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On a Generic Fractional Derivative Associated with the Riemann–Liouville Fractional Integral
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Native Compared to Citrated Whole Blood for Coagulation Testing in Horses
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Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women
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Stealth Metasomatism in Granulites from Ivrea (NW Italy): Hydration of the (Variscan) Lower Crust by Melt Flow

Recent Articles

20 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Interactions Between Diet and Gut Microbiota in Preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

by Luiza-Andreea Beldie, Cristina-Camelia Dica, Maria Moța, Bianca-Florentina Pirvu, Marilena-Alexandra Burticală, Adina Mitrea, Diana Clenciu, Ion Cristian Efrem, Beatrice Elena Vladu, Diana Cristina Protasiewicz Timofticiuc, Maria Magdalena Roșu, Theodora Claudia Gheonea, Anca Maria Amzolini, Eugen Moța and Ionela Mihaela Vladu

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4131; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234131 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Recent studies have revealed that dysbiosis, defined as alterations in gut microbiota, plays an important role in the development and the progression of many non-communicable diseases, including metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The high frequency of GDM makes this disorder an important public health issue, which needs to be addressed in order to reduce both the maternal and fetal complications that are frequently associated with this disease. The studies regarding the connections between gut dysbiosis and GDM are still in their early days, with new research continuously emerging. This narrative review seeks to outline the mechanisms through which a healthy diet that protects the gut microbiota is able to prevent the occurrence of GDM, thus providing medical nutritional therapeutic perspectives for the management of GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements for Gestational Diabetes)

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19 pages, 12268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Drug Synergy Through the ERBB2 Pathway in HER2+ Breast Tumors

by Yareli Rojas-Salazar, Emiliano Gómez-Montañez, Jorge Rojas-Salazar, Guillermo de Anda-Jáuregui and Enrique Hernández-Lemus

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312840 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer is characterized by the overexpression of the ERBB2 (HER2) gene, which promotes aggressive tumor growth and poor prognosis. Targeting the ERBB2 pathway with single-agent therapies has shown limited efficacy due to resistance mechanisms and the complexity of gene interactions within the tumor microenvironment. This study aims to explore potential drug synergies by analyzing gene–drug interactions and combination therapies that target the ERBB2 pathway in HER2+ breast tumors. Using gene co-expression network analysis, we identified 23 metabolic pathways with significant cross-linking of gene interactions, including those involving EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PI3K, mTOR, and others. We visualized these interactions using Cytoscape to generate individual and combined drug–gene networks, focusing on frequently used drugs such as Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Lapatinib, and Cetuximab. Individual networks highlighted the direct effects of these drugs on their target genes and neighboring genes within the ERBB2 pathway. Combined drug networks, such as those for Cetuximab with Lapatinib, Cetuximab with Erlotinib, and Erlotinib with Lapatinib, revealed potential synergies that could enhance therapeutic efficacy by simultaneously influencing multiple genes and pathways. Our findings suggest that a network-based approach to analyzing drug combinations provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of HER2+ breast cancer and offers promising strategies for overcoming drug resistance and improving treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research and Cellular Biology of Breast Cancer)

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34 pages, 4906 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in Aluminum-Based Composites Prepared by Stir Casting: Mechanical and Tribological Properties for Automotive, Aerospace, and Military Applications

by Sachin Kumar Sharma, Sandra Gajević, Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Reshab Pradhan, Yogesh Sharma, Ivan Miletić and Blaža Stojanović

Lubricants 2024, 12(12), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120421 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Manufacturing sectors, including automotive, aerospace, military, and aviation, are paying close attention to the increasing need for composite materials with better characteristics. Composite materials are significantly used in industry owing to their high-quality, low-cost materials with outstanding characteristics and low weight. Hence, aluminum-based materials are preferred over other traditional materials owing to their low cost, great wear resistance, and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, the mechanical characteristics and wear behavior of the Al-based materials can be further improved by using suitable reinforcing agents. The various reinforcing agents, including whiskers, particulates, continuous fibers, and discontinuous fibers, are widely used owing to enhanced tribological and mechanical behavior comparable to bare Al alloy. Further, the advancement in the overall characteristics of the composite material can be obtained by optimizing the process parameters of the processing approach and the amount and types of reinforcement. Amongst the various available techniques, stir casting is the most suitable technique for the manufacturing of composite material. The amount of reinforcement controls the porosity (%) of the composite, while the types of reinforcement identify the compatibility with Al alloy through improvement in the overall characteristics of the composites. Fly ash, SiC, TiC, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, B₄C, etc. are the most commonly used reinforcing agents in AMMCs (aluminum metal matrix composites). The current research emphasizes how different forms of reinforcement affect AMMCs and evaluates reinforcement influence on the mechanical and tribo characteristics of composite material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Alloys)

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11 pages, 4463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ga Doping on the Stability and Optoelectronic Properties of ZnSnO Thin Film Transistor

by Liang Guo, Qing Wang, Chao Wang, Xuefeng Chu, Yunpeng Hao, Yaodan Chi and Xiaotian Yang

Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121445 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

The electrical, stability and optoelectronic properties of GZTO TFTs with different Ga doping concentrations were investigated. Active layers were prepared by co-sputtering GaO and ZTO targets with different sputtering powers. The experimental results show that the surface of GZTO films is smooth, which is favorable for stability. The off-state current is reduced by a factor of 10, the switching ratio is increased to 1.59 × 10⁸, and the threshold voltage shift is reduced in PBS and NBS tests. In addition, the transmittance of all devices is greater than 80% in the visible range, and the optical bandgap of the TFTs is increased from 3.61 eV to 3.84 eV after Ga doping. The current enhancement of the GZTO TFTs is more pronounced under UV irradiation, with higher responsiveness and better-sustained photoconductivity. It is proved that Ga doped into ZTO as a carrier suppressor can better combine with oxygen vacancies and reduce the concentration of oxygen vacancies and oxygen defects compared with Zn and Sn atoms, thus improving stability. GaO, as a wide bandgap material, can improve the optical bandgap of GZTO TFTs so that they can better absorb the light in the UV wavelength band, and they can be used in the field of UV photodetection. Full article

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12 pages, 1408 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role and Mechanism of Deubiquitinase USP7 in Tumor-Associated Inflammation

by Luhong Wang, Yong Zhang, Tao Yu and Huijian Wu

Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2734; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122734 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Deubiquitinating enzymes are a class of proteases that remove ubiquitin tags from proteins, thereby controlling protein stability and function. Tumor inflammation arises from interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment, which trigger an inflammatory response. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 plays a central role in this process. Research suggests that USP7 may modulate various signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses through its deubiquitinating activity, thereby influencing tumor development and progression, including regulating T cell immune activity, improving macrophage anti-tumor activity, and regulating NF-κB signal pathways. Overall, describing the role and mechanism of USP7 in the tumor inflammatory response is of great importance for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of tumor inflammation and developing new therapeutic strategies. This article mainly reviews the structure, function, role, and mechanism of USP7 in the tumor inflammation response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ubiquitylation and Deubiquitylation in Health and Diseases)

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10 pages, 3222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MIF Inhibition by ISO-1 Decreased Autophagic Activity in Primary Astrocytes During Cobalt Chloride-Induced Hypoxia

by Ji-Hyun Park, Hye-Ji Cho, Dae-Yong Song, Jung-Ho Lee and Hong-Il Yoo

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 13607-13616; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120813 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is a leading contributor to death and disability worldwide, driving extensive research into pharmacological treatments beyond thrombolysis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a cytokine, is implicated in several pathological conditions. In this study, we examined the effects of MIF on autophagy in astrocytes under the condition of chemical hypoxia. Primary astrocytes were treated with cobalt chloride, a well-known drug for inducing chemical hypoxia, followed by Western blot analyses to assess the HIF-1α, MIF, and LC3 protein levels along with a CCK assay. Additionally, cobalt chloride-treated astrocytes were co-treated with the MIF inhibitor ISO-1, and Western blot analyses were performed for MIF and LC3. Cell viability was evaluated using the CCK assay in astrocytes treated with cobalt chloride and ISO-1, with additional rapamycin treatment. Our results show that ISO-1 reduced LC3-II levels in astrocytes exposed to high concentrations of cobalt chloride (1000 μM) for 6 h. Moreover, rapamycin decreased cell viability in astrocytes treated with both 1000 μM cobalt chloride and ISO-1. Our data suggest that MIF plays a role in inducing autophagy in astrocytes under hypoxic conditions and is involved in the regulation of autophagic activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment of Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury)

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18 pages, 2215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virulence and Replicative Fitness of HIV-1 Transmitted/Founder (T/F) Viruses Harbouring Drug Resistance-Associated Mutation

by Aanand Sonawane, Deepak Selvam, Ling Yue, Manohar Nesakumar, Sandhya Vivekanandan, Manickam Ashokkumar, Eric Hunter and Luke Elizabeth Hanna

Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121854 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

The biological characteristics of early transmitted/founder (T/F) variants are crucial factors for viral transmission and constitute key determinants for the development of better therapeutics and vaccine strategies. The present study aimed to generate T/F viruses and to characterize their biological properties. For this purpose, we constructed 18 full-length infectious molecular clones (IMCs) of HIV from recently infected infants. All the clones were characterized genotypically through whole genome sequencing and phenotypically for infectivity, replication kinetics, co-receptor usage, as well as their susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies and entry inhibitors using standard virological assays. Genotypic analysis revealed that all the T/F clones were of non-recombinant subtype C, but some of them harboured the Y181C drug resistance mutation associated with resistance to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class of antiretroviral drugs. In vitro studies showed that while all the IMCs were capable of replicating in PBMCs and utilized the CCR5 co-receptor for cellular entry, the drug-resistant variants had significantly lower replicative capacity and per particle infectivity than the drug-sensitive viruses. Both exhibited similar sensitivities to a standard panel of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and viral entry inhibitors. These findings suggest that despite their diminished replicative fitness, the drug-resistant T/F variants retain transmission fitness and remain susceptible to neutralizing antibody-based interventions and viral entry inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)

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24 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antibiofilm Effects of Novel Compounds in Otitis Media Treatment: Systematic Review

by Ana Jotic, Katarina Savic Vujovic, Andja Cirkovic, Dragana D. Božić, Snezana Brkic, Nikola Subotic, Bojana Bukurov, Aleksa Korugic and Ivana Cirkovic

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12841; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312841 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Otitis media (OM) is a frequent disease with incidence rate of 5300 cases per 100,000 people. Recent studies showed that polymicrobial biofilm formation represents a significant pathogenic mechanism in recurrent and chronic forms of OM. Biofilm enables bacteria to resist antibiotics that would typically be recommended in guidelines, contributing to the ineffectiveness of current antimicrobial strategies. Given the challenges of successfully treating bacterial biofilms, there is an growing interest in identifying novel and effective compounds to overcome antibacterial resistance. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the novel compounds with antibiofilm effects on bacterial biofilm formed by clinical isolates of OM. The systematic review included studies that evaluated antibiofilm effect of novel natural or synthetic compounds on bacterial biofilm formed from clinical isolates obtained from patients with OM. The eligibility criteria were defined using the PICOS system: (P) Population: all human patients with bacterial OM; (I) Intervention: novel natural or synthetic compound with biofilm effect; (C) Control standard therapeutic antimicrobial agents or untreated biofilms, (O) Outcome: antibiofilm effect (biofilm inhibition, biofilm eradication), (S) Study design. The PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews and meta-analysis was followed. From 3564 potentially eligible studies, 1817 duplicates were removed, and 1705 were excluded according to defined exclusion criteria. A total of 41 studies with available full texts were retrieved by two independent authors. Fifteen articles were selected for inclusion in the systematic review which included 125 patients with OM. A total of 17 different novel compounds were examined, including N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), tea tree oil, xylitol, eugenol, Aloe barbadensis, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Acacia arabica, antisense peptide nucleic acids, probiotics Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus oralis, Sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA), bioactive glass, green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles, radish, silver nanoparticles and acetic acid. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly studied pathogen, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae. Biofilm inhibition only by an examined compound was assessed in six studies; biofilm eradication in four studies, and both biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication were examined in five studies. This systematic review indicates that some compounds like NAC, prebiotics, nanoparticles and MESNA that have significant effects on biofilm are safe and could be researched more extensively for further clinical use. However, a lack of data about reliable and efficient compounds used in therapy of different types of otitis media still remains in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biofilm Antimicrobial Strategies: Outlook and Future Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intermittent Short Circuit Fault Location for CAN Based on Two-Port Network Modeling

by Longkai Wang, Yi Yang and Yong Lei

Actuators 2024, 13(12), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13120485 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

The Controller Area Network (CAN) has been adopted in various reliability-critical industrial systems. However, intermittent connection (IC) problems of network cables may worsen system performance and even threaten operational safety. Recently, there have been several studies on diagnosing intermittent open circuit faults, but the intermittent short circuit (ISC) fault diagnosis has not been addressed. In this paper, a novel ISC fault location method for CANs is proposed based on two-port network modeling. First, the CAN network is modeled as a switched system that depends on the states of the sending nodes using a two-port network approach. An equivalent circuit model and a voltage transfer difference function (VTDF) group are derived for each state where one particular node is sending. Second, upon each fault, corresponding direction events are defined by comparing the two VTDF values that are calculated from the voltages collected at network ends. Then, the fault and health domains can be determined by integrating these direction events with the network topology information according to their statistical significance. Third, a bidirectional eviction localization algorithm is developed to identify ISC fault locations based on the fault and health domains. A testbed is constructed, and case studies are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed method can correctly locate the ISC faults in various network topological layouts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Control Systems)

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19 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of IDH1 Mutation and MGMT Promoter Methylation with Clinicopathological Parameters in an Ethnically Diverse Population of Adults with Gliomas in England

by Hiba A. Wanis, Henrik Møller, Keyoumars Ashkan and Elizabeth A. Davies

Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122732 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Molecular profiles can predict which patients will respond to current standard treatment and new targeted therapy regimens. Using data from a highly diverse population of approximately three million in Southeast London and Kent, this study aims to evaluate the prevalence of IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation in the gliomas diagnosed in adult patients and to explore correlations with patients’ demographic and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods: Anonymised data on 749 adult patients diagnosed with a glioma in 2015–2019 at King’s College Hospital were extracted. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for expressing IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation, based on each patient’s age, sex, ethnicity, histology, tumour location and extent of resection. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival functions. Results: A total of 19.5% of cases were IDH1-mutated. Being 39 years and younger (OR 5.48, 95% CI 3.17–9.47), from Asian/Asian British background (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.05–12.97), having MGMT methylation (OR 15.92, 95% CI 7.30–34.75), an oligodendroglioma diagnosis (OR 7.45, 95% CI 2.90–19.13) and receiving a gross total/total microscopic resection (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.24–3.08) were each univariately correlated with IDH1 mutation. MGMT methylation association persisted on adjustment (OR 14.13, 95% CI 3.88–51.43). MGMT promoter methylation was seen in 54.3% of gliomas. In the univariate adjusted ORs, being younger than 39 years (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.48–4.43), female (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11–2.08), having IDH1 mutation (OR 15.92, 95% CI 7.30–34.75) and an oligodendroglioma diagnosis (OR 6.20, 95% CI 1.33–28.88) were associated with MGMT methylation. Being female (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.22–2.51) and having an IDH1 mutation (OR 15.54, 95% CI 4.73–51.05) persisted after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, histology, tumour location and extent of resection. IDH1 mutant and MGMT methylated gliomas were associated with frontal lobe location. Survival analysis showed that patients with both IDH1 mutation and MGMT methylation had significantly better survival than those with either molecular marker alone. Over a 3-year period, women with unmethylated MGMT promoters generally had better survival than men with unmethylated MGMT. Conclusion: This study showed that the molecular markers of IDH1 mutation and MGMT promoter methylation were associated with age, sex, Asian/Asian British ethnic group, tumour histology, anatomical location and extent of resection. This study has demonstrated the importance of assessing glioma molecular markers in the clinical setting and the need to stratify patients according to their clinicopathological characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Treatment of CNS Tumors)

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17 pages, 6882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Incorporating Grapefruit Seed Skin Particles into 3D-Printed Acrylic Resin on Mechanical Properties

by Mira Mohideen Sulaiman, Abdalbseet Ahmad Fatalla and Julfikar Haider

Prosthesis 2024, 6(6), 1420-1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6060103 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Grapefruit seed skin particles (GSSPs) have antifungal properties due to the presence of flavonoids. Therefore, it has the potential to display antifungal characteristics when added to acrylic resin, but it could affect the mechanical properties of the resin. This study investigated the effects of adding GSSPs on the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed denture base resins. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic at different concentrations on the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength. Methods: In this study, 90 samples were printed with acrylic resin via a Digital Light Processing (DLP) printer. Thirty square samples were used for the surface hardness test. Thirty rectangular samples were used for the flexural strength test, and thirty dumbbell-shaped samples were used for the tensile strength test. These materials were prepared by adding different concentrations of GSSPs (0.0 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%, and 7.0 wt.%), which were determined by a pilot study to be the most effective in 3D denture base resins. The Durometer Shore Hardness Scale (DSHS) was used to measure the surface hardness, and a universal testing machine was employed to gauge the flexural strength and tensile strength. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was employed for particle size analysis and fracture behavior determination. Results: Compared with those of the control group, the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the treated groups significantly improved after the addition of 5.0 wt.% and 7.0 wt.% GSSPs. The FE‒SEM images revealed a decrease in porosity as the concentration of GSSPs increased with a brittle fracture behavior. Conclusions: The addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic is recommended because of their significant positive impacts on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Ceramics and Restorative Materials in Prosthodontics: The New Frontier of the Digital Workflow)

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3 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: 9th International Seminar (MGIBR) Management and Genetic Improvement of Biological Ressources

by Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar, Rachid Azzi, Tarik Mohammed Chaouch, Mohammed Sidhoum, Ikram Mkedder, Mohammed Rida Mediouni, Sarra Selka, Djalel Eddine Gherissi, Amel Djaout, Hind Houssou and Hakim Tefiel

Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2024, 36(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2024036014 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Welcome to this volume dedicated to the conference “BIODIVERSITY: Food Security & Health”, the 9th International Seminar MGIBR, which was held on April 20, 21, and 22 in the conference room of the University of Tlemcen [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th International Seminar (MGIBR) Management and Genetic Improvement of Biological Ressources)

3 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Potential Sources of Novel Foods to Procure Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Disease Prevention

by María del Mar Contreras, Francisca I. Bravo and Wilman Carrillo

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4130; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234130 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the EU and UK, novel foods are foods that were not used for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union and the UK before 15 May 1997 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Sources of Novel Foods to Procure Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Disease Prevention)

19 pages, 2375 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Bone–Brain Axis: A New Frontier in Parkinson’s Disease Research

by Tingting Liu, Haojie Wu, Jingwen Li, Chaoyang Zhu and Jianshe Wei

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12842; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312842 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD), as a widespread neurodegenerative disorder, significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Its primary symptoms include motor disturbances, tremor, muscle stiffness, and balance disorders. In recent years, with the advancement of research, the concept of the bone–brain axis has gradually become a focal point in the field of PD research. The bone–brain axis refers to the interactions and connections between the skeletal system and the central nervous system (CNS), playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis and pathological processes of PD. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively and deeply explore the bone–brain axis in PD, covering various aspects such as the complex relationship between bone metabolism and PD, the key roles of neurotransmitters and hormones in the bone–brain axis, the role of inflammation and immunity, microRNA (miRNA) functional regulation, and potential therapeutic strategies. Through a comprehensive analysis and in-depth discussion of numerous research findings, this review aims to provide a solid theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of PD and to offer strong support for the development of new treatment methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Abnormalities at Tandem Endoscopy in Patients Referred for Colorectal Cancer Screening/Surveillance Colonoscopy

by George Triadafilopoulos

Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3998; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233998 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Performing a tandem endoscopy and colonoscopy in selected individuals has advantages, such as the early detection of benign and/or precancerous foregut diseases; it is efficient, and it may allow added therapies. It may also have disadvantages, such as generating anxiety from false-positive screening, possible harm from further testing, and unproven cost-effectiveness. Aims: We aimed to examine the prevalence of foregut endoscopic and histologic abnormalities in subjects referred for screening/surveillance colonoscopy who also underwent a tandem endoscopy. We wanted to (1) assess implications for cancer detection, intervention, and surveillance of precancerous foregut abnormalities, (2) identify benign foregut lesions, and (3) generate data on the utilities of this tandem approach. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of consecutive subjects referred for screening or surveillance colonoscopy who also underwent an endoscopy. Based on national screening guidelines, responses to prompting questions, personal or family history, or other risk factors, subjects were assigned to tandem endoscopy with biopsies (modified Seattle and Sydney protocols), under one anesthesia. Results: Of the 1004 patients referred for colonoscopy, 317 (32%) underwent tandem endoscopy. There were 214 women and 103 men. There were 237 Whites, 16 Asians, 40 Blacks, and 24 Hispanics. Median age was 59 (range 19–85). At endoscopy, we identified actionable benign (45%) peptic, inflammatory, and H. pylori-related abnormalities, and premalignant findings (i.e., intestinal metaplasia, 27%, dysplasia, 2%, and cancer 0.9%), comparable to the premalignant (40.3%) and malignant (0.6%) colonoscopy yield. Conclusions: When implemented based on national screening guidelines, tandem EGD and colonoscopy combines Barrett’s esophagus and gastric cancer screening in one examination, and it has a high yield in a diverse US population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Oncology: State-of-the-Art Research in the USA)

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11 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Effectiveness of an Ecomedia Literacy Environmental Education Lesson

by Ludovica Lo Iacono, Antonio López and Emilio Paolo Visintin

Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(12), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120645 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

The growing environmental crisis requires innovative educational strategies to promote pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. In this context, ecomedia literacy, which combines ecological education and media to enhance pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, stimulate sustainable actions, and foster critical thinking, represents a promising approach. In this research, we evaluated the effectiveness of an ecomedia literacy-based lesson. Participants (N = 106) were randomly assigned to either an ecomedia literacy group or a control group. Those in the ecomedia literacy group first attended the lesson and then completed a questionnaire to assess pro-environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions, while those in the control group completed the questionnaire before the lesson. The lesson focused on the use of plastic water bottles, and attitudes and intentions were assessed both in general toward the environment and specifically regarding the consumption of plastic bottles. The intervention was not successful in changing intentions or attitudes toward plastic bottles, but some facets of pro-environmental attitudes were better in the ecomedia literacy group than in the control group. The limited effectiveness of the lesson indicates the need for significant changes in content and future strategies to better achieve sustainability goals. Full article

19 pages, 3145 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

COVID-19 and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Lesson Learned and Dilemmas

by Federico Blasi, Marco Vicenzi and Roberto De Ponti

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237259 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Over the last few years, COVID-19 has attracted medical attention both in terms of healthcare system reorganization and research. Among the different cardiovascular complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, cardiac arrhythmias represent an important clinical manifestation requiring proper therapy both in the acute and post-acute phase. The multiparametric in-hospital monitoring of COVID-19 patients frequently detects new-onset or recurrent cardiac arrhythmias. As many patients are monitored remotely from cardiology departments, this setting calls for proper arrhythmia interpretation and management, especially in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. From this perspective, the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms and the main clinical manifestations of brady- and tachyarrhythmias in COVID-19 patients are briefly presented. The progressively increasing body of evidence on pathophysiology helps to identify the reversible causes of arrhythmias, better clarify the setting in which they occur, and establish their impact on prognosis, which are of paramount importance to orient decision making. Despite the accumulating knowledge on this disease, some dilemmas in the management of these patients may remain, such as the need to implant in the acute or post-acute phase a permanent pacemaker or cardioverter/defibrillation in patients presenting with brady- or tachyarrhythmias and lifelong oral anticoagulation in new-onset atrial fibrillation detected during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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12 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Hydrogen and Ethanol Addition in Methanogen-Free Mixed Culture Syngas Fermentations in Trickle Bed Reactors

by Cesar Quintela, Iulian-Gabriel Alexe, Yvonne Nygård, Lisbeth Olsson, Ioannis V. Skiadas and Hariklia N. Gavala

Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5653; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235653 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

The use of mixed cultures in gas fermentations could reduce operating costs in the production of liquid chemicals such as alcohols or carboxylic acids. However, directing reducing equivalents towards the desired products presents the challenge of co-existing competing pathways. In this study, two trickle bed reactors were operated at acetogenic and chain elongating conditions to explore the fate of electron equivalents (ethanol, H₂, and CO) and test pH oscillations as a strategy to target chain-elongated products. Hereby, the use of a H₂-rich syngas increased gas conversion rates and the specificity towards acetic acid (86% of C-mol production, 9.0 g L_EBV⁻¹ day⁻¹, with EBV referring to empty bed volume), while preliminary experiments with CO-rich syngas show promising results in increasing the ethanol production necessary to target chain-elongated products. On the other hand, ethanol supplementation hindered the endogenous ethanol production of the acetogenic culture but promoted butanol production (1.0 g L_EBV⁻¹ day⁻¹) at high ethanol concentrations (9.6 g L⁻¹) in the fresh media. Finally, pH oscillations improved chain elongation yields but negatively affected acetogenic growth, reducing production rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biochemical Processes for Treatment and Valorization of Wastes and Biomass)

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20 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessReview

Notch Inhibitors and BH3 Mimetics in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

by Ilaria Sergio, Claudia Varricchio, Federica Squillante, Noemi Martina Cantale Aeo, Antonio Francesco Campese and Maria Pia Felli

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12839; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312839 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with poor response to conventional therapy, derived from hematopoietic progenitors committed to T-cell lineage. Relapsed/Refractory patients account for nearly 20% of childhood and 45% of adult cases. Aberrant Notch signaling plays a critical role in T-ALL pathogenesis and therapy resistance. Notch inhibition is a promising therapeutic target for personalized medicine, and a variety of strategies to prevent Notch activation, including γ-secretase (GS) inhibitors (GSIs) and antibodies neutralizing Notch receptors or ligands, have been developed. Disruption of apoptosis is pivotal in cancer development and progression. Different reports evidenced the interplay between Notch and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in T-ALL. Although based on early research data, this review discusses recent advances in directly targeting Notch receptors and the use of validated BH3 mimetics for the treatment of T-ALL and their combined action in light of current evidence of their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Aspects of Hematological Malignancies and Benign Hematological Disorders—3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 4029 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Variability in Distillers’ Co-Product Compositions and Their Nutritional Availability for Pigs: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review

by Herbert Rech, Alícia Zem Fraga, Carolina Haubert Franceschi, Alexandre Bonadiman Mariani, Caroline Romeiro de Oliveira, Gabriela Miotto Galli, Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy, Luciano Hauschild, Teresinha Marisa Bertol and Ines Andretta

Animals 2024, 14(23), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233455 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the nutritional diversity of distillers’ co-products in pigs. Two distinct databases were used in this study. The first was compiled through a systematic review of previous scientific publications that have evaluated the chemical composition and nutritional availability of these ingredients for pigs. The final database included information collected from 49 studies published between 2003 and 2022. Most of the studies focused on distillers’ co-products produced from corn (90%) and assessed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 92%). A wide variety of nutritional compositions was observed in the selected studies, with coefficients of variation of 8% for gross energy and 13% for crude protein in dried distillers grains (DDGs). In the general database, half of the studies were published from 2003 to 2015 and the other half from 2015 to 2022. Greater variability in the net energy content and standardized ileal digestible lysine concentrations from 2015 to 2022 were the main concerns. The second database included information on high-protein dried distillers grains (HP-DDGs) collected directly from several feed mills and was built using the results of chemical analyses. These results suggest that the nutritional matrix of co-products should be assessed for each processing plant. Nevertheless, a coefficient of variation of up to 6% was found for crude protein and up to 20% for ether extract. Variability in nutritional composition is an important challenge of using distillers’ co-products in pig feed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Use of Agricultural By-Products in Animal Feeding)

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14 pages, 22051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Oxidation Behaviors of (TiVCr)₂AlC MAX-Phase Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering

by Yufeng Zhu, Yueqing Zheng, Ke Chen, Qing Huang and Fanping Meng

Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121504 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

A solid solution is an effective approach to regulate the microstructure and hence the various properties such as hardness and oxidation behavior of materials. In this study, an M-site solid-solution medium-entropy-alloy MAX-phase coating (TiVCr)₂AlC was prepared through combining the magnetron sputter deposition at low- and high-temperature vacuum annealing. The mechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation resistance in the 700–1000 °C temperature range in air of these coatings were then evaluated. The results showed that the 211-MAX-phase can be formed in the 700 °C vacuum for 3 h, and the crystallinity depended on the annealing temperature. Compared to the amorphous coating, the MAX-phase sample demonstrated superior oxidation resistance in terms of the onset temperature of the oxidation and the oxidation products. During high-temperature oxidation, a mixed oxide layer containing V₂O₅, TiO₂, and Cr₂O₃ was formed at 700 °C on the surface of an amorphous coating, whereas only a thin continuous Al₂O₃ scale was observed at ≤800 °C for the crystalline (TiVCr)₂AlC coating. Additionally, the maximum hardness of the coating reached 18 GPa after annealing. These results demonstrate the application potential of the medium-entropy-alloy MAX-phase coating in extreme environments such as aerospace, nuclear energy, and other fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetron Sputtering Coatings: From Materials to Applications)

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11 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Frequency PPM1D Gene Mutations Associated with Inferior Treatment Response to CD19 Targeted CAR-T Cell Therapy in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

by Katja Seipel, Lynn Benninger, Ulrike Bacher and Thomas Pabst

Therapeutics 2024, 1(2), 95-105; https://doi.org/10.3390/therapeutics1020009 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) represents a rare B-cell lymphoma subtype with rather high relapse rates. Somatic mutations in the PPM1D gene were shown to be associated with adverse outcomes in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who received CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy with tisa-cel, which may also apply to mantle cell lymphoma receiving brexu-cel CAR-T-cells. Methods: In this study, we determined the prevalence of PPM1D mutations in peripheral blood cells of MCL patients before CAR-T-cell infusion and analyzed the impact of low-frequency PPM1D mutations on efficacy and safety aspects of brexu-cel CAR-T-cell treatment in the first 16 r/r MCL patients enrolled at Inselspital Bern. Results: The prevalence of low-frequency PPM1D gene mutations was 25%, with variant allele frequencies (VAF) of 0.011 to 0.099. Clinical response was analyzed in the PPM1D mutated (PPM1Dmut) vs. PPM1D wild-type (PPM1Dwt) groups with median progression-free survival of 1 versus 32 months (p = 0.07) and median overall survival of 1.5 vs. 27 months (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that low-frequency PPM1D gene mutations in peripheral blood cells may predict inferior outcomes in patients with mantle cell lymphoma treated with CAR-T-cell therapy. Full article

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26 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Food Literacy on Green Food Purchasing Intentions Among Chinese Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y

by Dangchen Sui, Jiaxin He, Ke Liu and Xinyan Lv

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310467 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the context of escalating environmental concerns and the imperative for sustainable consumption, this study meticulously examines the variations in food literacy and the propensity to purchase green food among Chinese consumers across three generational cohorts: baby boomers, generation X, and generation Y. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework, and employing SPSS and structural equation modeling (SEM) for rigorous data analysis, the research elucidates the influence of generational attributes on green food consumption patterns. The study’s importance is marked by its unique contributions: it identifies intergenerational discrepancies in food literacy and furnishes empirical support for the enhancement of green food literacy across all consumer demographics. Furthermore, the research constructs an innovative model of food literacy that integrates generational traits, establishing a theoretical scaffold for advancing consumers’ green food literacy. This comprehensive model synthesizes the determinants of generational variations, food literacy, and the intention to consume green food. Findings from a demographically stratified sample of 720 participants, with equal representation from each cohort and gender (240 participants per cohort), highlight the distinct profiles in food literacy and green food purchasing intentions. These findings are instrumental for stakeholders in formulating nuanced strategies that promote sustainable consumption practices, tailored to the specific characteristics of each generational group within the Chinese market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

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10 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Responses of Juvenile Bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana) to Salinity Stress

by Xiaoting Zheng, Xueying Liang, Qiuyu Chen, Jingyi Xie, Hongbiao Dong, Jinlong Yang and Jiasong Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(23), 3454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233454 (registering DOI) - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeiana) are increasingly farmed for their high nutritional value and adaptability to intensive aquaculture systems. However, salinity stress due to environmental changes and habitat salinization poses a significant challenge for both wild and farmed bullfrogs. This study examines the physiological responses of juvenile bullfrogs to varying salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6 ppt) to better understand their capacity for osmoregulation and adaptation to salinization. Juvenile bullfrogs underwent salinity treatments for one week, and various physiological parameters, including digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and serum biochemical indicators, were measured. The study revealed that moderate salinity (2–4 ppt) enhanced pepsin and amylase activity while maintaining high survival rates. However, higher salinity levels (6 ppt) impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms and liver tissue, increasing oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA). The results suggest that bullfrogs possess a degree of salt tolerance, which may predict their resilience to future landscape salinization driven by environmental changes. This research provides valuable insights into the osmoregulatory mechanisms of amphibians under salinity stress, addressing a critical gap in knowledge essential for both conservation and aquaculture management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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