Old Icelandic strangr `violent, strong, stern, hard', Old English Old
Saxon strang ds., strenge `stern', Middle Low German strenge, Old High German strengi
`sharp, strong, valiant, stern', and Old English strengan `fasten, clip, bind', Middle High
German strengen `strecken, urge, press, push', Modern High German anstrengen;
Maybe alb. shtrëngoj `fasten, clip, bind '.
Norwegian strungen ` stiff or beklemmt in stomach'; Old Icelandic strangi m. `tree truck';
from the root form auf Indo Germanic voiced-nonaspirated: Old Swedish strunker
àufgerichtet, straight', Norwegian Danish strunk `ds., stout, proud', Norwegian strunken =
strungen (see above), Middle High German strunk ` stalk, stem of a plant ', Middle Low
German strunk ` stalk', Middle High German strunken, strunkeln `straucheln', (could also
nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- sein);
Latvian streñkals èin piece verhärteten Auswurfs' (perhaps ` stiff, rigid').

Page(s): 1036-1037
(s)trep-, (s)treb-
Root / lemma: (s)trep- (s)treb-
Meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words
Material: Latin strepō, -ere `make a noise, cry, rustle'; perhaps the Italian FlN Trebia;
isl. Þrefa `quarrel, squabble', Old Icelandic Þrapt n. `gossip', Old English Þræft n.
`discord, quarrel', Middle Low Germandrevelinge ds. (with p: Old Icelandic Þrapr ` babbler
', Þrap n. `garrulitas');
compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)- `hiss, schwirren' and Latin stertō `schnarche'.

Page(s): 1037
Root / lemma: stru-

stru-
Meaning: gray-haired, old
Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic
Material: Old Irish sruith òld, venerable ' (*stru-ti-s), acymr. strutiu gl. àntiquam';
Lithuanian strūjus ` graybeard '; Old Church Slavic stryjь `patruus', strynja àmita'.
Page(s): 1037
su-, sū-
Root / lemma: su- sū-
Meaning: well, good
Material: Old Indic su-, Avestan hu-, Old pers. u-, e.g. in Old Indic su-drú- `strong wood',
su-bhága- `lucky, beglückend', Avestan hu-baɣa- `good Eheglück granting ';
gr. ὑγιής `fit, healthy' (*su-gʷii̯ēs `wohllebend');
gall. su- (e.g. Su-carus =) cymr. hy-gar `liebenswürdig', corn. hy-, bret. he-, Old Irish su-,
so- (e.g. su-thain ` eternal ', so-scél(a)e Èvangelium');
Germanic sū̆- in Su-gambri VN, Old Icelandic sū-svǫrt f. `Schwarzamsel' (`die whole
Schwarze');
Lithuanian sūdrus `horny, lustful, luscious'; Old Church Slavic sъdravъ `ὑγιής', Czech
zdravý (compare above Old Indic su-drú-) etc.; Slavic *sъbožьje, Czech zboží `Besitztum'
from *sъ-bogъ (= Old Indic subhága-, above S. 107);
suis zero grade to *su̯e- (above S. 882 f.); compare Old Indic sva- in sva-dhā = su-dhā
su-
` sweet drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'
(above S. 241), svá-dhita- = sú-dhita- `tight, firm, fit, healthy';
References: WH. II 512, E. Fraenkel Mél. Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.
Page(s): 1037-1038
Root / lemma: su̯ard-

ard-
ard
Meaning: to laugh
Material: σαρδάνιος `höhnisch, spöttisch', σαρδίζειν `hohnlachen'; cymr. chwarddu, corn.
hwerthin, Middle Bretonhuersin `laugh'.
Page(s): 1040
Root / lemma: su̯ād-

ād-
ād
Meaning: sweet
Material: 1. su̯ādú-
dú-s `sweet': Old Indic svādú-, f. svādvī́ `sweet, mellifluous'; gr. ἡδύς, f. -εῖα
(*-εFια), -ύ, Doric ἁδύς `sweet'; with formants -mo-: ἅ̄δυμος, hom. ἥδυμος `pleasant'; Latin
suāvis (*su̯ādu̯is) `sweet'; Old Saxon swōti, Old High German suozi, Old English swēte,
Old Icelandic sø̄tr `sweet'; gall. PN Suadurīx, -genus, Irish Sadb f. PN; about Gothic sutis `
peaceful, gentle', s. Mayrhofer KZ 71, 74 f. under 73, 116 f.
Kompar. Superl. Old Indic svádīyas-, gr. ἡδίων; Old Indic svā́diṣṭha- = gr. ἥδιστος;
dos- n. Süßigkeit, satisfaction ': ved. prá-svādas- ` mellifluous, pleasant', μελιηδής
2. su̯ā́dos-
dos
` mellifluent ', ἧδος n. ` vinegar ' (gr. ἦδος n. `benefit, advantage', absents).
3. su̯ādonom,
ādonom, -ā: Old Indic svā́danam, gr. ἡδονή f. `lust'.
ādonom
4. verbs and other nominal formation:
Old Indic ved. svādatē ìs pleased, enjoys' = gr. ἥδομαι (Boeotian Fἅ̄δομη) `freue
myself';
Avestan x ̌āstō ` through cook gar (schmackhaft) gemacht, cooked, boiled' = Old Indic
svāttá- `gewürzt'; Old Indic svā́da- m. `taste, Wohlgeschmack', Baluchi vād `salt'
(Mittelbegriff `Würze');
causative respectively intensive svādáyati (= Latin suādeō, see below) and svadáyati
`schmackhaft, annehmbar make; taste, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', zero grade sūdayati
`belonging einrichten, good make, fertigmachen = slay, destroy' (with the same ablaut
grade Perf. suṣūdimá; sūdā- m. ` cook ', Lithuanian súdyti, Gothic sūtis);
with analog. ă: svádati `makes schmackhaft, würzt', svádate `schmeckt', participle

svattá-; nasalized Avestan x ̌andra-kara- àngenehmes making = compliant', afgh. x ̌and
`Wohlgeschmack, pleasure' (compare gr. ἁνδά̄νω);
Gr. ἥδομαι (see above); ἄσμενος ` pleases ', not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist
ἥσατο (the Lenis unexplained); *αFᾱδεω, *αηδεω (hom. ἀηδήσειε, ἀδηκότες) `bin
querulous ', lokr. FεFαδηκότα (ᾱ or ᾰ?); ἁνδάνω `gefalle', Aor. hom. εὔαδε, gortyn. ἔFαδε,
Perf. ἕᾱδα (: Old Indic sasvadē), ἀφανδάνω `mißfalle' (ἀφαδία ènmity'), Ionian ἅδος m.
`decision', ἅδημα Hes. ds., αὐθά̄δης, Ionian αὐτώδης `hubristic, overbearing, selbstgefällig'
(*αὐτοFάδης), ἀFαδής ` querulous ', whereof ἀαδεῖν ὀχλεῖν, ἀπορεῖν Photios; this -es-stem
ἅδος is previously gr. neologism from ἁνδάνω from;
Latin suādeō, -ēre `rate' (i.e. `mache einem etwas gefallen');
Lithuanian sū́dyti ` spice, salzen';
perhaps here Old English swatan Pl. `beer', Scots Gaelic swats `fresh gebrautes beer'.
Maybe alb. (*hu̯ād-) anda ‘appetite, desire, wish’ related also to Hittite anza ‘desire’???
Root / lemma: su̯ād-
ād- : sweet
ād
Root / lemma: ad(u)-
ad(u)-, ad-
ad-ro-
ro-
English meaning: water current

Root / lemma: akʷ ēkʷ-
English meaning: water, river
Root / lemma: from-
from-
English meaning: to draw (water), ladle
(e)-9, au̯ed-
(e) ed-, au̯er-
ed er-
er
English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc..
References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f., Frisk 104, 166, 184 f.
Page(s): 1039-1040
Root / lemma: su̯eid-

id-1
Meaning: to shine
Material: Avestan x ̌aēna- ` burning, lohend' (*x ̌aēdna-); Latin sīdus, -eris `stars',
consīderāre `betrachten', dēsīderāre `long, want';
Lithuanian svidùs `blank, gleaming', svýsti `to gleam begin', svidù, -ė́ti `gleam', Latvian
svī́st ànbrechen, of days', sváidīt ànoint' (actually `gleam make');
ein similar *su̯eit-, but in the meaning `singe, burn' in Old Icelandic svīða, Old High
German swīdan `burn'; in addition probably as Aoristpräs. Old High German swedan
`schwelend burn ' and with ablaut derailment Old English swaðul `smoke', Middle High
German swadem `Rauch schwaden, haze, mist'

Page(s): 1042
Root / lemma: su̯eid-

eid-2
eid
Meaning: to sweat; sweat n.
Material: Old Indic svídyati, svḗdatē `schwitzt', svḗda- m. = Avestan xvaēda- `Schweiß' (=
Material:
Germanic *swaita-);
Armenian kìrt-n, Gen. -an `Schweiß' (rt from dr, compare gr. ἱδρώς, Latvian sviêdri); gr.
(ε)ἶδος (Ionian) n. `Schweiß', hom. etc. (ε)ἰ/δίω, Attic ἰ̄δί̄ω `sweat', ἰ̄δρώς, -ῶτος, Attic ἱ̄δρώς
probably after εὐρώς, -ῶτος ` mould, dank decay ' from the originally -os-stem from hom.
Dat. ἱδρῷ, Akk. ἱδρῶ- (grown from Indo Germanic *su̯idro-), ἱδρώω `sweat' (*ἱδρωσ-ι̯ω);
alb. (*jedros) dirsë, djersë ` sweat ', djers ` to sweat ' (with s from ti̯ in present *su̯í-
drōxti̯ō); Common ḫ- > j- Slavic Albanian; ḫ- > i̯-, y- Old Indic Tocharian.
Rumanian sudoare 'sweat'
Latin sūdor, -ōris `Schweiß' (*su̯oidōs), sūdō, -āre `schwitzen';
kymr. chwys, corn. whys, bret. c'houez `Schweiß' (*su̯idso-);
Old English swāt, Old Saxon swēt, Old High German sweiz m. `Schweiß', Old Icelandic
sveiti m. ds.; Old High German swizzen (= Old Indic svídyati) `schwitzen', Kaus.-Iter. Old
High German sweizzan, Middle High German sweizen `Schweiß shed, bluten, damp
become', Middle High German also `hot make, rösten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhämmern,
schweißen' (= Old Indic svēdáyati àllows schwitzen');
Latvian sviêdri Pl. `Schweiß', svîstu, svîst `schwitzen', svîdêt `schwitzen make'.
Basque izerdi n. ` sweat' : Hungarian izzadni v. ` sweat'.

Page(s): 1043
ei-, su̯i- (*ĝʷhei- : kṣu̯ēi)

Root / lemma: su̯ei-
ei
Meaning: to hiss, whistle
Note: extended su̯eizd-
eizd-; Italian and Germanic su̯eighl-
eizd eighl-
eighl
eizdō Old Indic kṣvēḍati, kṣvēdati `saust, braust,
Material: Indo Germanic Alters is *su̯eizdō:
eizdō
summt' common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯-
(if kṣ- onomatopoeic words Schallverstärkung eines from *svaiẓdati assimilierten
*svaiẓdati); Old Irish sēt- `(ein Instrument) blow', Middle Irish airfitiud ` through Musik
delight', Old Irish ind fet `sibilus', nir. fead à whistle' (*swizdā), Middle Irish fetán
`shepherd’s pipe', cymr. chwythu `blow, (ein Instrument) blow', chwyth `das blast',
chwythell ` whistle ' (chwib ds., hybridization from chwyth with pib ` whistle ' from Latin
pīpa), corn. whythe, whethe, bret. c'houeza `blow'; Old Church Slavic svistati, zvizdati
`sibilāre' (kann from *svizdati assimil. sein);
gr. σίζω ` fizz ', Aor. ἔσιξα (σίξις, σιγμός `das Zischen') is similar onomatopoeic word
formation as Latvian sīkt ds.;
also Latin sībilō, -āre `hiss, whistle', sībilus `zischend; das Zischen', sekundär sīfilō,
sīfilus, compare zero grade Gothic swiglōn `die flute blasen, whistle', Old High German
swëglōn ds., swëgala `flute' (*su̯ighlā-);
Maybe Latin sīfilō, sīfilus : Albanian fishkëllej : Italian fischiare : French siffler :
Bergamasco sifulà : Calabrese fiscare ; fischijare : Napulitano siscà : Catalan xiular :
Catanese friscari : Romagnolo fistciè : Venetian fisciare ` to whistle '.
similarly, but without historical connection with the above words also npers. siflīden
`whistle, chirp, twitter', Old Church Slavic sipota ` hoarseness ', sipnǫti ` become hoarse ',
Czech sípati `hiss, hoarse become'.
References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer 2, 594 f.
Page(s): 1040-1041
ekrū́- (*k̂u̯ek̂ur-ā)
Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́
ekr
Meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law
Material: Old Indic śváśura-, Avestan x ̌asura- `father-in-law', Old Indic śvaśrū́- ` mother-in-
law '; npers. χusrū ds.;
Armenian skesur ` mother-in-law ' from *k̂u̯ek̂urā), afterwards skesrair `father-in-law',

actually `man of the mother-in-law ';
Note:
The in animate suffix -ul

ul- ur : Old Indic śváśura
ul > -ur
ur- ura śvāśura
ura-, ura Avestan x ̌asura
ura- ura , Armenian
ura-
ur gr. ἑκυρ
skesur
ur, υρό υρά̄ : Lithuanian šẽšuras
υρός, ἑκυρ
υρά̄ uras : Old High German swehur ur :
ur swāgur
ur,
υρικό
υρί
υριστί.
υριστί
gr. ἑκυρός `father-in-law, under between the father of Ehemanns', ἑκυρά̄ ` mother-in-law ';
alb. vjehërr `father-in-law', vjéherrë ` mother-in-law '; [common alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop of
the initial s-]
Latin socer, -eri `father-in-law', socrus, -ūs ` mother-in-law '; cymr. chwegr, corn. hweger `
mother-in-law ', neologism cymr. chwegrwn, corn. hwigeren `father-in-law'; Old High
German swehur, Old English swēor `Schwäher', Old High German swigar, Old English
sweger (*sweʒ-rū́) ` mother-in-law ';
Gothic swaíhrō = Old Norse svǣra ` mother-in-law ' (*swehrōn-), neologism Gothic
swaíhra `father-in-law' (*swehran-), as also Modern High German Schwiegervater after
Schwieger(mutter) for Schwäher;
Lithuanian šẽšuras `father-in-law'; Old Church Slavic svekry ` mother-in-law ' (-kr-
through dissimilation against the anlaut has not changed to -sr-), whereupon m. svekrъ
`father-in-law';
lengthened grade: Old Indic śvāśura- ` belonging to father-in-law ', Old High German
swāgur (*su̯ēkurós) `brother-in-law (*son of father-in-law)', also `father-in-law, son-in-law'.
References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer 2, 588.
Page(s): 1043-1044
Root / lemma: su̯ek-

ek-
ek
Meaning: to smell (well)
Note: only brit. and West Germanic
Material: Cymr. chweg `sweet, pleasant', corn. whek, bret. c'houek; cymr. chwaeth
(*su̯ekto-) `taste'; Old High German swehhan `smell, stink, spring up, bubble'; with
gemination Old High German swekhe, sueckia Pl. òdores', Old Saxon swec `smell, odor,
fragrance ', Old English swecc, swæcc `taste, smell, odor, fragrance ', sweccan `smell'.
Page(s): 1043
Root / lemma: su̯ek̂s, sek̂s, ksek̂s, ksu̯ek̂s, u̯ek̂s (: uk̂s) (*ghe-ska)

Meaning: six
Material: Old Indic ṣáṭ (from saṭṣ), Avestan xšvaš; Armenian vec̣ (in vat`sun `60' is a from
e umgelautet); gr. ἕξ, dial. Fέξ (knidisch ξέστριξ ` 6-lined barley', maybe from *ξεξ); alb.
[attribute noun] gjashtë `six';
[common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-], hence alb. gjashtë `six' from an ordinal
number (*ghek̂s-ta) : Old Indic ṣáṭ `six', ṣaṣṭhá- `sixth' was initially an ordinal number.
Note:
alone.
Slavic, Germanic, Baltic languages follow illyr-alb. attribute -ta ending.
Latin sex; Old Irish sē `6', seser `6 man', mōr-feser `magnus seviratus, 7 man', cymr. etc.
chwech `6'; Gothic saihs, Old Icelandic sex, Old High German sehs; Lithuanian inflectional
šešì; Old Church Slavic šestь (= Old Indic ṣaṣṭí-); Tocharian A ṣäk, В ṣkas; compare Latin
sēdecim: Old Indic ṣōḍaśa 16 (Avestan xšvašdasa- `the 16.').
ordinals: Old Indic ṣaṣṭhá-, Avestan xštva-; Armenian vec̣erord; gr. ἕκτος; alb. i-
gjashtëtë, i-gjashtë; Illyrian Sestus; Latin sextus, sestus (Sestius, Oscan Σεστιες, Umbrian
sestentasiaru `sextantariārum'; Indo Germanic probably *s(u̯)ek̂tos, in Latin and Germanic
with Eindringen of s from the Grundzahl); gall. suexos, Old Irish sessed, cymr. chweched;
Gothic saíhsta, Old High German sehsto, sehto, Old Icelandic sētte; Lithuanian šẽštas,
Old Prussian m. zero grade uschts, compare Old Lithuanian ušios `Wochenbett' (Old
Prussian loanword), genuine Lithuanian šẽšios ds.: Old Church Slavic šestъ; Tocharian A
ṣkäṣt, В ṣkaste.
It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:
East: Akkadian+ shishshu, Central: Arabic sittah, Saudi sitta, Yemeni sitteh, Syrian sette,
Lebanese setti, Cypriot sítte, Iraqi sitta, Egyptian sitta, E Libyan 'sitta, N African (Darja)
sitta, Moroccan setta, Sudanese si|tta, Nigerian sitte, Zanzibari sitte, Maltese sitta,
Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shêsh, Modern Hebrew
Hebrew
shesh, Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h, Modern: Aramaic shé:'tt
tt Classical Syriac+ èshta:,
tta:,
Syriac 'ishta, Van ishtta, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th, South Arabian (Harsusi) 'hatteh,
(Sheri) shet, Socotra yha`T, N Ethiopic : Geez+ siddistu, Tigre ses, Beni Amir siss, Tigrinya
shuddushte, S Ethiopic : Amharic siddist, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage
seddest, Gafat+ seddestä, Soddo seddest, Goggot seddest, Muher seddest, Masqan
seddest, CW Gurage sedest, Ennemor sedest.
Egyptian : Egyptian+ s-y-s-w, (Recons.) sar'saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European
Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: Old English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English
six, Scots sax, Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) sæks, Dutch zes, W/S
Flemish zèsse, Brabants zes, Low Saxon söß, Emsland zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass,
Afrikaans ses, German sechs, Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex,
Cimbrian sèks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfränkisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex,
Luxembourgeois sechs, Swiss German sächs, Yiddish zeks, Middle High German+ sëhs,
Old High German+ sehs, Northern: Runic+ sæx, Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danish
seks, Swedish sex, Faroese seks, Old Icelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex, Eastern: Gothic+
saíhs, Crimean+ seis, Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex,
Romance: Mozarabic+ xaix, Portuguese seis, Galician seis, Spanish seis, Ladino sex,
Asturian seis, Aragonese seis, Catalan sis, Valencian sis, Old French+ sis, French six,
Walloon shijh, Jèrriais six, Poitevin sis, Old Picard+ sies, Picard sis, Occitan (Provençal)
sièis, Lengadocian sièis, Gascon shèis, Auvergnat siei, Limosin siei, Franco-Provençal
(Vaudois) sî, Rumantsch Grischun sis, Sursilvan sis, Vallader ses, Friulian sîs, Ladin síes,
Dalmatian+ si, Italian sei, Piedmontese sés, Milanese sés, Genovese sei, Venetian sié,
Parmesan se:s, Corsican sei, Umbrian séi, Neapolitan sèië, Sicilian sie, Romanian s,ase,
Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite s,asi, Istriot s,åse, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex,
Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-Celtic): Welsh chwech, Cardiganshire sich, Breton c'hwec'h,
Vannetais huéh, Unified Cornish+ whegh, Common hwegh, Modern whee, Devonian+
hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): Old Irish+ se, Irish sé, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic:
Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-), Classical Greek+ héx, Greek éksi, Cypriot éksi, Tsakonian
ékse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ säk, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjashtë, Gheg
(Qosaj) gh'asht, Tosk (Mandritsa) g'áshtë, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vech,
Armenian vec, Baltic West : Old Prussian+ *usjai, East : Lithuanian sheshì, Latvian seshi,
Latgalian seshi, Slavic East : Russian shesth, shest'; Belarussian shesthh, shesc';
Ukrainian sh--sth, shist'; West : Polish szes'c', Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech
shest, Slovak shest', West shest, East shesc, Upper Sorbian shêsc', Lower Sorbian sêsc',
South: Old Church Slavonic+ shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo-
Serbo-Croat
shêst, Slovene shest, Indo-
Indo-Iranian: Proto-Indo-Iranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastern:
Ossetian Iron æxsæz, Digor æxsæz, Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+ 'x, Sogdian+
wghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+
Saka+ ks
säta', Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a:xshe, Yidgha uxsho, Ishkashmi xu,l,
Sanglechi
Shughn xo:gh, Rushani xu:,w, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) xel, Parachi xi,
Ormuri sh.ah, Western Northwest : Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shæsh,
Khunsari shäsh, Gazi shösh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash,
Gilaki shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh,
Baluchi shesh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sheshsh, Kermanji
(S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Bajalani shish, Kermanshahi shäsh,
Southwest : Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahani shish, Tajik shash, Tati
shæsh, Chali shesh, Fars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani
Ashkun shû:,
sh Wasi-weri wu:sh,
sh, Kati shu,
sh Kalasha-ala shu:,
sh Indic : Sanskrit+ s.as., Prakrit+
chà, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany
Romany (Gypsy): Spanish jol, Welsh shov,
Kalderash shov, Syrian sha:s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese-
Sinhalese-Maldivian:
Sinhalese haya, Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie, Northern India Dardic:
Kashmiri shah, Shina sha,
sh Brokskat sa, Phalura sho
sh h, Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali
sho:, Wotapuri sho:, Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sho,
sh Khowar chhoy, Dameli sho,
sh Gawar-bati
shuo:, Pashai chha,
ch Shumashti shoo,
sho Nangalami so:, Dumaki sha,
sh Western: Marathi seha,
Konkani sô, Sindhi cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda chè:, Central: Hindi/ Urdu chai, Parya chhe,
Punjabi che, Siraiki chi, Gujarati che, Rajasthani (Marwari) chàw, Banjari (Lamani) cho,
Malvi chè:, Bhili so:, Dogri chè:, Kumauni chài, Garhwali chài:, W Pahari tsho:,
Khandeshi chà, East Central: Nepali cha, Maithili
Maithili chà:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri chæ,
Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi chè:, Eastern: Oriya cha'a, Bengali choy, Assamese
sei, Mayang soy.
Dravidian
Northwest : Brahui shash, Northeast : Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye, Central : Kolami saa /
a:r, Naiki
Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda
Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:, South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru,
Kodagu a:rü, Kurumba -a.ru,, Toda o:r,
r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:rru, Irula aru,
Nahali
Nahali cha:h,
Basque
Basque sei
Etruscan
Etruscan+ sa
References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS
1944, 54 f.
Page(s): 1044
Root / lemma: s(u̯)ekʷo

)ekʷo-
)ekʷo-s
Meaning: sap, pitch, *blood
Material: Gr. ὀπός ` plant juice, resin ', ὀπόεις `saftig', whereof the PN ᾽Οπόεις (inschr.
Material:
hοποντίων);
Latvian svakas f. Pl., umgelautet svek'is, Pl. svek'i `resin, Gummi', Lithuanian sakaĩ Pl.,
Old Prussian sackis ds. `juice, sap of the plant and Früchte'; with transference aufs
tierische russ. osoka ` blood pus ', klr. posoka `blood of an animal' and alb. gjak `blood'.
Note:
Alb. (*sak) gjaku `blood' [common alb. s- > gj- shift]. Clearly alb. cognate derived from
Latin sanguis -inis m. (and sanguen, n.) `blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family,
progeny; life-blood, strength, vigor'.
Also gr. (*saina) αἷμα `blood', Old High German seim ` honey ', Sansk. soma `blood of
animals, sap of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink'
From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:
Protoform: *sḕgù
Meaning: healthy; blood
Turkic protoform: *sạg
Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)
Tungus protoform: *sēgV-
Korean protoform: *sà'ó-náb-
Japanese protoform: *sùkù-jaka
References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer 2, 688.
Page(s): 1044
Root / lemma: su̯el-
el-1(k-
el 1(k-)
Meaning: to swallow, eat, drink
Material: Avestan x ̌ar- ` enjoy, consume '; engl. swill ` devour, drink greedily ' (also ` swill,
flush ', as Old English swillan, swillian), Middle Low German swellen ` live excessively ',
isl. sollr ` carousal '; Norwegian soll ` milk with lump bread ', Old Icelandic hrǣsollr ` blood '
(`*wet and lumpy '); Old Icelandic sollr ` swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen
refuse, used for pig-food, pigswill ' (which has also the meaning in engl. swill );
maybe alb. (*swill) sillë 'food, breakfast', (*swell) gjellë 'food, dish' [common alb. s- > gj-
shift] similar to alb (*sak) gjak 'blood'.
from an extension su̯elk-

elk-: Old High German swelhan and swelgan ` swallow, drink ', Old
elk
English swelgan, Old Icelandic svelga, Modern High German schwelgen; Old Icelandic
svelgr ` whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton ', Middle Low German Middle High German
swalch ` throat ', Modern High German Schwalch ` Opening of the furnace ', Low German
swalgen ` suffocate '; Swedish svalg, svulg ` throat ', Old Icelandic sylgr ` gulp '.
References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;

See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. u̯elk-
elk-.
elk
Page(s): 1045
lemma: su̯el-
Root / lemma: el-2
el
Meaning: to smoulder, burn
Material: Old Indic svárati `radiates, shines '; svargá- m. ` sky ';
gr. εἵλη, εἴλη, ἕλη f. ` solar warmth, sunlight ', γέλαν αὐγήν ἡλίου, lak. βέλα Hes., ἐλάνη `
flambeau, torch ', assim. ἑλένη Hes., ΏΕλένη originally a light goddess; zero grade ἀλέα f.
` solar warmth ', ἁλεαίνω ` warms up ', ἀλεεινός `hot', ἁλυκρός (Nikand.) `warm';
uncertain affiliation from σέλας n. ` Shine ', σελήνη, Aeolic σελάννα ` moon ' (*σελασνᾱ),
σελαγεῖν ` shine ';
maybe alb. (*σελαγεῖν) *xelagein, shkëlqen `shines'
maybe alb. (*σελάννα) hana ` moon ' similar to alb. (*sūli-) hül, ül ` star, planet, *sun ' [the
shift s > h];
alb. and gr. prove that from Root / lemma: sā́u̯el-

el sāu̯ol-
ol el-, sūl-
el sūl- : (sun) derived
el-2 : (to smoulder, burn).
el
Old English swelan stem V. ` burn, is ignited ', Middle Low German swelen schw. V.
(Modern High German schwelen), Old High German swilizōn; Old Icelandic svalr ` cold '
(actually `singeing'), Middle Low German swalm ` dense smoke ', Old English swol n.
(*swula-), sw(e)oloð(a) m. ` the burning, heat ';
maybe alb. (*sveri) veri 'north cold wind', (*sveri) veri 'north, cold'
lengthened grade *swēl- in Old Icelandic svǣla ` burn incense ', f. ` thick smoke ', Old
English swǣlan ` incinerate, burn (trans.)', and *swōl- in Low German swōl ` sultry '
(umlaut, Modern High German schwül), Dutch zwoel, zoel ds.;
- with Germanic k: Low German swalk ` steam, smoke ', Middle High German swelk `
withered, dry ', Old High German swelchen, Middle High German swelken ` become wilted
'. – the d-present in Old High German swelzan ` burn, incinerate (intr.)', for what
presumably as ` swelter ' (compare engl. sweltry, sultry ` extremely hot '),
Old English Old Saxon sweltan stem V. ` die, pass away ', Middle Dutch swelten, Old
Icelandic svelta stem V. ` starve, die ', Gothic swiltan stem V. ` to die ', zero grade Gothic
swulta-wairÞja ` he who leans toward death, he who is inclined toward death ', Old
Icelandic sultr m. ` hunger ', Old English swylt m. ` death '; maybe to Armenian kàɫc-nu-m
` starve ', kàɫc̣ ` hunger ' (*su̯l̥d-sk̂-ō);
Lithuanian svįlù, svìlti ` is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame ', causative svìlinti `
to singe (tr.)', žem. svìlis ` heat, fevers ', svelti ` smolder ', Latvian svel'u, svelt ` to scorch
(tr.)', svelme f. ` steam, glow ', svals m. ` steam ', svelains ` sharp, cold ' (compare
meaning from Old Norse svalr).
Maybe alb. (*svala) valë 'boil, steam', phr. merr një valë 'to steam' [the common alb. shift
SV > V].
References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;
sāu̯el-
See also: see above S. 881 f. sāu̯ el-.
el
Page(s): 1045
su̯el-
Root / lemma: (su̯ el-3), su̯ol-
el ol-, sul-
ol sul-
Meaning: foot sole; ground
Material: Latin solea ` a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole ';
solum ` bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land,
country ';
Middle Irish fol. i. bond ` foundation, foot sole ', Akk. Sg. folaig, Nom. Pl. solaig, Dat. Pl.
Old Irish soilgib;
zero grade gr. ὑλία (Hes.) ` foot sole '.
Alb. shollë 'sole' (probably a Latin loanword).

Page(s): 1046

el-4
el
Meaning: ` arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod '
See also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-
sel-2.
Page(s): 1046
Root / lemma: su̯e-lo-

lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)-
o(n)-
o(n)
Meaning: a kind of relation (brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters)
Material:
Old laryngeal gr. He- > a-, e-; satem He- > s-
Gr. ἀέλιοι (ἀ- cop., compare Old High German gein ge-swīo ` brother-in-law ': swīo),
αἴλιοι, εἰλίονες (for to be expected *ἑλίονες) ds. (Hes., Poll.);
Old Icelandic svilar Pl. ds., Sg. svili ` brother-in-law ';
to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seu̯e-.
maybe initially alb. (*svelioi) vëllai 'brother' [the common alb. shift sv > v] or rather from alb.
geg (*ἀέλιοι) vëllau, tosk, vëllai ` brother ' from gr. ἀέλιοι. Since initial vowels in gr. yielded
to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of alb. vesh m. ` ear ' (*ōus-, ōs-) against gr.
Doric ὦς (*ōus) ` ear '; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form alb. Geg
(*εἰλίονες) vëllazën, Tosc vëllezër Pl. `brothers' where -ër, -ën plural endings as N/R
behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in alb. has been recorded at the end of the word in
alb. (*radius) reze 'ray, rays'.
maybe alb. (*su̯e-lo-) vëlla ` brother '. The shift su̯e- > ve- has also been attested in alb.
alb. vjehërr ` father-in-law ', vjéherrë ` mother-in-law ' from Root / lemma: su̯ekrū́
ekrū́- :
ekr
(mother-in law or father-in-law).
Note:
Note
An impact of Illyrian on Baltic languages has been felt through Estonian veli `brother',
Finnish veli `brother'. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family
through Illyrians.
References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.

Page(s): 1046
Root / lemma: su̯elplo-

elplo-s
elplo
Meaning: sulphur
Material: Gothic swibls, Old English swefl, Old High German swebal ` sulphur ' = Latin
sulpur ds. (*su̯elplo-s); Germanic dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]ƀla-.
Maybe alb. sulfur ` sulphur ' a Latin loanword.
References: WP. II 533, WH. II 628; people's etymological influences from su̯el-
el-2.
el
Page(s): 1046
Root / lemma: su̯em-

em-
em
Meaning: to move; to swim
Material: Old Irish to-senn- ` pursue ' (*su̯em-d-ne-), (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation)
verbal noun tofunn, probably to:
Norwegian svamla `fantasize', svamra ùmherirren, schwärmen'; Old Icelandic

svim(m)a, symja (preterit svamm summum and svam svǭmum) `swim', Old High German
Old Saxon Old English swimman ds.; Kaus. Middle High German swemmen `swim let',
Modern High German schwemmen; Old Frisian swammia, Middle High German swamen
`swim', isl. Norwegian svamla, sumla `splash', Gothic swumsl n. `pond, pool'; Old Icelandic
sund n. `das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund' (i.e. `*still überschwimmbar'), syndr
`schwimmfähig', Old English sund n. `Schwimmfähigkeit', poet. `sea, water', Middle Low
German sunt (-d-) `Meerenge' (Modern High German Sund); different about Modern High
German Sund Kluge-Gotze16 780.

Page(s): 1046
Root / lemma: (s)u̯end

en h-
en
Material: Old High German swintan ` dwindle, peak, become thin, wither, wilt, bewußtlos
become', Old Saxon far-swindan ` disappear', Old English swindan ` abate, dwindle ',
Kaus. Middle High German swenden ` dwindle make, ausreuten', Modern High German
verschwenden [waste] dial. ` through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen', Old High
German swintilōn, Modern High German schwindeln; ablaut. Modern High German
Schwund; Old Church Slavic uvędati `wither, wilt', ablaut. Church Slavic ǫditi `räuchen';
compare Old Irish a-sennad Adv. ` denique, postremo ' (*su̯endh-no-?); (common Celtic
alb. abbreviation)
whether Germanic swindan to swīnan ` dwindle ' (see su̯ī-) belongs and previously
through derailment in e-row converted is?
References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.

Page(s): 1047
Root / lemma: su̯eng-

eng-, su̯enk-
eng enk- : su̯eg-
enk ek- (*ĝʷheng- : kṣu̯eng-)
eg-, su̯ek-
eg ek
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old Indic svájatē, -ti (svaŋkṣyate) ùmschlingt', participle svaktá-, pariṣvakta- =
Avestan pairišx ̌vaxta- `rings umschlossen'; Old Irish seng ` slim ' (`*pliable'), Celtic PN
Singi-dūnum; [Illyrian Singidūnum today: Belgrade?) from Slavic bel ` white' + grad ` city' =
city of Albanians].
Middle High German Middle Low German swanc `pliable, slim, fine, fragile, flimsy ', Old
English swancor `pliable, fragile, flimsy '; Norwegian svekk, svokk f. (*swank-i̯ō, -ō) `cavity
the Fußsohle', Danish Swedish swank `valley, cavity'; Old English swincan `work, sich
quälen' (actually `sich winden by the Arbeit'), Kaus. swencan ` plague, afflict ' (swenc m. `
affliction '), Old High German Middle High German swenken `schwingen let, toss, fling',
Modern High German schwenken ` wave'; Middle High German swank (-k-) ` turn,
Schwung, prank, Einfall', Modern High German Schwank;
besides Germanic *sweng- (Indo Germanic *su̯enk-):
Old High German Old Saxon swingan `(sich) schwingen, fly', Old Saxon swingan
(swinga `club, mace, joint'), Old English swingan `hit, lash, flog, sich schwingen'; Kaus.
Gothic af-swaggwjan `schwankend make' (?), Old English swengan `sich schwingen',
Middle High German swanc, swunc (-g-) `schwingende movement, Schwang, Schwung';
Middle Low German Middle High German swengel `Schwengel'; Old Icelandic svangr `thin,
narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Middle High German swanger ` slim '; Old Icelandic
svangi m. ` groin, flank ' (ìncurvation ');
nasallos: Norwegian svaga, svagra `waver, swerve ', svagga `schwankend go', Old
Icelandic sveggja `(ein ship) turn '; Middle Low German swak `pliable, thin, weak', Middle
High German swach èvil, bad, miserable, feeble, weak', Middle Low German swaken also
`wobble, sway' (as swanken).

seu- and su̯ē̆(i)-
See also: compare also seu- (i)- `bend'.
(i)
Page(s): 1047-1048
Root / lemma: su̯enk-

enk-, sunk-
enk sunk-
Meaning: heavy
Material: Old English swangor ` clumsy, idle', Old High German swangar `pregnant';
Lithuanian suñkti ` heavy become', sunkùs ` heavy ' (from Körpern and from Arbeiten),
older Lithuanian sunkinga `pregnant'.
Page(s): 1048
Root / lemma: su̯ento-

ento-, sunto-
ento sunto-
Meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy
Note: only Germanic?
Material: Gothic swinÞs `strong, fit, healthy', Old Icelandic svinnr `rash, hasty, strong,
smart', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English swīð, Old
Saxon swīði `strong, violent, valiant', Middle High German swint, swinde `strong, violent',
geschwind 'fast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim'; Old High German gisunt (-d-) `fit, healthy', Old
Saxon gisund, Old English gesund, Old Frisian sund `fresh, unbeschädigt, fit, healthy'.
References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably Indo Germanic; after Persson
Beitr. 1892 and 587 to Lithuanian siunčiu ` send' (different above S. 909); compare also
Lithuanian s(i)ùmdyti àufhetzen'.
Page(s): 1048
Root / lemma: su̯en-

en-
en
Meaning: to sound
Material: Old Indic svánati (secondary ásvanīt) ` sounds, schallt' (= Latin sonit), -svanaḥ- n.
`noise', svaná- m. `sound, tone, clangor ' (= Latin sonus), svāná- ` soughing '; Avestan *x
̌anat̃-čaxra- ` someone, of wheels sausen'; Latin sonō, -āre, -ui, -itum Old Latin sonere
(*su̯énō) `sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle', sonus (*su̯onos ` clangor '; Old Irish
son `sound' Latin loanword); probably Old Irish senn-, preterit sephainn `sonāre, play (ein
Instrument)', das nn probably after to-senn- ` pursue ', das (from *su̯em-d-ne- originated)
zur root su̯em- belongs; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish senim (i.e. seinm) `das
Spielen, tintinnabulation'; Old English swinsian `sing, Musik make', swinn `Musik, song';
also Old High German Old English swan `swan', Old Icelandic svanr ` manly swan';
whether sen- besides su̯en- in Latvian sanēt, senēt `buzz', Irish sanas ` whispering',
cymr. hanes `history' actually `*rumor'?

Page(s): 1046-1047
Root / lemma: su̯ep-

ep-1, sup-
ep ku̯ep-
sup- (*ku̯ ep-1)
ep
Meaning: to sleep, *cease, die
Note:
lemma: su̯ep-
Root / lemma: ep sup- : `to sleep, *cease, die' derived from Root / lemma: su̯ep-
ep-1, sup- ep-2,
ep
sup-, su̯eb-
sup- eb- : `to throw, *sway, swing (put to sleep)'.
eb
Material: Old Indic svápiti, svápati ` asleep, dozed off ', Pass. supyatē, participle suptá-
`dozed off', Kaus. svāpáyati `schläfert ein' (= Old Icelandic sø̄fa), svapayati ds. (= Old
Icelandic svefja etc.); Avestan x ̌ap- `sleep'; gr. ὕπαρ `Wehrtraum';
Latin sōpiō, -īre ` put to sleep ', sŏpor, -ōris ` deep sleep' (*su̯epōr); Old Icelandic sofa
(svaf), Old English swefan stem V. `sleep, cease'; Kaus. Old Icelandic svefja ` put to sleep,
stillen, besänftigen', Old English swefian ds., Old English swebban ` put to sleep, slay', Old
Saxon answebbian, Old High German antswebben, Middle High German entsweben ds.,
Middle High German also ` sleepy become, fall asleep ' (*su̯opéi̯ō); Old Icelandic sø̄fa
`slay' (*su̯ōpéi̯ō); Old Icelandic suǣfa ` put to sleep ' (*su̯ēpei̯ō), syfja unpers. ` make
sleepy ', East Frisian suffen ` become sleepy ' (Dutch suf ` dizzy, stupid'); Old Icelandic
sofna schw. V. ` fall asleep '; Middle High German swep, -bes `sleep', Old English sweofot
n. ds.; Old Church Slavic sъpati, Iter. sypati `sleep', usъnǫti ` fall asleep ';
Old Indic svápna- `sleep, dream', Avestan x ̌afna- m. ds.; Armenian kùn, Gen. k`noy
`sleep' (*su̯opnos); gr. ὕπνος `sleep' (= Old Church Slavic sъnъ and:) alb. gjumë;
Latin somnus : Italian sonno : Portuguese sono : Bolognese sånn : Romagnolo : sòni :
Valencian sòn : Romanian somn : Sardinian Campidanesu sonnu : Sicilian sonnu :
Swedish sömnen : Spanish sueño : French sommeil : Calabrese suonnu : Zeneize seunno
: Napulitano suonno : Greek ὕπνος : Albanian gjumë : Old Irish sūan, cymr. corn. bret. hun
`sleep' : Armenian kùn : Hittite sup- (Medium), supparii̯a- `sleep'.
Latin somnus `sleep' (*su̯epnos or *su̯opnos); Old Irish sūan, cymr. corn. bret. hun `sleep'
(*sopnos = Lithuanian sãpnas); Old Icelandic svefn, Old English swefn `sleep, dream',
(from *su̯epnós); Lithuanian sãpnas, sapnỹs `dream', Latvian sapnis `dream'; Old Church
Slavic sъnъ `sleep, dream'; compare Old Indic asvapna- `schlaflos', Avestan ax ̌afna- ds.,
Latin insomnis, gr. ἄυπνος ds. and diei̯o-derivative Old Indic svápnyam ` dream ', Latin
somnium `dream', žem. sapnis `sleep, dream', Old Church Slavic sъnije ` dream '; gr.
ἐνύπνιον (replicated Latin insomnium) ds., cymr. anhunedd ìnsomnia'; Tocharian A ṣpǝn,
В ṣpäne `sleep, dream'; Hittite sup- (Medium), supparii̯a- `sleep'.
Maybe Breton hun : Welsh hun : Estonian uni : Finnish uni `sleep'.
References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.
Page(s): 1048-1049
Root / lemma: su̯ep-

ep sup-, su̯eb-
ep-2, sup- eb-
eb
Meaning: to throw, *sway, swing
Material: Old Indic svapū́ ` besom '; Old Church Slavic svepiti sę àgitari'; zero grade sъpǫ,
suti `schütten, strew, distribute', Iter. sypati `schütten', rasypati àusstreuen'; sunǫti
èffundere', sъpъ `heap' (but Lithuanian sùpti `swing, wiegen' rather to seu-
seu- `bend'); Latin
supō, -āre `throw', dissipō, -āre àuseinanderwerfen, scatter', obsipō, -āre
èntgegensprengen (water), reproach', insipere `hineinwerfen';
Germanic *svab- and *svap- (Indo Germanic *su̯eb-) in Old Icelandic sōfl `Kehrbesen'
(*swōƀala-), svāf n. `spear, javelin'; Old English ge-swōpe f. òffal, rubbish' (isl. sópa `
sweep, wash away ' is engl. loanword); Low German swabbeln `(from water ) hin- and
herschlagen, wogen', Modern High German schwapp-en, -eln, -ern
References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.
Page(s): 1049
Root / lemma: su̯erb

er h- (also su̯er-
er er-?)
er
Meaning: to turn; to sweep
Material: Cymr. chwerfu `das Wirbeln, Umdrehen', chwerfan `whirl for a spindle'; chwyrn
`quick, fast (drehend)' from *su̯erbh-nio-; Gothic af-, bi-swaírban àbwischen', Old Icelandic
sverfa stem V. `feilen', svarf n. Àbfall beim Feilen', Old English sweorfan ds., afr. swerva `
grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Saxon swerƀan àbwischen', Old High German suuerban
èxtergere', suuarp, swirbil `gurges, vortex', Middle High German swerben `sich wirbelnd
bewegen'; Old Icelandic svarfa ùmherschweifen', Old Swedish svarva `turn, work a lathe,
(Lügen) ersinnen';
Slavic *svorbъ in Church Slavic svrabъ (in addition Old Church Slavic svrabьnъ
`κνησμώδης'); ablaut. Slavic *svьrbitъ, *svьrběti ìtch' in russ. sverbít, sverbětь etc.;
compare Latvian svar̃pst m. `borer' (*su̯arb-sta-);
perhaps in addition gr. σύρφος n., συρφετός m. `rubbish', σύρφαξ, -ᾱκος ` anything
swept together, sweepings, refuse, rubbish, litter '; compare also σαίρω `sweep' (*su̯eri̯ō),
σάρον n., σάρος m. ` besom, rubbish' and σύ̄ρω (Fut. σῠρῶ) `pull, drag, sweep, wash',
συρμός m. ` any lengthened sweeping motion, the moving, vomiting ', συρμαίᾱ f. ` emetic,
vomiting, purge-plant ', σύρμα n. ` anything trailed or dragged, towing dress, rubbish',
σύρτης m. ` towing rope ', σύρτις, -ιδος f. `sandbank'.
References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.

Page(s): 1050-1051
ergh- (*ĝʷhergh- : kṣu̯ergh-)

Root / lemma: su̯ergh-
ergh
Meaning: to take care of; to be ill
Material: 1. Old Indic sūrkṣati `kümmert sich um etwas'; common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯-
Gothic saúrga ` care, sorrow ', Old Icelandic Old English sorg, Old Saxon sorga, Old High
German sorga, Old Franconian sworga ` care '; Gothic saúrgan, Old Icelandic syrgja, Old
Saxon sorgōn, Old English sorgian, Old High German sorgēn, sworgēn `care for, worry'.
2. Old Irish serg `disease, malady', Lithuanian sergù, sir̃gti ` be sick ', Old Church Slavic
sraga `disease, malady', sragъ àusterus, torvus'; probably also alb. dergjem `be
bedridden' (*su̯orghi̯ō) common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : Illyrian - alb -ĝʷh- > -d-.
Maybe alb. (*su̯orghi̯ō) derdh ` pour, ejaculate ' common alb. ĝh- > -dh-.

Page(s): 1051
Root / lemma: su̯er-

er-1 (also ser-
er ser-?)
Meaning: to speak
Material: Latin sermō, -ōnis `Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, conversation '
(*sermō) is unclear;
Maybe alb. (*sermō) thirmë n. f. `shout, call' [common alb. s > th shift]
Oscan sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wortführer'; Gothic swaran, swōr `swear, vow', Old
Icelandic sveria, Old English Old Saxon swerian, Old High German swerien, swerren ds.,
Old Icelandic sø̄ri Nom. Pl. `vow, pledge, oath', Middle High German swuor `vow, pledge',
Old Icelandic svara ànworten, Bürgschaft leisten', svǫr Pl. Àntwort', and-svar `gerichtliche
verdict ', Old English and-swaru Àntwort', Old Saxon ant-swōr Àntwort, Verantwortung';
Old Church Slavic svarъ `quarrel' (Hin- and Widerrede), svarъ `fight, struggle', svariti
`vilify, scold, fight, struggle'; russ. ssóra `quarrel' from *sъsora?
*su̯er- `speak, talk' is perhaps (but not certainly) the use from su̯er-` hum, whiz ' auf
artikuliertes of speech.
References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.
Page(s): 1049

er-2
er
Meaning: to hiss
Material: Old Indic svárati ` sounds, erschallt, allows erschallen'; also surmī́ `duct, tube,
pipe' (flute?); svará- svára- m. ` clangor, sound, tone';
ὕραξ, -κος m. `Spitzmaus' (*surak-), Cretan ὕρον `swarm of bees' Hes.;
Maybe alb. Geg (*surix) urith, tosk (*sam-uridh) hamuridhe ` mole '
Latin susurrus ` a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering ', susurrō, -āre `hiss,
whisper, buzz' (rr consonant increase in onomatopoeic words), absurdus ` adverse
clinking, ungereimt' (*su̯orodo-s); surdus `deaf' as `dull or inarticulate hörend and
redend'?);
Maybe alb. shushurin, fëshfërin ` rustle ' : Breton sarac'hat : Galician susurrar from Latin
susurrus ` a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering '.
Maybe alb shurdh ` deaf ' : French sourd : Napulitano surdo : Romagnolo sùrd : from Latin
surdus `deaf'.
While Basque gor ; entzungor

zungor : Finnish kuuro : Turkish sağır : Hungarian süket `deaf'.
Latin probably sōrex, -icis (previously late sŏrex) ` shrew, small mouselike mammal with a
long snout ' from *su̯ōr-ak- (: gr. ὕραξ ds.); cymr. chwyrnu `drone, grumble' (to *chwyrn
from *su̯erni̯o-?);
Old Icelandic svarra `roar', Norwegian sverra `whirl; kreisen', Modern High German
schwirren; Norwegian surla `leise sing', Swedish sorla ` trickle, mumble, murmur', Middle
Low German Modern High German surren, Middle High German surm `Gesumse';
vielleichtisl. svarmr ` dizziness ', Old English swearm ` swarm, bulk, mass', Old High
German swarm ` swarm ';
Lithuanian surmà `flute', Old Church Slavic svirati `whistle' (lengthening from *svьr-),
Maybe alb. (*surma) zhurma ` noise'.
References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.
See also: s. also su̯er-
er- `speak'.
er
Page(s): 1049-1050

er-3
er
Meaning: stake
Material: Old Indic sváru- m. `picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, long bit of wood'; gr. ἕρμα n.
`pad'; homer. Akk. ἑρμῖνα m. `Bettpfosten'; Old High German swirōn `bepfählen', Middle
High German swir Ùferpfahl', Modern High German Swiss Schwiren `picket, pole', Old
English swier, swior m. f. ` jamb, column '; with k-forms Old Icelandic svīri m. ` neck, prow,
bow of a ship' (*swerhjan-), Old English swīera, swīora ` neck ' (*swirhjan-); Latin zero
grade surus `twig, branch, picket, pole', Demin. surculus, surcellus; perhaps sūra `calf,
Wadenbein' (see below *sōrā).
Page(s): 1050

er-4
er
Meaning: to cut, pierce
Material: Avestan x ̌ara- m. `wound, Verwundung';
Maybe alb. Geg (*svarna) varrë ` wound'.
Old Irish serb, cymr. chwerw `bitter' (*su̯er-u̯o-), originally probably ` burning, pricking ';
cymr. chwarren f. `gland' (*su̯orsinā);
Old High German sweran stem V. àche, fester, swell', swero `leiblicher pain, esp.
ulcer', Modern High German Schwäre, Geschwür ‘ulcer’, Old High German swer(a)do
`leiblicher pain', Old English sweornian ` curdle, coagulate, harden '; Old High German
swert `Schwert', Old English sweord, Old Icelandic sverð from *swer-ða- `stechende
weapon';
proto Slavic. *su̯ara- `kränklich' in russ. chvóryj, Old Czech chvorý, ablaut. churavý ds.
and Church Slavic chyra ` fragileness '; perhaps here serb.-Church Slavic svrъdьlъ `borer',
proto Slavic. *svьrdьlo.
References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasmer 2, 589, 3, 237,
243, Loth RC. 41, 233.
Page(s): 1050

er-5
er
Meaning: ` scale, weigh '
See also: see below u̯er-1.
Page(s): 1050
Root / lemma: su̯esor-

esor su̯estor)
esor- (*su̯ estor
estor
Meaning: sister
Note:
Root / lemma: su̯esor- su̯estor):
sor- (*su̯ estor : `sister' derived from Root / lemma: se-
estor se- : `reflexive
pronoun, *own' + common Illyrian -tar, -tor suffix; it was modelled after Root / lemma:
ǝtḗ(r) Gen. pǝtr-
pǝtḗ ǝtr-és, -ós : `father', Root / lemma: māté
mātér
tér- : `mother', Root / lemma: bhrā́ter-
ter- :
ter
`brother'
Material: Old Indic svásar-, Avestan x ̌aŋhar- ` sister ';
Armenian kòir ds. (*su̯esōr); Nom. Pl. kòr-k` (*su̯esŏres), Gen. Sg. kèṙ (*su̯esros); gr.
ἔορ [Vok.] θυγάτηρ, ἀνεψιός Hes., ἔορες προσήκοντες, συγγενεῖς Hes.; Latin soror à
sister' (in addition sobrīnus ` a cousin by the mother's side, mother's sister's child ', from
*su̯esr-īnos = Old Church Slavic sestrinъ ` belonging to sister ', compare also East
Lithuanian seserė́nas ` sister's son '); Old Irish siur ` sister ' (*su̯esōr), Dat. Akk. sīeir, Gen.
sethar (analogy after māthir, Gen. māthar), cymr. chwaer, acorn. huir, mcorn. hoer, hor,
bret. c'hoar; Gothic swistar (Gen. swistrs, Dat. swistr); Old Icelandic syster, Pl. systr (Proto
Norse swestar from -ēr), Old High German swester (*-ēr!), Old English sweostor, suster;
vor dem t- insertion created anew are Old Saxon Old Swedish swiri `son of the mother's
sister ', Old English swiria ` sister's son, weather ';
Old Prussian swestro (in the ā-Dekl. übergeführt) with w perhaps through Modern High
German influence, for Lithuanian sesuõ, Gen. seser̃s and Old Church Slavic sestra (in die
ā-Dekl. übergeführt) ` sister ' (also FlN) place u̯-loses *sesor- ahead; Tocharian A ṣar, В
ṣer ` sister '.
Indo Germanic *s(u̯)e-sor- to Reflexivstamme se-, seu̯e-; to ending compare fem. Old
Indic ti-sraḥ `drei', Old Irish téoir (*trisores) ds.; contains perhaps yet *sor `wife, woman'?
Or from *su-esor (see 343) ` of own blood, relative '?
References: WP. II 533 f., WH. II 563, Trautmann 258, Benveniste, BSL 35, 104 f.; Pisani,
Miscellanea G. Galbiati III, 1951, 7 f., M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein Studien 32 ff.
Page(s): 1051
ēid- (*kṣu̯ēid- < ĝʷhēid-)

Root / lemma: su̯ēid-
ēid
Meaning: milk
Material: Old Indic kṣvidyati, kṣvēdatē (unbel.) `wird humid, wet'; Avestan xšvīd- m. `milk',
common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣu̯- : Avestan -ĝʷh- > -xšu̯-
perhaps to Lithuanian svíesti `smear', Latvian svaîdît ds., Lithuanian svíestas `butter',
Latvian sviê(k)st ds.
See also: s. also su̯eid- above S. 1042, Z. 5.
Page(s): 1043
Root / lemma: su̯ē̆(i)-

(i)-
(i)
Meaning: to bend, turn, swing
Note: (see also seu- and su̯eng- `bend')
Material: Gr. σῑμός àufwärts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spöttisch' (in addition σικχός
`disgust, all tadelnd'?); perhaps also σῑρός `pit, pothole' (*incurvation?);
cymr. chwid `lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff', chwidl `sich in Kreise drehend, dizzy ', chwidr
`quick, fast, fleeting, übereilt'; chwim m. (*su̯ī-smo-) `movement, actuation ', Adj. `quick,
fast', chwyf m. `movement' (*su̯ĭ-mo-, compare under Germanic swī̆m-), chwyfio `movere',
bret. fiñval, gwiñval `sich bewegen, rühren';
cymr. chwyn `movement', chwil (*su̯ī-lo-) `sich quick, fast drehend'; chwyl and chwel
(*su̯ĭ-lo-, -lā compare Norwegian svil) ` turn, run, flow', corn. wheyl `work', Old Irish sel `
turn, gyration, stretch of time', Middle Irish of-sel ` turn after right', tuath-bil ` turn after
links';
Middle Low German swāien, sweimen `sich schwingen'; as participle Old Icelandic svað
n. ` glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ', (*su̯ǝ-to-), svaða `glide, slide',
Old English swaðian `(ein)wickeln', engl. swath(e), Middle Low German Middle High
German swade `Reihe from gemähtem Gras, Schwaden';
Norwegian svīma `waver, lurch', Middle High German swīmen ds.; Old English swīma m.
` dizziness, giddiness; swindle, Ohnmacht', Old Icelandic svīmi, Dutch zwijm ds.; Middle
High German swīmel, swimmel ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle '; Old Icelandic sveimr m.,
sveim n. `Getümmel, tumult ', sveima ùmherziehen', Middle High German sweim m. `das
Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen', sweimen `sichschwingen, waver'; Norwegian svil n.
`Spirale; the frizzy Samenbeutel dorschartiger fish'; Low German swīr `Schwung, gyration,
Bummeln', swīren `sich schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in Saus and Braus leben'.
su̯eib-
eib-: Avestan xšvaēwayat̃-aštra- `die Peitsche schwingend', xšviwra- àgile';; Gothic
eib
midja-sweipains `Sintflut' (actually `Fegung the center '); Old Icelandic sveipa `throw,
umhüllen', Old English swāpan `swing, sweep, wash away, drive, push', Old Saxon swēp
`fegte fort', Old High German sweifan `swing, schweifen, quarrel', sweif Ùmschwung, tail'
= Old Icelandic sveipr `band, strap, Schlingung, curled hair', Old Icelandic svipa `lash,
scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur'.
eid-: in Lithuanian svíesti, Latvian sviêst `throw', frequentative Lithuanian sváidyti,

su̯eid-
eid
Latvian svaĩdît `wiederholt toss, fling'; whether Latvian svaĩdît ànoint, smear' (under under
su̯ēid-) here?
eig-: Germanic also `nachgeben, slacken ' (from su̯ī- ` dwindle ' derive ) `(cunning)
su̯eig-
eig
etwas drehen, dodge, deception ' : Old High German swīhhōn, Old English swīcian
`schweifen, wander, cheat, deceive', Old Icelandic svīkva sȳkva (u̯-present), svīkja `cheat,
deceive, betray ', Old English swīcan ` abandon, cheat, deceive', poet. ` leave, depart,
wander ', Old Saxon swīan ds. `languish'; Old High German swīhhan `languish, slacken,
abandon ', Middle High German swīch m. `Zeitlauf', ā-swīch `heimlicher Fortgang',
sweichen `languish'; Old Icelandic svik n. ` betrayal, deceit', Old English swic n. ds., Old
High German biswih m. ds.;
Lithuanian svaĩgti ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen', svaiginė́ti ` giddy

umherwanken', russ. svigát' `herumtreiben';
Tocharian A wāweku `gelogen', В waike `lie, falsity'.
su̯eik-
eik-: Old Icelandic sveigr `pliable', m. `flexible stalk', Swedish dial. svīga, svēg
eik
`sichbiegen', Kaus. Old Icelandic sveigja `bend', Pass. svigna `be bent, bow, nachgeben',
svigi m. `flexible stalk'; Old High German sweiga `cattle shed' (*netting).
su̯eip-
eip-: Old Icelandic svīfa `swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben', Old English swīfan
eip
`turn, sweep, wash away (engl. swift `quick, fast'), wave', Old Icelandic sueifla `swing',
Middle High German swibeln, swivelen `lurch', Old High German sweibōn `schweben,
swing', swebēn `schweben'.
Latvian svàipīt ` lash, flog ', svipst(ik̨)s `Hasenfuß, Zierbengel'.
References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer 2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff.
Page(s): 1041-1042
Root / lemma: su̯ī-, -g-, -k-, -p-

Meaning: to fade, weaken, etc..
Note: extended su̯ii̯ō-p-?
Material: Old Icelandic svīa ` slacken '; svīna, Old High German swīnan ` abate, dwindle ';
Middle High German swīnen also ` senseless, unconscious become, fall silent '.
su̯ī-k-: Old High German swīgēn, Old Saxon swigōn, Old English swīgian, sugian,
suwian ` keep mum, keep quiet '.
su̯ī-g-: σῑγή f. `das Schweigen', σῑγάω `schweige' (compare ῥίγα σιώπα Hes., i.e. Fίγᾱ).
su̯ī-p-: Gothic sweiban `cease, slacken ', Old Icelandic svīfask `from etwas
zurückweichen, sich enthalten', Old High German giswiftōn `conticescere', Middle Low
German swichten ` withdraw, slacken, zum Schweigen bringen', Dutch zwichten `
withdraw', Modern High German (from dem Low German) beschwichtigen (also Messapic
σίπτα σιώπα?);
in addition *su̯ii̯ō-p- in gr. σιωπάω `schweige' and *su̯i̯ō-p- with gr. Schwunde from i̯
after Doppelkonsonanz in διασωπάσομαι, σεσωπᾱμένον (Pind.) and in εὐσωπία ἡσυχία
Hes.

See also: compare above (s)u̯endh-.
Page(s): 1052
Root / lemma: su̯omb(h)o-

omb(h)o-s
omb(h)o
Meaning: porous, spongy
Material: Gr. σομφός `schwammig, porous' = Germanic *swamba- in Old High German
swamp, -bes m. ` sponge '; besides Germanic *swampu- (Indo Germanic *su̯ombu-) and
*swamma- in Old Icelandic suǫppr ` sponge; ball (after the shape)', Middle Low German
swamp, -pes ` sponge, fungus ' and Gothic swamm Akk. `(Wasch-) sponge ', Old English
swamm m. ` fungus ', Middle Low German svam, -mmes ` sponge; fungus '; from
schwammigem Boden: engl. swamp `swamp, marsh'; westfäl. swampen àuf- and
niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden', changing through ablaut Middle High German
sumpf `swamp, marsh' = Old Icelandic soppr ` ball ', Norwegian also ` fungus '.
Page(s): 1052
Root / lemma: su̯ordo-

ordo-s
ordo
Meaning: black, dark
Material: Latin *sordus as base from sordeō, -ēre `dirty, filthy, unflätig sein', sordidus `dirty,
filthy', sordēs, -is f. `smut, dirt, filth'; Gothic swarts, Old Icelandic swart, Old English sweart,
Old High German swarz `black', zero grade Old Icelandic sorta f. `black paint, color', sorti
m. `darkness, dichter fog', sortna ` become black ';
sollte Latin suāsum `rußiger stain auf a Kleide' as *suarssom related sein, käme as
basic form *su̯ardo- in question, so that sordeo from su̯r̥d-;
whether Old Saxon swerkan (participle gesworkan) ` dim become, sich verfinstern,
cloudy become', Old English sweorcan ` dim, sad become', Old High German giswerc,
gisworc `Verfinsterung through clouds' and Irish sorb `blemish, smut', related are (Indo
Germanic *su̯er-g-, *su̯or-b(h)o- besides *su̯ordo-), is doubtful.

Page(s): 1052
Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-

sū-ro- sou-ro-
ro-
Meaning: salty, bitter; cheese
Note: root seu̯(ǝ)-
ǝ)-, sou̯(ǝ)-
ǝ)- : sū̆-
Note:
Root / lemma: sū-ro-, sou-
sū-ro- ro- : salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-
sou-ro- eu- of Root /
ks-eu-
kes- : to scratch, itch
lemma: kes-
Material: Old Icelandic sūrr `sour, sharp', m. `sourdough', Middle Low German Middle High
German sūr n. `Bitterkeit'; Old Icelandic sȳra f. `sour milk', Old English sȳring ds., Old High
German sūrī `Säure'; Old High German Old English sūr `sour', Old Icelandic sūr-eygr, Old
High German sūr-ougi, Old English sūr-īege `blear eyed, bleareyed '; compare Tocharian
В sūrma Àugenkrankheit';
Lithuanian sū́ras ` salty ', Latvian sũrs ` salty, bitter', Lithuanian sū́ris m. `cheese', Old
Prussian suris ds.;
Old Church Slavic syrъ `humid, wet', russ. syrój `humid, wet, raw, sour'; substantivized
Old Church Slavic syrъ, russ. syr `cheese';
ablaut. Old Icelandic saurr m. `smut, tier. seed, sperm '; Old Bulgarian surovъ `raw',
russ. suróvyj `rough, raw' (*sou-ro-);
compare die FlN Celtic Sūra, Modern High German Sauer, Sūr, Old Prussian Sure,
Latvian Sūr-upe, and den PN Συράκουσαι Pl. `Syrakus' (Sicily), with nt-derivative to
Συρακώ name eines Sumpfes.
References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu̯(ǝ)-1 `juice,
sap' (above S. 912 f.); about `milk' to: ` coagulated, sour milk'.
Page(s): 1039
Root / lemma: sū̆-s, suu̯-ós

Meaning: pig, swine
Material: Avestan hū (Gen. Sg. for *huvō) `swine'; gr. ὗς, ὑός, Akk. ὗν m. `boar', f. `sow'
(therefrom ὕαινα f. `Hyäne') besides σῦς, συός ds.; in addition συῆλαι τόποι βορβορώδεις
Hes.; συφε(ι)ός, συφός m. ` pigpen' (*-φέFιος, to φύω, Indo Germanic bheu-, above S. 146
ff.); constellation the ΏΥάδες `group of pigs'; compare gr. lak. σίκα;
alb. (*swi) thi `swine'; Latin sūs, suis `swine', Umbrian sif `sues', sim `suem', suřum,
sorsom, sorsalem `suillum' (*sŭ-do-, *sŭ-dāli-);
gall. *su-tegis ` pigpen' (M.-L. 8492);
Old High German Old English sū, Old Icelandic sȳr `sow';
Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns `piglet' (unclear Old Prussian seweynis ` pigpen'); Tocharian В
suwo `swine';
no derivatives: on the one hand gr. (late) ὑηνός `from swine', on the other
adjektivische no-
hand (ursprachlich) Latin suīnus ds., Old Church Slavic svinъ ds. = Latvian svīns
`smudges'; Tocharian В swāñana misa ` pork ';
substantivized Gothic swein, Old Icelandic suīn, Old English Old High German swīn
`swine'; Old Church Slavic svinija `swine' probably from *svīnī (fem. to svinъ) reshaped.
k- derivatives:
Old Indic sūkara- m. `boar, swine' (reinterpreted as `Sū-maker'); Middle Persian xūk,
osset. χui ds.; Latin sucula `young sow'; with expressive Gemination: Celtic *sukko-
`swine, (pig-) snout, plowshare ' in Old Irish socc sáil ` guinea pig ' (a fish), Middle Irish soc
m. ` plowshare, snout (of swine)', Old Irish FlN Socc; cymr. hwch m. f., later only f. `swine',
corn. hoch, bret. houc'h, hoc'h m. `swine'; from Gallo-Latin derive cymr. swch, corn. soch,
bret. souc'h and French soc ` plowshare ';
Old English sugu `sow', Old Saxon suga, Middle Low German soge, Modern High
German schwäb. suge `sow'; with expressive Gemination Norwegian Swedish sugga,
Middle Low German sugge.
References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL
45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably
originally ` Gebärerin ', to seu-2: sū- ` to give birth to children ' (above S. 913 f.); compare
Old Irish berit `sow' (*bherentī); or just imitative sound?
Page(s): 1038-1039
Root / lemma: sūs-

sūs-
Meaning: to buzz
Comments:
sūs- : to buzz, derived from Root / lemma: k̂u̯es-
Root / lemma: sūs- es-, k̂us-
es us- : to puff, sigh.
us
Material: Old High German sūsōn ` buzz, whirr ', Middle Low German sūsen, Swedish
susa, Danish suse ds.;
Old Church Slavic sysati ` buzz, whirr, whistle'; Old Russian susol `Zieselmaus,
Hausratte', Bulgarian sъsel ds.; sъskam ` fizz '; compare Latvian susuris ` shrew, small
mouselike mammal with a long snout ', susers ` dormouse '.
Maybe alb. shushurimë : Spanish susurro : French sussurement : Portuguese sussurro :

Venetian sùsio ` rustle '. Also Galician susurrar : alb. shushurin ` to rustle '.
References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.

Page(s): 1039
sūs- (*ksus
Root / lemma: sūs- ksus)
ksus
Meaning: parent
Note: only Old Indic and Albanian
sūs- : parent derived from Root / lemma: au̯o-s : grandfather: Hittite
Note: Root / lemma: sūs-
ḫu-uḫ-ḫa-aš (ḫuḫḫaš) `grandfather'? Lycian *χuga `motherly grandfather'.
Material: Old Indic sūḥ `progenitor'; alb. gjysh `grandfather' (*sū-s-i̯o-), originally
`progenitor'; tre-gjysh `great grandfather (literally `three-grandfather)', gjyshe
`grandmother' (*sū-s-i̯ē).
References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.;
See also: to seu̯ǝ- : sū-, above S. 913 f.
Page(s): 1039
tag- (or teg-

Root / lemma: tag- teg- : tog-
tog- : teg-)
Meaning: to touch, gripe
Material: Gr. τεταγών `fassend' (: Latin tetigī); Latin tangō, -ere, tetigī tactum (Old Latin
also aoristisches tagō, -ere) `touch', integer ` unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged
(unangetastet)', tagax ` thievish '; taxim ` clandestine ', taxō, āre àbschätzen, touch';
unclear with -gh- Volscan atahus Fut. II àttigerit', Marrucinian ta[h]a or ta[g]a `tangat';
Latin contamināre èntweihen' to contagiō `Berührung';
Old English ðaccian `gentle touch, caress', Old Low German thakolōn ` caress ';
perhaps here of concept ` caress, fein anzufühlen': Irish tais `soft, humid, wet, gentle', gall.
Taxi-magulus;
whether Old Irish tongid ` swears ', dī-tong- ` negate ', Perf. do-ru-thethaig (*te-tog-e)
verbal noun dīthech (*dī-tego-) in addition belongs (to cymr. tyngu `swear, vow', corn. to-,
Middle Breton toeaff, nbret. toui ds.), is perhaps eine Indo Germanic root *teg- must be
assumed, wherefore still Phrygian eti-te-tik-menos `verflucht' belongs; das gr. Latin a
would be then reduplication-grade, as Latin a in frangō (above S. 165), etc.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.

Page(s): 1054-1055
tak-, takē(i)-
Root / lemma: tak- takē(i)-
Meaning: to be silent
Material: Latin taceō, -ēre ` keep mum, keep quiet ', Umbrian tac̨ez `tacitus', tasetur Nom.
Pl. `taciti';
Gothic Þahan ` keep mum, keep quiet ', Þahains `Schweigen', with gramm. variation Old
High German dagēn, Old Saxon thagōn, thagian ds., Old Icelandic Þegja ds., Þagna ` fall
silent ', Þagall, Þǫgull `schweigsam';
perhaps as active to the above neutropassiven group: Old Irish tachtaid `würgt', cymr.
tagu, corn. bret. taga `das Würgen' as originally `zum Schweigen bringen'; unclear is cymr.
gos-teg f. `Schweigen'.
References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.

Page(s): 1055
Root / lemma: tap-

tap-1
Meaning: to dip
Material: Armenian tàtàvem ` dive', t`ōn (*tapni-) ` dampness, damp, rain';
Old Church Slavic topiti ìmmergere', *to(p)nǫti ìmmergi', in addition among others
Lower Sorbian toń ` pond ', Czech tu̇ně ìmmersion in Flusse', russ. tónja `protected bay'.
References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f.

Page(s): 1056
Root / lemma: tap-

tap-2
Meaning: to press down, press together
Material: Gr. ταπεινός `low, humble' (`*gedrückt'); Old Icelandic Þefja `stomp', Þōf n.
`crush', Þōfi m. `Filz' (out of it Lithuanian túba, Latvian tūba, Old Prussian tubo `Filz'.)
References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.
Page(s): 1056
Page(s):
tata-, tē̆ta-
Root / lemma: tata- ta-
ta
Meaning: Daddy; expr. child word
Material: Old Indic tatá- `father', tāta- `father, son, Lieber'; gr. τέττα (Hom.) Vok., τατᾶ Vok.
ò father!'; alb. tatë `father'; Latin tata `father (in the baby talk); Ernährer'; cymr. tad, corn.
tat `father', hen-dat `grandfather'; Old Icelandic Þjazi à giant ' (*Þeða-sa?); Latvian tẽta,
Lithuanian tė̃tis, tė̃të, tėtýtis `father', Old Prussian thetis `grandfather' (Old Prussian tāws
`father', thewis `Vaterbruder', Lithuanian tė́vas, Latvian tēves `father'), Lithuanian tetà
àunt', žemait. titìs `father'; russ. táta etc. `father', russ.-Church Slavic teta etc. àunt', Old
Church Slavic tetъka ds.; Modern High German Tate, East Frisian tatte `father'; Norwegian
taate `Lutschbeutel', isl. táta ds., Norwegian Swedish tātte `Frauenbrust, teat';
besides Germanic forms with i and u: Old English titt ` nipple, Kuhzitze', Middle High
German zitze `teat';
Maybe alb. sisë `teat, breast'
Swedish titta àunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman'; Middle High German zutzel
`Sauglappen', Swedish tytta òld wife, woman, Muhme', Old High German tutta, tuta `
nipple ' ; similarly gr. τυτθός, -ον `small, noch totally young ', τυτθόν èin bißchen', inschr.
also `βρέφος, παιδίον'; τυννός small, little'; eine also out of the Indo Germanic Sprachen
verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.
References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer 3, 81.

Page(s): 1056
Root / lemma: taus-

taus-
Meaning: still, silent, peaceful
Material: Old Indic túṣyati `beruhigt sich, is zufrieden', tuṣṭá- `befriedigt, zufrieden', tūṣṇī́m
Adv. `still, closemouthed ' (: Avestan tušni-, Old Prussian tusnan), Kaus. tōṣáyati
`beschwichtigt, stellt zufrieden, pleases '; Avestan tušni- `stillschweigend' (tušnišad- `wer
stillschweigend dasitzt');
Middle Irish tō (*tauso-) `still, closemouthed ', Old Irish tūae `silentium' (basic form
*tausi̯ā?), mcymr. taw `schweige!', ncymr. taw `Schweigen; closemouthed ', tawel `
closemouthed ', bret. tao `Schweigen; still!', abret. taguelguiliat Gl. to dem as
`schweigendes Wachen' mißverstandenen Latin silicernium; guo-teguis `compescuit',
nbret. tevel ` keep mum, keep quiet ';
Old Swedish thyster ` closemouthed, dumb, still' (*Þusti-);
Old Prussian tusnan `still', tussīse èr schweige' (*tusē-, as Latin tacē-re), Lithuanian
taũsos, tausýtis `sich lay, place (of Winde)';
Slavic *tušiti ` calm, appease ' (= Old Indic tōšáyati) in den trans. russ. tušítь `
extinguish, put out, extinguish, annihilate, erase ', poln. po-tuszyć ` encourage ' (`*calm,
appease '), etc.; besides intr. *tuchnǫti in russ. túchnutь ` die, be extinguished ', slov. po-
túhniti `still become, verlöschen'; russ. FlN Tósna (*Тъsna);
Hittite dušk-, duškii̯a- `sich freuen'.
References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.
Page(s): 1056-1057
Root / lemma: tād-

tād-
Meaning: to act on purpose
Note: only gr. and Oscan
Material: Gr. ἐπιτηδές Adv. `with Vorbedacht, geflissentlich' (ἐπιτήδειος ` suitable ',
ἐπιτηδεύω `betreibe geflissentlich'); Oscan tadait `censeat'.
Page(s): 1054
Root / lemma: tāg-

tāg-
Meaning: to put in order
Material: Gr. τᾱγός m. ` leader, Befehlshaber', τᾱγεύω, τᾱγέω `control, rule, führe an',
nachhom. τάσσω, Attic τάττω, ἐτάγην, τακτός àuf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and
limb, member place, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regeln' (present τάσσω analog.
instead of *τάζω), ταγή f. `Schlachtordnung', τάγμα n. `Heerschar; order', τάξις f. òrder;
alignment; Posten, rank';
abrit. PN Pra-su-tagus (pre-Celtic Indo Germanic loanword);
Lithuanian pa-togùs ànständig, comfortable ' (εὔτακτος) = Latvian patāgs ` comfortable

', Lithuanian su-tógti `sich vertragen, sich verbinden';
Tocharian A tāśśi Pl. ` leader '.
References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f.

Page(s): 1055
Root / lemma: tāl-

tāl-
Meaning: to grow; young animals
Material: Gr. τᾶλις -ιδος `junges mannbares girl, bride' τῆλις, -εως, Ionian -ιος f.
`Hülsengewächs, Bockshorn', τηλεθάω ` blossom, sprieße';
Latin tālea `Stäbchen, seedling, Setzreis', dial. for *tālia, as also tālla = tālia
`Zwiebelhülse'; denominative tāliāre `split, cut, clip' (originally `* branch abscise ');
Lithuanian a(t)tólas `Nachheu, bumper crop, byproduct', talõkas ` grown, nubile,

marriageable'.
References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1, 498.
Page(s): 1055
tā-, tǝ-; tāi-

Root / lemma: tā- ǝi-, tī̆ī̆ī̆-; [tāu
tāi-, tǝi- ǝu-, tū̆-
tāu-], tǝu-
tāu-
Meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay
Material: A. Osset. thayun `thaw, melt' (*tāi̯ō) = Old Church Slavic tajǫ, tajetъ `melt', *talъ
`geschmolzen, fluid', russ. tályj;
Armenian tànam ` wet (Aor. tàc̣i); werde humid, wet (Aor. tàc̣ay)';
cymr. tawdd `liquēfactiō', toddi, bret. teuzi `melt' (-d- or -dh-forms);
with b(h)-extension
b(h) (compare under τῖ-φ-ος) Latin tābēs `das allmähliche Vergehen
through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc.', tābum `Jauche, mucus, epidemic ',
tābeō, -ēre, tābēscō, -ēre `melt, hinsiechen'.
with k-extension gr. τήκω, Doric τά̄κω ` melt ', τακερός `soft, melting', τηκεδών f.
Àbzehrung, consumption, tuberculosis, Verwesung';
B. i-forms: Old Icelandic Þīðr (*tī-tó-s) `geschmolzen, getaut', whereof Þīða àuftauen, tr.
and intr.', Þīðenn `geschmolzen, getaut';
with bh- (compare above tābēs) osset. ćirwä, c̣irw `yeast' from *tibh-no-; gr. τῖφος n.
`marshy place, damp Grund'; dak. FlN Τιβίσκος; about Latin Tiberis (*Thubris, Θυβρίς <
*dhubris) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;
with l-suffix: gr. τῖλος `thin Stuhlgang, Abführen'; Old Bulgarian tьlěti `modern,
verwesen', tьlja `Verwesung', russ. tlja ` moth ' (compare under Latin tinea), `Blattlaus';
with m-suffix: Old Church Slavic timěno `slime, mud';
with n-suffix: Old English ðīnan `humid, wet become', ðān (*lǝi-no-) `humid, wet,
bewassert', whereof ðǣnan ` moisten ', ðānian, ðǣnian `humid, wet sein or become';
Old Church Slavic tina `slime, mud'; probably Latin tīnus `the lorbeerartige Schneeball'
(from the stark abführenden Wirkung) and tinca `tench ' (*tīnica `slimy or in Schlamme
lebender fish'); Latin tinea ` moth, Holzwurm' (compare above russ. tlja) probably from a
*tino-, *tinā ` mould, dank decay ';
with r-suffix: Armenian *tīro-, -ri- in t`rik` `crap, muck, droppings', t`rem `knead meal,
flour, dough' (`*make retreat Teigmasse') t`rmem `befeuchte, weiche ein', t`rjem
`befeuchte, wet, begieße, irrigate '; Lithuanian týras, tỹrė porridge, mash', týrai
`bewachsener morass, moor, heath, moorland ', Latvian tīrelis `morass';
with s-suffix: Old High German theisk, deisk `stercus, fimus, rudera'; Church Slavic
těsto, Serbo-Croatian ti jesto `dough', because of Slavic tiskati `press' from toisk-to-; Old
Irish tōis-renn, tāis ` massam (farinaceam) ', cymr. toes, bret. tōaz m. `dough' (*tǝi-s-to-);
Old High German theismo, deismo, Old English ðǣsma m. `sourdough'; gr. σταῖς or σταίς,
Gen. σταιτός `Weizenmehl with Wasser zum Teig angerührt' (under influence of στέᾱρ
from *stait- reconverted with metathesis);
with Baltic ž-forms Lithuanian tižùš ` slippery, slimy', tyžtù, tìžti ` slippery become'?
C. u-forms: Old Icelandic Þeya, Old High German douwen, deuwen `thaw, to melt begin,
zergehn', trans. (fir-) douwen ` digest ', Old Icelandic Þeyr `Tauwind', Þā (*Þawō) `schnee-
and eisfreies Gefilde', Old English ðawian (*Þawōn) `thaw', Old Icelandic Þāna `melt intr.'
= Old English ðawenian `netzen' (*Þawanōn); Old Icelandic Þǣsir `qui lenem facit',
Norwegian tæsa `thaw, melt tr.' (*Þawisjan).
In Germanic also Þwī̆- in Old English ðwīnan ` dwindle, abate ', Kaus. ðwǣnan ` steep,
irrigāre', Old Swedish Þwīna `vor disease, malady, longing, yearning dwindle away,
decrease ', Þwæ̆na (from *Þwĕna =*Þwĭna) ds. (similarly also Old High German thwesben
` extinguish, annihilate, erase, exterminate '?); Germanic *Þwĭnam probably reshuffling
from Þīnan (see above) after den groups from Old English dwīnan, ā-cwīnan.
D. Here still die urbrit. FlN *Tamā > engl. T(h)ame, *Tamēssā > engl. Thames, etc.,
*Tani̯ā> engl. Tain, Tean, *Tau̯ā > engl. Taw, Tay, in addition *Tilā > engl. Till, Venetic
Tiliaventus, Illyrian Tilurius, Tirol Ziller etc.
References: WP. I 701 ff., WH. II 639 f., 680, 683 f., Trautmann 312 f., 323; Vasmer 3, 84,
100, 105, 106, 110, Max Förster Themse 728 ff.
Page(s): 1053-1054
Root / lemma: tegu-

tegu-
Meaning: thick
Material: Old Irish tiug, cymr. corn. tew, bret. teo `thick'; Old Icelandic Þykkr, Þjokkr, Þjukkr
`thick', Old English ðicce `thick, dense', Old High German dicchi ds., Old Saxon thikki `ds.,
frequent, often'.
Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma: teg-
teg-
See also: see above S. 1013 f. under (s)teg- and S. 1055.
Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma: teig-

teig-
See also: see above S. 1016 f. under (s)teig-.
Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma:
lemma: teigʷ
teigʷ-
See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)teigʷ-.
Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma: tei-

tei-
See also: see above S. 1015 under (s)tei-.
Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma: tek-

tek-1
Meaning: to produce; to bear
Material: Old Indic tákman- n. (Gramm.) ` offspring, descendant, kid, child'; takarī́ f. èin
Teil the weibl. Genitalien';
gr. τίκτω (*τι-τκ-ω), ἔτεκον, τέξω, -ομαι, τέτοκα ` to give birth to children, zeugen', τέκος n.
`kid, child; the young of an animal; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot', τέκνον n. `kid, child' (:
Germanic *Þegnáz), τόκος `das Gebären, progeny, interest', τοκίζω `leihe auf Zinsen',
τοκεύς `father, mother, Pl. parents', Ionian ἐπί-τοξ, ἐπί-τεξ `the Niederkunft near ';
Old Icelandic Þegn `free Untertan, free man', Old English ðegn Èdelmann, warrior,
hero, servant', Old Saxon Old High German thegan ds., Modern High German Degen.
References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1, 466.

Page(s): 1057
Root / lemma: tek-

tek-2
Meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get
Material: The meaning `bid, beg, ask' only Germanic: Old Saxon thiggian ìnvoke', Old
High German dicken, diggen stem V. `worum bid, beg, ask', Danish tigge, Swedish tigga
`beg', Old Swedish Þiggja ds.;
Old Icelandic Þiggja `receive, annehmen', Þǣgr (*Þēgia-) `pleasant', Old Swedish
Þiggia and Old Danish tigge also ` attain, achieve ', Old English ðicgan stem V. ` attain,
achieve, annehmen, consume', Old Saxon thiggian ds.;
Old Irish techtaim Ì have', bret. tizaff ` receive ' (due to eines *tektā `das Empfangene,
property'), cymr. teg `beautiful, pretty' (compare to meaning Old Icelandic Þǣgr), Old Irish
ētig = cymr. annheg ùgly' (*n̥-teki-); o-grade probably Old Irish toich `naturgemäß'
(different under top-);
Lithuanian tenkù, tèkti `sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil
become, zufallen'; klr. taknuty `feel; touch on'.
References: WP. I 715, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpräs. 186 f.

Page(s): 1057-1058
Root / lemma: tek-

tek-3
Meaning: to weave, plait
Material: Osset. taxun `to weave', an-dax ` filament ' (x from k); Armenian tèkèm ` turn,
twist, rotate, flechte, wickle', tìur (*tēk-ro-) ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ';
Old High German tāht `wick, cord', Modern High German Docht = Old Icelandic Þāttr `cord
in a Seil', Swiss dǣgel, dohe, Bavarian dāhen, elsäss. dōche `wick' (proto Germanic *Þēh-
, Þēg-); also Old Icelandic Þǣgja `press' actually `zusammendrehen'? about Old Church
Slavic tъkati `to weave' see above S. 1032.
Page(s): 1058
Root / lemma: tek̂Þ-

Root
Meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter
Material: Old Indic takṣati `behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt', lengthened grade tā́ṣṭi
ds., participle taṣṭá-, common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-, -š- Avestan tašta-
and tāšta-; also tašta- n. ` cup, bowl'; Old Indic tákṣaṇ- m. `carpenter' (= Avestan tašan-
`molder, creator, god', gr. τέκτων), fem. takṣṇī́ (: gr. τέκταινα), táṣṭar- `carpenter' (compare
Latin textor ` weaver ');
Avestan tašaiti `zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt', taša- m. àxe', np. taš ds., mp.
tāšīδan `do carpentry, do woodwork ', ар. us-tašanā `staircase' (*`construction');
maybe alb. tas `deep bowl'

gr. τέκτων `carpenter', fem. τέκταινα, τέκμαρ, -ωρ `mark, token, sign', τέχνη ` handwork,
art, artifice' (*τεξνᾱ from älterem *τεκτ[ε]σνᾱ); common Old Indic -ĝʷh- > -kṣ- : Anatolian –
Tocharian – Greek -ĝʷh- > -kt-: -tk- see Root / lemma: ĝhðem-
hðem-, ĝhðom-
hðom-, Gen.- ablative
ĝh(ð)m-és : èarth'
Latin texō, -ere, -ui -tum `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', gelegentlich `to build', textor, -ōris
` weaver '; tēla ` texture ' (*tek̂slā = Slavic tesla, Old High German dehsala), subtīlis (*-
texlis) `fine, thin, tender; feinfühlig, sharp witted, shrewd', subtēmen Èinschlag, Eintrag in
texture; texture '; testa f. `Platte, shard, bowl', therefrom testūdō `turtle, tortoise' (compare
above Avestan tašta-), perhaps also tēlum `Fernwaffe, missile ' (as `kundig zugeschnitzt,
gearbeitet');
Maybe alb. (*texere) tjerr `flax, wattle, braid'
Old Irish tāl àxe' (*tōkslo-);
Old High German dehsa, dehsala `Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe', Old Icelandic
Þexla f. `Queraxt'; Middle High German dehsen `flax break, rupture', dehse ` spindle', Old
English ðeox `spear, javelin'; Germanic *Þahsu- in Old High German dahs, Norwegian
svin-toks `Dachs = badger ';
Lithuanian tašaũ -ýti `hew' (originally iterative); Latvian tešu (*teksi̯ō) and tèšu (*tēksi̯ō),
test and tèst `hew'; Old Church Slavic tešǫ, tesati `hew', russ.-Church Slavic tesla àxe',
Czech tes `Zimmerholz', russ. tës `gesägte Bretter';
Hittite takš-, takkeš- ` piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together, unternehmen'.
References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f.,
Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm.
1; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.
Page(s): 1058-1059
Root / lemma: tekʷ

tekʷ-
Meaning: to run; to flow
Material: Old Indic tákti ` hurries, schießt dahin', taktá-, táku- `hurrying, rash, hasty', takvá-
ds.; avatká- `herabfließend'; Avestan tačaiti ` running, hurries; flows ', participle -taxta-, np.
tāxtan `run', hantačina- `zusammenfließend' (= Lithuanian tẽkinas ` running '), Avestan vi-
taxti- f. `das Zerfließen, Schmelzen' (= Inf. Slavic *tekti); here perhaps as
`dahinschießend': iran. (skyth.) *taḫša- (npers. taxš) àrrow, bow', from which gr. τόξον ds.,
Latin taxus ` yew' (Benveniste Mél. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);
Avestan taka- m., np. tak `run, flow' (= Lithuanian tãkas, Slavic tokъ); Avestan tačar- n.
`run, flow, pathway', tačan- `hurrying'; tači-āp- `running water (containing)', iran. *taḫra-
`quick, fast';
alb. ndjek `pursue';
Maybe alb. ndjej ` smell, perceive, feel (the hunt?)', ndjenjë ` feeling '.
Old Irish techid ` flees ' (Perf. ō-grade tāich), ateoch ` beg ' (*ad-tekʷō `take meine
Zuflucht'); brit. PN Vo-tepo-rīx; mcymr. go-dep `Zuflucht', tebet èscape'; bret. tec'het `flee',
mcymr. 3. Sg. Konj. ny ry-decho `wer nicht flieht' (brit. ch from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm);
Irish intech n. `way' (*enitekʷom, compare Old Church Slavic tekъ `run, flow');
Gothic Þius `servant, farmhand' (= Old Indic takvá-, actually ` runner', compare Latvian
teksnis Àufwärter, Bedienter'), Proto Norse ÞewaR `Lehensmann', Old English ðēo(w),
Old High German deo ` farmhand, servant', Fem. Gothic Þiwi, Old Icelandic Þȳ, Þīr, Old
Saxon thiwi, thiu, Old English ðēowu, ðēowe(n), Old High German diu, diuwa ` bondmaid,
maid ' (*tek-u̯ī,́ development moviertes Fem. to *teku̯ó-s, or to *tekú-s: Old Indic táku-);
with derivative as Gothic widuwairna ` orphan ' *Þewernōn in Old Icelandic Þerna ` slave ',
Old Saxon thiorna, Old High German diorna `virgin', Modern High German Dirne; n-
extension in Old English ðēowen ` bondmaid ', Old Icelandic Þjōnn `servant', whereof
*Þewanōn ` serve ' in Old Icelandic Þēna, Þjōna, Old High German dionōn, dionēn ` serve
'; Gothic anaÞiwan `subjugate, zum Sklaven machen', Old English ðēowian, Old Icelandic
Þjā ds.; lengthened gradees collective Gothic Þēwisa n. Pl. `servant, Knechte' (*tēku̯eso-);
Lithuanian tekù, -ė́ti `run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife,
woman)', Latvian teku, tecêt `run'; Old Prussian tackelis, Lithuanian tekė̃las, Latvian teciêls
m. `grindstone, whetstone'; Lithuanian tėkmė̃ `wellspring, river', į́toka ` estuary '; Latvian
teksnis m. `Bedienter'; Old Church Slavic tekǫ, tešti ` τρέχειν ', serb. tèčēm, tèći `flow', etc.;
Lithuanian tãkas ` path, track ', Latvian taks ds., Lithuanian į̃takas ` estuary '; Old Church
Slavic tokъ ` ῥύσις ', potokъ ` χείμαρρος '; Tocharian В cake `river'; Hittite u̯а-tku-zi
`springt'.
References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer 3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.
Page(s): 1059-1060
Root / lemma: teleĝh
teleĝh-
Meaning: to hit
Material: Old Indic tarh- (tr̥ṇédhi, Perf. tatarha, participle tr̥dhá-) `shatter, crunch ';
Lithuanian su-talžti `durchprügeln', tálžyti `thrash', télžti `thrash, throw'; Latvian talzīt, talstīt
`durchprügeln'; with zweisilbiger root form Lithuanian telẽži-ju, -yti `vast, grand
durchprügeln', tàlažuoti ` babble, chatter ' (meaning as Modern High German Klatschen),
talãžius ` babbler '.
References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522;
See also: compare under telek-
telek-.
Page(s): 1062
Root / lemma: telek-

telek-
Note: only Celtic and baltoslavisch
Material: Cymr. talch `piece, fragment, Mahlkorn', acorn. talch `furfures' (*telko-); proto
Slavic. *tьlkǫ, *telkti in Old Church Slavic tlъkǫ, tlěšti `κρούω' (Indo Germanic *telkō), to
Lithuanian tìlkstu, tìlkti `tame, domesticated sein', ap-tìlkęs žmogùs `durchtriebener
person'; ablaut. Slavic tolkъ m. `Stampfe' and Slavic tolkъno n. in russ. toloknó
`gestoßenes Hafermehl'; Balto-Slavic *talkā f. ` common work' in Lithuanian talkà,
Latviantàlka `zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft', russ. toloká ds., also `threshing
floor, pasture' etc.
maybe alb. (*toloká) troka, toka ‘land’ from Ukrainian: toloká òccasional help by fellow
villagers, fallow land, pasture' [f ā], tóloku [Accs]
References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;

See also: compare above teleĝh
teleĝh-.
Page(s): 1062
tel-1, telǝ
Root / lemma: tel- telǝ-, tlē(i)-
tlē(i)-, tlā-
tlā-
Meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer
Material: Old Indic tulā́ f. ` scales, weight ', tulayati `hebt auf, wägt' (with Ablautneuerung in
addition tōláyati ds.), tulima- `wägbar', túlya- `gleichartig, comparable '; Armenian tòɫum `
allow, dulde, ertrage';
gr. ταλάσσαι and τλῆναι (Doric ἔτλᾱν), participle τλά̄ς, τλᾶσα, Fut. τλήσομαι, Doric
τλά̄σομαι, Perf. τέτλᾰμεν, τέτλᾰθι, τετληυῖα, τετληότος `bear, endure, brook ', participle
τλητός, Doric τλᾱτός `duldend, steadfast; erträglich' (= Latin lātus, cymr. tlawd àrm', Indo
Germanic *tl̥̄-tós), τάλᾱς, -αντος and (after μέλᾱς) -ανος, -αινα èrtragend, duldend,
leidend', τάλαντον (originally to τάλᾱς, n. τάλαν gehöriger Pl. τάλαντα (actually `die beiden
Waagschalen') ` scales; a certain weight ', ἀτάλαντος `from same weight, equivalent, alike
', πολύτλᾱς `wer viel ausgestanden has; very patiently'; PN ῎Ατλᾱς, -αντος; τλήμων, Doric
τλά̄μων èrtragend, duldend', ταλαός ds., in compound ταλα-; e.g. ταλα-πενθής àffliction
ertragend', ταλά-φρων àusharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich', next to which ταλασί-φρων and
ταλαί-πωρος `*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend' i.e. ` afflicted, unlucky '; τάλαρος m.
`(das, wherein man carries =) basket, pannier, Käsekorb etc.', *ταλάτης `*wer mühevolle
Arbeit to ertragen has, specific from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen', whereof ταλάσια
ἔργα, ταλασίᾱ `Wollspinnerei'; ὄ-τλος `pain' (prefix ὀ-); redupl. PN Tάνταλος, τανταλ-εύω, -
ίζω, -όω àllow schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish'; gradation о in τόλμη, τόλμᾰ
`boldness, das cart ', τολμήεις `duldend, steadfast, bold', τολμάω èrtrage, hold from,
dulde; wage'; e-grade τελάσσαι τολμῆσαι, τλῆναι Hes., τελαμών ` bearer, sling, strap, etc.',
further as àufheben = in die Höhe heave, life' ἀνα-, ἐξανα-τέλλειν `sich erheben,
aufgehen, from constellation ' (ἀνατολή Àufgang from constellation '), ἐπιτέλλεσθαι,
ὑπερτείλας ὁ ἥλιος, trans. (àufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen')ἐντέλλειν, -
εσθαι àuftragen, order', ἐπιτέλλειν, -εσθαι ds., further: τέλος n. ` payment, tribute, tax,
Ausgabe, Kosten', εὐτελής ` cheap, little kostend', πολυτελής `viel Aufwand erfordernd,
precious', ἀτελής `frei from tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei', probably also (with
formants as ἄχθος, πλῆθος, perhaps through mediation eines Verbums *τέλ-θω) τέλθος n.
Èntrichtung, sacrifice, oblation';
venet. tolar 3. Sg. Deponens `bringt dar';
Latin tollō, -ere (sustulī, sublātum) èmpor, in die Höhe heave, life etc.' (*tln̥ō,
transfigured from *tl̥-nā-mi), tolūtim ìn Trabe' (actually `die Füße hebend'), tolerō, -āre
`(er)trage, unterhalte', tulī, old tetulī Perf. to ferō, Old Latin Konj. tulam `bear, carry, bring',
lātus `getragen' (= gr. τλᾱτός, cymr. tlawd);
Middle Irish tlenaim `steal' (*tl̥nāmi), cymr. tlawd àrm' (`*duldend'), Irish tlāith `weak,
gentle' (*tlā-ti-); Old Irish tol f. `volition' (*tolā), whereof tolnathar `welcher gefällt' ; at most
Old Irish tailm, Gen. telma, bret. talm ` loop, noose, snare, Schleuder', cymr. telm `Dohne'
(: τελαμών?);
Gothic Þulan, -aida `bear, endure, brook ', Old Icelandic Þola, Old English ðolian, Old
High German dolēn ds., Old Icelandic Þol n. ` patience ', Old High German dult, Old
English geÞyld, Modern High German Geduld, dulden ` brook ';
Latvian iz-tilt `bear, endure, endure', perhaps (compare Gothic barn `kid, child', actually
às foetus getragen') Lithuanian tẽlias, Latvian tel'š, telẽns, Old Church Slavic telьcь, russ.
telënok (Pl. teljáta) `calf'; different Būga Kalba ir s. 292 f.
Tocharian А В täl- `heave, life, bear, carry', causative tlässi, preterit A cacäl, В cāla.
References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.
Page(s): 1060-1061
tel-2, telǝ
Root / lemma: tel- telǝ-, telu-
telu-
Meaning: flat, flat ground, board
Material: Old Indic tala- n. `surface, plain, area, plain, palm, sole', secondary talimam- n. `
floor ', tā́lu n. ` palate';
Armenian tàɫ `region, Distrikt', tàɫar ìrden, earthen vessel, earthenware', tàɫem
`beerdige, vergrabe', very doubtful tìtèln `leaf, Platte from metal ';
gr. τηλίᾱ `Würfelbrett, Küchenbrett and likewise';
Latin tellūs, -ūris f. èarth', meditullium `Binnenland' (*telnos; tellūs after rūs reshaped);
whether tabula f. `board' etc. from *tal-dhlā?
Old Irish talam (*telǝ-mō) Gen. talman èarth', Middle Irish tel, t(a)ul n. `forehead, shield
boss ', cymr.corn. bret. tal `forehead'; in Irish is *tal with a variant Irish tel, tul ` shield boss '
zusammengeflossen, see below *tēu- `to swell';
Old Icelandic Þil(i) n. `Bretterwand', Þilja f. ` floorboard, plank', Þel n. `ground, bottom',
Old English ðille ` floorboard ', ðel `Schiffsplanke, metal sheet ', Old High German dil, dilo
`Bretterwand, Bretterdiele', dilla (= Old Icelandic Þilja, Old English ðille, whether these f.)
`board, floorboard, Schiffsdeck', Finnish (from dem Nord.) teljo ` thwart ';
Old Prussian talus ` the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle
bones of animals)'; Lithuanian pã-talas `bed', tìlės f. Pl. `Bodenbretter in barge';Latvian
tilandi m. Pl. ds., tilinât, telinât `flat ausbreiten', tilât, tiluôt `ds., ausgebreitet lie'; Old
Russian tьlo `bottom'; potolók (*tolu-ko-) ` ceiling';
to-: Lithuanian tìltas, Latvian til̃ts `bridge' = Old Indic taṭa- m. (Middle
with formants -to-
Indic for *tr̥ta-) `bank, border, shore' (actually `gangbarer floor ')?
References: WP. I 740, WH. II 640 f., 655, Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 110, Mayrhofer 1,
469, 487, 499, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 23.
Page(s): 1061
Root / lemma: tel-

tel-3
Meaning: to be still
Material: Old Irish tu(i)lid, con-tu(i)li `sleeps' (Iter. *tolei̯ō), cotlud `sleep' (*kom-toli-tu-s);
Lithuanian tyliù, tylė́ti ` keep mum, keep quiet ' (Balto-Slavic *tilētēi with secondary
lengthening of i to ī) and (ap-, nu-, pri-) tįlù, tìlti `silent become', causative tìldau, tìldyti `
silent make', tylùs `schweigsam' (Indo Germanic *tel-); Old Church Slavic tьlějǫ, tьlěti
`vermodern, die, wilt, wither ', serb. zà-tljâm, zà-tljati èinschlummern wollen'; in addition
das causative Slavic *toliti in Old Church Slavic u-toliti ` calm, appease ', Church Slavic
toliti `placare'.
References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321, Vasmer 3, 114 f.;

See also: perhaps s- loose variant to stel- (Old High German stilli `still') above S. 1019.
Page(s): 1061-1062
Root / lemma: tel-

tel-4
See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.
Page(s): 1062
Root / lemma: telp-

telp-
Meaning: space; spacious
Material: Old Indic tálpa- m., tálpā f. ` lair, Ruhesitz';
Old Irish -tella (analogical -talla) ès is Raum, Möglichkeit vorhanden for etwas';
Lithuanian telpù, til̃pti `Raum have', talpà f. àusreichender Raum', talpìnti, ablaut.
tùlpinti `Raum make'; Latvian tęlpu, tìlpt `Raum have', tilpe f. `Kramkammer'; proto Slavic.
*tilpa respectively *tьlpa in Old Church Slavic tlъpa, russ. tolpá f. `heap, troop, multitude,
crowd';
Tocharian A tsälp- `go, hinübergehen, erlöst become'.
References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.
Page(s): 1062
Root / lemma: tem(ǝ)

tem(ǝ)-
ǝ)-
Meaning: dark
Note:
ǝ)- : `dark' derived from Root / lemma: dhem-
Root / lemma: tem(ǝ)
tem(ǝ)- em-, dhemǝ
emǝ- : `to smoke; to
blow'.
Material: Old Indic támas- n. ` darkness, darkness ' = Avestan tǝmah- ds., npers. tam `Star
of Auges', Old Indic tamasá- ` swart ' (= Avestan tǝmaŋha- ` dim'), tamsra- `dark, livid';
támisrāḥ (= Latin tenebrae), newer támisrā f., tamisra-m ` darkness'; támasvān (-vant) `
dim' = Avestan tǝmahvant- `verblendet'; tamrá- `verdunkelnd', tāmrá- ` oxblood, indigo,
kupferrot', timirá- `dark, dim'; támāla- m. `Xanthochymos pictorius' (tree with very dark
bark); from tamāla-pattram `T.-leaf' derive gr. μαλάβαθρον, Latin mālobat(h)rum; Avestan
tąϑra- Nom. Pl. `darkness', np. tār ` dim' = *tam-sra-;
gr. (Aeolic) VN Τέμμῑκες (*tems-);
Illyrian mountain-N Τόμαρος by Dodona;
Maybe alb. dhjamë, Pl. dhjamra ` fat burnt as sacrifice'.
Latin tenebrae ` darkness ' (diss. from *temafrā = Old Indic támisrāḥ Pl.), temere
`blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temesi ìn Dunkeln [tappend]'), temerō, -āre ` blemish,
disgrace ' (actually ùnvorsichtig sanctify Dingen nahen'); Middle Irish teim, temen `dark,
gray', Old Irish temel ` darkness ', Middle Breton teffal ` dim'; Old High German demar n.
`dawn, twilight'; Old Saxon thimm `dark' (*Þimzá-); Middle Dutch deemster, Old High
German dinstar (and probably also Old High German finstar) ` dim' (*temsro- = Old Indic
tamsra-); Low German dīsig, Dutch dijzig `foggy, dark' (*Þemsiga-); lengthened grade
probably Old Icelandic Þām òbscuritas aeris', Norwegian taam ` unclear air, thin blanket
of clouds ';
Lithuanian témsta, témti ` dim become'; tamsà ` darkness ', tamsùs `dark', ablaut.
Latvian tima, timsa and tùmsa `darkness', Lithuanian tim̃sras `schweißfüchsig, oxblood,
indigo '; Latvian tumst (Inf.tumt) ès dunkelt'; Old Church Slavic tьma ` darkness ', Old
Church Slavic tьmьnъ `dark'; russ. témrivo ` darkness '; whether Slavic těnь `shadow' as
*tem-ni-s anzureihen?
Tocharian В tamāsse `dark'.
Maybe alb. dimën ‘winter, long winter nights’ origin of PIE root for winter???, maybe alb.
tym ‘smoke’ dark smoke’ similar to poln. dym???
References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162.
Page(s): 1063-1064
tem-1, tend-
Root / lemma: tem- tend-
Meaning: to cut
Material: Gr. τέμνω, hom. Ionian Doric τάμνω (hom. τέμει) `cut, bite' (ἔταμον and ἔτεμον,
τεμῶ, τέτμηκα, τμητός); τομός ìncisive', τόμoς `break, section, part; band, strap (book)',
τομή `cut'; τέμαχος àbgeschnittenes piece gesalzenen Fisches', τέμενος
`(*abgeschnittener, abgesonderter) göttlicher or royal district, region, area '; τμῆσις `cut';
τάμισος `rennet' (because, it γάλα τέμνει, id est σχίζει, hence also γαλα-τμον λάχανον
ἄγριον Hes.); ταμίας `Verwalter', as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit
verteilende; other formations τμήγω (by Balbilla τμά̄γω) `cut, bite' (3. Pl. Aor. Pass.
τμά̆γεν); τένδω, τένθης see below; Phrygian Τῆμνον ὄρος (: Church Slavic těmę);
Latin aestumō, -āre àbschätzen, taxieren, assess ' due to eines *ais-temos òre
incisive'; about Latin temnō see below stemb-; Old Irish tamun `stump', tamnaid `clips,
cuts';
Balto Slavic *tĭnō, *tinti from *temnō (gr. τάμνω), *temǝtī in Lithuanian tinù, tìnti `dengeln',
slov. tnèm tę́ti `hack', Old Czech tnu, tieti `hew, hit', Old Russian tьnu (tьmetъ is
Druckfehler), tjǫti `hit', whereupon also *tonъ instead of *tomъ (= τόμος) in Lower Sorbian
ton Àushau' etc.; Church Slavic těmę `Scheitel';
d-extension (originally d-present): gr. τένδω `benage, nasche', dh-present Attic τένθω
ds., τένθης `Näscher'; Latin (iterative) tondeō, -ēre, totondī, tōnsum àbscheren, abscise '
(in addition tōnsa ` rudder ', tōnsilla Ùferpfahl'); Middle Irish tond, tonn, (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. ton f. `skin'; Middle Irish teinnid, tennaid `splits, breaks', teinm n.
`split, tear' and Scots Gaelic tèum = cymr. tam, corn. tam, bret. tamm `morsel, mouthful,
piece' (*tn̥dsmn̥-).
References: WP. I 719 f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 92, 111, 133.
Page(s): 1062-1063
Root / lemma: tem-

tem-2
Meaning: enthralled, confused
Material: Old Indic tā́myati `wird betäubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet', participle
Perf. Pass. tāṃtá-, Kaus. tămáyati èrstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the air' (Old Church
Slavic tomiti), támati èrstickt (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart', támiṣīcī f. `beklemmend,
betäubend', timitá- ùnbeweglich', (i after stimitá- ds. from *stāi- `verdichten'); Armenian
t`m(b)rim `werde betäubt' (*tēmiro-);
Latin tēmētum ` intoxicating drink, mead, wine ', tēmulentus ` intoxicated, drunk ',
abstēmius `sober'; Middle Irish tām (*tōmu-) `disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death'; támaid
`dies'; mcymr. taw `death'; Modern High German damisch, dämlich `betäubt, benommenen
Geistes', westFaliscan dümmeln `choke; suppress, crush'; russ.-Church Slavic tomiti
`torment, smite; distress; exhaust'.
References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1,
495, 503;
See also: probably to consecutive (tem(ǝ)-).
Page(s): 1063
Root / lemma: temp-

temp-
Meaning: to extend, stretch, span
Note: extension from *ten- ds.
Material: Npers. tāb-aδ, Inf. tāftan and tāb-ī-δan `turn, spinnen', intr. `sich drehen, afflicted
become' (from one to *tap = Indo Germanic *tm̥p- analogical refined Кaus. *tāpayati),
wherefore probably as iran.loanword gr. τάπης, δάπις `cover, rug';
Armenian tàmb `(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche flesh an Tierbeinen'; gr.
PN Τέμπη (: Latin tempus ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ');
here Latin tempus, -oris n. ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead '
Maybe alb. Geg (*tempus) tamth, Tosc tëmth ` temple ' Latin loanword.
(from the thin gespannten skin, compare Old Icelandic etc. Þunn-vangi m. ` temple,
flattened region on either side of the forehead ') = Latin tempus `Zeitspanne', in addition
temperāre ` measure halten, measure give' (hence `mix'); templum ` an open place for
observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ' (`*ausgespannt = ausgemessen');
perhaps antemnā f. `sprit' (`die Aufgespannte') from *an(a)-temp-nā; templa, -ōrum `die
gespannten Querhölzer, auf denen die Schindeln befestigt become'; contemplāri ` ἀτενές
βλέπειν ', temptō, -āre (iterative to *tempō) ` touch, befühlen, assail, examine, auf die
Probe place ' (see Persson Beitr. 488 ff.);
Old Icelandic Þambr `swollen, thick', Þǫmb Subst. ` swollen Bauch, bowstring ';
Lithuanian tem̃pti ` through Ziehen spannen, dehnen', Iter. tampýti ds., tim̃pti `sich
recken', tìmpa `sinew', temptýva ` bowstring ' = Old Church Slavic tętiva `sinew',
Lithuanian į̃tampas Ànspannung, exertion ' (ablaut. į́tumpas `beginning zum Sprunge'),
tamprùs `tenacious, elastic'; Latvian tìeptiês `hartnäckig sein';
Old Church Slavic tǫpъ òbtusus, crassus'? perhaps from `gedunsen'; russ. tepstí `straff
lure, tempt ';
Tocharian A tampe `power', AB cämp- ` to be able, to be capable of '.
References: WP. I 721 f., WH. I 54, II 659 f., 662, Trautmann 317 f., Vasmer 3, 95, 101,
153, Frisk Göteborgs Högsk. Ȧrsskr. 57, 1951: 4.
Page(s): 1064-1065
Root / lemma: tend-

tend-
See also: see below tem-1.
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: tenǝgos

tenǝgos,
ǝgos tenǝgos
Meaning: ground in water
Material: Gr. τέναγος n. `ford'; Latvian tīgas (*tingas) `Tiefe between zwei shallows'.
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: tengh-

tengh-
Note: Aryan *thengh-, yet probably nevertheless extension from ten-1 ds.
Material: Avestan ϑang- (ϑanjasā̊ntē, ϑanjayentē, participle ϑaxta-) `ziehen, Bogen
spannen'; but ϑanvarǝ, Abl. ϑanvanāt̲ `bow (as Schußwaffe)' after Mayrhofer through
contamination with *danvan- (= Old Indic dhánvan-, above S. 234) originated; osset. t`ịnjịn
` distend '; Armenian tànjr, Gen. tànju `dense, thick' (*tn̥ghi̯u-);
Latin tēmō, -ōnis m. `shaft' (*tenksmō); Old Church Slavic *tęgnǫti `ziehen', rastęgǫ,
rastęšti `distrahere', russ. tugój `straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy ', poln. tęgi ds., Old Church
Slavic tǫga `συνοχή, περίστασις', slov. tǫ́ga ` sluggishness, Schwermut' etc.; die meaning `
heavy ' also in Slavic *tęgъkъ: Old Church Slavic otęgъčiti `βαρεῖν', tęžьkъ `βαρύς',
tęgostь `βάρος', tęgota ds. etc.; also Old Church Slavic istęsklъ èmaceratus, tabidus',
istęsknǫti `tabescere' with sk-suffix; here Old Church Slavic tęža ` litigation ';
Lithuanian tingùs ìdle' (= Slavic *tęgъ in tęgostь etc., and: Old Icelandic Þungr), tìngiu,
tingė́ti ìdle, unlustig sein', tìng-stu, -au, -ti `träge become';
Old Icelandic Þungr ` heavy ', Þunge m. `burden, load', Þyngia ` grouch', Þyngð
Ùnannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit', Þyngsl ` distress, crowdedness'; Old High German
dīhsala, Old English Þīxl, Old Icelandic Þīsl `shaft' (proto Germanic *Þenχslō actually
`Zugstange'); Tocharian A täṅk-, В tank- `hinder'.
References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, Vasmer 3, 166.
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: teng-

teng-1
Meaning: to soak, wet
Material: Gr. τέγγω ` wet, befeuchte'; Latin tingō (older tinguō, das after unguō : unxi for
older *tengō eingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum ` make damp, moisten; paint '; Old High
German thunkōn, dunkōn ` dip, immerse in a liquid '; Swiss tink `humid, wet'.

Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: teng-

teng-2
See also: s. S. 1088 (tong
tong-).
tong-
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: tenk-

tenk-1
Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic
Material: Gothic Þeihs (*ténkos), Pl. Þeihsa n. `time'; with gramm. variation Old Icelandic
Þing n. `Gerichtsversammlung, property, object ', Old English ðing ds., Old Saxon thing,
Old High German ding, Modern High German Ding, langob. thinx `rechtliche gathering,
assembly, convention, congregation, meeting', Old Germanic GN Mars Thinxus
(Germanic*Tius Þingsaz `the god the congregation, meeting'); Old English ðingan èinen
pact, covenant make', Modern High German dingen.
References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: tenk-

tenk-2
Meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick
Material: Old Indic tañc- tanákti `zieht together', with ā- `makes curdle, coagulate, harden ',
Material:
ātángana-m `Mittel zum Gerinnen, rennet', takrá-m ` buttermilk ' (*tn̥k-ló-m: *ténk-lo-m in
isl. Þél), npers. talxīna `sour milk'; Avestan taxma- `valiant, proficient, energetic,
heldenhaft', compounds tąšyah-, Sup. tančišta-; np. tanjīδan `pull together', afghan. tat
`dense, thick' (*tahta-);
Middle Irish tēcar ` protection', tēcht (*tenkto-, compare Old Icelandic Þēttr) `clotted,
congealed, coagulated', tēchte `proper, right', cymr. teithi `characteristics', mcymr. brenhin
teithiawc `rex legitimus' (from `tight, firm'), Old Irish con-tēci `gerinnt' (= Gothic Þeihan,
Indo Germanic *ténkō), téchtaid ds. (*tenktō); ablaut. tocad, cymr.tynged `luck', bret. toñket
`fate, destiny', PN Tunccetace, Latin Gen. in Wales; zero grade cymr.tanc f. `peace'
(*tn̥kā), tangnef ds.; compare Old Danish taknem ` grateful ' under tong-; gall. PN Tanco-
rīx `Friedensfürst';
nisl. Þēl n. ` buttermilk '; Old Icelandic Þēttr `dicht', Middle High German dīhte, Modern
High German dicht and dial. deicht (proto Germanic *Þenχtu-); nisl. Þētti `sour milk';
Gothic Þeihan `thrive', Old High German gidīhan, Old English geðēon ds., participle Old
English geðungen, Old Saxon githungan ` perfect ', in addition das Kaus. Old Saxon
thengian `vollenden' (of present *Þīhan from junction in die ī-row), Gothic gaÞaih, German
gediegen ` solid ', Middle Low German dege ` prospering; flourishing, advance';
Verschmelzung with cognate from Lithuanian tinkù tìkti ` be good for, be suitable for,
passen', patinkù `schmecke, behage', Iter. táikau, -yti ` piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit
together, bring in order ', tìkras `right', das to Lithuanian tiẽkti, teĩkti belongs), Modern High
German Bavarian deihen ` parch, dry and dadurch dichter become', compare with
gradation *Þanχ- Modern High German steir. dahen `dry, dorren' and die appellation the
Tonerde Gothic Þāhō, Old English ðōhæ, ðō, Old High German dāha, Modern High
German Ton (*Þanχōn), Old Icelandic Þā `loam', Old Saxon thāhi ìrden';
Old Icelandic Þengill, Old English ðengel `prince, lord, master, mister' (*Þаngilaz);
Old Icelandic Þang, Middle Low German dank ` seaweed, Tang', Old English ðung
Àconitum napellus', Low German wodendung `Schierling' (`*dichte mass, tussock '?);
Lithuanian tánkus `dense, frequent, often';
klr. t'aknuty ` use, take advantage of ', slov. tek ` prospering; flourishing '; presumably
Old Church Slavic tǫča `rain', slov. t'ǫča `hail', and likewise; whether Gothic Þeiƕō
`thunder' belongs, with from `Wetterwolke' verschobener meaning, is höchst dubious.
References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f.,
J. Loth RC. 41, 225 f.;
See also: root-extension from ten-1 `dehnen'.
Page(s): 1068
ten-1, tend-
Root / lemma: ten- tend-
Grammatical information: ten- bildet in Indo Germanic an unthematic root aorist (ved. átan,
átata èr has gespannt') and ein Perfekt (ved. tatā́na, tatné, Latin tetini). Das present wird
with -eu-extension (ved. tanóti, tanuté, gr. hom. τάνυται) or -i̯e/o-suffix shaped (gr. τείνω);
compare tenu-s `thin' and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens- .
Note:
ten-1, tend-
Root / lemma: ten- tend- : `to extend, stretch, span' derived from the extended Root /
lemma: dhē-2 : `to put, place'.
Material: Old Indic tanṓti `dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert', Avestan pairi-tanava 1. Sg.
Konj. Akt. Ì will fernhalten', pairi-tanuya 1. Sg. Opt. Med.; Old Indic ut-tāna- àusgestreckt'
= Avestan ustāna- ds. (*tn̥nó-, compare Old Indic tani-man- n. `Dünne', also Lithuanian
tìnti, Latin tenē-re); np. tanīδan `turn, spinnen'; as d-present (as Latin tendō) Old Indic
tandatē àllows after, ermattet' (tandrā́ `Mattigkeit, Abspannung');
participle Old Indic tatá- m. `gestreckt' (= gr. τατός, Latin tentus); tati- m. `row, cord,
sacrifice, immolation ' (= gr. τάσις `Spannung, lengthening ', Latin in-, con-tentiō), next to
which zero grade tánti- `cord, string, row', tantu- ` filament, cord, string, Aufzug of texture ';
tan- Àusbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny ', Instr. tanā́ `continuō', tána- m. `
descendant ', tána-m, tánā, tánas- n. ` progeny '; tántra-m `Zettel, Aufzug am loom' = np.
tār (Avestan *tąϑra-) ds., afghan. tōr `net'; Old Indic tāna- m. `clay, filament ' (compare gr.
τόνος); perhaps here tanū́- f. `body, person, Selbst' = Avestan tanū- f. ds. (Mayrhofer 475);
gr. τάνυται `streckt sich' (= Old Indic tanutḗ), τανύω (ἐτάνυσα etc.) `strecke, dehne';
τείνω ds. (τατός), τιταίνω ds.; ταινίᾱ `(long) stripe, bandage' (due to eiŋes Adj. *τανι̯ός);
τέτανος `Spannung, twitch '; τετανός `gestreckt, long, straff'; τένων, -οντος `sinew', τένος n.
`sinew, straff angezogenes Band' (= Latin tenus, -oris, compare also Old Indic tánas- n.),
ἀ-τενής `very gespannt, straff' (ἀ- probably with Ionian reduction = sm̥-), whereof ἀτενίζω
`hefte den Blick angespannt auf etwas'; τόνος `Spannung, Anspannung; also the voice,
lifting of Verses, musikalischer sound, tone' (: Lithuanian tãnas); τάσις f. `Spannung'
(*tn̥tis); about τανύ- `sich ausbreitend' see below tenu-s;
alb. ndënj `breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten'; katund, këtunt (*ke-tn̥-t-) `village'
(`*ausgespanntes tent');
alb. Geg. me ndjejt ` to stay', past participle (*tentum) ndejtun ` stayed'.
Latin tendō, -ere, tetendi, tentum, newer tēnsum `spannen, distend, ausstrecken'
(originally d-present) = Umbrian an-, en-tentu ìntenditō', ustentu òstenditō' etc., Latin
tentus, (in-)tentiō; teneō, -ēre, tenui (Old Latin tetinī = Old Indic tatanē), tentum `hold, stop
etc.' (originally Durativ, trans. and intrans. `somewhat gespannt halten', hence tenēre also
èndure' = vast, spacious sein), at-tinēre, pertinēre, continuus; tenēre aliquid originally with
Akk. of Zieles àuf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein' (tenē-re belongs to Old High
German donēn `vast, spacious, ausgestreckt sein' and Lithuanian tìnstu, tìnti `to swell');
tenus, -oris n. `cord with loop, noose, snare ' (= gr. τένος), tenor, -ōris m.
ùnunterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection; (jur.) sense, mind, content eines
Gesetzes', tenus preposition m. Abl. Gen. Akk. `sich erstreckend bis, bis an', protinus `sich
after vorn erstreckend, vorwärts' (compare Old Indic nū́tanāḥ, -tnāḥ `present, current',
Latin diū-tinus, Lithuanian dabartìnis `present, current'), tenāx ` tenacious, tenacious';
Umbrian tenitu `teneto';
Maybe alb. tendos ` strech ' a Latin loanword.
Old Irish tan `time' (*tenā), actually `Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung' (in tain `when, if')
(: Latvian tina), Old Irish tét ` string ' (*tn̥tā) = cymr. tant ds. (compare Old Indic tantu-, isl.
Þind) = bret. ar-dant `Pflöcke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles'; Old Irish tēit `goes' (*ten-
ti, alter root Aorist, originally `streckte');
Gothic uf-Þanjan `sich distend, sich ausstrecken', Old Icelandic Þenja àusspannen,
ausstrecken', Old English ðenian, ðennan `strecken, spannen', Old High German den(n)en
`dehnen'; Old Icelandic Þinull `rope, hawser, dasein net einfaßt and in addition dient, es to
spannen', Old Icelandic Þind, Norwegian tinder f. ` phren' (Old Irish tēt, Old Indic tántu-);
dh-present Old English ðindan `to swell, angry, irate sein'; in addition Old Icelandic Þund f.
`river'; Old English ðunian `sich heben, sich dehnen, to swell', alike Old High German
Middle High German donên `sich distend, to swell, strotzen'; don àusgespannt', Middle
High German done, don `Spannung', Old High German dona, Old Saxon thona `twig,
branch, tendril ', Modern High German Dohne, Old English ælf-ðone Àlbranke, Solanum
dulcamara'; Old Icelandic Þǫn f. `Holzstäbchen, with dem Felle zum Trocknen
ausgespannt become', Swedish tana `sinew', Old Danish tan ` phren';
Lithuanian tìnstu, tìnti `to swell', tãnas `swelling, lump, growth' (`*sich distend ', also of
Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefördert through das reimende tvìnti `to
swell'); Lithuanian tiñ-klas `net', Old Prussian sasin-tinclo ` hare's snare', Latvian tinu, tît
`flax, wattle, braid, coil, wickeln', tina èin Setznetz' (: Old Irish tan), tineklis `somewhat
Gewundenes, Gewickeltes'; Lithuanian tandus ìdle';
Old Church Slavic teneto, tonoto `rope'.
References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1,
475, Bergin Ériu 12, 227 ff.
Page(s): 1065-1066
Root / lemma: ten-

ten-2
See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.
Page(s): 1067
Root / lemma: tens-

tens-
Note: extension from ten-1 ds.
Material: Old Indic taṁsayati `zieht hin and her, schüttelt', taṁsati (uncovered), Aor. á-
tasat `pull, with Gewalt set in motion ', tásara-m `Weberschiffchen', vítasti- m.; Avestan
vitasti- `span';
Latin tōlēs, -ium `craw am neck', Demin. tōnsillae `die Mandeln in neck', prōtēlum `
towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang', whereof prōtēlāre ìn die Länge
ziehen' (during prōtēlāre `drive away, fortjagen' as tēlīs `prōpellere' to understand,
comprehend is); tēnsa `Prozessions- or Götterwagen', das subst. Fem. of participle
tēnsus;
Gothic atÞinsan `heranziehen', anld. thinsan `ziehen, rend ', Old High German dinsan
`ziehen, drag', Hessian dinse, dans `ziehen', participle Modern High German gedunsen
(actually àufgezogen'), Old High German dansōn `ziehen, dehnen';
Lithuanian tęsiù, tę̃sti ` through Ziehen dehnen, verlängern', pratęsà `Verzug, Aufschub',
užtęsas `Leichentuch', Intr. tįstù, tį̃sti `sich dehnen, sich recken', tąsaũ -ýti (: Old Indic
taṁsayati) `pull, recken', Old Prussian tiēnstwei `stir, tease, irritate', 2. Pl. Imp. tenseiti,
participle entensīts `gefaßt', teansis `shaft'.
References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491,
532.
Page(s): 1068-1069
tenu-s, tenu-
Root / lemma: tenu- nu-s
Meaning: thin
information: fem. tenu̯ī
Note: to ten-1 `dehnen'
Material: Old Indic tanú-, fem. tanvī `thin, tender, fragile, flimsy, insignificant ' (tánuka- ds.
= Slavic tьnъkъ); substantivized Old Indic tanū́- f., tanuṣ- n., Avestan tanū- f., tanus- n., np.
tan `body, body';
gr. τανυ- `long', fem. τανεῖαι `long balk, beam'; τανα(F)ός `langgestreckt, long'; perhaps
eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, Sommer Zur Gesch. d. gr. Nominalkomp. 127;
Latin tenuis `thin, fine, tender' (from fem. *tenu̯ī = Old Indic tanvī́); gr. ταναFός kann from
*τεναFός assimilated sein;
Old Irish tan(a)e (with secondary -e), corn. tanow, bret. tanao, tano `thin' (proto Celtic
*tanau̯o-; cymr. teneu verdankt sein e dem influence of Latin tenuis);
Old High German dunni, Old Saxon thunni, Old Icelandic Þunnr `thin' (nn from nu̯); here
also *Þennō, *Þunnō f. `Stirne, temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' in
Old High German tinna, Middle High German tinne, tunne ds.; in den compounds. Old
High German tinna-bacho ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' and
Old High German dun-wangi, -wengi n., Old English ðun-wang(e) f., Old Icelandic Þun-
vangi m., Swedish tinning ` temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ';
Lithuanian tę́vas, Latvian tiêvs ` slim ';
Old Church Slavic tьnъkъ `thin' (assimil. *tъnъkъ, russ. tónkij).
References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang. and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.
Page(s): 1069
Root / lemma: tep-

tep-
Meaning: warm
Material: Old Indic tápati èrwärmt, burns' (also `kasteit sich, übt penance, atonement'),
participle taptá- èrwärmt, erhitzt', tápas- n. `heat, blaze, glow', tápu- ` burning, hot', Kaus.
tāpáyati èrwärmt, erhitzt'; Avestan tāpaiti ìs warm', Kaus. tāpayeiti èrwärmt, erhitzt',
Inchoh. tafsaiti (*tepǝsk̂eti) `wird hot', participle tapta- èrwärmt, hot', tafnu- m.
`Fieberhitze, fever', tafnah- n. `heat, blaze, glow; fever'; np. tāftan `burn, warm, gleam,
shine';
alb. Tosc ftoh, Geg ftof `make cold, extinguish from, injure with words' (*vëtēp-sk̂ō
èntwärme');
Latin tepeō -ēre ` lukewarm sein', tepidus `warm', tepor ` warmth '; presumably Oscan
tefúrúm à kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation' (*teps-ro-); Umbrian Abl. Sg. with
postposition tefru-to, Akk. Pl. Umbrian tefra `carnes cremandas';
Old Irish tē `hot', Pl. tēit (*tepent- = Old Indic participle tapant-); ten and tene, Gen. -ed
`fire' (*tepnet-), cymr. corn. bret. tan ds., corn. bret. tana `kindle, inflame'; Old Irish tess,
cymr. corn. tes, bret. tez `heat' (*teps-tu-, to es-stem Latin tepor, Old Indic tapas-); Middle
Irish timme `heat, fear'(*teps-mi̯ā); cymr. twym `heat', acorn. toim `hot', Middle Breton
toem, nbret. tomm `hot' (*tepesmo-);
Norwegian teva `vor heat keuchen', Old English ðefian `pant, gasp', Old Icelandic Þefr
m. smell, odor, taste', Þefa `smell' trans., Þefja `smell' intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen
Dampfes from Speisen);
Old Church Slavic *teplъ (in teplostь `θερμότης'), Czech teplý, russ. tëplyj and (with о
after topiti) Old Church Slavic toplъ `warm'; Kaus. serb. tòpiti `melt', russ. topítь ` heat;
zerlassen'; Prussian PN Taplawken actually `Warmfeld';
Hittite tapašša- `fever, heat' (Old Indic loanword?).
References: WP. I 718 f., WH. II 667 f., Trautmann 319, Vasmer 3, 111, Mayrhofer 1, 477,
569.
Page(s): 1069-1070
terd-, tred-
Root / lemma: terd- tred-
Meaning: to drill
Note: (see also ter- `malmendes insect'), extension from *ter- `rub, durchbohren'
Material: Old Indic tr̥ṇátti, Kaus. tardayati (tardati Gramm.), Perf. tatárda `durchbohren,
split', tardman- n. `hole, aperture ', tardá- m. èin insect', tr̥dilá- `löcherig, durchbohrt',
tradá- `the (through Bohren) eröffnet'; Lithuanian tréndu, -ė́ti `from Motten, Würmern
zerfressen become', trandė̃ under trandìs ` maggot, Holzwurm'; ablaut. Latvian trûdi `
mould, dank decay ', trûdêt `verwittern, decayed '; Lithuanian trìdė `diarrhea'; Old Church
Slavic trǫdъ `tinder' and `kind of disease, malady, δυσεντερία' (compare above S. 1073
Lithuanian tríedžiu `have diarrhea': cymr. trwyddo `bore'), Czech trud `Zitterich am face'.
References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer 3, 144, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpräs.
96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1, 521 f.
Page(s): 1076
terk-, trek-
Root / lemma: terk- trek- (tork
tork-, trok-
tork- trok-)
Meaning: to turn
Note: probably extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben'
Material: Old Indic tarkú- m. ` spindle', niṣṭarkyá- `was sich aufdrehen allows'; figurative
tarkáyati àssumes, sinnt after';
gr. ἄτρακτος m. f. ` spindle (figurative: arrow, sprit)' ἀ = n̥ ìn', as (`Stäbchen zum

Aufdrehen'), ἀτρεκής ùnverhohlen, geradeheraus' (ùnumwunden'); alb. tjerr `spin'
(*tērknō);
maybe alb. (*tērknō) tirk, pl. tirqe ` white felt, felt gaiters '
Latin torqueō, -ere, torsi, tortum `turn, coil, verdrehen, agonize' (qu is k + formant u̯,
compare Old Indic tarkú- ` spindle'), torquēs, torquis ` necklace as jewellery', tormentum
`Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, catapult ' (*torqu[e]mentom), tormina `Leibschmerzen',
torculum `Drehpresse, Kelter', nasturtium `Kresse' (*nāstorctiom `quod nasum torqueat');
Irish trochal `Schleuder'; perhaps cymr. torri `break, rupture' (*tork-s-), Middle Breton
terryff ds.;
Old High German drāhsil `Drechsler', Modern High German drechseln, probably also
Old English Þrǣstan `turn, zusammenwinden, press, afflict ' (as Germanic *Þrēχsti̯an); if
also Old Icelandic Þari `Tang' (from *Þarhan-) actually `band, strap'?
Maybe alb. dredh (*derk)` turn, twist ' common alb. -k > -th.
Old Prussian tarkue `Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr)' lies tarkne = *tarkìnė; Old
Church Slavic trakъ `band, strap, belt', russ. tórok m. `Sattelriemen', poln. troki m. Pl.
`strap, Fesseln';
Tocharian AB tsärk- `torment, smite', A tark- Òhrring', В tärk- `turn'.
A meaning `verdreht, quer' shows die with tu̯- anlautende family of Old High German
dwerah, dwerawēr ` slantwise, quer', Modern High German zwerch, quer and Middle High
German twerge `Quere', zwerg `quer', Old English ðweorh ` inverted ', Old Icelandic Þverr
`quer, obstructive', Gothic Þwaírhs àngry, irate'; the anlaut tu̯- is perhaps through
hybridization with *tu̯er- `turn' to define.
References: WP. I 735 f., WH. II 692 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125, Mayrhofer 1, 484
f.
Page(s): 1077
Root / lemma: ter-

ter-1
Meaning: to tremble, dabble
Material: Old Indic taralá- `trembling, twitching, unstet'; alb. tartaɫis ` wriggle ' (from redupl.
*tar-tar-).
Maybe alb. tarrallis ` shake '.
References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;
See also: extensions: trem-, tres- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.
Page(s): 1070
ter-2, teru-
Root / lemma: ter- teru-
Meaning: feeble, fragile, weak
Note: (to ter- `rub' as àb-, faded, weakened ')
Material: Gr. τέρην `tender', sabin. terenum `molle', Latin (after tenuis reconverted with
metathesis) tener, -a, -um `tender, soft';
from the u-basis: Old Indic táruṇa-, dial. tálina- ` young, tender' (m. f. ` youngling, girl', n.
`sprout, stem '), Avestan tauruna- ` young ', osset. tärịn `knave, boy';
gr. τέρυ ἀσθενές, λεπτόν Hes., τέρυες ἵπποι àbgejagte horse' (τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.:
τέρυ = μεθύσκω : μέθυ), τερύνης τετριμμένος ὄνος, καὶ γέρων Hes.;
Latin tardus `slow, slack, zögernd' as do-derivative

do of a reduced-grade *teru-?; Old Irish
terc ` sparse, small';
zur τέρην-group as ` young, tender; young boy, the young of an animal ' also torno-
torno-s in
Lithuanian tar̃nas `servant', Old Indic tarṇa-, tarṇaka- m. ` the young of an animal, calf';
Armenian tòrn, Gen. tòrin `grandchild, grandson';
alb. trim `valiant, gamy; m. young man', Pl. trima `bewaffnete Gefolgsmänner' (tr̥mo-), if
`young boy, jugendkräftig' die meaning-development war;
Note:
This seems wrong etymology since alb. maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared' is related to
alb. alb. Tosc trëmp, Geg trem Ì scare'; Latin tremō, -ere `tremble' from Root / lemma:
trem-, trems-
trem- trems- : `to thump; to tremble' (see below).
Armenian tàrm ` young, fresh, green', perhaps Old Icelandic Þyrma `spare, look after' as
derivative eines *Þormaz `weak, tender'; is Latin termes, -itis àbgeschnittener twig,
branch' die lengthened grade in addition? men-forms in gr. τεράμων `tender, light kochbar',
ἀτεράμων `hard, raw', hom. ἀτέραμνος `hard, unerbittlich, unbeugsam'; presumably Gothic
Þarihs ùngewalkt, new (from kerchief, cloth)', actually `fresh'.
References: WP. I 728, WH. II 648 f., 665, 670 f., Mayrhofer 1, 483.
Page(s): 1070-1071
ter-3, terǝ
Root / lemma: ter- terǝ- and teri-
teri-, trī-
trī-
Meaning: to rub
Note: also teru-
teru- : treugh ĝh, k, p); here ter-
treu- (extended with b, g, gh, ter-2 `tender' (actually `
faded ', compare Latin mollis : molō), and ter-
ter-6 in Worten for `malmendes insect'
Material: A. Old Indic turá- ` sore ' or ` sick ', ā́tura- ds.;
gr. τείρω `reibe (auf), bedränge, quäle, sadden ', τίτρημι, newer τιτράω `grind, pulverize,
durchbohre' (Fut. τρήσω; τρητός `durchbohrt, durchlöchert', τρῆμα `hole'), τετραίνω ds.
(compare Lithuanian trinù); κυκλοτερής ` round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved
', τέρετρον `borer', τερέω ` drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle'; ἔτορε `durchbohrte'
(participle present ἀντι-τορεῦντα, Perf. τετορημένος), τόρος `chisel' (compare also τορός `
piercing loud' under *toro-s `loud'), τορεύς `Grabstichel, chisel', τορεία `das Verfertigen
erhabener Arbeit in Stein or metal ', τορεύω `carve'; τόρνος `Zirkel, Dreheisen;
Kreisbewegung' (τόρονος τόρνος. Ταραντῖνοι Hes., compare lak. τορονευτός); τόρμος
`hole'; about gr. ἀτάρτηρος ` inconsiderate ' (?) s. Frisk 176;
alb. tjer `spin' (*terō); (common alb. Serbian -e- > -je-).
Latin terō, -ere, trīvī, trītum `rub, grind ', the prefixed present forms from the basis trēi-
trēi-,
trī-, likewise dētrīmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) ` failure,
trī-
damage', trīticum `wheat' (`*Dreschgetreide'), triō m. `Pflugochse' (` a terenda terra '),
trībulum ` a threshingsledge, wooden platform studded with iron teeth ', trībulāre `press;
beset, plague (late)', tetricus ` grumpy, surly, sullen, dim', intertrīgō `wundgeriebene place';
teres, -etis (actually `glattgerieben') `länglichrund, glattrund, slim, fine', terebrā `borer';
trīcae `Ränke' (Pl.) to *trī-kā ` tribulatio ';
toch AB trik- ìn die Irre go, blunder ', В traik- ìn die Irre guide, lead', participle Perf.
Pass. tetrīku;
from the same basis trēi- trī- (as trīvī etc.) Middle Irish trēith `weak', and gr. τρί̄βω
trēi-, trī-
(τρί̄ψω, ἐτρί̆βην) `rub, grind, pulverize, weaken etc.', τρῐβή `das Reiben etc.', τρίβος m. f.
àbgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug'; compare Church Slavic trěbiti `clean, roden'
from proto Slavic *terb- (τρί̄βω : Latin trī- = Slavic terb- : Latin ter-); in addition Middle Irish
trebaid (*tr̥b-) `pflügt, bewohnt', Old Irish trebar `smart' (partly with treb, S. 1090, reduced);
Old Irish tarathar, cymr. etc. taradr `borer'; Middle Irish tuirenn (*torinā) `wheat' (`
Reibefrucht ');
Old High German drāen `turn, work a lathe' (originally `*drehend reiben or bore'), Old
English ðrāwan `ds.'; intr. `sich umkehren' (engl. throw `throw'), Old High German drāt, Old
English ðrǣd, Old Icelandic Þrāðr ` wire, filament ' (*Þrēðu-z actually `the Gedrehte'), Old
High German drāti `quick, fast, rash, hasty, hasty' (actually `be nimble drehend'); besides
Germanic *Þr-elin Low German drillen `bore, torment, smite', Middle High German
gedrollen ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, rounded ', Modern High German
drillen ` coil, bore, torment, smite', Old Frisian thralle Adv. `quick, fast', Middle Low
German dral ` round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, sich wirbelnd', Middle
High German drel, Modern High German dial. drell, drall `strong, tight, firm, strong',
wherewith Old English ðearl `stern, hard' perhaps identical is (*tor-los); Old Icelandic
Þarmr, Old English ðearm, Old High German daram ` intestine ' (= gr. τόρμος `hole'); with
Þrē- the changing by ablaut Þrō- in Gothic ÞrōÞjan ` train, practice ' = russ. tratitь
`consume', Czech tratiti ` loose, ruin', to Lithuanian trótinti `stir, tease, irritate, banter', žem.
trúotas `whetstone', Latvian truõts ds. (Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 133);
Gothic Þriskan, Old Icelandic Þriskja, Þryskva, Old English ðerscan, Old High German
drescan `thrash', to Lithuanian sutrẽškinti causative ` smash to pieces ', also Middle Irish
tresc òffal, residuum ' (whether not Old Icelandic loanword);
compare Lithuanian treškė́ti `crack, crackle ', Church Slavic trěskъ `fragor, fulmen',
ablaut. troska ds. etc.;
Lithuanian tiriù, tìrti ` research'; Old Church Slavic tьrǫ, trěti `rub' (proto Slavic. *tьro,
*terti); ablaut. Church Slavic istor `damnum', russ. tor `gebahnter way' (: gr. τόρος `borer,
chisel') from proto Slavic. *tara- m. `Reibung'; Balto-Slavic *tīrti- f. `Zerreibung', in Old
Czech trt ds., infinitive Church Slavic trъti, serb.tȑti = Lithuanian tìrti; based on as Slavic
infinitive *terti auf zweisilbiger basis, as also Balto-Slavic *tīrta- ` pulverized, ground into
fine particles; crushed ' in serb. tȑt = Lithuanian tìrtas `durchforscht'; with n-suffix:
Lithuanian trinù (*trenō), trìnti `rub', Latvian trinu, trìt `rub, sharpen '; with figurative
meaning also Old Prussian trinie ` threatens ', trintawinni f. ` avenger' and Lithuanian
trenė́ti `modern';
B. root form teru-

teru- : treu-
treu-:
Old Indic táruṇa-, gr. τέρυ etc., see below *ter-2 `tender'; gr. ἀτειρής (*ἀ-τερF-ης?)
perhaps ùnverwüstlich'; τρύ̄ω `reibe auf, erschöpfe', τερύσκετο ἐτείρετο Hes.; τρύσκει
τρύχει, ξηραίνει Hes., τρῦμα, τρύ̄μη `hole', τρῡτάνη `das Zünglein an the scales ' (originally
from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); τιτρώσκω Ì bewältige, damage, wound'
(Fut. τρώσω), τρώω (*τρωFω) `durchbohre, wound, injure ', τρῶσις, Doric Ionian τρῶμα
`wound' (because of Attic τραῦμα ds. with ō from ōu);
cymr. taraw (*toraw) `hit', trewis èr schlug', mcymr. tereu `hits, knocks', Middle Breton
tarauat `rub', abret. toreusit àttrivit' (*torōu̯-: gr. τορεύω), compare nbret. Vannes torein
`hit' (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);
Lithuanian truniù, -ė́ti ` decayed ', actually `*become faded, rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle ', Lithuanian triùškinu, trùškinu `crunch ', perhaps (as `*noise as beim
Darüberreiben'), truškù, -ė́ti ` crackle, rustle, beim breakage from wood ' (compare gr.
τρύσκω `rub');
Old Church Slavic trovǫ, truti, ablaut. causative traviti ` consume ' (Indo Germanic
*treu̯ō: *trōu̯ei̯ō); Old Church Slavic trava f. `garden' (ablaut. trěva from *trēuā), russ. travá
`grass' (in addition the Modern High German FlN Trave); ablaut. proto Slavic. *trūi̯ō `rub' in
Church Slavic tryjǫ, tryti (compare gr. τρύ̄ω `reibe auf': τρῡσί-βιος `das Leben
erschöpfend'); here also Church Slavic trizna `Totenfeier' (from *tryzna);
Old English ðrōwigean (*ðrōwōjan) `suffer, bear, endure, brook ', Old High German drōa
ònus, passio', druoē̆n, druota `pati'; Old English līcðrōwere ` leper, outcast, one who is
rejected by society', Old Icelandic līkÞrār ` having leprosy, scabby '; Old Icelandic Þrā f.
(*Þrawō) `heftiges, leidvolles desire', Þrā and Þreyja `long, want, sich sehnen', Þrā n. `
contrariness, pertinacia', Þrār `pertinax', Old English ðrēa, ðrawu f. àffliction, tribulation;
threat ', Old Saxon thrāwerk àffliction' = Old English ðrēaworc ` woefulness ', Old High
German drawa, thrauwa, drōa ` threat, Drohen', Old English ðrēan `threaten, beset,
plague', Old High German drawen, drewen, drauwen, drōen, Modern High German
drohen, dräuen; with the meaning- development `rub - squeeze, press': Old English
geðrūen `zusammengepreßt, verdichtet', ðrȳn `press';
Tocharian A tsru ` little ' (*teru̯o-).
C. As extension the i-basis kann gelten: *trēid-

*trēid- in cymr. trwyddo `bore', Lithuanian
tríedžiu `have strong diarrhea'; compare under S. 1076.
D. extensions from ter-

ter- and treu-
treu-:
1. terb-
terb-: s. S. 1071 under.
2. terg-
terg-: Latin tergō, -ere, tergēo, -ēre àbwischen, clean', mantēlum, mantēle `towel '
(*man-terg-sli-, to manus S. 740), changing through ablaut Umbrian Akk. Sg. mantrahklu,
mandraclo `mantēle' (*-trāg-kla); Gothic Þaírko n. `hole', zero grade Middle Low German
dork `Kielraum', Old English ðurruc `cumba', `caupolus';
*trōg-, *trǝg- in gr. τρώγω `zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes' (Aor. ἔτραγον), τρωγάλια
`Näschereien', τρώγλη `hole, cave', τρώξ `Kornwurm', τράγος ` he-goat; billy goat ';
Armenian tùrc, Gen. t`rcoy `mala, maxilla' (Nom. instead of *t`ruc from *trōĝ- through
derailment after dem Gen. t`rcoy?) and aracem `graze' (*trǝĝ-); Tocharian AB trāsk-
`chew'.
terĝh-: Old Church Slavic trězati, trьzati ` rend ', with velar tъrgati, trъgnǫti ds.
3. terĝh
4. terp- trep- (only Balto Slavic): Latvian tā̀rps `worm' (`the Zerbohrende'), Lithuanian
terp-, trep-
tárpas `Zwischenraum, fracture, cleft, gap', tar̃p, ter̃p ` between '; Lithuanian trapùs `
brittle, light brechend', Latvian trapjš, trapans ` friable ', trapains ` rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle, brittle, verwitternd', trapêt, trepêt `verwittern, faul, friable become';
unclear Old Church Slavic trapъ `pit, pothole' (*torp-), serb. trap `Rübengrube'.
treugh-: perhaps gr. τρύ̄χω `τρύω', τρῦχος n. `das Abgerissene, rag', τρῡχηρός
5. treugh-
àbgerissen, zerlumpt'; Old Irish trōg, truag ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky '; cymr.
Middle Breton tru ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', gall. PN Trougillus, Trōgus.
6. treuk-
treuk-: cymr. trwch ` cropped, truncated, cut off ', trychu `cut, clip' (*truk-s-); Old
Icelandic Þrō, Pl. Þrø̄r f. `trough', Old English ðrūh, Gen. ðrȳh f. m. n. `ds., gully, coffin',
Old High German drūh drūch (actually `*Verbrecherblock') `Fußfessel, Tierfalle', Modern
High German Drauche ` dragnet, Wolfs- or Fuchseisen', Old Saxon thrūh `manacle'; with
gramm. variation isl. Þrūga, Norwegian dial. trūga, tryge, trjug `kind of snowshoe'; Old
Icelandic Þrūga `threaten' (see to meaning above Middle High German drohen); intensive
Old Swedish Þrykkja, Old English ðryccan `press, urge, press, push, press', Old High
German drucken, Modern High German drücken;
Lithuanian trúk-stu, -au, -ti ` rend, break, rupture, burst ', trũkis `crack, break, col, gap',
Latvian trũk-stu, -u, -t èntzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, blunder ', trũkums `break; lack';
traũks `Geschirr, vessel', Lithuanian traukai `Gefäße' (`*ausgebohrtes, gehöhltes
Stammstück'), Lithuanian tráukti `ziehen', Old Prussian pertraūki `verschloß' (actually
ùmzog'), Latvian traukt `hit'; Lithuanian trùkti èndure, währen', trúkščioti ` twitch '.
treup-: gr. τρῡπάω ` drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre', τρύ̄πανον `borer', τρύ̄πη
7. treup-
`hole'; Old Prussian trupis `clot, chunk'; Lithuanian trupù, -ė́ti ` crumb, spall, crumble ',
trupùs ` crumbly ', traupus ` brittle ', Latvian sa-trupêt ` rotten, decayed, decomposed;
brittle become'; russ.-Church Slavic trupъ (*troupos) `Baumklotz; corpse', Old Church
Slavic trupije `θνησιμαῖα', Serbo-Croatian trûp `trunk' etc., Old Church Slavic truplь
`hollow'.
Maybe alb. trup `body, trunk' a Slavic loanword.
References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330,
Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97, 124, 130 f., 143 f., Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.
Page(s): 1071-1074
Root / lemma: ter- terǝ- : tr̥̄-, trā-

ter-4, terǝ trā-, teru-
teru-
Meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc..
Material: Old Indic tárati ` places about, übertrifft, überwindet' (tiráti, titarti, tīryati; tarutē),
tāráyati ` places about, führt hinüber', tará- `übersetzend, überwindend' (= Avestan -tara-
`überschreitend, überwindend'); taráṇi- `durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, helpful', táras-
n. `das Vorwärtsdringen, energy ', Instr. tárasā Adv. `hasty, rash, hasty', tará- Adj. `strong';
tarantá-m. `sea'; tīrthá- n. `ford, Tränke' (*tr̥̄tho-) besides *tūrthá- in prākr. tūha- `bank,
border, shore', dardisch tūrt `ford'; compare pāmir türt `ford' (*tr̥̄to-);
u-basis besides in tarutē also in tū́rvati `überwältigt, besiegt', Inf. turváṇē, Adj. turváṇi-
`überwältigend, victorious '; Avestan tar- `hinüber gelangen about' (present-stem titar-,
taraya-, from the u-basis taurvaya-, Intens. titāraya-, participle vī-tǝrǝta-), taurvan-
`überwindend', mp. tarvīnītan `überwinden, afflict '; ар. viyatārayāma ` we überschritten',
osset. tärịn `drive, push, hunt, chase', Baluchi tarag, tharaɣ ùmwenden, umkehren';
Verbaladjektiv Old Indic -túr (-tr̥̄) in ap-túr `die Wasser überquerend', āji-túr ìn fight,
struggle überwindend', ratha-túr ` cart überholend', radhra-túr `den Ermattenden rettend',
etc.;compare gr. νέκ-ταρ above S. 762;
alb. sh-tir, sh-tij `put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an'?
with the meaning from Old Indic tará- (see above) probably Illyrian Taros, Tara river
names;
gr. τέρθρον ènd, cusp, peak';
Hittite tarḫzi `besiegt, überwindet';
Old Indic trā- `(*hinüberführen = rescue), shield, beware, guard' (trā́-sva, trāyátē, s-Aor.
trādhvam, Avestan ϑrāzdūm `schirmet!', Perf. Old Indic tatrē), Avestan ϑrā- ds. (present-
stem ϑrāya-), ϑrāti- f. ` shelter, protection' ; Indo Germanic *trā- because of gr. τρᾱνής,
τρᾱνός ` piercing = clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct' and Latin intrāre `hineingehen',
extrābunt Afranius (see trāns beim prepositional ter-); trāmes `Seiten-, Querweg' from
*trāns-with (to Latin meō);
With m-formant: Old Indic sutárman- `good übersetzend', tárman (uncovered) `cusp,
peak of Opferpfostens'; venet. termo `terminus' (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);
gr. τέρμα, -ατος n. ` purpose, Endpunkt', τέρμων m. `limit, boundary', τέρμιος àm end
situated, lastly';
Latin termen, termō, terminus `Grenzzeichen, boundary stone ' (originally `Grenzpfahl'),
Umbrian termnom-e àd terminum', termnas `terminātus', Oscan teremenniú ` termina ',
teremnattens `terminavērunt';
similarly Armenian tàrm (*tremo-) Èndstück', gr. τράμις, τράμη ` dam between After and
the genitals' (Hes.: τὸ τρῆμα τῆς ἕδρας, ὁ ὄρρος, τινες ἔντερον), Old English ðrum (engl.
thrum) in tunge-ðrum `das Zungenband', Middle Low German drum, drom `Trumm,
Endstück, Endstück eines texture, edge', Middle High German drum n. Èndstück, end,
piece, splinter', Modern High German Trumm, Trümmer, Middle High German drumze,
drunze, trunze ` fragmented Speerstück, splinter';
Middle Low German treme `Querstange, Sprosse'; Old Icelandic Þrǫmr m. èdge,
border'; compare - with sm-suffix - at most Old Irish druimm, Gen. drommo `back', perhaps
borrowed from cymr. drum besides trum `ridge, back'? (*treusmn̥); Demin. Old High
German dremil `balk, beam, bar, bolt'; Middle Low German trāme, Middle High German
drām, -e, trāme m. `balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter' (formal near stands τρῆμα `hole');
Hittite tarma- `peg, plug, nail'.

References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503,
506, 507, 520, 569;
See also: s. also under tor-, toro-s S. 1088 f.
Page(s): 1074-1075
Root / lemma: ter-

ter-5
Meaning: over, etc..
Note: to ter-4 `hinüber gelangen'
Material: Old Indic tiráḥ Adv. ` away, in another place, abseits', preposition m. Akk.
`through - toward, about - away' (later also m. Abl. àbseits from') = Avestan tarǝ̄, tarō Adv.
` sideways, unvermerkt', preposition m. Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about -
hinweg, out; apart from, besides'; Old Irish tar m. Akk. àbout - out' (*tares, Indo Germanic
*teres, compare tairse, tairsiu `trans eam, trans eos, eas, ea'), next to which tairm-, tarmi-
ds., trem-, tremi- `through' (cymr. trim-uceint `30', `decade about 20 out'), transfigured
nachrem- : re `vor, voran'; Old Indic tiraś-cā́ Adv. `quer through ' = Avestan tarasča m.
Akk. `through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg'; Old Indic tiryañc-, tirīcīna- ìn die
Quere gerichtet, waagrecht' (den ending -yañc-, -īc- from pratyañc-, pratīc- attributed)
place previous *teri ahead; besides *trei in acymr. trui, mcymr. trwy, drwy, bret. corn. dre
(altbret. tre), Old Irish (with Proklisenkürzung) tri, tre `through'; Verstärkungspartikel
mcymr. trwy- : try-;
Latin trāns, Umbrian traf, trahaf m. Akk. `beyond, about - hinweg', probably participle of
Verbums *trāre (*trānt-s);
cymr. tra- e.g. in trannoeth àbout night, am consecutive Tage' (geminated n!), etc.,
proclitic from *trāns, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), accented mcymr. traw, draw, bret.
treu `beyond'; with secondary -s: cymr. traws etc. ` hostilely ', preposition tros àbout';
with the same Verstärkung as Old Indic tiraś-cā́, Avestan tarasča: Gothic Þaírh, Old
High German durh, Old English ðurh m. Akk. `durch= through ' (*ter-k(ʷ)e, *tr̥-k(ʷ)e); out of
it evolved Old High German derh `durchbohrt', Old English ðyrel (*Þurhil) `durchbohrt'; n.
`hole', Old High German dur(i)hhil `durchbohrt, durchlöchert'.
References: WP. I 734, WH. II 671 f.; Mayrhofer 1, 503.

Page(s): 1075-1076
Root / lemma: ter-

ter-6
Meaning: a kind of harmful insect
Note: to *ter- `rub, durchbohren'; compare widened terd-
Material: Gr. τερηδών f. `Bohrwurm'; Latin tarmes (termes), -itis `Holzwurm' (probably from
an o-stem *termos or *terǝmo-s); cymr. cynrhonyn `termes, lendix', Pl. cynrhawn, corn.
contronen `cimex', Middle Breton controunenn, nbret. contronenn `ver de viande' (*kon-
trōno-); cymr. t(o)rog-en, abr. toroc, bret. teurok `mite' (*tōr-āko-).
Page(s): 1076
ter-7, terǝ
Root / lemma: ter- terǝ-, terb
ter h-, terd-
terd- terg-
terg- terp-
terp-
See also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.
Page(s): 1076
terp-, trep-
Root / lemma: terp- trep-
Meaning: to be satiated, satisfied
Material: Old Indic tṛ́pyati, tr̥pṇóti, tr̥mpáti, tarpati `sättigt sich, wird befriedigt', Kaus.
tarpáyati `sättigt, befriedigt', tr̥ptí-, tŕ̥pti- f. ` satiation, satisfaction', Avestan ϑrąfδa-
`befriedigt, ausreichend versehen' (*tramptha-: Old Indic tr̥mpáti), ϑrąfs- n. `
contentedness '; npers. tulf `Übersättigung'(*tr̥fra-); perhaps also Old Indic -tr̥p- `stealing',
Avestan tarǝp- `steal', Middle Persian tirft ` theft ', sogd. cf- `steal' (`sich of Besitzes
erfreuen'?); gr. τέρπω `sättige, erfreue', τέρπομαι `freue myself'; τέρψις `satisfaction';
perhaps Gothic Þrafstjan ` comfort, ermahnen', anaÞrafstjan ` refresh, zur Ruhe come
let' (to *Þrafsta-, Indo Germanic *trop-sto-?); also die group Gothic Þaúrban (Þarf,
Þaúrbum, preterit Þaúrfta) `bedürfen', Old Icelandic Þurfa (Þarf, Þurfum), Old High
German durfan (darf, durfum) ds., Gothic Þarbs `bedürftig, nötig', Old Icelandic Þarfr `
useful ', Þarfi `nötig', Gothic Þarba `lack, Dürftigkeit', Old Icelandic Þǫrf f. ` necessity,
benefit', Old English ðearf ` necessary, benefit', Old High German darba Èntbehrung,
lack', Gothic Þaúrfts f. ` necessary' (= Old Indic tr̥pti-), Old Icelandic Þurft, Old High
German durft ds.?; die meaning- development could gewesen sein ` whereof satisfaction
finden - bedürfen' (compare above S. 173 Latin fruor (ge)brauche);
Lithuanian tarpà ` prospering; flourishing, growth ', tarpstù, tar̃pti `thrive, zunehmen',
Latvian tārpa `was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth ', tērpinât
`verbessern', Old Prussian enterpo `nützt', enterpon, enterpen ` useful ';
Tocharian AB tsārw- `sich freuen' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachgesch. 19).
References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.
Page(s): 1077-1078
Root / lemma: ters-

ters-
Meaning: dry; thirst
Material: Old Indic tŕ̥ṣyati `dürstet, lechzt' (= Gothic Þaúrsjan), tarṣáyati àllows dursten,
languish ' (= Latin torreō, Old High German derren), tarṣa- m. ` thirst ', tr̥ṣṭá- àrid, rough,
jolting, hoarse', tr̥ṣú- ` greedy, lechzend' = Avestan taršu- `dry, that is to say not fluid' (=
apart from pronunciation of Gothic Þaúrsus, Old Latin torrus `torridus'); Old Indic tŕ̥ṣṇā `
thirst, yearning', Avestan taršna- m. ` thirst '; Old Indic tr̥ṣṇá-j- ` thirsty ';
Armenian tàṙamim, tàršamim `welke', tàṙ ` shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben '
(*tr̥sā or *tr̥si̯ā: gr. τρασιά);
gr. τέρσομαι (ἐτέρσην) `werde dry', τερσαίνω `make dry', τρασιά̄, ταρσιά̄ `Darre', ταρσός,
ταρρός `Darre, Dörr- or Trockenvorrichtung'; dubious τραυλός (*τρασυλός?) `lisping';
alb. ter `trockne (trans.) an the air';
Latin torreō, -ēre, -ui, tostum `dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rösten, singe' (tostus = Old Indic
tr̥ṣṭa-), Old Latin torrus, extended torridus àusgetrocknet, arid', torris `blaze, burning piece
of wood', torrēns ` burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current', Subst.
`Wildbach' (ìn summer austrocknend'?);
here also Latin terra f. èarth' (: extorris `verbannt' = tellus : meditullium), Oscan
teer[úm], terúm `territōrium', teras `terrae' from Italian *terso-, *tersā, Indo Germanic *tērs-,
to Old Irish tīr n. es-stem
es ` region, area', corn. bret. acymr. tir `tellus', Old Irish *tīr, tirim
`dry'; also basic form *tēros-, *tēres-; Latin terres-tris, terrēnus after terra; Old Irish tart `
thirst ' (*tr̥sto-);
Italian terreno : Spanish tierra : French terrain : Furlan teren : Portuguese terreno ; terra :
Romagnolo tirèn : Sardinian Campidanesu (*terranca) tanca ; terra : Albanian (*tanca
tanca)
tanca toka
` soil ; ground ';
Gothic gaÞairsan stem V. ` wilt' (= gr. τέρσομαι); gaÞaúrsnan ds. = Old Icelandic Þorna
ds.; Old High German dorrēn ds.; Old High German derren `dry make, dehydrate,
desiccate', Old Icelandic Þerra `dry' (= Old Indic tarṣáyati, Latin torreō); Gothic Þaúrsjan
`dürsten', Old Icelandic Þyrstr (Gothic *ÞaursiÞs) ` thirsty ', whereof Gothic Þaúrstei f., Old
Icelandic Þorsti m., Old English Þurst, Old High German durst ` thirst '; Gothic Þaúrsus (s
instead of znach Þairsan = Old Indic tr̥ṣú-), Old Icelandic Þurr, Old English Þyrre, Old High
German durri àrid'; Old High German darra, Swedish tarre `Gestell zum Trocknen, Darre';
probably also Old Icelandic Þorskr, Middle Low German dorsch `codfish' (`*the to
Trocknende').
References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.

Page(s): 1078-1079
Root / lemma: tet(e)r-

tet(e)r-
Meaning: to quack (expr. root)
Material: Old Indic tittirá-, tittirí-, tittíri- m. ` partridge, game bird '; Armenian tatrak
`turtledove';
npers. taðarv ` pheasant' (also gr. τατύρας, τέταρος ds. are of pers. origin);
gr. τετράων, m. ` grouse ' (*τετραF-ων), τέτραξ (out of it Latin tetrax) `Perlhuhn' (*tetr̥ks),
τετράδων, τετραῖον, τετράων Vogelname by Hesych., τέτριξ èin bird'; neologism Middle
Irish tethra `crow' (*tetori̯ā), Old Icelandic Þiðurr ` grouse ' (*ÞeÞuraz); Old Prussian
tatarwis `Birkhuhn', Lithuaniantetervas ds., Latvian teteris (Gen. teterja, from *tetervis),
Lithuanian tẽtervinas `Birkhahn, grouse ', tetirvà `Birkhenne' (Latvian tĩtars `Truthahn'
influenced from tītêt, s. ti-ti-), russ.-Church Slavic tetrěvi Akk. Pl. `φασιανούς', Serbo-
Croatian tȅtrijeb ` grouse ', Old Czech tetřěv ds., russ. téterev `Birkhahn' (tetërka
`Birkhenne, Birkhuhn');
verbal gr. τετράζω `gackere, gluckse (from the hen)', Latin tetrinniō, -īre, tetrissitō, -āre `
chatter (from Enten)';
also in other onomatopoeic words kehrt t-r as characteristic element again, compare
e.g. Latin turtur `turtledove', *storos `Star', the thrush-names (see 1096), streīg-, streīd(h)-
`hiss, schwirren', gr. τρύζω `girre', τρυγών f. `turtledove', τερετίζω `zirpe'.
Maybe alb. turtull ‘turtledove’ a Latin loanword.
References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor- S.
1088 f., Mayrhofer 1, 500.
Page(s): 1079
Root / lemma: teuk-

teuk-
Meaning: sprout, seed, offspring
Material: Old Indic túc- f. `Kinder, progeny ' (besides túj- f. ds. with folk etymology
extension of the Tenuis); tokám n. ` progeny, Kinder'; tókman- n. `young stem, sprout',
Avestan taoxman- n. ` seed, sperm, germ, sprout', Pl. ` kinship', Old pers. taumā f. ` family,
seed, sperm, germ, sprout'; khotansak. ttīman- n. ` seed, sperm ', np. tum, afghan. tōma `
seed, sperm '; Middle High German diehter `grandchild, grandson'.
References: WP. I 713, Vasmer 3, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;
See also: perhaps to teu-k- `to swell', above S. 1081 (tēu-).
Page(s): 1085
teu-1, teud-
Root / lemma: teu- teud-, teug-
teug-, teuk-
teuk-, teup-
teup-
See also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.
Page(s): 1079
Root / lemma: teu-

teu-2
Meaning: to listen to, observe
Material: Latin tueor, -ērī, tuitus and tūtātus sum `betrachten, observe, shield ', intu(e)or
`consider', originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tuō; tūtus `certainly'; Old Irish cumtūth `
protection'(*kom-ud-tou̯itus), mcymr. tuð `cover', tuðed `sleeve, wrapping, dress', bret. dial.
tuec (abret. *tuðoc) `Kissenbezug'; Old Irish tūas-cert `northern', bret. tus `links' (*teu-sto-);
Celtic *teu-to- in mcymr.tut ` magician ', Middle Irish tūathaid ds., Old Irish tūaith `northern',
Middle Irish tūath `links, northern, mad, wicked, evil' (from `*günstig, good' as Antiphrasis
zur appellation the unglückbringenden Linken); in addition Gothic ÞiuÞ `das Gute', Old
Icelandic Þȳðr `mild, friendly', Þȳða ` friendship', Old English geðīede `good, tugendhaft',
geðīedan `sich (friendly) anschließen'; probably also Old English ðēaw ` custom, custom',
Old Saxon thau, Old High German gethau `Disziplin' as `*observantia'; perhaps also gr.
τύσσει ἱκετεύει Hes. (denominative eines *τυτός with similar meaning as Gothic ÞiuÞjan
`segnen' from ÞiuÞ).
References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f., Loth RC 43, 160 ff.
Page(s): 1079-1080
Page(s):
Root / lemma: teup-

teup-
Meaning: to get down, conceal oneself
Material: Gr. ἐντυπάς Adv., II. 24, 163, if meaning `cowering, crouching'; presumably Old
Icelandic Þopta f. ` thwart ' (àuf the gehockt wird'), Old High German dofta f., Middle Low
German ducht f., Old English ðoft ds. (wherefore Old Icelandic Þopti m. ` Mitruderer', Old
English geðofta `comrade', Old High German gidufto ` Mitruderer, comrade') and Gothic
Þiubjō ` clandestine ', Þiubs `thief', Old Icelandic Þjōfr, Old English ðēof, Old Saxon thiof,
Old High German diob `thief';
Lithuanian tūpiù, tũpti `sich hinhocken, in die Knie place', tŭpiù, tupė́ti ` crouch, in den
Knien sit', Latvian tupt ` crouch '.

Page(s): 1085
Root / lemma: teus-

teus-
Meaning: to empty
Meaning:
Material: Avestan Kaus. taošayeiti `makes loose, allows loose' (*tousei̯ō), Inchoativ (*tus-
sk̂ṓ) Avestan tusǝn `sie verlieren die Fassung', baluči tusag, thuaɣ ` abandon become';
Old Indic tucchá-, tucchyá- (*tus-sk̂o-, *tus-sk̂-i̯o-) ` empty, bare, lacking, deserted,
abandoned, forsaken, worthless', afghan. taš ` empty, bare, lacking'; Latin tesqua n. Pl.
Èinöden' (*tu̯esku̯ā); Old English ðost ` manure', Old High German dost ds.
(`*Ausleerung'); Old Church Slavic tъštь `κενός', russ. tóšcij ` empty, bare, lacking; lean,
hager' etc. (= Old Indic tucchyá-).
References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.
Page(s): 1085
Root / lemma: teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ā-

Meaning: to sift
Material: Old Indic títau- (dreisilbig, from *titavu-?) ` sieve, Getreideschwinge';
gr. σάω (Ionian), τῶ (Attic EM.), Attic διαττάω ` sieve ' (*τFάι̯ω), δίαττος m. ` sieve ' Hes.,
ἐττημένα σεσημένα Hes., ἀλευρότησις f. `Mehlsieb' (EM.), σήθω `siebe'.
References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1, 499 f.

Page(s): 1085
tēg-, tǝg-
Root / lemma: tēg- ǝg-
Meaning: to burn
Material: Gr. τήγανον, Attic through metathesis also τάγηνον ` frying pan, Tiegel';
Old English ðeccan `burn' (is ðäecelle `torch' from fæcele, loanword from Latin facula,
reshaped?), Old High German dahhazzen `lodern'.

Page(s): 1057
ǝu-, teu̯ǝ-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-

tēu-, tǝu-
Root / lemma: tēu-
Meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess
Note: extended with bh, g, k, l, m, n, r, s, t
Material: Old Indic tavīti ìs strong, has Macht', Perf. tūtāva; in addition tavás- `strong,
stalwart ', as Subst. Akk. tavásam, Instr. tavásā ` power, strength '; távyas- távīyas-
`stronger', távasvant- `strong', táviṣmant- `strong, mighty', taviṣá- `strong', táviṣī f. `force,
power'; ablaut. tuvi- in Kompositis `very, mighty', tuviṣṭama- `the stärkste': tūya- `strong,
fast, rapid, hurried';
Avestan tav- ` to be capable of ', tavah- n. `power, force', tǝvīšī f. ` physical strength ';
ap. atāvayam Ì am able ', tunuvant- `mighty', tauvīyah- `stronger' (: Old Indic távīyas-),
tauman- n. `fortune, force, power';
Armenian tìv `number'; doubtful tùp` (*tū̆-pho-) ` thicket, shrubbery, bush';
gr. Τιτυός the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; ταΰς μέγας, πολύς Hes. (*tǝu̯-ú-s),
ταΰσας μεγαλύνας, πλεονάσας Hes.; σάος (Cypriot ΣαFοκλέFης), Kompar. σαώτερος,
contracted Ionian Attic σῶς, σῶος `heil, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged;
certain ' (from *tu̯ǝ-u̯o-s); compare M. Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in
addition hom. σα(F)όω, hom. Attic σώζω (*σωΐζω), Fut. σώσω `rescue, receive', σωτήρ
`savior, redeemer' etc.; (`voll an body = fit, healthy'); σῶμα n. `body' (*tu̯ō-mṇ
`Gedrungenes'), σωματόω `fest make, verdichten'; σώ-φρων (*σαό-φρων) `fit, healthy an
Geist, vernünftig'; with the same Wurzelstufe still σωρός, S. 1083;
Latin *toveō, -ēre `vollstopfen' as base from tōmentum `Polsterung' (*tou̯ementom) and
tōtus `whole' (*tou̯etos `vollgestopft, compact ');
russ.-Church Slavic tyju, tyti `fett become', ablaut. serb. tôv m. `Fettigkeit'.
1. bh-extension:
Latin tūber, -eris n. ` hunch, swelling, blister, tumefaction, knag'; compare Oscan-
Umbrian gloss. tūfera and Italian tar-tufo, -tufolo `terrae tuber';
gr. τύφη `zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten used Pflanze' (probably ῡ);
perhaps Old Irish tūaimm `hill' (*teubh-mṇ), Middle Irish tom m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f.
`hill, Düngerhaufen' (*tubh-mo-, -mā); cymr. tumon `la croupe'; also ystum `bend' from
*eks-teubh-mo-, different above S. 1034;
Old Icelandic Þūfa èlevation in the earth, Hügelchen', obd. düppel `swelling, blister,
swelling, lump, growth'.
With the meaning ` tussock ': Old English ðūf m. ` foliage bunch, ein from Federbüschen
zusammengesetztes banner', geðūf `blätterreich, luscious', ðūft èin Platz voll from
Büschen', ðȳfel `bush, thicket, blattreiche plant', ðūfian `sich belauben'; from the language
Germanic Soldaten derives Latin tūfa à kind of Helmbüschel' (Vegetius).
2. g-extension:
Old Icelandic Þoka `fog', Middle Low German dak(e) (from *doke) ds., Old Swedish
thukna ds., Old English ðuxian `dark make', Old Saxon thiustri, Middle Low German dǖster
(out of it Modern High German düster), Old English ðīestre `dark' (*Þeuχstria-).
3. k-Егweiterung: `to swell; fat' (as Old Church Slavic ty-ti `fett become'):
Latin tuccētum à kind of Bauernwurst', tucca `κατάλυμα ζωμοῦ', Umbrian toco `tuccas'
(gall. loanword); Old Church Slavic tukъ `fat'; Old High German dioh, Old English ðēoh `
thigh ', Old Icelandic Þjō `the thick Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke'; engl. thigh; Middle
Irish tōn m., cymr. tin f. `podex' (*tuknā?); Lithuanian taukaĩ `fat', táukas `Fettstückchen'
and ùterus', tunkù, tùkti `fett become', Latvian tūkt ds., tūks `swelling, lump, growth', tàuks
`fat, fat, obese', tàuki Pl. `fat, tallow, suet', Old Prussian taukis ` lard '; compare S. 1085
teuk- `germ, sprout' and den gr. PN Tεῦκρος.
4. l-formations, partly as root-like *tu̯-el- appearing:
Old Indic tūlam `Rispe, whisk, tussock, Baumwolle', tūlī̆- f. `paintbrush', pāli tūla- n. `
hassock, clump of grass ' etc.? compare Mayrhofer 1, 520;
gr. τύλη f., τύλος m. ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, weal, callus, hump,
hunchback ', and `peg, plug, nail, penis'; alb. tul' m. `Fleischstück without bone, calf';
Latin tullius `Schwall, downpour ' (*tul-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tullus, Tullius originally
name for thick, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;
Old English geðyll ` draught ' (?), Old Icelandic fimbul-Þul à mythical river'; Old
Icelandic Þollr (*tul-no- or -so-) `tree, peg, plug', Swedish tull `Baumwipfel', Old English ðoll
m. `Ruderpflock', Middle Low German dolle, dulle ds., Modern High German Dolle ds. and
`Krone eines Baumes, Blumenbüschel, tassel, Helmbusch', obd. Dollfuß àngeschwollener
foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ', Tirol doll `thick', Middle Low German westfäl.
dülle `swelling, blister'; perhaps the Germanic island name Θούλη;
Old Prussian tūlan Adv. `much, a lot of', Lithuanian túlas `mancher';
Church Slavic tylъ ` nape '; also Old Church Slavic *tlъstъ, russ. tólstyj etc. `thick'
(imitation of Endinges from Slavic gǫstъ `dense, thick').
A extension with Baltic ž (Indo Germanic ĝ or ĝh) is Lithuanian pa-tulžęs `swollen',

Latvian tulzums `swelling, lump, growth', tulzne `blister, bubble'; Lithuanian tulžìs `gall';
redupl. perhaps Latin tutulus ` high kegelförmige Haartracht, Toupet'; the pilleus lanātus
the Flamines and Pontifices and Latvian tuntulēt (also tunturēt) `sich in viele
Kleidungsstücke einhüllen'.
tu̯el-
el-, tu̯el-: gr. at most in σάλος n. `Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of
el
Meeres)', σαλεῖσθαι ` jump ', σαλεύω `shake, shatter; schwanke', κονίσ-σαλος m.
`Staubwirbel'; Middle Irishtel and t(a)ul ` shield boss ', Old Irish Middle Irish telach,
t(a)ulach `hill', redupl. tuthle (*tu-tu̯el-) `swelling, lump, growth' (die u-forms through eine
similar results of Anlauts *tu̯- as Old Irish cruth from *kʷr̥tu-); cymr. twlch ` round mass, hill,
nipple '.
5. m- derivatives:
Old Indic tū-tumá- `wirkungsvoll', túmra- `strong, thick', tumala-, tumula- `geräuschvoll,
lärmend', tumala-m `din, fuss, noise' (`*Schwall, das lärmende Durcheinander a
zusammengedrängten Menge'); Avestan *tuma- in Tumāspana- `from Tumāspa- (that is to
say einem, dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend'; gr. korkyr. τῡμος `τύμβος';
gr. τύμβος `burial mound, hillock' = Middle Irish tomm m. `hill, bush', cymr. tom f.
`hillock, Düngerhaufen', whether diese not but from *tubh-mo-, -mā- (above S. 1080);
Latin tumeō, -ēre `geschwollen sein', tumidus `swollen', tumor `swelling, lump, growth',
tumulus Èrdhaufen, hillock', tumultus `lärmende restlessness, din, noise ';
cymr. twf ` power, strength ', tyfu `zunehmen, grow' (*tŭm-), Middle Breton tiñva (*tūm-)
`zusammenwachsen (from an wound); thrive';
Old Swedish Þumi m. ` thumb ', Þum `toll', Old Icelandic Þumall ` thumb '; Old High
German dūmo, Old English ðūma ` thumb ', ðȳmel `Fingerhut', Middle Low German
dūmelinc, Modern High German Däumling; Middle High German doum ` spigot, bung, clot,
thrombus' (meaning as gr. τύλος);
Lithuanian tumė́ti `fat become, curdle, coagulate, harden ', tùm(s)tas `heap, bulk, mass',
tùmulas m. `piece';
Tocharian В tumane, tmāne, A tmāṃ `10.000'.
6. n-formations, z. Т. as root-like *tu̯-en-

en- appearing:
pre Modern High German tünne ` surge ', Low German düning, dünung `waves, billows
gegen die Windrichtung'; but Old Irish tonn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), bret. etc. ton
`wave' from *tus-nā (see 1084) or *to-snā (see 971 f.); Low German dūnen `to swell',
Middle Low German dūn(e) `swollen, dense';
Lithuanian tvį́stu, tvinaũ, tvìnti `to bloat, bulge, swell (of water)', Kaus. tvìndau, -yti
ànschwellen make' (with ablaut derailment tvainýtis `buhlen', if actually `to swell'), tvãnas
`flood', tvanùs `light tumescent (of river)', Latvian tvans, tvana `vapor, haze, mist'.
With -nk-extension:
nk Lithuanian tviñkti `to bloat, bulge, swell, fester ' = Latvian tvīkt
`sultriness feel, vor Hitze languish '; Latvian tvīcināt ` make muggy, make thirsty ',
Lithuanian tvìnkščioti `fühlbar hit (of Puls)', Lithuanian tveñkti ` swell make', tvañkas
`sultriness', tvankùs `muggy' (ablaut derailment in Latvian tveicināt = tvīcināt and tvàiks
`vapor, haze, mist, sultriness'); with t:Lithuanian tùntas `heap, bulk, mass' = tùmtas,
wherefore perhaps gr. τύντλος òrdure, slime, mud' (as Rückstand of an inundation)?
Auf a *tu̯-ēn : *tu̯en-ós, *tu̯ṇ- `φαλλός' based on gr. σάθη `penis' (formation as πόσ-θη :
πεός), σαίνω `schwänzeln, flatter ', σαῖνα, σάννιον `αἰδοῖον' Hes. (-νν- hypocoristic
doubling); in addition σάννας `μωρός', σαννίων `du idiot, du fool'; also probably σανίς
`picket, pole, balk, beam, board'.
7. r-formations:
Old Indic turá- in the meaning `strong, rich' (wherefore tuvi- as composition form as e.g.
κῡδ-ρό-ς : κῡδι-άνειρα); Old Icelandic Þora `venture, risk', Þoran ` courage, skillfulness ',
Þori `bulk, mass, lump ';
gr. τί:-τυρος ` he-goat; billy goat, Satyr';

Avestan tūiri- n. ` caseous gewordene milk, whey '; gr. σωρός `heap' (*tu̯ō-ró-s), in
addition ablaut. *tū-ro- in gr. τῡρός `cheese', βού-τῡρον `butter'; affiliation also from Old
Bulgarian tvarogъ `lac coagulatum' as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare
tvorь òpus, creation ' under tu̯er-2;
gr. Τῡρώ, eine Heroine, probably actually `die Strotzende, Schwellende'; also Illyrian PN
Turo, Turus; Venetic PN Turus, gall. VN Turones `Tours', PN Turīcum `Zürich'; Middle Irish
PN Torna (*turoni̯os);
Latin *tūro-s, -m `swollen; clump' wird assumed through ob-, re-tūrō `verstopfe'; turgeō, -
ēre `swollen sein, strotzen' perhaps derivative from a *tūr-igos `swelling driving ', intrans.
Gegenstück zur class of causative verbs auf -(i)gāre; late Latin turiō, turgiō (-gi- probably
not originally, but verbalized fur i̯, or support in turgēre) `young twig, branch, stalk, scion,
shoot';
7.a: das word for bull: gr. ταῦρος, alb. tarok, Latin taurus, Oscan ταυρομ, Umbrian turuf,
toru `tauros', Old Prussian tauris `Bison', Lithuanian taũras ds., Old Church Slavic turъ
Àuerochs' (Trautmann 315, Vasmer 3, 154), either from Indo Germanic *tǝuro-s (compare
Old Indic túm-ra- ` plentiful ' as epithet of Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes
with Proto Semitic *tauru (arab. twr) connected with; gall. tarvos (Middle Irish tarb, cymr.
tarw), venet. PN Tarvisium, probably after Celtic carvos `deer' transfigured; Old Icelandic
Þjōrr, Dutch dial. deur etc., are after Old Icelandic stjōrr, Old High German stior
unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is (see above Indo
Germanic *steu-ro- S. 1010);
doubtful Old English ðēor ìnflammation, ignition' (*tēu-ro- `*swelling, lump, growth'?).
8. s-formations, connected with the es-stem Old Indic tavás-, Avestan tavah- etc.:
Das Germanic and Balto Slavic word for ` thousand ': Gothic Þūsundi f., Old High
German thūsunt, dūsunt f. under n., lex Salica thūschunde; Old Saxon thūsundig, thūsind,
Old English ðūsend f. n., Old Icelandic Þūsund f., Þūshund, ÞūshundraÞ (Germanic *Þūs-
hundi `vielhundert', Indo Germanic *tūs-k̂m̥tī);
Lithuanian túkstantis m., Latvian tũkstuots, Old Prussian tūsimtons (Akk. Pl.); besides
Lithuanian *tū́kstas in tūkstàsis and túkstinis `tausendster';
Old Church Slavic tysęšta, ablaut. tysǫšta f., russ. tysjača, Serbo-Croatian tȉsuća etc.
(*tūsenti̯ā, *tūsonti̯ā);
with the meaning `Schwall, anschwellende Bewegung (also seelisch), Auflauf, tumult ' :
Old Icelandic Þausk n., Þausn f. `din, fuss, noise, tumult ', Þeysa, Þysja `vorwärtsstürmen',
Þys-s m. `Getümmel', Old High German dōsōn `roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister', Modern
High German tosen, Old Icelandic Þjōstr `vehemency', Þȳstr `rage, fury, gust of wind', nisl.
Þusur f. Pl. `vehemency, Unbeherrschtheit', Þusumaður `heftiger person', Old English
ðyssa m. `Toser ', mægen-ðysse `violence, force';
with the meaning `swelling eines Blütenstandes; tussock; heap, hill' etc.: gall. tuðos,
tuððos `Schichte'? (*tus-to-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - loanword from Vulgar Latin tōstus
- Whatmough JC stem 1, 7 ff.), cymr. tusw m. `bundle' (*teus-t-u̯o-), bret. tossen, Vannes
tosten `hill' (*tus-tā), bret. tuchen ds. (*toust-i̯en); whether Old Irish tūaimm `hill' from *teus-
mṇ? different above 1.; Old High German dosto, tosto ` tussock, tassel ' and Òriganum
vulgare' (Modern High German Dost, Dosten), Modern High German dostig àusgebreitet,
turgid, swollen '; East Frisian dūst ` tassel ', Norwegian tūst `tuft, Haarzotte, tassel ', tūsta
`tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone', isl. Þūsta `heap, mass';
possibly here Old Indic tūṣa- m. `hem eines Gewandes', whether originally `Quasten';
Latvian tūska `swelling, lump, growth', tūsḱis `Wassersucht'; tušḱis `wisp, small bundle'
(could auch sk- derivatives besides Latvian tûkt `to swell' sein); Modern High German
Dosche `bush, umbel, Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel ';
ein *tu̯os-ti- or *tu̯ǝs-ti- perhaps in Gothic ga-Þwastjan ` make strong, tight, firm, certain
', ÞwastiÞa ` certainty ', isl. Þvest, Þvesti n. ` steady parts of meat '.
9. t-derivative teutā `(bulk, mass) people, land'; teutono-

teutono-s `Landesherr':
Illyrian PN Τέυτα, Teutana, Teuticus, Τεύταρος; Messapic PN ϑeotoria, Gen. ϑeotorras;

thrak. PN Tauto-medes; Oscan τωFτο, touto, Umbrian Akk. totam `civitas'; gall. GN
Teutates (*teuto-tatis `Landesvater' to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates, Tōtates,
Tūtates, PN Teutiō, Toutius, Tūtius, Toutonos;
Maybe Illyrian TN Taula- Taulant common italic-Illyrian -t- > -l-.
Old Irish tūath `people, stem, land', cymr. tūd `land', corn. tus, Middle Breton tut, nbret.
tud `the people';
Gothic Þiuda, Old High German diot(a) `people', Old Saxon thiod(a), Old English ðéod,
Old Icelandic Þjōð `people, people', whereof Old High German diutisc, Modern High
German deutsch (originally `zum eigenem stem or Volk belonging', Weissgerber Deutsch
as people's name 1953, 261) and Old High German diuten `verständlich make (as though
verdeutschen), define, clarify, indicate ', Old English geÞīedan `übersetzen', Old Icelandic
Þȳða àusdeuten, signify'; Germanic VN *Theu-danōz, keltisiert Teutonī, Toutonī, to
Danish PN Thyte-sysæl; Gothic Þiudans `king' (*teutonos), Old Icelandic Þjōðann, Old
English ðéoden, Old Saxon thiodan ds. (Illyrian PN Teutana, gall. Toutonos);
Latvian tàuta `people', Old Prussian tauto `land', Lithuanian Tautà Òberland, Germany
', Old Lithuanian (Daukša) tautà `people';
Hittite tuzzi- `master, mister, Heerlager ' (*tut-ti-?).
References: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f.,
331 f., Vasmer 3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhofer 1,
490, 513 f.
Page(s): 1080-1085
Root / lemma: ti-ti-, (ti)til-

ti-ti- (ti)til-
Meaning: chirping of birds
Note: barely ursprachlich
Material: Old Indic ṭiṭṭibha- m. `Parra jacana'; Latvian titilbis, titilbīte `Wasserläufer',
Lithuanian tilvìkas, titilvìkas, titìlvis `Brachhuhn, Schnepfe'; gr. τῑτυβίζω or τιττυβίζω `
gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of partridge, game bird, the swallow'); Latin titiō, -āre
`chirp, twitter, from sparrow'; Latvian tītêt `sing'.
References:
Page(s): 1086
Root / lemma: ti̯egʷ

egʷ-
eg
Meaning: to retreat in fear
Material: Old Indic tyájati (= gr. σέβω) `verläßt, stands from etwas back', with ni- ` scare,
frighten, verdrängen', with niṣ- `hinaustreiben, verjagen', participle tyaktá- (= gr. σεπτός),
noun agentis tyaktar- (= gr. θεοσέπτωρ Ànbeter the divinity'), Kaus. tyājáyati `makes
zurücktreten', tyájas- n. `Verlassenheit' = Avestan iϑyajah-, iϑyejah- n. ds.; Old Indic
tyāgá- m. `Hingabe, Freigebigkeit' etc.;
gr. σέβω (only present and Impf.), σέβομαι hom. `(die gods) scheuen', nachhom. `(die
gods) worship, honour', σεπτός `(venerates =) venerable, holy', σέβας, Pl. σέβη n. hom.
`fromme fear, shyness, Ehrfurcht', nachhom. ` holiness, majesty ', hom. σεβάσσατο
`scheute ehrfürchtig', σεμνός (*σεβνος) àdmirable, venerable, convex, elevated, holy;
gravitätisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend', σοβέω `tue etwas from mir weg, entferne quick,
fast, drive out'; intr. `go eilig, stolziere einher', σοβαρός `rash, hasty, quick, fast;
hochfahrend, prunkend', σοβάς, -άδος f. `violent, vain', σόβη `Pferdeschwanz'. Note:

Page(s): 1086
tā-, ti̯o-
to-1, tā-
Root / lemma: to-
Meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)
Grammatical information: Nom. Akk. Sg. n. tod,
tod Akk. Sg. m. tom, tām Gen. Sg. m. tosi̯o,
tom f. tām,
f. tesiās
Note: (Nom. Sg. m. f. so, sā see there)
so sā,
Material: Old Indic tád (tát) `das', Avestan tat̲, Akk. Sg. Old Indic tám m., tā́m
́ f., Avestan
tǝm m., tām f., tat̃ n., etc.; Armenian -d (e.g. ter-d `the master, mister da, du the master,
mister', ay-d `the da'), da `this', doin `the same', etc.;
gr. τό, Akk. Sg. τόν, τήν (Doric τά̄ν), τό etc.; το-νῦν `nun' = alb. ta-ní;
alb. kë-ta `this, these' (*tod; out of it in proclitic:) të (Ablat. *tōd) `where';
Maybe alb. (a-të) atë `that'.
Latin istum, -tam, -tud etc., Umbrian estu ìstum'; Latin tam `so' (old also temporal
`tandem' from *tām-dem; auf *tām based on also (?) tantus, Oscan e-tanto `tanta',
Umbrian e-tantu `tanta'), tum, tun-c `then, alsdann' = Avestan tǝm `then'; topper (*tod-per)
`cito, fortasse, celeriter, tamen'; different about tam Szemerényi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;
Old Irish tō `ja' (*tod); infix Pron. 3. Sg. m. -dn (*tom), n. -d (*tod), Pl. da (*tōns, f. *tās);
Gothic Þata n., Akk. m. Þana, Lok. Þei etc., Old High German der, diu, daz, Old
Icelandic Þat etc.;
Lithuanian tàs, tà, taĩ: etc. `der(selbe)'; Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f. s-tessias;
Old Church Slavic tъ, ta, to `that';
Tocharian A täm ` this '.
An congruities or Ähnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:

1. gr. hom. Ablat. τῶ `then, in this Falle; darum', Lithuanian tuõ `with dem, sofort',
perhaps Old High German thuo, duo, Old Saxon thō `da' (whether not from f. *tā); gr. ther.
Megarian τῆ-δε `here', Gothic Þē ùm so', perhaps Old Icelandic Þā `da, at that time, then'
(if not = *Þan), Old English ðā `then, darauf'; with it probably originally alike gr. τῆ `da,
nimm!', Lithuanian tè ds.
tor, tēr `there': Old Indic tar-hi `to the time, then' (-hi to gr. hom. ἧ-χι), Gothic Old
2. tor,
Icelandic Þar `there', Old Saxon thar, Old Frisian ther (Old High German dara) `there'; Old
Saxon thār, Old High German dār, Old English ðǣr (ðara) `there'.
3. toti `so many': Old Indic táti ds. (tatithá- `the sovielte'), Latin tot, totidem (tŏtus `the
sovielte'), in addition gr. τόσ(σ)ος from *toti-os `so big, large, so much, a lot of'.
4. With -tro-suffix:
tro Old Indic tátrā̆ `there(toward)', Gothic ÞaÞrō `from da from', Old
Icelandic Þaðra `there', Old English ðæder `the, dorthin'.
5. Old Indic ta-dā́, Avestan taδa `then', Lithuanian tadà (from *tadān, compare East
Lithuanian tadù) `then, alsdann'; Old Indic tadā́nīm ` then, at that time '.
6. Gr. τηλίκος `so old', Latin talis `so obtain of such kind, such ', Lithuanian tõlei `bis
dahin, solange'; Old Church Slavictoli ìn dem Grade', tolь `so much, a lot of, so very',
toliko ds.; after Szemerényi (Gl. 35, 1133) from*to
*to-ali-.
*to-ali-
Maybe alb. (*talis) i tillë, i a-tillë, i kë-tillë ' of such kind, such '.
7. Gr. τῆμος, Doric τᾶμος `zur time, then', Old Church Slavic tamo `dorthin', Latvian tām
in nuo tām `hence'.
tāu̯n̥t, tāu̯
8. Old Indic e-tā́vant `tantus', Avestan aē-tavant ds. from Indo Germanic *tāu̯ tāu̯ont-
ont-;
ont
gr. hom. τῆος (newer τέως), τᾶFος; through influence of m. τᾶFο(ντ)ς wurde das to
erwartende *τᾶFα(τ) to *τᾶFο(τ), from which τᾶFος; here also after Szemérenyi Latin tantus
(see above); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 609 Anm. 5.
9. Der ending from τό-φρα ìnzwischen' (in addition compare ὄ-φρα `solange as')
perhaps to Tocharian A ku-pre, В kwri ìf', tā-pär(k) `now, yet'.
to- in Old Indic tyá- `that, that bekannte', alb.

10. Ein stem Indo Germanic ti̯o- besides to-
së (Gen. Dat. Sg. f.) etc. (s- from ti̯-), Proto Norse Þīt, Old Saxon thit `dorthin' (Rosenfeld
Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177); Lithuanian čià `here', čiõn `here'; Old pers. tya `welches,
das', leg. taya (*to + i̯o-), absents (Risch, Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.).
maybe alb. a-ty, aty, atje ‘there’
References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 311 ff., Vasmer 3,
113, 128, Szemerényi Gl. 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.
Page(s): 1086-1087
Root / lemma: to-

to-2
Meaning: prefix
See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (Messapic tabara)
Page(s): 1088
Root / lemma: tolkʷ

tolkʷ-
Meaning: to speak
Material: Latin loquor, -ī, locūtus sum `speak, say, name';
Old Irish ad-tluch- `danken' (1. Sg. atluchur), to-tluch- `bid, beg, ask' (dotluchur); Old
Church Slavic tlъkъ (*tъlkъ), russ. tolkъ ` interpretation, explanation' (Lithuanian tùlkas
`Dolmetsch' is Slavic loanword).
References: WP. 1 744 f., WH. I 821, Vasmer 3, 115.

Page(s): 1088
tong-1 (*teng
Root / lemma: tong- *teng-)
*teng-
Meaning: to think, feel
Material: Latin tongeō, -ēre `nōsse, scīre', prän. tongitiō `nōtiō'; Oscan Ablat. tanginúd
`sententia' (Messapic loanword?); alb. tângë `resentment';
Gothic Þagkjan, Þāhta ` think; consider ', Old Icelandic Þekkja `become aware,
understand, comprehend, know' (Þekkr `pleasant'), Old High German denchen `think', Old
English ðencan ds.; Gothic Þugkjan, Þūhta `seem, shine, appear, seem', Old Icelandic
Þykkja `ds., gefallen', Old High German dunchen `shine, appear, seem', Old English
ðyncan ds.; Gothic *Þagks ` gratitude ', Old Icelandic Þǫkk f. ` gratitude, contentedness ',
Old High German dank ` reasoning, thought, notion, gratitude ', Old English ðanc `thought,
notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude '; Middle High German danknǣme, Old Danish
taknem ` grateful ';
maybe alb. (*dunchen), dukem, duket `seem, appear': Old High German dunchen `shine,
appear, seem', also alb. dukja àppearance'.
Maybe alb. Geg doke `custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', duk- `to appear, seem' (see
above).
Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: dek̂-1 : `to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma:
tong-1 (*teng
tong- *teng-) : `to think, feel'.
*teng-
Tocharian A tuṅk-, В taṅkw `love'.
References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides *tenk- in Latvian ticinat àusfragen', kuron.
teñcinât ds., also Latvian tęnkāt ` babble, chatter, danken, praise, laud'.
Page(s): 1088
Root / lemma: tong-

tong-2
See also: see above S. 1055.
Page(s): 1088
Root / lemma: top-

top-
Meaning: to stay; place
Material: Gr. τόπος m. `place, place', τοπάζω `ziele hin, vermute, errate', τοπεῖον n. `rope,
hawser, rope, band'; Old English ðafian `zustimmen, grant, bear, permit; brook ';
Lithuanian tàpti (tampù) `become', pri-tàpti `find, encounter, know lernen, learn', Latvian
tapt (tùopu) `become, befall, reach ', tapīgs àn able head ', tapinât `(zukommen let)
borgen, lend ', pa-tapt `hingelangen, wherefore come can, leisure have', sa-tapt `meet, auf
jemandentreffen';
whether Pedersen die gr. words right with Middle Irish toich `naturgemäß' (different
under tek-2) and cymr. tebyg (*tokʷiko-) `probably', annhebyg ` incredible ' zusammenstellt
(compare gr. τοπικός `den Ort betreffend', ἄ-τοπος `wunderlich, auffallend'), would be for
this a root tekʷ- : tokʷ- must be assumed and die Germanic and Baltic words therefrom to
separate.
References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Celtic Gr. I 129; different about the Baltic words Stang
NTS 16, 259 f. (to tep- `smear', Trautmann 139, Vasmer 3, 95, 120).
Page(s): 1088
tor-, toro-
Root / lemma: tortoro-s
Meaning: loud, distinct
Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning ` piercing, shrilly, screaming' from *torós ` piercing ',
s. *ter-4 `hinübergelangen, hindurchdringen'
Material: Old Indic tārá- ` piercing, shrilly, screaming'; gr. τορός ` piercing, loud,
vernehmlich' (also `quick, fast, agile', compare Old Indic tarás Adj. `rash, hasty, piercing '
under *ter- `hinübergelangen'), τετορήσω `werde loud and distinct say';
Middle Irish torm, toirm n., newer f. `din, fuss, noise' (*tor-smn̥), Irish torann `thunder',
cymr. taran, acorn. taran, bret. taran ds., gall. Taranis GN.;
Lithuanian tariù, tar̃ti and taraũ, tarýti `say', tarmė̃ Àusspruch', Old Prussian tārin Akk.
Sg. `voice', ettrāi, Inf. attrātwei àntworten' (formal as Old Indic trā-ti `rettet': tiráti); Slavic
tortoriti in Czech tratořiti, russ. torotóritь ` babble, chatter ', zero grade redupl. Old Church
Slavic trъtorъ `sonus';
Armenian t`rt`rak `good speaker', if from *tùrtùrak, Indo Germanic *tortoro-;
Hittite tar- `say, name'.
References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer 3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1, 497;
See also: compare tet(e)r-
tet(e)r- S. 1079.
Page(s): 1088-1089
Root / lemma: trāgh- trō̆gh-

trāgh-, trō̆gh trē̆gh-
gh- and trē̆ gh-
gh
Meaning: to drag; to move, run
Note: entspricht nicht the normal Indo Germanic root form; whether through contamination
from dherāgh-
erāgh-, dhregh-
regh- with terk-
terk- and trek-
trek- (above S. 1077) originated?
Material: Latin trahō `pull' etc. (different above S. 257 under dherāgh- `ziehen'); trāma f.
`die chain of texture ' (*trā̆gh-smā);
gall. ver-tragus `schnellfüßiger dog'; Old Irish traig, Gen. traiged (*traghetos) `foot',
cymr. Pl. traëd `Füße'; with unclear ŏ: cymr. Sg. troed (einsilb.), Pl. traed (disyllabic) `foot',
acorn. truit, mcorn. troys, bret. troad, Pl. treid `foot'; Middle Irish trog `das parturition,
progeny ', trogan èarth', trogaid ` brings zur Welt' (compare aserb. tragъ ` descendant ');
with Indo Germanic ā or ō: Old Irish trāgud Èbbe', trāig `beach, seaside', trāgid èbbt',
cymr. treio `refluere ut mare'; with Indo Germanic ŏ: cymr. godro `milk', abret. guotroit
`demulgitis', Middle Breton gorzo, nbret. goero `milk'; cymr. corn. tro (*trogho-) `turn;
variation, time', cymr. troi `vertere, volvere'; with ā or ō: serb. trâg `Fußtapfe', trážiti ` seek,
feel', aserb. tragъ ` descendant ';
probably Gothic Þragjan `run' (*troghei̯ō), Old English ðrǣgan ds. (*trēgh-), ðrāg `time',
actually `Zeitverlauf', and Old High German drigil `servant', if actually ` runner', probably
also Old Icelandic Þrǣll ` farmhand, servant' (> engl. thrall) from Germanic *Þrā̆hilaz;
besides trā̆gh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg-

treg- (see 1090), dhregh-
regh- (above
erāgh- (above S. 257), dhreĝ-
S. 273), dherāgh- reĝ- (compare also Anklänge under der-
der- `flay': root
er- `hold, stop': root form dheregh-, dhereĝh-) and trek-
form dergh-, dreg- and under dher- trek-
(see 1092).
References: WP. I 752 f., WH II 697 ff., Trautmann 325, H. Lewis BBCS. 9, 34 f.
Page(s): 1089
Root / lemma: treg-

treg-
Meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid
Note: probably as `sich strecken, stemmen' to (s)terg- (s)treg- ` stare ' (above S. 1023)
(s)terg-, (s)treg-
Material: Old Irish trēn (*tregs-no-) `valiant, strong' (from which probably cymr. tren
ìmpetuous, strenuous', Subst. `force, rapidity' borrowed is), Kompar. Superl. Old Irish
tressa, tressam, cymr. trech, trechaf; Old Irish tress (*tregso-) `fight, struggle'; Old
Icelandic Þrekr m., Þrek n. ` strength, braveness', Þrekinn ` persistent ', Þreka ùrge,
press, push, press', Old English ðrece m. Ùnterdrückung, force, might, fatigue ', ðræc n.
`Drängen, power, force, might', ðracu f. `Druck, rush, force, might', Old Saxon mōd-thraka
f. ` distress '; reduced grade*Þruhtu- in Old Icelandic Þrōttr m. ` power, endurance ', Old
English ðroht m. ` exertion; drückend', russ. trógatь `touch', Latvian treksne ` shove '.
References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.
Page(s): 1090
Root / lemma: treig-

treig-
See also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-
(s)treig-, wherefore still Tocharian A trisk- `sound,
clink, din, drone'.
Page(s): 1092
treisti- or trīsti-
Root / lemma: treisti- trīsti-
Meaning: stubborn; in a bad mood
Note: only Latin and Germanic
Material: Latin trīstis `finster gelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack'; Old High
German drīsti, Old Saxon thrīsti, Old English ðrīste àudacious'.
Maybe alb. trishtë `sad ' a Latin loanword.
Page(s): 1092
Root / lemma: trei-

trei-
Meaning: three
Grammatical information: Nom. m. trei̯es,
es Nom. Akk. n. trī,
es trī Akk. n. trins,
trins f. tis(o)res,
tis(o)res
(dissimil. from *tris(o)res
tris(o)res etc.)
tris(o)res,
Material: 1. Old Indic tráyaḥ m., trī, newer trīṇi n., tisráḥ f.; Avestan ϑrayō, ϑrayas m., ϑri
n., tisrō f.; Armenian erek (trei̯es); gr. τρεῖς, gort. τρεες, m. f., alb. tre, f. tri (originally
neutrales *trī); Latin trēs (Akk. also trīs), tria (trī- in trī-ginta `30'), Oscan trís `trēs', Umbrian
trif, tref, Akk. `trēs', triia `tria'; Old Irish tri, f. tēoir, Akk. tēora (*tisorās, *tri-sor-n̥s); cymr. tri
m., tair f., mcymr. bret. teir (*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare gall. tidres
(?); Gothic Þreis, Akk. Þrins, n. Þrija, Old Icelandic Þrīr, Old High German drī etc.; Old
Prussian tris (Gen. treon), Lithuanian trỹs, Latvian trîs (n. tri in Lithuanian try-lika
`dreizehn', compare Latin trī-ginta `30'); Old Church Slavic trije m. and tri f. n.; Hittite tri-
`drei'; Tocharian A tre m., tri- f., В trai m., tarya f.
composition form tri-

tri- in Old Indic tripad-, gr. τρίπους, Latin tripēs, Old English ðrifēte,
Lithuanian trikõjis `dreifüßig'; Avestan ϑri-kamǝrǝda- `dreiköpfig', Armenian ere-am `drei
years old'; Illyrian PN Τρι-τεύτα, PN Τρι-κόρνιον; Celtic PN Tri-toutos, gall. tri-garanus `with
drei Kranichen'; Old Irish trïar `drei man' (*tri-u̯irom); russ.-Church Slavic trъ-gubъ
`dreifach' (= Lithuanian tri-gubas ds); perhaps Latin tribus `dividing off, partitioning off of
people, administrative district ', Umbrian trifu, trifо Akk. Sg. from *tri-bhu- (to *bheu- above
S. 146); Latin trīga f. `Dreigespann' (shaped after bīgae Pl. `Zweigespann' from *bi-i̯ugae,
see above S. 230 and 508); unclear Old Irish tre-thenc `Dreiheit' besides Middle Irish dē̆-
cheng `Zweiheit', compare Old Icelandic Þridjungr `Drittel';
`dreizehn': Old Indic tráyodaśa- = Latin trēdecim (*trēs-decim); compare gr. τρεις-καί-
δεκα;
`dreißig': Old Indic tríṃśat- f., Avestan ϑrisat-, gr. τριά̄κοντα, Latin trī-ginta, Old Irish
*trīcho, Gen. trīchot (*trī-komtos), Middle Irish trīcha, bret. tregont (das e from trede
`dritter'), gall. Abl. Pl. tricontis, Tocharian A taryāk, В täryāka (*trii̯āk̂n̥t-s).
2. ordinals: altererbt Old Indic tr̥-tī́ya- = Old Prussian tīrts; otherwise is tri- for tr̥-
eingetreten: Old Indic PN Tritá-, Avestan ϑrita-; Avestan ϑritya-, Old pers. ϑritiya- or -tīya;
Armenian erir, errord; gr. τρίτος; homer. τρίτατος extended as ἑβδόματος; Lesbian τέρτος
from *τρίτος; alb. tretë; Illyrian PN Tritus; Latin tertius, Umbrian tertiu `tertio', terti `tertium'
(from *triti̯o-); gall. PN Tritios, cymr. try-dydd, bret. trede; Gothic Þridja, Old High German
dritto etc.; Lithuanian trẽčias, Latvian trešaĩs (tre- instead of tri- after *trei̯es? also:) Old
Church Slavic tretijь; Baltic trit- in Lithuanian tritainis `Drittel';
Old Irish tress (newer triss) `the Dritte' (*tristo-), tre(i)sse `triduum', compare Latin testis
` witness, testifier ' (also `testicle'); Ablat. Oscan trístaamentud is probably from Latin
testamentum borrowed;
Tocharian В trit; Hittite tarrii̯analli- `the dritte', [te-ri]-i̯a-an-na `dritter'.
3. tris ` thrice, three times ': Old Indic tríḥ, Avestan ϑris, gr. τρίς, Latin ter, older terr
(from *tris), Old Irish fo-thrī ` thrice, three times '; extended Avestan ϑrižvat̃ ` thrice, three
times ', Old Icelandic Þrisvar, Old High German driror, Old English ðriwa, ðreowa ds.; ein
u̯o-suffix also in Avestan ϑrisva- n. `Drittel' and gr. θρῖον `Feigenblatt' from *τρισFον; in
addition *tris-no- in gr. θρῖναξ `Dreizack'; Latin terni (*tri-no-) `je drei' (besides trīni by Pl.
*tris-no-
tantum from *tris-no- parallel with bīni, see below du̯ōu), Old Icelandic Þrennr `dreifach',
Þrenner `drei' (by Kollektiven);
Maybe alb. tresh, trish ìn three'
auf *trianon goes back Old Irish trïan, acymr. trean, cymr. traean `Drittel', compare also
gall. Akk. Pl. trianis `Drittel'?
4. collective trei̯o-, troi̯o-: Old Indic trayá- `dreifach', trayam n. `Dreiheit', Lithuanian trejì,
f trẽjos `drei' (by Pluralsubstantiven), Latvian treji, f. trejas ds., Old Church Slavic troji m.
Pl.; auf *trei̯odi̯o- based on Old Irish trēode `dreifach'.
References: WP. I 753 f., WH. II 668 f., 702 f., Trautmann 327 f., Vasmer 3, 137,
Wackernagel-(Debrunner) 3, 346 f.
Page(s): 1090-1092
Root / lemma: trek-

trek-
Meaning: to run
Note: equal meaning with trāgh- trō̆gh-
trāgh-, trō̆ gh-, tregh-
gh tregh-
Material: Old Church Slavic trъkъ `run, flow', trъkaljati `wälzen', serb. tr̀čati `run', trakánac `
track ', Bulgarian tъrčá `laufe', trъkalo `wheel, circle ';
Middle Irish tricc, nir. tric (expressives kk) `rash, hasty';
eine variant auf palatal trek̂- perhaps in Avestan udarō-ϑrąsa- àuf dem Bauch sich
bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen)'.

References:
Page(s): 1092
trem-, trems-
Root / lemma: trem- trems-
Meaning: to thump; to tremble
Note: (contaminated with tres-
tres-); the same double meaning by trep-
trep-.
Material: Gr. τρέμω `tremble' (= Latin tremō, alb. trem); ἀτρέμας, ἀτρέμα ùnbeweglich,
peaceful ', ἀτρεμής `fearless', τρόμος m. `das Zittern', τρομέω `tremble', τρομερός
`timorous', redupl. τετρεμαίνω `schaudere' (unclear ταρμύσσω `frighten');
alb. Tosc trëmp, Geg trem Ì terrify';
maybe alb. trim `brave, not scared'
Note:
Common alb. m > mp, mb.
Latin tremō, -ere `tremble', tremor `das Zittern', tremulus `trembling', Umbrian tremitu
`tremefacito';
Gothic Þramstei ` locust, grasshopper (Indo Germanic *trems-, as in Old Church Slavic
tręsǫ amalgamation from trem- and tres-); Old Saxon thrimman stem V. `to bloat, bulge,
swell' or `bekümmert become'; Old Icelandic Þramma `trample, heavy go', Middle Low
German drammen `rant, roister, violent urge, press, push', dram `din, fuss, noise,
crowdedness, Getümmel' (: Latvian tremt); -mm- intensive gemination?
Lithuanian trìmti èrzittern', trémti `niederstoßen; verbannen, austreiben', sutramìnti

`leiseanstoßen', Latvian tremt `wegjagen', tramš `schreckhaft (from horses)', tramîgs `shy,
bashful', tram̃dît `frighten, hunt, chase'; klr. tremčú, tremtḯty `tremble, quiver'; Old Church
Slavic tręsǫ, tręsti `shake, upset', sę `tremble', trǫsь `σεισμός' (Slavic *trems-, *troms-, see
above);
Tocharian A träm- ìn rage, fury geraten', В tremi `rage, fury'.
References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.
References:
See also: compare ter-
ter-1` wriggle ', worfrom *trem- and *tres- extended are.
Page(s): 1092-1093
Root / lemma: trenk-

trenk-1
Meaning: to push; to oppress
Note: s. also trenk-
trenk- `wash, bathe'
Material: Avestan ϑraxtanąm Gen. Pl. `zusammengedrängt' (in the meaning to Germanic
stimmend);
Latin truncus `tree truck, trunk', Adj. `mutilated, the Äste or Glieder stolen; looted ',
truncō, -āre ` mutilate '; gall. trincos à kind of Gladiatoren' (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.);
perhaps (ès drängt myself') Old Irish di-fo-thracc- `wish', verbal noun dūthracht; probably
(as àbgedrängt become') Old Irish Middle Irish trēicim ` leave, retreat', cymr. trengi ` wilt,
wither, die', tranc, Pl. trangau m. Àbschied, death, end';
maybe alb. trung `stump', alb. Geg (*truncus) truni `(*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head' from
Latin truncus -a -um `maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree,
the trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead'. also alb. trągull,
trangull `cucumber; a dolt, blockhead'.
Gothic Þreihan ùrge, press, push' (from Proto German *Þrenχō, *Þrinχō; through ablaut
derailment Þráih, Þraíhans; faihu-Þraihna (Dat. Sg.) ` richness '; also Old Saxon thrēgian,
Middle Low German Dutch dreigen `threaten'? Ein West Germanic*Þrīh- = Gothic Þreih-
certainly in Middle High German drīhe `Stecknadel, Handgerät of Flechtens and Webens';
with gramm. variation Old Icelandic Þryngja, -va, Þrǫng `press, urge, press, push, press'
(for *Þringa probably after dem Adj. Þrǫngr `narrow' from *Þrangu-), Old Saxon thringan,
Old English ðringan stem V., Old High German dringan ds. (Middle High Germandringen
also `flax, wattle, braid, to weave', see above drīhe and compare above *terk- `turn'); Kaus.
Old Icelandic Þrøngja ùrge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen', Middle
High German drengen ùrge, press, push'; Old Icelandic Þrǫngr `narrow' (=
Lithuaniantrankùs), Middle High German drange, gedrange Adv. `narrow'; Old Icelandic
Þrǫng, Gen. -var f. `crush, narrowness', Old Englishdrang m. `crush, gedrängte troop,
multitude, crowd', Middle High German dranc `Drang', Old High German drangōn ùrge,
press, push' (= Lithuanian trankaũ);
Old Icelandic Þrǣta, Þrætta `quarrel, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten' (*Þranχatjan);
Old English Þrǣll ` farmhand, Unfreier' etc. (*Þranhilaz);
ngr. δροῦγγος, late Latin drungus and Old Irish drong `troop, multitude, crowd' are
genuine Celtic (*dhrungho-) and keine Germanic loanword; wrongly above S. 255;
Lithuanian treñkti `dröhnend bump, poke', Frequent. trankaũ, -ýti (= Old High German
drangōn), trañksmas `crush, resonance ', trankùs ` bumpy ' (actually `pushing, thrusting ' =
Old Icelandic Þrǫngr); trenkù, triñkti `wash' (see also *trenk- `wash'), trìnkiu, -ė́ti `din,
drone'; Latvian trìecu, trìekt ` grind, crush, squeeze hard, squash; wegjagen'; trìecinât
ùpset', truoksnis `din, fuss, noise, Gepolter'; Old Prussian pertrinktan `verstockt'; russ.
trutýtъ `press, bump, poke', serb. trȕčíti `schmeißen';
Anlautdublette in slov. drǫ́kati `bump, poke, stomp, squeeze', Old Church Slavic udrǫ́čiti
`niederdrücken, torment, smite'?.
References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.
Page(s): 1093
Root / lemma: trenk-

trenk-2
Meaning: to wash, bathe
Material: Irish fothrucud `bathe', bret. gozronquet ds. (*tronk-), cymr. trochi `mergere,
balneare' (-ch- probably from -nk-s-); about Lithuanian trenkù, triñkti `wash' see above.
See also: probably identical with trenk-1;compare above S. 819 about Lithuanian per̃ti.
Page(s): 1094
Root / lemma: trep-

trep-1
Meaning: to trample, tread
Material: Old Indic tr̥prá-, tr̥pála- `hasty, unstet'? (probably from `trippelnd'); afghan. drabǝl
`jiggle, shake, herabdrücken'; gr. τροπέω `keltere' (`trete die Trauben from'), ἀτραπός,
hom. ἀταρπός `Fußsteig' (ἀ- `copulativum', actually àusgetretener way'), τροπέοντο
ἐπάτουν Hes., Οἰνοτρόποι `Gottheiten of Weinbaues'; alb. *trip = gr. τραπ- in sh-tip, sh-typ
`zertrete, grind, crush, zerquetsche', për-t(r)yp ` chew ', sh-trip, zdryp `steige herab';
Latin trepidus ` anxiously umherlaufend', trepidō, -āre ` walk on tiptoe; trip, from
Geschäftigkeit or fear';
Old English ðrafian `press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach'; engl. dial.
thrave, threave `drift, trailing, herd', Old Saxon thraƀōn `trot', Middle High German draben
ds. (= russ. tropátь), Swedish trav `festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen', travla `(snow)
feststampfen' (besides probably through hybridization with Germanic *trep-, *tremp-, see
below der- `run', Middle Low German drampen `trample', East Frisian Dutch drempel, Low
German drumpel ` threshold', Middle Low German dorpel ` threshold');
Lithuanian trepsė́ti (3. Pers. trèpsi, old trèpsti) `with den Füßen trampeln', trep-(l)énti ds.,
trypsė́ti ds., ablaut. trypiù, trỹpti `trample' (for *trip-); trapinė́ti `with den Füßen bump, poke',
Old Prussian trapt `tread', ertreppa ` sie übertreten ';
Old Church Slavic trepetъ `das Zittern, Beben', trepetati `tremble', trepati `palpare',
Bulgarian trópam ` stamp, trample, trapple', trópot m. `Getrampel', russ. tropátь `stomp,
trample, with den Füßen treten', tropá f. ` path, track; Fährte'.
References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.
See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 ` wriggle '.
Page(s): 1094
Root / lemma: trep-

trep-2
Meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)
Material: Old Indic trápatē `schämt sich, wird verlegen', trapā́ f. `the genitals, Verlegenheit';
gr. τρέπω, Doric Ionian τράπω `wende', τροπή ` reversal ', τρόπος ` turn ', τρόπις `keel,
Grundbalken of Schiffes' (actually `Wender'), τρωπάω `wende, verändere', Med. ` turn,
twist, rotate myself um, kehre um', ἐν-τρέπομαι `wende myself jemandem to, schäme
myself vor jemandem', εὐτράπελος `movable, nimble';τερπικέραυνος in spite of τερπώμεθα
τρεπώμεθα Hes. not `fulmina torquens', but to τέρπειν, -εσθαι as `the Blitzfrohe';
Latin trepit `vertit'; turpis (*tr̥pis) ùgly, nasty ' (`*wovor man sich abwenden muß',
formation as Gothic brūks ùsable'), -ur- instead of -or- dialect.
Maybe alb. (*turpis) turp `shame'
References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.

See also: Indo Germanic trep- ` turn ' extension from ter-3 `rub, drehend reiben, turn'?
Page(s): 1094
trep-3, treb-
Root / lemma: trep- treb-
See also: see above S. 1037 under (s)trep-.
Page(s): 1095
tres-, ters-
Root / lemma: tres- ters- (*teres-)
Meaning: to tremble
Meaning:
Material: Old Indic trásati ` trembles ' (= gr. τρέω), trastá- `trembling' Kaus. trāsayati
`makes erzittern'; Avestan taršta- (Aryan *tr̥ṣta- `timorous'), tǝrǝsaiti, ар. tarsatiy `fürchtet'
(*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō) = Lithuanian trišù); Kaus. Avestan Þrā̊ŋhayete `versetzt in fright'; perhaps
Armenian erer ` tremor, Beben, Zittern' (*tres-ri-);
Latin terreo, -ēre ìn Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare' (das e instead of kausativen o
derives from:) terror `fright'; Umbrian tursitu `terrētō, fugātō';
gr. τρέω (Aor. hom. τρέσσαι) `tremble, flee', ἔτερσεν ἐφόβησεν Hes., ἄτρεστος
ùnerschrocken', τρηρός (*τρασρός), τρήρων `timorous, fleeting ';
Middle Irish tarrach `timorous' (*tr̥s-āko-); Old English ðrǣs `fringe' (compare Old Indic
trasaṇa-m èine bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration');
Lithuanian trisù `tremble' (*tr̥s-[s]k̂ō); Latvian trìsas f. Pl. `Zittern', trisêt `tremble, quiver',
perhaps Lithuanian tresiù, trė̃sti `läufig sein'.
References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;

See also: to 1. ter-1 ` wriggle '.
Page(s): 1095
Root / lemma: tr-

tr-eu-
eu-d-
Meaning: to press, push, * displeasure
Note: probably extension to ter- tereu- `rub'
ter-3, tereu-
Note:
Root / lemma: tr-eu-d- : `to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root / lemma: dreĝh
tr-eu- dreĝh- :
ùnwilling, displeased' [common Illyrian-Baltic -ĝh- > -d-, Illyrian alb. -g > -th.
Material: Alb. treth `castrate, clip' (`*smash, crush testicles') = Latin trūdō, -ere `bump,
poke, fortstoßen, urge, press, push' (trūdis èisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum
Fortstoßen');
Maybe nasalized alb. ndrydh `twist', also prefixed shtrydh `squeeze'.
mcymr. cythruð `torment, smite', godruð `wild', gorthruð ` oppression, depression,
exploitation, suppression ' (*-treudo-); Middle Irish trotaid `streitet' (*truzd- from *trud-d-),
cymr. trythill, drythill ` lustful ' (out of it Middle Irish treitell `Liebling'); Old Irish tromm, cymr.
trwm ` heavy ' (*trudsmo- `drückend'); Gothic usÞriutan `beschwerlich fall', Old Icelandic
Þrjōta `lack', Old English (ā-)ðrēotan unpers. èxhaust, überdrüssig become', Old High
German (ar-, bi-)driozan `beset, bother, annoy', Modern High German verdrieße
drieße ` to
drießen
irritate somebody '; Old Icelandic Þrjōtr `widerspenstiger person', Old High German urdrioz
` displeasure '; Old Icelandic Þraut f. `Kraftprobe, crowdedness', Old English ðrēat m.
`crush, Gewalttätigkeit, threat ', Middle High German drōz ` displeasure, load, complaint '
(= Slavic trudъ); Old English ðrēat(n)ian ùrge, press, push, torment, smite, scold, chide,
threaten';
Old English ðrīetan èxhaust (tr.), urge, press, push', Old Icelandic Þreyta ` power
aufwenden, withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.)'; Old Icelandic Þrȳsta, Old High German
ðrūstit, Old English geðryscan ` distress ', ðrysman èrdrücken, choke; suppress, crush',
Middle Low German drussemen ` throttle, strangle, erdrücken'; Old Church Slavic trudъ
`toil', truždǫ, truditi ` grouch, torment, smite'.
Maybe alb. trys, trysa (aor.) `press, compress, squeeze', trondit `torment, overwhelm'.
References: WP. I 755, WH. II 710, Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 143, Loth RC 41, 226 ff.
Page(s): 1095-1096
trē̆b-, trōb-
Root / lemma: trē̆ ǝb-, tr̥b-
trōb-, treb- or trǝb
trǝb-
Meaning: building, dwelling
Material: Latin trabs and trabēs, -is f. `balk, beam', taberna `Bude, Wohnraum' (dissim.
from *traberna);
Oscan trííbúm `domum, aedificium', trííbarakavúm àedificare' (*trēb-), Umbrian tremnu

`tabernāculo', trebeit `versātur' (*trēb- or *trĕb-); acymr. treb, ncymr. tref, abret. treb
`dwelling', Middle Irish treb `house, estate', Old Irish dī-thrub, cymr. di-dref ` desert, waste,
wasteland, Einsiedelei', Old Irish atreba (*ad-treb-) `besitzt, dwells ', cymr. athref `dwelling,
Besitzung', gall. VN Atrebates `possessōres or Seßhafte'; about Middle Irish trebaid
`bebaut, bewohnt', see above S. 1071;
Old English ðorp, ðrop èstate, courtyard, village', Old Frisian therp and thorp, Old
Saxon thorp, Old High German dorf `village', Old Icelandic Þorp ` homestead ', Gothic
Þaúrp `field, farmland'; Old Icelandic Þrep n. Òberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, terrace,
bench, step ', Þrepi m. èrhöhte Unterlage' (besides also Þrafni m. `staff, balk, beam', Þref
n. ds. from a root variant auf Indo Germanic p, as presumably gr. τράπηξ - Attic inschr.
τράφηξ - Aeolic τρόπηξ Hes. `picket, pole, Schiffsbord');
ablaut. Lithuanian trobà (Akk. tróbą) `house, edifice, building', Latvian trāba èdifice,
building', Old Prussian in PN. Troben;
a full root form terǝb- in gr. τέραμνα, assim. τέρεμνα Pl. `house, dwelling' (*terǝb-no-),
from which borrowed Old Church Slavic trěmъ `tower', etc.; about gr. θεράπνη `dwelling' s.
Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.
References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.
Page(s): 1090
trē̆u-
Root / lemma: trē̆
Meaning: to prosper
Note: extended treu-
treu-s-
Material: Avestan Perf. 3. Sg. Med. tuϑruyē (i.e. tuϑruwē) `has aufgezogen, entertain ',
present-stem ϑraoš- (ϑraošta) `zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or
bringen', ϑraošti- `( ripeness) consummation, end';
Old High German triuuit (Alemannian t- for Þ-) èxcellet, pollet, floret'; trowwen
(*Þraujan) `pubescere, crescere', Middle High German ūf gedrouwen àufgewachsen,
grown'; Old Icelandic Þrōask `zunehmen, thrive, ripen' (*Þrōwōn), Middle High German
druo f. `fruit', older-Modern High German druhen, truhen `thrive, zunehmen', Swiss trüehen
ds.; Old Icelandic Þrūðr f. ` power ', Old English ðrȳð ds.; Old Icelandic Þroskr (*trusko-) `(
mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, vollwüchsig) strong', Þroski m. ` strength ', Þroskask
`strong become'.

Page(s): 1095
Root / lemma: trii̯ǝto-

ǝto-, trīto-
ǝto trīto- (*tristhon
tristhon-)
tristhon-
Meaning: sea, watery
Material: Old Irish trïath, Gen. trethan `sea' (proto Celtic *tri̯aton-); gr. Τρί̄των, son of
Poseidon or Nereus and the ᾽Αμφι-τρί̄τη, also river name, Tρῑτωνίς f. `sea in Libyen';
Τρῑτογένεια èpithet the Athene' can be elucidated rather as Tρῐτογενεια àm 3. days born '
with metr. lengthening of ι.
Note:
Note
The origin of gr. Τρί̄των `son of Poseidon or Nereus' derived from the trident weapon of the
sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea (see Root /
trei- : `three' tris-
lemma: trei- no- in gr. θρῖναξ `trident, three pronged weapon of Poseidon'.)
tris-no-
Page(s): 1096
Root / lemma: tris-

tris-
Meaning: stalk; vine
Material: Gr. θρινία ἄμπελος ἐν Kρήτῃ (*trisniā); alb. trishë `Pfropfreis, sprout'; Serbo-
Croatian trs ` vine, reed' (trsje `Weinberg'), Czech trs `stalk of the plant', vinný trs `
grapevine ', slov. ters ` grapevine ' (Slavic *trьso-).
Page(s): 1096
trozdos- : tr̥zdos-
Root / lemma: trozdos- zdos-
zdos
Meaning: blackbird
Note: compare above S. 1079
Material: Latin turdus, -ī m. `thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish' (*tr̥zdos, with dial. u?); Middle
Irish truit, druit f., nir. truid, druid `Star' (*trozdi-); from Irish borrowed mcymr. trydw, drydw
(after drud `toll' transfigured to drudw), bret. dred, tred (older Pl.), acorn. troet m., ncorn.
tros, Pl. tryjy, treyju, Singulativ f. mcorn. troʒan; besides abret. tra[s]cl, nbret. drask(l) m.,
Vannes also taraskl, f. cymr. tresglen `thrush'; Old Icelandic Þrǫstr (*Þrastu-z, compare to
u-stem cymr. trydw) `thrush', Norwegian trost, trast; unclear Middle High German drostel,
Old English drostle (Germanic *Þrustalō-), Old High German drosca-(la), Middle High
German Bavarian dró́schel, schwäb.-Alemannian drostlǝ (Germanic *Þrau(d)-sk-, -st-), Old
English ðrysce (*Þruskjōn, engl. thrush; Middle Low German drōsle, Old Low German
thrōsla (reshaped from *throstla after *ōsla = Old Englishōsle, Modern High German
`blackbird'); proto Germanic -au- and -u- perhaps through influence an onomatopoeic
words Schallsippe with u, as in gr. τρύζω `girre', τρῡγών `turtledove', poln. trukać ds., etc.;
Balto-Slavic *trazda- m. `thrush' in Old Prussian tresde f., Lithuanian strãzdas, Latvian
strãzds m.; Slavic *drozdъ in russ. drozd (Gen. drozdá) etc.
References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 49.
Page(s): 1096
Root / lemma: truk̂-

See also: see below tu̯erk̂-.
Page(s): 1097
Root / lemma: trus-

trus-
Meaning: reed
Material: Gr. θρύον ` bulrush' as *τρυhον (?), *trusom to Old Church Slavic trъstь, Serbo-
Croatian trst, trska etc. ` reed ', Lithuanian tr(i)ušìs ds., strùstė, strustìs, srustìs `Rohrspan
or Baststreifen'. Doubtful, da bulrush and Schilf zwei totally various things are.
References: WP. I 762, Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 141, 145.
Page(s): 1097
trū̆of-
Root / lemma: trū̆ of-
of
Meaning: leprosy
Material: Old Irish trosc ` leprosy ' (*trŭds-ko-); bret. trousk `dandruff', trouskan ` moss ',
cymr. trwsg(l) `raw'; Gothic Þrūts-fill n. ` leprosy ', Old English ðrūstfell (for *ðrūts-) `
leprosy '; compare gr. τρύω `reibe auf', Lithuanian trunė́ti `modern' (see ter(eu)- `rub',
basic meaning then perhaps `kratzig') and Latin trūdō etc. (see *treud-).
References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.
Page(s): 1096-1097
Root / lemma: tu,

tu tutu
Meaning: chirping of birds
Material: Old Indic thuthukr̥t- m. à certain bird, dove, wood pigeon '; gr. τυτώ ἡ γλαῦξ Hes.,
τοῦτις ὁ κόσσυφος Hes.; Latin tutubāre `cry' (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f.
`vīn adferri noctuam, quae `tū, tū' usque dicat tibi?'; Lithuanian tūtúoti `toot', tutlỹs, tutùtis
`hoopoe'; in Germanic created anew (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic
word) Middle Low German (Modern High German) tūten `toot', Old Icelandic tauta, tutla
`murmur'; as old type (*tū with d-present) Old English ðūtan èinen Tonausstoßen', Old
Icelandic Þjōta `howl, einen strong Ton give', Old English ðēotan `howl, resound, rant,
roister', Old High German diozan `loud sound, clink', Old Icelandic Þytr ` strong sound,
tone, Geheul', Middle High German duz, diez, dōz ` clangor, noise', Gothic Þuthaúrn `
Tuthorn, trumpet ', Old Icelandic Þyss `din, fuss, noise', Old English ðyssa m. `Toser'.
Page(s): 1097
Root / lemma: tu̯ak-

ak-2
ak
Meaning: to bathe
Material: Old Prussian twaxtan `Badequast' (*tu̯akstom);
Gothic Þwahan, Þwōh, Old Icelandic Þvā, Old English ðwēan `bathe', Old High German
dwahan, dwōg, twuog `wash', Old Icelandic Þvāttr (*Þwahtu-) `the washing' etc.; Old
Icelandic Þvál n. ` soap ', Gothic Þwahl n. `spa, bath', Old High German dwahal ds., Old
English ðwéal m. n. `washing'; Old Saxon twahila f. `towel ', Old High German dwahila m.
ds., Franconian *thwahlja ds., out of it French touaille, from which engl. towel.
References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.

Page(s): 1098
Root / lemma: tu̯akos

Meaning: skin
Material: Old Indic tvacas- `skin' (in compound as hiranya-tvacas- `goldfellig' and in
tvacasya- ` located in the skin '), besides tvák- f. `skin, fell, fur'; gr. σάκος `shield' (of skin,
leather), φερε-σσάκης ` common skullcap '; Hittite tu̯ekkas `body, person, selbst'.
References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.
Page(s): 1099
Root / lemma: tu̯ā̆k-1, tuk-

tuk-
Meaning: to pull together, close up
Material: Old Indic tvanakti `zieht sich together' (unbel.);
gr. Attic σάττω, Ionian σάσσω (ἔσαξα, Ionian ἔσασα; ἐσεσάχατο) àusrüsten, bewaffnen;
fill, feststopfen' (*tu̯aki̯ō), σακτός ` vollgestopft ', with gr. γ (derailment) σάγη àrmament,
armor, Geschirr, saddle, clothing', σάγμα ` covering, clothing, large cloak, covering of a
shield, pack-saddle, pile, ' (> Latin sagma > Old High German soum, Modern High German
Saumtier)
Maybe alb. haplology samari ` pack-saddle ' a Latin loanword;
gr. σαγήνη `fishing net', σάγουρον γυργάθιον Poll., σαγίς πήρα Hes., and theban. σάκτᾱς
`physician, medicine man' and das dem Latin sagana `Zauberin' the basic liegende
*σαγάνη; σηκός, Doric σᾱκός ` hurdle, stall, sacred place'; σηκάζω `pferche ein, sperre
ein', Doric σᾱκί̄τᾱς ìn the Schäferei aufgezogenes lamb', σηκίς, -ίδος ` slave '; also
probably σηκόω `wiege', σήκωμα ` weight; Gegenwert, guerdon, reward, recompense,
prize, trophy '; with gradation ō probably hom. σῶκος `strong', σωκέω `bin strong, have
power '; zero grade συχνός `gedrängt, numerous' (*τυκ-σνος).
References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpräs. 122.
References:
Page(s): 1098
Root / lemma: tu̯ei-

ei-2, extended tu̯ei-
ei ei-s-
ei
Meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer
Grammatical information: (s-present; to es-stem tu̯ei̯os-, tu̯ei̯es-, Avestan ϑwayah-)
Note: = tu̯eis-
eis `sparkle, glitter', da `lebhafte Bewegung - flicker, sparkle, glitter' ein common
eis
Bedeutungsverhältnis is.
Material: Old Indic tviṣ- ` excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam' (present tvēṣati
Gramm., átviṣur `sie waren excited, aroused, bestürzt', 3. Sg. átviṣata, titviṣḗ), tveṣá- `
boisterous; scintillant, flickering, sparkling, gleaming', tviṣ-, tviṣi- f. ` excitement,
impetuousness, hastiness; radiance '; Proto Indic (Mitanni) PN Tušratta maybe from
*Tviṣ(a)-ratha- = Old Indic tveṣá-ratha- `dessen cart boisterous vordringt';
Avestan ϑwy-ant- participle `fear erweckend', upā-ϑwayeiti ` be afraid, ängstigt sich',

ϑwyā `Schrecknis, danger', ϑwayah- n. ds. (therefrom ϑwayaŋha- n. `gefährlicher state,
status, danger', ϑwayaŋhant- `terrible, dangerous'); ϑwaēsō n. `fear, a trembling, quaking,
shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm '; ϑwisra- `luminous' (would be Old
Indic*tvicchra-);
gr. σείω `shake, swing, brandish, shatter' (*tu̯eisō; ἐπι-σσείων; σέσεισμαι), zero grades
participle σιών (: Old Indic a-tviṣ-ata), σεῖσμα, σεισμός ` tremor, Erdbeben'; from a *tu̯eis-
ros `scintillant, flickering, sparkling' derives σείριος `blazing, burning (hochsommerlich);
Hundsstern (Sirius), star generally ', σείρ, σειρός ὁ ἥλιος καὶ σείριος Suidas (to consonant-
stem probably after ἀστήρ has changed); if σῑγαλόεις ` glimmering ' (σῑγαλόω `glätte, make
blank') here anzureihen is (: tu̯is- + γαλ[ήνη]), is es perhaps as tu̯isi- (composition form
besides *tu̯eis-ro-) + γαλος, perhaps `vonfunkelnder brightness ' to analysieren

Page(s): 1099
Root / lemma: tu̯enĝh

nĝh-
Meaning: to oppress
Material: Avestan ϑwązjaiti `gerät in crowdedness' (Avestan *tu̯anzǵhati with -zgh- from
Indo Germanic -ĝh + skō), to Old Saxon thwingan, Old High German dwingan `press,
zwingen, unterdrücken', Old Icelandic Þvinga, -aða `constrain, oblige, bother, annoy,
plague', Old English ðwinglian àufbinden'; but Old High German dūhen `press,
niederdrücken' (Modern High German deuhen, dauhen), Old English ðȳn, ðēon (preterit
ðȳde) `press, bother, annoy, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick' from *Þūhjan (*Þunχian),
whereupon also Middle Dutch dūwen, douwen `press, press, and probably also anfrk.
bethūwen `deprimere' and Old English ðȳwan `press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen' go
back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S. 1032.
References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 126.
Page(s): 1099-1100
Root / lemma: tu̯en-

en-
en
See also: see below tēu-6.
Page(s): 1099
Page(s):
Root / lemma: tu̯erk̂-

Meaning: to cut
Material: Avestan ϑwarǝs- `cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten', participle ϑwaršta-, ϑwōrǝštar-
or ϑwarǝxštar- `creator, god, molder': Old Indic GN Tváṣṭā (-ar-) from *Tvárṣṭar; in addition
probably gr. σάρξ, -κός `flesh', Pl. `Fleischstücke' (Aeolic σύρκες), σαρκάζειν `tear, sich auf
die Lippen beißen, mock ', σαρκό-φαγος ` carnivorous ', Subst. `Sarg = coffin' (> Latin
sarcophagus > Old High German sarch, Modern High German Sarg); if as `Querschnitt'
here also die family of Old High German dwerah `quer' (etc., see below terk- `turn')?
Ein from tu̯rk̥ ̂- entstandenes *truk̂- seeks man in Latin trux, trūcis `rough, prickly,
durchbohrend (of look), abstoßend, fierce, grim, defiant', truculentus ` dim in den Mienen,
griesgrämig', trucīdāre `niedermetzeln' (from *truci-caidos to Latin caedō above S. 917), to
Old Irish trū (*truk-s) `totgeweiht', Gen. troch (*trukós).
References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1, 539.
Page(s): 1102
Root / lemma: tu̯er-

Root tur- and tu̯r̥-
er-1 : tur-
er
Meaning: to turn, whirl
Note: from which partly tru-
tru-
Material: A. Old Indic tváratē, turáti ` hurries ', tū́ryatē ds., tūrṇa-, tū́rṇi- `hasty', turá- in the
meaning `rash, hasty' (not to turá- `strong', das to tēu- `to swell'), turáṇa- `hurrying',
turaṇyáti ` hurries ' (: ὀτρύ̄νω from ὀ-τρυ-ν-ι̯ω), Avestan ϑwāša- (Aryan *tvárta-) `hasty';
turaga- `horse' (`rusher, racer');
Maybe alb. turrem ` hurry'.
gr. ὀ-τρύ̄νω (ὀ prefix) `treibe an', Med. ` hurry ', ὀτραλέος (*τFρα- = Indo Germanic tu̯r̥-),
ὀτρηρός `nimble, agile' (compare without prefix τρηρόν ἐλαφρόν Hes.); τορύ̄νη `Rührkelle',
τορύνω `rühre um' (*τυρυνᾱ);
Latin trua f. ` scoop, also zum Umrühren beim Kochen ', trulla, truella ` scoop, paten ',
trulleum `bowl, washbasin ', probably also amptruō, -āre `bei den saliarischen
Religionsfeiern tanzen and jump ';
Old High German dweran stem V. `quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander rühren, mix'
(Modern High German Bavarian zweren), Old English ðweran ` bestir ', ge-ðwer `curd',
Swedish tvära `stir'; Old Icelandic Þvara `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers,
etc.) arranged in a circle', Old English ðwǣre, ðwēre f. `tudicula'; Old Icelandic Þyrill, Old
English ðwirel, Old High German dwiril `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.)
arranged in a circle, Rührstab'; Middle Low German dwarl, dwerl `whirl, curl '; isl. Þyrla
`whirl', Modern High German dorlen `sich drehen'; Old Icelandic Þori m. `bulk, mass,
greatness, bulk, extent, allotment ', of onomatopoeic words Schalleindruck a
durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also Old Icelandic Þyrja `run, buzz, whirr ',
Þurs, Þors `fiend, demon, giant ', Old English ðyrs ` giant, demon', Old High German
thuris, dur(i)s, turs ds.;
B. with b-Erweiter.: gr. σύρβη, Attic τύρβη `din, fuss, noise, perplexity', Adv. σύρβᾰ, Attic
τύρβᾰ `durcheinander'; Latin turba f. `die lärmende Unordnung a Menge, perplexity,
Getümmel', turbō, -āre `bewilder, durcheinanderbringen', turbō, -inis m. `whirlwind, whirl,
drehendeBewegung, Kreisel'; Middle Irish torbaid ` baffle ', cymr. twrf m. `din, fuss, noise'
(Latin loanword torf f.), tyrfu `rant, roister' (M. O'Brien Ériu 11, 91); Old Icelandic Þorp
`Menschenhaufen', Þyrpa ùrge, press, push'; perhaps Hittite tarup(p)- ùnite,
versammeln';
C. with m-formants: Latin turma `troop, multitude, crowd, swarm '.
Alb. turma ` crowd' a Latin loanword.
Old Icelandic Þruma f., Þrymr m. `din, fuss, noise, crash, blast', Old English ðrymm m.
`troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, power, glory, magnificence, radiance ', ðrymma
`warrior'; Old Saxon heru-thrum `verderbliche Gewalt of Schwertes'; Middle High German
Modern High German dial. drumeln `sich in Wirbel drehen, lurch', Swiss drümmel `
dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', and Middle High German *durm, turm `whirl, dizziness,
giddiness; swindle ', Middle High German Modern High German dial. durmel, dürmel (t-) `
dizziness, giddiness; swindle, dizziness, whirl', durmig (dürmig, dürmisch) `betäubt
taumelnd, dizzy; tobend, boisterous, angry, irate';
D. in Germanic eine bedeutungsgleiche family with anlaut. s- and den ablaut Germanic
*stur- and *staur-: Old High German stōr(r)en (ga-, ar-, zi-) `disturb, bother, in Verwirrung
bringen', Modern High German stören `disturb, bother' (stören ìn Lande herumfahren, auf
die stör go', zerstören, verstört, Old Frisian tōstēra `destroy' (compare Latin turbāre :
disturbāre); ablaut. Old Icelandic styrr, Gen. styrjar m. `Getümmel, perplexity, noise', Old
English styrian `move, bewilder, agitate, tell', gestyr n. `movement', Old High German
irsturien, Middle High German stürn `stochern, set in motion ', Modern High German stüren
ìn etwas herumstöbern or dig'; Old Icelandic sturla ìn Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother',
Middle High German stürel `tool zum Stüren'; mitm-suffix (see above) Old Icelandic stormr
`storm, restlessness, Kampfessturm', Old English storm, Old High German sturm `storm',
Swiss sturm ` dizzy ', stürmi ` dizziness, giddiness; swindle '.
References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.
References:
Page(s): 1100-1101
Root / lemma: tu̯er-

er tur-, tu̯erǝ
er-2 : tur- erǝ-
er
Meaning: to grab, to enclose
Material: Gr. σειρά:, ep. Ionian σειρή f. `rope, cable, band, strap' (*tu̯eri̯ā), παρά-σειρος
(ἵππος) `Handpferd', compare σερίδες σειραί and σερί[ς] ξωστήρ Hes.; with o-gradation
σορός f. Ùrne' (*tu̯oros); perhaps Σειρήν, -ῆνος ` siren (death goddess); eine wild
Bienenart, ein small bird', whether originally Ùmstrickerin', to σειρά̄ `rope, band'; σαργάνη
f., -ίς, -ίδος f. `basket, wickerwork ', compare Attic ταργάναι πλοκαί, συνδέσεις, πέδαι Hes.;
perhaps extension *tu̯er-g-, compare *tu̯er-p- in gr. τάρπη f. `large basket', whether here
*tu̯-p- to *t-p- dissimilated, thereafter also ταργ- besides σαργ-;
after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here bret. torn-aod `Steilküste', gall. turno- `height' in PN
wieTurno-magus, Turnācum etc.;
Lithuanian tveriù, tvérti `catch, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould', Latvian
tveŕu, tver̂t ` grasp, catch, hold, stop', ablaut. Lithuanian turiù, turė́ti `hold, stop, have',
Latvian turu, turêt ds., Old Prussian turit `have, sollen'; Lithuanian ãp-tvaras ` paddock ',
tvártas Èinzäunung', tvarstýti `mehrfach to hem, gird, border', Latvian tvar̂stît ` grasp,
catch, capture '; Church Slavic tvorъ `forma', Old Church Slavic tvoriti `create, make', Old
Russian tvorъ ` appearance ', serb. tvórac `creator, god'; lengthened grade Lithuanian
tvorà, Latvian tvāre `fence', Old Church Slavic tvarъ ` creation, creature'; in addition russ.
tvaróg m. (from which Modern High German `Quark = curd'), compare zur formation
Latinformaticum, French `fromage'; originally participle: Lithuanian tvìr-tas, Latvian tvirts
`strong, tight, firm' (*tu̯r-̥̄ to-), Old Church Slavic tvrъdъ, russ. tvërdyj ds. (*tu̯r-̥ ; the variation
t : d from originally konson. Stammzu define); in addition still Old Russian tvъrdь f. ` vault
of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies, fortification '.
References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 305,
308, 353.
Page(s): 1101
Root / lemma: tu̯ē̆i-1

Meaning: to cut down, hack, hit
Material: Old English ðwītan stem V. `cut, clip, abscise ' (would be d-present; in addition)
geðwit `chip, splinter', Old Icelandic Þveitr `Querhieb, incision ', Þveita `hew, hit, bump,
poke'; Lithuanian tvýskinu, -inti `vast, grand anklopfen', tvóju, tvóti Scherzwort for
`proficient thrash'; infolge of onomatopoeic words Schallcharakters the Lithuanian words
dubious Vergleich.
Page(s): 1099
Root / lemma: tu̯ī̆bh-

Meaning: hollow
Note: only gr. and Latin
Material: Gr. σί̄φων, -ωνος m. Àbzugsröhre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch',
σιφνεύς ` mole ' (`röhrenförmige Gänge burrowing '), σιφνὸς κενός Hes. (actually `hollow'),
probably also σιφλός `hollow, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lame', σιφλοῦν
`spoil'; Latin tībia `Schienbeinknochen; gerade whistle, flute', belongs barely to stī̆b(h)- `
shaft, pole' (above S. 1015), das festes s- has.
Page(s): 1102
Root / lemma: tu̯ō[u]-

ō[u]- : tu̯ǝu-
ō[u] ǝu- : tū-
ǝu tū-l-
Meaning: tube
Material: Old Indic tūṇa- m., tūṇī́ f. ` quiver ', tūṇava- m. `flute' (*tūl-n-): Old Church Slavic
tulъ ` quiver '; gr. σωλήν `gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal'; with reduplication-stem *tu̯ǝu-:
*σαυρος or *σαυρα `duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the lance ', in σαυρωτήρ èin about
das untere Lanzenende gestülptes, röhrenartiges piece', with n-forms σαυνίον `τὸ
ἀνδρεῖον αἰδοῖον' (`*duct, tube, pipe'), in the Koine `spear, javelin, spit, pike'.
References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl.
Faculté de Philos. et Lettres de l'Univ. de Liége, Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.
Page(s): 1102
Root / lemma:
lemma: tū-
tū-lo-
lo-
Meaning: sluggish, lazy
Material: Latvian tūĺa, tūlis `wer with nichts fertig wird', tūĺûot, tūĺat, tūlúotiês `säumen,
slowly sein, zögernd an die Arbeit go; babble, chatter '; Old Icelandic Þaul f. `Festsetzung',
mǣla sik ī Þaul `beim Sprechen stocken', nisl. Þaul-reið ànhaltender ermattender Ritt' ,
Þaul-sætinn ` cunctabundus ', Norwegian tūla ` heavy work', tȳla `hesitate', Latvian
tūĺuotiês ds.; with other forms perhaps Latvian tauńûotiês `hesitate, vacillate, nicht fertig
become, slowly sein'.
References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 313.
Page(s): 1098
Root / lemma: tū̆

Meaning: thou
Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)u̯e, Dat. toi,
toi teb te stem tū̆-, teu̯o-, teu̯e-, tu̯o-,
(e)i Akk. te;
te h(e)i,
tu̯e- and te-
te-
Material: 1. Old Indic tú, tū́ `yet' (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle has
changed), Avestan tū ds., enkl. `du'; Aryan *tuu̯-ám (after Old Indic ahám) in Old Indic
tuvám, tvám, Gatha-Avestan tvǝ̄m, jav. tūm, ap. tuvam `du'; Armeniandu `du';
gr. Doric τύ, hom. Ionian Attic σύ (σ- from the Kas. obl., where σ- from τF-), hom. τύ̄νη,
lak. τούνη, Boeotian τουν (after ἐγώ-ν, -νη); alb. ti (*tū); Latin tū; Old Irish tū (*tŭ or *tū), tu-
ssu, -sso (*tŭ) `du', cymr. ti etc. (*tū); Gothic Þu, Old Icelandic Þū and suffix Þu, Þo, Old
Saxon thū, Old High German dū, du; Lithuanian tù (*tū or *tŭ?), Old Prussian tou (*tū) `du';
Old Church Slavic ty; Tocharian A tu, В t(u)we, Hittite zik, zikka `du'(*tega from *te + *egō),
tuk, tukka `dir, you', enclitic -du- (*tu) and -ta (*te or *toi) `dir, you';
2. Indo Germanic *teu̯e- `dein', Celtic *tou̯e in Old Irish toī, mcymr. teu `das Deinige',
preceding Celtic *tou > Old Irish do `dein', cymr. dy, corn. the, bret. da ds.; Hittite -ti- `dein'.
3. Possessivum teu̯o-s, tu̯o-s: Old Indic tvá-ḥ, Gatha-Avestan ϑwa-, Avestan tava-, hom.
Ionian Attic σός (*τFός), hom. Lesbian Doric τεός, Boeotian τιός (*τεFός); alb. y-t, Akk. tën-t
(Verschmelzung of article with dem Poss.); Latin tuus (from *tovos), Umbrian tover `tui',
Oscan tuvai `tuae'; Lithuanian tãvas, Old Church Slavic tvojь.
References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657,
Mayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.
Page(s): 1097-1098
Root / lemma:
lemma: ub-
ub-
Meaning: to drag, press
Material: Old Indic ubjáti `hält low, base, presses together', Avestan ubjyāite `wird
niedergedrückt (auf the Wage)';
Prussian-Lithuanian ũbyti `zur haste, hurry urge, press, push'.
References: WP. I 193 f., Mayrhofer 1, 107.

Page(s): 1103
udero-, u̯ēdero-
Root / lemma: udero- ēdero-
ēdero
Meaning: belly
Material: 1. Old Indic udára-m `belly, intumescence of Leibes, the thick Teil eines Dinges,
cavity, the interior ', anūdara- `bauchlos', Avestan udara- ds.; gr. ὅδερος γαστήρ Hes.
(because of Asper rather for *ὕδερος); Latin uterus `lower abdomen, belly, esp. womb,
uterus' (t for d am ehesten zugleich with dem phonetic alteration from *udris `hose' to
*utris, uter eingetreten); Old Prussian weders `belly, stomach', Lithuanian vė́daras `
intestines, entrails of fish, intestines, entrails; Wurstmagen', Latvian vêders, vêdars `belly,
stomach';
zur preposition ud belong perhaps gr. ὕστος γαστήρ Hes. (*ud-sto-s `vor-stehend') and
ὑστέρα `womb, uterus' (ud + compounds-suffix tero-).
2. Latin venter, -tris `belly' (could be *u̯end-ri-).
3. Latin vē(n)sīca f. `the bubble', Old Indic vastí- m. `bubble, bladder' (*u̯nd
̥ -ti-?);
vaniṣṭhú- `Mastdarm, or ein in the Nähe of Netzes liegender Körperteil'; compare
ἤνυστρον `Labmagen', Old High German wan(a)st, węnist `paunch', Modern High German
Wanst also ` psalterium ', ablaut. isl. vinstr f. ` psalterium ', Norwegian dial. vinstr f.
`Labmagen' (*u̯enistrō); compare also Lidén KZ 61, 19 ff.
maybe alb. * vē(n)sīca, vēsca, veshka `bladder' a Latin loanword.
4. Germanic *wanÞa- in Middle Low German ingewāt, ingewant, ingewende ds., Dutch
ingewand; das -ge- from ingewāt is from Eingeweide, Dutch geweide (see 1122)
herübergenommen.
References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert
Nominalsuffix -ti- 196 f.
Page(s): 1104-1105
Root / lemma: u-1
Meaning: expr. root
Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes:
Proto Germanic *uwwōn in Swiss huw(e), hu(e) òwl '; Deminut. *uwwilōn in Old High
German ūwila, Middle High German iuwel, iule, Modern High German owl, Old English ȳl-
twist ` bird trap ' (with Lockeule), besides *uwwalōn in Old High German MN Ūl-, Middle
Low German Low German Old English ūle, nnl. uil, engl. owl, Old Icelandic ugla; compare
Modern High German Uhu (md.) and (with p-Erweit.) Germanic *ūf- in Old Icelandic ūfr,
Old English ūf, Old Bavarian ūvo, Bavarian-österr. auf;
in addition Latvian ũpis èagle owl', ũpêt `cry (from Eulen and Tauben)', Lithuanian ùpas
` echo ', Old Russian vyplь, Church Slavic vypъ ` seagull', russ. vyp m., vypь f. ` bittern '
(somewhat different Latvian ūbuôt ` coo, from Tauben', ūbele `turtledove'); compare Old
Indic uhū́- `schreiend' and Latin ulula `Kauz' under ul-.
B. k-extension uk- euk-: Old Irish uch `wehe!' and `sigh', Middle Irish also och, ach ds.;
uk-, euk-
perhaps Gothic auhjōn `rant, roister', auhjōdus `din, fuss, noise, Getümmel' (áu, aú?),
Latvian aũka `whirlwind', Old Prussian aukis `Greif', Lithuanian apúokas ` a night-owl, an
owl ', Latvian ūkšuot ` jubilate ', serb. ukati, učati `hu call, shout, cry', ȕka `clamor'.
References: WP. I 187, WH. I 119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Götze16
182, 881 f., Mühlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409.
Page(s): 1103
Root / lemma: u-2

See also: s. au-4 S. 73 f.
Page(s): 1103
Root / lemma: ul-

ul-
Meaning: to howl
Note: various redupl. ulul-
ulul-
Material: Old Indic úlūka- m. = Latin (gloss.) ulucus `Kauz, owl ';
Old Indic ululí-, ulūlú- ùlulabilis, ululatus', gr. ὑλάω, ὑλακτέω `bark', Latin ululāre `howl',
ulula f. `Kauz',
maybe alb. (*ululāre) ulëras, ulërij `howl'.

Lithuanian ulula bañgos ès heulen die waves, billows', ulūlóti, ulóti `hallo call, shout, cry',
ulbúoti, ùlbauti `call, shout, cry, sing, cry';
but Old Irish ilach `clamor' (*eluko-), Middle Irish also ulach ds., nir. olchobhchán,
ulchobhchán, ulgadán òwl ' probably to el-, ol-.
References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol- S. 306.
Page(s): 1105
Root / lemma: upér

upér, upéri
upéri
Meaning: over, above
Note
Centum languages prove that Root / lemma: upér
upér, upéri
upéri : òver, above' derived from an
hukwér hukwéri
hukwér, *hukwé
older Root / lemma: *hukwé hukwéri : òver, above', later the old laryngeal was lost.
What becomes clear is the common gr.- celt. -kw- > -p-. Therefore Root / lemma: upér
upér,
upéri
upéri : òver, above' derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root
developed from the concept of climbing a horse: Root / lemma: ek̂u̯o-s : `horse'. The sky
above was seemly called according to the horse goddess : gall. Epona ` The Celtic horse
goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final
journey'.
Note: related with upo s. d.
Material: 1. Old Indic upári, Avestan upairi, ар. upariy àbout, about - toward, about - out
(Akk.); about - toward (Instr); about (Gen.)'; Armenian probably i ver `hinauf, above'
(probably *uper; besides from Kasusformen from *upero-:) i veroy ìf, oberhalb', i veray
àbove, darauf' (these as preposition beim Gen. àbout, auf');
gr. ὑπέρ, preverb àbout, about - out' and preposition àbout - toward, oberhalb, about -
out (Akk.); about' also in sense from Latin dē; `zum protection, zum Besten (m. real Gen.;
Arcadian with Dat.-Lok.)'; Latin Umbrian super (to s- see below upo) preverb àbout,
drüber' and preposition àbout, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about' (Àbl.' = Lok.); Old
Irish for-, for preverb àbout, auf' and preposition àbout, about - toward, about - out (Akk);
about auf (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn. gor-, bret. gour-, gall. uer-tragus
à kind of schnellfüßiger Hunde', PN Ver-cingeto-rīx (das insel Celtic-o- after Irish fo-, brit.
gwo-);
Celtic *vertamo- `the höchste' in VN Vertamo-cori(ī), changing through ablaut cymr.

gwar-thaf `height' (*vortamos); keltiber. ueramos `summus' (*uperemos);
Gothic ufar, Old Icelandic yfir (*úperi); Old High German uber (*upéri), with in Satzinlaut
preserved i- Old High German ubari, ubiri preverb àbout' and preposition àbout, about -
toward, about = out (Akk.); about' (`Dat.' = Instr. or Lok).
2. Old Indic úpara- `the untere, nähere' = Avestan upara- `the obere'; gr. ὕπερος
`Mörserkeule', ὑπέρᾱ ` upper rope, band' (ὑπερῴα ` palate', ὑπερώιον ` upper chamber '
are unclear);
Latin super, superus ` that is above, upper, higher ', Oscan supruis ` that is above, upper,
higher ' (therefrom Latin suprā Àdv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing,
above; of amount, etc.. over, more, beyond; Prep. with acc. above, over; of time, before; of
amount, more than, above, beyond', superior, suprēmus, Umbrian subra àbove', supru
Adv. àbove'; Latin supernus ` that is above, celestial, supernal ', Umbrian superne m. Akk.
` over, above, upon, on '); Gothic ufarō Adv. àbout, above', Old High German obaro Adj. `
that is above, upper, higher ', Old English yferra ds. (*uƀerizō; Superl. уfemest see below
upo).
References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
Page(s): 1105-1106
Root / lemma: upo,

upo up,
up eup,
eup (e)up-
(e)up-s-
Meaning: under, from under, etc..
Meaning:
Note: from the meaning `from under hinauf' die meaning `hinauf, about', die partly here,
esp. but in related *upér(i) (see d.), as well as in the group ὑψῃλός etc. ausgeprägt is; Indo
Germanic upo is preverb (e.g. Old Indic úpa-i-, gr. ὕπ-ειμι, Latin sub-eō) and preposition by
variant case.
Material: 1. Old Indic úpa preverb and preposition ` toward - to (Akk.); an, by, to (Lok.); in
Laufe from, gemäß, with in sense the accompaniment (Instr.)', Avestan upa, ар. upā
preverb and preposition ` toward - to, in, auf (Akk.); by, in (Lok.)';
gr. ὑπό preverb and preposition ùnder an etwas heran, under etwas (Akk.); under an,
under (`dative ', actually Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv
(Gen. of Bereiches); from under away, under - hervor (Abl.)';
Latin sub (s- from *[e]ks-, compare gr. ἐξύπερθεν; -b from -p as in ab = gr. ἀπό), preverb
and preposition ùnder an etwas heran, under etwas' (Akk.; also temporal, e.g. sub
noctem); under an, under(Àbl.', actually Lok.), as Oscan συπ μεδικιαι (partly perhaps
Instr., as Umbrian su maronato `sub *maronatu'), besides subs- (as abs) in sustineō and
in susque dēque ferō àequō animō ferō' (Gell.), compare also under die group from ὕψι,
Umbrian sub-, su-, Oscan συπ; Old Irish fo preverb and preposition ùnder' (Akk., `Dat.' =
Lok. or partly perhaps Instr.), acymr. guo-, gu-, gua-, ncymr. go-, gwa-, corn. go-, gu-, bret.
gou- preverb and in compound gall. vo- (Voretus ), ve- (gr.-Celtic-Latin parave-rēdus
Èxtrapostpferd', from which Modern High German Pferd);
maybe alb. (*subeo, subito) shpejt 'sudden, fast'.
perhaps cymr. gorau `best' from *uper-esu (= gr. ὑπέρ-ευ `very good', L.-P. S. 186) or
from *uper-gousom (compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das о from Celtic
vo-; with Old Indic upa-sthāna-m `Bedienung', úpa-sti-, upa-stí- m. ` subordinate, servant'
compare Middle Irish foss `servant' (*upo-sto-), cymr. bret. gwas, corn. guas ds., gall. PN
Vasso-rīx etc., Middle Latin vassus, vassallus, sämtlich zur root stā-
stā- S. 1005, 1008, as also
Old Irish foth `replacement, equivalent' (fo + tā) but Middle Irish fothae ` foundation, origin,
source, beginning; an ancestor ' from fo + suide (see 885);
Gothic uf (ub-uh) prefix àuf, under', preposition ùnder' (Akk., `Dat.' = Lok. and partly
perhaps Instr.), Old High German oba, Middle High German obe, ob ìf, about' (*upó), but
Old Icelandic of àbout, an, in', Old English ufe- (*úpo), Old High German ūf (ūfan) àuf' (to
Old High German ū compare under Old Church Slavic vysokъ); besides with -pp- Old
Saxon uppa, up, Old English uppe, up, Old Icelandic upp àuf, aufwärts' and (with one only
in Old Irish ōs, uas, cymr. uch wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) Gothic iwpa `droben',
iup àfter, above'; Hittite up-zi `geht auf' (from the sun).
maybe alb. (*upa) hyp, aor. hypa `climb, mount (a horse)'
2. supplementary: Old Indic upamá- `the oberste, höchste, nächste', Avestan upǝma-
ds., Old English ufemest (and yfemest) `the höchste, oberste';
Latin summus (*supmos) `the höchste' = Umbrian somo `summum', compare also gr.
ὕπατος `the höchste, first'. - Gr. ὕπτιος `zurückgelehnt, backwards, to the rear' (? after
Sittig from sup-ti- `sleeping' - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), Latin
supīnus àuf dem back lying, backwards bent, sparse, reduced ansteigend', Old Latin
suppus (short form to supīnus?) ds., suppō, -āre `supīnāre, auf den back lay, place,
backwards, to the rear hold out, stretch forth ', Umbrian sopam `suppam'.
alb. shumë (*summus) [adv] ` considerably, greatly, very '
upélo
upélo-
lo-s in Gothic ubils, Old English yfel, Old High German ubil èvil', Middle Irish fel
èvil, bad'.
upes- in Gothic ubizwa f. `Vorhalle', Old Icelandic ups f., upsi m. `Vorhalle a Kirche', Old
upes-
English efes, yfes `Dachtraufe', Old High German obosa, obasa, obisa `Vorhalle';
ups- (compare above Latin subs-, susque) in gr. ὕψι Adv. `high' (seems übrigens as ὕπ-
ups-
σι ein Lok. Pl. to sein, as Old Irish ōs, uas from *oup-su), whereof ὑψίτερος, ὑψίων
`higher', ὕψιστος `the höchste'; ὑψοῦ, ὑψόθι, -όσε ds., ὑψόθεν `from hoch herab', τὸ ὕψος
`height, acme, apex ', ὑψηλός `high'; with lengthened grade Celtic ou (probably Indo
Germanic eu, compare Gothic iupa): Old Irish ōs, ūas àbove, about' (*oup-su) = cymr.
uch, corn. ugh, bret. uc'h ds., wherefore Adj. Old Irish ūasal `high', cymr. uchel
(compounds uch, Sup. uchaf) corn. huhel, bret. uc'hel `high', gall. Οὔξελλον, -α, Uxello-
dūnum (*oupselo-), further Old Irish ūall `Übermut' (*oupslā) and Old Irish ōchtar, ūachtar
`das Obere', cymr. uthr `dreadful, erstaunlich' (*oup-tro-, maybe from *oupstro-, or after
dem relationship *eks : *ektro- dafür eingetreten); here das Old Irish preverb uss-, oss-
(*uχs < *ups) e.g. in Old Irish osnad `sigh' (see 38), cymr. uch-enaid, bret. huanad ds.,
where *uχs through *ouχs replaced worden is; original *uχs and *ud-s-(see above under
ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gr. 5,
526; keltiber. PN Vxama, gall. Vxisama (: cymr. uchaf `höchst');
proto Slavic. *ūpsa- `high' placed in Old Church Slavic vysokъ etc. `high'.
References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335,
Vasmer 1, 242, Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
Page(s): 1106-1107
lemma: u̯adh-
Root / lemma:
Meaning: pledge
Material: Latin vas, vadis `Bürge', vadimōnium `Bürgschaft', praes. -dis, older prae-vides
`Bürge'; Gothic wadi n. ` pledge, Handgeld' (wadjabōkōs `Pfandbrief', gawadjōn ` betroth
'), Old Icelandic veð n. ` pledge, anvertrautes blessing', Old Frisian wed `pact, covenant,
promise, Bürgschaft, certainty ', Old English wedd ` pledge, pact, covenant', Old Saxon
weddi ` pledge ', Old High German wẹtti, wẹti `Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge
', Middle High German also Èinsatz bei a Wette, Schadenersatz', Modern High German
Wette; Old Icelandic veðja àufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a Bürgschaft
Berufung einlegen', Old English weddian `pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten'
(weres weddian `sich einem Manne betroth ', engl. wed `marry'), Middle High German
wetten ` pledge give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten', Modern High German wetten;
Lithuanian vãdas ` pledge, Bürge', vadúoti (Latvian vaduôt) `somewhat Verpfändetes
einlösen', už-vadúoti `for jemanden eintreten'.

Page(s): 1109
Root / lemma: u̯ai

ai
Meaning: woe!
Material: Avestan vayōi, avōi, āvōya `wehe'! (voya- `Wehruf'): Armenian vay `Wehe,
misfortune' (v- instead of g- from Indo Germanic u̯- through nebenherlaufende neologism);
similarly gr. ὀά (as Latin vah!) and from alexandrinischer time οὐά, οὐᾶ, οὐαί, ngr. βάι
(Neuschöpfungen); alb. vaj àffliction, lament';
Latin vae; Middle Irish fāe, cymr. gwae `weh!'; with one perhaps with Latvian vaĩdi
connected with d(h)-suffix presumably Middle Irish fāed, fōid `scream, sound, tone', cymr.
gwaedd `clamor, eiulatus';
here as `Heuler': Armenian gail, gall. *u̯ai-lo-s in PN Vailo, Vailico, abrit. Gen. Vailathi,
Old Irish Faílán, Middle Irish fáel, fáel-chú `wolf' = cymr. gweil-gi ` ocean ';
Gothic wai, Old Icelandic vei, vǣ, Old High German Old Saxon wē; Old English wā
`wehe!', Gothic wai-nei ìf yet!' (actually `wehe, daß nicht!') in compounds of schlechten,
fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. Gothic wajamērjan ` blaspheme ', waidēdja `Übeltäter', Old
Icelandic veill ` lax, weak' (*wai-haila-), vǣla, vāla, vēla, veila ` lament'; Old English wǣlan
` afflict ' (`*sick make', from a *wā-hāl = Old Icelandic veill); Old High German wēwo, wēwa
`Wehe, pain, affliction', Old Saxon wē, Gen. wēwes, Old English wāwa, wēa, Old Icelandic
vǣ, vē ds., Finnish (Lw) vaiva `plague, woefulness '; Old High German weinōn `weep, cry',
Old English wānian, Old Icelandic veina ` lament', whereof probably as `bejammernswert'
Gothic wainags ` woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Old High German wēnag ` woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Middle High German also `weak, small, little', Modern High
German wenig;
Latvian vaĩ `wehe, ach', vaijāt trans. `wehe tun', waĩdêt `lament, weep', vaĩdi Pl. `
lamentation, misery, need' (see above); serb. vâj `wehe!' is neologism.
Alb. vaj ` lament', vajtoj `to lament'
References: WP. I 212 f., WH. II 724, Trautmann 338.

Page(s): 1110-1111
Root / lemma: u̯al-
al-, u̯al-
al al-d(h)-
al d(h)-
Meaning: to be strong
Material: Latin valeō, -ēre `bei Kräften sein, stark sein; gelten, to be capable of ', Oscan
Fαλε `valens' or `vale', Paelignian Ualesies = Latin Valerius; here also Latin volēmum
(volaemum) pirum à kind of large pear', to Oscan ualaemom, valaimas òptimus' with
unclear -aimo-, perhaps Superl. to *valai̯o-? or imitation from Oscan maimo `maximus'?
Old Irish fal-n-, fol-n- `rule, reign' with originally present formation -n-; Old Irish flaith f.
(*u̯lati-) `power, rule, prince, lord' = cymr. gwlad, acorn. gulat, mcorn. gulas, Middle Breton
gloat `land', nbret. glat `fortune'; Old Irish flaithem `ruler' (*u̯lati̯omos), mcymr. guletic,
ncymr. gwledig ds., gall.Vlatos ds.; abrit. Cuno-vali Gen. to *Cuno-valos `strong as ein
wolf', mcymr. Cynwal, Old Irish Conall ds.; cymr. gwaladr `ruler' (*valatros), with
metathesis acymr. gualart in PN Cat-gualart, abret. Cat-uualart;
eine dental extension is in Germanic (proto Germanic t) and Baltic-Sl. (d or dh) frequent,
often: Gothic waldan, Old Icelandic valda (*u̯ulÞōm), Old Swedish present also valla
(*valÞan), preterit also valt (*vevald), Old High German waltan etc. `walten, rule, reign,
effectuate '; Old Icelandic vald n. ` force, might, power, rule', alts. giwald f. `power, rule',
Old Frisian wald, Old English geweald ds., Old High German giwalt ds.; Old Icelandic
einvaldi Àlleinherrscher', alts. alowaldo, Old High German al(e)walto etc.;
Lithuanian veldė́ti `regieren, possess, control', paveldė́ti èrben': Old Prussian weldīsnan
Akk. `heir, inheritance', weldūnai m. Pl. Èrben'; Iterat. Lithuanian valdýti `regieren', Latvian
vàldît `rule, reign', Lithuanian valdõnas (Latvian valduons, vàldiniêks) `ruler', Old Prussian
wāldnikans Akk. Pl. `Könige'; Lithuanian valsčius Àmtsbezirk', Latvian vàlsts èmpire,
Staat, Gemeinde'; ablaut. Lithuanian pavildęs `beherrscht';
Old Church Slavic vladǫ, vlasti `rule, reign', Old Russian particle present voɫodyj `the
herrscht', Old Czech vladu vlasti `rule, reign' etc.; Old Church Slavic vlastь f. `power, rule',
sloven. vlâst `Grundeigentum, possession 'etc.;
Tocharian В walo, A wäl, Obliq. lānt, lānte `king' (*u̯lǝ-nt), Tocharian A wälts, В jältse `
thousand '.
References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.
Page(s): 1111-1112
Root / lemma: u̯ank̂-

Meaning: beam
Material: Old Indic váṁśya- `crossbar, crossbeam': Middle Irish fēice `ridgepole, rooftree,
summit'; compare Old Indic vaṁśá- `reed', a-vaṁśá- `das Balkenlose'.
References:
Page(s): 1112
Root / lemma: u̯ap-

ap-1
ap
Meaning: to chatter
Material: Old English wæflian, isl. vafla, Norwegian dial. vavla, vabla, bayr. wabeln;
Lithuanian vapù-, -ė́ti ` babble, chatter'.
References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.
See also: compare das following: u̯ap-2, ū̆p-
Page(s): 1112
Root / lemma: u̯ap-

ap-2, ū̆p-
ap
Material: Avestan ufyeimi ìnvoco'; Old Church Slavic vъpiti `call, shout, cry', Czech úpěti `
lament ', ablaut. Church Slavic vyplъ and vypъ m. `larus', russ. vyp m. and vypъ f. ` bittern
';
perhaps in addition Latin vāpulāre `Prügel bekommen', whether originally èin

Wehgeschrei erheben'; gr. ἠπύω, Doric ἀ̄πύω ` shout, cry' could only here belong, whether
anlaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive labial dwindled would be.
References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240;
See also: compare u-1 in onomatopoeic words.
Page(s): 1112-1113
Root / lemma: u̯azd

az h- (better u̯ozd
az oz h-)
oz
Meaning: long, wide
Meaning:
Material: Latin vastus `wide, ungeheuer big, large, unförmlich'; Old Irish fot, Dat. fut
`length', fotae `long', nir. fad, fada, manx foddey.
References: WP. I 220, WH. II 737; Szemerényi Archiv. Linguist. 4, 48 f., where er den
Latin alteration from zdh to st probably makes.
Page(s): 1113-1114
Root / lemma: u̯āb-

āb-
āb
Meaning: to call, cry, complain
Material: Gothic wōpjan schw. V. `call, shout, cry', Old Icelandic ø̄pa schw. V. `call, shout,
cry, wail ', ōp `shout, call, clamor, lamentation ', Old High German wuoffen, Middle High
German wüefen schw. V. `lament, weep'; Old High German wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof
`Jammergeschrei'), Old Saxon wōpian (wiop) ds. (wōp ` misery '), Old English wēpan
(wēop) `weep, cry' (wōp `shout, call, clamor, Weinen');
Old Church Slavic vabljǫ, vabiti ` send for, call out to, summon, herbeilocken', Latvian
(from dem Slavic) vābīti, Lithuanian võbyti `vor Gericht arrogate'.
References: WP. I 217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336 f., Vasmer 1, 161;
also: further to u̯ap-.
See also:
Page(s): 1109
Root / lemma: u̯ādh-, u̯ǝdh-

Meaning: to go, march
Material: Armenian gam Ì come'; Latin vādō, -ere `go, schreite', vadum ` shallow place im
Wasser, ford' (therefrom alb. va, Gen. vau ds.), vādō, -āre àuf a Furt übergehen,
durchwaten';
Old Icelandic Aor. present vaða stem Vb. `go, vorwärtsdringen, (through)-wade', Old
English wadan, Old Frisianwada, Middle Low German waden; Old High German watan,
Middle High German waten ds.; moreover Germanic *waða- `ford'; Old Icelandic vað n.,
Old Englishwæd n. `water, sea', gewæd `ford', Middle Low German wat ` shallow place',
Old High German wat `ford', Old Icelandic vaðill `ford', compare Modern High German PN
Salzwedel.

Page(s): 1109
Root / lemma: u̯ā̆gh-

gh suā̆gh-
gh-, suā̆ gh-
gh
Meaning: to cry, sound
Material: Gr. ἠχή, Doric ἀ̄χά: f. ` clangor, noise', ἠχώ, -οῦς f. ` clangor, sound, tone,
Widerhall', ἦχος (Arcadian Fᾶχος) m. ds., ἠχέω `schalle, töne', ἠχέτα, ἠχέτης `bright
sounding ', δυσ-ηχής ` adverse sounding ', ablaut. ἀμφιαχυῖα `ringsum schreiend', ἰαχή
(*FιFαχᾱ), ἰακχή f. `clamor', ἰάχω (*FιFάχω), ἰαχέω `cry', αὐίαχος `zusammenschreiend'
(*ἀFιFαχος);
perhaps with moveable s- here:

Gothic ga-swōgjan, swōgatjan `sigh', Old Icelandic sø̄gr m. `din, fuss, noise' (*swōgi-),
Old English swōgan `sound, clink, buzz, whirr, roar, bellow', swēg, swǣg m. `din, fuss,
noise, sound', Old Saxon swōgan `sough, rustle', holl. zwoegen `groan, moan'; zero grade
probably Old Icelandic svagla `splash', arn-sūgr `the rustling of Adlerflugs';
Lithuanian svagė́ti `sound, clink', Latvian svadzēt `rattle, clash';
for isl. sukka `rant, roister', besides svakke, is though comparison with Norwegian dial.
søykia `bark, bay' and Lithuanian saugti èigenartig sing', Old Lithuanian sugti `howl,
whimper ', Latvian sudzēt ` wail ', sūkstitiēs `sigh' (besides k-forms as Lithuanian saukiù
through influence of kaũkti `howl', šaũkti `cry') under Indo Germanic *s(e)ug- possible;
Gothic swēgnjan `frohlocken' could due to from Germanic swōg-, swag- as onomatopoeic
word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk- in Old Icelandic sukka is intensivierend.

Page(s): 1110
Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-1

Meaning: cover; sheath
Material: Latin vāgīna f. `vagina, esp. of Schwertes'; Baltic *u̯āži̯ō `stülpe' in Lithuanian
Material:
vóžiu, vóžti ètwasHohles about etwas cover, stülpen', Latvian vāžu, vāst `cover auflegen,
stülpen';
on the other hand could Latin vāgīna (compare Modern High German Scheide to
scheiden) also to a root u̯ā̆g- `split, break, rupture' belong, die Frisk (see 13) in gr. ἄγνυμι
`rupture', with Redupl. and Ablautἰωγή (< *Fι-Fωγ-ή) ` protection gegen den wind', whether
actually `das Sichbrechen of Windes', ἀγμόs m. `break, steiler slope' and in tochar. wāk-
`sich split', Kaus. `split, distinguish, discern', wākäm n. `Besonderheit, Vorzug' find will.
References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.

Page(s): 1110
Root / lemma: u̯ā̆g-2

Meaning: to cry
Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word u̯ā̆-
Note:
Material: Old Indic vagnu- m. `sound, tone, shout, call', ved. vagvaná- `lärmend', vagvanú-
m. ` din, noise '; Latin vāgiō, -īre `cry, wimmere', vāgor, -ōris m. `Widerhall' (das ā
lengthened grade, from a i-stem *u̯āgi-s derive ); Lithuanian vógrauti ` whimper, cry'.
References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;
See also: in addition belongs das following: u̯āg
̆ h-, suā̆gh-
Page(s): 1110
Root / lemma: u̯ā̆i-, u̯ī-

Meaning: weak, miserable
Material: Old Indic vā́yati, vāyatē `wird faint, languid, exhausted', abhi-vāta- ` sick ' (vāta-
`dry, arid'), vāyá- ` tired ';
cymr. gwael `ärmlich, low' (*u̯ai-lo-); acymr. guoilaut, cymr. gwaelod etc. ` residuum ';
Old English wīl ` crowdedness, need', Old Icelandic vīl ds.;
Lithuanian vójęs participle `leidend', Latvian vâjš, f. vâja ` lean, weak, sick, woeful,
wretched, miserable ', vâjums ` faintness, disease, malady'.
Maybe alb. Geg vojtje, Tosc vuajtje ` suffering ', vaj ` lament ', vajtojcë f. ` professional
mourner ' Baltic loanwords.
References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f., Loth RC. 39, 417.
Page(s): 1111
Root / lemma: u̯ā̆kā

kā
Meaning: cow
Material: Old Indic vaśā́ `cow (die weder trächtig is, still ein calf nourishes)', vāśitā
`rindernde cow; brünstiges Tierweibchen überhaupt'; Latin vacca `cow'; Latin -cc- would be
as consonant stretch in Tiernamenverständlich.
Page(s): 1111
Root / lemma: u̯ā-1, u̯ō-, u̯ǝ-

Note: also with t- forms
Material: Gr. ἀάω `harm, injure', Med. ìn Verblendung handeln'; besides ἀᾶται only
Aoristformen ἄασα, -άμην, kontr. ἀ̃σα, ἀάσθην; primarily Verb, Aor. *ἀFά̆-σαι, themat.
present *ἀFά-εται > ἀᾶται, in addition σκ-formation ἀάσκει φθείρει, βλάπτει Hes.; verbal
nouns ἀFά̆-τη > ἄτη `damage, blame, Verblendung, penance, atonement', therefrom
ἀτηρός `verblendet'; hom. ἀασί-φρων `geschädigt am Verstande' (incorrect ἀεσί-φρων);
with t-formants: gr. οὐτάω, οὐτάζω (*οὔτα-μι, compare 3. Sg. Aor. οὖτᾰ) `wound',
ἄουτος, ἀνούτατος ùnverwundet'; ὠτειλή f., Aeolic ὠτέλλα f. `wound' from *οFα-τ-ελι̯ᾱ,
compare γατάλαι (i.e. Fα-), recte γατειλαί Hes. `Wunden', βωτάζειν βάλλειν Hes.
Latvian vâts `wound' = Lithuanian votìs òffenes ulcer', Demin. votẽlis.
References: WP. I 211, Frisk 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner 409 ff.;
See also: in addition das following: u̯en-
en-.
en
Page(s): 1108
Root / lemma: u̯ā-2

Meaning: apart
Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions has (see below), lies
after aller probability vor in Latin vārus àpart gebogen, auswärts gebogen; dachsbeinig;
entgegengesetzt', vāricus `Füße apart spreizend', vāricō, -āre `Füße apart spreizen', vāra
`gabelförmige shaft, pole, fork, transom '; whether here varius `mannigfaltig, changing,
different, varicolored', variō, -āre `mannigfach make, varicolored sein'?; whether perhaps
in Old Indic ūrú- m. ` thigh, hip '?
References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.
See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning ` bent, curved
sein', vorzuliegen in den roots u̯āt-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, u̯enk-.
Page(s): 1108-1109
Root / lemma: u̯āsto-

āsto-s
āsto
See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (Ét. Celt. 7, 234) mcymr. gwaws
`terrible'.
Page(s): 1113
Root / lemma: u̯āt-

āt-1, better u̯ōt-
āt ōt-
ōt
Meaning: spiritually excited
Material: Latin vātēs, -is (probably Celtic loanword?) `Weissager, seer ', gall. οὐά̄τεις N. Pl.
ds., Old Irish fāith ` seer, Prophet', Middle Irish fāth (*u̯ātu-) `Prophezeiung, Ursache' =
cymr. gwawd ` poem'; Gothic wōds `besessen', Old Icelandic ōðr, Old English wōd ds.
(*wōda-), Old High German wuot ìnsanitus'; Old Icelandic ø̄sa ` frenzied, verrückt make',
Old English wēdan, Old High German wuoten, alts. wōdian ` rage, frenzied, verrückt sein';
Old High German *wuot (Gen. wuoti), Middle High German wuot ` intense
Gemütsstimmung, fury'; in addition Old Icelandic Ōðinn, Old Saxon Old English Wōden,
Old High German Wuotan; auf Germanic *wōÞa- point at Old Icelandic ōðr m. ` poetry ',
Old English wōÞ ` song, sound, voice, poem ';
Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets Old Indic api-vat- as originally
ànblasen, inspirieren' (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as
extension from *au̯ē- `blow' (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefaßt become could.

Page(s): 1113
Root / lemma: u̯āt-

āt-2
āt
Meaning: to bend, curve
Material: Latin vatāx, -ācis `krumme or schiefe Füße habend', vatius èinwärtsgebogen,
crooked', vatia ` someone with crooked Beinen', vascus (*vat-scos) `quer, slant, skew';
Germanic *waÞwan- ` curvature, bend', then with engerer meaning `calf, knee-bend ': Old
Icelandic vǫðvi m. `Muskeln, esp. thick Muskeln an Armen and Beinen', afl-vǫðvi `biceps',
Norwegian vodve ` thick Muskeln an arm and leg' etc., Old High German wado m. `sura,
suffrago', Middle High German wade `calf', alts. uuathan ` suras ', mndd. wade `calf',
Middle Dutch wade f. ` knee-bend, popliteus ';
Connection with Latin vārus àpart gebogen, auswärtsgehend, dachsbeinig' etc. (root
*u̯ā-) is probably.
Maybe alb. var `hang'

Page(s): 1113
Root / lemma: u̯ebh-1

Meaning: to weave, plait
Material: Old Indic ubhnā́ti, umbháti, unábdhi `schnürt together', with ápa- and prá- `binds',
ū́rṇā-vábhi- m. ` spider' (actually Wollweber); newer -vābhi- after vā- `to weave' (Indo
Germanic *u̯ē-, above S. 75); Avestan ubdaēna- `from Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht'
(from a *ubda- `Gewebtes', Indo Germanic *ubh-tó-); np. bāfad èr webt';
gr. ὑφή `the weaving ', ὑφόωσι η 105, otherwise ὑφαίνω ` weave ', ὕφος n. `the weaving
' (after denvorigen from *Fέφος unvocalized);
alb. venj Ì weave ' (*u̯ebhni̯ō);

Old High German weban `to weave, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen', Old English wefan `to
weave, flax, wattle, braid, tie, bind, knot ', Old Icelandic vefa `to weave, flax, wattle, braid,
schlingen' (participle ofinn), vefja (*u̯obhei̯ō) `wickeln, wrap' = Old English webbian `to
weave'; Old Icelandic veptr, Old English weft, wift, wefta Èinschlagfaden', Middle High
German wift `fine filament, texture;Honigwabe'; Old Icelandic vaf ` diaper ', vafi
èntanglement, Unordnung'; Old High German waba, wabo `Honigwabe', Old Icelandicvefr
(*waƀja-) ` texture, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug' = Old English webb, Old Saxon webbi, Old
High German weppi ds.; Old High German wuppi ` texture ', Swedish öu (Old Icelandic
*yfr) Èinschlag';
ē-grade Old Icelandic kongurvāfa, Old English gangelwǣfre ` spider ';
Tocharian В wāp- `to weave', wapātsa ` weaver ', wpelme ` texture '.
References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;

See also: belongs to au-5 `to weave' S. 75; in addition *u̯obhsā `wasp'.
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯ebh-2

Meaning: to wander, roam, swarm
Material: Middle High German weben `move, swing', weberen `sich tummeln', webelen
`waver', Modern High German East Prussian wibbeln; Middle High German waben,
waberen, wabelen ìn unsteter Bewegung sein', wappen `hin and her schwanken', Modern
High German (Low German) wabbelig `wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem', Old English
wafian (esp. with handum) `sich bewegen', Middle English waveren, engl. waver `wobble,
waver', Old Icelandic vafla `wobble, sway', vafra `sich unstet hin and back bewegen,
wabern' (vafrlog `Waberlohe'), vefjast ds.;
Old Icelandic vāfa `schweben, dangle', Old English wǣfre ùnstet, flackernd';
Lithuanian vebžd-ù, -ė́ti `wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen';
in addition Old High German wibil m. `beetle, chafer, Kornwurm'; Old Saxon wivil,
Middle Low German wevel ds., Old English wifel `Kornwurm', Old Icelandic*vifill in torðyfill
`Mistkäfer', Old English wibba `Roßkäfer'; Lithuanian vãbalas `beetle, chafer', vabuolas
ds., žem. vabolė̃ `Mistkäfer', Latvian vabuolis `beetle, chafer' (besides East Lithuanian dial.
vóbuolas `beetle, chafer', žem.vam̃bolė, Latvian vambale, vambuole `Mistkäfer').
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;
See also: moreover: u̯ed-
Page(s): 1114-1115
Root / lemma: u̯edh-1

Material: Old Indic vadhati, ávadhīt `hit, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadhá- m.
`killing, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras projectile); blow, knock, annihilation ' = Avestan vada-
m. `wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indic vádhar- n. `Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras
projectile)' = Avestan vadar- n. `weapon (for hitting)', vádhram `Lederriemen', Old Indic
vadhasná- m. ds., Avestan vādāya- `zurückstoßen' (lengthened grade as gr. ὠθέω);
gr. ἔθει φθείρει. ἐρεθίζει Hes., hom. ἔθων `pushing, thrusting, zerwühlend', ἔθειρα ` hair
of the head, mane'; ὠθέω `poke, push' (: Avestan vādāya-), ὦσις ` shove ', ἔνοσις ` tremor
' (*en-u̯odh-tis); also in ἐνοσίχθων, ἐννοσίγαιος, εἰνοσίφυλλος (ἐνν-, ἐιν- metr. lengthening);
Old Indic vádhri- ` castrated ' (`with zerstoßenen testicles') = gr. ἐθρίς τομίας, κριός
Hes.; secondary ἴθρις, ἄθρις;
Lithuanian vedegà à kind of axe', Latvian vedga Èisaxt, crowbar ', Old Prussian
wedigo `Zimmerbeil', Old Irish fodb `Waffenbeute' (*u̯odh-u̯o-); is also Avestan vaδaɣan-
ÈN eines glaubensfeindlichen Fürsten' as àxe, Schläger' to deuten?
ein sk-present seems Irish fāisc- `press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska `press' (certainly
ablaut ō :o).
References: WP. I 254 f., Frisk 446 f., 449 f.

Page(s): 1115
Root / lemma: u̯edh-2, vor Nasalen u̯ed-

ed-
ed
Meaning: to lead
Material: Old Indic vadhū́- f. `bride, young wife, woman', Avestan vaδū- ds., vāδayeiti
(Kaus.) `leads, zieht', with upa- èine Frau zur matrimony give', with us- `(Frauen)
entführen, rob', vaδrya- `heiratsfähig (from girl)';
Old Irish fedid `leads, goes, carries, brings ', mcymr. go-di-wawð ` overtaken ', Old Irish
to-fed-, to-dī-fed- `guide, lead', cymr. arweddu `guide, lead, bring', Verbalnom. mcymr.
arwein (*are-u̯ed-no-), cyweddu ` guide, lead, wohin bringen ', Verbalnom. cywain (*kom-
u̯ed-no-), cymr. dy-weddïo `marry', corn. d-om-ethy ds., Middle Breton d-im-iziff, nbret.
dimizi ` marry, get married ';
Lithuanian vedù, vèsti `lead, guide; marry (of husband)', Latvian vedu ds., Präter.-stem
*u̯edē- in Old Prussian weddē, Lithuanian vẽdė, Latvian dial. vede and Old Church Slavic
vedě-aše; Lithuanian vėdỹs ` suitor ', vedẽklis ` marriageable, young man', nau-vedà, -
vedỹs ` bridegroom ' (` leading home anew '), Latvian vedekle ` daughter-in-law ', vedama
`bride';
Maybe alb. (*vashta) vashë , vajzë, varshë (*vades̈)` young girl, virgin ' common alb. -d- >
-l-,-r-,-j-.
Old Church Slavic vedǫ, vesti `guide, lead', seldom `marry', Iter. voditi, (but Old Church
Slavic nevěsta `bride' rather ` the stranger ', as ` die noch nicht Heimgeführte ', Vasmer 2,
206);
Note:
Old Church Slavic: nevěsta `bride, daughter-in-law' [f ā] derived from Lithuanian nau-vedà,
-vedỹs ` bridegroom '
Iterat. Lithuanian vadžióti and vadýti, Latvian vadît `guide, lead', and vadât `hin and her
guide, lead'; about Lithuanian vadúoti, Latvian vaduôt àuslösen, loskaufen'; see above S.
1109; Old Church Slavic voždǫ, voditi `guide, lead', Old Russian voditi ženu èine Frau
heimführen'.
In addition probably u̯ed-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride:
ed-mno-
ed
Gr. ἕδνον (for *Fέδνον with Spir. asper after *Fhᾱδύς `pleasant'), hom. Pl. ἔεδνα ` bride-
price or wedding-gifts '; but also ` dowry of the parents', ἑδνόω, hom. ἐεδνόω ` to promise
for wedding-presents, to betroth ', hom. ἐεδνώτης ` a betrother; (the daughter equipping)
father of the bride ', ἀν-άεδνος ` without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts
'(ἀ[F]εδνος and ἔ[F]εδνον with α and ε as suggestion vowels);
Old English weotuma, wituma, wetma m. ` purchase price of the bride', Old Frisian
wetma, witma ds., Burgundian wittemo, Old High German widomo, widemo `dowry', Middle
High German wideme, widem, Modern High German Wittum (in addition Old High German
widimen, Middle High German widemen, widmen àusstatten', Modern High German
widmen); gr. Slavic -no- maybe from -mno- and with dem Germanic -men-stem
comparable; dubious Old Church Slavic věno `dowry, payment for the bride', whether from
*u̯edno-, compare also *u̯esno-;
doubtful alb. vigjë `gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a
house' (u̯ed(h)-l-?). common alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj-.
References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.
Page(s): 1115-1116
Root / lemma: u̯edh-3

Meaning: to bind, attach
Material: Old Indic vĭ-vadhá- m. `Schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz,
Proviant'; vadhra- m. n. `Lederriemen';
gr. ἐθμοί πολλοί. δεσμοί. πλόκαμοί Hes.;
Old Irish fedan f. ` yoke, pair of harnessed oxen, Geschirr', fedil ` yoke ' (coibdil `
companionship', coibdelach `Blutsverwandter'), air-com-fed- `damage', mcymr. ar-gy-
wedu, abret. ar-co-gued ds.; cymr. gwedd ` yoke '; arwest f. ` string, band, strap';
Gothic gawidan ` connect ' (gawiss `connection'), Old High German wetan `bind, ins
yoke spannen, connect '; zero grade perhaps Swedish dial. ydd ` Ox's rope, rein' from
*udhetā.
Hittite u̯eda-, u̯ete- `to build' (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).
References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hittite 118;

See also: in addition u̯endh-1 S. 1148.
Page(s): 1116-1117
Root / lemma: u̯ed-

ed-
ed
See also: s. u̯edh-2
Page(s): 1115
Root / lemma: u̯eg-

eg-
eg
Meaning: to weave, bind
Material: Old Indic vāgurā́ `Fangstrick, net zum Wildfang, thread, string'; Latin vēlum `sail,
sleeve, wrapping, kerchief, cloth, curtain' (therefrom vēlāre ` veil, cover '), Demin. vēxillum
`banner, ensign, flag, Fähnchen'; Old Irish figim ` weave ', fige `the weaving ', abret. gueig
`textrix', nbret. gwea ds., acymr. gueetic `textilis', ncymr. gweu `to weave, tie, bind, knot ',
gwe (*u̯ego-) ` texture ', acorn. guiat gl. `tela', ncorn. gwia `to weave'; Middle Irish indech,
cymr. anwe ` texture '; gall. veadia (*vegiadia) `Spinnwirtel' (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);
Old English wice `wick', Modern High German Bavarian wichengarn `Baumwolle to
Dochten', Norwegian vik f. `Fitze or Docke thread, string' (diese and other i-forms through
interference from u̯eik-, u̯eig- `bend, coil ' under S. 1130, Persson Beitr. 323a 3?); Middle
High German wiht `wick'; Old English wecca `wick', Old Low German wekko, Middle Low
German wecke `wick, Lunte', Middle High German wicke `wick, Scharpie', Modern High
German dial. wicke `the um die spindle gewickelte Flachs', Old High German wickilī(n)
`Wickel zum Abspinnen', Modern High German Wickel às much, as jedesmals zum
Abspinnen um den distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) gewickelt wird',
Middle High German Modern High German wickeln; ō-grade Old English wōcig ` loop,
noose, snare, Fallstrick' (in ablaut and meaning genau to Old Indic vāgurā́ stimmend);
Norwegian dial. ōke `verfitzte mass, e.g. from Zwirn' (vonTorp 473 as `connection' to ok =
iugum placed, but probably with Anlautdehnung from *[w]ōkan-); zero grade (*u̯eg- or *ug-
with takeover from w- from den lengthened grade forms) Middle Low German wocke,
wocken `distaff; flax or Wolle auf dem Rockenstock', Old Saxon wocco `cicindela (wick,
Lunte)'; auf redupl. *u̯e-u̯g- based on probably Old English wēoce, Middle Low German
wēke, weike, Old High German wiocha `gedrehtes thread, string, Lunte', Modern High
German dial. Wieche.

See also: here u̯okso- ` wax '.
Page(s): 1117
Root / lemma: u̯eĝh

ĝh-
Meaning: to move, carry, drive
Note: a zero grade uĝh- only in Aryan and probably also in Alb.
Material: Old Indic váhati `leads, travels, zieht, führt heim, heiratet', also ` flows ' and
àllows flow', Aor. a-vākṣ-am (participle ūḍhá-, in addition neologism ūhati ` pushes,
wheels, slides, throngs', Leumann IF. 57, 221); common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -
ĝh- > -xš-, -z-
Avestan vazaiti `leads, zieht, flies' (participle vašta-, wherein št instead of -zd- after
Partizipien from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); Old Indic vāháyati èr allows
führen', vahana- `führend, fahrend', n. `das Führen, Fahren, ship' (zero grade vāhana-
`führend, bearing, carrying', n. ` draft animal, cart, ship'), Avestan ātrǝ-vazana-
`Feuerwedel' (compare die Germanic Celtic no-formations); Old Indic vahítra- n. `vessel,
ship' (: Latin vehiculum), Old Indic vaha- `fahrend, führend' (= Slavic vozъ ` cart '), váha-
m. `shoulder of Jochtieres', vahát- f. `river, vessel', vahyá- `zum Fahren suitable ', n.
`vehicle, Tragsessel, couch, bed, place for resting ', Avestan vazya- n. `load, Tracht' (= Old
Saxon wigg n. `horse'), Old Indic vṓḍhar- `fahrend, führend', m. `Zugpferd, Zugochs;
Heimführer eines Mädchens; Lastträger', Avestan vaštar- ` draft animal ' (= Latin vector),
next to which with žd: važdra- `the vorwärts brings ', sāy-uždri- EN actually `dessen female
Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are' (*uždrī f. to *uždar-); Old Indic vāhá- `führend,
bearing, carrying', m. ` draft animal, vehicle', Avestan vāza- `fahrend, fliegend', m. `Ziehen,
pull, draft animal ' (: Gothic wēgs), Old Indic vā́hiṣṭha-, Avestan vāzišta- `the at best
vorwärtsbringt'; Old Indic vahas- `fahrend' (: ἔχος n.), vāhas- n. `vehicle, das die Götter
herbeiführende laudation ', Avestan vazah- `fahrend, führend';
gr. ἔχεσφιν ἅρμασιν Hes., pamphyl. Fεχέτω èr soll bringen', Cypriot ἔFεξε `brachte dar',
ὄχος n. ` cart ', (ὀ- instead of ἐ- after) ὄχος m. ` cart ', ὀχέω `lead, guide', ὀχέομαι `let me
bear, carry or drive, reite', αἰγί-οχος `die Aegis schwingend', γαιή-οχος (hom.), γαιά̄-οχος
(Doric), γαιά̄Fοχος(lak.) `the die Erde heiratet' (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68, 222),
ὀχετός m. `gully, canal, water pipe ', ὀχετεύω `leite Wasser in a gully, a canal'; ὀχλεύς `
lever ' (: Old Icelandic vagl `Hühnerstange'), ὀχλέω, ὀχλίζω `bewege fort, rolle or wälze
fort';
alb. vjedh `steal'; zero grade probably alb. udhë `way, journey; law - instruction ',
whereof with formants -rā perhaps also urë `bridge' (*udh-rā);
Note:
Wrong etymology because alb. ura ` bridge ' derived from a truncated gr. γέφυρα
(*géphura) ` bridge ', Armenian կամուրջ kamourǧ ` bridge '. Also alb. udhë `way, journey'
did not derive from Old Indic participle ūḍhá- `lead' but from gr. ὁδός , ἡ (οὐδός once in
Hom., Od.17.196): I. òf Place, way, road'.
see Root / lemma: sed-
sed- : to sit.
Latin vehō, -ere, vēxi (: Old Indic ávākṣat, Old Church Slavic věsъ Aorist), vectum
`drive, guide, lead, bear, carry, bring' (in addition probably also con-, dē-, sub-vexsus),
Umbrian ařveitu, arsueitu, arueitu ` to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc.., a person
or thing to a place; and pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a
carriage, ship, etc.. ', kuveitu ` he/she shall carry together, collect, store ', Latin vehis f. `
cart, Fuhre, Fuder', vehemēns actually `*einherfahrend', hence `violent, stormy, hot
tempered, stormy', vectis ` lever, Hebebaum, crowbar ', originally abstract noun *`das
Heben, Fortbewegen', vectīgālis `to den tributes an den Staat belonging' (places ein
*vectis in the meaning `das Herbeibringen, Ablieferung' ahead), vectīgal `tribute, tax an
den Staat, Gefälle, tax', vēlōx `quick, fast' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vēles `Leichtbewaffneter'; veia
`plaustrum';
Old Irish fēn `kind of cart ' (*u̯eĝh-no-; compare Old Indic vahana- and Old High German
wagan) = cymr. gwain ds., abrit. covinnus `Sichelwagen', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
cymr. amwain `herumführen', arwain `guide, lead', cywain `drive'; Old Irish fecht `journey,
time, mal', mcymr. gweith, ncymr. gwaith `work, work, mal', corn. gweth, gwyth `mal',
acorn. gueid-uur òpifex', bret. gwez, gweach `mal', gall. PN Vectirix, Vecturius;
Gothic gawigan `move, shake', Old Icelandic vega `move, swing, heave, life, wiegen',
Old High German wegan `sich bewegen, wiegen (Modern High German bewegen,
erwägen, wägen, wiegen), Old Saxon wegan `wägen, consider', Old Englishwegan `bring,
guide, lead, wägen', Gothic gawagjan `move, shake' (= ὀχέω, Slavic voziti; lengthened
grade Old Indic vāháyati) = Old High German weggen `move'; iterative Old Icelandic vaga
`hin - and herbewegen', Old English wagian `sich bewegen', Old High German wagon
`sich bewegen, vibrate ' (wherefore as post-verbal Old High German waga `movement'
Wissmann, Nom. postv. 1, 14); Gothic wigs, Old Icelandic vegr, Old High German Old
Saxon Old English weg `way';Old Icelandic vigg, Old Saxon wigg, Old English wicg n.
`horse' (= Old Indic vahya-); Old Icelandic vētt, vǣtt f. ` weight ' (= Latin vectis), Old
English wiht n. ds., Middle High German gewihte n. ds.;
Old Icelandic vǫg f. ` lever ', Pl. vagar ` sled ', vǫgur (and vāgir) f. Pl. `barrow, bier'; Old
High German Old Saxon waga ` cradle ', Old Icelandic vagga ds., Old High German wiga `
cradle '; Old High German wagan, Old English wægn, Old Icelandic vagn ` cart ' (ablaut.
with Irish fēn); Old Icelandic vagl m. `Hahnenbalken', Norwegian `Hühnerstange'
(`*Tragstange', compare formal ὀχλ-εύς, -έω);
Maybe alb. vig 'hand-barrow'
Gothic wēgs `Wogenschlag', Pl. `Wogen', Old Icelandic vāgr `sea, Meeresbucht', Old
High German wāg ` surge ', Old Saxon wāg `hochflutendes water', Old English wǣg `
surge '; Old Icelandic vāg ` lever, Wage, weight ', Old High German wāga `Wage, weight,
risk ' (Middle Low German Middle High German wāgen ìn die Wage lay, place, aufs
Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, risk'), Old Saxon wāga `lanx', Old English wǣg, wǣge
`Wage, a certain weight ';
Lithuanian vežù, vèžti `drive', vežìmas ` cart ', vėžė̃ `Wagengeleise', pravėžà
`Wagengeleise'; Old Bulgarian vezǫ, vesti `vehere', veslo ` rudder ' (*u̯eĝh-slo-), vozъ `
cart ', vožǫ, voziti `drive, guide, lead'; also Old Russian věža `Wohnwagen, tower'.
References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.
Page(s): 1118-1120
Root / lemma: u̯eĝ-
ĝ-
Meaning: fresh, strong
Grammatical information: stative verb u̯eĝē
ĝē-
Material: Old Indic vāja- m. ` power, quickness, contest, price of the battle, cut-throat price
', vājáyati `regt an, treibt an, läuft um die Wette'; vájra- m. `thunderbolt, club, mace, joint' =
Avestan vazra- `club, mace, joint', Old pers. vazrka-, npers. buzurg `big, large', derivative
from *u̯azar n.;
Latin vegeō, -ēre `bin alert, awake, smart', trans. èrrege', vigil `watchful, wakeful' and
`Wache, Wächter' (*vegilis), thereafter vigilāre ` awake sein'; vegetus ` strenuous, alert,
awake, smart';
Maybe from Latin ex vigilāre derived Italian svegliare = alb. zgjoj ` wake up' (common alb.
gl- > gj-).
Alb. vigjëloj ` guard' a Latin loanword.
Gothic gawaknan `wake up, arouse' = Old Icelandic vakna ds., Old English wæcnan
(preterit wōc), wæcnian ` be born '; Old Icelandic vakinn ` awake'; Kaus. Gothic uswakjan `
awaken ' (besides the abbreviation = Old Indic vājáyati) = Old Icelandic vekja, Old High
German etc. wecchan `waken, arouse, revive'; Zustandsverbum Germanic *wakēn in:
Gothic wakan, Old Icelandic vaka (schw. Verb) `watch', Old English wacian, Old Saxon
wakōn, Old High German wahhōn, wahhēn `watch'; Old High German wachal ` awake',
Old English wacol (*wakala-), Old Icelandic vǫkull (*wakula- : Latin vigil); Gothic wōkains f.
`das Wachen'; Old Icelandicvakr, Old English wacor, Old High German wachar, wakar `
active, fresh, wacker' (formal = Old Indic vájra-, Avestan vazra-); Old Icelandic vaskr àlert,
awake, smart, agile' (*vak-ska-); perhaps also Old High German wahs `sharp'.
Tocharian AB wásir ` lightning ';

eg-, aug- above S. 84 f., from dem u̯eĝ- barely to separate is.
See also: compare au̯eg-
eg
Page(s): 1117-1118
Root / lemma: u̯egʷ

egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs
eg ukʷs-
ʷs-
Meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (?)
Material: Gr. ὑγρός `humid, wet, fluid'; Latin ūvidus `humid, wet, damp' (out of it ūdus,
whereof ūlīgo `die natürliche dampness of Bodens'), ūvor, -ōris ` dampness, damp ',
ūvēscō, -ere `humid, wet become, sich betrinken', ūvēns `humid, wet, damp' (place a
*ūvos from *ūgʷo-s ahead); ūmeō, -ēre `humid, wet sein', ūmor ` dampness ', ūmectō
`befeuchte' (based on auf *ūgʷsmos); Middle Irish fūal ` urine ' (*u̯ogʷ-lo-);
Old Icelandic vǫkr (Akk. vǫkuan) `humid, wet', vǫkvi m., vǫkva f. ` damp ', wherefore Old
Icelandic vøkva, vekkja `(blood) shed, flow let', vǫk f. (*vakvō) òffene (nasse) place in
Eise', Middle Low German wake f. `hole in Eise', Dutch wak `humid, wet, damp', engl.
(from dem Nord.) wake `Kielwasser';
s-Erweit.: Old Indic ukṣáti `befeuchtet, besprengt', Avestan uxšyeiti `sprüht' (of water
and fire); common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh- > -xš-
in addition (with the same Verhältn. as Old Indic vr̥šan- `virile', Latin verrēs: Old Indic
varṣá-m `rain', s. u̯er- `feuchten') Indo Germanic ukʷsen
ʷsen- `bull, Tiermännchen' in: Old Indic
ukʷsen-
ukṣā́ m., Avestan uxšan- `bull' (in addition? fem. *ukʷsōr `die Besprengte' > Latin uxor
`wife'); cymr. ych òx' (= Indo Germanic *ukʷsō, urbrit. *uchū > -ī, with umlaut ych), Pl.
mcymr. ychen, ncymr. ychain, bret. ouhen, oc'hen, corn. ohan Òchsen', Middle Irish oss
`deer'; PN Os-car `hirschliebend', Demin. Oissín Òssian'; Gothic aúhsus (Gen. Pl.
auhsne), Old Icelandic oxi, Old English oxa, Old High German Old Saxon ohso òx';
Tocharian В okso `rother, cattle, bull'.
Maybe zero grade in alb. (*oxa) ka òx', (*oxie) qe Pl. òxen'.
References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1, 98.

References:
Page(s): 1118
Root / lemma: u̯eib-

eib-
eib
See also: see below u̯eip-
eip-.
eip
Page(s): 1124
Root / lemma: u̯eid

ei h-, u̯idh-
ei
Meaning: to separate; widow
Note: probably from *u̯i- àpart' and *dhē- `place' grown
Material: Old Indic vídhyati `durchbohrt' (lengthened grade partly vēdh-, partly vyadh-,
latter probably previously through imitation from vyath- : vith- `waver'); viddhá- `durchbohrt,
durchschossen', nirviddha àuseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated', vindhátē
`wird empty, bare, lacking, has Mangel an etwas', vidhú- `vereinsamt', vidhurá- àpart,
separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of'; vehát ` infertile ' i.e. `the empty',
Sommer Münchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11, 20;
Latin dīvidō, -ere `separate, divide', Umbrian uef Akk. Pl. `partes', vetu `dividito' (*vēf-tu);
Lithuanian vidùs m. ` the interior ', vidurỹs m. ` center ', Latvian vidus m. ` center, the
interior, region';
Maybe nasalized alb. vend `region, place'
ablaut. Lithuanianvieduõlis ` inside withered tree';
Maybe alb. (*veduõlis) vejushë 'widow' [common alb. -d- > -j-].
in addition (compare the above u-stem) Old Indic vidhávā ` widow', Avestan viδavā ds.,
gr. ἠ[F]ίθεος `Junggeselle', Latin vidua ` widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau',
viduus ` stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas', Old Irish fedb ` widow', corn.
guedeu ds., cymr. gweddw ` widower', Gothic widuwō ` widow' (furthermore widuwaírna m.
` orphan '), Old English widuwe, wuduwe, Old High German wituwa ` widow', Old Prussian
widdewu, Old Church Slavic vьdova ds.; Indo Germanic *u̯idheu̯o- Adj. àpart, separated',
in Fem. substantivized ` widow';
s-present etc. Old High German wīsan `vermeiden', urweis Perf. `subterfūgī', Middle
High German only participle entwisen ` abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from'; Old
Frisian wēsa, Old High German weiso, Modern High German Waise ` orphan '(Germanic
waisan- < *u̯oidh-son-).
References: WP. I 239 f., WH. I 359, Trautmann 358;

also: compare u̯idhu- `tree'.
See also:
Page(s): 1127-1128
Root / lemma: u̯eid-

eid-1
eid
Note: extension from *u̯ei- ds.
Material: Old Indic vēdá- m. ` tussock of strong Grases, besenförmig gebunden, zum
Fegen etc.'; hom. ἰδνόομαι `bend myself, krümme myself' (from a *Fιδ-νό-ς `gebogen');
Latin vīdulus `geflochtener basket'; Latvian vīdināt `flax, wattle, braid'.
Page(s): 1124
Root / lemma: u̯(e)id-

(e)id-2
(e)id
Meaning: to see; to know
Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u̯(e)idē(i)-
(e)idē(i)-, nasalized u̯i-n-d-,
(e)idē(i)
Perf. u̯oid-
oid-а- `have seen, white', whence die meaning ` know, have knowledge of ' also auf
oid
other forms übertragen wurde; from the meaning ` behold ' derives `find'
Material: A. Old Indic vetti, vidmási vidánti ` know, have knowledge of ' (present reshuffling
of Perf. vḗda vidmá), vēdate (also), vidáti (also) ` know, have knowledge of ', Perf. véda
vidmá, Opt. vidyāt, participle vidvān; Avestan vaēδa vīdarǝ, Opt. vīdyāt̃, vīdvā̊ ` know, have
knowledge of ' (the meaning `see' in aiwi. vīsǝm `have wahrgenommen', paiti. vīsǝm
`wurde aware', fravōizdūm `nehmt wahr'); to-participle Old Indic vitta- ` recognized, known',
Avestan vista- `known as' and Old Indic viditá- (probably to basis *u̯idēi-); Inf. Old Indic
vidmáne (= gr. ἴδμεναι) ` know, have knowledge of ', Gatha-Avestan vīdvanōi; Kaus. Old
Indic vedayati àllows know, have knowledge of, kündigt an, bietet an', Avestan
uzvaēδayeiti àllows know, have knowledge of ';
In the meaning `find': Old Indic vindáti (vétti, vitté), ávidat, vivéda, vévidat, vittá-, Kaus.
vēdayati, Avestan vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti, vīvaēδa, vōivīdaiti (Konj.), Kaus. vaēδayeiti ` allows
attain, makes teilhaftig', participle vista- `(vor)gefunden, vorhanden'; die separation from
den forms the meaning `see, know, have knowledge of ' is not quite sharp durchzuführen,
compare Old Indic vindáti `white', South Baluchi gindag `see';
Armenian egit èr fand' (= Old Indic ávidat, gr. ἔFιδε), gtanem `find'; reshaped from Perf.
*u̯oida gitem Ì know' (i from oi; in addition gēt, gitak, gitun `wissend, wise'); results of
nasal present (= Old Indic vindati, Irish finn-, see below) perhaps in Armenian gint `profit,
gain', if from *u̯ind-;
Gr. εἴδομαι èrscheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein'; οἶδα `white', ἴδμεν, Konj. εἴδω,
participle εἰδώς (*Fειδ-), ἰδυῖα; Aor. εἶδον (ἔFιδον) `sah', ἰδεῖν (: Old Indic ávidat, Armenian
egit), participle ἄ-ιστος, ἰστέον; gr. ᾽Αΐδης, Attic ῝Ᾱιδης probably ἀ-Fιδ- ùnsichtbar, not
anzusehen' s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized ἰνδάλλομαι èrscheine, zeige myself; gleiche';
also Celtic vindo- `white' (Old Irish find, cymr. gwynn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
gall. PN Vindomagus, -bona);
Latin videō, -ēre `see' (from the basis *u̯(e)idē-, compare Old Church Slavic viděti,
Lithuanian pavydė́ti, Gothic witan, -aida òbserve' etc., and with zero grade *u̯(e)idī̆- the 2.
syllable Old Church Slavic present viditъ, Lithuanian pavýdime, Latin vīdi-s-tī, Old Indic
Aor. avēdīt, vēdi-tár-, vḗdi-tum, vidi-tá-; Umbrian uirseto `visa' or `visum', auirseto
ùnsichtbar': Latin vidēre = tacitus : tacēre), Perf. vīdī (= Old Church Slavic vědě), participle
vīsus (as vīsus, -us `das Sehen, sight' with ī for ĭ after vīdī and vīso);
Latin vīsō, -ere `besuchen' (i.e. `to sehen wish'), Umbrian revestu `revisito' (*u̯eid-s-ō);
similarly Gothic gaweisōn, Old Saxon Old High German wīsōn `besuchen';
Old Irish ad-fīadat `sie erzählen' (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbat èr
shows', do-adbadar `wird gezeigt', as-ind-et èxpounded'; nasal present (see above Old
Indic vindáti) nad-finnatar `sie wissen nicht', rofinnadar `pflegt to wissen' (*u̯i-n-d-nǝ-),
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), as-fēnimm, doaisbēna `points, shows, evinces, shows'
(from *u̯id-nǝ-) mcymr. 1. Sg. gwnn, corn. gon, Middle Breton goun Ì know' (die weiteren
brit. Präsensformen, e.g. 2. Sg. mcymr. gwydost, gwdost, 1. Pl. ncymr. gwyddom, are
against it of Perf. derive ); Perf. Old Irish rofetar Ì know', rofitir èr white' = cymr. gwyr
(*u̯id-rai); Old Irish rofess `scitum est' (*u̯id-to-m, compare also fiss, ncymr. gwys `das
Wissen' from *u̯id-tu-s), fess `scita' (Pl. neutr.), mcymr. gwyss, Middle Breton gous `wurde
gewußt'; Old Irish toīsech, cymr. tywysog `guide, leader' (*to-u̯issākos, Ogam Gen.
TOVISACI), Old Irish tūus ` beginning ', cymr. tywys `guide, lead' (*to-u̯issus, Indo
Germanic *-u̯id-tus); here probably also Old Irish fōid- `send', e.g. 3. Pl. fōidit (= Old Indic
vēdayati, Old Icelandic veita ds); Old Irish fīado `master, mister' (*u̯eidont-s);
Gothic fraweitan ` avenge ' (ànimadvertere'), Old High German firwīzzan `tadelnd
vorwerfen, verweisen', wīzzan `bemerken, look out auf', Old Saxon Old English wītan
`reproach, rebuke, reproach' (therefrom Old Icelandic vīti n. Old English wīte, Old Saxon
wīti, Old High German wīzzi n. ` punishment '), Gothic in-weitan `die worship, veneration
prove'; with ostentatious meaning-development Old English gewītan ` leave, depart, die',
Old Saxon giwītan `go', Old High German (Hildebrandlied) giweit èr walked ', (Tatian)
arawīzan `discedere'; Gothic fairweitjan `gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -ē:
-ī̆-, as certainly die ē-verbs Gothic witan, -aida àuf etwas sehen, observe', Old Icelandic
only participle vitaðr `beobachtet, bestimmt', Old English (be)witian `betrachten, decide,
define, ordain, determine'; preterit present Gothic wait, witum `know, we know, have
knowledge of ' (Inf. witan, participle witands neologism), Old Icelandic veit vitum (vita,
vissa) ` know, have knowledge of ', also `bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein
after, look after, go after', Old English wāt, witon (witan, wisse wiste), Old High German
weiz, wizzumēs (wizzan, wissa, wessa) ` know, have knowledge of ' nominalized participle
Gothic weitwōÞs ` witness, testifier ' (: εἰδώς, ἰδυῖα ` witness, testifier '); to-participle Gothic
unwiss ùngewiß', Old High German giwis(s), Old Saxon Old English wiss ` certainly ' (Old
Icelandic vissa `Gewißheit'); Kaus. Old Icelandic veita `grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in
eine Richtung leiten', Old High German weizen `show, beweisen'; to Fιδεῖν seems as
Injunktiv Old English wuton (with folgendem Inf.) from *witon `laßt uns' (older `laßt uns
zusehen, tendamus') to belong;
Lithuanian véizdmi (for *veidmi after dem Imper. Old Lithuanian veizdi = *u̯eid-dhi,
compare Old Indic viddhí), veizdė́ti `see, hinblicken', pavýdžiu, -výdime -vydė́ti ìnvidere'
(see o); of old Perf.from Old Prussian waisei, waisse `du weißt' (= Old Church Slavic věsi)
waidimai ` we know, have knowledge of ', Inf. waist; Old Church Slavicviždǫ, vidiši, viděti
`see', previous Perf. Med. vědě (= Latin vīdī `white'), present reshaped věmь, věděti `
know, have knowledge of '; pověděti ` know, have knowledge of let' (probably reshuffling
eines Kaus. *u̯oidéi̯ō, Slavic *věditi, after věděti ` know, have knowledge of '); izvěstъ
`known, certainly '.
B. nominal formation:
root nouns Old Indic -vid- `kennend, expert, skillful' (e.g. aśvavid-), Avestan vīd-
`teilhaftig'; gr. νῆ-ις, -ιδος ìgnorant';
Gothic unwita, Old High German unwizzo Ùnwissender', Old High German forawizzo
`praescius', Old English wita `weiser man, Ratgeber', gewita ` witness, testifier ', Old High
German wizzo `weiser man', giwizzo ` witness, testifier ' post-verbal en-stem; but Old Irish
fīadu ` witness, testifier ' (*u̯eid-u̯ōt-s) secondary n-stem;
Old Indic vidā́ ` knowledge ', cymr. etc. gwedd f. `sight, apparition'; Old Indic vidyā́
`Wissen, doctrine', Avestan viδya ds.; Old Irish airde n. `mark, token, sign' (*[p]ari-vidi̯om)
= cymr. arwydd m. ds., Old Saxon giwitt, Old High German (gi)wizzi n. `Wissen, reason',
Old English witt `reason, Besinnung', Gothic unwiti n. Ùnwissenheit, Unverstand',
compare also Old High German wizzī f. `Wissen, reason, Besinnung' in addition Old High
German gi-, ir-wizzēn `look out' (Modern High German Witz m.), Middle Low German witte
f. ds.;
es-stem:
es Old Indic vḗdas n. ` knowledge, Umsicht, sacred Schrift', gr. εἶδος n. `
appearance, shape', Lithuanian véidas ` front ' (to glottal stop see below), Old Church
Slavic vidъ (serb. vîd) `sight, appearance ' (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also:
Middle Irish fīad m. Èhrenbezeigung', Old Irish fīad (*u̯eidos) with Dat. `coram', cymr.
yngwydd ds., gwydd Ànwesenheit', Middle Breton a goez, nbret. ac'houez `öffenlich'
(àngesichts'); cymr. ad-wydd `cruel, savage', gwar-adwydd ìnsult'; other formations in
Gothic unweis ìgnorant, ungebildet', fullaweis `vollkommen weise', Old Icelandic vīss, Old
High German Old Saxon Old English wīs `wise' (*u̯eid-s-o-), Old High German wīs(a) `(*
appearance =) kind of, way', Old English wīs(e) `way, state, status, direction', Old Icelandic
ǫðruvīs `different', perhaps also ἰδέα òuter apparition, shape, sight' (if *Fιδέσᾱ);
gr. ἴδρις, -ιος `wissend, expert, skillful ', Old Icelandic vitr `sensible, wise';
gr. (hom.) εἰδάλιμος `beautiful from Gestalt', εἰδάλλεται φαίνεται Hes., due to eines
*εἴδαλο- wherefore with suffix vowel gradation εἰδωλον `shape', ἀείδελος ùnsichtbar';
Lithuanian vaidalas àpparition', pavìdalas `shape' (*-elo-); gr. εἰδυλίς, -ίδος `εἰδυῖα,
ἐπιστήμων', Old Indic vidura- `smart, sensible, wise', Lithuanian pavìdulis Èbenbild', akiẽs
pavydulis, Old Prussian weydulis ` eyeball', Gothic faírweitl `Schauspiel';
Old Indic vidmán- m. ` wisdom ' (compare also Inf. vidmanē, ἴδμεναι), gr. ἴδμων, -ονος
èxpert, skillful'; ἰδμήν φρόνησιν Hes.;
gr. ἴστωρ, Attic ἵστωρ, Boeotian Fίστωρ `wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter',
ἱστορεῖν èrkunden', ἱστορία ` occurrence ';
in Baltic gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut ēi: ī: Lithuanian véidas
(compared with serb. vîd from *u̯ĕidos), véizdmi, vyzdỹs ` eyeball', išvýsti `become aware',
pavydė́ti ` envy', pavỹdas ` envy ', Old Prussian aina-wīdai Adv. ` alike '; the originator
seems das lengthened gradee present *u̯ēid-mi.
perhaps here Old Church Slavic věžda, Old Russian věža èyelid' (proto Slavic. vědi̯a,
Vasmer 1, 178) and Church Slavic nevežda Ùngebildeter', Old Russian věža `Wissender'.
Maybe in -ll- suffix in alb. vetull ` eyebrow ' : Old Prussian weydulis ` eyeball'.
References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192,
Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff.
Page(s): 1125-1127
Root / lemma: u̯eik-

eik-1
eik
Meaning: to choose, filter
Material: Old Indic vinákti, vivékti, vevekti `sondert, siebt, sichtet', particle viktá-; Kaus.
vecáyati; Avestan ava-vaēk- àusscheiden, aussuchen'; from the meaning `to
gottesdienstlichen Zwecken aussondern' entspringt die of `Weihens', wherefore here Latin
victima ` sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', being based on auf einemi-or u-stem, *vikti-s
respectively *viktu-s `Weihung'; Gothic weihs `holy', Old Saxon wīh- ds., Old High German
wīh, wīhi ds., compare Middle High German (ze) wīhen nahten, from which Modern High
German Weihnachten; Old Icelandic vē- n. ` shrine, temple', Old Saxon wīh m. `temple',
Old English wēoh, wīg m. `Götterbild'; derived Vb. Gothic weihan, altisl. vīgja, Old Saxon
wīhian, Old Frisian wīa, wīga, Old High German wīhen ` consecrate '; with intensive
gemination Germanic *wik-kan- ` magician ': Old English wicca m. ds., wicce `Zauberin'
(engl. witch); md. wicken `conjure, perform magic', wicker ` magician, Wahrsager'; without
gemination: Old English wigol `zum Wahrsagen belonging', wiglian ` forecast, soothsay ',
Middle Low German wickelen; eine variant *u̯eig- (?) in Umbrian eveietu èlectum' (*ek-
u̯eigētum?).
See also: relationship to u̯eik-, u̯eigh- `bend' etc. is not ausgeschlossen.
Page(s): 1128

eik-2
eik
Meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)
Material: Latin vincō, -ere, vīci, victum `die Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat,
conquer', pervicāx `hartnäckig, steadfast', Oscan vincter `convincitur';
Old Irish fichid `fights', dī-fich- `punish, curse', fīch m. `discord, rage, fury', feuchuir
`stern' (*u̯íkaris), feuchrae ` austereness, severeness ' (unclear is das ch in acymr.
guich[i]r `wild'), fecht (*u̯iktā) ` campaign = acymr. guith, cymr. gwyth `rage, fury', abret.
uueith- in PN; gall. VN auf -vices (abrit. Ordo-vices `Hammerkämpfer'), PN Victo-valos
etc.; with full grade Vēcti-rīx, Vēco-rīx = Old Irish PN Fīachrai, Gen. Fīachrach (Ogam
VECREC);
Gothic weihan `fight', wigana Dat. Sg. `fight, struggle, war, fight'; Old English Old High
German wīgan (Old High German only in particlewīgant, wīhant, gawigan `decrepitus',
irwigan, confectus, àbgekämpft') `fight, quarrel', Middle High German anwīgen ` assail ';
Middle High German wīhen ` exhaust, weaken ', Modern High German dial. sich weihen =
`sich weigern', anweihen ànfechten'; aorist- present Old Icelandic vega, vá `fight, slay',
Old High German ubarwehan `überwinden' (with false consonant), Middle High German
widerwehen `with blanken Waffen kämpfen'; Old Icelandic vēla (*vīhalian) `sort, order,
arrange, sich with etwas abgeben'; Old Icelandic vīg, Old Saxon wīg, Middle Low German
afr. wīch, Old High German wīc, wīg etc. `fight, struggle', Old Icelandic Adj. vīgr
`kampftüchtig', Gothic zero grade waihjō f. `war, fight, fight, struggle'; o-grade in Germanic
*waigō- f. ` power ', therefrom derived Old Saxon wēgian, Old English wǣgan, Old High
German weigen etc. `bother, annoy, torment, smite', Norwegian veiga `swing'; ein ro-Adj.
is Old High German weigar `sich widersetzend, stout, proud', Middle Dutch weiger, wēger
`widerwillig', therefrom Old High German weigarōn etc. `sich weigern';
Lithuanian veikiù, veĩkti `somewhat make, work', apveikiù `bezwinge', pérveikiu

`bewältige', véikus `fast, rapid, hurried', veiklùs ` active, geschäftig', viẽkas ` power, life',
vỹkis m. `life(digkeit)', vikrùs àlert, awake, smart'; Latvian vèikt àlign' etc.; veĩklis `nimble,
fit, healthy', vīkt `thrive';
Old Church Slavic věkъ m. ` power, Lebensalter', Czech russ. věk ds.;
perhaps here also Latin vix `barely, with accurate need', as àlle Kraft
zusammennehmend'.
References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.
Page(s): 1128-1129

eik-3
eik
Meaning: to come together, become equal
Material: Gr. εἰκών (Cypriot Fεικόνα) f. `Bild', hom. εἶκε Impf. ès schien good', herakl. εἶξαν
`siehielten for good, regelten', hom. ἔοικε ès schickt sich, paßt' (FέFοικε; 3. Du. εἴκτον,
etc.), Attic εἰκώς (*FεFικFώς) `suitable, fitting, fitting', hom. ἐΐσκω (*FεFικσκω), ἴσκω
(*Fίκσκω) `vergleiche', (F)εἴκελος, (F)ἴκελος `similarly', ἐπιεικής ` suitable; fitting ', Ionian
ἀεικής ùnpassend', Attic ἀικής (*αFικής) `schmählich', αἰκί̄α ` maltreatment ', εἰκάζω (ἐ-
Fικάζω) `bilde after, vergleiche, vermute';
Lithuanian į-vỹkti èintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become', pavéikslas èxample', paveikslùs

`musterhaft', Latvian vīkst `vorbereiten'; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *u̯eik-
2 genannten words, as Lithuanian véikus `fast, rapid, hurried', veĩkti `do, make', is though
not with confidence vorzunehmen.
References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.

Page(s): 1129
Page(s):

eik-4, u̯eig-
eik eig-
eig
Meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange
Note: (extension from *u̯ei- `bend').
Material: 1. Old Indic vī́ci- f. ` deception, seduction ' (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably `*Krummheit');
with voiced-nonaspirated Old Indic vḗjate, vijáte, participle vikta-, vigna- `vor etwas
zurückfahren, davoneilen', pra-vij- Èinsturz threaten', abhi-vij- ùmkippen', vēga- m.
`Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush', Avestan vaēg- (vaējǝ-) `(a projectile) swing', vaēɣa- m.
Ànprall, blow, knock, prank', nivixta- `herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert', npers.
vēxtan `toss, fling', osset. vēɣun ùpset, move', balūčī gējag `swing, toss, fling'; Intens. Old
Indic vēvíjyate `fährt los';
Old Indic vi-vyákti ùmfaßt', vyácas- n. `further Raum', Avestan vyāxa-, vyāxman-
`congregation, meeting' (?);
gr. εἴκω, Aor. ἔ(F)ειξε Alkman ` recoil, nachstehen, unterliegen', (Boeotian) γῖξαι
(i.e.Fεῖξαι) χωρῆσαι Hes.;
Latin vicia f. `vetch': nasalized vinciō, -īre ùmwinden, bind', Umbrian previślatu
`praevinculātō';
Gothic waihsta ` angle, point, edge', Middle High German weigen `waver'; Old English
wicga `beetle, chafer'; Middle Low German nnd. wīchele `Weidenbaum' from *wīgele,
diminutive to Old Saxon *wīga, westfäl. wīǝʒǝ `Weidenbaum', ablaut. Old Frisian Old
English wāg, Old Saxon wēg `wall', (*u̯oiko- `geflochtene wall'); also Middle High German
gewīge, Modern High German Geweih, dial.Gewicht(eln) ds. (originally probably
`*Gezweig');
Latvian vīkstu, vīkt `sich biegen, ductile become', vīksts ` ductile, soft', vīkne ` tendril ';
Latvian vī̆cināt `wave, tummeln', refl. `sich schwenken, bend make'.
With Indo Germanic g: Old Icelandic vīkva, ȳkva (w-present), vīkja, preterit veik `from
the Stelle move, (sich) bewegen, sich wenden', Old Saxon wīkan ` withdraw' (: εἴκω), Old
English wīcan stem V. ` withdraw, crumple ', Old High German wīhhan stem V. èine
Richtung nehmen, withdraw'; Old Icelandic veikr (and veykr with -w- after vīkva) `soft,
weak', New Norwegian also `pliable' (compare Old Icelandic veikja `bend'), Old English
wāc (out of it Old Icelandic vākr) `soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old Saxon wēc
`weak', Old High German weich `soft, weak, timorous'; Old English wice f. `Rüster', Middle
English wiker `Weidengerte'; Middle Low German wīk m., wīke f. Èntweichen, escape',
Middle High German wīch m. `groin, flank ', formal = Old Icelandic vīk `small bay', Old
English wīc f., Middle Low German wīk ds.; Norwegian dial. vik n. `small point, edge or
bend'; Old High German wīhhōn `spring, dance, jump ', Modern High German Hessian
wicken `rash, hasty and violent hin and her bewegen', Swedish vicka `sich unstet
bewegen, wippen';
Lithuanian vigrùs, vìglas `rash, hasty, adroit', Latvian vìegis `light', slov. vẹ̃g ` bent ',
vẹ́gati `waver', vẹ́žen `gebogen'.
2. Latin vicis (Gen.), vicem, vice, Pl. vicēs, vicibus `variation, Abwechslung'; perhaps
Old Irish fiach `mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame'; Old Icelandic giafa-vīxl èxchange of gifts',
ā vīxl `kreuzweis' (vīxla `swap, vary, exchange'); Old Saxon wehsāl `trade, currency', Old
High German wëhsal, wehsil `variation, exchange, trade' (Old Saxon wehslōn, Middle High
German Modern High German wechseln); with sicherem Indo Germanic g Gothic wikō `die
an jemanden kommende order ', Old Icelandic vika `Woche' (originally `*variation'), also
`Seemeile' (`*variation the oarsman'; also Middle Low German weke sēs `Seemeile'), Old
English wicu, wucu `Woche', Old Saxon wika in crūce-wika `Kreuzwoche', Old High
German wëhha, wohha `Woche';
unclear is because of Gutturals Old Indic viṣṭí- (*u̯ik̂-) `work, Dienstleistung', tri-viṣṭī́
(Instr.), after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) àlterant, changeable', after G. Liebert
(Nominalsuffix -ti- S. 138 f.) though `dreifache Dienstleistung'.
References: WP. I 233 ff., WH. II 781 f., 791 f., Trautmann 338 f., Frisk 454.
Page(s): 1130-1131
Root / lemma: u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o- (*du̯ei- kṣayati)

Meaning: house, settling
Note:
Root / lemma: u̯eik̂-, u̯ik̂-, u̯oik̂o- (*du̯ei- kṣayati):: `house, settling' derived from Root /
lemma: k̂Þei-
Þei- : `to settle' : Root / lemma: kÞē(i)
Þei ē(i)-, kÞǝ(i)
kÞē(i)- ǝ(i)- : `to acquire, possess'.
kÞǝ(i)-
Material: Old Indic víś- f. `Wohnsitz, house', PL víśaḥ `people, citizen', Avestan vīs- (e.g.
Akk. vīsǝm, ap. viÞam) `house, village, Clan', Old Indic viś-páti- ` householder,
Gemeindehaupt', viś-pátnī ` housewife', ablaut. Old Indic vḗśman- n., jav. vaēsma- m.
`house, dwelling', Old Indic vēśá- m. `Nachbar' (as Latin vīcīnus); verbal (see below) Old
Indic viśati `tritt ein, geht ein', niviśati `kehrt ein', Avestan vīsaiti `geht ein, tritt ein to etwas';
Maybe from Skt. víś- (RV+) `settlement, community, tribe' derived alb. (*víś) fis
`settlement, community, tribe', vis `territory, spot, place '
Note:
Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic.
gr. οἶκος, Fοῖκος `house', οἰκία ds., οἰκέω ` inhabit ', οἰκέτης `housemate', τριχά-Fικες
epithet the Dorer ìn drei Phylen zerfallend'; alb. vis `place', amvisë (amë `mother') `
housewife';
Latin vīcus, dial. vēcus `Häusergruppe, village, dot, Stadtteil' (= gr. Fοῖκος), Umbrian
uocu-com, Akk. vuku if àedes'; Latin vīlla `Landhaus, estate' (*u̯oik-slā, with Latin suffix-
slā, or *u̯eik-s-lā to es-stem from Gothic weihs);
Gothic weihs n., Gen. weihsis `village, spot';
Old Prussian waispattin Akk. ` housewife', Lithuanian viẽšpat(i)s `master, mister',

viẽšpati `noble wife, woman', verbal Lithuanian váišinti ` host ', viešė́ti `to Gaste sein',
Latvian vìesis `guest'; Old Church Slavic vьsь `village'.
References: WP. I 231, WH. II 782 f., Trautmann 363 f., Vasmer 1, 193.
Page(s): 1131
Root / lemma: u̯ei-

ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī-
ei
Meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out
Note:
ei-1, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root /
ei
lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two' through an Illyrian-Baltic intermediary root since the shift d- > zero is
a unique Illyrian-Baltic.
Material: A. Old Indic váyati `webt, flicht' (paradigmatic certainly with Perf. ūvuh, participle
ūtá-, Inf. ṓtum zusammengefaßt, die zur root *au̯-, presumably the base from u̯ei-, belong);
vāya- m. ` weaver, the weaving ', vāyaka- ` weaver, Näher'; vyáyati ` winded, wickelt, hüllt'
(: Latin vieō), participle vītá- `winded, gewickelt', vyāna- n. `das Winden, Umhüllen'; vayā́
`twig, branch, bough', compare lengthened grade Old Church Slavicvěja `twig, branch,
bough'); about vēvīyate `flattert' see above S. 86;
gr. γίς (i.e. Fίς) ἱμάς Hes., υἱήν ἄμπελον, υἱόν ἀναδενδράδα (υ- = F-), εὐιάδες ἄμπελοι
Hes.;
alb. with g(h)-suffix vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel';
Note:
alb. degë `Zweig, Ast, Gebüsch' (*du̯oi-ghā) : vik, vigu `geflochtene Tragbahre,
Pflugdeichsel', common Illyrian-Baltic d- > zero. Root / lemma: u̯ei-
ei-1, u̯ei̯
ei ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- : `to turn,
bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root / lemma: du̯ō(u)
ō(u) : `two'.
Latin vieō, viēre `bind, flechte' (viē-: Old Indic vyā-na-), vītilis `twisted';
Old Irish fe-n- (*u̯i-nǝ-) in ar-fen- àbschließen', im-fen- ùmhegen', verbal noun imbe n.,
Middle Irish tech fithe à wicker house'; cymr. gwïal-en `twig, branch'; Middle Irish fē `rod'
(*u̯īi̯ā);
Gothic waddjus `Wall, wall' (originally from wickerwork) = Old Icelandic veggr `wall'
(proto Germanic *wajjus);
Lithuanian vejù, výti ` coil, turn', výtas `winded, twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved ' (= Old Indic vītá-), Old Church Slavic vьjǫ, viti `turn, flax, wattle, braid, coil ',
Latvian vīja `geflochtener fence', vī̆jas ` tendrils ', Old Church Slavic věja `twig, branch,
bough' (lengthened grade besides Old Indic vayā́ ds.); ablaut. Church Slavic povoj m.
`fascia'.
B. With ĝ(h)-extension presumably here:
Lithuanian vyžà `Bastschuh', Latvian vîze `geflochtener Bastschuh'.
C. With l-formant:
Old Icelandic vēl (*u̯ēi-lā) ` art, Kniff, tool', vēla `bestricken', Old English PN Wēlund, Old
High German Wialant; Old English wīl(e) àrtifice, deceit';
Lithuanian vielà ` wire ', vielióti `wickeln', vylė̃, Latvian vīle `hem, Strieme'; Lithuanian
ap-vìlti `lie', vylùs ` fallacious ', výlius `lie, falsity', Old Prussian pra-vilts ` betray '; russ.
viljátь `die Richtung beim Laufen change, wedeln, Winkelzüge make', vilój `winded,
gekraust', vílica ìvy'.
Maybe alb. vile 'bunch of grape', vjel 'harvest grapes'
D. With m-formant:
Old Indic vḗman- n. `loom (from *u̯ei-men, at first to váyati); Latin vīmen `rod zum flax,
wattle, braid, wickerwork '; Middle Irish fiam ` chain '; Middle Low German wīm(e)
`Lattenwerk, Stangen'; with dem concept the drehenden Bewegung isl. vīm, vīma `
dizziness, giddiness; swindle, anesthetization ', Norwegian dial. veima `lurch, waver',
Modern High German Hessian wīmeln `waver'; whether here gr. εἰμάδες ποιμένων οἰκίαι
Hes. as `from Ruten geflochtene Hütten' (*Fει-μα = Latin vīmen)?
E. With n-formant:
Gr. ἴς, ἰνός `sinew' (*Fι-ν-: Czech vínek `band, strap, headband ' or *Fισ-ν- zur root form
u̯eis-2); Old Church Slavic věnьcь `Kranz'; probably Old English wine-wincla (besides
pīne-wincle) Ùferschnecke', wining `bandage'; about gr. ἴς compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
5702;
barely here the name of Weins: gr. οἶνος (myk. vo-no-) `wine ', οἴνη ` grapevine ', οἰνάς,
-άδος ` grapevine, vine, wine ', Armenian gini `wine ', (*u̯oi-ni̯om), alb. vēnë, Tosc verë
`wine ' (*u̯oinā), Latin vīnum; latter is not bare die wellspring from Old Irish fīn, cymr. gwin
and from Gothic wein, Old High German Old Saxon Old English Old Church Slavic vīn
(from which again Old Church Slavic vino and from dem Slavic Lithuanian vỹnas), but
probably also die from Faliscan Volscan uinu, Umbrian vinu, uinu; da the Pontus the
originator of the Weinkultur war, handelt es sich wobl um ein vorderasiat. word; compare
Proto Semitic *wainu (arab. äthiop. wain, hebr. jajin, assyr. īnu) and Hittite wi-ja-na-a-,
Hieroglyphic-Hittite wa(i)ana-, Luvian dial. win-; s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A.
Kammenhuber Münch. stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f.
F. With r-formant:
Gr. ἶρις ` rainbow ' (Fῖρις) = ῏Iρις and Εἶρις (ἐFῖρις) `the as Götterbotin personified
rainbow '; Old English wīr `Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery', Middle Low German wīre
`Metalldraht', Late Old Icelandic vīra-virki `work from Metaldraht'; besides Germanic wīra-,
das because of gr. Fῖρις probably auf Indo Germanic *u̯ī-ro goes back, stands Germanic
*wēira- from *u̯ēi-ro- in Old High German wiara `gold- or Silberdraht'; Old Irish fiar `slant,
skew', cymr. gŵyr `recurvus, limus', (*u̯ēĭ ro-), bret. goar, gwar `courbe'; Latin viriae à kind
of Armschmuck' is Celtic loanword;
Lithuanian į-vairùs `tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig'.
G. With t-formant:
Old Indic vēta-, vētasá- m. `rankendes Wassergewächs, reed, horsewhip', vētra- m.

`Rohrstab, duct, tube, pipe', Avestan vaēiti ` willow, Weidengerte'; participle Old Indic vītá-
(see above);
gr. ἰτέα ` willow '; οἰσύη, οἴσυον èine Weidenart' (*Fοιτυο-, -υᾱ), οἶσος m. `Dotterweide',
οἶσον `rope'; ἴτυς, -υος, Aeolic Fιτυς f. ` rim of the wheel, Schildrand, willow ' (= Latin vitus);
Latin vītilis ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', vītis `vine' (= Lithuanian výtis);
vītex, -icis `Keuschlamm, (ein tree)', vitus f. ` rim of the wheel ' (gr. loanword??), vitta
`bandage' (from *vītā, dem Fem. of participle *u̯ītos, through consonant increase);
Maybe alb. vetull ` eyebrow '.
Old Irish fēith f. `fibra' (*veiti-), cymr. gwden from *gwyden (*u̯eitinā) `vinculum, ligamen,
virga contorta'; Middle Irish fēithlenn Èpheu' (?); but cymr. gwythïen, corn. gwyth, abret.
guithennou `vein(n)' are loanword from Latin vitta;
Old Icelandic vīðir ` willow ', Old English wīðig ` willow ' (see above Latin vītex etc.),
Middle Low German wīde, Old High German wīda ` willow ' (in addition o-grade as gr.
οἰσύα : Norwegian dial. veid ` willow, Wicken'), Old English weðel `bandage'; Modern High
German Eingeweide, Middle High German (ĭn)geweide: Old High German wid(i) `rope from
gedrehten Reisern', kuna-with `manacle', Gothic kuna-wida `manacle', Old Icelandic við, -
jar `gedrehtes band, strap', viðja ds. = Old English wiððe `Weidenband', Old High German
witta `bandage', Old English wiðo-, wiðe-winde `convolvulus', Middle Low German wede-
winde `ds., ivy, Geißblatt', Old English wiðu-winde `Geißblatt', Old Icelandic við-vindill ds.;
also (compare Gothic inwinds ` inverted ', inwindiÞa Ùngerechtigkeit' to windan) Old
Saxon inwid `malice, Tücke', Old English inwidd ` wicked, heimtückisch', Old Icelandic
īviðgjarn ` wicked ';
Lithuanian Inf. výti, vytìs (Akk. vỹtį) `Weidengerte', ablaut. žil-vìtis `Grauweide'; Latvian
vīte ` tendril ', vîtuõls ` willow ', Old Prussian witwan `Weide', apewitwo Ùferweide' (: ἴτυ-ς);
ablaut. Old Church Slavic větvь `twig, branch';
Old Church Slavic Inf. viti; vitь (= Lithuanian vytìs) `res torta in modum funis', pavitь `
tendril ', sъ-vitъkъ `(book)rolle', russ. vítvina `twig, branch, rod, horsewhip', sloven. vitika
`ring'.
References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 193 f.
195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 101, Frisk 462.
Page(s): 1120-1122

ei-2, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī̆-
ei
Meaning: to wither
Note: extended u̯ī-t- and u̯ei-
ei-s-
ei
Material: Latin viēscō, -ere `wither, verschrumpfen', viētus ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,
verschrumpft';
Maybe alb. Geg vyshk-et, Tosc fishk `wither' a Latin loanword.
Old Irish feugud gl. `marcor' has derived from fēo ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ' (*u̯i-
u̯o-) = cymr. gwyw ds.;
Old Icelandic visinn ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', participle of *wisan, whereof
Germanic *wis-n-ōn, -ēn in Old Icelandic visna, Old English wisnian and (with gramm.
variation) weornian, Old High German wesanēn `wither, wilt' (also Modern High German
verwesen belongs as Old English forweoren `verwest' shows, originally here); Middle High
German wesel `weak, faint, languid', engl. dial. weasel, weazen `thin, lean ', Old Icelandic
vesall ` woeful, wretched, miserable ', vesligr ds., Norwegian visa `weak person', Swedish
vesa èxhaust';
Lithuanian výsti `wither, wilt' (preterit výtau), výtinu, pa-vaitinù `make wilt ', Latvian
vietēt, vītēt ds.

See also: relationship to u̯eis- ` deliquesce ' is probable.
Page(s): 1123

ei-3, u̯eiǝ
ei eiǝ- : u̯ī-
ei
Meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong
Material: Old Indic vḗti, 3. Pl. vyánti, also váyati `verfolgt, strives, leads (the weapons),
drives, lenkt', also ènjoys', participle vītá- ` pursued, liked, beloved, fancied ', Adj. `
straight, in a straight line ', vītā `row', vīthí-, vīthī f. `row, way', pravayaṇa- `zum Antreiben
helpful', m. `Stachelstock', pravḗtar- ` charioteer ', vīti- `horse' (`*pursuer, follower '?);
pada-vī f. ` way, path, track ', padavāyá- ` signpost, leader ' (lengthened grade); with the
meaning ` strive - have gladly '; vītá- ` liked, beloved, fancied, gladly genossen', vītí- ` eat,
drink; relish, enjoy, enjoyment, meal', deva-vī- ` the pleased gods ', devá-vīti- ènjoyment,
feast for the gods';
Avestan vōi Inf. `to cheer, to gefallen'; vāy- (vayeiti, vīvāiti ` chases away ', 3. Pl. vyeinti)
` pursue, hunt, chase', vyāna- `the victim of persecution ', vōiϑwa- Adj. `to hunt, chase,
jagend to pursue ', vītar- ` pursuer ', vātay- ` pursuit ';
with the meaning `fly' Old Indic ved. vēvīyatē `flies' and Avestan ā-vayeinti ` they fly up ';
Old Indic vēnati ` longs ', vēná- ` yearning, longing ';
gr. ἵ̄εμαι `bewege myself vorwärts, hurry, strive, lust, desire', (reshuffling of a *Fῑ-ι̯ομαι;
Asper after the Medium from ἵημι), ἱ̄έμενος `cupidus', εἴσατο(F-), ἐ[F]είσατο ` walked loose',
οἶμος ` gait, way, pathway', (*Fοῖμος), hom. ἰ̆ωκή ` pursuit ' (F-), Akk. ἰ̄ῶκα ds., ἰ̄ωχμός (ῑ
metr. lengthening) `Schlachtgetümmel', παλί̄ωξις, παλι-ίωξις `Wiederzurückdrängen in
Kampfe', korinth. Fιώκει `verfolgt' (compare διώκ-ω : δίεμαι); ἱερός (Fῑερος), Doric Fῑαρὸς
(ὄρνις) `nimble, quick, fast' (ῑ metr. lengthening), besides *Fῑ-ρος, assumed through ep.
Ionian ἴ̄ρηξ, -ηκος ` hawk' (the schnelle), Attic (through engeren connection an ἱερός) ἱέρᾱξ,
-ᾱκος ` hawk';
ί̄ς ` power ' (= Latin vīs, vim), γίς ἰσχύς Hes., ἶφι `with power ' (Instr. in -bhi), whereof
ἴφιος; about ἴς `sinew' see above S. 1121;
Latin via f. `way'. Oscan viú, Umbrian ablative vea, via ds., Oscan amvían(n)ud
`Straßenviertel, road' (*u̯ē̆iā
̯ ); Latin vīs `du willst' (*u̯ei-si = Old Indic vḗṣi), vīs, vim ` power,
force, might' (= gr. ἴ̄ς ds.), Pl. vīrēs (from an s-stem); invītāre ` host, invite ', with in- èin'-
compared with verneinendem in- ùn'- in invītus `wider Willen' (: Old Indic vītá- ` liked,
beloved, fancied '); whether vindex `Bürge, avenger' as `Bestimmer the atonement ' to Old
Church Slavic vīna `blame'?
(about Old Irish fīad `Wild', fīadach ` hunt' etc. see below *u̯idhu- `tree');
mcymr. gwit `dish, food', mel-wit ` honey ' (: Old Indic vītí- ènjoyment, meal'), Ifor
Williams BBCS. 11, 143;
Old Icelandic veiðr ` hunt ', Old English wāð ` hunt, journey' = Old High German weida
`food, Weide, hunt (Waidwerk), Fischerei', also `Fahrt, journey', Middle High German
anderweide `zum zweitenmal', Modern High German anderweit, Middle High Germandrī-
weide `zum drittenmal', Old Icelandic veiða, Old English wæðan `hunt, chase,
umherstreifen', Old High German weidōn `hunt, chase; food seek ': Indo Germanic *u̯oi-tā
`das Drauflosgehen, Jagen'; Old Saxon wī in PN Wī-rīc, Gēr-wī(: Latin vīs);
Lithuanian vejù, výti `hunt, chase, pursue ', výtas (= Old Indic vītá-) `verfolgt', vajó-ju, -ti
`mehrfach nachjagen', pavijỹs `Strecke Wegs', Latvian vajāt ` pursue ', ãt-vejai `Rückfälle
from Krankheiten', ãt-veja `mal' (`*gait ', compare Middle High German anderweide `zum
zweitenmal'); ō-grade Lithuanian pavõjus `danger', pavojùs `dangerous'; Old Church Slavic
vojь `warrior', vojьna `war, fight', ablaut. Old Church Slavic povinǫti ` subject, subdue',
vъzvitije `profit, gain' (`*Erjagtes'); with the meaning `Verfolgung eines Übeltäters' probably
Old Church Slavic vina `blame, punishment ', ablaut. Latvian vaĩna `blame', Lithuanian
vainóti `vilify, scold, scold, chide', Old Prussianetwinūt èntschuldigen';
Czech etc. vítati `greet' reminds an Latin invitāre; unclear is the relationship to russ.
vitátь etc. `stay, dwell', and to Lithuanian vietā, Latvian vīeta `place' (*u̯eitā), Trautmann
345, Vasmer 1, 205;
maybe nazalized alb. (*vietā) vend 'place'
es-stem,
es respectively s-extension: Old Indic váyas- n. ` vitality, youth strength,
Jugendalter', vīḍayati (*u̯i-z-d-) `makes strong, tight, firm', vīḍú- `tight, firm', vivēṣṭi, vḗṣati
ìs active, wirkt, brings zustande, richtet from', Latin vī-r-ēs (see o).
References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201,
215;
See also: compare also u̯īr̆ o-s `man'.
Page(s): 1123-1124
Root / lemma: u̯eip-
eip-, u̯eib-
eip eib-
eib
Meaning: to turn, sway
eip-: Old Indic vḗpatē, -ti `regt sich, trembles ', vēpáyati, vipáyati `makes
Material: 1. u̯eip-
eip
tremble', vípra- ` excited, aroused, begeistert', vip- if `rod, horsewhip', vipātha- m. à kind
of arrow' (compare tela vibrāre); Avestan vip- `throw, entsenden (Samen)';
cymr. gwisgi `restless, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ' (from Nüssen) from *u̯ip-skī-mo-
?;
Gothic biwaibjan ùmwinden', Old High German ziweibjan `scatter'; Old Icelandic veifa
ìn schwingender, zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickeln', Old English
wǣfan `bekleiden'; Old High German weibōn `waver, schweben, unstet sein'; Old Icelandic
vīfa ùmhüllen', nisl. vífla `bewilder', vīfl `Klöptel'; Old English wifel, wifer àrrow, Wurfpfeil'
(: Old Indic vipātha-); in addition wāfian `vor astonishment erstarren', wǣfer-hūs `Theater';
perhaps Old High German wīb, Old Saxon Old English wīf, Old Icelandic vīf n. `woman,
wife' as `die verhüllte Braut'; compare against it Tavernier-Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;
Old Prussian wipis `bough', Latvian viepe `cover, wrapping of the Weiher', viepl'is
`Verkleidung, mask', viept ` veil, cover ', wīpnuot ` smile (das Gesicht verdrehen)', ;
Lithuanian atvìpti `herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen', vaipýtis `das Maul verziehen,
gawk', vypsaũ, -óti `with open mouth dastehen, gawk'; (with Baltic ė from ē[i]:) Lithuanian
vė̃ptis `den Mund verziehen', vėplỹs ` gawper, starer ', Latvian vēplis `Maulaffe, lubber '
etc.; with secondary ablaut a (: ě) in addition Lithuanian vamplỹs, vamplė̃ `jemand, the with
open mouth dasteht, dummer person', vampsaũ, -óti `with open mouth dastehen'.
2. u̯eib-
eib-, u̯i-m-b-:
eib
Gr. γίμβαναι ζεύγανα Hes., ἴμψας ζεύξας. Θετταλοί, ῎Iμψιος Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Hes.
(also probably ἰψόν τὸν κισσόν Hes.);
Latin vibrō, -āre ìn zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich trembling bewegen';
vībix, -īcis (in Glossen also vipex, vimex) `Strieme, weal, callus from Schlägen'; compare
under Latvian vībele;
perhaps Middle Irish femm `tail, stalk, kelp ', femman ` kelp ', cymr. gwymon, bret.
gwemon, goumon ds. (*u̯imb-, compare Old English wimpel), O'Rahilly Ériu 13, 162 ff.,
different Thurneysen KZ 48, 67;
Gothic weipan (stem V.) `bekränzen', wipja `Kranz'; Old Icelandic veipr `head fascia,
Kopftuch', veipa ` female Kopftracht', Norwegian dial. veipa `wickeln, eine Peitsche
schwingen', Old High German weif `bandage, head fascia', Middle High German weifen
`swing, haspeln', wīfen (stem V.) `swing, coil ', Middle Low German wīp ` tussock, wisp',
Old English wīpian àbwischen', Norwegian vīpa ` stiff straw or stiff hair, Spelze', Middle
Low German wīpen `toss, fling, sprinkle'; Old High German wipf `Schwung', Middle High
German also wif = holl. wip ds., Old High German wipfil, wiffil `Baumwipfel', Modern High
German (actually Low German) Middle Low German Middle English wippen, Middle High
German wipfen, wepfen ` jump ', Norwegian vippa `wisp, whisk ', nasalized Old English
wimpel `Wimpel, Schleier', Old High German wimpal `Stirntuch, Schleier';
Latvian viebt, viebties `sich drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen', Lithuanian
vỹbur-iu, -ti and -ioju, -ioti `wedeln'; Latvian vībele ` weals, marks from blows'.
References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;

See also: compare su̯eip- above S. 1042.
Page(s): 1131-1132
Root / lemma: u̯eis-

eis-1
eis
Meaning: to sprout, grow
Material: Latin vireō, -ēre `green sein, be green', viridis `green';
Old Icelandic vīsir `germ, sprout, scion, shoot', Norwegian vīse `ds., Rispe, Stiel and
leaves, bloom, blossom, Fruchtansatz' (changing through ablaut vise `germ, sprout' and
probably also veis `saftiger stalk'); Old English wīse `scion, shoot, stalk'; Old High German
wīsa, Middle Low German wese, Modern High German Wiese, Old English wīsc, Middle
Low German wīsch(e) ds.;
Lithuanian veĩsti `sich vermehren', veislùs, vislùs `fertile', veislė̃ `brood', Latvian viestis
`sich mehren, thrive', Lithuanian vaĩsius `fruit', vaisà `fertility', Latvian vaisla `brood',
Lithuanian į-vìsti `sich vermehren'.

Page(s): 1133

eis-2
eis
Note: extension from u̯ei- `turn'
Material: A. Old Indic vēṣa- m. `Tracht, suit ' (compare vēṣṭayati ùmwindet, umkleidet');
vḗṣṭatē ` be winded', vēṣṭáyati ùmwindet', participle vēṣṭitá- ùmhüllt, dressed ', vēṣṭá- m.
` loop, noose, snare, bandage', viṣṭā ds.; Armenian gi, Gen. gioy ` juniper ' (after den
biegsamen, to Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen:*u̯īs̆ o- or *u̯eiso-, *u̯oiso-); about gr. ἴς
see above S. 1121;
New Swedish vese m. (Old Icelandic *veisi or *visi) ` tussock, zusammengedrehter

knot'; in addition Dutch wier = Old Frisian wīr- Àlge, Tang' (Old English wīr `Myrte', wīr-
treo `Myrtenbaum', Tertium comparationis, presumably ìmmergrün'), Old English wār
Àlge, Tang', wāroð ds. as `Wasserschlingpflanze';
Old Church Slavic vichrъ `whirlwind' (*u̯ēisura-), Lithuanian víesulas ds., russ. vichatь
ùpset, move'; Lithuanian výstas `Schnürbrust', výstyti èinwickeln', Latvian vīstīt ds., vīsts
`bundle' etc.
Czech vích, věch (*u̯oiso-) `wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen', věcha ds., russ. věcha
`twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl', vichór ` topknot ', slov. vẹ́het `
tussock (hay)';
B. With k-extension:
Old Indic veṣ-ká- m. ` loop for strangling '; ablaut. Old Icelandic visk f. `bundle from
straw or reed', Swedish viska `small besom ',
Old High German wisc `wisp, Strohwisch' (therefrom Middle High German Modern High
German wischen), Old English wiscian, newer weoskian (*wiskōn) èine hurdle from Ruten
flax, wattle, braid'; Latin viscus, -eris ` intestines, entrails '; as `drehende, vibrierende
Bewegung' here probably also Lithuanian viskiù, viskė́ti `quiver'; by East Frisian wisk
`rasche Bewegung, Husch', Middle High German wischen `sich leicht and quick, fast
dahinbewegen', Modern High German entwischen kann secondary development from `
fleeting about etwas wegwischen' vorliegen;
Maybe alb. (*vistula) vetulla ` eyebrow'.
besides Germanic p-Varianten on the one hand in ndd. wispeln `sich hin- and
herbewegen', Swedish visp, visper ` changeable person', on the other hand in Norwegian
visp m. ` tassel, tussock ', Swedish visp `verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers,
etc.) arranged in a circle from Ruten'.
C. With g-extension:
Latin virga `thin twig, branch, rod, rod' (from *u̯iz-gā), in addition virgō `girl, virgin';
Maybe alb. vargu ` row, line'
Maybe alb. (*verga) varzë ` girl' : Italian vergine : Spanish virgin : French vierge : Catalan
verge : Latin virgo : Portuguese virgem : Sardinian Campidanesu bìrgini : Valencian verge
: Breton gwerc'hez : Welsh gwyryf ` virgin'.
Lithuanianvizgù, vizgė́ti `tremble', vizgóti `waver'.
References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.
Page(s): 1133-1134

eis-3
eis
Meaning: to flow; poison
Material: Old Indic vēṣati `zerfließt', viṣá- n. ` poison ', Adj. `giftig', viṣ- (Nom. viṭ) and viṣṭhā
` excrement, ordure', also `tierischer Samen', visrá- `muffig smelling '; Avestan viš-, viša- `
poison ', vaēšah- ` mould, dank decay, Verwesung'; Armenian gēš ` carrion ';
gr. ἰ̄ός ` poison ' = Latin vīrus `tough Flüßigkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness' =
Middle Irish fī ` poison '; Latin vēna f. `vein' from *u̯eisnā; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*u̯eisaro-);
in addition Celtic FlN cymr. Gwy (*U̯eisā), engl. Wear (abrit. *U̯isuriā), gall. Visera > French
Vesère, Visuvia > French la Vezouse etc.; Old Germanic FlN Wisura `Weser', Latin
Visurgis ds.: compare russ. FlN Vechra (to Sož), ablaut.Víchera (zur Kama); here the FlN
Weichsel (from Old Prussian *Vīkslā, older *Vīsklā, from Pre Baltic*Vīstlā from *u̯eis-tlā),
Latin Vistula (from Germanic *Wīstlō in Old English Wīstlawudu, but Old English Wīsle
from Slavic Visla);
Note:
the rhotacism n- > r- in *u̯eisnā; cymr. gwyar `blood' (*u̯eisaro-) : Celtic FlN cymr. Gwy
(*U̯eisā), engl. Wear (abrit. *U̯isuriā), gall. Visera > French Vesère : Illyrian Illuria ` Illyria'.
Old Icelandic veisa f. `swamp, marsh', Old English Old Frisian wāse, engl. ooze `slime,
mud'; perhaps Old High German weisunt, weisont, weisant ` arteriae ' (the flowing);
wherefore Old English wāsend, engl. weasanð ` windpipe, gullet', further Old High German
wisunt, -ant, Middle High German wisent, Old Icelandic visundr (*u̯is-onto-) `Bisonochse'
(from dem Germanic derives Latin bisōn, -ontis and gr. βίσων); in addition Old Prussian
wis-sambrs Àuerochse', Old Church Slavic zǫbrъ ds.; after dem smell, odor named, as
also nisl. visla, Old High German wisula, Old English weosule, wesle, engl. weasel
`weasel' and Iltis 'polecat' (above S. 304), the Germanic *wis(j)ō `polecat' assumes;
compare Vulgar Latin vissiō `breaking wind, fart, fetidness '; Marstrander compares (Ériu
5, 207) still nir. fíal `Frettchen' (*u̯iselo-);
Maybe alb. (*vikse) vithe ` buttock' common alb. -k > -th.
perhaps moreover Indo Germanic u̯ī̆ks-

ks- `Mistel and other leimliefernde tree ' in gr. ἰξός
ks
m. `Mistel, Vogelleim', Latin viscum ds., Old High German wichsila, Middle High German
wīhsel `Weichsel(kirsche)', russ. etc. višnja ` cherry' (out of it Latvian viksna, Old Prussian
wisnaytos `Kirschen') - Kirschgummi and Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;
Maybe alb. vishnja ` cherry ' a Slavic loanword.
after Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 206) in addition further Lithuanian viksvà `sedge'
from *vis-k-vā besides vizgà `grass', Old Prussian wissene `Porsch'.
References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.
Page(s): 1134
Root / lemma: u̯ek-

ek-ti-
ek ti-
Meaning: thing
Note: (u̯ekʷ-ti-?)
Material: Gothic waíhts f. `thing', Old Icelandic véttr, vǣ(t)r, vitr f. ` living being,
übermenschliches creature, thing', Old English wiht f. `thing, entity, demon', Old Saxon
wikt, Middle Low German wicht èntity, creature', Old High German wiht ` living being,
demon, thing', Modern High German Wicht ` living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite
'; Gothic ni-waíht `nichts', Old English ná-wiht (engl. naught, not) Old High German niwiht
and neowiht `not, nichts';
Old Church Slavic veštь f. ` thing '; compare wruss. rečь `thing': russ. réčь ` discourse,
word'.
References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;

See also: perhaps to u̯ekʷ- `speak'.
Page(s): 1136
Root / lemma: u̯ek-

ek-, u̯e-n-k-
ek
Meaning: to bend
Material: Old Indic váñcati `geht crooked or slant, skew', vacyátē `schwingt sich, flies',
vakrá- `gebogen, crooked', vankú- `fliegend', váṅkri- f. ` rib ', vaṅka-, vaṅkara- m.
`Flußkrümmung', vaṅkṣana- m. ` groin, flank', vakṣáṇā `belly, groin, flank, riverbed ';
Avestan -vašta- ` writhed, crooked, humped '; common Old Indic -ĝh- > -kṣ- : Avestan -ĝh-
> -xš- > -š-
Armenian gangur `crispus, flexus' (*u̯nk̥ uro-);
Latin convexus àrched, writhed, crooked, humped ', subvexus `schräg aufwärts
führend';
Middle Irish feccaid `bückt sich', with the preposition for: `wendet sich gegen, beginnt to'
(with expressive -kk-); gall. FlN *Vocalus (Matres Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus,
Va(c)halis `Waal'; Lithuanian FlN Vókė (*u̯ōki̯ā);
onko- in Old Indic vaṅka-, Gothic un-wāhs ùntadelhaft', Old English

Indo Germanic u̯onko-
onko
wōh `crooked, inverted ', Old Saxon wāh n. ` evil, wickedness ', Old Icelandic vā f.
(*u̯onkō) ` angle, mischief '.
References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalpräs. 142 zur root u̯ā- (see above
S. 1108), where besides dem present *u̯ǝ-n-ék-mi ein Konj. *u̯(ǝ)-ǝ́nu̯-kō stand;
consequently further zur root u̯ā-, u̯ǝg-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, see there.
Page(s): 1134-1135
Root / lemma: u̯ek̂-

Meaning: to wish
Material: Old Indic váś-mi, váṣṭi, uś-mási, Avestan vasǝmī, usǝ̄mahī `want, desire, will,
wish', participle Old Indic uśánt-, f. uśatī `willing', Avestan an-usant-, -usaitī `widerwillig,
ohne es to want, desire, will', Avestan vasah- (Nom. vasā́) `wollend = after seinem Willen',
vasō, vasǝ̄ àfter wish, beliebig' (Akk. Sg. of n. *vasah-), vasō-xšaϑra- àfter Gefallen
schaltend' etc., Old Indic vaśi-tva- n. `Willensfreiheit'; ap. vašnā, Avestan vasnā (Instr. Sg.)
àfter dem Willen' (Armenian vasn `because of' loanword);
gr. (previous participle) ἑκών (Cretan Fεκών), ἑκοῦσα `freiwillig' (the Asper after ἕ `sich',
as though `from sich selbst heraus'), ἀέκων, ἄ̄κων `wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz', f. Doric
ἀέκασσα, compare Cretan γέκαθα ἑκοῦσα Hes., Fέκα in οὔφεκα οὐκ ἀρεστῶς Hes., i.e. οὐ
Fέκα, in ἕνεκα, hom. εἵνεκα `because of' (*ἕνFεκα; ἕν is die preposition ἐν), hom. ἑκά-εργος
àfter Belieben wirkend', ἑκή-βολος àfter Belieben treffend' (metr. lengthening for *ἑκα-
βολος), out of it extended ἑκατη-βόλος, -βελέτης; Boeotian Fhεκα-δαμος (with versch.
assimilation out of it thes. Fεκέδαμος, Attic ᾽Ακάδημος); ἕκητι, Doric ἕκᾱτι àfter dem Willen,
because of, (unclear)', ἀεκαζόμενος `not wollend, widerstrebend' (after ἀναγκαζόμενος);
Hittite u̯ek- `wish, arrogate'.
References: WP. I 244 f., Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.

Page(s): 1135
Root / lemma: u̯ekʷ

ekʷ- (*ḫuekʷ-)
ek
Meaning: to speak
Note:
labialized old laryngeals (*ḫue-)
Material: Old Indic vákti, vívakti ` says, talks, speaks', Aor. ávōcam (= εἶπον, see below),
participle uktá-, Kaus. vācayati, Avestan vak- `speak', ū̆xta-, Old Indic vacas- n. = Avestan
vačah (= gr. ἔπος) ` discourse, word', Old Indicvacaná- `redend, sagend', vāc-, Nom. Sg.
vāk = Avestan vāxš (= Latin vōx) `voice, discourse, word', Old Indic vācālá- ` gabby,
gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ', vākyam Àusspruch, discourse '; vaktram
`mouth';
Armenian gočem `cry, shout, shout to mir, lade ein, name' (?);
Note:
labialized old laryngeals (*ḫue-)
common Armenian Celtic *ḫue- > gwo- > go-.
gr. ἔπος, el. Cypriot Fέπος n. `word', Aor. εἶπον `sprach', Lesbian Fείπην etc. (= Old
Indic ávōcam, Indo Germanic *e-u̯e-u̯kʷ-om with Diss. from -FεF- to -Fει-), ὄπα Akk. `voice'
(also probably εὐρύοπα as `den weithin schallenden'), ὄσσα f. `voice', ἐνοπή `shout, call,
clamor ';
Maybe alb. fem, them ` say '
Latin vox, vōcis `voice', vocō, -āre `call, shout, cry', Umbrian sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco `
call, anbeten';
Old Irish foccul `word' (= Old Indic vaktram `mouth') < *u̯okʷ-tlo-m = cymr. gwaethl
`fight'; fūaimm `din, fuss, noise' (*u̯okʷ-smn̥); common Illyrian-celt. -k > -th.
gall. Vepo-litanos ` breitgesichtig ', cymr. gweb `face';

Old High German giwahanen, -inen ` mention, commemorate ' (*gawahnjan, Denom.
*u̯okʷ-no-, compare Old Indic vacaná-; in addition tread in paradigm connection old ō-
grade Pf.:) giwuog, Middle High German wüegen ` commemorate make, in Erinnerung
bringen', Old Icelandic vāttr `Zeugnis' (*wahtaz, compare Old High German giwaht m. `
mentioning, Ruhm'), vātta `bezeugen'; Old Icelandic ōmun f. `voice', nisl. ōmur `sound',
Old English wōm(a) `din, fuss, noise' (*wōhm-);
Old Prussian wackītwei ` entice ', enwackēmai ` we rufen an';
Note:
The origin of labialized old laryngeals:
Hittite ḫuek-, ḫuk- ` adjure ', Tocharian A wak f., В wek `voice'.
References: WP. I 245 f., WH. II 823 ff., Trautmann 339 f., Vasmer 1, 196, Bergin Ériu 12,
136 f.
Page(s): 1135-1136
Root / lemma: u̯e-2, u̯edh-

Meaning: ` braid, plait, fold, roll up, twist, curl '
See also: see above S. 75 f. (au̯-).
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯elk-

elk-1
elk
Meaning: to drag
Material: Avestan varǝk- `ziehen, drag' only with Präverbien: aipivarǝčainti `ziehen ein
Kleidungsstück darüber an'; Lithuanian velkù (vil̃kti), Old Church Slavic vlěkǫ `pull, drag' =
gr. ἄ[F]ολξ (by Hom. for ὦλξ einzusetzen), Attic out of it reconverted with metathesis ἄλοξ;
ὦλαξ (hybridization from ὦλξ with αὖλαξ) `furrow', with Vokalvorschlag *ἀ-Fl̥κ- in αὖλαξ
`furrow', *ἐ-Fl̥κ-ᾱ in lakon. εὐλάκᾱ `plough'.
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f., Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to su̯elk-, as
selk- above S. 901.
Page(s): 1145
Root / lemma: u̯elk-

elk-2, u̯elg-
elk lg-
Meaning: wet, damp
Material: 1. u̯elk-
elk-: Old Irish folc `Wasserflut', folcaim ` bathe, wash', cymr. golchi, corn.
elk
golhy, bret. gwalc'hi `wash'; Old High German welh (besides welc, see below) `humid, wet,
milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', (ir)welhēn `soft, weak become', Middle Low
German welen `wither, wilt', Old English wealg `geschmacklos, widerlich', engl. wallow,
nisl. valgr `lukewarm'; probably also Norwegian valen ` insensible or erstorben vor Kälte';
Latvian valks `humid, wet', valka `running Wässerchen, damp place'; Illyrian FlN Volcos,
PN Οὐολκαῖα ἕλη.
maybe alb. vlagë 'moist of ground'
2. u̯elg-
elg-: Old High German welc `humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ',
elg
Middle Low German walcheit `macies', welk ` wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, dürre',
Middle Englishwelkin `wither, wilt'; with other the vowel Stellung Old English wlæc, wlacu `
lukewarm ', Middle Low German wlak ds. (with anl. s- Middle High German swelk ` wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered ', swelken, Old High German swelchen `wither, wilt'); presumably
Old High German wolchan n., wolcha f., Old Saxonwolkan n. `Wolke';
Lithuanian vìlgau, -yti, válgyti ` moisten ', vìlkšnas `humid, wet', ablaut. Old Prussian
welgen n. `catarrh', Latvian valgums ` dampness ', vęl̂gans and val̂gs `humid, wet', also
Lithuanian val̃gis `dish, food', válgau, -yti èat' (of concept the flüssigen, breiigen
nourishment, food from, compare russ. vológa `flüssige nourishment, food');
Slavic *vъlgъkъ `humid, wet' in russ.-Church Slavic vъlgъkъ, in addition poln. wilgnąć
`humid, wet become', russ. voĺgnutь ds., ablaut. *u̯ōlgā in Old Church Slavic vlaga f. `
dampness ', russ. vológa ` liquid, Zukost', in addition volóžitь ` moisten, with butter cook';
here the russ. FlN Wólga (= Czech FlN Vlha, poln. FlN Wilga) from Slavic *Vьlga.
References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.

Page(s): 1145-1146
Root / lemma: u̯el-

el-1
el
Meaning: to see
Material: Latin voltus, vultus, -ūs m. `Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, appearance, shape' (*vl̥-tu-
) stellt sich to Irish fil ès gives', older Imper. *u̯ele (compare French voici!), cymr. gweled
`see', bret. guelet `la vue', Old Irish fili (Gen. filed, pre-Irish Ogam VELITAS) ` seer, bard'
(*u̯elēts); the name the Germanic Seherin Veleda; in Germanic seems eine probably from
*u̯el- abgeleitete root *u̯leid- (*u̯l-ei-d-): Gothic anda-wleizn n. (?) ` front ', Old Icelandic līta,
Old English wlītan `see, see, show'; zero grade Gothic wlits ` front, shape', Old Icelandic
litr (Akk. Pl. litu) ` appearance, paint, color', Old Saxon wliti ` radiance, appearance,
shape', Old Frisian wlite ` front, appearance ', Old English wlite ds., also ` radiance ', wlitu
f. `form, kind of'; o-grade das causative Gothic wlaiton, Old Icelandic leita (*wlaitōn) `sich
umsehen after, seek ' (wherefore as post-verbal leit f. `das Suchen', Wissmann Nom.
Postverb. 1, 11), Old English wlatian ds.;
also Germanic *wulÞu- m. `glory, magnificence' (`*prestige'): Gothic wulÞus `glory,

magnificence', Old Icelandic Ullr (*wulÞuz) ` god's name ', Old English wuldor `gloria',
compare Gothic wulÞrs ` value, worth ', wulÞriza `herrlicher'; further wulÞags `ἔνδοξος'.

Page(s): 1136-1137

el-2, u̯lei-
el lei-, u̯lē(i)-
lei lē(i)-
lē(i)
Meaning: to wish; to choose
Material: A. Old Indic unthemat. 3. Sg. Med. Aor. avr̥ta, Opt. vurīta, participle urāṇá-;
vr̥ṇītḗ, vr̥ṇnā́ti, vr̥ṇṓti, vr̥ṇutē ` choose, vorziehen, love', vr̥tá- `gewählt, desirable, worth
having, welcome, wanted ', vára- m. `wish, Gegenstanddes Wunsches', vara- `vorzüglich, -
st, better, best', varīyaṁs- `better', variṣṭha- `best', varya- `wählbar, vortrefflich,
distinguished ', varaṇa- n. `das Wählen, Wünschen', vāra- m. `Kostbares, treasure, tribute'
etc., vŕ̥thā ` futile ', Avestan ap. var- ` choose, want, desire, will' (3. Pl. preterit Med. varatā,
Opt. vairīmaidī), vǝrǝn[a]- (1. Sg. Med. vǝrǝnē), vǝrǝnav- (3. Du. Med. vǝrǝnvaitē;
participle Perf. Pass. varǝta-, vairya- `the beste, delicious, worth '; also Avestan var-
`believe';
Armenian geɫ ` pleasure, beauty' (presumably from *u̯el-no-, compare cymr. gwell
`better'); Venetic PNVolti-χnos, Voltiomnus, Illyrian Voltius, Voltisa etc. (M. Lejeune BSL.
49, 41 ff.) from *u̯lt̥ i-;
gr. λείω, λήω `will', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 676 from *u̯lē(i)mi, Pl. *u̯leimé (?); Latin
volō (*velō), vult (*velt), velle `want, desire, will' (Opt. velim), voluntas, -ātis f. `good
volition' (previous participle *u̯olunt-tāt-s); nōlo, nevis, nevolt Ì will not' (*ne-volō); mālō Ì
pull vor', back formation after mavolt (magis volt); Umbrian eh-veltu `jubētō', veltu `dēligitō',
ehvelklu `dēcrētum, ēdictum';
mcymr. corn. bret. guell `better', ncymr. gwell (*u̯el-no- `Vorzug, choice ', or to u̯er-2,
see there); gall. VN Vellavī, Catu-vellaunī (compare den Ligurian PN Genava `Genf': raet.
VN Genauni);
Gothic wiljan, Old High German willu, wili, wëllan etc. `want, desire, will'; Gothic wilja,
Old High German uillo, willio etc. `volition'; Kaus. Iter. Gothic waljan, Old Icelandic velja,
Old High German wellen ` choose ' (= Old Indic varáyati `wählt for sich', Old Church Slavic
voliti); Old High German wala f., Old Icelandic val n. ` choice ' (: Old Indic vára- m.);
Lithuanian pa-vélmi, 3. Sg. pa-vélt, Infin. pa-vélti `want, desire, will, allow', ablaut. viltìs f.
`hope' (*u̯lt̥ is), viliúos `hoffe'; Old Church Slavic veljǫ, velė́ti `want, desire, will, order',
ablaut. volja f. `volition', therefrom voljǫ, voliti `want, desire, will, wish', in weiteren ablaut
do-vьljǫ, do-vъlěti ` suffice '(*u̯olē-);
about Gothic waíla, Old High German wela, wola etc. `probably' compare Feist3 543.
B. d-extension (d-present): gr. ἔλδομαι, hom. ἐέλδομαι `sehne myself, demand after
etwas', ἐέλδωρ n. `wish, desire';
Irish fled, cymr. gwledd `Gastmahl, festival' (*u̯ld

̥ ā); gall. PN Vlido-rīx.
С. p-extension: hom. ἔλπω àllow hoffen', ἔλπομαι, ἐέλπομαι `hoffe', Perf. poet. ἔολπα;
ἐλπίς, -ίδος f. `hope', ἐλπίζω `hoffe', hom. ἐλπωρή `hope', zero grade *ἄλπιστος, Sup. to
ἀλπαλέος, dissim. ἀρπαλέος ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, charming',
ἔπαλπνος ` desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (r/n-stem); Latin volup(e) Adv.
`vergnüglich, gerne', (*u̯olpi-, *u̯lp
̥ i-), voluptās `pleasure';
doubtful hom. εἰλαπίνη `festival', Aeolic ἐλλαπίνα (*ἐ-Fλαπ-ινᾱ?).
References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1,
180, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f.
Page(s): 1137-1138

el-3
el
Meaning: to press, push
Material: Hom. εἴλω (*Fέλ-νω); Inf.-Aor. ἔλσαι and with suggestion ἐέλσαι, Aor. Pass.
Material:
ἐάλην, ἀλήμεναι, ep. Ionian εἰλέω (*Fελ-νέω), Attic εἴλλω (*εFελι̯ω with Vorschlags-ε), Doric
el. Fηλέω, redupl. ἴλλω (*Fί-Fλω) `dränge, push, press, presse'; lakon. βήλημα κώλυμα,
φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ Hes., messen. ἤλημα, Ionian εἴλη `troop, multitude, crowd' (Fελν-), next
to which probably with i = e (as πίλναμαι) Attic ἴ̄λη, Doric ἴ̄λᾱ `troop, multitude, crowd'
(*Fιλνᾱ), hom. (*ἰ̄λαδόν `scharenweise', pamph. Fίλσιος Gen. from -ις ` crowdedness';
hom. (Aeolic) ἀελλής (*ἀFελνής) `dense zusammengezogen' (κονίσαλος) and ἀολλής

(*ἀFολνής) `versammelt' (with Aeolic -ολ-); compare die auf *ἀFαλλής from *ἀFαλνής,
*ἄFl̥νής zurückgehenden Ionian ἁ̄λής, ἀ̄λής `versammelt', ἁλίζω ` assemble ', ἁ̄λίη
`congregation, meeting', Doric ἁ̄λία and ἁλιαία ds. (); Attic ἡλιαία `place of Gerichts, das
höchste court in Athen' together with ἡλιάζω, ἡλιαστής is borrowed from argiv. ἀ̄λιαίᾱ,
ἁ̄λιάζω, with Ersetzung from Doric α through Attic η, das as the Asper an ἥλιος eine pad
fand; das anlaut. ἀ- is kopul. ἀ-;
ἅλις `scharenweise, sufficient ' (Hom.), γάλι ἱκανόν Hes.; hom. οὑλαμός `Getümmel,
scuffle ' (because of γόλαμος διωγμός Hes. metr. lengthening for *Fολαμος), Attic ἐξούλη
`Verdrängung from Besitzrechten' (*Fολ-νᾱ);
Lithuanian vãlinas `Wall', valinỹs `Tuchecke', Latvian valnis èdge', su-valýti `( corn,
grain) zusammenbringen, reap', Lithuanian iš-valýti `heraus-, fortschaffen', valýti `clean';
Old Church Slavic *velь (: gr. ἅλις) in velь-mi, -ma `very, excessive', velь-lěpъ `very
beautiful', velijь, velikъ `big, large', *valъ `heap, bulk, mass' (*u̯ōlos) in russ. válom ìn bulk,
mass', navál `great heap', zavál `Verstopfung, Sperre', privál `Landen' (*Andrängen),
válьmja `haufenweise' etc.;
g-extension is probably Latin volgus, vulgus `das people' (= `big, giant bulk, mass of
people', compare above russ. valomъ, valьmja) = Old Indic várga- m. `dividing off,
partitioning off, group', Middle Breton gwalch `Überfluß', nbret. a-walc'h ` sufficient '
(compare ἅλις), gwalc'ha ` satiate ', cymr. gwala `bulk, mass, sufficient '; Tocharian В
walke `long'.
References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f., Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;
See also: original resemblance with *u̯el-7 `turn' is possible, da `press, to press together '
originally `zusammenwinden' sein kann.
Page(s): 1138

el-4, u̯elǝ
el elǝ-
el
Meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest
Note: relationship to *u̯el- `turn' (' curly hair' ) or *u̯el- ` rend, pluck' is possible
Material: A. Old Indic ū́rṇā f. (compare Old Indic ū́rṇā-vábhi- ` spider ', above S. 1114)
`wool', Avestan varǝnā ds., gr. λῆνος, Doric λᾶνος n. `wool', Latin lāna ds., lānūgō ` fluff,
underfur of Bartes, Milchhaare', Gothic wulla, Old High German wolla etc. `Wolle = wool',
Lithuanian vìlna `Wollfaser', Pl. `wool', Latvian vilna `wool', Old Prussian wilna `Rock', r.-
Church Slavic vlъna, serb. vù́na `wool'; schwächere Ablautform *u̯lǝnā in cymr. gwlan,
corn. gluan, bret. gloan (brit. loanword is Middle Irish olann) `wool';
other vowel gradation in Latin vellus, -eris `fleece' (villus `das zottige, wollige Haar the
animal') = Old English wil-mod `colus' (i.e. `Wollstange', as wul-mod), probably also
Armenian geɫmn `wool, fleece'; relationship to Latin vellere (u̯el-8) from *u̯el-s-ō lies near;
*u̯lō-
lō- in gr. λῶμα n. `hem, Gespint', Germanic *wlōha- (under B) and Indo Germanic *u̯lō-
lō lō-
lō
ro- (u̯el-7) S. 1143.
ro-
B. guttural extensions:
Old Indic valká- m. `bast, splint', valkala- `Bastgewand', vr̥kala- n. `Bastgewand; a

certain intestine, entrails '; isl. lō f., Danish lu `Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern', Old
English Old Saxon wlōh ` fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke' (Germanic *wlōha-); Old Icelandic
lagðr ` tuft of Wolle or Нааг' (*wlagaÞa-); Old Church Slavic vlakno, russ.voloknó ` fibre,
filament '; with Indo Germanic k̂: Old Indic válśa- m. `sprout, twig, branch' (these point at
auf ` flexible rod') and Avestan varǝsa-, npers. gurs = Old Church Slavic vlasъ, russ. volos
`hair'; to a from beiden root form belongs gr. λάχνη f. `krauses hair' (*u̯lk̥ snā), λάχνος m.
`wool';
compare under *u̯el- `turn' die likewise auf *u̯olk- indicating Old English wielgan `roll',
Old High German wal(a)gōn.
C. Dental extensions:
Gr. λάσιος (*Fλατιος, Indo Germanic *u̯lt̥ -ii̯os) `dense with Wolle or Haaren, also
brushwood bewachsen'; Old Irish folt `hair', cymr. gwallt, acorn. gols, abret. guolt ds.,
therefrom abret. guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat, Middle Breton guilchat ` fleece, Tonsur' and cymr.
gwellaif, acorn. guillihim `scissors', perhaps also cymr. gwellt, corn. gwels `grass', abret.
gueltiocion `fenosa' (or to Middle Irish geltboth `pābulum', gelid `grast' S. 365, with gw after
gwallt?);
Old High German Old Saxon wald `wood, forest', Old English weald ds., Old Icelandic
vǫllr `meadow'; after E. Lewy (KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) würde Wald as
*(s)u̯altus to Latin saltus ` defile, narrow passage between mountains, mountain forest ',
belong, das then from saltus `spring' to separate would be (above S. 899), during Ernout-
Meillet 2889 both unite (compare Pas de Calais etc.); other place Wald to Gothic wilÞeis
`wild', Old Icelandic villr `wild, verrückt', Old English wilde, Old Saxon Old High German
wildi `wild, unbebaut' (*u̯eltii̯o-), Modern High German Wild (*u̯eltos), wherefore further
cymr. gwyllt `wild, phrenetical, quick, fast' (*ueltī-), corn. guyls `wild, unbebaut', abret.
gueld-enes ìnsula indomita' (Middle Irish geilt `Wahnsinniger' is probably brit. loanword);
Lithuanian váltis `Haferrispe, Haferspelte' (also `thread, string'), Old Prussian wolti ` ear
', ukr. volótь `Rispe', serb. etc. vlât ` ear ';
with voiced-aspirated Old Church Slavic vladь, Old Russian volodь `hair'.
D. Old Indic vāla-, vāra- m. ` tail (haar), Haarsieb', ablaut. Lithuanian valaĩ `Schweifhaar
of the horse'.
References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f.
Page(s): 1139-1140

el-5, u̯elǝ
el elǝ-
el
Meaning: to deceive
Material: Lithuanian vìlti `cheat, deceive', Latvian vil̂t ds., Old Prussian prawilts ` betray ',
Material:
Lithuanian vỹlius `deceit, artifice', zero grade Old Prussian po-wela `sie verrieten', Latvian
velts ` futile ', Lithuanian véltas ` useless'; (gr. οὖλος = ὀλοός above S. 777); Middle Irish
fell `deceit' (Middle Irish fall, newer faill `Nachlässigkeit', cymr.gwall `ds., lack', bret. gwall
èvil, bad' are probably as eigene group for sich to place); after Būga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f.
belong the Baltic words to u̯el-2.
A extension from *u̯el- perhaps in:
gr. ἐλεφαίρομαι `cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool, injure ' (*u̯el-ebh-
), ὀλοφώιος `deceitful'; Lithuanian vìlbinti (*u̯ḷ-bh-) ` entice, äffen, zum besten have'.
References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different Mühlenbach-Endzelin IV 534, 596.

Page(s): 1140

el-6
el
Meaning: warm
Material: Armenian gol `heat', golanam `sich wärmen'; Lithuanian vìlditi ` lukewarm make'.
See also: perhaps to S. 1142 under (u̯el-7).
Page(s): 1140

el-7, u̯elǝ
el elǝ-, u̯lē-
el lē-
lē
Meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc..
Note: extended u̯el(e)u-
el(e)u-, u̯l̥-ne-
el(e)u ne-u-, u̯(e)lei-
(e)lei- (diese also ùmwinden, einwickeln = einhüllen')
(e)lei
Material: A. Old Indic válati, -te `wendet sich, dreht sich' (?), Kaus. vā̆layati `makes sich
wenden, roll', valanam `das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen', valá- m.
`Bedeckung, cave' (or to *u̯er-?), vala-, valaka- m. perhaps `(round) balk, beam, shaft,
pole', lengthened grade cakra-vāla- n. ` hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass', āla-vāla- n.
ìmmersion um die root eines Baumes' (compare Mayrhofer 1, 79 f.), probably also vāra-
m. `(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag' = npers. bār `mal';
from u̯ḹ-mi-
mi-: Old Indic ūrmí- m. f. ` surge, wave', Avestan varǝmiš ds.
from the u-basis: Old Indic vr̥ṇóti, ūrṇóti ùmhüllt, bedeckt, umschließt, umringt, hemmt,
wehrt', Avestan vǝrǝnavaiti `bedeckt hüllend' (contain partly Indo Germanic *u̯er-5), das
Avestan word also `wendet (sich)' as Old Indic válati; compare S. 1160;
Old Indic varútra- (= gr. ἔλυτρον) n. `Überwurf, i.e. was man umlegt' (uncovered, úlva-,
úlba- m. n. `wrapping of embryo, womb, uterus' (compare Latin volva);
from the i-basis: Old Indic valaya- m. n. ` circle, round Einfassung, bracelet ', valitá-
`gewendet, gebogen', valli-, vallī `Rankengewächs, Schlingpflanze', vallari-, vallarī f. `
tendril, Rankengewächs';
Armenian gelum (Aor. geli) `turn, turn over; turn round, coil ', Med. ` turn, coil ' (das
present zur u-basis, compare thematic Latin volvo), gelumn ` gyration, Umwindung' (=
Latin volūmen, εἴλῡμα?), glem `rolle, throw, cast low, base' (*gilem from *u̯ēl- or *gulem
from *u̯ōl-), gil (*u̯ēl-) `round Wurfstein' (compare gr. ὅλμος, russ. valún `round pebble'),
presumably lamb (-i, -iv) `ring, circle ' from *u̯l-̥ m-bhi- (due to of n-stem, compare
Lithuanian vilnìs, Old Church Slavic vlъna, Old High German wëlla);
gr. εἰλέω ` turn, twist, rotate, coil' (*Fελ-ν-έω), ἴλλω ds. (probably *Fί-Fλ-ω, in addition
ἰλλάς ` rope, band; close-packed, herding together, of cattle; ̓Ιλιάς = Troy, the Troad ',
ἰλλός ` squinting (the eye) ', Boeotian Fίλλων, ἴλλαι συστροφαί, δεσμοί Hes.), Attic εἴλλω
ds. (*ἐ-Fέλι̯ω); from Aeolic ἐλλέω (*Fελνέω): ἐλλεδανός `rope, the band for binding corn-
sheaves '), εἶλιγξ and εἴλιγγος `whirl, turn, dizziness, giddiness; swindle ' (after εἰλέω),
ἕλμις, Pl. ἕλμεις, ἕλμιγγες, ἕλμινθες f. ` intestinal worm ', εὐλή `worm' (*ἐ-Fλ-ᾱ), ὑάλη
σκώληξ Hes. (i.e. Fάλη), ἑλένη ` plaited basket', ὅλμος ` a round smooth stone (from which
passage it was taken to signify the human trunk; any cylindrical or bowl-shaped body:
mortar, kneadingtrough, hollow seat on which the Pythia prophesied, support, drinking-
vessel, mouthpiece of a flute, stone used as a weight ', hom. οὖλος ` frizzy, fleecy, woolly,
woolen; of plants, twisted, curling; twisted, crooked ' (*Fόλνος), redupl. ἴουλος ` Milchhaar,
Korngarbe, ein Insekt ', οὖλος ` fascicle, sheaf ', οὖλον `the gums' (as ` torose, rounded ');
from the i-basis: ἕλινος ` vine-layer, vine-tendril, the vine ', ἕλιξ `winded', f. ` bracelet ',
therefrom ἑλίσσω, Attic ἑλίττω, and (after εἰλέω) εἰλίσσω ` curl, wind, turn; making it roll;
turn round, to turn a chariot round the doubling-post; of any rapid motion, esp. of a circular
kind; to roll or wind round, as the wool round the distaff; metaph. to turn in one's mind,
revolve; to turn oneself round, turn quick round, turn to bay; of a serpent, to coil himself, of
a missile, to spin through the air; to turn hither and thither, go about; to whirl in the dance ',
ablaut. ἀλίνδω, Attic ἀλινδέω ` turn, twist, rotate, roll '; ἀλίζω ds.; about ῏Ηλις s. S. 1142;
from the u-basis: ep. εἰλύω ` wrap, envelop, cover; to crawl or wriggle along, of a lame
man ', Med. ` writhe, drag oneself along ' (*Fελνύω, compare καταείλυον), compare
participle εἰλυφόωντες; εἰλῡφάζειν `whirl, turn, roll' (due to from *Fελ-νυ-ς); εἰλυός, εἰλυθμός
`hiding place, nook, bolt-hole', εἰλεός (after εἰλέω) ` intestinal obstruction, twisting of the
bowels, cramp of the intestine, volvulus; lurking-place, den, hole; butcher's block; a kind of
vine '; ablaut. *FολοFό- ` whirl, gyration ' in ὀλ(ο)οί-τροχος ` running in whirl ' = ` rolling
stone '; Fελυ- in Aor. Pass. ἐλύσθη ` wurde geschleift, gewälzt ', ἐλυσθείς ` wrapped ',
Ionian Attic ἔλυτρον (Hes. γέλουτρον) ` bow-case; sheath of a spear; mirror-case; case of
a shield; sheath of the spinal cord, the shard of a beetle's wing; shell of a crab; of the eye-
lids; of the umbilical cord; husk or capsule of seeds; the body, as being the case or shell of
the soul; reservoir for water; tank for fish; container ', ἔλυμος ` case, quiver, a kind of
Phrygian pipe, made of box-wood, with a horn tip and bend in the left pipe, millet; sheath ',
ἐλύτης `kind of pastry, perhaps pretzel ' (besides εἰλύτας, ἐλλύτας); hom. εἶλαρ n. ` a close
covering, shelter, defence, fence, protection ' (*FέλFαρ, with prior dissimilation to *ἔλFαρ;
compare ἔλαρ βοήθεια Hes.; basic meaning probably ` barrier or netting from winding
branches '); *Fλῡ- in πέλλῡτρον ` sock or bandage worn by runners on the ankle; foot-
wrapper ', Perf. εἴλῡμαι, εἰλῡμένος ` veiled '; secondary υ: in εἴλῡμα ` sleeve, garment,
wrapper, ' (Latin volūmen, Armenian gelumn);
in addition also ἑλίκη ` willow ', ΏΕλικών `* mountain pasture, of osiers, of the willow-
copse ' (Fελικών of Korinna-Papyrus), like Old English welig, etc. ` willow ', different from
Indo Germanic *salik- ` willow ';
after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here αἰέλουρος m. f. ` tomcat, cat ' or `weasel', also αἴλουρος (from
αἰόλος + οὐρά `tail') and αἰόλος `quick, fast, movable, nimble, shimmering, varicolored;
wriggling; changeful of hue, gleaming, glancing, of arms and armour; changeful, shifting,
varied; shifty, wily, slippery ' from *(F)αι-Fόλ-ος; ἅλυσις f. ` chain, manacle' (*Fάλυ-τις);
Maybe Αἴολος, ου, ὁ, lord of the winds, properly the rapid or the changeable, Od.
alb. vjel ` harvest; vomit ' (*u̯elu̯ō); valë f. ` surge of kochenden water; wave, surge '
(*u̯elǝnā);
Note:
Wrong etymology, since alb. vjell `vomit' derived from abbreviated Lithuanian vémti `vomit',
vėmalaĩ `vomit' > maybe truncated alb. (*vėmalaĩ) vjell `vomit', see Root / lemma: u̯em-
em-,
em
u̯emǝ
emǝ- : to spit, vomit.
em
Latin vola f. ` roundness, cavity the hand or the Fußsohle' (compare Old Icelandic valr `
round ', Old Indic vala- m. `cave'); from the u-basis volvō, -ere, -ī, volūtum `roll, kollern,
wälzen, turn, whirl' (*u̯elu̯ō), volūmen ` pulley ', involūcrum `sleeve, wrapping, sheath ',
involūcre `Serviette', probably also volva, vulva ` womb, uterus, Eihaut the Pilze';
reduced grade vallus `picket, pole, palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence
made from poles that are inserted into the ground ', wherefore as collective vallum
`Pfahlwerk, Verschanzung' [out of it borrowed Old Saxon wal, Old English weall, Middle
High German wal(l) `Wall']; vallēs, vallis `valley' (`*incurvation ') = gr. *Fᾶλις > ῏Ηλις
(*u̯elnis), valvae `die Türflügel, Doppeltüre', valvolae `Schoten' (*u̯elu̯ā);
Old Irish fillid `bends' (previous n-present), bret. goalenn ` twig| sprout| stalk ' (`*flexible
rod'); Old Irish félmae (= fĕlmae) ` hedge; fence, anything planted/erected to form
surrunding barrier ' (presumably `*wickerwork'); ō-grade Middle Irish fāl m. `fence, paddock
', cymr. gwawl ` wall, rampart, entrenchment';
doubtful Middle Irish fail, foil (Gen. falach) `ring' (*u̯elik-, ablaut. with ἕλιξ?);
Old Icelandic vil Pl., Gen. vilja ` intestines, entrails ', Old English we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc
`Trompeterschnecke', Dutchwelk, wulk ds. from Germanic *weluka-, probably zur u-basis,
as certainly Gothic walwjan `wälzen', walwisōn `wallow', Old English wielwan `wälzen, roll'
(*walwjan), walwian tr. intr. `wälzen, roll'; Old Icelandic valr ` round ', Old English walu f.
`Strieme after a blow, knock' (*u̯olo-, -ā, compare Latin vola), Middle Low German walen
`turn, wälzen, roll', Old High German wulsta f. ` bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb
'; Gothic walus `staff', Old Icelandic vǫlr `round staff', Old Frisian walu-berа `Stabträger',
Old English uyrt-wala (`Wurzelstock'), Old High German wurzala `root'; n-present Old High
German wellan `round, roll', Old Saxon bíwellan ` blemish ' (`*in smut herumwälzen'), Old
Frisian biwullen participle `befleckt', wherefore Old High German wella `Welle = wave',
compare with formants -mi- (as Old Indic ūrmí-, Avestan varǝmi-) Old High German walm
Àufwallen, Sieden, heat', Old English wielm, wylm ` surge, Wallung, Sieden';
with the meaning `waves, billows throw' (compare Old High German wella etc.), ` to
bubble up, boil up, surge up' (from Quellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which
partly also words for `vapor, heat' entsprangen) besides Old High German walm, Old
English wielm also Old Icelandic vella, vall èffervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil', Old High
German (etc.) wallan, wiel `wogen, wallen, to bubble up, boil up, surge up, simmer,
seethe, boil, cook', Kaus. Old Icelandic vella `zum Sieden or Schmelzen bringen,
zusammenschweißen', Middle Low German Middle High German wellen ds., Old Icelandic
vella f. `Sieden', Old Frisian walla, Old English wiell f. `wellspring, Sieden', zero grade
Norwegian olla f. `wellspring', Gothic wulan `simmer, seethe, boil', Old Icelandic ylr
`Wärmedunst', ylja `warm', olmr ` furious ': Old High German walo Adv. `tepide', walī
`tepor'; here u̯el-6 S. 1140?
lengthened grade Old English wǣl m. n. `whirlpool, pool', wǣlan (*wōljan) `wälzen',
Middle Low German wӧ̄len ds., Old High German wuolen `dig, aufwühlen' (compare zum
ablaut Old Church Slavic valiti `wälzen', and to meaning àufwühlen' also Modern High
German Wal, Wehle, Wuhle òf Wasser ausgewaschene immersion');
Lithuanian veliù, vélti (heavy basis) `walken', váltis `thread, string, fishing net' (= russ.
vólotь ` filament, fibre ' besides the intonation), Latvian vel̂t `wälzen, walken', Lithuanian
apvalùs, Latvian apál̨š ` round ', Old Prussian walis `Zugscheit am cart ', Lithuanian volė̃
`wooden beetle, hammer', pavõlai `Walzen', Latvian vā̀le f. `Waschbleuel', vī-vala `the
Laufstock beim Garnwinden' (: vīvaluot ` be exuberant '); Lithuanianvė̃lei, vė̃l àgainst,
noch einmal', Latvian vêl `still, further' (àgainst' from ` turn ') and with meaning-
development `sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate' perhaps Lithuanian vėlùs, Latvian
vę́ls `late', Lithuanianvalandà ` while ' (out of it russ. valánda `Saumseliger');
Slavic *valъ m. in Church Slavic valъ `wave', russ. val `wave, surge, Walze' (Balto
Slavic *u̯ōl̆ a-), obvál Èrdrutsch', provál Èinsturz'; Old Church Slavic valiti sе̨ `κυλίεσθαι',
russ. valítь `wälzen', Iter. serb.váljati, russ. valjátь `wälzen, walken', ablaut. russ.-Church
Slavic obьlъ ` round ', russ. óblyj `roundish' (*ob-vьlъ); about russ. vólotь see above;
Balto Slavic *u̯ilnā- (*u̯ln

̥ ā) f. `wave' in Lithuanian vilnìs, vilnià, Latvian vilna `wave';
Slavic *vьlna in Old Church Slavic vlъna, russ. volná ds.; in addition Old Church Slavic
vъlati ìn Wallung bringen'.
Tocharian A walyi Pl. ` worms '.
B. d-present (respectively d-Erweiterg.): Old Icelandic velta, valt, Old High German
walzan, Middle High German walzen, wielz `sichwälzen', Old High German also `volvere
animo' (wgrm. a-present to a Perf. with Indo Germanic о neologism with Unterstützung of
Iterativs:) Gothic waltjan `wallow', uswaltjan ùmwälzen', Old Icelandic velta, Old English
wieltan, Old High German welzan trans. `wälzen, roll, turn', Old Norse valtr, Old English
wealt `rollend, wälzbar, unbeständig'; Old English wlatian unpers. `nauseare', wlǣta,
wlǣtta m. ` disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (*wlātiÞa), wlǣtan `foedare', Middle Low German
wlaten ` disgust ' (u̯lē-d- : u̯lǝ-d-); also besides Old High German wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll'
stands Middle High German die meaning ` disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge `
seasickness ', also Norwegian dial. valg `widerlich, evil' (see below);
d-Erweit. also in Latvian velde, veldre `das of rain niedergelegte (as gewälzte) corn,
grain '; compare from the i-basis above gr. ἀλίνδω, ἀλινδέω, ἀλίζω.
C. further formation:
u̯lei-
lei-s-, u̯li-
lei lili-s- in: Old Irish flesc `rod' (*u̯liskā), Gothic wlizjan `hit, chastise, castigate' (if
derivative from a *wliza- `rod'), Slavic *lěska (*vloiskā), russ.-Church Slavic lěskovъ `from
dem wood of Styraxbaumes gemacht', serb. lijèska ` hazel shrub ' etc.; about russ. lés
`wood, forest, wood ' (*lěsъ), lesá `fishing line, fence', which perhaps belong here, s.
Vasmer 2, 33 f. and above S. 665.
Maybe alb. lis òak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: lěsъ `forest,
wood(s)', Russian: les `forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: lis `forest, wood(s)'.
u̯lē-ro-, u̯lō-
lē-ro-
lē ro-, u̯lǝ-ro-
lō-ro-
lō ro-: gr. εὔληρα, Doric αὔληρα Pl. `rein', ἄβληρα ἡνία Hes. (*ἐ-, ἀ-
Fληρο-), Latin lōrum `strap', lōrica ` a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence,
breastwork, parapet: pinnae ' , Armenian lar `rope, cord, bowstring, muscle ', compare
above S. 1139.
D. guttural extensions:
olg- in Old Indic válgati `(*dreht sich), hüpft, springt', with sam- ` places sich in rollende
u̯olg-
olg
Bewegung', with abhi- `wallt auf', valgā `bridle, rein, rein', Latin valgus `säbelbeinig', Old
English wealcan, wéolc `roll (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo', Old
High German walkan, Middle High German walken, wielc `trample, felt, thrash', Middle
High German also `wallow', Old Icelandic valk n. `das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf
the sea', Old English gewealc n. `das Rollen', wealca m. ` surge ';*walkōn in Old Icelandic
valka `from place to place drive, push or ziehen, plague, volvere animo', Old English
wealcian `roll' (intr.), engl. walk ` wander ', Middle Low German walken ` drum, tumble, full,
mill, flex, bend, knead'; Latvian valgs `rope, cord';
nasalized Old Saxon wlank `minxish, wanton, bold', Old English wlanc `minxish, wanton,
stout, proud, stately', if from the meaning ` jumping ' (: Old Indic válgati) evolved.
u̯olk-
olk-: in Middle Low German walgen `wrestle, struggle, fight, feeling of sickness',
olk
Norwegian olga ` be disgusted ', Old High German wal(a)gōn `wallow, roll', trans. ` writhe,
twist, be tormented (by pain), roll', Middle High German unpers. m. Dat. ` disgust,
repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge ` seasickness '.
References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165
f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.;
See also: compare u̯el-3.
Page(s): 1140-1144

el-8
el
Meaning: to tear, wound; to steal
Note: with the ablaut u̯ol-
ol- : u̯ōl-
ol ōl-, die perhaps as independent group (A.) abzulösen are
ōl
Material: A. Old Irish fuil f. `blood', Middle Irish fuili `bloody Wunden', cymr. gweli (*u̯olīso-
?) `wound', corn. goly, Pl. golyow, Middle Breton goulyow ds.; Old Icelandic valr m. `die
Leichen auf the battlefield ', Old English wæl n. `ds., battlefield, Blutbad', Old High German
wal n. ds. (`Walstatt'), Old Saxon wal-dād `murder', Old Icelandicvalkyria `Walküre', Old
English wælcyrige èrinys, Zauberin' m.; lengthened grade Old High German wuol `
beating, ruin, epidemic ' (but wuolen `dig' see below *u̯el- `turn'), Old Saxon wōl, Old
English wōl m. f. ` epidemic, pestilence, plague ';
klr. valjava `with Gefallenen bedecktes battlefield ', Czech váleti `fight, battle', válka
`war, fight', wruss. valka `fight, struggle, Holzfällen', valčić `win, triumph', Old Prussian ūlint
(from *wālint) `fight';
Lithuanian vẽlės or vė̃lės ` the ghostly figures of the deceased ', vêlinas, nowadays
vélnias `devil' (originally `ghost' as Old Lithuanian veluokas), Latvian veli ` the spirits of the
deceased '.
B. Gr. ἁλίσκομαι `werde gefangen' (Thessalian Fαλίσσκε̃ται, Arcadian Fαλόντοις), Aor.

(F)αλῶναι, ἑά̄λων (*ἠ-Fάλων), ἁλωτός `gefangen', presumably also Ionian Attic εἵλωτες,
εἱλῶται `Heloten' (from lak. *ἥλωτες for *ἐ-Fελωτες); ἀνᾱλίσκω (*ἀνα-Fαλίσκω), Fut.
ἀνᾱλώσω àufwenden, consume, slay' (`*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reißen'),
ἀνᾱλόω `destroy, smash';
hom. Attic οὐλή `wound, scar' (*Fολνά̄ or *Fολσά̄), np. valāna, vālāna `wound', Latin
volnus, -eris `wound' (*u̯ls̥ nos = Old Irish flann `blood; blutrot'); γέλλαι τῖλαι Hes. (i.e.
Fέλλαι; Fick KZ. 44, 438);
Latin vellō, -ere, velli and volsi (vulsi), volsum (vulsum) `pluck, tear, rend; ausreißen,
ausrupfen, abzupfen';
Gothic wilwan `rob', wulwa ` robbery ';
Hittite u̯alḫmi `bekämpfe';
in Germanic further formations Middle Low German wlete f. `wound, Schmiß', Middle
High German letzen ìnjure' (Indo Germanic *u̯[e]led-), probably also Old Frisian wlemma
`damage, injure', Middle Low German wlame ` disability, Sündhaftigkeit';
Hittite hullāi-, hullii̯a- `fight, struggle' (?).
References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74;
See also: perhaps in addition u̯elk-1 `ziehen'.
Page(s): 1144-1145
Root / lemma: u̯e-4, u̯o-, u̯es-

es-
es
Meaning: ` down, downward '
See also: see above S. 73 (au-).
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯e-5, u̯o-

Meaning: ` those, that, pronoun used to indicate specific people or objects '
See also: see above S. 75 (au-).
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯em-

em-, u̯emǝ
em emǝ-
em
Meaning: to spit, vomit
Material: Old Indic vámi-ti, newer vamati àusspeien, vomit', vānta- `gespien', vamathu- m.
Èrbrechen', Avestan vam- `vomit'; npers. vātāk `saliva' (*u̯m-̥̄ to-);
gr. ἐμέω (for *ἔμε-μι), Aor. ἐμέσσαι `vomit', ἔμετος m., ἔμεσις f. Èrbrechen' (ἐμύς
`Sumpfschildkröte'?);
Latin vomō (*u̯emō) èrbreche', vomitus Èrbrechen', vomica ùlcer, abscess, boil ';
Norwegian dial. vimla `nausea feel', vimra `nausea cause', Old Swedish vami m. `
disgust, repulsion, loathing '; Old Icelandic vāma `nausea ', vāmr ` disgusting person';
Lithuanian vémti `vomit', vėmalaĩ `vomit', vìmdyti èrbrechen make', Latvian vemt `sich
erbrechen';
maybe truncated alb. (*vėmalaĩ) vjell `vomit', older vel òvereat, feel nausea ' , a Lithuanian
loanword
very dubious is kinship from Gothic Gen. Pl. wammē ` stain ', gawamms Gen. Pl.
`befleckt, impure, unclean', Old Icelandic vamm n. `fault, error, disability ', Old English
wamm m. n. ` stain, disability, wrong; injustice ', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil, bad', Old Saxon
wam n. èvil, harm', Adj. `mad, wicked, evil' (*u̯om-no-); compare Weisweiler IF 41, 46.
References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.
Page(s): 1146
Root / lemma: u̯end

en h-1
en
Meaning: to turn, wind, plait
Material: Old Indic vandhúra- m. ` Wagensitz ', originally ` Wagenkorb ' (from netting),
Material:
Armenian gind `ring', gndak ortòy ` vine-layer, Rebschoß';
Note:
ur : Old Indic vandhúra- m. ` Wagensitz ', originally ` Wagenkorb ' :

ur-
υρικό
υρί
υριστί.
υριστί
gr. rhod. ἄθρας ` cart ' Hes., κάνν-αθρον `Korbwagen' (*u̯nd

̥ h-ro-); Umbrian pre-uendu
àdvertitō', aha-uendu àvertitō';
rich evolved in Germanic: Gothic Old English Old Saxon windan, Old High German
wintan, Old Icelandic vinda ` coil ', Kaus. Gothic wandjan etc., Modern High German
wenden `turn ', Old Icelandic vindr `slant, skew', Gothic inwinds ` inverted ', Middle High
German windeht `winded', Old High German wanda `turbo', Old Icelandic vandr `genau,
difficult, hard' (`*inverted, verdreht'), vandi m. `Schwierigkeit, Ungemach', Old English
wandian `hesitate, achten, scheuen', Gothic wandus = Old Icelandic vǫndr `horsewhip,
rod', vandahūs `Haus from wickerwork ', Swedish dial. vann `Schlingfaden in plants ',
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Icelandic vǫndull
`zusammengedrehtes bundle from Heu', Modern High German wandern, wandeln `change
' among others m.
References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;
See also: *u̯endh- is perhaps nasalized Forme to u̯ēd
̆ h- ` tie, bind, knot, bind'.
Page(s): 1148

en h-2
en
Note: see above S. 1047 (s)u̯endh- ds.;
Material: unclear is das relationship to Old Church Slavic pri-svędati, pri-svęnǫti
`marcescere, torrefieri', Old Czech svadnúti, Czech vadnouti `wither, wilt', poln. świędzieć
ìtch', swąd `Brandgeruch, fetidness ' etc.; compare Holub 406.
Page(s): 1148

en h-3
en
Meaning: hair, beard
Material: Gr. ἴονθος m. ` root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag' (*u̯i-u̯ondhos),
ἰονθάς `villous, shaggy';
Middle Irish find ` hair of the head ', Old Irish Gen. Pl. finnae (*u̯endhu-), (common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), newer Nom. Sg. Middle Irish finna ds., nir. fionnān ` marsh grass ', from
which mcymr. gwynnawn ds.; Middle Irish fēs `Schamhaar, hair' (*u̯endh-s-o-); Old High
German wintbrāwa èyelash' (Haarrand); Old Prussian wanso f. `the first beard', Old
Church Slavic vǫsъ, ǫsъ `barba, mystax' (Balto Slavic *u̯ondh-s-o-, -ā).
References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f., Frisk 729 f.
Page(s): 1148
Root / lemma: u̯e-n-gh-

gh-
Meaning: to be bent
Material: Germanic *wanga- `field' in Gothic waggs m. `Paradies', Old Icelandic vangr, Old
Saxon wang, Modern High German-Bavarian-österr. Wang Àue' etc. (actually `bend');
with schwacher inflection Old High German etc. wanga `cheek', derivative Gothic
waggareis m. (or -i n.) `pillow', Old High German wangari ds. and Old Icelandic vengi
(*wangia), Old High German ōr-wengi ds.; here also Middle Low German wingeren ` crook
oneself, grovel, truckle, creep '.
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 216 could though
also *u̯enk- for unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes Indo Germanic
*u̯onkó- etc. annimmt.
Page(s): 1149
Root / lemma: u̯e-n-g-

Meaning: to be bent
Material: Old Indic váŋgati `goes, hinkt' (Gramm.), vañjula- `name of different plants', e.g.
`calamus Rotang' etc.;
alb. vank, vangu `Felge', vek ` handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the
hand ', vegëlë `handle, hold, grasp' (u̯ng
̥ -);
Old High German winchan, Middle High German winken `waver, wave, beckon', Old
High German winch, Middle High German winc ` beckoning gesture, Wanken', compare
Old English wince `Winde', engl. winch; Old English wincian `wave, beckon, nod, die
Augen shut', Middle Low German winken ds., Old High German winkil ` angle, earth';
ablaut. Old Icelandic vakka ùmherirren, amble', Old Saxon wancon, Old High German
wankon, Middle High German Modern High German `wanken = wobble'; Old English
wancol ùnbeständig', wencel n. `kid, child, maid ', nengl. wench;
Lithuanian véngiu, véngti àvoid, vermeiden', actually ` veer, swerve, turn about ';
ablaut. Iterat. vángstyti undvangùs ìdle'; vìngis `bow, curvature ', išvéngti `vermeiden',
víngiuoti `bow, Umwege make', vingrùs `sich schlängelnd, sharp witted, shrewd'; Old
Prussian wīngriskan Akk. Sg. àrtifice', wangan Akk. Sg. ènd'; Latvian vingrs `fresh,
nimble, skilful'.
References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl
Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;
See also: compare u̯ā-, u̯ek- etc.
Page(s): 1148-1149
Root / lemma: u̯e-n-k-

See also: see above S. 1134 f. (u̯ek-).
Page(s): 1149
Root / lemma: u̯en-

en-1, u̯enǝ
en enǝ-
en
Meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love
Material: Old Indic vánati, vanṓti `wünscht, loves, gewinnt, siegt', participle vanita-, -vāta-,
váni-tr̥-, vantr̥-́ ` gainer ', Avestan vanaiti, vanaoiti `siegt', Middle Persian vanītan `defeat,
conquer, hit'; Old Indic Aor.-present vanáti in same meaning; Kaus. vanáyati and vānáyati
(previously not covered); as -sk̂-present Old Indic vā́ñchati `wünscht', compare vāñchā f.
`wish'; vanas- n. `lust' (compare Latin Venus), vani- f. `desire, wish', wherefore vanīyati
`bettelt', vanīyaka- ` beggar', vanú- as noun agentis m. (compare Avestan -vanuš in Nom.
Prussian); in compositions erscheirit ványa-; s. further vantā- as Nom. Sg. m. (Avestan
vantar ` victor'), vanti- Nom. Act. (uncovered, yet compare Avestan -vantay-); Old Indic
vā́ma- ` left ' and vāmá- `lieb(lich), lascivious';
venet. VN Venetī from *u̯enetos `geliebt'; compare die Venostes in den Alpen, die
Venetulani in Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); Latin-Germanic Venethi (Plin.); Old High German
Winida `Wende' point at auf proto Germanic *Venéto-, against it Latin-Germanic Venedi
(Tacitus), Old English Winedas `Wenden' auf *Venetó-;
Maybe alb. (*venedi) vendi 'country, homeland', vendos 'place, put, settle, judge, decide'
Latin venus, -eris f. `love, Liebesgenuß, Liebreiz', Venus name the Liebesgöttin,
venustus `graceful, charming, mellifluous', veneror, -āri `with religious fear, shyness
worship, huldigen, humbly bid, beg, ask', originally `die love bezeugen'; here also vēnor, -
āri `pursue ein Wild, hunt, chase';
Old Irish fine (*venjā) ` kinship, stem, family ', Middle Irish fin-galach ` parricidalis ',
coibnius ` kinship' (*con-venestu-), abret. coguenou ` indigena ', Middle Breton gouen
`Rasse', cymr. gwen ` smile ' (out of it Middle Irish gen ds.?);
extraordinary reich vertreten is die root u̯en- in den Germanic Sprachen:
auf Indo Germanic *u̯eni-s goes back gall. Veni- in PN Veni-carus etc., Old Icelandic
vinr `friend', Old Saxon Old High German wini, Old Frisian Old English wine; eine jā-
derivative is Gothic winja ` willow, food', Middle Low German Old High German winne, Old
Icelandic vin f. ` meadowland ' (compare Old Irish fine ` kinship'); zero grade Old High
German wunnia, wunna, wunnī `lust, Wonne', Old Saxon wunnia, Old English wynn ds.
(Middle High German wunne ` meadowland ', only in the Formel wunne and weide ` graze'
replacement for the old winne);
Indo Germanic *u̯enistro- wird through Old Icelandic vinstri ` left ', Old Saxon winistar,
Old Frisian winister etc. assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as Latin sinister etc. (compare
moreover Old Indic vāma- ` left ');
frequent, often is the junction to `befriedigt sein, sich accustom ' in Germanic; compare
zero grades Gothic unwunands `sich nicht freuend', Old Icelandic una (*wunēn) `zufrieden
sein with', Old Frisian wonia, Old Saxon wonōn, wunōn `stay, dwell', Old High German
wonēn ` habitual, customary sein, sich accustom, abide, remain, wohnen'; Old Saxon
giwono, giwuno, Old English gewun, Old High German giwon ` habitual, customary '; Old
Icelandic o-grade vanr ds.; derived Old Saxon giwono (*-wunan-) ` consuetude ' etc., Old
Icelandic vani m. ds.; Old Icelandic venja (*wanjan), Old Saxon gi-wennian, Old English
wennan etc. ` accustom '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
maybe alb. vonë `late', vonoj `delay, stay late'
die lengthened grade has Germanic meaning `hoffen, expect ' angenommen; Gothic
wēns (i-stem) ` expectation, hope', Old Icelandic vān, Old Saxon wān ds., Old Frisian wēn
òpinion', Old High German wān also `Vermutung, Wahn, intention' etc.; Adj. necess. Old
Icelandic vǣnn (*vēnja-) `to hoffen, pretty, pleasant', wherefore Old Icelandic vænd
(*vēniÞō) `hope, expectation ', Gothic wēnjan ` expect, hoffen', Old Icelandic vǣna ds.,
vǣnask ` boast ', Old Saxon wānian etc.; zero grade Old Icelandic ōsk (*wunskō) `wish',
Old English wūsc-, Old High German wunsc `wish' etc., Old Icelandic ø̄skja `wish', Old
English wȳscan ds. (compare gewȳscan àdoptieren'), Old High German wunscen ds. etc.
(compare above Old Indic vāñchati);
the meaning `work, suffer, bear, endure, quarrel, gain ' shows sich Germanic in the
family Gothic winnan `suffer, bear, endure', Old Icelandic vinna `work, align, überwinden',
Old Saxon winnan `quarrel, fight' etc., Old English wiðerwinna m. ` adversary ', Old High
German widarwinno ds.; Gothic winnō, winna ` affliction, -schaft', Old Icelandicvinna
`work', Old High German winna `fight', Middle High German winne `pain'; schließlich
Gothic wunns ` affliction '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
Church Slavic uniti ` velle ', unjii, uněji `better';
Hittite u̯en-, u̯ent- ` futuere '; Tocharian A wañi, В wīn- `pleasure'.
References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.

Page(s): 1146-1147

Root en-2
en
Meaning: ` punch, hit, strike '
See also: see above under u̯ā-1.
Page(s): 1147
en-
en
Note: (: u̯ā-, similarly as gʷem- gʷā- `go, come')
ʷem- : gʷ
Material: Armenian vandem `destroy, smash'; Gothic wunds `verwundet', Old High
German Modern High German Old Saxon Old English wund, Subst. Old High German
wunta, Old English wund, Old Icelandic and `wound' (*u̯n-̥ tós, -tā́), Old English if `swelling,
lump, growth' (originally probably `swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages'), engl. wen,
Middle Low German wene, Danish dial. vann, væne (proto Germanic *wanja); cymr. ym-
wan `fight', mcymr. gweint Ì durchbohrte', 3. Sg. gwant; gwân ` punctio ', corn. yth ym-
wanas ` percussit ', gwane ` perforare '.
References:
Page(s): 1108
Root / lemma: u̯ep-

ep-2
ep
Meaning: to throw, throw out
Note:
Root / lemma: u̯ep-
ep-2 : `to throw, throw out' derived from an extended Root / lemma: u̯er-
ep er-3:
er
G. u̯er-
er-p-, u̯r-ep-
er su̯erkʷh
ep- (*su̯erk ʷh-):: `to turn, wind'.
erkʷh-
Material: Old Indic vápati `wirft, streut (den Samen)', vápra- m. n. Àufwurf (from earth),
earthwall', vaprā `Feuerstätte', Avestan vafra-, Middle Persian vafr, npers. barf `snow'
(actually [*Schnee]wehe?);
Maybe alb. borë ` snow ' < npers. barf ` snow '.
Old Church Slavic veprь, Latvian vepris `boar' (as `the Befruchter'); different about Balto
Slavic *u̯epri̯a- `boar' above S. 323; remains far off Latin veprēs `briar' (see 1156).
References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.
Page(s): 1149
Root / lemma: u̯(e)rād-

(e)rād-, u̯erǝd-
(e)rād ǝd-, u̯rǝd-
ǝd-
Meaning: twig, root, branch
Material: Gr. ῥά̄δῑξ, -ῑκος `twig, branch, rod' (= Latin rādīx), ῥάδαμνος m., Aeolic
*Fρόδαμνος (from ὀρόδαμνος to erschließen) `young twig, branch' (about ῥαδινός,
ῥαδαλός u̯er-, u̯red- `turn'); compare ῥίζα Lesbian βρίσδα `root' (*Fρǝδι̯α?);
alb. rrânzë `root' (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); Latin rādīx, -īcis f. `root'; probably rāmus
`bough, twig, branch' (as *u̯rādmos) and radius `staff, Speiche, ray bright body,
Weberschiffchen';
Maybe alb. (*radna) rranja ` root '
cymr. gwraidd `roots' (*u̯rǝdi̯o-), Singulativ gwreiddyn, acorn. grueiten gl. radix, Middle
Breton gruizyenn, nbret. grisienn; cymr. gwrysg `Äste, branch ' (*u̯rd
̥ -sko-); Old Irish Middle
Irish frēn `root' (*u̯rd
̥ -no-), newer frēm; cymr. greddf Ìnstinkt, nature' (*u̯rd
̥ -mā-; also
perhaps originally -mn-suffix, compare above gr. ῥάδαμνος);
Gothic waúrts `root', Old English wyrt, Old High German wurz `herb, plant', Middle High
German also `root', Old High German wurzala, Old English wyrtwalu (actually `herb-stock')
`root' (here also Old Saxon wurtia, Middle High German würze `Würze', next to which the
changing by ablaut Old Saxon wirtea, Middle High German wirze ds.; besides diesen auf
*u̯erǝd- based forms stands *ur(ǝ)d- in Old Icelandic urt `herb'; Old Icelandic rōt `root';
Tocharian В witsako `root'.
References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.
Page(s): 1167
Root / lemma: u̯erd

er h-, u̯red
er re u̯erd
re h- (*ḫu̯ er h-)
er
Meaning: to grow; high
Material: Old Indic várdhati, várdhatē, vr̥dháti `wächst, mehrt sich', várdha- m. `das
Material:
Fördern', vardháyati `makes grow', vr̥ddhá- ` grown, big, large, old', vŕ̥ddhi- f. `
strengthening '; Avestan varǝd- `make grow '; Old Indic ūrdhvá- `high' (*u̯or-dh-u̯o-); Old
Indic vrādhant- èmporsteigend';
gr. ὀρθός, Doric βορθό- èrect, straight, right, true' (*u̯ordh-u̯o-), in addition also ὄρθρος
`the early morning ', ὄρθριος, ὀρθρῑνός èarly, matutinal', ὀρθρεύω `bin früh auf', therefore
anlaut. F through lakon. βορθαγορίσκος Hes., otherwise ὀρθαγορίσκος (from *ὀρθρ-)
`Spanferkel' (ἐπεὶ πρὸς τὸν ὄρθρον πιπράσκονται) gesichert wird; ῥέθος `limb, member,
body, face (with the eyes and mouth)';
alb. rit `grow, make groß';
perhaps Gothic gawrisqan `fruit bringen', Old Icelandic rǫskr `proficient', rǫskvask
àufwachsen, ripen', rǫskinn ` grown';
Old Church Slavic etc. rodъ ` partus, generatio, gens, natura ', roditi, raždati ` parere ',
redъ `dish, food, nourishment, food', nslov. redíti ` nourish ', Latvian radīt ` create, to give
birth to children ' (probably loanword), raža ` prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest'
(*radi̯ā), rasma, rasme ` prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit', Lithuanian rasmė̃ ds.;
doubtful Lithuanian rẽsnas `strong, proficient', Latvian resns `thick, dickleibig, dickstämmig'
(russ. loanword?); Old Church Slavic ranъ `ὄρθρος', Czech poln. rano `die time early in the
morning, die Frühe' (compare Bulgarian ražda se `(die sun) goes auf, (sol) oritur') from
*u̯rōdhno-.
References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer 2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.
References:
Page(s): 1167

er-g-, u̯er-
er er-ĝh-, u̯er-
er u̯er-
er-k- (*ḫu̯
er er-ĝh-)
er
u̯er-
See also: see above S. 1154 f. (u̯ er-3: D. u̯er-
er er-g-, etc..)
er
Page(s): 1169
Root / lemma: u̯erĝ-

rĝ-1, u̯reĝ-
reĝ- (*ḫu̯
reĝ u̯erĝ-
rĝ-1)
Meaning: to close, enclose; pen
Note: extension from u̯er-
er-5.
er
Material: Old Indic vrajá- m. ` hurdle, Umhegung', vr̥jana- m. Ùmhegung, Einfriedigung,
abgeschlossene settlement ', Gatha-Avestan vǝrǝzǝ̄na-, jav. varǝzāna-, ap. vardana- n.
`Gemeinwesen' (out of it borrowed Old Indic vardhana- `town, city', Wackernagel KZ. 67,
168 f.); Avestan varǝz- àbsperren'; oss. æruæz (*wraza- = Old Indic vrajá-) ` herd,
Hirsche';
hom. ἔργω, ἐργάθω (F-) and (with Vorschlags ἐ-) ἐέργω, Attic εἴργω `schließe ein, from,
hold ab', Attic εἱρκτή, Ionian ἐρκτή ` jail ', Attic εἱργμός ` jail, lock ', Cypriot ka-te-vo-ro-ko-
ne `sie belagerten'; in addition Old Irish fraig `wall', nir. fraigh `wall from wickerwork, roof,
hurdle ', because of mcymr. ach-vre `wattled fence' from *u̯regi- (Loth RC. 38, 301).
References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BSL. 52, 34;
See also: compare u̯erĝh- above S. 1154.
Page(s): 1168

rĝ-2, u̯reĝ- u̯erĝ-
eĝ- (*ḫu̯ rĝ-2)
Meaning: to do, work
Material: Avestan varǝz- (vǝrǝzyeiti = Gothic waúrkeiÞ; s. also gr. ῥέζω) ` work, do, make',
participle varšta-, varǝza- m. ` work, Verrichten from, occupation ' (npers. varz, barz
`Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'), varšti- f. `Handeln, Tun', varštva- Adj. `was to tun is'; Armenian
gorc `work' (with secondary o); gr. ἔργον, Fέργον ` work' (= German Werk ` work '),
ἐργάζομαι àrbeite', thereafter ἐργάτης `worker' (for *ἐργότης), ἔρδω (occasionally ἕρδω)
`do, sacrifice ' (*Fερzδω, *u̯erĝi̯ō lengthened grade after Fέργον as in Old Saxon wirkian),
Fut. ἔρξω, Aor. ἔρξα, Perf. ἔοργα), ῥέζω `do' (from ῥέξαι neologism, hom. ἄρεκτος
ùngetan' reconverted with metathesis from *ἄ[F]ερκτος); ὄργανον `tool', ὄργια `(secret)
worship', ὀργιάζω `feiere Mysterien', ὀργεών `Mitglied a religiösen Brüderschaft'; ὀργάζω,
Ionian ὀργάω, ὀργίζω `knead, rühre through, tan, convert hide into leather' (as Modern
High German Teig wirken with meaning- contraction in the professional jargon), wherefore
ἐόργη ` verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle ' (probably
redupl. Fε-Fόργᾱ);
Zero grade alb. (*u̯reĝ-) rregj `clean', Mediopassiv rregjem ` trouble about, strain, strive'
(stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.); (common Slavic Baltic Albanian Greek u̯re- rre- see ῥέζω
re- > rre-
re
`do').
abret. guerg ` effective| capable of filling some function; (person/medicine); legally valid ',
gall. vergo-bretus ` uppermost authority of Aeduer ', also verco-breto (Pokorny, Vox
Romanica 10, 266 f.); mcymr. gwreith `feat, dead, act' (*u̯reĝ-tu-), 1. Pl. Imper. acymr.
guragun, newer gwnawn etc. (n instead of r through influence of *gnī- `make', S. 373),
corn. gruen, mbr. gr-(u)eomp (*u̯reĝ- `make'), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;
Old Saxon wirkian (neologism after werk), warhta, Old High German (Franconian)
wirkan, wirchen, war(a)hta `work, be active, work '; Gothic waúrkjan (= Avestan vǝrǝzyeiti),
Old Icelandic yrkja, orta, Old English wyrcan, worhte, Old High German (Upper German)
wurchen, wor(a)hta ` work, do, make, effectuate ', Old High German gawurht f. `feat, dead,
act, action', Gothic frawaúrhts ` sinful ', f. ` sin ' etc., Gothic waúrstw n. `work' (*waúrh-
stwa-; similarly Avestan varštva-); Old High German werc, werah, Old Saxon werk, Old
Icelandic werk n. (= ἔργον) `work, occupation, job', Old English weorc also ` hardship,
agony', wherefore also Old Icelandic verkr, Gen. verkjar (m. i-stem) `pain, affliction' could
belong here;
Old High German wirken ` nähend, stickend, webend verfertigen ' = Old Saxon wirkian,
Old English wircan, and das therefrom not trennbare Old High German werih in the
meaning ` coarse flax, tow, oakum ', āwirihhi, āwurihhi ` oakum ' show use our root auf die
Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF. 22, 332 f. (the Werg and wirken `to weave' the root
*u̯erg- `turn, coil ' allot möchte); an Modern High German Werg reminds cymr. cy-warch `
hemp, flax' = bret. koarc'h, abret. coarcholion gl. ` canabina '; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362
seeks therein ein Indo Germanic *u̯er-k- `turn', see above S. 1155.
References: WP. I 290 f., Frisk 548 f.

Page(s): 1168-1169
rĝ-3, u̯orĝ- u̯erĝ-
rĝ- (*ḫu̯ rĝ-3)
Meaning: to abound, to be full of strength
Material: Old Indic ū́rj-, ūrjā́ f., ūrjá- m. `juice, sap and power, nourishment, food' (*u̯orĝ-?),
ūrjáyati ` nourishes, strengthens', ū́rjasvant- ` plentiful ';
gr. ὀργή `seelischer, heftiger shoot, Affekt, rage, fury' (ὀργίζω èrzürne jemanden' ),
ὀργάω `from dampness and juice, sap strotzen, violent lust, crave, in leidenschaftlicher
Stimmung sein', ὀργάς, -άδος (γῆ) `üppiger fruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au';
e-grade Old Irish ferc, Middle Irish ferg f. `rage, fury' presumably also the ὠκεάνος
Οὐεργιουιος by Ptol. (i.e. vergivios `the angry'? or still `the schwellende, surging '?);
mcymr. y werit `sea' (that is to say y werydd) rather from *u̯eri̯o- to *au̯er- above S. 80 and
1165; compare Pedersen Celtic Gr. II, 669 f.

Page(s): 1169

er u̯er-
er-10 (*ḫu̯ er-10)
er 10
Meaning: ` river, flow '
See also: see above au̯er- S. 80 f.; in addition Var- in many FlN (u̯er-).
Page(s): 1165

er 11 u̯erǝ
er-11, er u̯er-
erǝ- (*ḫu̯ er-11)
er 11
Meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true
Material: A. root nouns u̯ēr-
ēr-: gr. Fηρ- in hom. (ἐπι) ἦρα φέρειν èinen Gefallen tun', Pherek.
ēr
ἦρα ἴσθι, Bacchyl. ἦρα with Gen. `χάριν'; ἐπιήρανος `wohlgefällig, pleasant'; Nom. Pl. ἐρί-
ηρες ` confidante ', Sg. o-stem ἐρίηρος `traut, dear'; βρίηρον μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον Hes.;
PN Περιήρης, Διώρης from Διο-Fήρης.
B. derivative u̯ērā:
ērā Germanic *wēra `pact, covenant, profession, declaration, covenant'
ērā
in Old Icelandic GN Vār `goddess of oath of allegiance ', Pl. vārar `Treuegelübde', Old
English wǣr f. `pact, covenant, loyalty, protection', Old High German wāra ds., Middle Low
German wāre `pact, covenant, peace'; Old Church Slavic f. `faith, belief'.
C. compounds auf -u̯ēro- uēri-s, formal as gr. ἐρίηρoς, βρίηρος: Latin se-vērus òhne
ēro-s, -uēri-
ēro
Freundlichkeit', i.e. `stern', therefrom assevērāre ` insure ', persevērāre èndure';
Gegenstück gall. PN Co-vīrus, cymr. cywir `right, loyal, faithful'; *u̯ēri-s in Gothic alla-werei
`schlichte Güte', Old Icelandic ǫlvǣrr `friendly, gastlich', Old English eal-werlic `benigne',
Old High German alauuari, Middle High German alwære `simple, oafish, clownish ', Old
High German zur-wāri `dubious ' = Gothic *tuzwērs (tuzwērjan `doubt'), *unwērs(un-wērjan
` unwilling sein'), Old High German miti-wāri `gentle'.
D. adjective u̯ēro-
ēro-s `true': Latin vērus, Old Irish fīr, cymr. gwir; Old Saxon Old High
ēro
German wār, Modern High German wahr.
E. verb derivations: gr. ἑορτή (*FεFορτά̄) ` celebration, festival', Aeolic ἔροτις ds.
(*Fεροτις? rather assimilate an ἐροτός, hom. ἐρατός ` mellifluous'); ἔρανος ds.;
Old High German werēn, giweren, giwerōn, Modern High German gewähren, Old Saxon
waron `leisten'.
Here probably also Germanic werðuz (= Indo Germanic *u̯ertú-) in Old Icelandic verÞr
(Dat. Sg. virÞe besides frequent verÞe) `repast, meal', Gothic wairdus `ξένος', Old Saxon
werd, Old High German Wirt ` householder, Eheherr, host ', Old Frisian hus-werda `
landlord, householder '.
References: WP. I 285 f., WH. II 528, 768, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 115 ff., The ältesten
Postverb. of Germanic 45, Frisk 531, 547 f., 565, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 184.
Page(s): 1165-1166

Root er u̯er-
er-12 (*ḫu̯ er-12)
er 12
Meaning: to burn
Material: Armenian vaṙem ` set on fire, ignite ', vaṙim `burn'; perhaps alb. vorbë `
saucepan, cooking pot ' and (?) Germanic *u̯arma- `warm' in Gothic warmjan `warm', Old
Icelandic varmr, afr. Old Saxon Old High German warm `warm', changing through ablaut
Old High German wirma ` warmth ' (*wirmia) and wirmina, Middle High German wirme and
wirmen; compare (?) Old Icelandic orna `warm become, warm'; Old Church Slavic varъ
`heat', variti `cook' (different above S. 81); in addition also Balto-Slavic u̯arna- m. `raven' in
Lithuanian var̃nas, Old Prussian Vok. warnis, Akk. Pl. warnins, Old Church Slavic vranъ,
russ. vóron, probably a nominalized adjective *u̯arna- `black, verbrannt' in Old Church
Slavic vranъ, russ. voronój `black' etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. Balto Slavic
*u̯ārnā- `crow' in Old Prussian warne (secondary ē-stem), Lithuanian várna, russ. Church
Slavic vrana, serb. vrȁnа, russ. voróna (glottal stop through Vriddhi); Hittite u̯ar- `burn',
participle u̯arant- ` burning ' (Intrans.), u̯ar-nu- `kindle, inflame, burn '.
References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemerényi Kratylos
2, 121 f., the also Germanic *swarta- `black' (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.
Page(s): 1166
er u̯er-
er-13 (*ḫu̯ er-13)
er 13
Meaning: squirrel, etc..
Note: in certainly Zugehörigen with Redupl. u̯er-u̯er-, u̯e-u̯er-, u̯ai-u̯er-, u̯i-u̯er-, u̯ā-u̯er-
Material: Npers. varvarah ` squirrel '; Latin vīverra f. `Frettchen' (*vī-ver-sa); cymr. gwiwer,
bret. gwiber from Latin; unclear nir. iora rūadh, Scots Gaelic feorag;
Balto-Slavic *u̯ēu̯er- and *u̯āu̯er- *u̯aiu̯er- f. Èichhörnchen' in Lithuanian vaiverìs

(vaivaras, vaivarys) `male of polecat or marten', vaiverė̃, voverė̃ ` squirrel '; Latvian vãvere,
vāveris ds.; Old Prussian weware ds.; Old Russian věverica, nslov. vẹ́verica Èichhorn',
klr. vyvirka, Czech veverka, Bulgarian ververica ds.;
not reduplicated in 2. part from Old English āc-weorna, Old Swedish ēkorne, Old High
German eihhurno, eihhorn etc. Èichhorn' (see below *aig- `sich violent bewegen').
References: WP. I 287 f., WH. III 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176.
Page(s): 1166

er-1, also su̯er-
er er u̯er-
er- (*ḫu̯ er-1)
er
Meaning: to bind, to attach
Material: A. Gr. ἀείρω from *ἀFέρι̯ω (with Vorschlags-α-), from Homer also αἴρω (anyhow
from *ἀέρι̯ω contracted, with αι instead of ᾶι): α) `reihe an, bandage, kopple', β) `lift high,
raise, uplift';
to α) `kopple':
ξυναίρεται συνάπτεται Hes., συνήορος Hom. (συνά̄ορος Pind.) `narrowly vereint,

coniunx', Attic συνωρίς `Zweigespann', τετρά̄ορος, Attic τέτρωρος `Viergespann', hom.
παρήορος `Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann';
to β) `lift high, allow hängen':
ἤερτο ἐκρέματο Hes., hom. ἠερέθονται `sie flattern'; hom. μετήορος, Attic μετέωρος,
Aeolic πεδά̄ορος èrhoben, high schwebend' (μετά ` amid, in the middle of '); κατήορος,
κατωρίς; κατώρης κάτω ῥέπων Hes.; ἐπήορος; ἀπήορος; in addition with lengthened grade
and Intensive reduplication αἰώρα (*FαιFώρᾱ) `Schwebe, Schaukel', with αἰωρέω. further
in addition ἀορτήρ `Schwertkoppel', ἀορτή `leather sack' (*ἄFορτά̄ because of Latin
loanword averta `Packsack'), also probably ἄορ n. `sword'; ἀορτ- or rather ἀαρτ-
contracted to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτηρία ` windpipe, Arterie', besides ἀορτή Àorta'; ἀερτ- contracted
to ἀ̄ρτ- in ἀρτᾶν ` attach with a hinge, hook ' (compare ἠέρτησε ἠέρτημαι by Alexandrinern
with ἀρτάνη `rope, loop, noose, snare ', ἀρτεμών `Bramsegel');
alb. vjer ` hang on', avarī `together', vark, -gu `row, Kranz, chain ', vargarī `row, Trupp';
Lithuanian veriù, vérti èinfädeln'; Latvian veru, vẽrt èinfädeln, prick, sew ', in addition
die iterative Lithuanian várstyti, Latvian vãrstīt `wiederholt einfädeln', Latvian savāre `rod
zum Binden', East Lithuanian vìrtinė `bundle', Latvian virtene, virkne (*virtne) f.
Àneinandergereihtes, row', also Lithuanian pa-varė̃ and vorà f. `long row' (from cart,
animals etc.), Lithuanian virvė̃, Latvian vìrve `rope, band', Old Church Slavic vrъvь ds. (=
Old Prussian wirbe ds.), Lithuanian apì-varas ` bootlace ', varanda `netting from withe ',
vóras ` spider '; Old Church Slavic vъvrěti `hineinstecken', provrěti `durchstecken', russ.
veratь `stick, hineinlegen', Old Church Slavic obora (*ob-vora) `rope', russ. vereníca `long
row, line', Old Church Slavic verigy f. Pl. `Ketten, Fesseln', slov. veríga, verúga ` chain ', in
addition also Gothic wriÞus `herd', Old English wrǣd ds.; russ. voróna, vorónka `Trichter',
veretá `sack, bag', Old Church Slavic vrětiště n. ds. etc.;
Maybe alb. veriga ` chain ring ', varg ` chain '.
B. With the meaning `row, swarm etc.':
Old Indic vr̥ndam `troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'; Old Irish foirenn f. ` factio, group,
troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. guerin `factio', ncymr. gwerin `people, bulk, mass, troop,
multitude, crowd', abret. guerin `factiones' (*varīnā); Old English weorn, wearn `troop,
multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, troop'; Tocharian В war̃nai `with'; about russ. vereníca,
Lithuanian vorà, Latvian virkne, alb. vargarī see above.
C. With to-formants:
to *u̯rēto-
rēto- in Old Indic vrāta- m. ` multitude, crowd, troop, bulk, mass',
rēto
Old English wrǣd `herd', Gothic wrēÞus (Hs. wriÞus).
D. with s mobile: su̯er-

erin
er
Lithuanian sveriù sver̃ti `wägen', in addition svãras m. `Wage', svarùs ` heavy ', and
svirù, svìrti `das Übergewicht have, überhängen'; svìrtis f. `Brunnenschwengel', Latvian
sveŕu, svèrt `wägen, wiegen', svars ` weight ', svēre f. `Brunnenschwengel'; cymr. chwar-,
bret. c'hoar- ` befall ';
Germanic swēra- ` heavy ' in Gothic swers `geehrt', Old High German Middle High
German swār (Old High German swāri) ` heavy, drückend, schmerzend'; doubtful gr. ἕρμα
n. `Schiffsballast' (see 1152) and Latin sērius èrnst'.
References: WP. I 263 ff., WH. II 521, Trautmann 296, 351 ff., Jokl Lingunder-kult.
Untersuchungen 194, Vasmer 1, 184 ff., 226 f., 229; 2, 243, Frisk 23 f., 49, 153 ff.; H.
Lewis BBC S. 4, 136 f. about Celtic *su̯ar- ` befall ' (`*fall').
Page(s): 1150-1151

er u̯er-
er-2 (*ḫu̯ er-2)
er
Meaning: highland, high place, top, high
Note: extended u̯er-
er-d-, u̯er-
er er-s-
er
Material: A. Latin varus `Gesichtsausschlag, Knöspchen' (= Lithuanian vìras, Pl. viraĩ,
compare East Lithuanian virỹs, Pl. viriaĩ m. `Finne in pork '), Latin varulus `Gerstenkorn in
eye', varix m. f. `Krampfader';
perhaps Middle Irish ferbb f. `Hitzblatter, Finne' (*u̯erbhā), from which borrowed abret.
guerp `Brandmal', Middle Breton guerbl `bubon';
nisl. var n. Àugenschleim', Swedish var n. `pus'; compare Old High German warah, Old
English wearh, worsm ds.; Old English wer-nægl m. ùlcer', nengl. warnel ds.; Dutch weer
`weal, callus', Norwegian dial. vere `swelling, lump, growth under the skin the Kühe';
with n-suffix: Swedish dial. verna, Old High German werna `Krampfader', Modern High
German dial. Wern `Gerstenkorn in eye' (*wernō);
with the meaning `lip' (*swollen elevation): Gothic wairilom Dat. Pl., Old English weleras
Pl. (metathesis from *werelas), Old Frisian were, as from the s-extension Old Icelandic
vǫrr f. Old Prussian warsus `lip'.
u̯er-
er-d-: npers. balū ` wart ' (iran. *vard-); Old High German warza, Old English wearte,
er
Old Icelandic varta f. (*u̯ordā) ` wart '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic vrědъ `damage', russ.
vered ùlcer, abscess, boil '.
u̯er-
er-s-: Latin verrūca ` a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence
er
on precious stones ' (by Cato also `locus editus et asper'), Old English wearr `weal, callus,
wart ', Flemish warre `weal, callus, knag', Old High German werra `Krampfader', Modern
High German Werre `Gerstenkorn in eye'.
B. Old Indic varṣmán- m. `height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost ', várṣman- n.
`height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, cusp, peak' = gr. ἕρμα n. `pad, reef, hill'
(? after Frisk 561 ff. identical with ἕρμα n. `Ballast' and from Indo Germanic *su̯er-mn̥
`schweres weight '), Old Indic várṣīyas- `higher', várṣiṣṭha- `höchst'; Lithuanian viršùs `das
Obere, höchste cusp, peak', Latvian vìrsus m. `das Obere', f. vìrsa; Slavic *vьrchъ in Old
Church Slavic vrьchъ, russ. verch ` headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex '
(Old Church Slavic vrъchu àbove', of u-stem); Old Irish ferr `better' (*u̯erso- ` upper ') to
Positive fern `good' (*u̯er-no-); cymr. etc. gwell `better' either from *u̯el-no- ` choice ' or
after Thurneysen Gr. 236 ferr and gwell from *u̯er-lo- with different development from -rl-;
Middle Irish farr f. ` jamb ' = cymr. gwar f. ` nape ' (*u̯rs̥ ā); manche connect Gothic
waírsiza, Old High German wirsiro `bad' with Irish ferr, so that (as by Modern High German
about S. 1105) ìn höherem Grade' to àbout dasrechte Maß hinausgehend'; doubtful gr.
ῥίον `Berghöhe, foreland, promontory ' (*u̯rison?) and Old Icelandic risi, Old High German
riso, Middle Low German rese ` giant ' (*wrisan-), Old Saxon wrisil ds., wrisilīc `riesenhaft'
(die forms ohnew through support in Germanic risan above S. 331); perhaps also thrak.-
Phrygian βρία `fortress' (*u̯rii̯ā) and Tocharian AB ri `town, city' (whether not to u̯er-
ùmschließen'); doubtful Phrygian ὅρου `ἄνω';
after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also gr. οὐρανός, Lesbian ὤρανος (more properly
ὀρρ-), ὄρανος, Boeotian Doric lak. ὠρανός m. `sky, heaven' from *u̯orsanos, to *u̯orsos
`high' (in Old Indic várṣīyas- `higher', see above), further ablaut. gr. ῎Ερρος ὁ Ζεύς (Hes).
References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230.
Page(s): 1151-1152

er u̯er-
er-3 (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Note: here perhaps die under u̯er-1 mentioned baltoslavischen words. Sonst only
abstraction for derivatives and Root extensions.
Page(s): 1152

er-3: A. u̯r̥mi-
er mi-s, u̯r̥mo-
mi mo u̯er-
mo-s (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Meaning: worm
Material: Latin vermis (from *vormis, *u̯r̥mis); Gothic waúrms m. `snake', Old Icelandic
ormr, Old English wyrm, Old Frisian wirm ds. ` worm ', Old Saxon Old High German wurm
m. ds.; Balto-Slavic *u̯arma- m. `worm, insect' in Lithuanian var̃mas ìnsect, mosquito ', Old
Prussian wormyan Vok. `red' (`wurmfarben'), ablaut. urminan ds., Slavic vьrmьje n.
Ìnsekten' in Old Russian vermije, ukrain. vermányi `red'; with same meaning Old Frisian
worma ` Purpur', Old High German gi-uurmōt `red gefärbt', Old English wurma m. `
Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye, woad, type of plant, Purpur', out of it
borrowed abret. uurm `dark', cymr. gwrm `dark(blue)', from which again Old Irish gorm ds.;
gr. PN Fαρμίχος and ῥόμος (Aeolic *Fρόμος from *u̯rm
̥ os) `Holzwurm' Hes.; compare from
the g- or gh-extension in the same meaning Middle Irish frige f., Nom. Pl. frigit
`Fleischwurm' (*u̯r̥g(h)-n̥tes), cymr. Pl. gwraint `Würmer in the skin' (*u̯rg(h)n̥toi), gallo-
Latin brigantes (*vrigantes) `Würmer in eyelid'; Middle Breton gruech, nbret. grec'h f. `mite'
(from brit. *vriggā, with intensification).
References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501;
See also: rhyme word to kʷr̥mi-, above S. 649.
Page(s): 1152

er-3: B. u̯er-
er er-b- and u̯er-
er er u̯er-
er-bh- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Material: Gr. ῥάμνος à kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L.' (*ῥαβ-νος, *u̯rb
̥ -nos), ῥάβδος
`rod, horsewhip, staff', Aeolic Glosse ῥυβόν `ἐπικαμπές';
Latin Pl. verbera, -um `Ruten, Rutenschläge, Züchtigung' (verberāre `with Ruten stroke,
hit'), verbēna `die leaves and zarten branch of Lorbeers, Ölbaums, the Myrte etc. as
sacred herbs ' (*u̯erbes-nā; compare den in subverbustus the basic liegenden -es-stem);
Lithuanian vir̃bas m. `rod, horsewhip', vir̃balas `thin Stäbchen, knitting needle', virbìnis `
loop, noose, snare ', Latvian virbs `Stöckchen', virba ` shaft, pole', Old Church Slavic
*vrъba ` willow ', russ. vérba `Weidenzweig' (with the accentuation of Akk. Sg.; russ. dial.
verbá has die older Slavic accentuation), voróba `Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett', voróby ` thread
reel, thread coil ';
Gothic waírpan `throw' (`*turn'), Old Icelandic verpa `throw' and èin texture anzetteln,
die chain shave, shear', aldri orpinn òf Alter bent', verpask `vor Hitze shrivel up, shrink',
Old English weorpan, Old Saxon werpan, Old High German werfan `throw'; Old Icelandic
varp n. `das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of texture ', Old Saxon warp, Old High German warf,
Old English wearp n. ds.;
die Latin and Balto Slavic words (an sich also ῥάμνος) could also Indo Germanic *u̯erbh-
fortsetzen; auf ein solches could attributed become die auf nasalized *u̯remb
rem h- indicating
rem
ῥέμφος τὸ στόμα, ἤ ῥίς Hes., τὸ ῥάμφος `krummer Vogelschnabel', probably hybridization
from ῥεμφ- and ῥαφ-), ῥαμφή `gebogenes knife', ῥαμφίς `gebogener hook', ῥαμψός
`gebogen', Low German wrümmeln `zerknüllen, zerknittern';
nasalized u̯remb-
remb-: gr. ῥέμβω ` turn, twist, rotate in Kreise herum', Med. ` turn, twist,
remb
rotate myself herum, treibe herum', ῥόμβος (Attic ῥύμβος) `kreisförmige movement,
Schwung, Kreisel', cymr. gwrym `hem, suture' (*u̯rembo-); Middle Low German wrimpen,
wrempen `(das face) zusammenziehen, rümpfen', wrempich `distortus, verdreht, rümpfig',
wrampachtich `winded, crooked', holl. wrimpen, wrempen `distorquēre' (besides Germanic
*hremp- and remp-, Old High German hrimpfan, rimpfan `rümpfen').

Page(s): 1153

er-3: C. u̯(e)r-
er (e)r-ed-
(e)r u̯er-
ed- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Meaning: to bend down, to sway
Material: Gr. ῥαδινός, Aeolic βράδινος (i.e. Fράδινος) `schwank, slim, agile', ῥοδανός
`schwank', ῥοδάνη (by Hes. ῥαδάνη) `the gedrehte filament, Einschlag', ῥαδαλός ` slim,
aufgeschossen';
Gothic wratōn ` wander, reisen', isl. rata ` wander, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find',
Middle High German razzeln `turn', Old High German rāzi `vagans, rapax'; Lithuanian
randù, radãu, ràsti `find'(ìn-venire'); Latvian rūodu, rast ds.;
suffixales -st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show Old Icelandic rǫst `Wasserwirbel', Old English
wræstlian, Middle Low Germanworstelen `wrestle, struggle' (about das as ` twiddled,
twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, walzig' partly here or to *u̯ert- gestellte Old High
German wurst, Modern High German `Wurst = sausage ' s. Kluge-Götze16 288).

Page(s): 1153-1154

er-3: D. u̯er-
er er u̯er-
er-g- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Meaning: to turn
Material: Old Indic vr̥ṇákti, várjati `wendet, dreht', vr̥jiná- `crooked, ränkevoll' (rather with g-
forms to vr̥nṓti `wehrt', s. u̯er- ùmschließen'); Latin vergō -ere `sich neigen'; vermina n. Pl.
` the stomach ache ' (*u̯erg-mena); holl. werken `sich werfen, krummziehen (from wood)',
Swedish vurken `windschief through dampness '; Latvian sa-vergt ` shrivel, shrink due to
excess dryness, wrinkle up '; Old Church Slavic vrьgǫ, vrěšti `throw' russ. ot-vérgnut'
àblehnen' etc.; compare under S. 1181;
cymr. gwraint `Würmer' etc. (see above S. 1152) kann g or ĝh in root final sound have.
Nasalized *u̯reng-
reng-:
reng
Old English wrenc (*u̯rongi-) `( gyration), Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff,

insidiousness', wrencan `turn, coil, cheat, deceive', wrincle `wrinkle', Old High German
birenkit `luxated', Middle High German renken `drehend ziehen', Middle High German
ranc, Pl. renke m. ` gyration, curvature, schnelle Bewegung', Modern High German
verrenken, Rank `Ränke', New Swedish vrinka `verstauchen', New Norwegian vrinke
àbgeschmackt become'; Lithuanian reñgtis `be clumsy bücken, crook', rangùs ` ductile ',
rangštùs `hasty', rìnga èin crooked Dasitzender' ; perhaps Old Indic abhi-vlaṅgá- m.
`Fangnetz', abhi-vlag- ` capture '; under the imagining of Nasenrümpfens kann angereiht
become Latin ringor (rictus then with analog. i for e) `den Mund aufsperren and die Zähne
fletschen, sich ärgern', Church Slavic ręgnǫti `hiscere', rǫgъ ` derision, ridicule' etc.
References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.
Page(s): 1154

er-3: E. u̯er-
er er-ĝh- (*ḫu̯
er u̯es-
es-3)
es
Meaning: to turn, press, strangle
Note: nasalized u̯renĝh
enĝh-
er-3: E. u̯er-
er er-ĝh- (*ḫu̯
er u̯erĝʷh
rĝʷh-
ʷh-):: `to turn, press, strangle' derived from g-
extension of Root / lemma: u̯eis-
eis-2 : `to turn, bend' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-].
eis
Material: Old Icelandic virgill `rope', urga `rope, hawser-end', Old Saxon wurgil `rope',
Middle High German erwergen stem V. ` strangulate ', Old High German wurgen `die
Kehle tie up, strangulate ', Old English wyrgan ds.; Old Icelandic vargr (`*Würger'=) `wolf,
geächteter Verbrecher', Old English wearg, Old Saxon Old High German war(a)g ` robber,
Verbrecher', Gothic launawargs ` ungrateful person', gawargjan (`zum *warga- make') =
`verdammen' = Old English wiergan ` curse ', Old Saxon waragean às einen Verbrecher
punish, curse' etc.;
Maybe alb. Geg (*vargha) varza `girl, virgin' : Latin virga ` thin branch, rod ' (from *u̯iz-gā),
virgō ` girl, virgin ';
er-3: E. u̯er-
er er-ĝh- (*su̯
er su̯erĝʷh
rĝʷh-
Germanic -s- > -r-]. of Root / lemma: u̯eis-
eis
alb. z-vjerth èntwöhne' (`binde los'; doubt, if not to *u̯ert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335);
Lithuanian veržiù, ver̃žti ` tighten, restrict, lace, tie, press', veržỹs, viržỹs `rope', viržė́ti
`bind', váržas `fish snaring net', Latvian vērzt ` turn, kehren, steer', varzi `Setzkorb', var̃za `
fish snaring net; eine verwickelte thing'; Old Church Slavic -vrьzǫ, -vrěsti `bind', russ. pá-
voroz `Zugschnur (am Beutel)', poln. powróz `rope', sloven. vrzēl f. `fence, hedge ',
perhaps also russ. vérša, poln. wiersza (*u̯erĝh-si̯ā) `creel, basket for holding fish after
they have been caught ', klr. veréslo (*u̯erĝh-s-lo-) `Kürbisstengel', Czech povříslo `
Garbenband, Strohband', serb. vrijèslo ` pothook, metal hook used to hang or lift pots ';
Lithuanian viržỹs, Latvian vìrsis (*u̯r̥ĝhi̯o-) `heath', changing through ablaut russ. véres,
véresk `heath', poln. wrzos, serb. vrȉjes ds.; Lithuanian vir̃kštis, Latvian virksne (*virsk)
`stiff, intense Kraut from Bohnen, potato; tendrils from Erbsen, Hopfen'; compare from the
i-extension *u̯(e)rei-k- die words for heath gr. (F)ἐρείκη, Old Irish froech, cymr. grug
(*u̯roiko-).
Nasalized *u̯renĝh
enĝh-:
Gr. ῥίμφα (*u̯renghu̯-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302) `rash, hasty, agile ' (`sich drehend');
Old High German (ge)ringi `light', Old Frisian ring, Middle Dutch gheringhe, Middle Low
German Middle High German (ge)ringi `light, quick, fast willing, ready', if Middle Low
German Frisian r- instead of to expecting wr-
wr through old dissimil. reduction of w- in the
Vorstufe proto Germanic *wrinʒwja- (from *u̯renghu̯-) to define is;
with other meaning development: Old English Old Saxon wrengan `fest
zusammendrehen, coil, press', Old High German ringan `sich windend anstrengen, luctāri',
Modern High German ringen to Danish vringle ` coil ', Middle Low German mnl. wrang
`bitter', Middle High German rang Ùmdrehung', Old English wrang n. (engl. wrong) `
wrong; injustice ' (< Old Norwegian vrang), Old Englishwrang(a) m. `Schiffsbauch' (< Old
Norwegian vrǫng), Alemannian rang ` convolution '; Gothic wruggō ` loop, noose, snare ';
Old Icelandicrangr (Old Swedish vranger) `crooked, verdreht, unrecht', Middle Low
German wrank, wrange `sour, bitter', Old Icelandicrǫng f. ` twisted piece of wood ', Old
English wrang, Middle Low German urange f. ds.
References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ.
72, 193 f.
See also: compare u̯erĝ- under S. 1168.
Page(s): 1154-1155

er-3: F. u̯er-
er u̯e-3)
er-k- (*ḫu̯
er
Meaning: to turn, wind, bend
Meaning:
Note: nasalized u̯renk-
renk-
renk
Material: Nir. feirc f. (Old Irish ferc) ` hump, hunchback, hunch, haft '; cymr. cywarch `
hemp, rope, band' (*kom-u̯orko-), abret. coarcholion Pl. `from hemp ', bret. Vannes koarc'h
` hemp ', corn. cûer ds.;
u̯renk-
renk- : u̯ronk-
renk ronk- in german. *u̯ranhō, Old Icelandic vrā f. ` angle, point, edge' (*u̯ronhā) =
ronk
Scots Gaelic frōg f. `cave, swamp, marsh, hideout ' (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in
addition late Latin branca ` paw ' (`the crooked '), from gall. (probably not of Celtic origin)
*u̯rankā, Indo Germanic *u̯ronkā = Balto-Slavic *rankā `hand' in Lithuanian rankà, Latvian
ruoka `hand, arm '; Old Church Slavic rǫka `hand', russ. ruká `hand, arm '; further to
Lithuanian renkù, riñkti ` compile, collect, gather, collect', parankà f. `Nachlese'.
References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg French etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dicc.
de la langua castellana 1, 509, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237,
Vasmer 2, 545.
Page(s): 1155

er-3: G. u̯er-
er er-p-, u̯r-ep-
er u̯er-
ep- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Material: Old Indic várpas- n. àrtifice, Kunstgriff', originally `* curvature, Winkelzug';
gr. ῥάπτω (*Fραπι̯ω, *u̯r̥p-) `nähe together, flicke', ῥαπίς `needle' (also ῥαφίς, as ῥαφή `
suture' with φ probably through derailment); ῥέπω `biege myself, schlage after a side
from', ῥοπή `skin rash, leaning, tendency', ἀντίρροπος `gleichwiegend', ἀμφιρρεπής `sich
auf beide Seiten neigend', καλα-ῦροψ (καλα-Fροπ-) `shepherd's crook; crosier'
Maybe alb. kë-rrabë `shepherd's crook; crosier '.
Gr. δεῦρο (*δε-Fροπ) actually `here gewendet!', ῥόπαλον `Wurfstab, cudgel, club',
ῥόπτρον `club, mace, joint, Türklopfer, Stellholz in a dragnet ', ῥαπίς `rod, staff' (perhaps
also ῥάβδος with β from p, see above *u̯erb-); lengthened grade ῥῶπες Pl. ` branch,
shrubbery, shrubbery, bush', ῥωπήιον `shrubbery, bush, thicket ';
alb. vrap `schneller gait ';
Latin repēns `sudden (*den Ausschlag giving)';
maybe alb. rjep 'peel, skin'
perhaps veprēs (mostly Pl.) `briar, Dorngebüsch', if dissimil. from *vreprēs, and verpa
`das männliche limb, member', if actually `*rod', from *u̯orpā or *u̯r̥pā (: ῥαπίς), verpus `the
Beschnittene';
Old Icelandic orf, Old High German worf, Middle High German (sensen)worp, Modern
High German dial. worb `Sensenstiel' (from `*rod'; ablaut equally with ῥαπίς and perhaps
Latin verpa); Danish dial. vravle ` coil, maunder, drivel ', Middle English wrappen `wickeln';
Lithuanian verpiù, ver̃pti (Latvian vērpt) `spinnen', varpstė̃ `coil, spool, spindle', Latvian
vàrpste ds., verpeli `whirlwind', Lithuanian vìrpiu, -ė́ti, virpu, -ti `waver, tremble, quiver',
virpulỹs `Zittern the Glieder', and with the development to `drehend toss, fling, throw,
release, let go, free, set free ', Old Prussian etwierpt ` release, let go, free, set free '
(`*drehend toss, fling'), anuirpis `Wasserablaß, Flutrinne', craujawirps Àderlassen',
pouiērpt `freilassen', pouirps `free'; russ.-Church Slavic vьrpu, vьrpsti `reiße, pflücke,
raube'; changing through ablaut Lithuanian var̃pas ` ear ' (`*das Gepflückte'), Latvian vãrpa
ds., Lithuanian varpýti `stochern'; formal comparable Czech vrápa, vráp `wrinkle', sloven.
vrâpa, rápa `Hautrunzel', Lower Sorbian ropa, Upper Sorbian (w)ropa ` crease '.
References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.
Page(s): 1156

er-3: H. u̯er-
er er u̯er-
er-t- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Grammatical information: causative-iterative u̯ortei̯ō
Material: Old Indic themat. present vartati(-tē) `dreht', Med. `dreht sich, rollt, verläuft',
Avestan varǝt- `sich wenden'; other Präsentia Old Indic vavartti, vartti, causative vartáyati `
places in drehende Bewegung' (= Gothic fra-wardjan, Old Church Slavic vratiti, Lithuanian
vartýti), vártman- n. `pathway', vartana- n. `das Drehen', by den Mitanni-Indern aika-
vartana etc. à circle (the racecourse)'; vartula- ` round ', vartulā `Spinnwirtel' (: Middle
High German wirtel), vr̥ttá- ` twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ' (= Latin
vorsus, virsus, Lithuanian vir̃stas etc.), vr̥tti- f. `das Rollen, kind of, nature' (= Latin versi-ō,
Old Church Slavic vrъstь), varti `Gerolltes'; ein present *vr̥natmi is because of vŕ̥nta- m.
`Blattstiel', vr̥ntāka- m. Èierpflanze' anzunehmen; vr̥kkáu (*vr̥tka-) ` kidneys ' (actually `
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb '), Avestan vǝrǝδka- vǝrǝt̃ka- ds.,
compare Pahlavi gurtak, npers. gurda `kidney' from Old pers. *vr̥t(a);
gr. ῥατάνη (Fρατ- from *u̯r̥t-) ` mixing spoon ', βρατάνην τορύνην ᾽Ηλεῖοι Hes., ῥοτάρια
(ῥοτ- Aeolian; -τάνια?) τορύνιον Hes.; ἄρρατος `hard, not drehbar' (*ἀ-Fρᾰτ-ος);
Latin vertō (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vertī, versum `kehren, turn',
Deponens revertor; vortex, vertex `whirl, Scheitel', versus, adversus `gegen' (to-participle),
versus, -ūs m. `line, row, furrow'; Umbrian kuvertu, covertu `convertitō', trahvorfi
`transverse', Latin versi-ōn-, Oscan Dat. Fερσορει ein Götterepithet; Oscan Umbrian
vorsus ein piece of wood as field measure is ein Terminus the röm. Siedler in Campanien
(M. Leumann); compare Old Irish forrach èin piece of wood as field measure ';
Venetic goddess Vrotah `Wenderin, Geburtsgöttin' (Vetter Gl. 20, 72);
Old Irish ad-ferta àversatur', adbart àdversarius', ablaut. dī-fort- `diffuse, einschenken'
(compare French verser), Middle Irish fertas f. ` shaft, spindle, earthwall' (newer fersat),
cymr. gwerthyd ` spindle', acorn. gurhthit gl. `fusus', abret. Pl. guirtitou gl. `fusis', Middle
Breton guersit ds.; root nouns as Adverb *u̯rt̥ : Old Irish preposition fri, preverb frith-,
mcymr. gwrth, ncymr. wrth, corn.orth, bret. ouz `gegen' (zur basic form s. Thurneysen
Grammar S. 515, Jackson Language and History S. 337); cymr. gwerthu ` sell ', corn.
gwerthe, bret. gwerza ds. (but cymr. gwerth `price' kann Old English loanword sein);
Gothic etc. wairÞan, Old High German werdan `become' (`to turn'); Gothic fra-wardjan,
Old High German frawarten `spoil' (causative to frawairÞan `be destroyed, perish', actually
èine Wendung zum evil, wickedness nehmen'), Gothic etc. -waírÞs, Old High German -
wert, Modern High German -wärts `wohin gewendet'; perhaps Gothic etc. wairÞs, Old High
German wert, Subst. ` value, worth, price' (compare Old Irish frith-, Latin vorsus `gegen'
together with dem relationship from Old Indic práti `gegen': Latin pretium às Gegenwert
dienender price)' Old High German wurt `fate, destiny' (*u̯rt̥ i- ` turn ');
Balto-Slavic *u̯erti̯ō `wende, turn, twist, rotate ' (older *u̯ertō) in Lithuanian verčiù, ver̃sti,
Latvian veršu, verst ` turn, kehren', Intransitiv Lithuanian virstù (*vr̥t-stō), vir̃sti ùmfallen,
fall, sich in etwas transform', Iter. vartýti `continual turn ', Old Prussian wirst `wird'; Slavic
*vьrtjǫ, *vьrtěti in Old Church Slavic vrьtěti sę `περισπᾶσθαι', Iter. vratiti sę `στρέφεσθαι',
russ.-Church Slavic vrěteno ` spindle'(*u̯erteno- n.), Old Church Slavic vrěmę `time' (*u̯ert-
men n.), Lithuanian var̃stas `Pflugwende', compare Old Prussian ainawarst ònce'; Balto-
Slavic *u̯irstā f. `Wende' in Old Church Slavic vrъsta `ἡλικία', russ. verstá `row,
Lebensalter, Werst', compare die participle Lithuanian vir̃stas: Latin versus, Old Indic vr̥ttá-
and Latin versus, -ūs `furrow, line, row'; Old Indic vr̥ttá- n. ` way of life, lifestyle,
Benehmen'; Balto-Slavic *u̯irsti- f. `kind of' in russ.-Church Slavic sъvьrstь `gleiches age,
pair', slov. vr̂st `row, kind of', compare Lithuanian Infin. vir̃sti: Old Indic vr̥tti- f. see above.
Tocharian A wärt- `throw', В wrattsai `gegen' (*wart, *u̯rt̥ ), yerter `Radkranz', A wërkänt,
В Obl. yerkwantai (*yertwantai), Pedersen Tocharian 235.
References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230,
235, Frick 151.
Page(s): 1156-1158

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: α) u̯rei- u̯er-
rei-n-: (*ḫu̯
rei er-3)
er
Meaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth
Material: Norwegian dial. vrīna, vrein ` grin; in the rutting die upper lip and Nase heave, life
or verdrehen', then also `cry, neigh, from brünstigen horses' (hence Old English wrǣne
`horny, lustful', Old Saxon wrēnisk, Old High German reinisc `leichtfertig, horny, lustful',
Old Saxon wrēnio, Old High German reinno `stallion' ), Danish dial. vrinsk `very sour' (`den
Mund verziehend')
Page(s): 1158

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: β) u̯rizd- u̯er-
rizd- (*ḫu̯
rizd er-3)
er
Meaning: to be confused, ashamed
Material: viell. from an s-Erweit. and with probably present formation d: Old Indic vrīḍatē
`wird verlegen, schämt sich', vrīḍa- m. `Verlegenheit, the genitals' (*u̯ri-z-d-), Latin rīdeō, -
ēre `laugh'; Old English wrǣstan `turn, bend', Norwegian dial. (v)reist `Weidenring;
Querkopf', isl. reista `verdrehen, crook', could ein Indo Germanic *u̯roizd- voraussetzen.
Page(s): 1158

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: γ) u̯reiĝ- u̯er-
eiĝ- (*ḫu̯ er-3)
er
Meaning: to be crooked (?)
Material: In Avestan urvizō-maiδya- `die Leibesmitte schnürend', zaranyō-urvixšna `with
golden Verschnürung (am shoe)' (unorganisches x); Gothic wraiqs `σκολιός', Old Frisian
wrāk `crooked', Swedish vrēk `stubborn person' (*u̯roiĝ-u̯o-s); here das in vocalism
irregular gr. ῥαιβός `crooked';
gr. ῥοιβός is hybridization from ῥοικός and ῥαιβός.

Page(s): 1158

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: δ) u̯reik̂- (*ḫu̯
u̯er-
er-3)
er
Meaning: to turn, bind
Material: Avestan urvisyeiti (*vriśyati) `wendet sich, dreht sich', Kaus. urvaēsayeiti `wendet,
dreht', urvaēsa- m. ` gyration ' (= gr. ῥοικός, Dutch wreeg); Old Indic vréśī- `Wasserwirbel';
gr. ῥοικός ` writhed, crooked, humped, gebogen', ῥικνός ds.; ῥίσκος `Koffer, hutch'
maybe from *u̯rik̂-skos;
Latin rīca `Kopftuch', rīcinium, originally dial. rēcinium `small Kopftuch' (*u̯reikā);
Middle Low German wrīch (wrīg-) ` bent, verdreht, (therefrom) stiff; verrückt, stubborn,
heimtückisch', engl. wry `slant, skew', Old English wrīgian `tendere, conari, niti', (`*sich
winden, whereupon wrestle, struggle'), Old Frisian wrīgia `be bent, bow' (?), Old English
urīxl f. `variation, exchange, earnings', Old Icelandic rǣxn m. `knot', hence probably also
Old English wrāsen, wrǣsen f., Old High German reisan n. ds. Middle English wrāh `
inverted, halsstarrig', Dutch wreeg ` stiff ', Subst. `Fußbeuge', Old Icelandic reigiask ` the
head zurückwerfen, violent become', Old Icelandic riga f. `bend', riga `move', nisl. rig n, rigr
m. `stiffness in den Gliedern' (from `*luxated'), Middle High German rigen, widerrigen
`wogegen ankämpfen, widerstreben', Low German wrigge(le)n ` sideways or hin- and her
drehen', engl. wriggle ` crook oneself ', Low German uriggel Èigensinn', Norwegian rigga `
connect, umwickeln; upset; doubtful go', rigla `wobble, sway, doubtful go'; Middle High
German ric, rickes `band, strap, manacle, knot; bowels, the entrails, narrow way', Swiss
rikch `Heftel from Faden', Middle High German ric ` neck ' (probably as `*Dreher'), with
expressive consonant stretch the Intensivität Middle English Low German Dutchwrikken
`hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway', Middle Low German vor-wrikken ` dislocate,
luxate, crick ', Norwegian (v)rikka, Swedish vrikka ` dislocate, luxate, crick, wriggeln';
Dutch gewricht `joint'; Middle Low German wrist, Old English wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist, Old
Icelandic rist `Fußgelenk', Middle High German rist `hand-, Fußgelenk' (*wrihst-); Old High
German rīho m. `sura, poples, locus corrigiae', Middle High German rīhe `Rist of Fußes',
Modern High German Reihen ds., Middle Dutch wrīghe, Dutch wreeg `Fußbiege'; with the
meaning ùmwickeln' (: Latin rīca): Old English wrīon, wrēon (*wrīhan) èinhüllen, cover,
shield ', wrigels `sleeve, wrapping', Old High German int-rīhhen, -rīhan, participle intrigan
ènthüllen', Middle High Germanrigel m. èine headpiece, die man umwindet';
Lithuanian rišù, rìšti `bind', ryšỹs m. `bundle', raišaũ `bind', raĩštis `band, strap, bandage,
head fascia', also raĩkštis with k-insertion, as rýkštė `horsewhip', iš-si-rýkšti `sich in Fäden
auflösen' (perhaps `sich ausringeln, frill, friz '), ráišas and raĩšas `lame' (`*luxated, crooked
'), ráištu, -šau, -šti `lame become', ríešas ` ankle ', Latvian risu, rist `bind', riešu rist ds.,
ristu, rīstu(*u̯rī̆k-stō, barely nasalized) `füge myself an'; Old Prussian senrists ` connected ',
perrēist ` connect '.
References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb.
408.
Page(s): 1158-1159

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: ε) u̯reip-
reip-, u̯rīp-
reip u̯er-
rīp- (*ḫu̯
rīp er-3)
er
Meaning: to turn
Material: Gr. ῥί̄ψ, ῥῑπός, Ionian ῥῖπος n. ` wickerwork, mat ', ῥί̄πτω `throw, cast', ῥῑπή
`drehende Bewegung, Schwung, throw, shot' (in addition Εὔρῑπος), ῥῑπίς ` flabellum,
bellows';
Maybe alb. rrip, rryp ` belt' a Greek loanword.
Old High German rīban, Middle High German rīben `reibend turn or turn', Modern High
German Bavarian reiben `turn', Middle Low German wrīven, Frisian wriwwe `rub', Low
German wribbeln `turn'.
References: WP. I 280, Kluge-Götze16 607.

Page(s): 1159

er-3: I. u̯r-ei-
er ei-: ζ) u̯reit- u̯er-
reit- (*ḫu̯
reit er-3)
er
Meaning: to turn
Material: Old Swedish vrīÞa, Old Icelandic rīða `turn, wringen, coil, tie, bind, knot ', Old
English wrī-ðan, Old High German rīdan `turn, coil, bind', Old English wriða m. `rein, ring';
Old Icelandic riðull ` tussock ', isl. riðill `walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden', Old High
German ridil m. `hairband, Kopfband'; Old English wrǣð, wrǣð f. `band, strap, bundle',
Middle Low German wrēden `zusammendrehen', Old High German reid, reidi ` curly, frizzy
'; with the meaning `zornrunzelnd' Old Icelandic reiðr àngry, irate', Old English wrāð
àngry, irate, hostile, violent', Old Saxon wrēth, Middle Low German wrēt ds.;
Lithuanian riečiù (*reiti̯ō), riẽsti ` coil, wickeln, roll', Latvian riešu, riest ` fall down, sich
abtrennen', therefrom Lithuanian rietė́ti àuskriechen', changing through ablaut ritù, -aũ,
rìsti `roll, wälzen', Latvian ritu, rist ds., iterative Lithuanian ráičioti `hin- and herrollen';
eine additional form with Germanic t (phonetically influenced from wrītan ` rend '?) in
older ndrhein. wrīten `turn, verdrehen, wringen', Dutch wrijten `turn'.

Page(s): 1159-1160

er u̯er-
er-4 (*ḫu̯ er-4)
er
Meaning: to find, take
Note: besides u̯erē(i)-
erē(i)-, u̯ērī-
erē(i) ērī-
ērī
Material: Armenian gerem `take gefangen, raube';
gr. (with unclear ευ as by εὐρύς, 8. u̯er-; Aspiration after ἑλεῖν) εὑρί̄σκω `find' (Quantität
of ι: unacquainted), εὑρή-σω, εὕρη-κα (*Fέ-Fρη-), εὗρον, εὑρέ-θην, εὑρε-τής;
Old Irish fūar ìnvēni' (*u̯e-u̯r-a), frīth ìnventum est' (*u̯rē-to-);
*u̯rēt- in Lithuanian su-rė̃sti, sùrėčau `catch, grasp', Old Church Slavic obrěsti `find', sъ-
rěsti `find, encounter, meet', Aor. -rětъ (present -ręštǫ), ob-ręšta Èrfindung'.
References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.

Page(s): 1160

er u̯er-
er-5 (*ḫu̯ er-5)
er
Meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save
Material: A. With Präfixen: `shut' and òpen'; `door'; u̯ortom
ortom `gate'.
Old Indic api-vr̥ṇóti `verschließt, bedeckt', apa-vr̥ṇoti `öffnet'; also Latin operiō
`bedecke', aperiō `öffne' (from *op(i)- and *ap(o)-u̯eriō); Oscan veru `portam', Umbrian
verof-e ìn portam', Oscanvereias Gen. Sg. `Jungmännerbund' (originally `Torwache',
Vetter Gl. 29, 240);
Lithuanian ùžveriu, -vérti `shut', atvérti òpen' (from which previously without preverb
veriù, vérti òpen', and `shut'; Old Church Slavic (za)/vьrǫ, vrěti `shut', Iter. ot-voriti òpen';
derivatives: *u̯ortom in Nom. Pl. Lithuanian var̃tai, Latvian vàrti `gate, door', Old Prussian
warto `Haustüre'; Old Church Slavic vrata, russ. voróta `gate, Türe'; also to 3. u̯er- could
belong Old Church Slavic verěja and za-vorъ `Hebebaum', russ. verejá `Torflügel', zavor
`gesperrter passage ';
perhaps here Lithuanian varýti `drive, push' (formal = Germanic warjan, Old Church
Slavic ot-voriti, compare also Old Indic Kaus. vāráyati) as `das gate open, um das Vieh
from the hurdle hinauszutreiben'; in addition russ. provórnyj `fast, rapid, hurried, agile'.
B. u̯er-
er-, u̯eru-
er eru-, u̯rū-
eru rū- `verschließen, cover, shield, rescue'; u̯er-
rū to- ` paddock ', u̯er-
er-to-
er er-tro `
er
protection', u̯r̥-ti-
ti- Èinzäunung'.
Old Indic vr̥ṇṓti (also várati and Kaus. varáyati) ùmschließt, wehrt'; Avestan Akt. -
vǝrǝnav-, Med. vǝrǝn- `cover, wrap'; derivatives from a light basis: Old Indic vr̥tá- participle
Perf. Pass., vr̥ti- f. Èinzäunung' (Avestan hąm-varǝtay- ` braveness'), varman- n. `
protection ', vártra- n. `Schutzdamm, Deich' (osset. vart `shield' from iran. *vr̥ϑra-, s. Bailey
IRAS 1953, 110 f.), vr̥tra- n. Àbwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e)', (Avestan vǝrǝϑra- `Widerstand,
Wehr, shield'), Sg. GN Vr̥tra- (`the die Gewässer einschließt'?), varatrā- `strap', várdhra-,
vadhra- m. va(r)-dhrī ds., vara- m. Èinschließen', also vala- (Avestan vara- ds.),
lengthened grade vāra- (Avestan -vāra-) `Deckung, Wehr'; Avestanvarǝna- Ùmhüllung,
Bedeckung' (thereafter Old Indic várṇa- `paint, color' probably from `Bedeckung'), varǝϑa-
`Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr', vārǝϑman- `Wehr, parapet' etc.;
erū̆- besides in present vr̥ṇṓti in Old Indic varū-tár- m. `guarder, Schirmer', várū-tha- n.
u̯erū̆
er
` protection, shield, army, herd, swarm ', perhaps the GN Váruṇa- as `the binder' (as Mitra
above S. 710); here also Old Indic uruṣyáti `releases, erlost, rettet' as uru-ṣ-yáti, compare
Hittite u̯arressesta `protected'; about Old Indic Váruṇa- s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S.
485 (to u̯ēr̆ - `water', above S. 80);
gr. perhaps εὐρώς, -ῶτος ` mildew, mould, dank decay ', if actually `Bedecker' (would be
*ἐ-Fρω-τ-, compare Old Indic arṇō-vr̥t `die Fluten einschließend');
Fερῠ- in hom. ἔρυσθαι àbwehren, rescue, preserve, protect', Impf. ἔρυ:-σο, -το, themat.
has changed ἐρύ̄ετο, Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), Ionian εἰρύομαι (*ἐFερύομαι) `hold fest,
preserve', ἔρυμα ` protection, defense ', ἐρυμνός `geschützt, befestigt', ἐρυσί-πτολις
`stadtschützend'; Εὐρυσί-λαος, Εὐρύ-λαος (ἐ-Fρυ-);
other ablaut grade Fρῡ- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. hom. ῥῦσθαι, hom. Ionian ῥύ̆ομαι
`schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back' (latter meaning, die also the k-Erweit. ἐρύ̄κω,
ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκανάω `hold ab, back', Pass. `zögere' innewohnt, from ` through einen lock
fernhalten, abwehren'), Perf. εἴρῡμαι (*Fε-Fρῡμαι), ῥῦμα ` protection, defense ', ῥύ̄σιος
`schützend, rettend', ῥύ̄τωρ, ῥῡτήρ `savior, redeemer, liberator', ῥῡσίπολις
`stadtschützend'; lengthened grade ἠρίον `burial mound';
alb. varr `grave' (*u̯ornā), vathë ` paddock ';
Old Irish ferenn (*u̯ereno-) `belt, girdle', fertae (Middle Irish fert) `burial mound' (with
stone verschlossen) = Old English weorð (see below), Old Irish feronn, ferann (*u̯erono-)
`land, farmland' (probably `*umhegt'); mcymr. gwerthyr `fortress' (*u̯ertro-; compare above
Old Indic vartra-); here probably Old Irish Ériu, Gen. Érenn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), cymr. Iwerddon Ìrland' as *epi-u̯eriō, Gen. -i̯onos `hill, island' (compare Old High
German werid) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;
Gothic warjan `defend', Old Icelandic verja `defend, hinder, verteidigen', Old English
werian `ds., aufdämmen', Old High German weren `verteidigen, shield ', Old Saxon werian
`defend, shield, hinder', Germanic -varii (`Verteidiger', out of it ìnhabitant') in Chatuvarii,
Bojuvarii, Old Icelandic e.g. Rūm-verjar `Römer'; Proto Norse waru `the umschließende
Steinkreis um ein grave' (see above Irish fert) = Old Icelandic vǫr f., New Norwegian vor
m. `Reihe from stone ', also `hill or bank from stone or gravel ', Old Icelandic ver n. ` dam,
fish weir', Old English wer m. ds., Middle High German wer n. `Stauwehr', Old High
German werī `Wehr, protection', Old English mylen-waru, -wer `Mühlenteich', waru `
protection'; lengthened grade Old High German wuorī f. ` dam ', Swiss wuhr `Wehr'; Old
Icelandicvǫrn `Verteidigung, protection', Old English wearn `Widerstand, Verweigerung' (in
Middle High German warne, werne `Vorsicht, Fürsorge, warning' is ein to *u̯er- `gewahren'
gehöriges word eingeflossen), Old Icelandic varna `sichenthalten, vorenthalten' = Old
English wearnian `warn', refl. `sich enthalten', Old High German warnōn `sich hüten, warn',
Old English wiernan `sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject';
Old English waroð n. `bank, border, shore, beach, seaside', Old High German werid
ìsland, Halbinsel' (Modern High German Werder), Middle High German wert `Landrücken
between Sümpfen, bank, border, shore', Middle Low German werde(r) èingedeichtes land
';
Old English weorð, worð n. m. ` courtyard, household ' (*u̯er-to-, *u̯r-̥ to-), Old Saxon
wurth f. `gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz' (= Old Indic vr̥ti-), Middle Low German wurt,
wort, wurde, worde f. èrhöhter place, Hofstätte; garden, Feldstück', Old Icelandic urð f.
`heap from Felsblöcken';
compare alb. vathë ` paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, sheepfold ' (*u̯or-tā), tochar. В
wärto, wart(t)o `garden, wood, forest', Irish fert `burial mound'; in the meaning also Old
Church Slavic vora `saepimentum'.
References: WP. I 280 ff., Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;
See also: in addition u̯erĝh
rĝh-1.
Page(s): 1160-1162

er u̯er-
er-6 (*ḫu̯ er-6)
er
Meaning: to talk, speak
Note: also u̯ere-
ere-, u̯rē-
ere rē-
rē
Material: Avestan urvāta- n. ` determination, command ' (= ῥητόν), next to which from the
light basis *u̯ere-: Avestan urvata- n. ` determination ' = Old Indic vratá- n. ` command,
statute, profession, declaration ', and Old Church Slavic rota òath'; ablaut. Old Prussian
wertemmai ` we schwören';
gr. εἴρω `say' (*Fερι̯ω), Fut. ep. Ionian ἐρέω, Attic ἐρῶ, Pass. Aor. Ionian εἰρέθην
(*ἐFρέθην), Attic ἐρρήθην (*εFρήθην), Perf. εἴρη-κα, -μαι diss. from *FεFρη-, compare
geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? arg. FεFρημένα; ῥητός `verabredet = festgesetzt',
ῥήτωρ, Aeolic Fρήτωρ `Redner', ῥήτρα, el. Fρά̄τρᾱ f. ` saying, pact, covenant', diss. to
Cypriot Fρήτα, whereof εὐFρητάσατυ `pact, covenant, law ', ῥῆμα `word', ῥῆσις ` discourse
', εἴρων ` someone, the sich verstellt' (*Fερι̯ων), εἰρωνεία `Verstellung';
russ. vru (*vьrǫ), vratь `lie, maunder, drivel ', with k-suffix (*u̯orkā): russ. vráka èmpty
gossip', Old Church Slavic vračь (*u̯orki̯os) `physician, medicine man (*sayer of a magic
spell), magician, sorcerer ';
Maybe alb. Geg vra, Tosc vras 'kill, wound' is related to the revenge killing examined by
the medicine man.
Hittite u̯erii̯a- `call, shout, cry, beauftragen', particle -u̯ar- actually `sagte';
perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here Balto-Slavic u̯rēk-, u̯rek- in
Lithuanian rėkiù, rė̃kti, Latvian rēkt `cry', rę̃kuôt ` be entertained ', Old Church Slavic rekǫ,
rešti `say', ablaut. Old Church Slavic rokъ ` time, period, Termin', rěčь ` accusation ' and
*u̯rōk- in Germanic Gothic wrōhs ` accusation ', wrōhjan `beschuldigen' = west-Germanic
*wrōgjan, Old High German ruogen, Modern High German rügen;
dh-extension u̯er-
er-dho- etc.:
er
Gr. βέρθει φθέγγεῖαι Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65);
Latin verbum `word' (not from *vorbom because of:) Umbrian uerfale ` an open place for
observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ';
Gothic waurd, Old High German wort etc. `word' = Old Prussian wirds `word'; Lithuanian
var̃das `name'.
References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1, 234 f., 2, 539,
Frisk 469 ff.;
See also: here probably u̯rek-
rek-.
rek
Page(s): 1162-1163

er u̯er-
er-7 (*ḫu̯ er-7)
er
Meaning: to tear
Note: base for extensions:
erd-: Avestan varǝdva- `soft, lax ', Old Church Slavic vrědъ, russ. véred
Material: A. u̯erd-
erd
red-: Old Indic avradanta `sie wurden weich', vrandín- `mürbe werdend'; u̯rēd-
`wound'; u̯red-
red rēd-:
rēd
Old Prussian redo Àckerfurche', Old Danish vraade, vrode `dig, aufbohren'; u̯rōd-
rōd-: Latin
rōd
rōdō, -ere ` gnaw, consume', rōstrum (*rōd-trom) n. `Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb',
Old English wrōtan ` gnaw, dig', Old Icelandic rōta ds., Old High German ruozit `suscitat,
movet', Old English wrōt, Middle High German ruozel, rüezel, Modern High German
Rüssel (*wrōtila-); in addition zero grade in Swedish dial. rota, ruta `dig'; after Frisk (Etyma
Armen. 30) in addition still Armenian gercum `shave' from *u̯erd-s- (originally Aorist
formation).
ornā: alb. varrë `wound', russ. voroná `Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennensteiß'

B. u̯ornā:
(therefrom vorónka `Trichter'), poln. wrona, Czech vrana àperture '; u̯re-no-, u̯ro-
re-no-
re no- in Old
ro-no-
ro
Indic vraṇá- m. n. `wound, crack' besides u̯rō-
rō-nā in Old Church Slavic russ. etc. rana
rō
`wound'.
Maybe alb. (*varna) varr `grave' [common alb. rn- > rr- shift].
rĝh-: Old Indic vr̥háti `reißt from', Aor. varhi, participle vr̥ḍhá-, mūla-vr̥t `die roots
C. u̯erĝh
ausreißend' (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).
D. u̯erk-
erk-, u̯rek-
erk rek-: gr. ῥάκος, Aeolic βράκος (*Fράκος) n. `rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle';
rek
βράκαλον ῥόπαλον Hes.; βράκετον δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον Hes., ῥάκετρον ds.;
E. u̯resk- sk- Old Indic vr̥ścáti `haut ab, splits', vráścana- àbhauend',
resk- (from *u̯rek-sk-), u̯r̥sk-
resk sk
n. `das Abhauen', pra-vraska- m. `cut'; ava-vraśca- `splinter'; russ.-Church Slavic vraska
etc. `wrinkle' (*u̯orskā).
Maybe alb. vras 'kill' [alb. possible -ska > -s]
F. u̯r-ei- rī-: gr. ῥί̄νη `file, tool for smoothing surfaces, Raspel' (*u̯rīnā; or onomatopoeic
ei-, u̯rī-
rī
word?) and `Haifisch' (from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen Rückenhaut'); ῥῑνός
`skin; Lederschild', (Aeolic) γρῖνος (i.e. Fρῖνος) δέρμα Hes., hom. ταλαύρῑνος
`schildtragend' (compare M. Leumann, Homer. Wörter 196 ff.);
with d-extension (originally d-present?) Old English wrītan ` dig in, ritzen, write, paint ',
Old Saxon wrītan `tear, verwunden, ritzen, write ', Middle Low German wrīten ` rend, write,
draw, sign ', Modern High German reißen, Proto Norse wrait `schrieb, ritzte' (besides
Germanic *rītan in Old Swedish rīta ds., compare unterrei-, rei-d- `ritzen'); Gothic writs
`line', Old English writ `Schrift', wrǣtt òrnament, decoration, jewellery, jewel' ;
after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here Armenian ergicanem `tear, break, rupture, grind,
carve, slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate' from *u̯reid-s-.
References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1, 229.

Page(s): 1163-1164

er u̯er-
er-8 (*ḫu̯ er-8)
er
Meaning: to observe, pay attention
Material: Gr. only Fορ-, with spiritus asper ὁρ-: hom. ἐπὶ ὄρονται `sie beaufsichtigen', ὅρει
ψυλάσσει Hes., u̯orós
rós in ἐπίουρος (for ἐπίορος after οὖρος) `ἔφορος, supervisor,
custodian, keeper', φρουρός `Wächter' (*προ-ὁρός), φρουρά̄ ` protection', οὖρος `Wächter'
(from compounds abstracted), Doric τῑμά̄ορος, Attic τῑμωρός Èhrenwächter, savior,
redeemer' (Fόρος = Germanic wara- see below), ὁράω (ἑώρων, ἑόρᾱκα) `see, observe'
(denominative eines also in
φρουρά̄ steckenden *Fορά̄ = Old High German Old Saxon wara, Old English waru
àttention') Aeolic freilichὄρημι, similarly as Latin verēri; lengthened grade Attic ὤρα, Ionian
ὤρη `hat, care ' hom. οὐδενός-ωρος, οὐδενὸς ὤραν ἔχων `nichtsnutzig', ὀλιγωρέω
`neglect' from *ὀλιγωρός `ὀλίγην ὤραν ἔχων', at most θυρωρός, πυλωρός `door-, Torhüter'
(rather because of hom. πυλεωρός an θυρη-, πυλη-ορός, correspondingly τῑμωρός);
ὠρεύειν `cavere'; βωροί ὀφθαλμοί Hes. Suid.
Latin vereor, -ērī, -itus sum ` worship, fear, dread'; zur form compare gr. Aeolic (F)ὄρημι
`see, observe';
Old Irish cō(a)ir ` fitting, right': cymr. cywair ds. (*kom-u̯eri̯os);
Germanic: u̯orós
rós in Gothic war(s) `behutsam', Old Icelandic varr `behutsam, careful,
shy', Old English wær àware, attentive, careful, behutsam', Old Saxon war ` careful, of the
hat', Old High German giwar ` attentive, careful ' = (Fόρος); ū̆orā
orā in Gothic warai
`Behutsamkeit, artifice', Middle High German wer (Old High German *warī) `Vorsicht'; Old
English waru, Old Saxon Old High German wara àttention, guarding', wara nëman
wahrnehmen ` perceive ', Old Icelandic vara f. `merchandise,, Zahlungsmittel', Old English
waru, spätMiddle High German war, Modern High German Ware; Old High German
bewarōn `preserve, protect', Old Saxon warōn òbserve, protect, look after, watch over,
keep', Old English warian `preserve, protect, beware, guard', Old Icelandic vara ` attentive
make, look after; protect, assume ', refl. `sich hüten'; *u̯ortos
ortos (**u̯ord os in Gothic
or hos)
or
daúrawards `Torwart', Old High German wart `Wächter, Wärter, Hüter', warto, Gothic
wardja ds., Old Saxon wardōn ìn the hat sein, look after, watch over, keep', Old High
German wartēn àchten, peer, wahrnehmen, warten, expect ', warta `Beobachtung etc.',
Modern High German Warte ; *u̯orn-
orn- in Old High German furiwarna `Vorbereitung' (Old
orn
English wearn f. `Widerstand, Verweigerung, reproach, accusation ', Modern High German
warnen etc. through interference from Angehörigen from *warjan wehren defend etc.', and
root *u̯er- `verschließen');
Latvian véru, vērt `see, show, bemerken' (mostly reflexive vērties), vērība àttention';
Maybe alb. vërej ` perceive, spot, detect ' > folk etymology vë re ` perceive ' Latvian
loanword.
Tocharian A wär-, В wär-sk- `smell'.

Page(s): 1164

er-9 : u̯eru-
er u̯er-
ru-s (*ḫu̯ er-9)
er
Meaning: wide, broad
Material: Old Indic urú-, Avestan vouru- (from *varu-, Indo Germanic *u̯eru-), jav. also uru-
`wide', westoss. urux, composition form Avestan uru- (from *u̯ru-, as Old Indic gru- besides
gurú-, above S. 476); comparative várīyas-, superlative váriṣṭha-, in addition Old Indic
urūcī́ f. `die earth', Femin. to uru-vyáñc: urūc- `weitreichend', compare den Avestan
Bergnamen Vouruša-, perhaps = Old Indic *urūcya-; Old Indic urvaṭa- m. `year', *uruaṭa-
`weit wandering '; PN Urváśī f. from *uru-vāśī- ` intense desire'; in addition ulū́khala-
`mortar' from *urū́-khara- `with breitem bottom';
with metathesis gr. εὐ- (as in εὑρίσκω, u̯er-4; compare εὐρυσί- under u̯er-5) in εὐρύς
(instead of *Fερύς) `breit', as well as in εὖρος `Breite' (see above Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 412
Anm. 1); perhaps Tocharian A wärts, В aurtse `wide, breit'
eros- in Old Indic váras- n. `Breite, Raum' (gr. εὖρος instead of *Fέρος);
neuter: u̯eros-
eros
doubtful u̯eros-
ros- `breast' in Old Indic uras- (from *vuras), Avestan varō ds. and Old Indic
várī̆maṇ- m. n. `Weite, Umfang', várivas- n. `Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit', die eine heavy
basis voraussetzen.
References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.
Page(s): 1165
Root / lemma: u̯ers-

ers u̯er-
ers- (*ḫu̯ er-)
er
Meaning: to drag on the ground
Material: Latin verrō (older vorrō), verrī, versum ` sharpen, am Boden schleppen, sweep,
Material:
wash away ';
about gr. ἔρρω `go away, schwinde' s. Frisk 566;
Old Icelandic vǫrr `stroke'; barely here Old Saxon Old High German wërran `bewilder,
durcheinanderbringen' etc.;
Latvian vârsms `heap of corn, grain '; russ.-Church Slavic vьrchu, vrěšti `thrash', ablaut.
vrachъ `das Dreschen' (geschah originally through Schleifen), russ. vóroch `heap (of
corn)';
Maybe alb. vras ` strike, kill ', vresht ` (heap of ) vineyard ' Slavic loanword.
Maybe alb. Tosc varr, Geg vorr ` mound, grave ', varrë ` wound'.
Hittite u̯aršii̯a-, u̯arš- àbwischen, pluck, reap'.
References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.
Page(s): 1169-1170

er u̯er-
er-(e)nā (*ḫu̯ er-(e)n)
er
Meaning: alder, poplar
Material: Armenian geran (*u̯erenā) `trabs, tignum';
alb. verrë f. (*u̯ernā) `Populus alba';
bret. gwern f. (*u̯ernā) `Schiffsmast; alder ', acorn. guern ` mast ', guern-en ` alder ',
cymr. gwernen `Schiffsmast, alder ', Pl. koll. gwern Èrlen, swamp, marsh', Middle Irish
fern f. `Ег1е, mast ', gall. Fernodubrum (Èrlenwasser'; from Celtic derive piemontes.
verna, prov. verna, verno, French verne, vergne ` alder ').
References: WP. I 292, Меуег-Lübke REW3 p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S.
81.
Page(s): 1169
Root / lemma: u̯es- u̯ḫes-

es-1 (*ḫau̯
es es-1)
Meaning: to stay, live, spend the night
Material: Old Indic vásati (participle secondary uṣita-) `verweilt, dwells, übernachtet' (with
ā: `sleeps with a Frau', with upa: `fastet') = Avestan vaŋhaiti ` dwells, verweilt', Old Indic
Kaus. vāsayati `beherbergt'; vástu-, vasatí- m. f., vāsá- m. àbode, residence,
Übernachten', Old pers. ā-vahanam ` residence, dot', Old Indic lengthened grade vā́stu- n.
`site, house', new vástu- n. ` thing' (vastuka- m. à plant', actually `Hofunkraut'); vāsa-
veśman n. `Schlafzimmer';
Armenian goy ìs, existiert, is vorhanden', goy (i-stem) `being, being, blessing, property';
gr. ἄεσα ep. Aor. (stets with νύκτα connected) `zubringen', in addition present ἀέσκω,
ἀέσκοντο; perhaps ἑστία f. `stove, hearth, altar', figurative `house, family etc.', with
secondary ι Ionian ἱστίη, Aeolic Boeotian lokr. Doric Arcadian ἱστία through Assimil. an das
betonte ι the second syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ἵστημι;
derivative from *u̯es-ti- `Bleiben, dwelling', also `zum Heim belonging'; with unexplained a-
vocalism (F)ἄστυ n. `town, city' (ἀστός ` town dweller ', ἀστεῖος `städtisch');
Messapic vastei (Dat.);
Latin Vesta `goddess of häuslichen Hordes';
Middle Irish fō(a)id `nächtigt (also `with a wife, woman'), remains, verweilt, wakes in the
night' (*u̯oseti), 3. Sg. preterit fīu (*u̯i-u̯ōs-t), 3. Pl. fēotar (*u̯i-u̯os-ont-r̥), verbal noun fess,
feiss f. ` sleep, coitus, abode, residence', ablaut. foss m. `Bleiben, tranquility ', i foss `to
house', fossad `tight, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence'; cymr. gwas `Heimstätte',
mcymr. gwest, kywest `Ruheplatz', gwest, cywestach `coitus', gwesti `dwelling', dirwest
(*dī-ro-u̯es-t-) and darwest (*to-are-u̯es-t-) ` fast ';
Gothic wisan (1. Sg. preterit was) `sein, abide, remain ', Old Icelandic vesa (later vera),
Old English Old Saxon Old High German wesan (engl. preterit was), Old Frisian wesa
`sein, abide, remain ', Modern High German war, gewesen, substantivierter Infin. èntity';
Gothic wists f. èntity', Old Icelandic vist, Old English Old High German wist èntity, abode,
residence, Dasein'; Old Icelandic vǣrr ` peaceful ' (or identical with dem 2. part from ǫl-
vǣrr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs herað-vǣrr `berechtigt, in district, region,
area to sein'); Old Saxon werōn, Old High German weren èndure, währen' (in addition Old
High German wirig ` lasting, dauerhaft', Modern High German lang-wierig) and Old Saxon
warōn, Middle Low German waren èndure'; perhaps Gothic wis ` calm (at sea) ', if actually
` tranquility ');
Tocharian A wṣeńńe ` lair ', waṣt, В ost `house', waṣamo `friend', Pl. waṣmoń, wsaṣṣäṃ
` dwells ';
Hittite (*ḫu̯eiš-) ḫu̯iš- ` live, am Leben bleiben', (*ḫu̯eiša-) ḫu̯iša- `mirror'.

References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f., Loth
RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.
Page(s): 1170-1171
Root / lemma: u̯es- u̯ḫes-

es-2 (*ḫau̯
es es-2)
Meaning: to feast
Material: Old Indic ánu vāvasē `has aufgezehrt', vástōḥ `vor dem ravenousness', Avestan
vastra `Fresse, muzzle', vāstrǝm `food', vāstar- `Hirte'; about Latin vēscor às meal eat, be
nourished ' see above S. 73; Middle Irish fess, feiss `food, eating' (*u̯es-tā), Old Irish fïach
`raven' (*u̯esākos), out of it borrowed cymr. gwyach `Steißfuß' (ein bird); Old Irish ban-
[ḟ]ess ` wedding ' (`Frauen-fest'), bret. banves `festival', cymr. gwest `festival'; Gothic waila
wisan `to feast, delight ', frawisan `consume', wizōn ìndulge oneself', waila-wizns ` feast ',
gawizneigs `sich mitfreuend', Old English wesan `to feast' (only Beowulf 3115, Hs.
weaxan); Old High German firwesan, Middle High German verwesen `consume'; Old
Icelandic vist, Old English Old High German wist f. `dish, food'; in ablaut probably Old High
German wastel (French gâteau) ` cake';
u̯ḫeš--) u̯eši- `pasture', u̯ešii̯a- `graze, abweiden; lead, regieren'; (*ḫau̯

Hittite (*ḫau̯ u̯ḫeš--
)u̯eštara- `herdsman, shepherd'.
Maybe alb. ushqim `food', ushqej `feed'.
References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769
See also: probably to u̯esu- `good'.
Page(s): 1171
Root / lemma: u̯es-

es u̯es-
es-3 (*ḫu̯ es-3)
es
Meaning: wet
Material: Gr. ἐαρόν λουτῆρα, ἤ πρόχουν Hes., alt-theräisch hεαρα (meaning
unacquainted); Umbrian vestikatu `libato' (formation as Latin lectīca);
Maybe alb. vesë ` dew '
Old High German wasal `rain', Old High German waso `lawn, clod of earth, pit, pothole',
Modern High German Wasen `lawn', Old Saxon waso, Middle Low German wase `damp
Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn'; Middle Low German wasem m. `Wasserdampf,
haze, mist'; Old English wōs n. ` dampness, juice, sap'; engl. ooze ` dampness, slime,
mud', as verb `durchsickern, spring up, bubble', Middle Low German wōs `scum, froth,
foam, decoction, extract acquired by boiling, juice, sap', Old Danish Norwegian ōs ` plant
juice ';
presumably Avestan vaŋhu-tāt- f. `blood', vaŋhuϑwa- n. `Blutvergießen, bloody fight',

vohuna- m. `blood' and Old Indic vásā, vasā́ `bacon, fat, lard ' (also vaśā inscribed, as
váśa-m `flüssiges fat');
here with the meaning `male animal' (compare Latin verrēs etc.: u̯er-, u̯er-s- `feuchten'):
Old Indic úṣṭra- m. `Büffel, Kamel', uṣṭár- `Pflugstier', Avestan uštrō m. `Kamel' (also in
ZaraÞ-uštrō); Old Indic uṣṭā́ `Pflugstier'.
References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1, 113 f., Frisk 433.
Page(s): 1171-1172
lemma: u̯es-
Root / lemma: es u̯es-
es-4 (*ḫu̯ es-4)
es
Meaning: to stick, pierce
Material: Old Indic nivāsita- ùms Leben gebracht', nirvāsana-m `das Ermorden, Töten',
parivāsayati `schneidetrings ab, from' ; Old Irish fennaid `schindet' (*u̯es-nā-ti); (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), alb. usht ` ear ';
Lithuanian usnìs `thistle, hawthorn', Latvian usna, ušna `thistle';
about Church Slavic vъšь `louse' etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.
Maybe alb. vesh, Pl. veshë ` ear'.
Old High German ort `cusp, peak, point, edge etc.', Modern High German Ort `place' (and
`Schusterahle'), Old English ord `cusp, peak, beginning ', Old Icelandic oddr `cusp, peak',
Old Germanic Osd-ulfus = Old Saxon Old English Ord-ulf (different above S. 237);
[common Latin Germanic -s- > -r-].

References:
Page(s): 1172

es u̯es-
es-5 (*ḫau̯ es-5)
es
Meaning: to dress, put on
Material: Old Indic vástē `kleidet sich, zieht an', Avestan vaste ds. (compare the unthemat.
gr. ἕσσαι, -ἕσται), vaŋhaiti ds.; Old Indic vásana-, Avestan vaŋhana- n. ` garment '; Old
Indic vásman- n. `cover' (= εἷμα); vastra-, Avestan vastra- n. ` clothing ' (: gr. Fέστρα,
Middle High German wester?);
Armenian z-genum `pull myself an' (*u̯es-nu- = ἕννυμι), z-gest ` clothing ' (-tu-stem);
gr. ἕννῡμι, Ionian εἵνῡμι, Aor. ἕσ(σ)αι ` apparel ', Med. `sich kleiden', athemat. Perf. εἷμαι
(*Fέσ-μαι) 3. Sg. ἐπί-εσται (Herod.); ἔσθος n. ` clothing ' (-dhes-stem), ἐσθής, -ῆτος ds.
(*Fεσ[το-]τᾱτ-ς with dem θ from ἔσθος); ἑανός `weibliches garment ' (Old Indic vásana-m);
Ionian Attic εἷμα, Doric Fῆμα, Lesbian Fέμμα `dress' (: Old Indic vás-man-); Hes. γῆμα
ἱμάτιον, εὐ-, κακο, δυσ-είμων `good, schlecht gekleidet', with Vorstufe of Itazismus ἱ̄μάτιον
`dress, mantle'; Doric Fέστρα (γέστρα στολή Hes.), ἐφεστρίς f. `wärmeres Wintergewand,
Soldatenmantel';
alb. vesh Ì kleide an', vishem `kleide myself an';
Latin vestis ` clothing ', vestiō, -īre ` apparel ' (compare γεστία ἔνδυσις Hes.);
Gothic wasjan, Old High German werian, Old Icelandic veria ` apparel ', Old English
werian `ds., dress bear, carry'; Gothic wasti f. `dress'; Middle High German wester (see
above) `Taufkleid' (but Old High German early wastibarn, previously by Notker westerwât);
Old Icelandic vesl n. `dress' (*wesala-), ver ` coating, layer ' (*waza-);
Hittite u̯aš-, u̯eš-, Luvian u̯aš(š)- `bekleiden, lure, tempt '; Tocharian В wastsi, wästsi
`dress' (neologism); A wsāl ds.;
References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f., Frisk 521 f.

Page(s): 1172-1173

es-no-
es u̯es-
no- (*ḫau̯ no-)
es-no-
es
Meaning: price
Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e- and o-vocalism: Old Indic vasná- m. `
purchase price', n. èarnings', vasnayati `feilscht'; Armenian gin ` purchase price'; gr. hom.
ὦνος ` purchase price', Lesbian ὄννᾱ (*u̯osnā), Ionian Attic ὠνή ` purchase', ὠνέομαι ` buy
', gort. ὠνῆν ` sell '; Latin vēnus (only in Akk. vēnum, Dat. vēno, later vēnui) `sale' (vendō, -
dere ` sell ' is *vēnom + dō, vēneō `verkauft become' = *vēnom + eō); marr. eituam
venalinam `pecuniam venaliciam' (?) muß ein loanword from Latin sein, da sn marr. not n
ergeben würde; Old Russian věno `dowry'; Hittite uššaniya- ` sell ' (compare above u̯aš-
`buy').
References: WP. I 311 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.
See also: u̯es-8
Page(s): 1173

es u̯es-
es-7 (*ḫau̯ es-7)
es
Material: Old Indic vēdá- m. ` hassock, clump of grass ' (*u̯ozdos); uṣṇíhā f. ` nape ',
uṣṇī́ṣa- m. `head fascia' (*us-nī̆- ` gyration '); Swedish, Norwegian vase `Laubbündel', vasa
`verwickeln, maunder, drivel ', Old Icelandic vasask `sich verwickeln', Middle Low German
Middle English wase `bundle'.
References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.
Page(s): 1173

es u̯es-
es-8 (*ḫau̯ es-)
es
Meaning: to buy, sell
Material: Hittite u̯aš-, u̯ašii̯a- `buy, acquire', ušsanii̯a- ` sell ', u̯eššia- ` purchase price';
perhaps Latin vīlis (*u̯es-li-) ` cheap '.
References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemerényi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36
See also: u̯es-
es-no-
es no-
Page(s): 1173

es u̯es-
es-9 (*ḫau̯ es-)
es
Meaning: ` gleam, shine '
au̯es-
See also: see above S. 86 f. (au̯ es-).
es
Page(s): 1173
Root / lemma: u̯esperos u̯ekeros)

esperos (u̯ u̯ekkʷero
ekeros (*ḫau̯
ekeros ekk ero)
ekk ero
Meaning: evening
Material: Gr. ἕσπερος m. èvening, vespertine ', ἑσπέρα f. èvening', ἑσπέριος, ἑσπερινός `
vespertine '; Latin vesper, -eris and -eri èvening, eventide ', vespera ` eventide ' (out of it
Old Irish fescor, mcymr. gosper, gosber); probably to Modern High German West (above
S. 73); against it Baltic- Slavic *u̯ekera- m. èvening': Lithuanian vãkaras èvening' (Pl.
vakaraĩ `Westen', vakarų̃ vė́jas `Westwind'), Latvian vakars èvening', Old Church Slavic
večerъ ds., wherefore Adv. Old Church Slavic vьčera ` yesterday ' etc., basic meaning
perhaps ` darkness', to Lithuanian úkanas `cloudy', ùnkna `shadow', Latin umbra (*unksrā)
`shadow';
Maybe zero grade alb. Geg (*umbra-) mbramë ` yesterday night', mbramje ` evening,
darkness' Latin loanword.
cymr. ucher èvening' not here, but from Indo Germanic *u̯oik̂sero- (Pokorny ZcP. 15,
377); Armenian gišer `night' from *u̯oik̂ero-, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root
u̯eik̂- `humid, wet' (?) in Old Indic vēśantá- m. `pond, pool' (compare FlN Lithuanian
Viešintà, Viešmuõ etc.), Old Icelandic veig ` intoxicating drink ', Latvian vieksts
`Wasserstrudel'.
References: WP. I 311, WH. II 770 f., 814 f., Trautmann 348, Vasmer 1, 196, Frisk 575;
the variation u̯esperos : u̯ekeros perhaps after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119 taboo to
define; compare also Havers Sprachtabu 125, 178.
Page(s): 1173-1174

es-r̥ (*ḫ2au̯
es u̯ḫ1es-
es-)
Meaning: spring, prime of the year
Note:
es-r̥ (*ḫ2au̯ḫ1es-
es es-):: spring, derived from Root / lemma: au̯es-
es- (*ḫ2au̯ḫ1es-
es es-)::
to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.
Grammatical information: Gen. u̯es-
es-n-es
es
Note: (Latin-Germanic u̯ēr after *i̯ēr `year')
Material:
In a-grade:
(Hittite *ḫ2au̯ḫ1es-
es- > *ḫabes-- > *ḫames-- compare npers. bahār < *vāhar see below)
about Hittite ḫamešḫ(a)-, ḫamešḫant- ` spring ' s. A. Goetze Lg. 27, 471, 51, 467 ff., F.
Sommer M. stem z. Spr. 4, 7, G. R. Solta, S.-Ber. österr. Akad., Bd. 232, 1., 16 f.;
{common Hittite suffix (-ḫ2an-) -ḫant-}
In e-grade:
gr. ἔαρ, ἔαρος, also ἦρος, ἦρι with new Nom. ἦρ; γέαρ Hes. (*Fεσαρ) ` spring ', ἐαρινός `
belonging to the spring ';
Latin vēr, vēris n. ` spring ', vernus (*u̯erinos) òf spring, spring';
Maybe alb. vera `summer' a Latin loanword, [Latin primavera springtime (f. use as fem.
sing. of L prima vera pl. primum ver first or earliest spring)], alb. [pranë = `near' + vera =
`summer'] > alb. pranvera `spring, early summer'.
Old Irish errach (lenierte form from *ferrach) ` spring ' (*u̯esr-āko-); acymr. guiannuin ìn
spring ' (*u̯es-n̥t-eino-), but mcymr. gwaeanhwyn, ncymr. gwanwyn places *gwaeant from
*u̯es-n̥to- ahead; acorn. guaintoin ` spring ';
Old Church Slavic vesna ` spring '; *u̯eserinios ` of spring ' in Lithuanian vasarìnis
`summery', Latvian vasarińi m. Pl. ` summer grain ', compare russ.-Church Slavic
vesnьnyj, russ. vesénnij òf spring-';
Maybe alb. (*vesna, *vièsientá) vjeshta àutumn (long summer)' [common alb. n > nt > t ].
In a-grade:
Old Indic vasan-tá- m. (*u̯es-en-to-) ` spring ', vasantā ìn spring ' (from *vasan- extended);
vasar-hán `früh schlagend', vāsará- ` matutinal ';
Avestan vaŋri Lok. ìn spring ' (*vasri for older *vasar, compare npers. bahār with quality
around spring from *vāhar, compare Old pers. ϑūra-vāhara-);
Alb. behar ` spring ' from Turkish bahar ` spring '.
Armenian garun (*u̯esr-), Gen. garnan ` spring ';
Lithuanian vãsara and vasarà, Latvian vasara `summer' (*u̯esera-?);
References: WP. I 301, WH. II 755, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 192, Frisk 432 f., 605 f.
au̯es-
See also: probably to ḫau̯ es- `gleam, shine', above S. 86 f.
es
Page(s): 1174

et u̯et-
et- (*ḫu̯ et-)
et
Meaning: year
Material: Old Indic vatsá, vatsará- m. `year', vatsá- m. ` yearling, calf, rother, cattle',
Material:
vatsaká- m. ` little calf ', sa-vātárāu N. Du. f. ` identical calf habend'; sogd. wtšnyy (leg.
wat(u)šanē) òld';
gr. Fέτος, ἔτος n. `year', διετής ` biennial ', ἐτήσιος ànnual, yearly', Attic εἶς νέωτα,
delph. ἐννέωτα `for the nächste year' (haplology from *νεFώ-Fετα, s. also ἐπηετανός Frisk
534, οἰετέας J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. WB. 227, σῆτες above S. 609); gr. ἔτελον, ἔταλον `
yearling from Haustieren' (: Latin vitulus, see below);
alb. vit, Pl. vjet `year', parvjet `vor zwei Jahren', vjetë f. `calf', vitsh, viç `calf' (from
*u̯eteso-, compare Latin veterīnus); Messapic atavetes = αυτόετες òf gleichen year';
Comment:
Alb. (*viet) vit, Pl. vjet `year' : Hittite witt- `year'; alb. vjetër òld' : Latin vetus, -eris òld'.
Latin vetus, -eris òld' (alike ἔτος; the Genet. veteris schließt close connection to Old
Lithuanian vetušas from), vetustus òld' (probably from *u̯etosto-s àged', formation as
onustus : onus), vetulus `ältlich', Oscan Vezkeí `*Vetusco', god's name; Latin veterīnus
`Zugvieh'; vitulus `calf' = Umbrian vitluf `vitulōs' (Italian i instead of e presumably through
borrowing from a nicht näher to bestimmenden Indo Germanic language Italiens); Oscan
Viteliú Ìtalia', from which through Low Italian-gr. mediation Latin Italia, actually `das land
the Italī' (`young steers ', after dem Stiergott Mārs);
Middle Irish feis, corn. guis, abret. guis `sow' (*u̯et-si-);
Gothic wiÞrus òne year old lamb', Old Icelandic veðr, Old High German widar àries,
ram' (compare above Old Indic sa-vātárāu);
Old Church Slavic vetъchъ òld', Old Lithuanian vetušas òld, aged';
a Lok. or possibly Akk. Sg. of zero grade stem ut- lies vor in Old Indic par-út ìn
vergangenen years', Armenian heru, gr. πέρυσι, Doric πέρυτι, Old Icelandic fjorð, Middle
High German vert ds., Old Irish ónn-urid àb anno priore' (Vokalumstellung?);
Hittite witt- `year', Hieroglyphic-Hittite usa-, Luvian ušša ds.
References: WP. I 251, WH. I 723, II 776 ff., 807, Trautmann 365, Vasmer 1, 194, O.
References:
Szemerényi ZDMG. 101, 204 f., Word 8, 50, Frisk 534, 579 f., 583 f., Kronasser compare
sound- under Formenlehre 126 A. 20.
Page(s): 1175
Root / lemma: u̯ē̆-1 (*ḫu̯

u̯ē̆-)
Meaning: we
Meaning:
Grammatical information: u̯ei-
ei- (Plural)
ei
Material: Nom. 1. Dual Old Indic vā́m (= vā-am, Indo Germanic *-om), Avestan vā, Gothic
wit, Old Icelandic vit, Old English wit, Old Church Slavic vě, Lithuanian vè-du (*u̯e-du̯ō) `
we both';
Nom. 1. Pl. Old Indic vay-ám, Avestan vaēm (Indo Germanic *-om), Gothic weis, Old
High German wir, Old Icelandic vēr, Old English wē̆ etc., Hittite u̯ēs (*u̯ei̯-es), Tocharian В
wes, A was ` we '.
References: WP. I 220, Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 175 f., Liebert, Indo Germanic
Personalpron. 102 ff.
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯ē-3, u̯ǝ- (*ḫu̯
u̯ē-)
Meaning: ` blow, wave, whiffle '
See also: see above S. 82 ff. (au̯e-); in the same place u̯ē-lo-
lo-, u̯e-s-, u̯et-
et- ds.
et
Page(s): 1114
Root / lemma: u̯ēp-

ēp- : u̯ǝp-
ēp ǝp u̯ekʷ
ǝp- (*ḫu̯ ekʷ-)
ek
Meaning: to blow; to soar
Material: Falls das Old Indic causative vāpayati `makes blow' keine secondary formation to
vāti `weht' (above S. 82) darstellt, but from a stem *u̯ēp- derived is, kann es Ablautform to
Latin vapor (old vapōs) `vapor, heat' sein (incorrect about vapor above S. 596), wherefore
still vappa, vapiō `kahmiger wine '.
Maybe alb. vapa 'summer heat'
Page(s): 1149-1150
Root / lemma: u̯ē̆s-6 (*ḫu̯

u̯ē̆s-)
Meaning: ` you '
See also: see above S. 514 (i̯u-).
Page(s): 1173
Root / lemma: u̯ē̆su-

su u̯ē̆su-
su- (*ḫu̯ su-)
su
Meaning: good
Material: Old Indic vásu- `good' (in addition vasvī `night'), vásu n. `blessing, Besitztum,
property, richness ' (das Subst. after pronunciation and ablaut das primäre), Avestan
vaŋhu-, vohu ds., Old Indic vasīyān `better', vasiṣṭha- `best', Avestan vahyā̊, vahištō ds.;
alt-Illyrian Ves-cleves, compare Old Indic vásu-śravas-;
Germanic in proper name, e.g. Wisu-rīh, -mār, also Wisi-Gothae; gall. in proper name as
Bello-, Sigo-vesus, Vesu-avus, Old Irish *feb (only in den case oblique covered, e.g. Dat.
Sg. feib) ` excellence ' from *u̯esu̯-ā, febas ` excellence ', *febtu, Gen. febtad gl.
`substantiae'; ablaut. Old Irish fō `good, Güte' (*u̯osu-); besides *u̯ēsu- in Irish fiu `
dignified, honorable ', cymr. gwiw ds., bret. gwiou `cheerful', gall. Uīsu-rīx; about u̯ēsu- in
asian. Sprachen s. Bossert Mitteil. Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;
besides eus- (with metathesis as in gr. εὖρος from Fερος) in:

Gothic iusiza `better', iusila Èrholung, Erleichterung' (after Wissmann, D. ält. Postverb.
d. Germanic 72 ff. post-verbal to *iusilon, as inilo Èntschuldigung, excuse, alleged reason
' to *inilon); Old Church Slavic unje `better' (Kompar. to an *uno- from *eus-no-);
Illyrian PN Veselia `Felicitas'; Latvian vęsęls `fit, healthy, heil, unbroken, unmarred,
unscathed, undamaged '; Old Church Slavic veselъ, Czech veselý etc. `cheerful';
Tocharian A wṣe, В yaṣi `night' as *u̯esū ` the good '.
References: WP. I 311, Vasmer 1, 191 f., Frisk 594 f.

See also: probably to u̯es-
es-2.
es
Page(s): 1174-1175
Root / lemma: u̯ǝg-

ǝg- : u̯āg-
ǝg āg u̯egh-
āg- (*ḫu̯ egh-)
egh
Meaning: to be bent
Material: Latin vagor, -āri `schweife umher, breite myself from', vagus ` wandering '; Old
Irish fān m. `slope, cavity; slantwise, abschlüssig' (*u̯āg-no-); acymr. guoin, cymr. gwaun
`lowland, depression, meadow', corn. goen, goon, gon, bret. geun, yeun `marshland'
(*u̯āgnā).
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 726, Loth RC 36, 181;
See also: compare u̯ā-, u̯ek-, u̯ǝk-, u̯eng(h)-, u̯enk-.
Page(s): 1120
Root / lemma: u̯ǝk-

ǝk- (: *u̯āk-
ǝk āk u̯ek-
āk-) (*ḫu̯ ek-)
ek
Meaning: to be bent
Material: Latin vacillō, -āre `wobble, sway, waver'; abrit. VN Ούακο-μάγοι `die Bewohner
the gekrümmten Felder', cymr. gwaeth (*u̯ǝk-to-) Kompar. `bad' (Superl. gwaethaf), corn.
gweth, Middle Breton goaz.
References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 723 ff.;
See also: s. also u̯ā-, u̯ǝg- etc.
Page(s): 1135
Root / lemma: u̯idhu- (*ḫu̯

u̯eiĝhu
iĝhu-
hu-)
Meaning: tree
Note:
Root / lemma: u̯idhu- (*ḫu̯
u̯eiĝhu
iĝhu-
hu-):: `tree' derived from alb.-Illyrian vith, Gen. vidh èlm tree'
of Root / lemma: u̯inĝ- iĝ- (u̯iĝ-?) : èlm'; common alb. -ĝ- > -d-.
nĝ- and u̯eiĝ-
Material: Old Irish fid, Gen. fedo `tree, wood, wood, forest', cymr. gwŷdd (Sg. gwydden),
acorn. guiden, br. gwez (Sg. gwezenn) ds., also in cymr. syb-wydd `pine' (`Resinous tree ')
= corn. sib-uit; gall. VN Uidu-casses; Old Icelandic viðr, Gen. viðar m. `wood, forest, wood,
tree', Old English widu, wudu m. ds., Old High German witu, wito `wood';
perhaps as `Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen' to *u̯eid

ei h-
ei
`separate, divide' and then formal = Old Indic vidhú- `vereinsamt', Lithuanian vidùs `
center, the interior'; compare above S. 707 Lithuanian mẽdžias `tree';
connection with Irish fīad `wild', fīadach ` hunt', cymr. gŵydd `wild', acorn. guit-fil `fera',
bret. gouez `wild' would be the meaning after through Latin silvāticus `wild' : silva,
Lithuanian medìnis `wild', medžiõklė ` hunt' : mẽdis `tree' to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei
die lengthened grade ei compared with dem Grundworte Irish fid difficult, hard; es is hence
fīad from fid to separate and auf eine besides *u̯ei-t- in Old High German weida, Old
English wāð, Old Icelandic veiðr ` hunt, fishing' (:**u̯ei-
ei-3) liegende root form *u̯ei-d(h)- to
ei
beziehen.
References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.

Page(s): 1177
Root / lemma: u̯inĝ- iĝ- (u̯iĝ-?) (*ḫu̯

nĝ- and u̯eiĝ- u̯eik-
eik-)
eik
Meaning: elm
Material: With nasalization Balto Slavic group Lithuanian vìnkšna, Latvian vîksna ds. (also
Old Prussian wimino èlm', lies wincsno) from *u̯inĝ-snā (Suff. as in Lithuanian glúosna `
willow ');
nasalized Old English wīc, wīce, engl. witch, Low German wīke èlm';
likewise u̯inĝ- as u̯iĝ- can be in alb. vith, Gen. vidh èlm' and in Kurdish viz à kind of
elm'; the relationship of the nasalized against unnasalized form is still to be cleared.
(common alb. Celtic -k > -th, -g > -dh > Slavic Iranian z-)
serb. vêz (Gen. vèza), russ. vjazъ, poln. wiąz Ùlmus campestris' (proto Slavic. *vęzъ);
References: WP. I 314, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244,
Petersson Heteroklisie 56 f.
Page(s): 1177
Root / lemma: u̯i̯eth-

eth-, u̯ith-
eth ith u̯eith-
ith- (*ḫau̯ eith-)
eith
Meaning: to shake
Material: Old Indic vyáthatē ` sways, taumelt, geht schief, kommt to Falle, shrugs, jerks,
weicht', vithurá- ` fluctuating, mangelhaft'; Gothic wiÞōn `shake'; relationship to *u̯ei-
ei-1
ei
`turn' is probably, da in Kreise this root words for `waver, hin and her bewegen' right
frequent, often are.
Maybe alb. vithe ` buttocks, hips '.
References: WP. I 318, Kuiper Nasalpräs. 53, Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, 487.
Page(s): 1178
Root / lemma: u̯ī̆ks-

ks u̯ī̆ks-
ks- (*ḫau̯ ks-)
ks
Meaning: ` mistletoe and other glue delivering trees '
Note: (u̯īs̆ k-?)
u̯eis-
See also: s. S. 1134 (u̯ eis-).
eis
Page(s): 1177
Root / lemma: u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī (*ḫau̯

u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī)
Meaning: twenty
Note: actually Dual `two decades ' (to Indo Germanic u̯ī̆- `two' and dk̂m̥t-, above S. 192)
Material: Old Indic viṁśatí-, Avestan vīsaiti, osset. insäi, Armenian k`san, gr. εἴκοσι, Doric
Fίκατι, hom. ἐείκοσι for ἐ(F)ί̄κοσι, alb. zet, Latin vīginti (see above S. 192), Old Irish fiche,
Gen. fichet (*u̯ik̂ṃt-s, -os), acymr. uceint (instead of *gwycaint from the compound *dou-
viceint, cymr. deugaint `40' abstracted), corn. ugans; Tocharian A wiki, В ikǝ.
References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f., Frisk 453 f.
Page(s): 1177
Root / lemma: u̯ī̆-1 (*ḫau̯

u̯ī̆-)
Meaning: separate from; both, two
Note: (see u̯ī-k̂m̥t-ī)
Material: Old Indic ví- àpart', Avestan vī̆- àpart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen;
through and through ' (also viš-: viš-pat- `go away, pass over'); Old Indic viṣu- àfter variant
Seiten' in viṣuṇa- `verschiedenartig', viṣu-rūpa- `verschiedengestaltig' , viṣuva- n.
àequinoctium', viṣuvant- ìn the middle situated, after beiden Seiten gleich', viṣv-añc-
àfter beiden (all) Seiten gewandt, auseinandergehend', Old Indic viṣva-dryan̄k `überallhin
going', Avestan višpaϑa Adv. `ringsum allenthalben' (*u̯isu- and *u̯isu̯o-; besides *u̯iso- in:)
Lithuanian vìsas, Latvian viss, Old Prussian wissa- àll'; Old Church Slavic vьsь àll,
whole'; with the same meaning àll' from àfter all Seiten auseinandergegangen,
umfänglich' and Indo Germanic k̂-suffix: Old Indic víśva- ` each, every, all', Avestan vī̆spa-,
ар. vispa- `ds.'; Sg. also `whole' (*u̯ik̂uo
̯ -; out of it also Old pers. visa- with regular
southwest - development from -śv-);
to stem *u̯isu-, u̯isu̯o- presumably also gr. FίσFος, ἴσος ` alike ' (for das on the other
hand derivation from *u̯idsu̯os to *u̯eid- ` behold ' erwogen wird);
Latin vitium `fault, error, disability, damage' as *u̯i-ti-om `*Abweichung'; vituperō, -āre
`spoil, tadle' (vitium + parāre); in addition Latin vitilīgō f. ` skin rash '.
itero-: Old Indic vítara- `further führend', vitarám `further, further',

comparative *u̯itero-
itero
Avestan vītarǝm ` sideways ', vītara- `the weitere, spätere', ōiϑra (i.e. viϑra) Adv. `
particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra,
notably, apart, separated', Gothic wiÞra Adv. and preposition m. Akk. `gegen, wider,
compared with, vor', Old Icelandic viðr Adv. and preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, wider,
with, by' (also við after Paaren as norðr : norð), Old English wið Adv. and preposition m.
Gen. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared with, wider, along, with', wiðer- in compounds, Old High
German widar Adv. `gegen, back, against', preposition m. Dat. Akk. `gegen, compared
with, wider'; Latin perhaps in vītricus `Stiefvater', originally `the second ', or `the entferntere
Vater' (but Old High German entrig, das an the einzigen Stelle, where es vorkommt (11.
Jh.), `transtiberinus' übersetzt, wird rather to enont `beyond' belong); Old Church Slavic
vъtorъ ` alter, secundus ' (from *vьtorъ).
References: WP. I 312 f., WH. II 80, 808, Vasmer 1, 192 f., 237, Trautmann 362 f.
Page(s): 1175-1176
Root / lemma: u̯ī̆-2, u̯oi- u̯ī̆-sk)

oi- (*ḫau̯
oi sk
Meaning: expr. root
u̯ī̆-ska) ἰά̄, Ionian ἰή f. `shout, call, scream' (Fι
Material: Gr. (*u̯ Fιά:), (*FἰαFῖ) ἰαῖ, ἰ̄ή èxclamation
Fιά
of Freude or of Schmerzes', hom. (F)ἰόμωροι epithet the Argiver (` βοην ἀγαθοί ');
(*FἰήFιος) ἰήιος epithet of Apollo (den man with ἰη παιών anrief), hence perhaps
(*FἰάFονες) ᾽ΙάFονες, ῎Iωνες Ìonier' as `Verehrer of Apollo'; (*FἰήFιος) ἰήιος or ἰά̄-Rufer (?
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 80); Old English wī (besides weg, wei, wā) `weh, oh'; due to *u̯ī-to-
`jubelnd' here Lithuanian vyturỹs ` lark ' and probably Latin vītulor ` jubilate, cheer, stimme
einen Sieges- or hymn of praise, song of praise an, be cheerful'; Old Russian viskati `
neigh ', visnǫti ` muttire ', russ. dial. viščatь, poln. wiskać, wiszczeć `loud whistle'; russ.
vizg ` Gewinsel ', vizžátь ` whimper '.
Maybe in -ll- suffix in alb. fishkëllej ` whistle '.
References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.
Page(s): 1176
Root / lemma: u̯ī̆ro-

ro u̯eir-
ro-s (*ḫau̯ eir-)
eir
Meaning: man; warrior
Material: With ī: Old Indic vīrá-, Avestan vīra- `man, hero ', Umbrian Akk. Pl. n. u(e)iro `
mancipia ', Volscan Abl. Sg. couehriu `*coviriō, contiōne ', Lithuanian výras, Latvian wîrs,
Old Prussian wijrs `man'; skyth. οἰόρ ` ἄνδρα ' (Herod. 4, 110), more properly οἰρο- = vīro-;
Old Indic virapśá- from *vīra-pśv-a- (: Avestan pasu vīra) `people and cattle', compare
Umbrian ueiro pequo ds.
With ĭ: Latin vir `man', in the old language also the unique word for ` husband ',
wherefore virāgō `mannhafte virgin, Heldin', virtus ` manfulness, skillfulness, virtue,
uprightness, integrity ', Old Irish fer `man', cymr. etc. gwr, Pl. gwyr (to which the Sg. gwr
analogically is formed additionally).
Gothic waír, Old Icelandic verr, Old High German Old Saxon Old English wer `man',
Tocharian A wir ` young '; Modern High German Werwolf; probably to Latin vīs ` power '
etc., *u̯ei- àuf etwas losgehen', s. d.
References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schulze Kl. Schr. 398,
Untermann, IF. 62, 127.
Page(s): 1177-1178
Root / lemma: u̯lek-

lek-, u̯l̥k- (*ḫau̯
lek u̯l̥k-)
Meaning: to shine; fiery
Note:
It derived from Root / lemma: se-
se- : `reflexive pronoun' + lek `shape, apparition'.
Material:
u̯l̥k-) ἄFλαξ ἀβλάξ ` bright, brilliant, radiant ' (whether (*Fλαμπρῶς)
perhaps to gr. (*ḫau̯
λαμπρῶς Hes. `bright, brilliant, radiant '); incredible ἠλέκτωρ `gleaming, sun', ἤλεκτρον `
mixture of gold and silver, amber ';
Old Indic ulkā́, ulkuṣī `meteor',
Tocharian AB (*vlek) lek `shape, apparition'.
References: WP. I 321, J. B. Hofmann Etymol. gr. Wb. 106, Frisk 629, Mayrhofer 1, 112.
Page(s): 1178
Root / lemma: u̯l̥kʷ-os (*ḫau̯

u̯l̥kʷ-)
Meaning: wolf
Note:
Root / lemma: u̯l̥kʷ-os : `wolf' derived from an extention of Root / lemma: u̯lek-
lek-, u̯l̥k- : `to
lek
shine; fiery' [similarity of sparking beastly eyes in the dark]
Material: Old Indic vŕ̥ka- m. `wolf', vr̥kīḥ ` she-wolf ', vr̥káti- èin Wölfischer', vr̥kāyú- `mad,
wicked, evil, mordlustig '; Avestan vǝhrka- `wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed??
Fem. vǝhrka); gr. λύκος (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. λύκαινα); Latin
lupus (sabin. loanword); Gothic wulfs, Old Icelandic ulfr, Old English Old Saxon wulf, Old
High German wolf `wolf', fem. Old High German wulpa, Middle High German wülpe, Old
Icelandic ylgr (from *wulgis, Indo Germanic *u̯lkʷī); Lithuanian vil̃kas, Latvian vìlks, Old
Prussian wilkis, Old Church Slavic vlьkъ ds.; fem. Lithuanian vìlkė, Slavic vъlči-ca in serb.
vùčica, russ. volčíca;
with double zero grade (?): alb. (*wulku) ulk `wolf', Ligurian MN Ulkos, Illyrian PN
Ulcudius, Ulcirus mons, PN Ουλκίνιον, Pannonian Ulcisia castra; abrit. PN Ulcagnus, Proto
Irish (Ogam) Gen. Ulccagni = Old Irish PN Olcán, also also Old Irish olc, Gen. uilc `mad,
wicked, evil', as Subst. m. ` Missetäter ', n. èvil, harm, evil, wickedness ' (see307, 310);
compare also päon. MN Λυππειος, Λυκκειος could point to old Labiovelar; Szemerényi
(KZ. 71, 199 ff.) receives Illyrian ulk- from *u̯ulk-, Indo Germanic *u̯l̥kʷ- ; then Celtic ulko-
must be looked as Illyrian loanword; conspicuous is Latin PN Vlp(ius) Lupio (CIR 130);
Note:
Alb. (*ulcogna) ulkonjë `she-wolf' : abrit. PN Ulcagnus : Swedish varghona, varginna,

vargböna, varghona, varginna, vargböna ` she-wolf ', common alb. -kn- > -nj-.
possible would be also, daß Latin lupus and Germanic *wulfaz with Indo Germanic p to
Old Indic lopāśa- m. `jackal, fox', Avestan raopi-, Middle Persian ropas etc. belongs, or
mindestens from a derartigen root-influenced is (see above S. 690, where also Gall. PN
Λούερνιος, abrit. Gen. Lovernii, cymr. llywarn, acorn. louuern, nbret. louarn `fox', Indo
Germanic *louperno-s hinzufügen is).
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; various
distorted taboo; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.
Page(s): 1178-1179
Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- u̯lkʷ

lup- (*ḫau̯ lkʷ-)
lk
Meaning: a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)
Note:
Root / lemma: u̯l̥p-, lup- u̯lkʷ
lup- (*ḫau̯ lkʷ-):: à kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)' derived from Root /
lk
lemma: u̯l̥kʷ-os (*ḫau̯
u̯lkʷ
lkʷ-):: `wolf' [common Latin kʷ- > p-].
lk
Note: older ē-stem
Material: Avestan urupi-s m. (*lupi-s) `dog', raopi-s `fox, jackal', Middle Persian rōpās,
npers. rōbāh `fox' = Old Indic lopāśá- m. `jackal, fox';
Maybe alb. lopë 'cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves)', llup 'devour', llapë
'tongue' : Lith. lapenti `to swallow food'.
Armenian aluēs Gen. -esu `fox';
Maybe zero grade in poln. (*lues) lis `fox'.
gr. (*Fἀλωπός) ἀλώπηξ f., short form ἀλωπός; (common gr. F- = u̯-)
Latin volpēs `fox', possibly also lupus `wolf';
Lithuanian lãpė (*u̯lopē), Latvian lapsa (syncopated from lapesa? Indo Germanic
*u̯lopek̂ā?); compare Lithuanian vilpišỹs ` wild cat ', it would be placed near Middle Persian
gurpak npers. gurba ` house cat, domestic cat ', from iran. *u̯rp
̥ a-, Indo Germanic *u̯lp
̥ os; it
concerns certainly various taboo adjustments.
References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 36, Lidén KZ. 56, 212 ff.
Page(s): 1179
Root / lemma: u̯obhsā (*ḫau̯

u̯obhsā)
sā
Meaning: wasp
Material: Avestan vawžaka- `scorpion', but iran. *vawža- `wasp' in Middle Persian vaβz
`wasp', Baluchi gwabz `bee, wasp';
Maybe Danish gedehams : Swedish geting : French guêpe : Furlan ghespe : Breton
gwespedenn : Welsh gwenynen feirch : Napulitano vèspera : Reggiano vrespa : Venetian
brespa; vrespa; vespa : Albanian apocope (*gres-pa) Geg greth, grenza, Tosc grerëza
`wasp'.
Latin vespa f. `wasp' (from *vopsā);
acorn. guhi-en gl. `wasp', mcymr. gw(y)chi, abr. guohi gl. fucos (*u̯ops-), from which
borrowed Old Irish foich gl. `wasp' (also ` caterpillar, cankerworm '), nir. fotlach and puith
`wasp', out of it spoch ` fierce attack' (O'Rahilly Sc. G. stem 3, 63);
Old English wæfs, wæps, wæsp `wasp', Old High German wefsa, wafsa, waspa,
Bavarian webes, thür. weps-chen and wewetz-chen, those in Germanic indicate *wabi-s
and *wabi-t;
Lithuanian vapsvà `wasp', Old Prussian wobse ds.;
Church Slavic osa, klr. osá (from *vopsā, Balto-Slavic *u̯apsā).
References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 45 f., Szemerényi Arch. Lingunder 4, 52.
See also: distinct to u̯ebh- `to weave'.
Page(s): 1179
Root / lemma: u̯ogʷhni

ʷhni-s, u̯ogʷhnes
ogʷhni-
og ogʷhnes-
og u̯ogʷh
ʷhnes- (*ḫau̯ ʷh-n-es-)
ogʷh-
og
Meaning: ploughshare
Material: Gr. ὀφνίς ὕννις, ἄροτρον Hes. (in addition probably also ὄφατα δεσμοὶ ἀρότρων.
᾽Ακαρνᾶνες Hes.) = Old Prussian wagnis `Pflugmesser'; Old High German waganso,
Modern High German Bavarian der Wagensun, Old Icelandic vangsni ` plowshare '; but
Latin vōmis, -eris (Nom. thereafter also vōmer) ` plowshare ' from u̯ogʷh-smis; unclear is
gr. ὕννη, ὕννις f. ` plowshare ' (compare Brugmann II2 1, 288);
Old High German weggi, wecki m. `wedge' (and `keilförmiger Wecken'), Old English
wecg, Old Icelandic veggr `wedge' = Lithuanian vãgis `wedge = spigot, hammer, nail',
Latvian vadzis `wedge', Old Prussian wagnis `Sech (part of Pfluges)'.
References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61, 206 ff. as
` pointed, bohrender object ' to Old pers. ud-avajam Ì stach from' (root u̯egʷh-).
Page(s): 1179-1180
Root / lemma: u̯okso-

okso u̯okso
okso- (*ḫau̯ okso-)
oks
Meaning: wax
Material: Old High German Old Saxon wahs, Old English weax, Old Icelandic vax n. ` wax
'; Lithuanian vãškas, Latvian vasks ds.; russ.-Church Slavic (etc.) voskъ ds.; to *u̯eg- `to
weave', as Old High German waba `honeycomb' to *u̯ebh- `to weave', s. Törnquist, Studia
Neophilol. 17, 99 f.
References: WP. I 315, Trautmann 343, Vasmer 1, 231.
Page(s): 1180
Root / lemma: u̯ortoko-

ortoko u̯ortoko-
ortoko- (*ḫau̯ ortoko-)
ortoko
Meaning: quail
Material: Old Indic vartaka- m., vártikā f. ` quail '; gr. ὄρτυξ, -υγος, by Gramm. also -υκος
and with -ῡ-, by Hes. γόρτυξ, i.e. Fόρτυξ ` quail ', dessen ending after ἴβυξ, βαῖβυξ, -υκος,
κόκκῡξ, -ῡγος (and πτέρυξ, -υγος?) transfigured is; Ionian ᾽Ορτυγίη `Delos'
(`Wachtelinsel').
Page(s): 1180
Root / lemma: u̯ōro-

ōro u̯er-
ōro-, -ā (*ḫau̯ er-)
er
Meaning: deceit; madness
Material: Gr. ὡρᾱκιᾶν ` senseless, unconscious become, erblassen' belongs to a stem
ὠρᾱκ-; independent therefrom alts. wōrig `weakened, tired, faint, languid', Old English
wērig, engl. weary ` tired ', Old High German wuorag ` intoxicated, drunk '; the k-derivative
lacks in Old Icelandic órar f. Pl. `Betäubtsein', ø̄rr (*u̯ōrio-) `geistesgestört, baffle, furious '
and Old English wōrian ` wander, waver, decompose '; about gr. ὦρος, ἄωρος `sleep' see
above S. 72.
See also: perhaps to u̯er-3 above S. 1152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).
Page(s): 1180
Root / lemma: u̯rā̆ĝh-1 : u̯rǝĝh- (*ḫau̯

u̯erĝh
rĝh-)
Meaning: thorn, spike
Material: Attic ῥᾱχός (ῥᾶχος), Ionian ῥηχός f. `dorniges rod, briar, thorn hedge' (ὀρήχου
αἱμασίας Hes. with ο- as verbalized from F, see also under u̯er-gh- `turn'); ῥάχις
`backbone, spine, mountain ridge', ῥαχίζω `(rupture das backbone, spine, hence allg.:)
zerhaue, zerstücke';
Middle Irish fracc (with gg) `needle'??; Lithuanian rãžas `dry rod, stubble, bristle,
Besenstumpf, Gabelzinke', ražỹs ` tine ', tri-rãžis `dreizinkig'.

Page(s): 1180
Root / lemma: u̯rāĝ

rāĝh-2 : u̯rǝĝh- (*ḫau̯
rā u̯̯erĝh
rĝh-)
Meaning: to hit, push
Material: Attic ῥάττω (ᾱ: ἔρραξα, ἐρράχθην), Ionian ῥήσσω `hit, stamp '; intr. `stürze
violent, dringe heran', Attic κατα(ρ)ρά̄κτης àbschüssig', also m. `Wassersturz, Fallgatter,
ein water bird '; Attic ῥᾱχία, Ionian ῥηχίη `Meeresbrandung, flood; umbrandete place';
but Old Church Slavic u-raziti `percutere', russ. raz `meal', Czech ráz `blow, knock' etc.
belong probably rather to *u̯rēĝ-.
References: WP. I 318 f., Vasmer 2, 484.

Page(s): 1181
Root / lemma: u̯reg-

reg- (and u̯erg-
reg erg u̯erg-
erg-?) (*ḫau̯ erg-)
erg
Meaning: to push, drag, drive
Material: Old Indic perhaps vrájati `schreitet, goes', pra-vrājáyati àllows wandern,
verbannt', parāvr̥j- `Verstoßener'; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with
*u̯er-g- `turn' (see 1154) nächstverwandtes *u̯re-g-, basic meaning `sich drehend
bewegen';
Latin urgeō (besides early, but originally urgueō), -ēre ùrge, press, push, beset, press'
(*u̯r̥gei̯ō or *urgei̯ō);
Gothic wrikan ` pursue ', Old Icelandic reka `drive, push, hunt, chase, pursue, throw,
reject ', Old English wrecan ùrge, press, push, drive, push, avenge ' (and `vorwärts
march, step, stride, strut', see above), Old Frisian wreka `drive, push, avenge ', Old Saxon
wrecan ` avenge, punish, curse', Old High German rehhan ds., wreh èxul', Gothic wraks `
pursuer ', wrakjan ` pursue ', Old English wracu ` revenge, vengeance, punishment,
woefulness ', wræc n. ` banishment, woefulness ', wrecc(e)an àufmuntern, set in motion,
waken, arouse, revive', wrecca èin Verbannter, Elender, foreigner, stranger', Old Saxon
wrekkio, Old High German (w)reck(e)o `landesflüchtiger hero ', Modern High German (new
from dem Middle High German aufgenommen) Recke; Old English wræc ` banishment,
woefulness ', Norwegian rak ùmhertreibender object, debris or kelp ' (hence Middle Low
German Wrak `Wrack'), with e also isl. rek àuf dem Wasser treibender object ';
lengthened grade Gothic wrēkei ` pursuit ', Old Frisian wrēke, Old Saxon wrāka `
punishment, revenge, vengeance ', Old High German rāhha ` revenge, vengeance ', Old
Icelandic rāc ` pursuit ', rǣkr `verwerflich', rǣkja (: Old Indic vrājáyati) ` reject, vertreiben' =
Old Frisian wrēka, Old English wrǣcan `drive, push, urge, press, push';
Balto Slavic *u̯erg- in compatible meaning: Lithuanian vérgas, Latvian vērgs `slave';
ablaut. Lithuanian var̃gas `need, woefulness ', var̃gti `need to suffer, bear, endure', Old
Prussian wargan Akk. Sg. m. ` evil, wickedness, affliction, danger', Lithuanian vargùs `
heavy, beschwerlich, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Latvian vārgs ` woeful, wretched,
miserable, siech', Old Prussian wargs èvil, bad'; Old Church Slavic vragъ `fiend', poln.
wrog ` wickedness, evil, harm; the Böse, devil; Verhängnis';
yet Balto Slavic words also are compatible with Germanic warga- (see S. 1154 under
*u̯er-ĝh-, *u̯er- `turn').
References: WP. I 319 f., WH. II 839 f., Trautmann 342, Vasmer 1, 228.
Page(s): 1181
Root / lemma: u̯reik-

reik-, u̯ereik-
reik ereik u̯erk-
ereik- (*ḫau̯ erk-)
erk
Meaning: ` heath, heather, any of a number of low evergreen shrubs bearing clusters of
purple flowers '
See also: see above S. 1155 under u̯erĝh-.
Page(s): 1182
Root / lemma: u̯rek-

rek u̯erk-
rek- (*ḫau̯ erk-)
erk
Meaning: ` talk, shout '
References: WP. I 318, II 343, 362, Trautmann 243, Vasmer 2, 508 f.
See also: s. ober under u̯er-6.
Page(s): 1182
Root / lemma: u̯ren-

ren u̯er-
ren- (*ḫau̯ er-en--)
er
Meaning: to sprinkle
Material: Gr. ῥαίνω (*u̯r̥ni̯ō) `bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder)', ῥανίς, -
ίδος f. `drip'; with -dh- extension ῥαθάμιγξ f. `drip, Staubkörnchen' (*u̯rn̥-dh-), ῥαθαίνω
`besprenge, streue from'; secondary -δ- in ἐρράδαται, ἐρράδατο, ῥάσσατε Perf. Pass. and
Aor. to ῥαίνω; ῥαίνω could indeed also to Old Church Slavic izroniti (above S. 329) belong;
about Old Saxon Old High German wrennio, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-,
-nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon wrēnio, Old High German reineo, rein(n)o `stallion' (to Old English
wrǣne, Old Saxon wrēnisc `horny, lustful', Norwegian vrīna `cry, neigh ') see above S. 81
and under u̯er-3 respectively u̯rei-;
after Szemerényi (KZ. 73, 74) here Hittite hurnai- `sprinkle' (*u̯rn
̥ -), further perhaps to
Indo Germanic au̯er- above S. 80 f.
References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 156.

Page(s): 1182
u̯reth-
Root / lemma: (u̯ reth- :) u̯roth-
reth roth- or u̯rath-
roth u̯erth-
rath- (*ḫau̯
rath erth-)
erth
Meaning: to support
Material: Old English wraðu f. `pad', wreðian `prop, support', Old Saxon wreðian `prop,
Material:
support', giwreðian èine pad build ' become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with Avestan
urvaϑa- `befreundet; friend' connected; yet is dafür a basic meaning àuf den man sich
prop, support, abandon kann' not to sichern.
Page(s): 1183
Root / lemma: u̯rēĝ

rēĝ-, u̯rōĝ
rē rōĝ-, u̯rǝĝ- (*ḫau̯
rō u̯erĝ-
rĝ-)
Meaning: to break
Material: Armenian (*ḫau̯erĝ-) ergic-uc̣anem ` break ';
gr. ῥήγνῡμι (and ῥήσσω) `break' (Aor. Pass. ἐρράγην, Perf. ἔρρωγα, herakl. ἐρρηγεῖα),
ῥῆξις, Lesbian Fρῆξις f. `das Durchbrechen, Reißen', zero grade Ionian ῥαγή `crack, col,
gap', ῥάγδην Adv. `violent', ῥαγδαῖος Adj. ds.; ῥώξ, -γός f. `crack, col, gap, cleft ', ῥωγή,
ῥωγμή, ῥωγμός, ῥωχμός (*ῥωκσμός) ds., ῥωγαλέος `zerfetzt', ῥηγμί̄ν, -ῖνος m.
`Wogenbruch, surf, surge, breakers';
Balto-Slavic *rēži̯ō `cut, bite': Lithuanian rė́žiu, rė́žti `cut, clip, ritzen, rend, notch, furchen'
(also rė́žau, rė́žyti; in addition rė̃žis m. ` incision, cleft, Ackerstreifen'); in addition
Lithuanian ráižau, ráižyti `mehrfach ritzen, cut, clip', Latvian raîze f. `schneidender pain,
distress ';
maybe alb. rrëzoj `ruin, destroy'
Old Church Slavic rěžǫ, rězati ` κόπτω ', Old Russian rěžu, rězati `cut, clip, slaughter ';
in addition Slavic *rьznǫti in poln. rznąć `cut, clip, carve, slaughter ';
Maybe alb. rrëzoj ‘throw down’, rrëzë ‘foot of a tree, mountain, building’ a Slavic loanword.
Balto-Slavic *rēža- m. `cut' in Lithuanian rėžàs, atrėžaĩ m. Pl. ` schnitzel', russ. rěz `cut,
incisure ';
ablaut. Balto-Slavic *rōža- m. `cut, line' in Lithuanian rúožas `line, stripe, cut', Latvian
ruôza `stripe, meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch';
proto Slavic. *razъ `cut, Hieb' in Czech ráz `blow, knock, Hieb, Mal', russ. raz `Mal', and
Old Church Slavic obraz `εἰκών, μορφή', russ. óbraz `Bild'; russ. razítь `hit' etc., Old
Church Slavic u-raziti `durchbohren';
compare alb. rrah `hit, grind, crush ' (from *rradh), rras `dränge together, trete', Aor.
rashe.
References: WP. I 319, Vasmer 2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;
See also: compare above u̯rāĝh-2.
Page(s): 1181-1182
Root / lemma: u̯rughi̯o- (*ḫau̯

u̯rughi̯o-)
Meaning: rye
Material: Thrak. βρίζα (*u̯rughi̯ā) Èmmerkorn, Roggen';
Old Icelandic rugr m. `Roggen', Old Swedish rogher, Old English ryge m. (*rugi-),
besides afr. rogga, Old Saxon roggo, Old High German rocko (with Geminierung); in
addition the Germanic VN Latin Rugii, Old Icelandic Rygir (in Roga-land), Old English Pl.
Ryge, Rugas, perhaps also Rügen; Old English rygen `from Roggen', Middle High German
ruggin, rückin;
Lithuanian rugỹs, Latvian rudzis `Roggenkorn', Pl. Lithuanian rugiaĩ, Latvian rudzi
`Roggen'; Lithuanian rugienà `Roggenacker', rugìnis `from Roggen';
Old Russian rъžь, serb. râž, russ. rožь f. `Roggen'; serb. rȁžan, Czech režný (from
Slavic *rъžьnъ) besides russ.-Church Slavic rъžanъ, russ. ržanój `from Roggen'; Bulgarian
brica à kind of summer grain ' derives from dem Thrak.
References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., where
also about uralische equivalent (probably Indo Germanic loanword).
Page(s): 1183
Root / lemma: u̯eren- u̯ers-

ren- (*ḫau̯ en-)
rs-en-
Meaning: ram, sheep, lamb
Material: Old Indic *uran- (from *vuran-), Akk. *uraṇam, Nom. urā, from which uraṇa- m.
`lamb, aries, ram', urā f. `sheep', in addition urabhra- m. àries, ram' for *ura-bha- (as
vr̥ṣabha- to vr̥ṣan-); compare npers. barra (*varnak) `lamb'; Pahlavi varak àries, ram'; iran.
vārǝn-jar-, vārǝ-ɣna- `Lämmerschläger' (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.);
Armenian gaṙn, Gen. gaṙin `lamb';
gr. hom. (F)αρήν, Gen. ἀρνός `lamb', Cretan Fαρήν; also in tsakon. vanna, from lakon.
Fαρνίον `lamb', in addition -Fρην in hom. πολύρρην `schafreich', out of it late ῥήν), with
ablaut. ἀρνειός àries, ram', whether not rather from *ἀρσνειός (*αρσν-ηFός) to ἄρσην `
virile ' (above S. 336);
derivative *u̯rēnōn- in Latin (as Germanic loanword) rēno `Tierfell as clothing , Pelz';
unclear as derivative Latin vervēx, -ēcis (-īx, -īcis) ` wether, castrated ram '; unclear is
also das relationship to den auf *eru̯o(s)- `wool' rückführbaren gr. words εἶρος n.
`Wollfließ', derived εἴριον, Attic ἔριον `wool', Attic εὔερος, εὐερής `schönwollig', Aeolic ἔπ-
ερος àries, ram' (`whereupon Wolle is'), Ionian εἰρί̄νεος, Attic ἐρί̄νεος `from wool';
anlautendes F lässt sich not nachweisen.
References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 33 f., Frisk 137 f., 468 f.
Page(s): 1170
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ū̆d- (*ḫeud-s)

Meaning: upwards; away
Note: besides ū̆d-s (compare Latin ab : abs )
Material: 1. Old Indic úd-, út- èmpor, out' preverb; Avestan us-, uz- (*uds-) ds., ap. us- ds.
(udin ud-apatatā èr lehnte sich auf, fiel ab' is probably *uz-);
gr. ὑ- in ὕ-βρις (see below gʷer- ` heavy '), ὕστριξ `porcupine', ὕσπληξ `Startseil', Cypriot
ὔ-χηρος Àufgeld' (Attic `τα ἐπίχειρα') and in this Mundart generally zum Ersatze from ἐπί
has changed: adnominal with Lok. e.g. ὐ-τύχα `ἐπὶ τύxῃ'; eine (an Gothic iupa besides
*upo gemahnende) full grade probably in Cypriot εὐτρόσσεσθαι ἐπιστρέφεσθαι. Πάφιοι and
εὔχους χώνη (`Trichter') Σαλαμίνιοι Hes.; (because of ὕστος, ὑστέρα see below udero-
`belly');
Latin ūs-que ìn a fort, ununterbrochen from - her or bis - toward ';
Old Irish preverb uss-, oss- could also auf *ud-s- go back; see below upo;
Gothic ūt Adv. òut, heraus', Old High German ūz, Modern High German from, Old
Saxon Old English ūt ds., West Germanic also preposition beim ` dative ' Abl. (in addition
Gothic ūta, Old Icelandic ūti, Old English ūte, Old High German ūze àußen, outside ';
Gothic ūtana, Old High German ūzana etc., Modern High German außen; Old Icelandic
ūtar, Old English ūter, Old Saxon ūtar, Old High German ūzar `besides', partly as
preposition beim ` dative ' and Akk.; Old High German ūzero, ūzaro, Old English ūter-ra
`the outer'); intrinsic auf *uds vor voiced Verschlußlauten based on Germanic *uz- `from,
from - heraus, from - vor, vor - away' in Gothic us (uz-; vorr: ur-) prefix and preposition
`from, from' (`Dat.' = Abl.), also Old Icelandic ór preposition, as prefix ór-, or-, ør-, Old
English or-, Old Saxon ur-, or- prefix, Old High German ur, ar, ir preposition `from, from'
(vor ūz zurückweichend), ur-, ir-, ar-, er- prefix, Modern High German úr-, er- (e.g. Urlaub,
erlauben ‘vacation’); Middle Low German (ūt)būten `(from) exchange, erbeuten' from *bi-
ūtian, compare Old Icelandic ỹta `darreichen';
Lithuanian už- àuf-, hinauf-, to-' prefix (the meaning halber probably to divide from už
preposition ` behind, for', s. *ĝhō S. 451 f.; Trautmann, Bsl. Wb. 336 hält an the Einheit
fest, also for die consecutive forms), Latvian uz, ūz prefix and preposition àuf' (in addition
also Old Prussian unsei `hinauf, auf');
Old Church Slavic: vъz- (vъs-) prefix, vъz(ъ) preposition in the meaning `hinauf an
etwas' (Akk.);
2. Kompar. Old Indic úttara- `the höhere, obere, spätere, hintere' = gr. ὕστερος `the
spätere'; Sup. Old Indic uttamá- `höchster, oberster, best', Avestan ustǝma- `äußerster,
last', gr. ὕστατος `last, spätester' (fur *ὕσταμος); about Old Indic ucca- `high' (*ud-kʷe),
uccā́, Avestan usča Adv. àbove; after above' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II, 2, 545 f.
References: WP. I 189 f., WH. II 344, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 517 f., Vasmer 1, 214. 238 f.,
242, Mayrhofer 1, 99, 101 f.
Page(s): 1103-1104
Root / lemma: ḫalā

alā
Meaning: interjection
Material: Old Indic alalā(bhavant-) àlert, awake, smart becoming' (Middle Indic arē, rē `du
da!' rather to arí `foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S.
24).
Gr. ἀλαλά, ἀλαλαί `hallo, hurra!', ἀλαλητός, ἀλαλητύς `Schlachtruf', ἀλαλάζω `stoße den
Schlachtruf from' (similarly ἐλελεῦ `Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf', ἐλελίζω `stoße den Kriegsruf
from'); Lithuanian aluoti `hallo cry' (borrowing from Deutschen not provable) besides alióti `
through Geschrei aufscheuchen';
Old Church Slavic (*ḫ3ole) ole, Bulgarian olele interjection; e.g. Fick I4 356 (Modern High
German hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from Old High German halón, holón
`get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).
Auf ähnlichem al- seems to based on Lithuanian nu-aldė́ti ` ring out; sound ', uldúoti `
coo ' (Bezzenberger BB. 21, 315).

References:
See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words lā-.
Page(s): 29
Root / lemma: ḫ2al- alōu- : ḫ2alǝu

al-6, ḫ2alōu- alǝu-
ǝu-
Meaning: color adjective ` white, brilliant '
See also: s. ḫ2albho- and color adjective ḫ1el-.
Page(s): 29
amī̆
Root / lemma: ḫ2am(m)a, ḫ2amī̆
Meaning: mother
Material: Alb. amë àunt', `mother', out of it ` riverbed ', ` residuum of liquids'; Old Icelandic
amma `grandmother', Old High German amma `mother, wet nurse ', Modern High German
Amme; gr. ἀμμάς, ἀμμία `mother' Hes., Oscan Ammaí, Ammae, i.e. Matri (god's name)'.
About Old Indic amba `mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amī-, amĭ- (see
Brugmann II2, I 496) shaped are Latin amīcus `friend' and amita `Vaterschwester'
(compare Lithuanian anýta ` mother-in-law ' : Latin anus ` old woman'). About Vulgar Latin
amma òwl ' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.
Maybe zero grade Alb. miku : Venetian amigo ; mèco : Rumanian amic `friend' from Latin
amīcus `friend'.
A Verbalableitung is perhaps Latin amāre `love' (compare Middle High German ammen
`wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.
After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also Latin amoenus here. Von a
Latin *amoi (compare Summoi CIL. II 1750) could amoinos = amoenus shaped sein, as
Mamoena (to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. Γοργόνη; (to Γoργώ) besides
Γόργοιτος (to Γοργώι) gestützt;
Tocharian В ammakki (Vok.) `mother' from *amma + akki (Old Indic akkā).
References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mél. Pedersen 163.
Page(s): 36
ǝtā (ḫ1enǝtā
Root / lemma: ḫ2anǝt
anǝtā ǝtā)
Meaning: door posts
Material: Old Indic ātā (usually PL ātāḥ as Latin antae) ` encirclement, Rahmen a door',
Avestan ąiϑyā̊ Akk. Pl. ` doorposts ', Armenian dr-and ` doorpost ' (Hübschmann Arm.
Stud. I 19); Latin antae after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 `die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstärkten
Wände, die den Pronaos eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses enclose, surround ' =
Old Norse ǫnd `Vorzimmer' (Bugge KZ. 19, 401).
Page(s): 42
Page(s):
Root / lemma: ḫ2au̯-8, ḫ2au̯ēi-

ēi-
ēi
Meaning: to perceive, understand
Material: Old Indic -avati with ud- and pra- àufmerken, heed', Old Church Slavic umъ
`reason' (basic form *au-mo-); moreover Tocharian В om-palokoññe `meditation'? Different
Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.
ā̆u̯is-
is-: lengthened grade Old Indic āvíṣ Adv. àpparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar',
is
Avestan āviš Adv. àpparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. āškār `clear, bright'; Old
Indic āviṣṭya-ḥ, Avestan āvišya- òffenkundig'); Old Church Slavic avě, javě Adv. `kund,
apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -ě reshaped from
*avь, whereof:) aviti, javiti ` reveal, kundmachen, show' (Lithuanian óvytis `sich in Traume
sehen lassen' loanword from dem Slavic).
Maybe alb. ja `there it is' Slavic loanword
full grade: gr. αἰσθάνομαι, Aor. αἰσθέσθαι `perceive' (*αFισ-θ-); Latin audiō `hear' from
*au̯iz-dh-iō, compare oboedio from *ób-avizdhiō about *oboīdiō; gr. ἀί̄ω (neologism to
Aor.ἐπ-ήισ(σ)α, ἄιον) `vernehme, hear' (*αFισ-), ἐπάιστος `belongs, ruchbar, known'.
Here probably Hittite u-uḫ-ḫi Ì see, observe', a-uš-zi ` sees ', а-ú-ri-iš (from a-ú-wa-ri-iš)
Àusschau, Warte', iterat. ušk- `wiederholt sehen'.
References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.
Page(s): 78
mb-, bhaxmbh-, paxmp-

Root / lemma: baxmb- mp-, phaxmph-
Meaning: to swell
Note: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from
bахmb-, bhaxmbh- as unmittelbarer imitation eines gehörten dumpfen onomatopoeic words
Schalles different.
Material: Old Indic bimba-ḥ -m ` disc, ball, Halbkugel', bimbī f. `momordica monadelpha'
(eine Cucurbitacee; bimba-m `deren rote fruit'); gr. βέμβιξ `Kreisel, Wasserstrudel;
bumblebee', wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen βάβαξ ` babbler ': βαβάκτης
`ὀρχηστής'; with bh (or ph): gr. πέμφιξ, -ῖγος `breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister', πομφός
`blister, shield boss ';
Lithuanian bámba `navel', bam̃balas `Dickbauch', bum̃bulas `knot am stick, in thread,

string', bum̃bulas, bur̃bulas `vesicle, blister', bum̃bulỹs `Steckrübe', bũmburas, pum̃puras
`bud'; Latvian bãmba, bum̃ba `ball, sphere', bemberis `Tannenzapfen'; bimbul'i ` potato ',
bumbulis, bur̂bulis `knot, knag', bum̃burs `sphere, ball, Kartoffel';
russ.-alt. bubulja `Regentropfen', nowadays búblikъ (*bąbъl-ikъ) ` pretzel, Kringel', klr.

búben `small Junge, toddler', Serbo-Croatian bùban `kind of bean', bȕbla `clump', Czech
boubel, bublina `vesicle, blister', poln. bąbel `vesicle, blister'.
Unverschobenes *baxmb- or verschobenes bhaxmbh- in Swedish Dialectal bamb

`paunch', Norwegian Dialectal bamsa ` greedy devour, pampfen', Danish (jüt.) bams ` thick
person', Modern High German Bams `thick porridge, mash', Middle High German bemstīn
`die einen thick Bauch has'.
Verschobenes baxmb- or unverschobenes paxmp- in Swedish Dialectal pampen ` turgid,

swollen ', Danish Dialectal pampe `sich brüsten, brag, boast', Norwegian Dialectal pempa
seg (*pampjan) `sich with Trank füllen', Middle Low German pampen `sich stuff ' (Modern
High German pampfen), Modern High German pampe `thick porridge, mash'.
With Tenuis: Latin pampinus `(*bud, *eye) fresh shoot of Weinstockes, vine-layer ';
Lithuanian pampstù, pampaũ, pam̃pti `swell up', pamplỹs `Dickbauch', pùmpa ` knob,
handle, button, pommel, Teichrose', pim̃pilas m. `penis', Latvian pàmpt, pempt, pumpt `to
swell', pampali ` potato ', pimpala `das männliche limb, member', pumpe ` hump,
hunchback, swelling, blister' (the u-forms are understood as contamination with *pup
pup-);
pup
Old Bulgarian pupъ `navel', russ. pup `navel', púpyš `bud, bulge ', poln. pęp ` spigot ';
Old Icelandic fīfl ` giant; rogue, simpleton ', fimbul- intensifying prefix, Old English fīfel
`Seeungetüm, giant ' (*pempelo-), Old Icelandic fimbul-, fambi ` Erztropf '.
Besides with auslaut Germanic Tenuis Danish fomp, Norwegian Dialectal fump, famp
`thick fool '.
With Tenuis asp. Armenian pàmpùšt ` bladder'.
References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.
baxb- ds.
See also: see also *ba
Page(s): 94-95
Root / lemma: keleu-

keleu-
Meaning: to wander; way
Note: probably extension from kel-5.
Material: Gr. κέλευθος f. `way' (from *κλευ-θο-ς reshaped after ἐλευθ-), ἱππο-κέλευθος ` zu
Pferd sich fortbewegend ', ἀ-κόλουθος (*ἁ- = sm̥-) ` companion ';
Maybe alb. kalonj `walk'
Lithuanian keliáuju ` travel, journey' (kẽlias `way' probably previously postverbal).
References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mél. Boisacq I 374 f.
Page(s): 554

J. Pokorny Indogermanisches Etymologisches WB

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List of language abbreviations in the IED

Abbreviation Language name

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches

Laryngeals are sounds that occurred in the Proto-Indo-European language, caused

Greek and Armenian evidence

There are more direct survivals in Armenian:

L.R. Palmer, 1980, The Greek Language, Faber & Faber

Gender category in Indo-European.

§ 1. Origin of gender in Proto-Indo-European.

Proto-Indo-European shows a completely different system of gender. And though linguistic

§ 2. Genders in ancient and modern Indo-European languages.

dom (nom. sg. inanimate), dom (acc. sg.) "a house"

According to these processes which independently move on in different groups of the

Root / lemma: abhro-

Here maybe Gothic aba (n- stem) ` husband'.

The root abhro-

Root / lemma: abh- (*ḫ2abh-)

Root / lemma: abō(n) (*ḫ2abō-

Root / lemma: ab-

Root / lemma: ades-

References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.

Root / lemma: ad-

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mél. Pedersen 224.

Root / lemma: ad(u)-

Root / lemma: agh-

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > -χ-

References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

References: WP. I 38.

Maybe Agrianes Illyrian TN, Agron `Illyrian king'.

Root / lemma: agu̯(e)sī,

Root / lemma: aĝh

Root / lemma: aĝro

Root / lemma: aĝ-

i̯i̯i̯o- stem: Irish aige `race', Old Indic in pr̥tanājyam `competition'.

Further belong here:

Note: common gr. -ĝh- > - ξ-

Maybe Illyrian Agron PN.

Maybe alb. egër `wild, rural, crude', Illyrian TN Agrianes.

Root / lemma: agʷh

(desonarized ((e)knedd Albanian Geg kinxh, Tosc qengj

Calabrese gneddu ; agnellu ; agneddu ; agniellu

gr. ἀμνός m. f., ἀμνή f. `lamb';

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.

ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh- (*avi

Maybe alb. (*δῶσσα) ndez ` to light up, kindle '.

l- formants: gr. αἰθάλη, αἴθαλος `soot', maked. ἄδαλος; under acceptance of a

Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from aidh-s-k- .

aig-1, nasalized ing-

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.

Root / lemma: aig-

Root / lemma: aig-

References: WP. I 11, Trautmann 103.

Root / lemma: aiĝ- aviĝ-

Root / lemma: aigʷh

Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from *aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aigʷhes-, as:)

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.

Root / lemma: aik-

References: WP. I 8, Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 12.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.

Gr. αἶσχος n. `disgrace' (from aigʷh-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem aigʷhes-, as:)

Venetic MN (avi-mos) Aimos, Illyrian MN (ave-tar) Aetor.