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Genetic recombination 1 | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
Created by Efrat Bruck.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/genetic-recombination-2?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/punnett-square-fun?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten t...
published: 29 Jan 2015
-
Genetic Linkage and Recombination | Biology
Let's learn more about how genes tend to move along with the genes that are adjacent to them, which is known as genetic linkage. We can understand genetic linkage through Mendel’s law of independent assortment, and we'll discuss genetic recombination and recombination frequency.
Get more homework help from Chegg at https://che.gg/3HbtG8Y
Watch the whole Introduction to Biology playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLllCkartRRdN01jU45ES7UZ5UTydt7KUq
About Chegg:
Chegg is a leading education technology company that provides students with affordable and accessible study resources. Chegg's mission is to help students save time, save money and get smarter.
Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/@chegg
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@chegg
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chegg/
T...
published: 17 May 2023
-
What is DNA recombination? | Science News
DNA recombination can be a confusing concept, especially in how it can influence consumer genetic test results. Let us explain with lego blocks.
Read more: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-testing-ancestry-family-tree
This video is part of a series on consumer genetic testing. See the whole series: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/consumer-genetic-testing-ancestry-dna
CREDITS
Story & narration: Tina Hesman Saey
Video, production & animation: Helen Thompson
Sound effects:
Camo1018/Freesound.org (CC BY 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Simon Lacelle/Freesound.org
Music: "Variation 19" by Blue Dot Sessions (CC BY-NC 4.0)
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Blue_Dot_Sessions/Blue_Nocturnal/Variation_19
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
published: 13 Jun 2018
-
Mechanism of Recombination
Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org )
TRANSCRIPT: A common technique in genetic engineering is to insert a new gene into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid. The molecular tool used to cut DNA is a restriction enzyme such as EcoRI. The enzyme has a precise shape that allows it to run along the groove of the double helix, scanning for the base letter sequence G A A T T C EcoRI then cuts the plasmid at this specific point... ...allowing a new piece of DNA to be inserted. When it cuts, EcoRI leaves a sticky end, which helps the new gene to attach. The joins are THEN stitched together by another enzyme called DNA ligase. The genetically engineered bacteria is then grown in a culture medium. Very quickly, large numbers of the bacteria can be produced, each with a ...
published: 22 Mar 2010
-
Genetic Recombination and Linkage
This video defines the concept of crossing over as it applies to recombinant chromosomes and linked genes that are usually inherited together due to their close proximity.
published: 08 Aug 2019
-
Genetic Recombination and Gene Mapping
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the frequency of recombination between linked genes can be used to determine the relative location of genes on a chromosome. Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Strutevant used the fruit fly to develop a theory of chromosomal inheritance and discover crossing over.
Do you speak another language? Help me translate my videos:
http://www.bozemanscience.com/translations/
Music Attribution
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
"File:Drosophila Repleta Lateral.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_repleta_lateral.jpg.
"File:Morgan Crossover 1.jpg."...
published: 30 Mar 2014
-
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conju...
published: 13 Jun 2021
-
Genetic Engineering
Explore an intro to genetic engineering with The Amoeba Sisters. This video provides a general definition, introduces some biotechnology tools that can be used in genetic engineering, and discusses some related vocabulary (such as plasmid, vector, transformation, transgenic, and more). CRISPR is also mentioned; expand to see further reading to explore more. To see more Amoeba Sisters biotechnology related videos, visit https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1Gxs9mwISTCEi8i1xex94p2
-----------
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:51 Genetic Engineering Defined
2:01 Insulin Production in Bacteria
3:55 Some Vocab
4:20 Vectors & More
5:25 CRISPR
6:40 Genetic Engineering Uses
7:30 Ethics
-------------
Factual References:
Clark, M. A., Douglas, M., & Choi, J. (2018, March 18). 17.1 Biote...
published: 29 Sep 2023
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Board Exam Smart Prep Series | Ep. 18 | Heredity | Score 90+ in CBSE
Welcome to Episode 18 of our Board Exam Smart Prep Series by Orchids! 🧬 Master Heredity with ease by Namitha!
🔸 Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance of Traits, Sex Determination, Evolution & More!
📖 Previous year questions, expert scoring tips & step-by-step explanations to simplify learning.
Gain concept clarity from our IITian faculty and boost your CBSE board scores!
🚀 Like, share & subscribe! Check out our playlist for more topics & explore the link below for additional resources! 🔗
Please visit our Website:
https://www.orchidsinternationalschool.com
Follow us:
https://www.facebook.com/ORCHIDSTheInternationalSchool
https://www.instagram.com/orchids_international_schools/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/orchids-the-international-school/
published: 01 Feb 2025
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genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION
genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION. Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor. The F-factor allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together, at which time the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. Typically, the genetic material is in the form of a plasmid, or a small, circular piece of DNA. The genetic material transferr...
published: 12 Oct 2018
6:12
Genetic recombination 1 | Biomolecules | MCAT | Khan Academy
Created by Efrat Bruck.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/genetic-recombination-2?utm_so...
Created by Efrat Bruck.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/genetic-recombination-2?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/punnett-square-fun?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
https://wn.com/Genetic_Recombination_1_|_Biomolecules_|_Mcat_|_Khan_Academy
Created by Efrat Bruck.
Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/genetic-recombination-2?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/chromosomal-inheritance/v/punnett-square-fun?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=mcat
MCAT on Khan Academy: Go ahead and practice some passage-based questions!
About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content.
For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything
Subscribe to Khan Academy’s MCAT channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDkK5wqSuwDlJ3_nl3rgdiQ?sub_confirmation=1
Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy
- published: 29 Jan 2015
- views: 384117
4:58
Genetic Linkage and Recombination | Biology
Let's learn more about how genes tend to move along with the genes that are adjacent to them, which is known as genetic linkage. We can understand genetic linka...
Let's learn more about how genes tend to move along with the genes that are adjacent to them, which is known as genetic linkage. We can understand genetic linkage through Mendel’s law of independent assortment, and we'll discuss genetic recombination and recombination frequency.
Get more homework help from Chegg at https://che.gg/3HbtG8Y
Watch the whole Introduction to Biology playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLllCkartRRdN01jU45ES7UZ5UTydt7KUq
About Chegg:
Chegg is a leading education technology company that provides students with affordable and accessible study resources. Chegg's mission is to help students save time, save money and get smarter.
Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/@chegg
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@chegg
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chegg/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/chegg
00:00 Intro
00:10 Set up
00:41 Explanation
03:13 Common mistakes
04:19 Overview
https://wn.com/Genetic_Linkage_And_Recombination_|_Biology
Let's learn more about how genes tend to move along with the genes that are adjacent to them, which is known as genetic linkage. We can understand genetic linkage through Mendel’s law of independent assortment, and we'll discuss genetic recombination and recombination frequency.
Get more homework help from Chegg at https://che.gg/3HbtG8Y
Watch the whole Introduction to Biology playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLllCkartRRdN01jU45ES7UZ5UTydt7KUq
About Chegg:
Chegg is a leading education technology company that provides students with affordable and accessible study resources. Chegg's mission is to help students save time, save money and get smarter.
Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/@chegg
TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@chegg
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chegg/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/chegg
00:00 Intro
00:10 Set up
00:41 Explanation
03:13 Common mistakes
04:19 Overview
- published: 17 May 2023
- views: 23463
2:59
What is DNA recombination? | Science News
DNA recombination can be a confusing concept, especially in how it can influence consumer genetic test results. Let us explain with lego blocks.
Read more: htt...
DNA recombination can be a confusing concept, especially in how it can influence consumer genetic test results. Let us explain with lego blocks.
Read more: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-testing-ancestry-family-tree
This video is part of a series on consumer genetic testing. See the whole series: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/consumer-genetic-testing-ancestry-dna
CREDITS
Story & narration: Tina Hesman Saey
Video, production & animation: Helen Thompson
Sound effects:
Camo1018/Freesound.org (CC BY 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Simon Lacelle/Freesound.org
Music: "Variation 19" by Blue Dot Sessions (CC BY-NC 4.0)
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Blue_Dot_Sessions/Blue_Nocturnal/Variation_19
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
https://wn.com/What_Is_Dna_Recombination_|_Science_News
DNA recombination can be a confusing concept, especially in how it can influence consumer genetic test results. Let us explain with lego blocks.
Read more: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-testing-ancestry-family-tree
This video is part of a series on consumer genetic testing. See the whole series: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/consumer-genetic-testing-ancestry-dna
CREDITS
Story & narration: Tina Hesman Saey
Video, production & animation: Helen Thompson
Sound effects:
Camo1018/Freesound.org (CC BY 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Simon Lacelle/Freesound.org
Music: "Variation 19" by Blue Dot Sessions (CC BY-NC 4.0)
http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Blue_Dot_Sessions/Blue_Nocturnal/Variation_19
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
- published: 13 Jun 2018
- views: 92805
1:13
Mechanism of Recombination
Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org )
TRANSCRIPT: A common technique in genetic engineering is to insert a new gene into a loop of bac...
Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org )
TRANSCRIPT: A common technique in genetic engineering is to insert a new gene into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid. The molecular tool used to cut DNA is a restriction enzyme such as EcoRI. The enzyme has a precise shape that allows it to run along the groove of the double helix, scanning for the base letter sequence G A A T T C EcoRI then cuts the plasmid at this specific point... ...allowing a new piece of DNA to be inserted. When it cuts, EcoRI leaves a sticky end, which helps the new gene to attach. The joins are THEN stitched together by another enzyme called DNA ligase. The genetically engineered bacteria is then grown in a culture medium. Very quickly, large numbers of the bacteria can be produced, each with a copy of the inserted gene. The bacteria duly manufacture whatever protein the gene codes for, and so the desired product is produced.
https://wn.com/Mechanism_Of_Recombination
Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org )
TRANSCRIPT: A common technique in genetic engineering is to insert a new gene into a loop of bacterial DNA called a plasmid. The molecular tool used to cut DNA is a restriction enzyme such as EcoRI. The enzyme has a precise shape that allows it to run along the groove of the double helix, scanning for the base letter sequence G A A T T C EcoRI then cuts the plasmid at this specific point... ...allowing a new piece of DNA to be inserted. When it cuts, EcoRI leaves a sticky end, which helps the new gene to attach. The joins are THEN stitched together by another enzyme called DNA ligase. The genetically engineered bacteria is then grown in a culture medium. Very quickly, large numbers of the bacteria can be produced, each with a copy of the inserted gene. The bacteria duly manufacture whatever protein the gene codes for, and so the desired product is produced.
- published: 22 Mar 2010
- views: 509671
4:23
Genetic Recombination and Linkage
This video defines the concept of crossing over as it applies to recombinant chromosomes and linked genes that are usually inherited together due to their close...
This video defines the concept of crossing over as it applies to recombinant chromosomes and linked genes that are usually inherited together due to their close proximity.
https://wn.com/Genetic_Recombination_And_Linkage
This video defines the concept of crossing over as it applies to recombinant chromosomes and linked genes that are usually inherited together due to their close proximity.
- published: 08 Aug 2019
- views: 2206
9:50
Genetic Recombination and Gene Mapping
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the frequency of recombination between linked genes can be used to determine the relative location of genes on a chromo...
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the frequency of recombination between linked genes can be used to determine the relative location of genes on a chromosome. Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Strutevant used the fruit fly to develop a theory of chromosomal inheritance and discover crossing over.
Do you speak another language? Help me translate my videos:
http://www.bozemanscience.com/translations/
Music Attribution
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
"File:Drosophila Repleta Lateral.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_repleta_lateral.jpg.
"File:Morgan Crossover 1.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.
"File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg.
"FlyBase," n.d. http://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0003975.html.
spax89. Illustration of a Tobacco Pipe, 2009. Extracted from Media:Blason de la ville de Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie (30).svg. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tobacco_pipe.svg.
https://wn.com/Genetic_Recombination_And_Gene_Mapping
In this video Paul Andersen explains how the frequency of recombination between linked genes can be used to determine the relative location of genes on a chromosome. Thomas Hunt Morgan and Alfred Strutevant used the fruit fly to develop a theory of chromosomal inheritance and discover crossing over.
Do you speak another language? Help me translate my videos:
http://www.bozemanscience.com/translations/
Music Attribution
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
http://sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/track/string-theory
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
"File:Drosophila Repleta Lateral.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_repleta_lateral.jpg.
"File:Morgan Crossover 1.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.
"File:Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed March 13, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg.
"FlyBase," n.d. http://flybase.org/reports/FBgn0003975.html.
spax89. Illustration of a Tobacco Pipe, 2009. Extracted from Media:Blason de la ville de Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie (30).svg. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tobacco_pipe.svg.
- published: 30 Mar 2014
- views: 1390261
5:50
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene tran...
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conjugation with transposons. Conjugation requires direct cell-cell contact. A conjugative plasmid or conjugative transposon is self-transmissible – in other words, it has all the genes need to connect with another bacterium and transmit itself to another bacterium via conjugation. We still don’t know how the majority of gram-positive bacteria achieve the intimate association of cell surfaces required, however, in gram-negative bacteria, this typically involves a conjugation pilus, also known as an F pilus, or a sex pilus. The conjugation pilus binds the other bacterium, then retracts to pull the two cells together. Once a bridge is formed with an opening between the two bacteria, they are now called a “mating pair”. A nuclease breaks one strand of the plasmid DNA at the oriT, or origin of transfer site. The nicked strand enters the other bacterium while the other strand remains behind in the donor. They can now both produce a complementary copy of the plasmid so the DNA is double stranded again. Now each bacterium has a copy of the plasmid and both can make a conjugation pilus! Note that in a population of bacteria in which some have a conjugative plasmid and others do not, eventually all cells will acquire a conjugative plasmid. The enzyme transposase catalyzes cutting and resealing of DNA during transposition. Note that once mating pairs are formed by conjugative plasmids or transposons, this also allows nonconjugative transposons and plasmids to be transferred to another bacterium. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes. Typically, this occurs when one bacteria lyses, or splits open, releasing its genetic contents, and then another bacteria comes by and acquires it. Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA are termed “competent”. Competency is a state of increased cell wall and cell membrane permeability that allows cells to uptake DNA. Many bacteria are naturally competent, and so actively bind environmental DNA. After transport into their cytoplasm, the bacterium can incorporate the new DNA into its genome through the process of “recombination”. Recombination is the rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes. This can result in new phenotypes – for example, the bacteria can acquire pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. Some competent bacteria actually kill noncompetent bacteria to release DNA for transformation! Transduction occurs when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage – a type of virus that infects bacteria. Viruses cannot replicate on their own – they are obligate parasites that rely on host machinery. Many bacteriophages can switch between a state of lysogeny and a lytic cycle. When the bacteriophage is in a state of lysogeny, the virus combines its genome with the bacterial chromosome. The viral genome hangs out there for many generations as the bacterium replicates. When induction occurs, the virus switches to the lytic cycle. The cell becomes a virus-producing factory until it gets so full of virus that it lyses, or bursts open, releasing virus particles into its surroundings. There are two kinds of transduction – generalized and specialized. During generalized transduction, the phage capsid accidentally assembles around a fragment of bacterial DNA or a plasmid. When the assembled viral particle infects a new bacterium, it injects its previous host’s DNA into its new host. Specialized transduction occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus. Incorrect excision of DNA during induction results in a fragment of bacterial DNA being picked up instead of a part of the viral genome, which then stays in the bacterial nucleoid. Now, the bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage genome, is packaged into phage capsids, and is injected into new bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer, along with mutations, allows bacteria to achieve genetic diversity. Mutation is a slow process, and most mutations are harmful or neutral, not beneficial to the bacterium. Meanwhile, horizontal gene transfer is a rapid way to acquire large chunks of DNA from another bacterium all at once.
https://wn.com/Conjugation,_Transformation,_Transduction_(Horizontal_Gene_Transfer)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conjugation with transposons. Conjugation requires direct cell-cell contact. A conjugative plasmid or conjugative transposon is self-transmissible – in other words, it has all the genes need to connect with another bacterium and transmit itself to another bacterium via conjugation. We still don’t know how the majority of gram-positive bacteria achieve the intimate association of cell surfaces required, however, in gram-negative bacteria, this typically involves a conjugation pilus, also known as an F pilus, or a sex pilus. The conjugation pilus binds the other bacterium, then retracts to pull the two cells together. Once a bridge is formed with an opening between the two bacteria, they are now called a “mating pair”. A nuclease breaks one strand of the plasmid DNA at the oriT, or origin of transfer site. The nicked strand enters the other bacterium while the other strand remains behind in the donor. They can now both produce a complementary copy of the plasmid so the DNA is double stranded again. Now each bacterium has a copy of the plasmid and both can make a conjugation pilus! Note that in a population of bacteria in which some have a conjugative plasmid and others do not, eventually all cells will acquire a conjugative plasmid. The enzyme transposase catalyzes cutting and resealing of DNA during transposition. Note that once mating pairs are formed by conjugative plasmids or transposons, this also allows nonconjugative transposons and plasmids to be transferred to another bacterium. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes. Typically, this occurs when one bacteria lyses, or splits open, releasing its genetic contents, and then another bacteria comes by and acquires it. Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA are termed “competent”. Competency is a state of increased cell wall and cell membrane permeability that allows cells to uptake DNA. Many bacteria are naturally competent, and so actively bind environmental DNA. After transport into their cytoplasm, the bacterium can incorporate the new DNA into its genome through the process of “recombination”. Recombination is the rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes. This can result in new phenotypes – for example, the bacteria can acquire pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. Some competent bacteria actually kill noncompetent bacteria to release DNA for transformation! Transduction occurs when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage – a type of virus that infects bacteria. Viruses cannot replicate on their own – they are obligate parasites that rely on host machinery. Many bacteriophages can switch between a state of lysogeny and a lytic cycle. When the bacteriophage is in a state of lysogeny, the virus combines its genome with the bacterial chromosome. The viral genome hangs out there for many generations as the bacterium replicates. When induction occurs, the virus switches to the lytic cycle. The cell becomes a virus-producing factory until it gets so full of virus that it lyses, or bursts open, releasing virus particles into its surroundings. There are two kinds of transduction – generalized and specialized. During generalized transduction, the phage capsid accidentally assembles around a fragment of bacterial DNA or a plasmid. When the assembled viral particle infects a new bacterium, it injects its previous host’s DNA into its new host. Specialized transduction occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus. Incorrect excision of DNA during induction results in a fragment of bacterial DNA being picked up instead of a part of the viral genome, which then stays in the bacterial nucleoid. Now, the bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage genome, is packaged into phage capsids, and is injected into new bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer, along with mutations, allows bacteria to achieve genetic diversity. Mutation is a slow process, and most mutations are harmful or neutral, not beneficial to the bacterium. Meanwhile, horizontal gene transfer is a rapid way to acquire large chunks of DNA from another bacterium all at once.
- published: 13 Jun 2021
- views: 346054
8:25
Genetic Engineering
Explore an intro to genetic engineering with The Amoeba Sisters. This video provides a general definition, introduces some biotechnology tools that can be used ...
Explore an intro to genetic engineering with The Amoeba Sisters. This video provides a general definition, introduces some biotechnology tools that can be used in genetic engineering, and discusses some related vocabulary (such as plasmid, vector, transformation, transgenic, and more). CRISPR is also mentioned; expand to see further reading to explore more. To see more Amoeba Sisters biotechnology related videos, visit https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1Gxs9mwISTCEi8i1xex94p2
-----------
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:51 Genetic Engineering Defined
2:01 Insulin Production in Bacteria
3:55 Some Vocab
4:20 Vectors & More
5:25 CRISPR
6:40 Genetic Engineering Uses
7:30 Ethics
-------------
Factual References:
Clark, M. A., Douglas, M., & Choi, J. (2018, March 18). 17.1 Biotechnology - Biology 2e | OpenStax. Openstax.org. https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/17-1-biotechnology
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
Zedalis, J., & Eggebrecht, J. (2018, March 8). 17.1 Biotechnology - Biology for AP® Courses | OpenStax. Openstax.org. https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/17-1-biotechnology
---------------
FURTHER READING:
Note: our description is limited in characters; we encourage you to keep exploring beyond these recommendations!
*GFP and fluorescence?
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/green-fluorescent-protein
*This link has a great bacterial transformation exploration!
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/chapter/bacterial-transformation-lab/
*How is genetic engineering (which video focuses on) & gene therapy (which video doesn't mention) DIFFERENT? --- this also talks about using viruses:
https://medicine.missouri.edu/centers-institutes-labs/health-ethics/faq/gene-therapy
*Includes charts of different cells used to produce biopharmaceuticals:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748523/
*History of synthesizing growth factor (interesting!)
https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/10/human-growth-hormone.html
*Genetically engineered plants and...
**Pollutants in air or soils:
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/trees-created-clean-pollutants
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/genetically-modified-houseplant-cleans-indoor-air#
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.12963
**Climate change mitigation?
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004
*Genetically Engineered Chickens and Avian Influenza Resistance?https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100561https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149294/
*Genetically Engineered Mice:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK231336/
*More on CRISPR:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971521/
**Book recommendation:
"The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race" by Walter Isaacson
ETHICAL ISSUES:
*What is bioethics? (from Michigan State University)
https://bioethics.msu.edu/what-is-bioethics
*CRISPR and Gene Editing Ethical Issues:
https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.026.103
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genome-Editing/ethical-concerns
*Agriculture:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/
*Animals:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078015/#genetics
GENETIC ENGINEERING AS A CAREER:
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics puts genetic engineering in the category of bioengineers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm
-----------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources and Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Biology Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
MUSIC:
Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library.
TRANSLATIONS:
Indonesian Subtitles Credit: Hanifah Yumna
We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Learn more here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles
We also have videos using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our dubbed channels on https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles
https://wn.com/Genetic_Engineering
Explore an intro to genetic engineering with The Amoeba Sisters. This video provides a general definition, introduces some biotechnology tools that can be used in genetic engineering, and discusses some related vocabulary (such as plasmid, vector, transformation, transgenic, and more). CRISPR is also mentioned; expand to see further reading to explore more. To see more Amoeba Sisters biotechnology related videos, visit https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1Gxs9mwISTCEi8i1xex94p2
-----------
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:51 Genetic Engineering Defined
2:01 Insulin Production in Bacteria
3:55 Some Vocab
4:20 Vectors & More
5:25 CRISPR
6:40 Genetic Engineering Uses
7:30 Ethics
-------------
Factual References:
Clark, M. A., Douglas, M., & Choi, J. (2018, March 18). 17.1 Biotechnology - Biology 2e | OpenStax. Openstax.org. https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/17-1-biotechnology
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
Zedalis, J., & Eggebrecht, J. (2018, March 8). 17.1 Biotechnology - Biology for AP® Courses | OpenStax. Openstax.org. https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/17-1-biotechnology
---------------
FURTHER READING:
Note: our description is limited in characters; we encourage you to keep exploring beyond these recommendations!
*GFP and fluorescence?
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/green-fluorescent-protein
*This link has a great bacterial transformation exploration!
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/chapter/bacterial-transformation-lab/
*How is genetic engineering (which video focuses on) & gene therapy (which video doesn't mention) DIFFERENT? --- this also talks about using viruses:
https://medicine.missouri.edu/centers-institutes-labs/health-ethics/faq/gene-therapy
*Includes charts of different cells used to produce biopharmaceuticals:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748523/
*History of synthesizing growth factor (interesting!)
https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/10/human-growth-hormone.html
*Genetically engineered plants and...
**Pollutants in air or soils:
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/trees-created-clean-pollutants
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/genetically-modified-houseplant-cleans-indoor-air#
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.12963
**Climate change mitigation?
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004
*Genetically Engineered Chickens and Avian Influenza Resistance?https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100561https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149294/
*Genetically Engineered Mice:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK231336/
*More on CRISPR:
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971521/
**Book recommendation:
"The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race" by Walter Isaacson
ETHICAL ISSUES:
*What is bioethics? (from Michigan State University)
https://bioethics.msu.edu/what-is-bioethics
*CRISPR and Gene Editing Ethical Issues:
https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.026.103
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/policy-issues/Genome-Editing/ethical-concerns
*Agriculture:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/
*Animals:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078015/#genetics
GENETIC ENGINEERING AS A CAREER:
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics puts genetic engineering in the category of bioengineers: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm
-----------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources and Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Biology Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
MUSIC:
Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library.
TRANSLATIONS:
Indonesian Subtitles Credit: Hanifah Yumna
We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Learn more here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles
We also have videos using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our dubbed channels on https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles
- published: 29 Sep 2023
- views: 739080
42:14
Board Exam Smart Prep Series | Ep. 18 | Heredity | Score 90+ in CBSE
Welcome to Episode 18 of our Board Exam Smart Prep Series by Orchids! 🧬 Master Heredity with ease by Namitha!
🔸 Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance of Traits, Sex Det...
Welcome to Episode 18 of our Board Exam Smart Prep Series by Orchids! 🧬 Master Heredity with ease by Namitha!
🔸 Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance of Traits, Sex Determination, Evolution & More!
📖 Previous year questions, expert scoring tips & step-by-step explanations to simplify learning.
Gain concept clarity from our IITian faculty and boost your CBSE board scores!
🚀 Like, share & subscribe! Check out our playlist for more topics & explore the link below for additional resources! 🔗
Please visit our Website:
https://www.orchidsinternationalschool.com
Follow us:
https://www.facebook.com/ORCHIDSTheInternationalSchool
https://www.instagram.com/orchids_international_schools/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/orchids-the-international-school/
https://wn.com/Board_Exam_Smart_Prep_Series_|_Ep._18_|_Heredity_|_Score_90_In_Cbse
Welcome to Episode 18 of our Board Exam Smart Prep Series by Orchids! 🧬 Master Heredity with ease by Namitha!
🔸 Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance of Traits, Sex Determination, Evolution & More!
📖 Previous year questions, expert scoring tips & step-by-step explanations to simplify learning.
Gain concept clarity from our IITian faculty and boost your CBSE board scores!
🚀 Like, share & subscribe! Check out our playlist for more topics & explore the link below for additional resources! 🔗
Please visit our Website:
https://www.orchidsinternationalschool.com
Follow us:
https://www.facebook.com/ORCHIDSTheInternationalSchool
https://www.instagram.com/orchids_international_schools/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/orchids-the-international-school/
- published: 01 Feb 2025
- views: 125
5:50
genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION
genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION. Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic m...
genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION. Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor. The F-factor allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together, at which time the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. Typically, the genetic material is in the form of a plasmid, or a small, circular piece of DNA. The genetic material transferred during conjugation often provides the recipient bacterium with some sort of genetic advantage. For instance, in many cases, conjugation serves to transfer plasmids that carry antibiotic resistance genes. Conjugation diagram
Donor cell produces pilus.
Pilus attaches to recipient cell and brings the two cells together.
The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell.
Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donor for the F-factor.
https://wn.com/Genetic_Recombination_Strategies_Of_Bacteria_Conjugation,_Transduction_And_Transformation
genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION. Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor. The F-factor allows the donor to produce a thin, tubelike structure called a pilus, which the donor uses to contact the recipient. The pilus then draws the two bacteria together, at which time the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. Typically, the genetic material is in the form of a plasmid, or a small, circular piece of DNA. The genetic material transferred during conjugation often provides the recipient bacterium with some sort of genetic advantage. For instance, in many cases, conjugation serves to transfer plasmids that carry antibiotic resistance genes. Conjugation diagram
Donor cell produces pilus.
Pilus attaches to recipient cell and brings the two cells together.
The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell.
Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donor for the F-factor.
- published: 12 Oct 2018
- views: 82129