Terpenes are what make certain cannabis plants smell or taste different from others. They may work with the plant’s cannabinoids and other compounds to produce medicinal effects.

Terpenes are naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants and some animals. They’re responsible for the aromas, flavors, and even colors associated with various types of vegetation.

While nearly all plants contain terpenes, some of the more common sources people encounter include aromatic herbs, like sage and thyme, citrus fruits, and cannabis.

They can also be processed into produce products, like cleaning solvents, pesticides, and dyes. Some even have therapeutic properties.

Terpenes are thought to protect plants from harsh weather and predators.

What they do in humans is still a bit of a mystery. However, cannabis researchers and consumers alike are increasingly using terpenes to classify cannabis products and predict their effects.

The main hypothesis is that a plant’s terpene profile works in tandem with its cannabinoid content — including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) — to produce the effects people associate with different strains.

This might explain why two different strains with the same level of THC can produce such different experiences.

They all appear to interact with each otIher in what experts call the “entourage effect.”

This is the hypothesis that the “full spectrum” of cannabis, including all the cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds found in cannabis, work synergistically to produce its sensations and effects.

In other words, it’s a hypothesis that a little bit of everything might have more benefit than a lot of one thing.

A 2010 study, for example, showed that a combination of CBD and THC was more effective for pain management than THC alone.

In a 2018 study, breast cancer tumors in a Petri dish responded better to a cannabis extract than pure THC on its own. However, those synergistic effects were believed to be mainly attributed to other cannabinoids and not terpenes.

This is important to consider if you’re using CBD for therapeutic purposes. If you use a CBD isolate (a product that contains only CBD) and find it doesn’t have your desired effect, it might be worth trying full-spectrum CBD.

Terpenes won’t make you feel high in the traditional sense. Still, some are considered to be psychoactive because they affect the brain.

While terpenes aren’t intoxicating on their own, some think they may impact the effects of THC, the cannabinoid responsible for the high feeling associated with cannabis consumption.

Many cannabis connoisseurs and budtenders say that consumers place far too much emphasis on THC content when choosing a strain. Instead, they recommend focusing more on certain terpene profiles to get their desired effects.

For example, preliminary research suggests that some terpenes could have potential benefits for certain mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder.

There are 146 known terpenes in cannabis, but experts have only linked a handful of them to specific effects:

  • Beta-caryophyllene: A major ingredient in cloves, rosemary, and hops, beta-caryophyllene could be beneficial for managing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
  • Beta-pinene: If you’ve strolled through a coniferous forest, you know the smell of beta-pinene, which could also have potentially both antidepressant and anticancer properties.
  • Humulen: This terpene is found in ginseng, which has long been used in folk medicine for energizing effects.
  • Limonene: One of the most commonly found terpenes, limonene has distinct citrus notes and may potentially have anticancer properties. In mice, it’s been shown to have anti-anxiety properties.
  • Linalool: Lovers of lavender as aromatherapy may want to seek out cannabis with linalool, which may help alleviate stress.
  • Myrcene: Found in mangoes, myrcene has antifungal and antibacterial properties and could also have sedating effects.

Keep in mind that much of the research on terpenes is still in its early stages. High quality human studies are needed to understand the full health impacts of different terpene profiles.

Here are some tips to keep in mind:

  • Read the label: Some lab-tested cannabis brands include the terpene profiles (often the three most prevalent terpenes) and concentrations of the product (usually a number that sits around 2%).
  • Check for freshness: Terpene concentration can diminish over time, so look for products with a recent package date. You want a flower that’s fragrant (indicative of high terpene content) and not stale.
  • Use caution with cannabis oil: Oil-based vaping products often have added synthetic terpenes. It’s not clear if synthetic terpenes are less effective than natural ones, but they’re typically used to create solvents and other household chemicals. Proceed with caution, and be wary of marketing materials that make promises about what they’ll do.
  • Lay off the heat: There’s some evidence that dabbing, which involves high heat, could degrade synthetic terpenes, resulting in potentially harmful byproducts. Until experts understand more about how heat affects terpenes, you may want to stick with vaporizing flower at a low temperature or consuming edibles.
  • Keep a journal: As you try different terpene profiles, take note of your consumption method and how you feel. Over time, this can help you pinpoint the best terpene profile for the effects you’re after.

Terpenes play an important role in the aroma and flavor of a cannabis plant. And they potentially work in synergy with cannabinoids and other cannabis plant compounds to produce medicinal effects.

However, research into the plant’s terpenes is still in its infancy, so it’s difficult to make any definitive claims about them.

It’s also important to note that, in addition to cannabinoids and terpenes, your physiology, past cannabis experience, and the setting in which you use cannabis can also affect how you feel.

Terpenes are just one piece of the equation, but they can be an interesting way to play around with different products and find what you like best.