Jack Franklin

Writing a Command Line Node Tool

Today we are going to combine a few different tools and create a simple Node package that will allow a user to search a directory for files. In this tutorial we will use Grunt to do a lot of the work for us, see how to to make a Node script executable on the command line, and finally see how we publish it to the Node Package Manager (npm) so anyone can install it.

The pre-requisites to this are:

So the first thing to do is create a new project. Create a directory for it and change to the directory you created.

This will mark grunt your project's package.json devDependencies section.

(The current version on grunt-init doesn't come with any base templates. Additional information is avaliable at Project Scaffolding

This will take us through set up to set up our new project. It will ask you some questions. Feel free to deviate, but here's how I answered them:

[?] Project name (playground-nodecmd) filesearch [?] Description (The best project ever.) Awesome file search. [?] Version (0.1.0) [?] Project git repository (git://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch.git) [?] Project homepage (https://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch) [?] Project issues tracker (https://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch/issues) [?] Licenses (MIT) [?] Author name (Jack Franklin) [?] Author email ([email protected]) [?] Author url (none) [?] What versions of node does it run on? (>= 0.8.0) 0.10.32 [?] Main module/entry point (lib/filesearch) [?] Npm test command (grunt nodeunit) [?] Will this project be tested with Travis CI? (Y/n) n [?] Do you need to make any changes to the above before continuing? (y/N) n

You will see Grunt has got us started:

Writing .gitignore...OK
Writing .jshintrc...OK
Writing Gruntfile.js...OK
Writing README.md...OK
Writing lib/filesearch.js...OK
Writing test/filesearch_test.js...OK
Writing LICENSE-MIT...OK
Writing package.json...OK

Initialized from template "node".
You should now install project dependencies with npm install. After that, you
may execute project tasks with grunt. For more information about installing
and configuring Grunt, please see the Getting Started guide:

http://gruntjs.com/getting-started

Done, without errors.

We wont actually be writing tests for this package as it's very simple. To search for files in a directory, we're just going to execute the shell command:

ls -a | grep somefile

In the future I will write on creating more complex modules and testing them, but for this we'll focus on implementation.

Load up package.json in your editor. It should look like this:

{ "name": "filesearch", "description": "Awesome file search.", "version": "0.1.0", "homepage": "https://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch", "author": { "name": "Jack Franklin", "email": "[email protected]" }, "repository": { "type": "git", "url": "git://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch.git" }, "bugs": { "url": "https://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch/issues" }, "licenses": [ { "type": "MIT", "url": "https://github.com/JackFranklin/filesearch/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT" } ], "main": "lib/filesearch", "engines": { "node": "0.10.32" }, "scripts": { "test": "grunt nodeunit" }, "devDependencies": { "grunt-contrib-jshint": "~0.6.4", "grunt-contrib-nodeunit": "~0.2.0", "grunt-contrib-watch": "~0.5.3", "grunt": "~0.4.5" }, "keywords": [] }

We need to add some properties to that. After the last property, as shown below:

"Keywords": [] //Add here this here ,"preferGlobal": "true", "bin": { "filesearch" : "lib/filesearch.js" } }

The first line denotes that our package should be installed globally if possible. If the user installs it locally, they will see a message about how it should be done globally. The second object, bin, denotes files that should be executable on the command line, and how we should reference them. Here we are saying that when we hit filesearch in the command line, it should run lib/filesearch.js.

To make this happen, load up lib/filesearch.js in your editor, and add this line at the very top:

#! /usr/bin/env node

This says how the script should be executed, in this case through Node.

Add an additional line to the end of lib/filesearch.js:

console.log("Success");

Once that is done, we can run npm link to install our package locally so we can test it. Run npm link and then you should have access to the filesearch command. Of course, right now it only logs success to the console. To confirm it is working run filesearch Grunt and look for the output success.

Now, delete the rest of the code from lib/filesearch, which is:

'use strict';

exports.awesome = function() { return 'awesome'; };

console.log("Success");

exports is a way of exporting methods and variables from your script, that can be used in others. Say if this script was one other developers could use, exports is the object that will be returned when a developer includes our module through var x = require("ourpackage");. Because ours is a command line tool that's little use, so there's no need to include it. Now, lets implement this. I am envisaging that the use of this module is like so:

filesearch filename

So the parameter passed in is what we need to search for. All the arguments are stored in the array process.argv. To inspect them, add this line:

console.log(process.argv);

And then run filesearch grunt and check the result: filesearch grunt [ 'node', '/usr/local/bin/filesearch', 'grunt' ] You can see that the first two arguments refer to how the script is executed and where the executable is. Hence, the actual arguments passed in start at the second index. Therefore we can get at the user supplied arguments by slicing the array at index 2:

var userArgs = process.argv.slice(2);

And then get our argument as the first argument of userArgs:

var searchParam = userArgs[0];

Rather than do the implementation step by step, as it's only six lines, I'll show you and then explain:

var userArgs = process.argv.slice(2); var searchParam = userArgs[0];

var exec = require('child_process').exec; var child = exec('ls -a | grep ' + searchParam, function(err, stdout, stderr) { if (err) throw err; console.log(stdout); });

The first two lines get the search parameter, as I explained above.

Next up we use Node's Child Process library, more specifically the exec module, which runs a shell command and buffers the output. The command we need to run is:

ls -a | grep {searchParam}

For those unfamiliar with the shell, ls -a means list all files, and grep something searches for the term "something". By piping the result of ls -a through to grep something, it searches everything ls -a returned for something.

So once we have the exec variable, we can execute it. It takes two parameters, the string to execute and a callback. Exec is asynchronous, like most of Node in general, so any code to run after we have the result must go in the callback. Within the callback, all we do is throw an error if it exists, and if it doesn't just log the output.

The pattern of callback functions taking the error as the first parameter is very common within Node. You will often see:

function(err, stdout, stderr) { if(err) throw err; //rest of code }

As a pattern. Now we've done that, running filesearch Grunt within our project directory should get you what we want:

filesearch Grunt Gruntfile.js

Of course, this module in practice is useless, but hopefully it has demonstrated how to go about making simple command line tools in Node. If you'd like a more complex example, my Nodefetch tool might make interesting reading.

To publish this as an npm module, you need to do three things. Firstly, authenticate yourself with npm, or signup with npm. To do this, run npm adduser.

Secondly, you should make sure your project is a Git repository, and:

Then it's easy, just run npm publish, and you're done. It really is as easy as that. Users can then install your module through npm install modulename.

I hope this tutorial has been useful, and if you have any questions please leave a comment, or feel free to tweet or email me.

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