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    Investigatory Project - Chemistry Class XII

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    vjkumar7773
    This document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project studying the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the effect of surface area. The project compares the evaporation rates of water, acetone, and diethyl ether and finds that diethyl ether evaporates fastest followed by acetone then water due to differences in intermolecular bonding. A second experiment varies the surface area of diethyl ether and determines evaporation rate increases with larger surface area over time. The project was completed with help from school authorities and chemistry lab staff.

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    Investigatory Project - Chemistry Class XII

    Uploaded by

    vjkumar7773
    150K views19 pages
    This document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project studying the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the effect of surface area. The project compares the evaporation rates of water, acetone, and diethyl ether and finds that diethyl ether evaporates fastest followed by acetone then water due to differences in intermolecular bonding. A second experiment varies the surface area of diethyl ether and determines evaporation rate increases with larger surface area over time. The project was completed with help from school authorities and chemistry lab staff.

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    This document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project studying the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the effect of surface area. The project compares the evaporation rates of water, acetone, and diethyl ether and finds that diethyl ether evaporates fastest followed by acetone then water due to differences in intermolecular bonding. A second experiment varies the surface area of diethyl ether and determines evaporation rate increases with larger surface area over time. The project was completed with help from school authorities and chemistry lab staff.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    150K views19 pages

    Investigatory Project - Chemistry Class XII

    Uploaded by

    vjkumar7773
    This document summarizes an investigatory chemistry project studying the rate of evaporation of different liquids and the effect of surface area. The project compares the evaporation rates of water, acetone, and diethyl ether and finds that diethyl ether evaporates fastest followed by acetone then water due to differences in intermolecular bonding. A second experiment varies the surface area of diethyl ether and determines evaporation rate increases with larger surface area over time. The project was completed with help from school authorities and chemistry lab staff.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    ACKNOWLEDGMENT

    I am greatly thankful for the cooperation and

    help from school authorities and the Chemistry


    lab staff for the successful completion of this
    investigatory project in the Kendriya Vidyalaya’s
    Chemistry Lab. Without their help and proper
    guidance my project might not have completed.
    Index
    1. Introduction
    2. Theory
    3. Objectives of project
    4. Experiment 1
    5. Experiment 2
    Theory
    Evaporation is the process whereby
    atoms or molecules in a liquid state
    gain sufficient energy to enter the
    gaseous state.
    The thermal motion of a molecule
    must be sufficient to overcome the
    surface tension of the liquid in order
    for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic
    energy must exceed the work function
    of cohesion the surface.
    Evaporation therefore proceeds more
    quickly at higher temperature and in
    liquids with lower surface tension.
    Since only a small proportion of the
    molecules are Located near the surface
    and are moving in the proper direction
    to escape at any given instant, the rate
    of evaporation is limited. Also, as the
    faster-moving molecules escape, the
    remaining molecules have lower
    average kinetic energy, and the
    temperature of the liquid thus
    decreases.
    If the evaporation takes place in a
    closed vessel, the escaping molecules
    accumulate as a vapor above the
    liquid. Many of the molecules return to
    the liquid, with returning molecules
    becoming more frequent as the density
    and pressure of the vapor increases.
    When the process of escape and return
    reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said

    to be "saturated and no further change


    in either vapor pressure and density or
    liquid temperature will occur.

    Gas has less order than liquid or solid


    matter, and thus the entropy of the
    system is increased, which always
    requires energy input. This means that
    the entropy change for evaporation
    (ΔH) is always positive.
    Forced evaporation is a process used
    in the separation of mixtures, in which
    a mixture is heated to drive off the
    more volatile component (e.g. water),
    Leaving behind the dry, less volatile
    component.

    Water molecules are in a constant


    state of evaporation and condensation
    flux near the surface of liquid water.

    If a surface molecule receives enough


    energy, it will leave the liquid and turn
    into vapor pending an allowable vapor
    pressure.
    Under a pressure of 1 ATM, water will
    boil at 100°C.
    Factors Influencing Rate Of
    Evaporation:-

    1 Concentration of other substances in


    the air - If the air is already saturated
    with other substances, it can have a
    lower capacity for the substance
    evaporating.
    1 Temperature of the substance - If the
    substance is hotter, then evaporation
    will be faster.
    1 Flow rate of air -This is in part
    related to the concentration points
    above. If fresh air is moving over the
    substance all the time, then the
    concentration of the substance in the
    air is less likely to go up with time,
    thus encouraging faster evaporation.
    In addition, molecules in motion have
    more energy than those at rest, and
    so the stronger the flow of air, the
    greater the evaporating power of the
    air molecules.
    1 Inter-molecular forces -The stronger
    the forces keeping the molecules
    together in the liquid or solid state
    the more energy that must be input
    in order to evaporate them.
    Objective Of Project

    In this project, we shall investigate


    various factors that have already been
    discussed such as nature of liquid,
    surface of liquid and temperature and
    find their correlation with the rate of
    evaporation of different liquids.
    Experiment No.1

    Aim:
    To compare the rate of evaporation of
    water, acetone and diethyl ether.

    Materials Required:
    China dish, Pipette, Beaker, Weighing
    balance Measuring flask, Acetone,
    Distilled water, Diethyl ether, Watch
    glass.
    PROCEDURE:
    1. Take three china dishes.
    2. Pipette out 10 ml of each sample.
    3. Dish A-Acetone
    Dish B-Water
    Dish C-Diethyl ether
    4. Record the weights before beginning
    the experiment.
    5. Leave the three dishes undisturbed
    for ½ an hour and wait patiently.
    6. Record the weights of the samples
    after the given time.
    7. Compare the prior and present
    observations.
    Water Aceto Diethyl
    (gms) ne Ether
    (gms) (gms)
    Weight of dish 50 50 50

    Weight of (dish + 60 57.85 57


    substance) before
    evaporation
    Weight of (dish + 59.8 55.55 54.33
    substance) after
    evaporation
    Weight of substance 0.2 2.30 2.67
    evaporated

    Observation Table
    Inference And Conclusion: -
    The rate of evaporation of the given
    three liquids is in order:-
    Diethyl Ether>Acetone>Water

    Reason: -

    Water has extensive hydrogen bonding


    in between oxygen atom of one
    molecule and hydrogen atom of
    another molecule. But this is absent in
    the case of acetone.
    Experiment No.2
    Aim:-To study the effect of surface
    area on the rate of evaporation of
    Diethyl ether.

    Requirements
    Three Petridishes of diameter 2.5 cm,5
    cm, and 10 cm with covers ,10 ml
    pipette and stopwatch.

    Procedure
    1. Clean and dry the petridishes and
    mark them as A, B, C.
    2. Pipette out 10 ml of Diethyl ether in
    each of the petridishes a, b and C
    covers them immediately.
    3. Uncover all the three petridishes
    simultaneously
    And start the stopwatch.
    4. Note the time when diethyl ether
    evaporates completely from each
    petridish.

    Observation Table
    Petridish Diameter of Time taken for
    Mark petridish complete
    evaporation

    A 2.5 cm 11min 45sec

    B 5.0 cm 8min 45sec

    C 7.5 cm 6min 30sec


    Result
    It will be observed that maximum
    evaporation occurs in petridish with
    largest diameter followed by smaller
    And the smallest petridish. It is
    therefore, concluded that rate of
    evaporation increases with increase in
    surface area.

    CHEMIST
    RY
    INVESTEGA
    TORY
    PROJECT
    WORK

    TOPIC:- COMPARING RATE OF


    EVAPORATION OF CERTAIN
    MATERIALS AND STUDY THE
    EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA ON
    THE RATE OF EVAPORATION OF
    DIEHHYL ETHER.

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