Figure 14 - from "“Funk Carioca and Música Soul”"

Abstract: In a poem published in 1919 entitled ‘Muzica brazileira’, Olavo Bilac defined Brazilian music as ‘flor amorosa de três raças tristes’ (the loving flower of three sad races) — the Portuguese, the African and the indigenous Amerindian. Samba rose from outlawry in the 1930s to become an icon of Brazilian unity, offering the black and the poor symbolic compensation for material exploitation. Since the 1960s, however, some have found in African-American soul and funk an antidote to the ideology of subaltern integration. The core of música soul consists in a set of 1970s albums by Cassiano, Carlos Dafé, Hyldon and Tim Maia. Funk carioca, the first Brazilian genre of electronic dance music, was born in 1989. It circulates freely on the web and is sold by street vendors on pirate CDs and DVDs. MCs earn their living from live performances, whereas DJs can also count on studio production as a source of income.