Although breast cancer is less common in males, male breast cancer symptoms are often similar to those in women, such as lumps, nipple changes, and skin alterations.

Male breast cancer begins when abnormal cells in the breast tissue start to grow uncontrollably. The growth of these cells can form tumors, which may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Although male breast cancer is rare — with an average lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 726 — it’s important to be aware of its symptoms.

Let’s explore the common symptoms of male breast cancer and discuss why early detection plays a vital role in improving treatment outcomes.

Symptoms of male breast cancer may include:

  • A lump in the breast: often painless and typically located beneath the nipple or areola
  • Nipple changes: inversion, rash, or scaling around the nipple, or nipple discharge (sometimes bloody)
  • Lump(s) in the armpit: swelling in the lymph nodes near the affected breast
  • Skin changes: redness, irritation, dimpling, or a “pitted” texture on the breast skin
  • Pain or tenderness: though less common, the affected area may feel tender

Male breast cancer lumps share many similarities with those found in women but can have some unique characteristics due to differences in breast tissue structure and hormonal environments.

Location

Male breast cancer lumps are typically located beneath or near the nipple or areola, where most of the limited breast tissue in men is concentrated.

In some cases, lumps may also be found in the surrounding breast tissue or the lymph nodes under the arm (axilla) nearest the affected breast.

Physical traits

Physical traits of male breast cancer lumps include:

  • firm or hard texture
  • painlessness in most cases, although they may occasionally be tender
  • irregular or uneven edges, though some may feel smooth
  • fixed location and not easily movable under the skin
  • possible association with changes in the skin over the lump, such as dimpling, discoloration, or thickening
  • possible involvement of nearby lymph nodes, presenting as lumps under the arm (axilla)

It is best to consult a doctor if you notice any of the following symptoms:

  • a lump or swelling in the breast or under the armpit
  • pain or tenderness in the breast
  • changes in the appearance of the nipple (inversion, discharge, or redness or discoloration)
  • changes in the skin over the breast (dimpling, discoloration, or puckering)
  • unexplained nipple discharge, especially if it’s bloody or clear
  • a lump that persists or changes over time

If you notice any unusual changes in your chest area, don’t hesitate to consult your healthcare professional. Early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Remember, while breast cancer in men is uncommon, it’s essential to be aware of your body and any changes that occur. Regular self-examinations and prompt medical attention, when needed, are your best defenses against this rare but serious condition.

A lump in the male breast may not always indicate breast cancer. Several benign conditions can also cause lumps or similar symptoms.

Here are some possibilities:

  • Gynecomastia: This is the most common form of breast lump. Gynecomastia is an enlargement of the breast tissue caused by hormonal imbalances, often due to puberty, aging, medications, liver disease, or substance use. It typically presents as soft or rubbery lumps and may occur in one or both breasts.
  • Lipoma: Lipoma is the second most common benign breast condition in men, after gynecomastia. It consists of fatty tissue, or lipocytes, and is usually painless. If it causes symptoms, it may appear as a small, soft lump under the skin. In some cases, the lump can feel hard if it has calcium deposits, and it may occur in both breasts.
  • Cysts: These fluid-filled sacs can form in the breast tissue but are extremely uncommon in males. They’re usually smooth, round, and movable and may become tender if inflamed.
  • Abscesses: These are localized infections in the breast tissue that cause swelling, discoloration, warmth, and pain. If the infection leads to an abscess, it may be accompanied by fever or discharge. Abscesses are rare and account for only 1% to 3% of all breast diseases.
  • Fibroadenoma: Fibroadenoma is a benign growth composed of glandular and connective tissue. It typically feels firm, smooth, and mobile, though it’s rarely found in males.
  • Injury or trauma: Past chest trauma can cause fat necrosis or scar tissue formation, which may present as a lump. This is also considered rare in males.
  • Sebaceous cysts: These are blocked oil glands under the skin that create lumps near the breast or chest wall. These cysts are usually painless and located just under the skin.

The risk factors for male breast cancer include:

  • genetic mutations, such as changes to the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2
  • family history of breast cancer
  • age, especially being over 60 years
  • hormonal imbalances, such as high estrogen or low testosterone
  • radiation exposure, particularly during childhood or early adulthood
  • obesity, as increased body fat can raise estrogen levels
  • liver disease, which affects hormone metabolism and estrogen levels
  • alcohol use, as excessive consumption can increase estrogen levels

Male breast cancer is a rare but important condition that can present with symptoms similar to those in women.

Common warning signs include the presence of a lump or swelling in the breast, pain or tenderness, changes in the nipple (such as inversion or discharge), and alterations in the skin over the breast (like discoloration or dimpling).

Prompt medical attention can lead to more effective treatment and better management of the condition.