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18 pages, 5150 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hard-Segment Structure on the Properties of Polyurethane/Poly(Ethyl Methacrylate) Damping Composites
by Jinbao Ma, Chi Ma, Risheng Long, Yan Jiang, Xingjia Wang, Chang Liu, Fan Li and Lee Tin Sin
Polymers 2025, 17(5), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050636 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Damping material performance influences the efficacy of vibration and noise reduction. However, traditional damping materials often have low damping peaks or narrow damping temperature ranges. In this study, a series of polyurethane (PU)/poly(ethylene methacrylate) (PEMA) composites were synthesised, in which the PU hard [...] Read more.
Damping material performance influences the efficacy of vibration and noise reduction. However, traditional damping materials often have low damping peaks or narrow damping temperature ranges. In this study, a series of polyurethane (PU)/poly(ethylene methacrylate) (PEMA) composites were synthesised, in which the PU hard segments were varied using toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The soft segments comprised tetrahydrofuran homopolymer glycol. The influence of the hard-segment structure on the properties of the PU/PEMA composites was investigated by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and other experimental methods. The performance mechanism was explored from a molecular perspective via integration with molecular dynamics simulations. The PU/PEMA material with IPDI hard segments comprised numerous microphase-separated structures and exhibited greater free volume, fuller molecular-chain movement, and the highest damping performance, with a loss factor of 0.56. The PU/PEMA composites synthesised with TDI and MDI hard segments exhibited better compatibility, with the MDI-PU/PEMA system exhibiting a higher hydrogen-bonding force. This material also exhibited a higher thermal stability, with an initial breakdown temperature of 287.87 °C. This study provides a basis for regulating and optimising the performance of PU-based damping materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material-Process-Structure Integrated Design for Advanced Polymeric Composites)
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17 pages, 569 KiB  
Article
Re-Examining Issues in the Study of Korean Buddhism: Questions Related to Degeneration of Chosŏn Buddhism, Colonialism, and Doctrine-Based Approaches
by Sung-Eun Thomas Kim and Won-il Bang
Religions 2025, 16(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16030299 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
When the historical past in the study of Chosŏn Buddhism is unearthed, one would discover that Buddhist studies was in fact closely tied to Korea’s recent history of colonization by Japan and to the postcolonial influences of the West. This paper is an [...] Read more.
When the historical past in the study of Chosŏn Buddhism is unearthed, one would discover that Buddhist studies was in fact closely tied to Korea’s recent history of colonization by Japan and to the postcolonial influences of the West. This paper is an effort to re-examine the modern study of Korean Buddhism to trace the effects of past colonial forces that Korean Buddhist studies have experienced. The process of Japanese colonization of Korea was similar to the pattern of subjugation initially adopted by the early European discoverers, where academic developments synchronized with the colonizing process—the labeling of the subject culture as primitive and inferior as a basis and justification for colonization. In the past, it was claimed Korean folk religions and Buddhism were rife with cultic and superstitious practices, signs of backwardness, which coincided with the view that Korean society and people were underdeveloped and uncivilized. This paper, after discussions of the colonization process and its connection to the study of Korean Buddhism, makes an argument for a shift in the methodological approach to the study of Chosŏn Buddhism from an etic to an emic approach by taking into account how Buddhism was practiced on the ground and situated within the historical context of the Chosŏn period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Re-Thinking Religious Traditions and Practices of Korea)
14 pages, 1638 KiB  
Perspective
Nanoplastics as Gene and Epigenetic Modulators of Endocrine Functions: A Perspective
by Massimo Aloisi and Anna Maria Giuseppina Poma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052071 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) represent a major challenge in environmental contamination resulting from the physical, chemical, and biological degradation of plastics. Their characterization requires advanced and expensive methods, which limit routine analyses. The biological effects of NPs depend on their chemical and physical properties, which [...] Read more.
Nanoplastics (NPs) represent a major challenge in environmental contamination resulting from the physical, chemical, and biological degradation of plastics. Their characterization requires advanced and expensive methods, which limit routine analyses. The biological effects of NPs depend on their chemical and physical properties, which influence toxicity and interactions with biological systems. Studies in animal models, such as Daphnia magna and Danio rerio, show that NPs induce oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and metabolic alterations, often related to charge and particle size. NPs affect endocrine functions by acting as endocrine disruptors, interfering with thyroid and sex hormones and showing potential transgenerational effects through epigenetic modifications, including DNA hyper- and hypomethylation. Behavioral and neurofunctional alterations have been observed in Danio rerio and mouse models, suggesting a link between NP exposure and neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Despite limited human studies, the presence of NPs in breast milk and placenta underscores the need for further investigation of health effects. Research focusing on genetic and epigenetic markers is encouraged to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and potential risks associated with chronic exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro(nano) Plastics and Estrogens as Endocrine Disruptors Meet the Female Reproductive System, Breast and Colon: What Is Going On?)
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13 pages, 1306 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Balance of Citrus Across the Mandarin Belts of India
by Anoop Kumar Srivastava, Ambadas Dattatray Huchche, Leon-Etienne Parent, Suresh Kumar Malhotra, Vasileios Ziogas and Lohit Kumar Baishya
Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030254 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf [...] Read more.
India is a major producer of mandarin oranges. However, the average fruit yield remains below potential due in part to multiple nutrient deficiencies. Our objective was to elaborate compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) log-ratio standards accounting for nutrient interactions and the dilution the leaf tissue. We hypothesized that equally or unequally weighted dual nutrient log ratios integrated into centered log ratios (clr) or weighted log ratios (wlr) influence the accuracy of the CND diagnosis. The database comprised 494 observations on ‘Nagpur’, ‘Khasi’, and ‘Kinnow’ cultivars surveyed in contrasting agroecosystems of India. Weights were provided by gain ratios that indicated the importance of the dual log ratio on crop performance. The cutoff yield was set at the upper high-yield quarter for each variety. Centered log ratios (clrs) and weighted log ratios (wlrs) returned accuracies of 0.7–0.8 depending on the machine learning classification model. The gain ratios were not contrasted enough to make a difference between clr and wlr. We derived clr and wlr nutrient standards following the Gradient Boosting model. In a case study, the clr and wlr returned similar diagnoses. The capacity of clr and wlr to generalize to unseen cases and correct nutrient imbalance should be further verified in fertilizer trials. The diagnosis could also be conducted at a local scale, thanks to the Euclidian geometry and additivity of clr and wlr variables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Agriculture—2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 8345 KiB  
Review
Harnessing Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Organic Reaction Cascades: A Strategy for Enhanced Efficiency in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
by Heba Abuzenah, Muhammad Abdulrasheed, Auwal Eshi Sardauna, Bayan Al-Qataisheh and Musa M. Musa
Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030223 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are versatile enzymes that enable the reversible reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The exceptional chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of ADHs position them as attractive catalysts for generating enantiopure alcohols, whether through deracemization of racemates or asymmetric [...] Read more.
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are versatile enzymes that enable the reversible reduction of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols. The exceptional chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity of ADHs position them as attractive catalysts for generating enantiopure alcohols, whether through deracemization of racemates or asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones. The emergence of robust ADHs capable of functioning effectively at elevated temperatures and in high concentrations of non-aqueous media has stimulated interest in integrating ADH-catalyzed asymmetric transformations with other chemical processes in a single pot, either in a stepwise mode or simultaneously. This review presents an overview of one-pot organic transformations that combine ADH-catalyzed asymmetric reductions with additional nonenzymatic chemical reactions, demonstrating the potential for enhanced efficiency and sustainability in synthetic organic chemistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Catalysis and Enzyme Engineering)
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15 pages, 7836 KiB  
Article
Design and Performance Verification of A-HFM Signals for Simultaneous Frame Detection, Cell ID Assignment, and Doppler Estimation in AUVs Using Multiple Surface Buoys
by Sae-Yong Park, Tae-Geon Chung and Tae-Ho Im
Electronics 2025, 14(5), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050938 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
With the advancement of artificial intelligence, the inference capabilities of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have significantly improved, leading to growing interest in AUV applications. To ensure reliable operations, the field of underwater communications demands robust schemes that account for AUV mobility and enable [...] Read more.
With the advancement of artificial intelligence, the inference capabilities of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have significantly improved, leading to growing interest in AUV applications. To ensure reliable operations, the field of underwater communications demands robust schemes that account for AUV mobility and enable the formation of underwater cellular networks. Conventional approaches using Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) and Zadoff–Chu sequence (ZCS) sequences for frame detection and Cell ID (CID) assignment degrade substantially under severe Doppler conditions. In particular, AUVs experience pronounced Doppler shifts due to their mobility in underwater channels. In this study, we propose a methodology in which distinct Superimposed Adjusted-HFM (SA-HFM) signals are assigned to multiple buoys, allowing AUVs to jointly perform frame detection, CID assignment, and Doppler estimation in challenging underwater environments. To validate the proposed scheme, an ocean experiment was conducted in the East Sea of the Republic of Korea. The results demonstrate that the SA-HFM-based signals successfully achieved frame detection, CID assignment, and Doppler estimation at distances ranging from 500 m to approximately 2 km, even when the AUV moved at speeds of 1.02–1.54 m/s. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can offer robust underwater communication and facilitate the deployment of underwater cellular networks for mobile AUV operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Underwater Communication Systems)
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22 pages, 2602 KiB  
Article
Downregulation of the Unfolded Protein Response Links Metformin Treatment to Good Clinical Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients
by Mary L. Fay, Chris Nicol, Christine Orr, Brooke Wilson, David Hurlbut, Harriet Feilotter and Scott Davey
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32030138 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. However, metformin-treated diabetic CRC patients tend to have better clinical outcomes than those managed by other means. To better characterize the molecular underpinnings of metformin’s protective effects, we performed [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. However, metformin-treated diabetic CRC patients tend to have better clinical outcomes than those managed by other means. To better characterize the molecular underpinnings of metformin’s protective effects, we performed a targeted transcriptomic analysis of primary CRC tissue samples (n = 272). A supervised learning algorithm pinpointed molecular features that discriminate between metformin-treated and diet-controlled diabetic CRC samples, as well as those that discriminated between non-diabetic samples based on their five-year overall survival status. Our results show downregulation of TMEM132 in metformin-treated samples (p = 0.05) and non-diabetics with good clinical outcomes (p = 0.05) relative to diet-controlled and non-diabetics with poor survival, respectively. Furthermore, upregulation of SCNN1A is observed in metformin-treated samples (p = 0.04) and non-diabetics with good clinical outcomes (p = 0.01) relative to diet-controlled samples and those with poor clinical outcomes, respectively. We also show that the antiapoptotic protein sFas is downregulated in metformin-treated samples relative to diet-controlled samples (p = 0.005). These findings suggest a role for the unfolded protein response in mediating metformin-related CRC-protective effects by enhancing apoptosis and suggest the investigation of these proteins as targets for novel CRC therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)
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15 pages, 4896 KiB  
Communication
Research on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Patterns of Landslide-Induced Surge Waves Based on Physical Model Experiments
by Pengchao Mao, Jie Lei and Lei Tian
Water 2025, 17(5), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050685 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
The impact generated by landslide-induced surge waves in large reservoirs poses significant threats to the safety of coastal residents and their property. It is essential to further elucidate the characteristics of these surge waves and enhance the capabilities of surge wave prediction and [...] Read more.
The impact generated by landslide-induced surge waves in large reservoirs poses significant threats to the safety of coastal residents and their property. It is essential to further elucidate the characteristics of these surge waves and enhance the capabilities of surge wave prediction and emergency warning systems. This research takes the Wangjiashan landslide in the Baihetan Hydropower Station reservoir area as a prototype, constructing a three-dimensional landslide model at a 1:150 scale. Through experiments designed under varying water levels and slope friction coefficients, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of the landslide-induced surge waves along the riverbank were analyzed. The research results indicate that through the use of the zero-crossing method, fundamental characteristics of landslide-induced surge waves such as the maximum wave height, maximum period, significant wave height, and significant wave period could be obtained. Based on the statistical analysis of significant wave heights, the surge waves were categorized into three levels—small waves, moderate waves, and large waves—accounting for 15.79%, 78.95%, and 5.26% of the total waves, respectively. The height of surge waves decreases with an increase in the slope friction coefficient and river channel water depth. Additionally, the interaction between the landslide’s entry velocity into the water and the water level determines the effectiveness of wave propagation. This research provides crucial data support and theoretical foundations for the prediction and emergency warning of landslide-induced surge waves, offering significant implications for the prevention and mitigation of reservoir and landslide disasters. Full article
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23 pages, 5269 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Daily Activities in Households by Means of Energy Consumption Measurements from Smart Meters
by Álvaro Hernández, Rubén Nieto, Laura de Diego-Otón, José M. Villadangos-Carrizo, Daniel Pizarro, David Fuentes and María C. Pérez-Rubio
J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14020025 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) includes a set of methods orientated to disaggregating the power consumption of a household per appliance. It is commonly based on a single metering point, typically a smart meter at the entry of the electrical grid of the building, [...] Read more.
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) includes a set of methods orientated to disaggregating the power consumption of a household per appliance. It is commonly based on a single metering point, typically a smart meter at the entry of the electrical grid of the building, where signals of interest, such as voltage or current, can be measured and analyzed in order to disaggregate and identify which appliance is turned on/off at any time. Although this information is key for further applications linked to energy efficiency and management, it may also be applied to social and health contexts. Since the activation of the appliances in a household is related to certain daily activities carried out by the corresponding tenants, NILM techniques are also interesting in the design of remote monitoring systems that can enhance the development of novel feasible healthcare models. Therefore, these techniques may foster the independent living of elderly and/or cognitively impaired people in their own homes, while relatives and caregivers may have access to additional information about a person’s routines. In this context, this work describes an intelligent solution based on deep neural networks, which is able to identify the daily activities carried out in a household, starting from the disaggregated consumption per appliance provided by a commercial smart meter. With the daily activities identified, the usage patterns of the appliances and the corresponding behaviour can be monitored in the long term after a training period. In this way, every new day may be assessed statistically, thus providing a score about how similar this day is to the routines learned during the training interval. The proposal has been experimentally validated by means of two commercially available smart monitors installed in real houses where tenants followed their daily routines, as well as by using the well-known database UK-DALE. Full article
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24 pages, 12458 KiB  
Article
Luminescent P2O5-MoO3-Bi2O3-K2O Glasses and Glass-Ceramics on Their Basis: Insights from Experimental and Computational Studies
by Yurii Hizhnyi, Viktor Borysiuk, Vitalii Chornii, Andrzej Suchocki, Kateryna Terebilenko, Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy and Serhii Nedilko
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030113 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
This paper presents the results of complementary experimental (electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence (PL), and FTIR spectroscopy) and computational (molecular dynamics and DFT-based electronic structural) studies of oxide glasses of xP2O5-yMoO3-zBi2O3-(1-x-y-z)K [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of complementary experimental (electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence (PL), and FTIR spectroscopy) and computational (molecular dynamics and DFT-based electronic structural) studies of oxide glasses of xP2O5-yMoO3-zBi2O3-(1-x-y-z)K2O systems and glass-ceramics based on these (crystal @glass), where the KBi(MoO4)2 complex oxide is the crystal component (KBi(MoO4)2 @glass). The behavior of the observed PL characteristics is analyzed in synergy with the results of the calculations of their atomic structures and changes in the oxygen environment of bismuth atoms during the transition crystal → interphase → glass. It is shown that the optical absorption and PL characteristics of such systems are largely determined by the content of Bi2O3 and MoO3 oxides in the initial charge and by the content of bismuth ions in different charge states that exist in the produced glass and glass-ceramics. It was found that the blue PL (spectral range 375–550 nm) of both the glasses and the glass-ceramics originated from radiative transitions 3P1 → 1S0 in Bi3+ bismuth ions. The yellow-red PL (range 550–850 nm) was mainly associated with the luminescence of bismuth ions in lower charge states, Bi2+, Bi+, and Bi0. The thickness of the interphase layers of glass-ceramics was estimated to be 1.5–2.0 nm. It was found that the changes in the spectra of optical absorption and the PL/PL excitation of the glass-ceramics occurred due to the decrease in the number of oxygen atoms in the nearest surrounding bismuth ions in the interphase region. These changes can be used for the spectral probing of the formation and presence of interphase layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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11 pages, 14511 KiB  
Review
Pictorial Review of MRI Findings of Glycogen Storage Disease from Children to Young Adults
by Yasuo Amano, Mika Ishige, Maki Amano, Naoki Shinoda, Chisato Ando and Ryo Takagi
Children 2025, 12(3), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030295 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are rare, inherited disorders of glycogen metabolism caused by a deficiency of enzymes or transporters. GSDs involve the liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and heart of children and young adults. The complications involving these organs affect the prognosis of patients [...] Read more.
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are rare, inherited disorders of glycogen metabolism caused by a deficiency of enzymes or transporters. GSDs involve the liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and heart of children and young adults. The complications involving these organs affect the prognosis of patients with GSDs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for identifying the complications of GSDs and monitoring the response to treatments owing to its ability of tissue characterization and the lack of a need for ionizing radiation. This pictorial review describes the MRI sequences used for GSDs, presents clinical examples, and emphasizes the pivotal role of MRI as an imaging tool in diagnosing complications associated with GSDs. MRI should be performed at least every year in patients with GSDs and hepatic tumors or myocardial scarring. Further MRI sequences that can be used to quantify the severity of GSDs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Radiology)
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19 pages, 1516 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Fatty Acid Profile, α-Tocopherol, Squalene and Cholesterol Content in Edible Parts and By-Products of South Pacific Wild Fishes
by Sussi López-Puebla, María Fernanda Arias-Santé, Jaime Romero, Adriano Costa de Camargo and Miguel Ángel Rincón-Cervera
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030104 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Fish are generally rich sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, and although the edible part (fillet) has been analyzed in many species, less is known about the composition of fish by-products. The analysis of these materials allows them [...] Read more.
Fish are generally rich sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA, and although the edible part (fillet) has been analyzed in many species, less is known about the composition of fish by-products. The analysis of these materials allows them to be evaluated as raw sources of EPA and DHA, thus contributing to sustainable practices to produce healthy oils for human consumption. This work provides information on the fatty acid profiles, lipid quality indices and α-tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol contents in fillets, heads, bones and viscera of three fish species (anchovy, chub mackerel and Chilean jack mackerel). Samples were lyophilized and lipids were extracted using either the Folch or Hara and Radin methods. FA profiles were obtained by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection, and tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol analyses were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection. The highest levels of EPA were found in anchovy fillet (18.9–20.6%) and bone (14.7%), while DHA was more abundant in anchovy fillet (16.9–22.0%) and Chilean jack mackerel fillet (15.4–16.6%) and bone (13.1–13.8%). α-Tocopherol, squalene and cholesterol contents ranged from 0.18 to 1.35 mg/100 g, 0.07 to 0.80 mg/100 g and 30.46 to 246.17 mg/100 g, respectively, in the different tissues analyzed from the three fish species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches for the Extraction and Synthesis of Bioactive Lipid Compounds from Seafood By-Products and Their Potential Applications in Health and Nutrition)
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14 pages, 1336 KiB  
Article
AI-Powered Analysis of Weight Loss Reports from Reddit: Unlocking Social Media’s Potential in Dietary Assessment
by Efstathios Kaloudis, Victoria Kouti, Foteini-Maria Triantafillou, Patroklos Ventouris, Rafail Pavlidis and Vasiliki Bountziouka
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050818 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The increasing use of social media for sharing health and diet experiences presents new opportunities for nutritional research and dietary assessment. Large language models (LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) offer innovative approaches to analyzing self-reported data from online communities. This study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The increasing use of social media for sharing health and diet experiences presents new opportunities for nutritional research and dietary assessment. Large language models (LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) offer innovative approaches to analyzing self-reported data from online communities. This study explores weight loss experiences associated with the ketogenic diet (KD) using user-generated content from Reddit, aiming to identify trends and potential biases in self-reported outcomes. Methods: A dataset of 35,079 Reddit posts related to KD was collected and processed. Posts mentioning weight loss, diet duration, and additional factors (age, gender, physical activity, health conditions) were identified, yielding 2416 complete cases. Descriptive statistics summarized weight loss distributions and diet adherence patterns, while linear regression models examined factors associated with weight loss. Results: The median reported weight loss was 10.9 kg (IQR: 4.4–22.7 kg). Diet adherence varied with 36.3% of users following KD for up to 30 days and 7.8% for more than a year. Metabolic (27%) and cardiovascular disorders (17%) were the most frequently reported health conditions. Adherence beyond one year was associated with an average weight loss of 28.2 kg (95% CI: 25.5–30.9) compared to up to 30 days. Male gender was associated with an additional weight loss of 5.2 kg (95% CI: 3.8–6.6) compared to females. Conclusions: Findings suggest KD may lead to substantial weight loss based on self-reported online data. This study highlights the value of social media data in nutritional research, uncovering hidden dietary patterns that could inform public health strategies and personalized nutrition plans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Dietary Assessment)
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18 pages, 1230 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Epigenetic Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastic Exposure in Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) Epithelial Cells Using Methylation-Sensitive AFLPs
by Sheridan M. Wilkinson, Justine M. Whitaker and Alexis M. Janosik
Microplastics 2025, 4(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4010010 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Microplastics, remnants of macroplastics that have broken down to fragments smaller than 5 mm, and nanoplastics, broken down even further to sizes < 1 μm, are pervasive in aquatic ecosystems. These plastic particles are consumed by microscopic organisms, leading to bioaccumulation up trophic [...] Read more.
Microplastics, remnants of macroplastics that have broken down to fragments smaller than 5 mm, and nanoplastics, broken down even further to sizes < 1 μm, are pervasive in aquatic ecosystems. These plastic particles are consumed by microscopic organisms, leading to bioaccumulation up trophic levels. The accumulation of plastic in the organismal gut can result in various repercussions, including cellular contamination and genomic modifications such as DNA methylation. While methylation has been studied in teleost fishes, the impact of nanoplastic exposure on this process in any species remains largely unexplored. This study delves into this largely uncharted territory, investigating the accumulation of methylation due to nanoplastic exposure within the genome of cultured bluegill BF-2 cells (Lepomis macrochirus) using methylation-sensitive AFLPs. The methylation state was analyzed through capillary gel analysis and electropherograms. Differential methylation occurred between several control and experimental groups due to nanoplastic exposure; however, these differences were not dose- or time-dependent. These results could suggest that higher dosages and exposure times to nanoplastics do not result in increased methylation levels in congruence with the dosage and exposure time; rather, only the presence of nanoplastics is enough to cause DNA methylation changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Microplastics Pollution)
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17 pages, 8560 KiB  
Article
Research and Application of an Elastic Solution for Surface Deformation Around Foundation Pit Excavation
by Dong Wang, Yiming Wu and Li Yin
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2544; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052544 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Targeting the concern that nearby inflexible buildings may be at risk for safety issues due to the surface deformation caused by foundation pit excavation disruptions, this paper took the large-scale foundation pit in the Hongshaquan second mine stope in Xinjiang as the research [...] Read more.
Targeting the concern that nearby inflexible buildings may be at risk for safety issues due to the surface deformation caused by foundation pit excavation disruptions, this paper took the large-scale foundation pit in the Hongshaquan second mine stope in Xinjiang as the research backdrop. To examine the deformation mechanism, generic numerical simulation models were built with varying excavation depths. The unloading effect of foundation pit excavation was addressed using the Fourier integral approach, which is based on elastic theory. An elastic theoretical analytical approach for the surrounding deformation during disturbances due to the excavation of foundation pits was derived by superimposing the unloading impact of the surrounding soil and including pertinent boundary conditions. By contrasting the outcomes of the numerical simulation with the theoretical analysis and the real on-site monitoring data, the accuracy of this approach was confirmed. The findings indicated that the deformation of the surrounding ground surface rises as the excavation depth grows during the foundation pit excavation process in open-pit mines. The deformation decreases with increasing distance from the slope crest to the monitoring location. The deformation of the surrounding ground surface reduces as the rock and soil mass’s elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio rise. However, the deformation of the surrounding ground surface increases as the excavation depth and slope angle rise. This study offers fresh ideas and approaches for examining how the surrounding ground surface deforms while a foundation hole is excavated. Full article
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13 pages, 3558 KiB  
Article
Development of a Dihydrofolate Reductase Selection System for Saccharomyces boulardii
by Hua Yu, Lydia Nyasae, Rachel Lee, Wenyan Lu, Edward So, Hanping Feng and Zhiyong Yang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052073 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii, the only commercially available probiotic yeast, has gained attention as a recombinant live biotherapeutic product (rLBP) empowered with the expression of heterologous therapeutic proteins for treating gastrointestinal diseases. However, the genetic modification of S. boulardii intended for clinical use is [...] Read more.
Saccharomyces boulardii, the only commercially available probiotic yeast, has gained attention as a recombinant live biotherapeutic product (rLBP) empowered with the expression of heterologous therapeutic proteins for treating gastrointestinal diseases. However, the genetic modification of S. boulardii intended for clinical use is hindered by regulatory and technical challenges. In this study, we developed a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-based selection system as an innovative alternative to traditional auxotrophic selection strategies for engineering S. boulardii. The DHFR selection system overcame inherent resistance of the yeast to methotrexate (MTX) by incorporating sulfanilamide, a dihydrofolate synthesis inhibitor, to enhance selection efficiency. The system demonstrated robust functionality, enabling the efficient screening of high-expression clones and tunable expression of therapeutic proteins, such as cytokines and antibodies, by modulating MTX concentrations. Furthermore, the yeast’s endogenous DHFR homolog, DFR1, was shown to be a viable selection marker, providing greater host compatibility while maintaining functionality compared to DHFR. This selection system avoids reliance on foreign antibiotic selection markers and the construction of auxotrophic strains, thus simplifying engineering and allowing for a tunable protein expression. These advancements establish the DHFR/DFR1 selection system as a robust and versatile platform for developing S. boulardii-based live biotherapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research in Probiotic Yeasts: Molecular Aspects)
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28 pages, 1191 KiB  
Perspective
Shaping the Future of Healthcare: Ethical Clinical Challenges and Pathways to Trustworthy AI
by Polat Goktas and Andrzej Grzybowski
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051605 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, enabling advances in diagnostics, treatment optimization, and patient care. Yet, its integration raises ethical, regulatory, and societal challenges. Key concerns include data privacy risks, algorithmic bias, and regulatory gaps that struggle to keep pace with [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, enabling advances in diagnostics, treatment optimization, and patient care. Yet, its integration raises ethical, regulatory, and societal challenges. Key concerns include data privacy risks, algorithmic bias, and regulatory gaps that struggle to keep pace with AI advancements. This study aims to synthesize a multidisciplinary framework for trustworthy AI in healthcare, focusing on transparency, accountability, fairness, sustainability, and global collaboration. It moves beyond high-level ethical discussions to provide actionable strategies for implementing trustworthy AI in clinical contexts. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were selected based on relevance to AI ethics, governance, and policy in healthcare, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles, policy analyses, case studies, and ethical guidelines from authoritative sources published within the last decade. The conceptual approach integrates perspectives from clinicians, ethicists, policymakers, and technologists, offering a holistic “ecosystem” view of AI. No clinical trials or patient-level interventions were conducted. Results: The analysis identifies key gaps in current AI governance and introduces the Regulatory Genome—an adaptive AI oversight framework aligned with global policy trends and Sustainable Development Goals. It introduces quantifiable trustworthiness metrics, a comparative analysis of AI categories for clinical applications, and bias mitigation strategies. Additionally, it presents interdisciplinary policy recommendations for aligning AI deployment with ethical, regulatory, and environmental sustainability goals. This study emphasizes measurable standards, multi-stakeholder engagement strategies, and global partnerships to ensure that future AI innovations meet ethical and practical healthcare needs. Conclusions: Trustworthy AI in healthcare requires more than technical advancements—it demands robust ethical safeguards, proactive regulation, and continuous collaboration. By adopting the recommended roadmap, stakeholders can foster responsible innovation, improve patient outcomes, and maintain public trust in AI-driven healthcare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Guidelines)
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18 pages, 3934 KiB  
Article
Influence of Wideband Cable Model for Electric Vehicle Inverter–Motor Connections: A Comparative Analysis
by Easir Arafat and Mona Ghassemi
Machines 2025, 13(3), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13030189 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on robust inverter-to-motor connections to ensure high-efficiency operation under the challenging conditions imposed by wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors. High switching frequencies and steep voltage rise times in WBG inverters lead to repetitive transient overvoltages, causing insulation degradation and premature motor [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on robust inverter-to-motor connections to ensure high-efficiency operation under the challenging conditions imposed by wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors. High switching frequencies and steep voltage rise times in WBG inverters lead to repetitive transient overvoltages, causing insulation degradation and premature motor wind failure. This study proposes a wideband (WB) model of EV cables, developed in EMTP-RV, to improve transient voltage prediction accuracy compared to the traditional constant parameter (CP) model. Using a commercially available EV-dedicated cable, the WB model incorporates frequency-dependent parasitic effects calculated through the vector fitting technique. The motor design is supported by COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB 2023 simulations, leveraging the multi-conductor transmission line (MCTL) model for validation. Using practical data from the Toyota Prius 2010 model, including cable length, motor specifications, and power ratings, transient overvoltages generated by high-frequency inverters are studied. The proposed model demonstrates improved alignment with real-world scenarios, providing valuable insights into optimizing insulation systems for EV applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)
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20 pages, 2693 KiB  
Review
Advances and Challenges in Catalyst Dense-Phase Packing Technology: A Review
by Zhiqiang Xu, Wenming Liu, Zhengyong Yu and Xuedong Liu
Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030222 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
This review comprehensively focuses on catalyst dense-phase packing technology. It provides a systematic review of its principles, characteristics, and applications across diverse fields. A detailed comparison between dense-phase packing and traditional packing methods is presented, along with an in-depth analysis of its application [...] Read more.
This review comprehensively focuses on catalyst dense-phase packing technology. It provides a systematic review of its principles, characteristics, and applications across diverse fields. A detailed comparison between dense-phase packing and traditional packing methods is presented, along with an in-depth analysis of its application status in petrochemical, fine-chemical, and other industries. The innovative trends of this technology in packing equipment and processes, as well as the challenges and countermeasures in its application, are thoroughly discussed. The aim is to offer a comprehensive and profound reference for relevant research and industrial practices, guiding future development in this crucial area of chemical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Catalysis)
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13 pages, 2207 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Monitoring of Chilo suppressalis Resistance to Insecticides and the Potential Influencing Factors
by Wujia Mo, Qiang Li, Zhongxian Lu, Farman Ullah, Jiawen Guo, Hongxing Xu and Yanhui Lu
Plants 2025, 14(5), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050724 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Chilo suppressalis is one of the most important rice pests worldwide, and chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, and methoxyfenozide have been widely used to control this pest in China. However, the control efficiency in the field has dramatically decreased in recent years. Therefore, assessing the impacts [...] Read more.
Chilo suppressalis is one of the most important rice pests worldwide, and chlorantraniliprole, abamectin, and methoxyfenozide have been widely used to control this pest in China. However, the control efficiency in the field has dramatically decreased in recent years. Therefore, assessing the impacts of different factors on C. suppressalis resistance is essential for maintaining control effectiveness and managing resistant populations. Herein, we investigated insecticide resistance and its potential influencing factors (biotic and abiotic factors) in C. suppressalis field populations, using bioassays and biochemical and molecular diagnostic approaches. The results showed that the resistance levels of most field populations of C. suppressalis have evolved to moderate-to-high levels to the tested insecticides. The toxicity correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between the resistance levels of abamectin and methoxyfenozide, whereas GST activity was positively correlated with abamectin and methoxyfenozide resistance in C. suppressalis. EST and P450 activities showed significantly positive correlation with the resistance of chlorantraniliprole and methoxyfenozide, while the increase in temperature enhanced EST enzyme activity and was positively correlated with the evolution of resistance to methoxyfenozide. Overall, our study provides a systematic understanding of the dynamic resistance status and its influencing factors of C. suppressalis to insecticides. These findings will help clarify the resistance levels and the influencing factors in the resistance development of C. suppressalis, providing a theoretical basis for the resistance management of this insect species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Pest Management—from Chemicals to Green Management)
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39 pages, 3051 KiB  
Review
Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges
by Shehani Bandara and Sreejith Raveendran
Cancers 2025, 17(5), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17050821 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, placing immense burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. Despite advancements in traditional treatments, significant limitations persist, including treatment resistance, severe side effects, and disease recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the immune system [...] Read more.
Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, placing immense burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. Despite advancements in traditional treatments, significant limitations persist, including treatment resistance, severe side effects, and disease recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumour cells. However, challenges such as immunotherapy resistance, patient response variability, and the need for improved biomarkers limit its widespread success. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting both FDA-approved therapies and novel approaches in clinical development. It explores immune checkpoint inhibitors, cell and gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and nanotechnology-driven strategies, offering insights into their mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations. By integrating emerging research and clinical advancements, this review underscores the need for continued innovation to optimise cancer immunotherapy and overcome existing treatment barriers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Research)
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13 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Outcomes Between Functionally and Mechanically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty: Analysis of Parallelism to the Ground and Weight-Bearing Position of the Knee Using Hip-to-Calcaneus Radiographs
by Hongyeol Yang, Chanjin Park, Jaehyeok Cheon, Jaeyeon Hwang and Jongkeun Seon
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15030091 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes between patients undergoing mechanically aligned conventional total knee arthroplasty (MA-CTKA) and functionally aligned robotic-arm-assisted TKA (FA-RTKA). Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of consecutive patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty [...] Read more.
Background: The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes between patients undergoing mechanically aligned conventional total knee arthroplasty (MA-CTKA) and functionally aligned robotic-arm-assisted TKA (FA-RTKA). Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of consecutive patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for knee osteoarthritis between June 2022 and May 2023. Patients were divided into two groups—MA-CTKA (n = 50) and FA-RTKA (n = 50)—based on the introduction of a robotic-arm-assisted system during the study period. The hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle, joint line orientation angle (JLOA) relative to the floor, and weight-bearing line (WBL) ratio were evaluated using full-length standing hip-to-calcaneus radiographs to compare the conventional mechanical axis (MA) and the ground mechanical axis (GA) passing through the knee joint between the groups. Clinical outcomes were also compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the postoperative HKA angle between the groups, due to discrepancies in the targeted alignment strategies (FA-RTKA: 2.0° vs. MA-CTKA: 0.5°; p = 0.001). The postoperative JLOA in the FA-RTKA group was more parallel to the floor, whereas the MA-CTKA group showed a downward angulation toward the lateral side (0.6° vs. −2.7°; p < 0.001). In the FA-RTKA group, the GA passed through a neutral position when accounting for the calcaneus, while the MA-CTKA group showed a more lateral GA position (48.8% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.001). No significant differences in clinical outcomes were shown between the FA-RTKA and MA-CTKA groups, with the FA-RTKA group demonstrating higher Forgotten Joint Scores and a greater range of motion (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Functionally aligned TKA demonstrated improved joint line parallelism to the floor and more neutral weight-bearing alignment in the GA compared to mechanically aligned TKA. These findings indicate a more balanced load distribution across the knee, which may contribute to the superior clinical outcomes observed in the functionally aligned group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Methodology, Drug and Device Discovery)
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20 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
How Education Subsidies Affect Junior High School Students’ Noncognitive Ability Development: Evidence from China
by Yimin Zheng, Yifan Zheng and Xinqiao Liu
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030298 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Education subsidies play a crucial role in allocating educational resources and significantly impact students’ ability development. This study utilizes data from the China Education Panel Survey to examine the effects of education subsidies on junior high school students’ ability development, employing the framework [...] Read more.
Education subsidies play a crucial role in allocating educational resources and significantly impact students’ ability development. This study utilizes data from the China Education Panel Survey to examine the effects of education subsidies on junior high school students’ ability development, employing the framework of new human capital theory along with least squares, propensity score matching, and quantile regression models. The findings reveal that, first, education subsidies exert a significant positive effect on students’ noncognitive abilities, although no similar effect is observed for their cognitive abilities. Second, education subsidies exhibit a “compensatory effect” in enhancing noncognitive abilities, with a more pronounced impact observed among students with lower levels of noncognitive ability. Third, education subsidies particularly benefit female students, students from less affluent families, and those residing in rural areas, with these groups experiencing greater improvements in noncognitive abilities. The study suggests refining education subsidy policies and implementation strategies to foster a collaborative system among families, schools, and society, thereby promoting junior high school students’ comprehensive development through multiple avenues. Full article
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14 pages, 245 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Environmental Awareness in Tourism Through Movement: A Physical Education Approach
by Georgia Yfantidou, Olga Kouli, Eleftheria Morela and Evgenia Kouli
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030297 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Environmental degradation and climate change are of paramount concern and require urgent action. Physical education holds an important role in addressing environmental issues and contributing to environmental sustainability. The present study assesses the effectiveness of an intervention program to cultivate environmental awareness in [...] Read more.
Environmental degradation and climate change are of paramount concern and require urgent action. Physical education holds an important role in addressing environmental issues and contributing to environmental sustainability. The present study assesses the effectiveness of an intervention program to cultivate environmental awareness in fifth-grade children through physical activities and games in physical education. The participants were 74 children (39 girls and 35 boys) divided into two groups, the experimental and control group. Participants completed a scale assessing their knowledge of environmental issues, which had been shown by previous research to be valid and reliable for this population. The experimental procedure of the study included three stages: completing the questionnaire before the implementation of the intervention and at the end, as well as a retention measurement after four months. The results indicated that the students of the experimental group maintained a significantly higher level of knowledge of fundamental environmental concepts at the end of the program compared to their counterparts in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, children of the experimental group seemed to retain their knowledge as a result of the intervention program (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that interventions using physical education can serve as a meaningful strategy for promoting environmental care and sustainability and turn young tourists into tomorrow’s responsible consumers and travelers who respect and protect nature. Finally, such a process could potentially aim to increase environmental awareness as a learning experience through the provision of physical activity and recreation. Full article
13 pages, 564 KiB  
Article
Discriminative Ability and Associations of Sarcopenia Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound with Functional, Mobility and Frailty Status in Older Inpatients
by Rahel Zehnder, Martin Schimmel, Lisa Meyer, Miriam Kömeda, Andreas Limacher and Anna K. Eggimann
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051603 (registering DOI) - 27 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We aimed to assess the discriminative ability of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the rectus femoris (RF) to detect sarcopenia and to examine associations of these sarcopenia measures with functional, mobility, and frailty status among older inpatients. Methods: Data were analysed from 161 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: We aimed to assess the discriminative ability of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the rectus femoris (RF) to detect sarcopenia and to examine associations of these sarcopenia measures with functional, mobility, and frailty status among older inpatients. Methods: Data were analysed from 161 patients aged 70 years and older consecutively admitted to a tertiary geriatric rehabilitation hospital between October and December 2023. The RF thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured using POCUS applying validated cut-offs. Ability of muscle ultrasound to detect sarcopenia based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as the reference standard was calculated using receiver operating characteristics analyses (ROC). Second, associations of sarcopenia measures based on either the ultrasonographic RF thickness, or the RF cross-sectional area with functional, frailty, and mobility status were analysed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Mean age was 84.0 years (standard deviation (SD) 6.1 years) and 64.4% were women. Overall, 31 (19.3%) patients had sarcopenia based on low grip strength and low muscle mass using the BIA. The mean ultrasonographic RF thickness and CSA were 13 mm (SD 4.1) and 4.3 cm2 (SD 1.7), respectively. Correlation coefficients of the RF thickness with BIA-muscle mass were r = 0.52 in males, versus r = 0.40 in females. Both sarcopenia measures using the RF thickness and CSA were positively associated with functional (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 9.3 (95% CI 3.7–23.4) and 9.2 (3.6–23.7)) and frailty status (OR 4.0 (95% CI 2.1–12.1) and 4.3 (1.8–10.4)). None of the sarcopenia measures were significantly associated with mobility status. Conclusions: Rectus femoris thickness and CSA measured by POCUS showed a fair discriminative ability to detect sarcopenia based on BIA, suggesting that BIA and POCUS measure different aspects of muscle health. A strong association between sarcopenia based on POCUS and functional and frailty status suggest the potential utility of POCUS in the diagnostic evaluation of sarcopenia among older hospitalised patients; however, further study is required. Research should focus on establishing valid sex-specific cut-offs for grip strength and muscle mass, with the ultimate goal of developing a low-cost, bedside, and sensitive diagnostic toolkit for detecting sarcopenia in older patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The “Orthogeriatric Fracture Syndrome”—Issues and Perspectives)
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