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Review
. 2016 Mar 2;3(3):CD008274.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub3.

Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension

Thomas Semlitsch  1 , Klaus Jeitler, Andrea Berghold, Karl Horvath, Nicole Posch, Stephanie Poggenburg, Andrea Siebenhofer
Affiliations
Review

Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension

Thomas Semlitsch et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: All major guidelines for antihypertensive therapy recommend weight loss. Thus dietary interventions that aim to reduce body weight might be a useful intervention to reduce blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular events associated with hypertension.

Objectives: Primary objectivesTo assess the long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and adverse events (including total serious adverse events, withdrawal due to adverse events, and total non-serious adverse events). Secondary objectivesTo assess the long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension on change from baseline in systolic blood pressure, change from baseline in diastolic blood pressure, and body weight reduction.

Search methods: We obtained studies from computerised searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, Ovid MEDLINE, and Ovid EMBASE, and from searches in reference lists, systematic reviews, and the clinical trials registry ClinicalTrials.gov (status as of 2 February 2015).

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 24 weeks' duration that compared weight-reducing dietary interventions to no dietary intervention in adults with primary hypertension.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We pooled studies using fixed-effect meta-analysis. In case of moderate or larger heterogeneity as measured by Higgins I(2), we used a random-effects model.

Main results: This review update did not reveal any new studies, so the number of included studies remained the same: 8 studies involving a total of 2100 participants with high blood pressure and a mean age of 45 to 66 years. Mean treatment duration was 6 to 36 months. We judged the risk of bias as unclear or high for all but two trials. No study included mortality as a predefined outcome. One RCT evaluated the effects of dietary weight loss on a combined endpoint consisting of the necessity of reinstating antihypertensive therapy and severe cardiovascular complications. In this RCT, weight-reducing diet lowered the endpoint compared to no diet: hazard ratio 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57 to 0.87). None of the studies evaluated adverse events as designated in our protocol. There was low-quality evidence for a blood pressure reduction in participants assigned to weight loss diets as compared to controls: systolic blood pressure: mean difference (MD) -4.5 mm Hg (95% CI -7.2 to -1.8 mm Hg) (3 of 8 studies included in analysis), and diastolic blood pressure: MD -3.2 mm Hg (95% CI -4.8 to -1.5 mm Hg) (3 of 8 studies included in analysis). There was moderate-quality evidence for weight reduction in dietary weight loss groups as compared to controls: MD -4.0 kg (95% CI -4.8 to -3.2) (5 of 8 studies included in analysis). Two studies used withdrawal of antihypertensive medication as their primary outcome. Even though we did not consider this a relevant outcome for our review, the results of these studies strengthen the finding of reduction of blood pressure by dietary weight loss interventions.

Authors' conclusions: In this update, the conclusions remain the same, as we found no new trials. In people with primary hypertension, weight loss diets reduced body weight and blood pressure, however the magnitude of the effects are uncertain due to the small number of participants and studies included in the analyses. Whether weight loss reduces mortality and morbidity is unknown. No useful information on adverse effects was reported in the relevant trials.

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Conflict of interest statement

Andrea Siebenhofer, Klaus Jeitler, and Karl Horvath were involved in the preparation of a report on the evaluation of the benefits and harms of non‐drug treatment strategies in patients with essential hypertension: weight reduction for IQWiG, the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (http://iqwig.de/).

Andrea Berghold, Thomas Semlitsch, Stephanie Poggenburg, and Nicole Posch have no potential conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, outcome: 1.1 Change in systolic blood pressure from baseline to endpoint [mm Hg].
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, outcome: 1.2 Change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline to endpoint [mm Hg].
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, outcome: 1.3 Change in body weight from baseline to endpoint [kg].
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, Outcome 1 Change in systolic blood pressure from baseline to endpoint.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, Outcome 2 Change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline to endpoint.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Weight‐reducing diet versus no weight‐reducing diet, Outcome 3 Change in body weight from baseline to endpoint.
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References

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ODES 1995 no exercise {published data only}
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ODES 1995 with exercise {published data only}
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TAIM 1992 atenolol {published data only}
    1. Blaufox MD, Lee HB, Davis B, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Langford H. Renin predicts diastolic blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. JAMA 1992;267(9):1221‐5. [PUBMED: 1538559] - PubMed
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TAIM 1992 chlorthalidone {published data only}
    1. Blaufox MD, Lee HB, Davis B, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Langford H. Renin predicts diastolic blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. JAMA 1992;267(9):1221‐5. [PUBMED: 1538559] - PubMed
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    1. Davis BR, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Zimbaldi N, Cutler JA, et al. Reduction in long‐term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with mild hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(15):1773‐82. [PUBMED: 8333814] - PubMed
    1. Davis BR, Oberman A, Blaufox MD, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Hawkins CM, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on weight loss. The Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management Research Group. Hypertension 1992;19(4):393‐9. [PUBMED: 1555871] - PubMed
    1. Davis BR, Oberman A, Blaufox MD, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Zimbaldi N, Kirchner K, et al. Lack of effectiveness of a low‐sodium/high‐potassium diet in reducing antihypertensive medication requirements in overweight persons with mild hypertension. TAIM Research Group. Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management. American Journal of Hypertension 1994;7(10 Pt 1):926‐32. [PUBMED: 7826557] - PubMed
TAIM 1992 combined {published data only}
    1. Blaufox MD, Lee HB, Davis B, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Langford H. Renin predicts diastolic blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. JAMA 1992;267(9):1221‐5. [PUBMED: 1538559] - PubMed
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    1. Davis BR, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Zimbaldi N, Cutler JA, et al. Reduction in long‐term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with mild hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(15):1773‐82. [PUBMED: 8333814] - PubMed
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TAIM 1992 placebo {published data only}
    1. Blaufox MD, Lee HB, Davis B, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Langford H. Renin predicts diastolic blood pressure response to nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. JAMA 1992;267(9):1221‐5. [PUBMED: 1538559] - PubMed
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    1. Davis BR, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, Wassertheil‐Smoller S, Zimbaldi N, Cutler JA, et al. Reduction in long‐term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with mild hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(15):1773‐82. [PUBMED: 8333814] - PubMed
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TONE 1998 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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