The Rhode Island Royal Charter of 1663 was a document giving English royal recognition to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, providing a foundation for the government, and outlining broad freedoms for the inhabitants of that colony. Having been the guiding document for the government of Rhode Island over a period of 180 years, it was the oldest constitutional charter in the world at the time of its retirement in 1843. It was drafted by Rhode Island's agent in England, Dr. John Clarke, and then approved by England's monarch King Charles II in July 1663, and delivered to the colony the following November. Being read by Captain George Baxter to the freemen of the Rhode Island colony on 24 November 1663, the Assembly voted that words of humble thanks be sent to the King, and a gratuity sent to Dr. Clarke and to Mr. Baxter.
Within the charter are provisions far different than those found in the charters of other colonies, one of them being the recognition that the aboriginal people of the colony were the rightful owners of the land. Any land used by the colonists was to first be purchased from the natives, and later be recognized by a grant or patent from the crown, a situation reversed from that found in any other colonial arrangement. Another specialeature of the charter was its extensive protection of the rights of conscience, a provision much different than the prevailing spirit of the era. The laws of England required uniformity in religious belief, and this incorporation of religious freedom became the sole distinguishing feature of the history of Rhode Island. A final remarkable point about this document is that it offered democratic freedoms to the colony not found in any other charter. The people would elect their own officers and make their own laws, within very broad guidelines, a degree of liberty highly unusual coming from the throne of a monarch.
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities (with municipal charters) or universities. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum. The British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence. The earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, on 7 April 2011.
Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities (that is, localities with recognised legal rights and privileges). The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is 'founded', regardless of when the locality originally began to be settled (which is often impossible to determine).
The Colony of New Zealand was a British colony that existed in New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. Originally a Crown colony under a governor appointed by the United Kingdom, the colony became self-governing from 1853. In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand.
Establishment
Following the proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same proclamation on 1 February 1840. The Treaty of Waitangi was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840, William Hobson declaring British sovereignty over the islands of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 in two separate formal declarations. In the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island. The basis for the claim over the North Island was the Treaty of Waitangi between the Māori and the British Crown. In the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protection of being a British subject. However, the Māori translation of the treaty referred to kawanatanga which is generally translated as governance rather than sovereignty and this point remains a subject of much controversy and political debate. In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island and Stewart Island on the basis of "first discovery" by Captain James Cook in 1769.
The Royal Charter was a steam clipper which was wrecked off the beach of Porth Alerth in Dulas Bay on the north-east coast of Anglesey on 26 October 1859. The precise number of dead is uncertain as the complete passenger list was lost in the wreck although an incomplete list (not including those who boarded just before departure) is retained in the Victorian Archives Centre in, Victoria, Australia. About 450 lives were lost, the highest death toll of any shipwreck on the Welsh coast. It was the most prominent victim among about 200 ships wrecked by the Royal Charter Storm.
The Royal Charter was built at the Sandycroft Ironworks on the River Dee and was launched in 1855. She was a new type of ship, a 2719 ton iron-hulled steam clipper, built in the same way as a clipper ship but with auxiliary steam engines which could be used in the absence of suitable winds.
The ship was used on the route from Liverpool to Australia, mainly as a passenger ship although there was room for some cargo. There was room for up to 600 passengers, with luxury accommodation in the first class. She was considered a very fast ship, able to make the passage to Australia in under 60 days.
The Lost Sunken Wreck Of The British Royal Charter | Royal Wreck | Timeline
The Royal Charter was wrecked in one of the worst storms ever to hit Britain; the loss of life and gold on board was immense; gold hunter Vince Thurkettle is on a mission to recover the Royal Charter's lost treasure.
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published: 27 Jun 2022
The Hunt For The Royal Charter's Sunken Treasures | Shipwreck Of Gold | Unearthed History
On October 26th, 1859, during the final stretch of its voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool, the Royal Charter met its tragic fate in the midst of one of the most severe storms to ever strike Britain. The toll in terms of lives lost was staggering, and equally staggering was the value of gold carried by the ship, amounting to $130 million. This fortune, initially discovered in Australia, was subsequently lost to the depths of the sea. Presently, Vince Thurkettle, renowned as a world champion in the field of gold hunting, is driven by a mission: to reclaim the long-lost treasure of the Royal Charter.
Welcome to Unearthed History -- the home for all things archeological! From ancient Roman ruins to buried medieval mysteries, we'll be bringing you award-winning documentaries that explore the r...
published: 20 Oct 2023
The Story of the Royal Charter
Our International Project Officer Imogen Dickens explains the history of the Royal Charter, the SS Great Britain's half-sister ship.
In something that wouldn't be out of place in a Robert Louis Stevenson novel, a team of treasure hunters have landed in Melbourne to delve deeper into the story of a 153-year-old Welsh shipwreck.
Read all about it here: http://bit.ly/12e6he0
published: 01 Feb 2013
The Royal Charter dvd promo
Promo for a documentary commemorating Wales' worst shipping disaster. Full details of the documentary 'The Royal Charter and The Perfect Hurricane' and online sales are available at www.theroyalcharter.co.uk
published: 29 Oct 2009
Bristol academic discovers ancient royal charter in Durham
A rare, original royal charter from the first year of King John’s reign has been discovered in Durham by academic from the University of Bristol.
The document, which was not previously known to have survived, carries the seal of King John and is dated 26 March 1200, issued in York, exactly 819 years ago today.
The document is held in the archives of Ushaw College, one of the core collections as part of the Durham Residential Research Library (RRL), managed by Durham University. It was identified by Dr Benjamin Pohl during his time as a Visiting Fellow at the RRL.
published: 26 Mar 2019
Royal Charter
The Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in October 1859, in a storm that brought the introduction of the shipping forecast and gale warnings. Around 500 died from the ship. Charles Dickens told the story in 'The Uncommercial Traveller',
praising Stephen Roose Hughes, the minister of Llanallgo church, for all he did to comfort those who'd lost relatives & loved ones in the tragedy.
published: 18 Aug 2022
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami - www.royalyachtsmiami.com
Royal Yachts Miami is the premier destination for luxury yacht rentals, offering unparalleled elegance and opulence on the pristine waters of Miami. With a stunning fleet of exclusive private yachts ranging from 38ft up to 125ft and beyond, we redefine luxury, setting new standards for sophistication and grandeur in VIP yachting.
What distinguishes Royal Yachts Miami from the rest? Our unwavering dedication to excellence. We ensure that every aspect of your experience with us is nothing short of extraordinary. Our dedicated team takes pride in delivering a personalized yacht charter journey. Comprising young and dynamic Florida residents who are deeply passionate about boating and watersports.
In summary, Royal Yacht...
published: 09 Jun 2024
Trysor Coll y Royal Charter (S4C)
Darllediad y rhaglen gyflawn ar S4C ac yna ar gael am 35 diwrnod ar Clic yn y DU yn unig | Full programme broadcast on S4C then available for 35 days on Clic in the UK only.
http://www.s4c.co.uk/clic
Y rhaglen gyflawn ar gael yn fyd-eang i aelodau Golyg - y gymuned rhannu rhaglenni teledu o Gymru drwy torrentau | Available world-wide to members of Golyg - the community for sharing Welsh TV programmes by torrents.
http://www.golyg.com
The Royal Charter was wrecked in one of the worst storms ever to hit Britain; the loss of life and gold on board was immense; gold hunter Vince Thurkettle is on...
The Royal Charter was wrecked in one of the worst storms ever to hit Britain; the loss of life and gold on board was immense; gold hunter Vince Thurkettle is on a mission to recover the Royal Charter's lost treasure.
📺 It's like Netflix for history... Sign up to History Hit, the world's best history documentary service and get 50% off using the code 'TIMELINE' http://bit.ly/3a7ambu
You can find more from us on:
https://www.facebook.com/timelineWH
https://www.instagram.com/timelineWH
This channel is part of the History Hit Network. Any queries, please contact [email protected]
The Royal Charter was wrecked in one of the worst storms ever to hit Britain; the loss of life and gold on board was immense; gold hunter Vince Thurkettle is on a mission to recover the Royal Charter's lost treasure.
📺 It's like Netflix for history... Sign up to History Hit, the world's best history documentary service and get 50% off using the code 'TIMELINE' http://bit.ly/3a7ambu
You can find more from us on:
https://www.facebook.com/timelineWH
https://www.instagram.com/timelineWH
This channel is part of the History Hit Network. Any queries, please contact [email protected]
On October 26th, 1859, during the final stretch of its voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool, the Royal Charter met its tragic fate in the midst of one of the most...
On October 26th, 1859, during the final stretch of its voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool, the Royal Charter met its tragic fate in the midst of one of the most severe storms to ever strike Britain. The toll in terms of lives lost was staggering, and equally staggering was the value of gold carried by the ship, amounting to $130 million. This fortune, initially discovered in Australia, was subsequently lost to the depths of the sea. Presently, Vince Thurkettle, renowned as a world champion in the field of gold hunting, is driven by a mission: to reclaim the long-lost treasure of the Royal Charter.
Welcome to Unearthed History -- the home for all things archeological! From ancient Roman ruins to buried medieval mysteries, we'll be bringing you award-winning documentaries that explore the remnants of long lost civilizations.
Subscribe so you don't miss out.
To get in touch please email: [email protected].
#UnearthedHistory #Archeology #Documentary
On October 26th, 1859, during the final stretch of its voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool, the Royal Charter met its tragic fate in the midst of one of the most severe storms to ever strike Britain. The toll in terms of lives lost was staggering, and equally staggering was the value of gold carried by the ship, amounting to $130 million. This fortune, initially discovered in Australia, was subsequently lost to the depths of the sea. Presently, Vince Thurkettle, renowned as a world champion in the field of gold hunting, is driven by a mission: to reclaim the long-lost treasure of the Royal Charter.
Welcome to Unearthed History -- the home for all things archeological! From ancient Roman ruins to buried medieval mysteries, we'll be bringing you award-winning documentaries that explore the remnants of long lost civilizations.
Subscribe so you don't miss out.
To get in touch please email: [email protected].
#UnearthedHistory #Archeology #Documentary
In something that wouldn't be out of place in a Robert Louis Stevenson novel, a team of treasure hunters have landed in Melbourne to delve deeper into the story...
In something that wouldn't be out of place in a Robert Louis Stevenson novel, a team of treasure hunters have landed in Melbourne to delve deeper into the story of a 153-year-old Welsh shipwreck.
Read all about it here: http://bit.ly/12e6he0
In something that wouldn't be out of place in a Robert Louis Stevenson novel, a team of treasure hunters have landed in Melbourne to delve deeper into the story of a 153-year-old Welsh shipwreck.
Read all about it here: http://bit.ly/12e6he0
Promo for a documentary commemorating Wales' worst shipping disaster. Full details of the documentary 'The Royal Charter and The Perfect Hurricane' and online s...
Promo for a documentary commemorating Wales' worst shipping disaster. Full details of the documentary 'The Royal Charter and The Perfect Hurricane' and online sales are available at www.theroyalcharter.co.uk
Promo for a documentary commemorating Wales' worst shipping disaster. Full details of the documentary 'The Royal Charter and The Perfect Hurricane' and online sales are available at www.theroyalcharter.co.uk
A rare, original royal charter from the first year of King John’s reign has been discovered in Durham by academic from the University of Bristol.
The document...
A rare, original royal charter from the first year of King John’s reign has been discovered in Durham by academic from the University of Bristol.
The document, which was not previously known to have survived, carries the seal of King John and is dated 26 March 1200, issued in York, exactly 819 years ago today.
The document is held in the archives of Ushaw College, one of the core collections as part of the Durham Residential Research Library (RRL), managed by Durham University. It was identified by Dr Benjamin Pohl during his time as a Visiting Fellow at the RRL.
A rare, original royal charter from the first year of King John’s reign has been discovered in Durham by academic from the University of Bristol.
The document, which was not previously known to have survived, carries the seal of King John and is dated 26 March 1200, issued in York, exactly 819 years ago today.
The document is held in the archives of Ushaw College, one of the core collections as part of the Durham Residential Research Library (RRL), managed by Durham University. It was identified by Dr Benjamin Pohl during his time as a Visiting Fellow at the RRL.
The Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in October 1859, in a storm that brought the introduction of the shipping forecast and gale warnings. Around 500 died from t...
The Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in October 1859, in a storm that brought the introduction of the shipping forecast and gale warnings. Around 500 died from the ship. Charles Dickens told the story in 'The Uncommercial Traveller',
praising Stephen Roose Hughes, the minister of Llanallgo church, for all he did to comfort those who'd lost relatives & loved ones in the tragedy.
The Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in October 1859, in a storm that brought the introduction of the shipping forecast and gale warnings. Around 500 died from the ship. Charles Dickens told the story in 'The Uncommercial Traveller',
praising Stephen Roose Hughes, the minister of Llanallgo church, for all he did to comfort those who'd lost relatives & loved ones in the tragedy.
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami - www.royalyachtsmiami.com
Royal Yachts Miami is the premier destination for luxury yacht rentals, offering unparal...
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami - www.royalyachtsmiami.com
Royal Yachts Miami is the premier destination for luxury yacht rentals, offering unparalleled elegance and opulence on the pristine waters of Miami. With a stunning fleet of exclusive private yachts ranging from 38ft up to 125ft and beyond, we redefine luxury, setting new standards for sophistication and grandeur in VIP yachting.
What distinguishes Royal Yachts Miami from the rest? Our unwavering dedication to excellence. We ensure that every aspect of your experience with us is nothing short of extraordinary. Our dedicated team takes pride in delivering a personalized yacht charter journey. Comprising young and dynamic Florida residents who are deeply passionate about boating and watersports.
In summary, Royal Yachts Miami epitomizes class, luxury, and world-class service. With our diverse fleet, meticulous attention to detail, and commitment to client satisfaction, we surpass expectations, offering an unparalleled journey through Miami's breathtaking waters. Discover why Royal Yachts Miami is the unmatched choice for those seeking the pinnacle of elegance and sophistication in luxury yacht rentals.
What sets Royal Yachts Miami apart?
Step aboard our exclusive yachts and indulge in luxury and distinction. At Royal Yachts Miami, we transcend the ordinary, offering a sailing experience beyond compare. Our relentless pursuit of superior quality and attention to detail ensures that every moment with us exceeds expectations, delivering an exceptional voyage.
We invite you to embrace our philosophy. We're not merely offering a service; we're crafting an exclusive chapter in your life's narrative. Let us guide you with the excellence you deserve.
For reservations and bookings:
To reserve your exceptional yacht or to inquire further, visit our website at https://royalyachtsmiami.com/
Stay connected and inspired by following us on Instagram at: https://www.instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/. For bookings and inquiries, contact us via email at [email protected] or via WhatsApp at +1 (929) 569-6081.
If you're looking to book a yacht in Dubai or Ibiza, check out our other sites:
Dubai: https://royalyachtdubai.com/
Ibiza: https://royalyachtsibiza.com/
Instagram Profiles:
https://instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/
https://instagram.com/royalrentdubai/
https://instagram.com/royalyachtsibiza/
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami - www.royalyachtsmiami.com
Royal Yachts Miami is the premier destination for luxury yacht rentals, offering unparalleled elegance and opulence on the pristine waters of Miami. With a stunning fleet of exclusive private yachts ranging from 38ft up to 125ft and beyond, we redefine luxury, setting new standards for sophistication and grandeur in VIP yachting.
What distinguishes Royal Yachts Miami from the rest? Our unwavering dedication to excellence. We ensure that every aspect of your experience with us is nothing short of extraordinary. Our dedicated team takes pride in delivering a personalized yacht charter journey. Comprising young and dynamic Florida residents who are deeply passionate about boating and watersports.
In summary, Royal Yachts Miami epitomizes class, luxury, and world-class service. With our diverse fleet, meticulous attention to detail, and commitment to client satisfaction, we surpass expectations, offering an unparalleled journey through Miami's breathtaking waters. Discover why Royal Yachts Miami is the unmatched choice for those seeking the pinnacle of elegance and sophistication in luxury yacht rentals.
What sets Royal Yachts Miami apart?
Step aboard our exclusive yachts and indulge in luxury and distinction. At Royal Yachts Miami, we transcend the ordinary, offering a sailing experience beyond compare. Our relentless pursuit of superior quality and attention to detail ensures that every moment with us exceeds expectations, delivering an exceptional voyage.
We invite you to embrace our philosophy. We're not merely offering a service; we're crafting an exclusive chapter in your life's narrative. Let us guide you with the excellence you deserve.
For reservations and bookings:
To reserve your exceptional yacht or to inquire further, visit our website at https://royalyachtsmiami.com/
Stay connected and inspired by following us on Instagram at: https://www.instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/. For bookings and inquiries, contact us via email at [email protected] or via WhatsApp at +1 (929) 569-6081.
If you're looking to book a yacht in Dubai or Ibiza, check out our other sites:
Dubai: https://royalyachtdubai.com/
Ibiza: https://royalyachtsibiza.com/
Instagram Profiles:
https://instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/
https://instagram.com/royalrentdubai/
https://instagram.com/royalyachtsibiza/
Darllediad y rhaglen gyflawn ar S4C ac yna ar gael am 35 diwrnod ar Clic yn y DU yn unig | Full programme broadcast on S4C then available for 35 days on Clic in...
Darllediad y rhaglen gyflawn ar S4C ac yna ar gael am 35 diwrnod ar Clic yn y DU yn unig | Full programme broadcast on S4C then available for 35 days on Clic in the UK only.
http://www.s4c.co.uk/clic
Y rhaglen gyflawn ar gael yn fyd-eang i aelodau Golyg - y gymuned rhannu rhaglenni teledu o Gymru drwy torrentau | Available world-wide to members of Golyg - the community for sharing Welsh TV programmes by torrents.
http://www.golyg.com
Darllediad y rhaglen gyflawn ar S4C ac yna ar gael am 35 diwrnod ar Clic yn y DU yn unig | Full programme broadcast on S4C then available for 35 days on Clic in the UK only.
http://www.s4c.co.uk/clic
Y rhaglen gyflawn ar gael yn fyd-eang i aelodau Golyg - y gymuned rhannu rhaglenni teledu o Gymru drwy torrentau | Available world-wide to members of Golyg - the community for sharing Welsh TV programmes by torrents.
http://www.golyg.com
The Royal Charter was wrecked in one of the worst storms ever to hit Britain; the loss of life and gold on board was immense; gold hunter Vince Thurkettle is on a mission to recover the Royal Charter's lost treasure.
📺 It's like Netflix for history... Sign up to History Hit, the world's best history documentary service and get 50% off using the code 'TIMELINE' http://bit.ly/3a7ambu
You can find more from us on:
https://www.facebook.com/timelineWH
https://www.instagram.com/timelineWH
This channel is part of the History Hit Network. Any queries, please contact [email protected]
On October 26th, 1859, during the final stretch of its voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool, the Royal Charter met its tragic fate in the midst of one of the most severe storms to ever strike Britain. The toll in terms of lives lost was staggering, and equally staggering was the value of gold carried by the ship, amounting to $130 million. This fortune, initially discovered in Australia, was subsequently lost to the depths of the sea. Presently, Vince Thurkettle, renowned as a world champion in the field of gold hunting, is driven by a mission: to reclaim the long-lost treasure of the Royal Charter.
Welcome to Unearthed History -- the home for all things archeological! From ancient Roman ruins to buried medieval mysteries, we'll be bringing you award-winning documentaries that explore the remnants of long lost civilizations.
Subscribe so you don't miss out.
To get in touch please email: [email protected].
#UnearthedHistory #Archeology #Documentary
In something that wouldn't be out of place in a Robert Louis Stevenson novel, a team of treasure hunters have landed in Melbourne to delve deeper into the story of a 153-year-old Welsh shipwreck.
Read all about it here: http://bit.ly/12e6he0
Promo for a documentary commemorating Wales' worst shipping disaster. Full details of the documentary 'The Royal Charter and The Perfect Hurricane' and online sales are available at www.theroyalcharter.co.uk
A rare, original royal charter from the first year of King John’s reign has been discovered in Durham by academic from the University of Bristol.
The document, which was not previously known to have survived, carries the seal of King John and is dated 26 March 1200, issued in York, exactly 819 years ago today.
The document is held in the archives of Ushaw College, one of the core collections as part of the Durham Residential Research Library (RRL), managed by Durham University. It was identified by Dr Benjamin Pohl during his time as a Visiting Fellow at the RRL.
The Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in October 1859, in a storm that brought the introduction of the shipping forecast and gale warnings. Around 500 died from the ship. Charles Dickens told the story in 'The Uncommercial Traveller',
praising Stephen Roose Hughes, the minister of Llanallgo church, for all he did to comfort those who'd lost relatives & loved ones in the tragedy.
The Royal Princess X95 - Royal Yachts Miami - www.royalyachtsmiami.com
Royal Yachts Miami is the premier destination for luxury yacht rentals, offering unparalleled elegance and opulence on the pristine waters of Miami. With a stunning fleet of exclusive private yachts ranging from 38ft up to 125ft and beyond, we redefine luxury, setting new standards for sophistication and grandeur in VIP yachting.
What distinguishes Royal Yachts Miami from the rest? Our unwavering dedication to excellence. We ensure that every aspect of your experience with us is nothing short of extraordinary. Our dedicated team takes pride in delivering a personalized yacht charter journey. Comprising young and dynamic Florida residents who are deeply passionate about boating and watersports.
In summary, Royal Yachts Miami epitomizes class, luxury, and world-class service. With our diverse fleet, meticulous attention to detail, and commitment to client satisfaction, we surpass expectations, offering an unparalleled journey through Miami's breathtaking waters. Discover why Royal Yachts Miami is the unmatched choice for those seeking the pinnacle of elegance and sophistication in luxury yacht rentals.
What sets Royal Yachts Miami apart?
Step aboard our exclusive yachts and indulge in luxury and distinction. At Royal Yachts Miami, we transcend the ordinary, offering a sailing experience beyond compare. Our relentless pursuit of superior quality and attention to detail ensures that every moment with us exceeds expectations, delivering an exceptional voyage.
We invite you to embrace our philosophy. We're not merely offering a service; we're crafting an exclusive chapter in your life's narrative. Let us guide you with the excellence you deserve.
For reservations and bookings:
To reserve your exceptional yacht or to inquire further, visit our website at https://royalyachtsmiami.com/
Stay connected and inspired by following us on Instagram at: https://www.instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/. For bookings and inquiries, contact us via email at [email protected] or via WhatsApp at +1 (929) 569-6081.
If you're looking to book a yacht in Dubai or Ibiza, check out our other sites:
Dubai: https://royalyachtdubai.com/
Ibiza: https://royalyachtsibiza.com/
Instagram Profiles:
https://instagram.com/royalyachtmiami/
https://instagram.com/royalrentdubai/
https://instagram.com/royalyachtsibiza/
Darllediad y rhaglen gyflawn ar S4C ac yna ar gael am 35 diwrnod ar Clic yn y DU yn unig | Full programme broadcast on S4C then available for 35 days on Clic in the UK only.
http://www.s4c.co.uk/clic
Y rhaglen gyflawn ar gael yn fyd-eang i aelodau Golyg - y gymuned rhannu rhaglenni teledu o Gymru drwy torrentau | Available world-wide to members of Golyg - the community for sharing Welsh TV programmes by torrents.
http://www.golyg.com
The Rhode Island Royal Charter of 1663 was a document giving English royal recognition to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, providing a foundation for the government, and outlining broad freedoms for the inhabitants of that colony. Having been the guiding document for the government of Rhode Island over a period of 180 years, it was the oldest constitutional charter in the world at the time of its retirement in 1843. It was drafted by Rhode Island's agent in England, Dr. John Clarke, and then approved by England's monarch King Charles II in July 1663, and delivered to the colony the following November. Being read by Captain George Baxter to the freemen of the Rhode Island colony on 24 November 1663, the Assembly voted that words of humble thanks be sent to the King, and a gratuity sent to Dr. Clarke and to Mr. Baxter.
Within the charter are provisions far different than those found in the charters of other colonies, one of them being the recognition that the aboriginal people of the colony were the rightful owners of the land. Any land used by the colonists was to first be purchased from the natives, and later be recognized by a grant or patent from the crown, a situation reversed from that found in any other colonial arrangement. Another specialeature of the charter was its extensive protection of the rights of conscience, a provision much different than the prevailing spirit of the era. The laws of England required uniformity in religious belief, and this incorporation of religious freedom became the sole distinguishing feature of the history of Rhode Island. A final remarkable point about this document is that it offered democratic freedoms to the colony not found in any other charter. The people would elect their own officers and make their own laws, within very broad guidelines, a degree of liberty highly unusual coming from the throne of a monarch.