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Muslim women and sport

2011, British Educational Research Journal

888 Book reviews The final chapter of the book opens with the following bold statement: The UK has much to be proud of in relation to its music education. Provision is arguably the best in the world. . . . The key to its success is the regular provision of general music classes and extra-curricular instrumental tuition in primary and secondary schools on a weekly basis, delivered by well-qualified and enthusiastic teachers, supported by extensive opportunities for learners to participate in a wide range of different types of musical groups in schools and music centres. (p. 329) I echo these sentiments. Music education in the UK is, in my opinion, world leading. This book provides evidence for that claim. Its publication comes at a critical time. Music’s place as a National Curriculum subject is under threat (and seems likely to be lost); the insensitive imposition of the EBacc on schools has resulted in the marginalisation of many arts subjects in Key Stage 4 (with likely knock-on effects at Key Stage 5 and beyond in future years); the provision of instrumental music services is increasingly fragile as local authorities make difficult decisions about budgets; universities are fighting hard to maintain their broad provision of courses, with many worrying about the future of the arts there. On top of all this, the number of music teachers being trained in our initial teacher education courses has been slashed by 48% this year. For all these reasons, and probably many others, the future of music education in the UK is under severe threat. The publication of this book came too soon to identify these threats in detail. However, it does provide a valuable resource for all those fighting to maintain music education within the UK. The book closes as follows: The music education opportunities that now exist across the UK represent a most valuable resource that must be preserved and developed as part of any long-term strategy relating to quality of life for all. (p. 346) ‘For all’ is the key phrase here. This book argues clearly for every child’s entitlement to a coherent, systematic and developmental music education. Music education in the UK is not perfect. But it does try to give this quality experience to every child. There is much at stake. Read this book and fight. Jonathan Savage Institute of Education, MMU Ó 2011, Jonathan Savage DOI: 10.1080/01411926.2011.578730 Muslim women and sport Tansin Benn Gertrud Pfister amd Haifaa Jawad (Eds), 2011 New York and London, Routledge, $168, 278 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-49076-4 Writing this review following months of uprisings in a number of predominantly Islamic countries, and on the day after the killing of Osama bin Laden was announced, it is clear that the world can change quickly and that much of this Book reviews 889 book may have rapidly become out of date. If so, it deserves better. With regime, social and cultural change, both potential and real, in so many countries in such a short period, the point made in many of the chapters, that radicalisation follows unrest and tends to result in things becoming worse for women, suggests that we can anticipate that sport and other social activities will become even more difficult for many Muslim women to engage in and enjoy. Overall, I found this book to be interesting and informative on one hand and a little frustrating on the other. It provides a first account of sport for Muslim women in a range of countries, written mainly by collaborating Muslim women who in doing so are being very ‘brave’. However, courage in one political and cultural setting is not the same as in another, and while the reasons for it are understood, the lack of significant political critique and of real engagement with feminist and gender philosophies/studies in most chapters, and the formulaic nature of particularly the chapters on national perspectives, limits the interest and therefore usefulness of the book for a wider audience. From the editors’ point of view this comment will no doubt position the reviewer as adopting ‘an ethnocentric position that fails to recognise the lens through which such work is created’ (p. 4). However, it is possible to recognise that lens, and the process of keeping all contributors safely on board, but at the same time to be aware of an elephant in the room. Further, it seems significant that almost all of the women participating in sport in predominantly Muslim countries explain how they have the support of men, e.g., ‘[I had the] support of my family, my brothers, and later on from my husband, who believed in the woman’s role in society and her ability to make a difference... he understands and supports the careers in sport of myself and my daughter’ (p. 151). It is this support which makes their participation possible and which, given the broader context in each case, would also presumably make them untypical in most of the societies they are writing about. Most chapters state that there is nothing within the Quran that should make women’s participation in sport problematic, in fact quite the reverse, but the difficulty is that ‘religious principles became confused and intertwined with cultural overlays’ (p. 29). Surely it is these cultural overlays which need to be identified and where necessary challenged, and applying serious feminist critique is perhaps one way this could be achieved. The best chapters are those written by the editors; chapter two provides useful background information, and the conclusion pulls together key themes and identifies important differences (e.g., which Muslim countries demand that Muslim women engaging in sport must or must not wear the Hijab). The differences are particularly interesting as they emerge precisely because of cultural overlay, and provide women with examples different from their own experience and a way forwards that need not be about adopting non-Muslim values. I sensed some walking on egg shells in the way the editors use the words of others to make political points, for example: Waljee (2008, p. 99) discusses gender relations, identifying how they come about by an Islam ‘interpreted for them by men’, and Amara (2007, p. 534) who stresses the distinction between ‘Islam as a belief system and Islam as a cultural form, interpreted, conceived and manipulated by nation states, political movements and different interest groups to legitimate their political agenda, social conduct and (sometimes pre-Islamic) practices’ (p. 28). 890 Book reviews Perhaps the most uplifting chapter is chapter 10, authored by two women and two men, all Europe-based, which perhaps explains why it appears more ‘brave’ than other chapters. This chapter includes empirical data (as does chapter 5) and is therefore able to make the argument through the voices of the Christian and Muslim women’s football team in Palestine. Unlike the situation in some other chapters, where being Muslim tends to be privileged over anything else, in this context ‘the glue that bound all the players together was their common Palestinian identity’ (p. 176). Privileging the common part of their identity allowed for Christians to have drinks breaks in matches during Ramadan, and for stops during bus trips so Muslims could pray, and sometimes for everyone to join in the Ramadan dinner. This accepting of difference and finding solutions rather than identifying problems seems the most humane way forwards, and perhaps worth making the first point of the ‘Accept and Respect’ declaration (p. 5) which led into the conception of the book, and the recommendations of the editors in the concluding chapter (p. 268). Many women, Muslim and other, will be able to identify with particular aspects of the book: A large number of women in B&H [Bosnia and Herzegovina] are university-educated, holding MAs and PhDs in all fields — professor, lawyers/barristers, medical doctors, physicists, engineers, experts, writers, poets and many more. Yet their number is insignificant when it comes to positions of leadership. Men still dominate, even if they are less competent than many women. B&H remains a patriarchal society in many ways. (p. 235) And of course this is not only true in predominantly Muslim countries. In spite of this reviewer’s wish for a more critical edge to have been applied in some of the chapters, this is still an interesting book, the first of its kind and, though variable, clearly good and informative. I conclude with the words of Nour El-Houda Karfoul, writing from a Syrian context (but again applicable to others): ‘The greatest challenge is for the woman herself, her liberation from fear and the influence of some traditions, behaviours and ways of thinking, sometimes imposed in the name of religion’ (p. 152). In the current political climate (as I write there are tanks on the streets of Syrian cities), facing up to this particular challenge will be no mean feat! References Amara, M. (2007) An introduction to the study of sport in the Muslim world, in: B. Houlihan (Ed) Sport and society: A student introduction (2nd edn) (London, Sage), 532–553. Waljee, A. (2008) Researching transitions: Gendered education, marketisation and Islam in Tajikistan, in: S. Fennell & M. Arnot (Eds) Gender education and equality in a global context (London, Routledge), 87–101. Heather Piper Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Ó 2011, Heather Piper DOI: 10.1080/01411926.2011.590879