Basics of Networking

PRESENTED BY: KEVIN SHEA

OTTAWA-CARLETON DISTRICT SCHOOL BOARD
[email protected]

ACSE CONFERENCE
FEBRUARY 20, 2004

Basics of Networking
Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960s.
by the US Department of Defence (DoD).
The original intention of networking was being
developed to withstand a nuclear war.
Telephone networks were to vulnerable and would
terminate all conversations should a nuclear war
occur.

Basics of Networking

You wake up at 3 a.m. to go to the bathroom and

stop and check your e-mail on the way back to be

Basics of Networking

WE ARE DEALING WITH MACHINES INSTEAD OF

PEOPLE IN TODAYS WORLD. OUR PRIVACY IS
AFFECTED AND ALMOST ALL OF OUR PERSONAL
INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND IN
THE VIRTUAL WORLD .

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ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
was created in response with the launching of
the Sputnik in 1957.
ARPA decided that a DoD network should be packetswitched networked consisting of a subnet and
host computers.
Experimental network research was awarded to
UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Univ. of Utha in 1969. These
areas were because they all had a large number
of ARPA contracts.

Basics of Networking
These 4 universities also had different and completely
incompatible host computers.
ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over
multiple networks, so TCP/IP model and protocols
were invented in 1974.
ARPA awarded several other contracts and specifically
Univ.. of California at Berkeley to integrate the
protocols with the Berkeley UNIX.

Basics of Networking
Berkeley developed a convenient program interface
to the network and wrote many applications, utility,
and management programs to make networking easier.
In it early infancy, the OSI protocols were crushed and
the TCP/IP protocols were already in widespread use.
The OSI Model had seven layers because at the time,
IBM had a propriety seven -layer protocol called
SNA (Systems Network Architecture).

Basics of Networking
At the time, IBM dominated the computer companies
and every was scared to death that IBM would use
its clout to force everyone to use SNA.
The OSI was to be produced like an IBM-reference
model.
The OSI model became the world standard and was
not controlled by one company, but by a neutral
organization, ISO (International Standards Association).

Basics of Networking
TYPES OF NETWORKS
LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A SMALL
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS OUR SCHOOL
BOARD.
MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK IS A
NETWORK OVER A LARGER GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
SUCH AS THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.
WAN WIDE AREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK USED
OVER AN EXTREMELY LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
SUCH AS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

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NETWORKS ARE BROKEN INTO 3 TOPOLOGIES.
THEY ARE:
BUS TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY

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BUS TOPOLOGY ALLOWS INFORMATION TO BE

DIRECTED FROM ONE COMPUTER TO THE OTHER.
LOTS OF BINARY COLLISION THOUGH.

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STAR TOPOLOGY IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE

USED. ALL COMPUTERS ARE ATTACHED TO A HUB.
LESS COLLISIONS AND MOST EFFICIENT.

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RING TOPOLOGY- USES A TOKEN TO PASS
INFORMATION FROM 1 COMPUTER TO THE OTHER.
A TOKEN IS ATTACHED TO THE MESSAGE BY THE
SENDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH COMPUTER SHOULD
RECEIVE THE MESSAGE. AS THE MESSAGE MOVES
AROUND THE RING, EACH COMPUTER EXAMINES
THE TOKEN. IF THE COMPUTER IDENTIFIES THE TOKEN
AS ITS OWN, THEN IT WILL PROCESS THE
INFORMATION.

Basics of Networking

A DISADVANTAGE OF A TOKEN RING IS IF ONE

COMPUTER IS BROKEN OR DOWN, THE MESSAGE
CANNOT BE PASSED TO THE OTHER COMPUTERS.

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The seven layers of the OSI Model are:
Layer
Layer
Layer
Layer
Layer
Layer
Layer

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

PHYSICAL
DATA- LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
SESSION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION

Basics of Networking

Each one of you was assigned a number when

you entered the lab. Get together with your team
member(s).

Begin to research the layer that your number is

associated with.
Research as much information as you can in
15 minutes and make notes of your finding.

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Once complete, we will create a bigger group
with all the layer present.

You will present your finding to your group abou

the layer. You will only have 2 minutes to present

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THE PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer is concerned with transmitting
raw bits over a communication channel though
hubs, wires (cat5UTP), modems, network cards
basically anything that is physical to the network.
In networking, computers are also known as
Hosts or Nodes.
When looking at network cables, there are
2 types that affect nodes. They are:

Basics of Networking

Straight though cables or also known as patch ca

Cross-over cables

The difference in the cables are the way the wires

are connected within the RJ45. I have attached a
sheet for you in your package.

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Typical Crossover Cable
Wiring:
1-3 White/Orange
2-6 Orange
3-1 White/Green
6-2 Green
4-4 Blue
5-5 White/Blue
7-7 White/Brown
8-8 Brown

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COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
TWISTED SHIELDED PAIR USED IN PHONE LINES, NETWORKS
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR

COAXIAL CABLE USED IN CABLEVISION GREAT FOR VIDEO

FIBRE OPTIC CABLES - USES LIGHT TO CARRY SIGNAL BUT
HARD TO WORK WITH AND LOOSES SIGNAL OVER LONGER
DISTANCES

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Crimping Tool

Hub

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THE DATA-LINK LAYER
The data link layer takes raw transmission and
transform it into a line that appears free of
transmission errors in the network layer.

The Data-Link Layer also is where you would find

the MAC Address. (Media Access Control). To find t
MAC Address of your computer, or any computer:
Start/Programs/MS Prompt and type: ipconfig/all
"C:\WINDOWS>" prompt, type "tracert
www.howstuffworks.com"

Basics of Networking
THE DATA-LINK LAYER
You will also find smart devices such as switches i
the Data-Link Layer.

The digital information that needs to be sent such

and e-mail, attachments, etc needs to be broken in
smaller bits known as packets.

These packets require some information similar to

sending a letter in the mail.

Basics of Networking

Bits of
information

Header
Contains :
Mac Address (if available)
IP Address (where it's going)

Trailer (Footer)
Contains :
Mac Address (from your computer)
IP Address (where it came from)

PACKETS

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PACKETS THAT WILL

FOLLOW EACH OTHER TO THE FINAL DESTINATION

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THE NETWORK LAYER
The network layer is concerned with controlling
the operation of the subnet. A ROUTER is used to
determining how packets are routed from source
to destination.

If one path is busy, then the router will select ano

path for the packets to travel. So really, the packe
can all have different paths and find their way to t
final destination.

Basics of Networking
THE NETWORK LAYER

The router has millions of IP addressing built into

the software, and knows where to send the packe
IP stands for Internet Protocol and is basically an
address that the packets will be sent to.
An example would be 216.27.61.137

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THE NETWORK LAYER

If you look at the IP Address, the number are brok
into different categories.
216. 27.61.137
Classification

Hosts

216. 27.61.137
Octets

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Classifications can be broken into 3 classes. They

Class A - Only the first octet is used for addressing

the balance used for hosts.

Class B - The first two octet are used for addressin

and the balance used for hosts.

Class C - The first three octet are used for addressi

and the balance used for hosts.

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Every machine on the Internet has a unique
identifying number, called an IP Address.
A typical IP address looks like this:
216.27.61.137

But computers communicate in binary form.

Basics of Networking
The same IP address in binary:

11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001
216.27.61.137

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If you add all the positions together, you get 32,
which is why IP addresses are considered
32-bit numbers
11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001
Combine the four octets and you get 232 or a possible
4,294,967,296 unique values.

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Class A - This class is for very large networks,
such as a major international company might have.
IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126 are
part of this class.

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Class B - This class is used for medium-sized networks.
A good example is a large college campus.
IP addresses with a first octet from 128 to 191
are part of this class. Class B addresses also include
the second octet as part of the Net identifier.

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Class C - Class C addresses are commonly used for
small to mid-size businesses. IP addresses
with a first octet from 192 to 223 are part of this
class. Class C addresses also include the second
and third octets as part of the Net identifier.

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LOOPBACK
Loopback - The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used
as the loopback address. This means that it is
used by the host computer to send a message
back to itself.

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THE TRANSPORT LAYER
The transport layer DIRECTS PACKETS, splits it up into
smaller units if need be, pass these to the network
and ensure that the pieces are travelling in an
orderly fashion.
A series of protocols are also established in this
layer to ensure proper flow of the packets.
You can basically describe the Transport Layer as
a TRAFFIC COP.

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THE SESSION LAYER
The session layer allows different machines to
establish sessions between themselves.
Once communications are established, encryption
then begins both parties.

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THE PRESENTATION LAYER
The Presentation Layers job is managing data
structures and converting from the representation
used inside the computer to the network standard
representation an visa versa.

In English terms, the Presentation layer basically

takes the packets and re-assembles them so you c
open the e-mail or the attachment.

If any packets got lost along the way, or were

damaged, then the Presentation layer will send a
sign to the sender that it requires the specific pac

Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER
The Application layer contains a variety of protocols
that are commonly required.
Another Application layer function is file transfer.
Different file systems have different file naming
conventions, different ways of representing text lines,
and so on.
Transferring a file between two different systems
requires handling and other incompatibilities.

Basics of Networking
THE APPLICATION LAYER
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FTP provides a standard system for sending
and receiving files over IP networks.

HTTP Protocol
Web browsers and servers use the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol to
communicate.

Electronic Mail Protocols

Several network protocols were developed
specifically to support electronic mail over the
Internet.

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THE APPLICATION LAYER
SOAP - Simple Object Access
Protocol
SOAP defines a standard way to encode objects
within network packets using XML.

DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) supports automatic address assignment
and improved configuration management of IP
networks.

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THE APPLICATION LAYER
IPv6 - Internet Protocol version 6
IPv6 promises to relieve the current IP address
shortage, and this new version of the protocol
may also increase performance and improve
administration capabilities.

PPPoE
The Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet
(PPPoE) standard helps access providers
manage their broadband service delivery, and
it can also improve the ease of use for DSL and
cable modem customers.

Basics of Networking

As you can see, the OSI Model is a sophisticated

and complicated model, but I hope you gained
some information on the way this theoretical mod
work.

The package that I have given you also has an

IP Addressing assignment that I use with my Grad
12 Computer Engineering Students.

Basics of Networking

Thank You.

Basics of Networking
RESOURCES
http://www2.rad.com/networks/1994/ osi/osi.htm

http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-bandwidth.h
http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa--1.html
www.3com.com/other/pdfs/infra/ corpinfo/en_US/501302.pdf - IP
Addressing
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question549.htm
Networks, Interfaces and Integrated
Circuits
( Graham Smyth and Christine Stephenson)
www.cisco.com