Strategy

The article presents a particular methodology of strategic planning: building a strategic profile of the community. This model is the result of years of research and applied planning in local communities and tries to help all interested parties to understand and use the strategy.
Acest articol conține exemple practice din experiența aplicării modelului profilului strategic la planificarea orașului Cluj-Napoca. Autorul a aplicat acest model și în alte tipuri de comunități urbane și rurale din România.

This is an early draft. For the actual chapter, please see the book. This chapter addresses two aspects of collection: policy and planning.  Collection policy is the long-term scheme to provide funding to research, design, acquire, and sustain collection capabilities.  The essence of collection planning is resource management—aligning assets with appropriate tasks with an eye to both effectiveness and efficiency.  Building a collection plan involves much more than assigning platforms and sensors.  While those are certainly an important part of the puzzle, there are a plethora of other challenges to work through to create an effective collection enterprise.

Executive functioning deficits characterize the neuropsychological profiles of the childhood neurodevelopmental disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study sought to determine whether similar impairments exist in adults with ADHD (N = 53) and ASD (N = 45) in comparison with a healthy control group (N = 31), whether the two disorders can be distinguished on the basis of their executive functioning features, and whether these impairments are related to symptom severity. Both clinical groups were found to exhibit executive functioning deficits. The ADHD group had difficulty withholding a response, with relative preservation of initiation and planning abilities. In contrast, the ASD group exhibited significant impairments in initiation, planning and strategy formation. The specific executive functioning deficits were related to severity of response inhibition impairments in ADHD and stereotyped, repetitive behaviours in ASD. These findings suggest the autism

Clausewitz è celeberrimo per la sua opera Vom Kriege (Della Guerra), unanimemente considerato uno dei classici imprescindibili dell'arte militare, ma pochi sanno che il Vom Kriege raccoglie solo i primi tre volumi dei lavori incompiuti del generale prussiano (Hinterlassene Werke über Krieg und Kriegführung), gli altri, secondo il principio, caro all'autore, che gli historische Beispiele machen Alles klar (gli esempi storici rendono tutto chiaro), essendone il complemento ed il sussidio. Infatti, nei volumi successivi, il riferimento corre continuamente alle enunciazioni dei primi tre volumi, per dimostrarne la validità e discutere i rischi della mancata applicazione dei princìpi, talvolta per emendarli, migliorarli ed adattarli alle situazioni specifiche, senza in ogni caso mai discostarsene. Questa opera, il primo dei restanti volumi, il quarto in generale, dunque non è solo il resoconto talvolta impietoso degli accadimenti militari e politici, ma una dettagliata ed acuta analisi dei processi decisionali e delle opzioni tattiche, degli errori e delle scelte corrette di entrambi i contendenti della prima Campagna d'Italia (1796-97). È anche un riconoscimento, spesso intriso di spunti polemici e malcelato odio, delle capacità del giovane generale Bonaparte, che al suo primo comando indipendente, trasformò un esercito di straccioni, indisciplinati e demotivati, privi di vestiario, vettovaglie e armamento, in un formidabile strumento di guerra, che non solo inflisse continue e ripetute sconfitte a due eserciti alleati, ma impose trattati di pace - qui riprodotti - con pesanti condizioni in termini economici, politici e territoriali a tutti gli altri stati italiani, cancellandone persino uno dalla mappa geografica. Nomi come Montenotte, Millesimo, Dego, Lodi, Lonato, Castiglione, Rovereto, Bassano, La Favorita, San Giorgio, Arcole, Rivoli, Mantova, non furono altro che le principali tappe di una delle campagne più decisive della storia e sancirono il mito di Napoleone come generale abilissimo, fortunato ed invincibile e l'inizio della sua parabola stupefacente, mossa da un'ambizione senza più limiti che portò guerra e distruzione, ma anche il fuoco inestinguibile dei valori rivoluzionari, in tutta l'Europa nel corso dei successivi vent'anni. In appendice, ad opera del curatore, una esaustiva cronologia, dieci ordini di battaglia, un dizionario dei principali protagonisti della campagna, una raccolta di trattati e armistizi, una corposa bibliografia.

One of the issues that always have been of great concern in organizational debates is organizational effectiveness. When an organization makes attempts to fulfill its goals, internal instability and external threats are considered as impediments which may either delay or sabotage the whole process. Several studies have investigated the impacts of contextual factors on organizational effectiveness. As we live in the age of knowledge, knowledge management has become a substantial source for achieving competitive advantages. In order to do so, organizations need to identify organizational factors influential to knowledge management. When in an environment knowledge creation, sharing, learning, upgrading, restructuring and the use of knowledge as an asset to organization and its customers are both supported and encouraged, it can be administrated through the implementation of knowledge management. In other words, knowledge management acts as a tool to deal with degradation factors. This research primarily aims to investigate the relationship between context variables (including strategy, leadership, organizational culture and organizational structure) and organizational effectiveness, with taking into consideration the impact of knowledge management as a mediating variable. To this end, 224 questionnaires consisting of 64 statements (with Cronbach's alpha of .913) were distributed among employees of 14 Organization of Mashhad Municipality. Chi-square test and linear regression were used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that all context variables are significantly associated with organizational effectiveness. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between context variables and knowledge management and also knowledge management plays a mediating role in relationship between context variables and organizational effectiveness.

In 1987 William Huss and Edward Honton published the paper “Scenario Planning—What style should you use?”, in which they distinguish three types of scenario development approaches, namely ‘Intuitive Logics’, ‘Trend-Impact Analysis’ and ‘Cross-Impact Analysis’.
In 2002, Heijden, Bradfield, Burt, and Wright (Heijden et al., 2002: 128-129; Bradfield, et al.: 805) stated that the categorization presented above had two problems: the first one relates to the omission of the “La Prospective” methodology which it is for these authors a true school of Scenario Planning; the second one relates to the fact that the “Trend Impact Analysis” and the “Cross Impact Analysis”, although being standalone techniques, share the same foundations, which are anchored in the mathematical improvement of extrapolated time series data. In this sense, these two techniques must be viewed as a coherent group of techniques which, for convenience, those authors called `probabilistic modified trends' (PMT) methodology (Heijden, et al., 2002).
In this article we will present and characterize the three major schools or techniques of Scenario Planning identified by Bradfield et al. (20052): “Intuitive Logics”, the “Probabilistic Modified Trends” and the “La Prospective” methodologies.

Strategic innovation dynamically brings about strategic positioning through new products, services, and business models and is a dynamic view of strategy that enables a large corporation to maintain its competitiveness and establish sustainable growth. For these reasons, large corporations have to be innovators that can reinforce their existing positions (businesses) through incremental innovation, while at the same time, constantly renew or destroy existing business through radical innovation. From detailed reviews of existing dynamic capabilities theories and further theories deeply related to the characteristics of corporate or organizational capabilities, this article presents a theoretical model of a strategic innovation system as a corporate system capability to enable a large company to achieve strategic innovation. Furthermore, through in‐depth longitudinal case studies , the article also discusses the importance of strategic innovation capabilities to achieve a dynamic spiral of the 2 completely different ordinary and dynamic capabilities on the capabilities map, skillfully use and combine to achieve swift or slow incremental innovation as exploitation, or radical innovation as exploration.

Introduction
15th April 1945
The Leader's Order.
Order Of The Day.  15th April, 1945.
Last Proclamation: Soldiers Of The German Eastern Front!
For the last time our deadly enemies the Jewish Bolsheviks have launched their massive forces to the attack. Their aim is to reduce Germany to ruins and to exterminate our Folk. Many of you soldiers in the east already know the fate which threatens, above all, German women, girls, and children. While the old men and children will be murdered, the women and girls will be reduced to barrackroom whores. The remainder will be marched off to Siberia.
We have foreseen this thrust, and since last January have done everything possible to construct a strong Front. The enemy will be greeted by massive artillery fire. Gaps in our infantry have been made good by countless new units. Our Front is being strengthened by emergency units, newly raised units, and by the Germanic Folk Militia. This time the Bolshevik will meet the ancient fate of Asia -- he must and shall bleed to death before the capital of the German Reich. Whoever fails in his duty at this moment behaves as a traitor to our Folk. The Regiment or Division which abandons its position acts so disgracefully that it must be ashamed before the women and children who are withstanding the terror of bombing in our cities. Above all, be on your guard against the few treacherous Officers and soldiers who, in order to preserve their pitiful lives, fight against us in Russian pay, perhaps even wearing German uniform. Anyone ordering you to retreat will, unless you know him well personally, be immediately arrested and, if necessary, killed on the spot, no matter what rank he may hold. If every soldier on the Eastern Front does his duty in the days and weeks which lie ahead, the last assault of Asia will crumple, just as the invasion by our enemies in the west will finally fail, in spite of everything.
Berlin remains German, Vienna will be German again, and Europe will never be Russian.
Form yourselves into a sworn brotherhood, to defend, not the empty conception of a Fatherland, but your homes, your wives, your children, and, with them, our future. In these hours, the whole German Folk looks to you, my fighters in the east, and only hopes that, thanks to your resolution and fanaticism, thanks to your weapons, and under your leadership, the Bolshevik assault will be choked in a bath of blood. At this moment, when Fate has removed from the Earth the greatest war criminal of all time, the turning point of this war will be decided.
Adolf Hitler.

“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example).
However, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”.
I argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.
The bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.

With the proliferation of the internet, coupled with the growing acceptance of the digital lifestyle and the
world becoming increasingly addicted to e-business, the trend of cash transactions is now giving way
to electronic payment system. Considering the rapid spread in the adoption of electronic banking as a
channel for performing various bank transactions among banks in Nigeria, this study investigated the
roles e-banking adoption has played in the performance of organizations using a case study of
commercial banks in Nigeria. Hence the objective of the study was to determine the role of e-banking
on the operational efficiency of commercial banks in Nigeria. In pursuance of this objective, primary
data were obtained by administering questionnaires to staff of four purposively selected banks
(Ecobank, UBA, GTB and First bank). Pearson correlation was used to analyse the results obtained
using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and it was observed that banks’ operational
efficiency in Nigeria since the adoption of electronic banking has improved compared to the era of
traditional banking. This improvement was noticed in the strength of banks, revenue and capital bases,
as well as in customers’ loyalty. It was concluded that the introduction of new channels into their ebanking
operations drastically increased bank performances, since the more active customers are with
their electronic transactions the more profitable it is for the banks.

This case examines the rise and fall of WeWork—a company that experienced one of the most dramatic changes of fortune in technology company history. For several years, WeWork was a Silicon Valley darling, growing at breakneck speed with visionary Adam Neumann at the helm. By some estimates, Neumann’s company was worth USD 47 billion in January of 2019. But when the company filed paperwork in preparation for going public later that year, investors balked at the details revealed in the documents: billions of dollars in losses and lots of questionable behavior on the part of Neumann (including numerous conflicts of interest involving his personal business dealings). The initial public offering was postponed and later withdrawn; Neumann was forced to step down as CEO; and by May of 2020 the company’s valuation had dropped to USD 3 billion. Exploring this recent history will provide an opportunity to ask what lessons can be drawn from the rise and fall of WeWork, and from the economic and social context that enabled its growth.

Focus: Nowadays, innovation research in tourism sector has catch the attention of academics and business players. In fact, over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. This master thesis, is to study in detail the theory of innovation in tourism and, to develop innovation strategies for the tourism sector.
This thesis is based on theoretical review about the concept of innovations in tourism industry to understand different types of innovations, the measurements and determinants of innovation. Although, innovation strategies and strategic innovation in tourism industry were the main focus of the study.
Findings: The findings provide a practical contribution to academics and companies on how certain strategies can be implemented in the tourism sector, such internationalization, the use of new technologies and sustainability. Moreover, different tools of strategy management were also studied, along with the innovation systems and innovation management.
Research limitations / implications: This paper is only limited to the theoretical part of innovation strategies in tourism industry. Performing an empirical study would be much more interesting, to learn more about how these different strategies are implemented. Furthermore, I have been focusing on all dimensions of strategies, and was unable to draw a practical conclusion but several valuables recommendations were provided.
Originality – Value: This study has established a framework for the further study of innovation in tourism. Accordingly, research in the field of innovation systems and innovation management might be developed in several forms. Regarding the innovations strategies, these are certainly useful knowledge for both academics and managers.

Esta obra nasce, inegavelmente, daquele que vem sendo considerado o mais emblemático caso de lawfare da atualidade: a persecução penal contra o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
Disso resultam aspectos positivos e negativos. Por um lado, tem- se acesso a um extraordinário universo empírico que, a um só tempo, inspira e confirma hipóteses teóricas. Por outro lado, entretanto, em função da repercussão do caso e das disputas políticas, comerciais e geopolíticas a ele subjacentes, o debate teórico é frequentemente interditado por distorções e vulgarizações.
O lawfare não é um mero rótulo, nem um modismo e muito menos um joguete a serviço de determinada ideologia política. Trata-se, em verdade, de um fenômeno complexo, multifacetado e que ocupa um lugar central na reflexão sobre as combalidas democracias constitucionais contemporâneas, na medida em que é capaz de solapar, de um só golpe, o princípio majoritário e o Estado de Direito.
Também se enganam aqueles que pensam que o lawfare se restringe ao domínio político, confundindo-o com o tema do ativismo judicial.
Como veremos ao longo desta obra, o lawfare pode vitimar todo e qualquer sujeito de direito e, aliás, não faltam casos contra grandes grupos empresariais.
A literatura especializada, por sua vez, tem oscilado, via de regra, entre análises circunscritas a apenas alguns ângulos do fenômeno ou amplos estudos de casos. Eis a razão pela qual empreendemos um grande esforço para oferecer, ainda que de maneira introdutória, um quadro teórico abrangente do tema, aplicável à multifária e contingente forma mediante a qual o lawfare se apresenta na realidade.
Não nos anima, naturalmente, mero diletantismo. Neste momento histórico decisivo, em que se colocam em xeque conquistas civilizatórias inegociáveis, urge desvelar o fenômeno do lawfare e também indicar os meios de enfrentá-lo, de modo a restabelecer o verdadeiro significado do Direito. É exatamente isso que a querida leitora e o querido leitor encontrarão nas páginas deste livro.

With mass-market e-readers available on a large scale, digitization has finally reached book publishing, as well, having already conquered other creative industries like music and press publishing. Traditional definitions of books no longer apply, nor do traditional ways of value creation and capture seem to work. "[Publishing is] not a job anymore.

The need for 21st-century mindsets and protocols has sparked interest in design thinking. That is a human-centered, prototype-driven process for the exploration of new ideas that can be applied to operations, products, services, strategies, and even management.

The study and practice of marketing have broadened considerably, from an emphasis on marketing as a functional management issue, to a wider focus on the strategic role of marketing in overall corporate strategy (e.g., Kotler, 2000; Sudharshan, 1995). This broadening of the marketing concept, to include strategic as well as operational decisions, has resulted in an overlap between marketing and strategic management. Managers around the globe are recognizing the increasing importance for the firm to develop marketing strategies to compete effectively in worldwide markets. The emergence of a more open world economy, the globalization of consumers’ tastes, and the development of a worldwide commercial web all have increased the interdependency and interconnections of markets across the globe. In such a global environment, firms should develop their marketing strategy around three key dimensions (Zou and Cavusgil, 2002): (1) standardization-adaptation, (2) configurationcoordination, and (3) strategic integration. Following Sudharshan (1995), we define a firm’s marketing strategy as the development of and decisions about a firm’s relationships with its key stakeholders, its offerings, resource allocation, and timing.

Resumen: La Junta de Castilla y León viene desarrollando desde 1989 y de manera ininterrumpida una actividad publicitaria destinada a potenciar su atractivo turístico ante los viajeros actuales y los viajeros potenciales. El presente artículo se basa en los resultados ...

The teacher is the decisive factor in the quality of education, the crux of the reform and innovation in modern general education. In order to improve the quality of teaching and learning to adapt to the general education program conditions and objectives, it is necessary to "change" the view, the look and the method to achieve positive and appropriate results in teaching and learning of Fine Art Education. The harmonious combination of theory and practice is a necessary and sufficient condition to help students, lecturers, and art teachers stand firm with their career, so that they are proud and aware of their self-esteem and professional values.

War used to be easy to define. Once, we could say with confidence whether we were at war or peace. If the former, we could identify with whom we were fighting and where the front was. Americans, in particular, have for a long time had the good fortune of being able to say that the war—any war—was “over there.”

These concepts have deep roots—in the West, anyway. In ancient Rome, for example, a particular class of priests called fetiales officiated the onset of war by throwing a ceremonial spear into an enemy’s territory and opening the doors of the temple of Janus. Bringing war to an end has traditionally been just as ceremonial—think of Vercingetorix laying his sword at Caesar’s feet, Lee and Grant’s meeting at Appomattox, or Emperor Hirohito’s representatives signing documents of unconditional surrender on board the USS Missouri in 1945.

Things are certainly more complicated today. The United States and its allies have been “at war” for almost two decades, yet it is difficult at times to explain the who, the why, or at times even the where. What happened?

Greenways are promoted for land conservation in both rural and urban areas, but less attention has been paid to the potential of greenways to serve urban biodiversity conservation goals. This paper presents results of a biodiversity planning study of a highly urbanized environment in Washington, DC (USA) that demonstrate the critical role of ecological greenways and parks in urban species conservation. The Cameron Run study raises fundamental questions about the way biodiversity is defined in urban areas, the scale of analysis required in heterogeneous urban environments, the role of sociocultural factors in urban biodiversity conservation, and the importance of regional greenway connections across the urban gradient.The Cameron Run study is a pilot project for an urban biodiversity information node (UrBIN) in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) program of the US Geological Survey (USGS). This paper draws connections between the rapidly expanding literature on biodiversity conservation and the smaller, but growing, body of research concerning the ecology of greenways and urban areas, and it does so through the lens of landscape planning. Findings on the Cameron Run watershed are reported, and biodiversity conservation in the watershed is discussed in the context of greenway efforts at local and metropolitan scales.

This paper describes how to optimize the energy performance of single-story multiple-skin facades (MSF) by changing the settings of the facades and HVAC-system according to the net energy demand of the building. The annual energy performance is analyzed for typical Belgian climatic conditions using a whole building simulation tool. Three MSF are scrutinised: a mechanically ventilated airflow window, a naturally ventilated double-skin facade and a mechanically ventilated supply window. Their performance is compared against the performance of two traditional facades: a traditional window with exterior and interior shading device. It is shown that both the heating and cooling demand may significantly be improved by implementing control strategies such as controlling the airflow rate and the recovery of air returning from the multiple-skin facades.

Cuba’s decision to focus on tourism as a source of hard currency and economic development makes international competitiveness a critical issue.  But what is the basis of international competitiveness in tourism?  And how can Cuba best develop its tourism industry to meet the twin goals of generating hard currency and economic development?  A framework for approaching these questions in the context of underdevelopment and socialist economic planning is presented here.  It is argued that the Cuban government’s current strategy of expansion and low price, combined with monopoly industry organization, presents high risks for declining net returns.

Humans sometimes forage or distribute the products of foraging in ways that do not maximize individual energetic return rates. As an alternative to hypotheses that rely on reciprocal altruism to counter the costs of inefficiency, we suggest that the cost itself could be recouped through signal benefit. Costly signaling theory predicts that signals can provide fitness benefits when costs are honestly linked to signaler quality, and this information is broadcast to potential mates and competitors. Here, we test some predictions of costly signaling theory against empirical data on human food acquisition and sharing patterns. We show that at least two types of marine foraging, turtle hunting and spearfishing, as practiced among the Meriam (a Melanesian people of Torres Strait, Australia) meet key criteria for costly signaling: signal traits are (1) differentially costly or beneficial in ways that are (2) honestly linked to signaler quality, and (3) designed to effectively broadcast the signal. We conclude that relatively inefficient hunting or sharing choices may be maintained in a population if they serve as costly and reliable signals designed to reveal the signaler's qualities to observers.

Movements and foraging strategies of marine predators should cope with the hierarchical spatial distribution of resources. Th erefore, in order to predict the at-sea distribution of aerial predators, it is crucial to understand the factors governing trajectory decisions at diff erent scales. Using fi rst passage time (FPT) analysis on precision tracking information (GPS-loggers data) we were able to examine the foraging strategy of Cory ' s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea and to detect the adoption of area-restricted search (ARS), measuring the scale and duration of this behaviour. Data were collected from three diff erent populations foraging in diff erent oceanographic conditions. During long excursions birds only commuted between their colony and prey patches, while on their short movements birds increased the amount of looping movements. On short trips, birds addopted ARS behaviour at an average scale of 18 km and at a second nested scale of around 2 km. When engaging in long trips, fi rst scale of ARS occurred on average at about 67 km of radii and than a second nested scale at a radii of 24 km. Overall, the diff erent populations showed foraging patterns matching the habitats exploited: a) at smaller scales of ARS, sea-surface temperature, chlorophyll-a concentration and depth infl uenced the time of residence (i.e. FPT) of birds (with variations at a population level); b) at larger scales of ARS, FPT increased within regions of higher gradients of seasurface temperature, chlorophyl-a concentration and depth. Th is study demonstrates that Cory ' s shearwaters adopt scaledependent adjustments of movement in relation to the hierarchical distribution of the environment they exploit, matching the scale and duration of ARS with the hierarchical distribution of the environmental features.

Paper from a presentation at the International Congres in Sofia, Bulagaria about Afghanistan - MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIAG. S. RAKOVSKI NATIONAL DEFENSE ACADEMYCenter of Military History and Lessons LearnedBulgarian Commission of Military HistoryInternational Conference: “Participation of Multinational Stabilization Forces in Afghanistan – a Priority NATO Mission”.

Globally, corporations and industry are seeking to secure access to sufficient quantities of water to meet current and future needs in a socially, economically and environmentally responsible way in the midst of an unfolding global water crisis with risks that transcend communities, industry and the environment. Through a business case centered on sustainability performance, risk management and productivity and through implementation of a strategic framework based on a water mass balance at the enterprise level, industry can take actions that support restoration of a sustainable water balance at the community and watershed levels while also generating business value for that particular enterprise. Within this framework, the volume of consumptive water use is used to establish the target water volume that an enterprise would balance through implementation of community water partnerships (CWP) that provide water access and sanitation, watershed restoration and protection, and water for productive use benefits. Quantification of CWP project benefits is achieved either through metering or standard methods known and accepted by the engineering, conservation, and social science professions. A 100% sustainable balance is achieved when an enterprise implements a portfolio of locally relevant CWPs that collectively produce an annual volumetric benefit equivalent to the annual volume of consumptive water use for that particular enterprise.

This study focuses on the adoption of environmental management systems and corporate social responsibility reporting as mechanisms for creating a differential advantage, looking at how different stakeholders in an organization perceive the importance of instituting these mechanisms as determinants of market success. The paper then aims to focus on environmental business strategy and corporate social responsibility reporting in companies, rather than prescribing policy for the entire sector. In so doing it postulates that compliance with market requirements on environmentally related issues, by instituting proper environmental management mechanisms and corporate social responsibility reporting, is a prerequisite for acceptance of the firm and its products in the market. The paper is methodologically based on a set of 60 interviews conducted with various agents in the Portuguese textile industry, ranging from policy-makers to industrialists and NGOs, with a view to determining differences in perception between the various stakeholders.

Categorizing animal populations by diet can mask important intrapopulation variation, which is crucial to understanding a species' trophic niche width. To test hypotheses related to intrapopulation variation in foraging or the presence of diet specialization, we conducted stable isotope analysis (d 13 C, d 15 N) on hair and claw samples from 51 grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) collected from 2003 to 2006 in the Mackenzie Delta region of the Canadian Arctic. We examined within-population differences in the foraging patterns of males and females and the relationship between trophic position (derived from d 15 N measurements) and individual movement. The range of d 15 N values in hair and claw (2.0-11.0%) suggested a wide niche width and cluster analyses indicated the presence of three foraging groups within the population, ranging from nearcomplete herbivory to near-complete carnivory. We found no linear relationship between home range size and trophic position when the data were continuous or when grouped by foraging behavior. However, the movement rate of females increased linearly with trophic position. We used multisource dual-isotope mixing models to determine the relative contributions of seven prey sources within each foraging group for both males and females. The mean bear dietary endpoint across all foraging groups for each sex fell toward the center of the mixing polygon, which suggested relatively well-mixed diets. The primary dietary difference across foraging groups was the proportional contribution of herbaceous foods, which decreased for both males and females from 42-76 to 0-27% and 62-81 to 0-44%, respectively. Grizzlies of the Mackenzie Delta live in extremely harsh conditions and identifying within-population diet specialization has improved our understanding of varying habitat requirements within the population.

By their very nature, intelligence communities are ideal customers for new information technologies. This article addresses two questions: How do new information technologies, primarily artificial intelligence, contribute to the intelligence community’s research activities? What challenges are posed by the assimilation of artificial intelligence in this field? This article is now available in a PDF file in the Hebrew version.

The English Version is Available Here: https://bit.ly/2UcXJUK